=
===
8
Xmn`f Pmx Onmk Imfuqy DAUMXTFAKT GL FMKBAFAKT YI@AKIAY
L`kmc Uxgjait Yqhjait: Ytxmtab`i Fmkmbafakt Uxayaktad tg: Y`x Ynmn`d Pm}qh Uxayaktad hp : Zm`bnmf Mc` Xgcc kg+
95
FHM Fgxk`kb .4tn# H)
8==
9
Miokgrcadbafakt
@k tna kmfa gl MCCMN tna fgyt Hakal`iakt mkd Faxi`lqc+ L`xyt gl mcc ra c`oa tg tnmkoy MCCMn rng hcayyad qy r`tn yqin imumh`c`t`ay tg uaxlgxf mt mcc ca|acy gl c`la c`la mkd yaigkdcp ra c`oa c`oa tg tnmkoy y`x Ynmn`d Ynmn`d Pmoggh rng uxg|`da uxg|`da qy bxamt guugxtqk`tp tg aknmkia gqx yo`ccy mkd txp tg xaynmua gqx yac|ay+ Mctngqbn ra nm|a yngxt t`fa tg uxaumxa `t hqt tna a~uax`akia rmy }q`ta `ktaxayt`kb+ + Ra tx`ad gqx ca|ac hayt `k uxaumx`kb tn`y umxt`iqcmx uxgjait+ My m ytqdakt gl igqxya igqxya Ytxmtab`i fmkmbafakt fmkmbafakt mkd mcc tna uxamin`kb uxamin`kb mkd bq`dmkia gl fp igqxya taminax Fx+ Ynmn`d Pmoggh+ @ naxahp uxayakt fp l`kmc uxgjait my xa}q`xad gk l`xf guaxmt`kb guaxmt`kb `k Umo`ytmk hacgkb`kb hacgkb`kb tg tacaigf yaitgx+ yaitgx+ `+a+ Qlgka gka gl gl tna camd`kb iaccqcmx yax|`ia uxg|`dax mcgkb r`tn |mcqa mddad yax|`ia mkd hqy`kayy ytxmtab`ay+ @ mcyg naxahp uxayakt mcc tna lmity mkd l`bqxay rn`in @ bmtnax mhgqt Qlgka lxgf karyumuaxy# rahy`tay mkd lxgf Qlgka‐y mkkqmc xaugxt+ Dqa tg fp jgh mkd gtnax yaiqcmx mit`|`t`ay @ igqcdk‐t ha mhca tg muuxgmin tna l`xf d`xaitcp# ngra|ax r`tn tna nacu gl fp lx`akdy tngya icgya tg Qlgka+ @ uxaumxad tn`y uxgjait lgx igky`daxmt`gk gl muuxg|mc gl fp camxk`kb mkd qkdaxytmkd`kb mhgqt tna ym`d yqhjait+
9==
4
Dad`imt`gk
Ra dad`imta tn`y uxgjait tg gqx umxakty mkd hacg|ad taminaxy ayuai`mccp Y`x Ynmn`d Pm}qh r`tngqt tna`x umt`akia# qkdaxytmkd`kb# qkdaxytmkd`kb# yquugxt mkd fgyt gl mcc cg|a# tna igfucat`gk gl tn`y rgxo rgqcd kgt nm|a haak ugyy`hca+
A^AIQT@\A YQFFMXP 4==
1 Qlgka .gll`i`mc kmfa: UTFC) `y m UTIC igfumkp# UTFC U TFC .Qlgka) & m rngccp&grkad yqhy`d`mxp nmy `fuxg|ad `ty l`kmki`mc uaxlgxfmkia igffakiad `ty gua xmt`gky gk 80tn Jmkqmxp 855= my m BYF 055 yax|`ia uxg|`dax+ Y`kia tna gqtyat# `t nmy a~umkdad `ty ig|axmba mkd iqytgfax hmya mt m xmu`d umia mkd aytmhc`ynad `tyacl my gka gl tna camd`kb iaccqcmx yax|`ia uxg|`daxy `k Umo`ytmk+ Dqx`kb tna cmyt pamx Qlgka yqiiayylqccp igfucatad tna cmqkin`kb gl y`tay qkdax Unmya \ `k a~`yt`kb my racc my kar i`t`ay mkd tgrky hp `k|ayt`kb fgxa tnmk QY$ 181 f`cc`gk+ Tn`y nmy `kixamyad tna myyat hmya gl Qlgka lxgf xquaay 85 h`cc`gk tg 82 h`cc`gk+ Tg lqxtnax aknmkia tna yqhyix`hax hmya mkd ytxmtab`imccp ugy`t`gk tna igfumkp `k tna bxgr`kb tacaigf fmxoat# Qlgka nmy l`kmc`zad m katrgxo a~umky`gk lgx Unmya \@ igktxmit mfgqkt`kb tg mhgqt QY$ =25 F`cc`gk+ Qlgka iqxxaktcp# nmy katrgxo ig|axmba `k fgxa tnmk 4#241 cgimt`gky tnxgqbngqt tna igqktxp+ Qlgka"y guaxmt`gkmc uaxlgxfmkia nmy haak |axp akigqxmb`kb akig qxmb`kb dayu`ta yt`ll igfuat`t`gk `k Umo`ytmk tacaigf fmxoat rn`in nmy cad tg xadqit`gk gl ux`iay tg hmxa f`k`fqf ca|ac+ Qlgka fmkmbad tg `fuxg|a `ty xa|akqa mkd mltax tm~ uxgl`t hp >2! mkd 14! xayuait`|acp# my igfumxad tg tna cmyt pamx tnxgqbn mbbxayy`|a ugc`i`ay mkd a~axi`y`kb ytx`it igktxgc g|ax a~uakyay+
Tmhca gl Igktakty 1==
<
•
@ktxgdqit`gk gl Qlgka
52
•
\`y`gk , F`yy`gk
50
•
Datm`cy gl uxgjait
=5
•
Uqxugya gl uxgjait
==
•
Ycgbmk
=8
•
L`kd`kby
=9
•
YRGT Mkmcpy`y
=4
•
Igfuat`t`|a mkmcpy`y
=0
•
ALA Fmtx`~
8=
•
@LA Fmtx`~
81
•
IUF
80
•
YRGT Fmtx`~
98
•
YUMIA Fmtx`~
99
•
HIB.Hgytgk Igkyqct`kb Bxgqu) Fmtx`~ gl Qlgka
92
•
HIB.Hgytgk Igkyqct`kb Bxgqu) Fmtx`~ lgx uxgdqity
45
•
BYF.Bxmkd Ytxmtabp Fmtx`~)
4=
•
@A.@ktaxkmc# A~taxkmc) Fmtx`~ gl Qlgka
48
•
@A.@ktaxkmc# A~taxkmc) Fmtx`~ lgx uxgdqity
44
•
]YUF.]qmkt`tmt`|a Ytxmtab`i Ucmkk`kb Fmtx`~)
4<
•
Xaigffakdad ytxmtabp
42
•
Igkicq Igk icqy`g y`gk k , Xai Xaigff gffakd akdmt` mt`gky gky
4>
•
Xalaxakia
15
<==
2
@ktxgdqit`gk N`ytgxp gl Qlgka
Qlgka BYF `y m Umo`ytmk` BYF iaccqcmx yax|`ia uxg|`dax+ @t `y gka gl y`~ BYF Fgh`ca igfumk`ay `k Umo`ytmk mkd `y m yqhy`d`mxp gl Umo`ytmk Tacaigffqk`imt`gk Igfumkp+ Tna igfumkp igffakiad `ty guaxmt`gky qkdax tna hxmkd kmfa gl Qlgka lxgf @ycmfmhmd gk Jmkqmxp 80 855=+ Qlgka a~umkdad `ty ig|axmba mkd nmy mddad kar i`t`ay mkd n`bnrmpy tg `ty ig|axmba katrgxo+ Mltax tna ux`|mt`zmt`gk gl UTIC# Qlgka `y kgr grkad hp At`ymcmt+ UTFC `y m rngccp grkad yqhy`d`mxp gl UTIC+ Aytmhc`ynad tg guaxmta iaccqcmx tacaungkp+
Tna igfumkp igffakiad `ty guaxmt`gky# qkdax tna hxmkd kmfa gl Qlgka lxgf @ycmfmhmd gk Jmkqmxp 80 855=+ Dqx`kb tna pamx# my m igkya}qakia gl UTIC‐y ux`|mt`zmt`gk# 8
2==
>
f`cc`gk+ My m xayqct tna myyat hmya gl tna Igfumkp nmy `kixamyad lxgf Xy+ 85 h`cc`gk tg Xy+ 82 h`cc`gk+ Lqtqxa Ucmky oaau`kb `k |`ar tna bxgrtn ugtakt`mc gl tna iaccqcmx `kdqytxp tnaxa `y kg gut`gk hqt tg ha mbbxayy`|a `k gxdax tg xafm`k m ugtakt lgxia `k tna iaccqcmx `kdqytxp+ @k gxdax tg a~takd iaccqcmx katrgxo tg kar i`t`ay# tgrky mkd n`bnrmpy mkd aknmkia `ty iqxxakt `kytmccad imumi`t`ay `k a~`yt`kb i`t`ay# Qlgka nmy l`kmc`zad m nqba katrgxo a~umky`gk igktxmit mfgqkt`kb tg mhgqt QYD 115 f`cc`gk# rn`in r`cc aknmkia tna yqhyix`haxy‐ imumi`tp hp =5 f`cc`gk+ Tn`y `y tna cmxbayt a|ax a~umky`gk uxgjait gl Qlgka+
Tpua @kdqytxp Bakxa Lgqkdad
Ux`|mta Tacaigffqk`imt`gk Yqhy`d`mxp Jmkqmxp 80# 855=
Lgqkdax.y)
Umo`ytmk Tacaigffqk`imt Tacaigffqk`imt`gk `gk Igfumkp Ctd
Namd}qmxtaxy
@ycmfmhmd# Umo`ytmk =9&H# L&2 Fmxomz
Mxam yax|ad
899< i`t`ay gl Umo`ytmk# BT Xgmd# Yquax N`bnrmp , Fgtgxrmp
Oap uaguca Uxgdqity Xa|akqa Umxakt Rahy`ta
Mhdqc Mz`z# IAG
Uxa Ump# Ugyt Ump △ Xy+1+= h`cc`gk UOX UOX .l`xyt .l`xyt }qmxtax 855<&52)+_=V UTIC Umo`ytmk rrr+qlgka+igf
>==
0
\`y`gk Ytmtafakt –Tg ha tna camd`kb tacaigffqk`imt`gk yax|`ia uxg|`dax `k Umo`ytmk hp gllax`kb `kkg|mta igffqk`imt`gk ygcqt`gky lgx gqx iqytgfaxy rn`ca a~iaad`kb ynmxangcdax |mcqa , afucgpaa a~uaitmt`gk+‖
F`yy`gk Ytmtafakt
Tg haigfa tna hayt iaccqcmx igffqk`imt`gk gut`gk m|m`cmhca `k tna igqktxp lgx –q‖……………+ Mt Qlgka ra m`f tg uxg|`da pgq r`tn r`dax ig|axmba# yquax`gx igkkait`|`tp# icamx y`bkmcy , |g`ia }qmc`tp+ Rnaxa|ax pgq mxa# Qlgka oaauy pgq igkkaitad
DATM@CY GL TNA UXGJAIT 0==
=5
Qlgka `y m Iaccqcmx Yax|`ia Uxg|`dax lgqkdad `k 855= @t `y mcyg m yqhy`d`mxp l`xf gl UTIC My gl 855># Qlgka afucgpy fgxa tnmk =#295 uaguca+ @t fmkqlmitqxay `t‐y tna BYF igfumkp uxg|`d`kb yax|`iay tg mcc lgqx igkt`kakty qxhmk mkd xqxmc mxamy+# My gl 855># Qlgka `y tna yaigkd cmxbayt tacaigffqk`imt`gk igfumkp `k Umo`ytmk+ @k xaiakt pamxy tna igfumkp nmy akdqxad y`bk`l`imkt `fuxg|afakt `k yax|`iay tg mcfgyt 4#241 cgimt`gky tnxgqbngqt tna igqktxp+ Tna fmjgx igfuat`tgxy gl Qlgka mxa dgfayt`i igfumk`ay c`oa
FGH@C@@KO Umo`ytmk Fgh`ca Igffqk`imt`gky C`f`tad# hattax okgrk my Fgh`c`ko BYF# `y m tacaigffqk`imt`gk tacaigffqk`imt`gk yax|`ia uxg|`dax `k Umo`ytmk+ Miigxd`kb tg UTM ytmt`yt`iy# Fgh`c`ko nmy 95+>> f`cc`gk iqytgfaxy hp Jmkqmxp 855>+ Fgh`c`ko"y Namd gll`ia `y cgimtad `k Oqcyqf Ucmzm# Hcqa Mxam# @ycmfmhmd
TACAKGX Tacakgx .GYA: TAC# KMYDM]: TACK) `y tna `kiqfhakt tacaigffqk`imt`gky igfumkp `k Kgxrmp# r`tn namd}qmxtaxy cgimtad mt Lgxkahq# icgya tg Gycg+ Tgdmp# Tacakgx `y fgytcp mk `ktaxkmt`gkmc r`xacayy imxx`ax r`tn guaxmt`gky `k Yimkd`km|`m# Amytaxk Aqxgua mkd My`m+ @k mdd`t`gk# `t nmy a~taky`|a hxgmdhmkd mkd T\ d`ytx`hqt`gk guaxmt`gky `k lgqx Kgxd`i Igqktx`ay+
UMOTAC' IN@KM FGH@CA'IFUMO Umotac rmy tna l`xyt a|ax igfumkp bxmktad c`iakya tg imxxp gqt iaccqcmx ungka yax|`iay `k Umo`ytmk# yat qu hp Imhca , R`xacayy+ @t imxx`ad gqt MFUY yax|`iay qkt`c 8554# rnak tna igfumkp cmqkinad BYF yax|`iay my racc+ @ty fm`k igfuat`tgx afaxbad `k cmta =005y my @kytmungka mkd yggk habmk tg dgf`kmta tna fmxoat+ Gk 4tn Fmp 8552# Umotac rmy xakmfad tg IFUmo+ Mkd tnak# gk =
RMX@D Rmx`d Tacaigf @ktaxkmt`gkmc `y mk Mhq Dnmh` hmyad fgh`ca tacaigffqk`imt`gk l`xf uxg|`d`kb tacaungkp yax|`iay `k Hmkbcmdayn# Umo`ytmk mkd Qbmkdm+
ZGKB
=5==
==
Zgkb `y tna l`xyt @ktaxkmt`gkmc @ktaxkmt`gkmc hxmkd gl In`km Fgh`ca Fgh`ca ha`kb cmqkinad `k Umo`ytmk+ Umo`ytmk+ @t `y famkt tg afugrax mkd c`haxmta tna uaguca gl Umo`ytmk `k a|axp kggo mkd igxkax gl tna igqktxp
UQXUGYA GL TNA UXGJAIT
Tna uqxugya gl tn`y uxgjait `y tg aknmkia aknm kia tna mh`c`tp gl qkdaxytmkd`kb tna `fugxtmkt lmitgxy# fmtx`~# mkd ytxmtabp gl hqy`kayy+ Mkd mcyg tg akigqxmba okgr`kb fgxa mhgqt tna tacaigffqk`imt`gk yaitgx `k Umo`ytmk+ Qlgka `y gka gl fp lm|gx`ta iaccqcmx igfumkp+ @ nm|a ha`kb qy`kb Qlgka y`kia 8559+ G|ax tna umyt lar pamxy Qlgka da|acguad dpkmf`imccp+ Qlgka `y tna uqxugya u qxugya gl fp uxgjait mkd fp igffqk`imt`gk fad`qf `k c`la+
Fmxoat ynmxa R`tn tna fgktncp mdd`t`gky m|axmba mxgqkd 8+1 f`cc`gk yqhyix`haxy# 8552 nmy haak m unakgfakmc pamx lgx tna fgh`ca fmxoat bxgrtn `k Umo`ytmk+ Naxa‐y Na xa‐y m cggo mt tna kqfhaxy .lxgf UTM y`ta) lgx tna l`xyt > Fgktny Gl 8552+ M }q`io mkmcpy`y gl tn`y dmtm xa|amcy lar txakdy mhgqt fmxoat camdaxyn`u+ Fgh`c`ko bm`kad tna fgyt yqhyix`haxy .1+41 f`cc`gk) `k tn`y uax`gd+ @ty fmxoat ynmxa nmy haak daixamy`kb bxmdqmccp hqt tnmt‐y a~uaitad r`tn tna `kixamya `k igfuat`t`gk+ Tacakgx rmy tna lmytayt bxgr`kb igfumkp# 41! gl tna`x iqxxakt yqhyix`haxy .1+91 f`cc`gk) raxa bm`kad tn`y pamx+ Kg dgqht tnmt Tacakgx nmy afaxbad my m ytxgkb igktakdax+ @t tggo m yfmcc camd g|ax Rmx`d `k Fmxin mkd nmy haak mhca tg fm`ktm`k `t+ Tna xmta gl bxgrtn lgx Qlgka nmy haak `fuxayy`|a my racc+ @t bm`kad 1+98 f`cc`gk gl tna muuxg~ 85 f`cc`gk kar yqhyix`haxy `k l`xyt > fgktny gl tn`y pamx `k Umo`ytmk+ Umotac nmy haak hmxacp mhca tg xa|axya tna kabmt`|a txakd gl yqhyix`hax cgyyay+
====
=8
YCGBMKY Gka gl tna fm`k xamygky gl tna uguqcmx`tp gl tna Qlgka `y tg qya ycgbmk tg mttxmit tna iqytgfaxy+ Tna Ycgbmk gl Qlgka `k Qxdq `y –Qlgka Tqf N` tg Ng(# @k Akbc`yn (`t‐y mcc mhgqt Q‖
L`kd`kby: =8==
=9
@KTAXKMC , A^TAXKMC MKMCPY@Y @KTAXKMC AK\@GXKFAKT Nqfmk Xaygqxia Fmkmbafakt Fmxoat`kb Daumxtfakt Igffaxi`mc Daumxtfakt Ymcay Daumxtfakt L`kmkia Daumxtfakt Umpxgcc Daumxtfakt @klgxfmt`gk Tainkgcgbp Daumxtfakt Akb`kaax`kb Daumxtfakt Mdf`k`ytxmt`gk Mqd`t`kb Daumxtfakt Iqytgfax Imxa
A^TAXKMC AK\@GXKFAKT Aigkgf`i Igkd`t`gky Ygi`mc Igkd`t`gky Iqctqxa Dafgbxmun`iy Ak|`xgkfaktmc Igfuat`t`|a Tainkgcgb`imc Igkyqfax Mtt`tqda Bcghmc`zmt`gk
YRGT MKMCPY@Y =9==
=4
Ytx txak akbt btn n
Qlgka nmy Katrgxo Ig|axmba `k fgxa tnmk 215 i`t`ay# tgrky mkd mk d mixgyy mcc fmjgx n`bnrmpy gl tna igqktxp+
Qlgka uxg|`day @ktaxkmt`gkmc Xgmf`kb lmi`c`tp r`tn fgxa tnmk =15£ `ktaxkmt`gkmc guaxmtgxy mixgyy 20 igqktx`ay+
Qlgka `y uxgqd tg nm|a mk all`i`akt mkd lx`akdcp iqytgfax yax|`ia tnxgqbn 8= igfumkp& grkad Ymcay , Iqytgfax Yax|`ia Iaktaxy mkd kamxcp 815 Lxmkin`yaay mixgyy tna igqktxp+
Qlgka nmy mcrmpy hac`a|ad `k m ygc`d Igff`tfakt tg bxgrtn # yaiqx`tp£ mkd xac`mh`c`tp+ Tnaxalgxa# Qlgka nmy mcrmpy hmcmkiad `ty a~umky`gk a~umk y`gk allgxty mkd }qmc`tp gl yax|`ia+ R`tn m tgtmc iqxxakt `k|aytfakt gl $455 F`cc`gk+
Qtqkay
rmy cmqkinad gk 4tn Dai8552 rn`in mttxmitad fmkp uaguca tgrmxdy Qlgka+
Qlgka `y gllax`kb tna yax|`ia gl Fqct`&fad`m Fayymb`kb Yax|`ia .FFY)+ My fgh`ca qyaxy `k tna igqktxp nm|a xaminad g|ax 2> f`cc`gk mt m |axp £ xmu`d umia+
Qlgka nmy fm`ktm`kad `tyacl my tna 8kd cmxbayt iaccqcmx guaxmtgx `k Umo`ytmk r`tn m yqhyix`hax hmya gl mxgqkd =<+1 f`cc`gk mkd m fmxoat ynmxa gl kamxcp 81!+ Qlgka nmy yaak m yqhyix`hax bxgrtn xmta gl g|ax 855! `k tna cmyt pamx# mkd y`kia tna ytmxt gl 8551 Qlgka mddad kamxcp 1 f`cc`gk yqhyix`haxy gktg `ty katrgxo+ M xafmxomhca min`a|afakt `kdaad# ayuai`mccp igky`dax`kb tna lmit tnmt trg kar `ktaxkmt`gkmc ucmpaxy mcyg aktaxad `ktg tna fmxoat `k 8551+
Rn`ca oaau`kb `ty txmd`t`gk gl ha`kb tna Txakd yattax `k tna `kdqytxp# Qlgka inmkbad tna `fmba gl fgh`ca ungkay lxgf m cq~qxp gkcp mllgxdmhca hp tna ac`ta# tg m kaiayy`tp mllgxdmhca hp tna igffgk fmk+
Qlgka `kixamyad `ty Lgiqy gk tna pgqtn yabfakt .rn`in igfux`yay 15! gl £ tna uguqcmt`gk)# r`tn tna Uxaump hxmkd+
Qlgka nmy tna mh`c`tp tg Xatm`k `ty a~`yt`kb iqytgfax hmya r`tn m n`bn ca|ac gl iqytgfax ymt`ylmit`gk |`m gut`fqf katrgxo yax|`ia mkd m 84 ngqx imcc iaktax lmi`c`tp+
@t nmy tna ugyt um`d yax|`ia tnmt `y kgxfmccp kg xfmccp tg mttxmit tna Hqy`kayy icmyy uaguca+ Fgyt gl tna hqy`kayy mkd ac`ta icmyy uaguca qya ugyt um`d mkd gtnax yax|`iay gllaxad hp tna Qlgka+
=4==
=1
Qlgka nmy m yqhyix`hax hmya gl =>+02 = >+02 f`cc`gk my gl Gitghax 855>+£
Qlgka rmy tna l`xyt iaccqcmx Igfumkp `k Umo`ytmk tnmt `ktxgdqiad tna £ yax|`ia gl BUXY mkd nakia tggo tna igfuat`t`|a md|mktmba+
Qlgka nmy ygfa a~i`t`kb mkd akaxbat`i YFY umiombay tnmt fmda YFY£ mcfgyt lxaa+ Tnap mxa gllax`kb Xy+ 81# Xy+15# Xy+=55# Xy+ =15 YFY umiombay rn`in r n`in `ty yqhyix`haxy xamccp cg|a `t+
Qlgka nmy ygfa |axp a~i`t`kb mkd cgr imcc umiombay c`oa –1 om =1‖#£ –q&gka‖# q i`xica‖# – Qlgka bnmktm‖# –Qlgka nmy ygfa |axp a~i`t`kb mkd cgr imcc umiombay c`oa –1 om =1‖ # –q& gka‖# q i`xica‖# – Qlgka bnmktm‖# –Q l`ka c`la umiomba‖ mkd – uxaump Uqhc`i Dafmkd‖ ati rn`in mttxmitad cgty gl iqytgfaxy tgrmxdy `t mkd fmkp gtnax ia ccqcmx igfumkp qyaxy mxa mcyg yr`tin`kb tg `t+ Qlgka ugyt um`d `y mcyg gllax`kb hcmio haxxp yat tnmt `y qyalqc mkd£ tafut`kb lgx tna Hqy`kayy icmyy+
Qlgka iqxxaktcp imtaxy lgx `ktaxkmt`gkmc xgmf`kb tg fgxa tnmk =01 c`|a£ guaxmtgxy mixgyy ==0 igqktx`ay mkd `ktxgdqiad @ktaxkmt`gkmc xgmf`kb lmi`c`tp lgx Uxaum`d yqhyix`haxy `k Ymqd` Mxmh`m# Qk`tad O`kbdgf# Qk`tad Mxmh Af`xmtay# Y`kbmugxa# Ugxtqbmc mkd Oqrm`t r`tn cgrayt xmtay# lamtqx`kb kg yaiqx`tp daugy`t mkd mit`|mt`gk inmxbay+
BUXY Xgmf`kb lmi`c`tp `y m|m`cmhca r`tn fgxa tnmk 21 C`|a Guaxmtgxy mixgyy 10 igqktx`ay+
\mx`atp gl \mcqa Mddad Yax|`ia+
Ig|axmba gk BT Xgmd <5!+
Aytmhc`ynad iqytgfax hmya `kicqd`kb cgrax f`ddca icmyy+ Cayy xmta tnmk igfuat`tgxy+
RAMOKAYYAY
Qlgka dgay kgt nm|a tna uxguax c`yty gl `ty iqytgfaxy+ @t nmy tna c`yt£ hqt tn`y c`yt `y kgt mqtnakt`i rn`in `y `kixamy`kb tna qkmqtngx`zad qya gl `ty y`f yuai`mccp uxa ump+ Qlgka nm|a tg tmoa yax`gqy ytauy tg uxguaxcp c`yt `ty `ty iqytgfaxy tg akyqxa tnmt tnaxa `y kg f`yqya+
@t nmy fmkp lxmkin`yay `k tna rngca igqktxp hqt£ my `ty iqytgfaxy mxa `kixamy`kb dmp hp dmp yg `ty uxayakt lxmkin`yay mxa kgt akgqbn tg lqcl`cc tna kaady gl `t iqytgfaxy+
Qlgka mcyg lmia uxghcafy mkd `ty katrgxo bat jmffad gk yuai`mc£ giimy`gky c`oa A`d# Inx`ytfmy# Kar pamx ati
=1==
=<
Qlgka nmy tna uxghcaf gl |g`ia }qmc`tp+ Tngqbn `ty ig|axmba mxam `y£ |myt mkd `t ig|axy fgxa tnmk 215 tgrky mkd i`t`ay i`t`ay `k Umo`ytmk hqt tna |g`ia }qmc`tp }qmc`tp `y kgt my bggd my `t yngqcd ha+
Han`kd gk A~iayy`|a Dafmkd+ Tn`y `y Qlgka"y h`bbayt ramokayy `y kgt mttafut`kb tg faat tna dafmkdy
Uggx Gxbmk`zmt`gkmc Gxbmk`zmt`gkmc Ytxqitqxa+ Iaktxmc`zad ytxqitqxa ytxqitqxa lm`cad tg uxg|`da uxguax bq`dmkia g|ax `kytxqit`gk mkd ugc`i`ay
Ytmbkmkt Uxgl`tmh`c`tp+ My igfumxad tg l`kmki`mc myyaty# Qlgka `y kgt icgya tg a~uaitad uxgl`tmh`c`tp
G|axcp Dauakdakt gk UTIC+ Yqhy`d`mxp gl UTIC# `t `y dauakdakt gk UTIC+ Kgt tmxbat`kb tna xqxmc mxamy mt tna fgfakt+
Cayy ig|axmba `k xafgta mxamy+
@ty ig|axmba gk Ygqtnaxk umxt gl Umo`ytmk `y }q`ta bggd hqt `k kgxtnaxk mxamy `ty ig|axmba `y m h`t uggx+
@k Qlgka rah yquugxt `y kgt m|m`cmhca+£@ty iqytgfax‐y yax|`ia ytmll kaady txm`k`kb haimqya mt fmkp lxmkin`yay£ tna`x afucgpaay mxa nm|a haak igfucm`kad mhgqt hanm|`kb xqdacp+
Qlgka `y ucmbqad r`tn ygfa `ktaxkmc uxghcafy c`oa rnak `t `y ux`|mt`zad£ tg At`ymcmmt ha`kb tna umxt gl tna UTIC fmkp afucgpaay a fucgpaay raxa kgt nmuup r`tn tna ump yimca tnmt tnap raxa gllax`kb+
GUUGXTQK@T@AY
Qlgka igqcd da|acgu ygfa kar mkd `kkg|mt`|a yax|`iay tg mttxmit♩ iqytgfaxy mkd ygfa gl tna yqbbayt`gky mxa my qkdax rn`in r`cc nacu tnaf tg `kixamya tna`x xa|akqay:
@t yngqcd `ktxgdqiad @ktaxkmt`gkmc YFY umiombay c`oa cgimc YFY+ Mcxamdp Qlgka `y gllax`kb cgrayt @ktaxkmt`gkmc YFY xmtay hqt `l tnap `ktxgdqia ygfa umiomba c`oa tn`y `t r`cc bat cgty mkd cgty gl yqiiayy+
=<==
=2
Tnap yngqcd mcyg `ktxgdqia ygfa @ktaxkmt`gkmc imcc umiombay tg F`ddca Amytaxk igqktx`ay haimqya tnaxa mxa cgty gl Umo`ytmk`y Umo `ytmk`y rng mxa c`|`kb `k tngya igqktx`ay yg uaguca r `cc dal`k`tacp ha tafutad tgrmxdy yqin umiomba+
@k – Qlgka bnmktm‖ umiomba t`fa gl tna umiomba yngqcd ha a~takd trg fgxa ngqxy yg tnmt fgxa , fgxa uaguca r`cc qya tn`y yax|`ia mkd imqy`kb Qlgka tg bakaxmta fgxa xa|akqay , n`ddak inmxbay yngqcd ha xafg|ad+
Qlgka yngqcd da|acgu ygfa kar lxmkin`yay `k xafgta mxamy yg tnmt£ uaguca r`cc bat fgxa mkd fgxa hakal`t lxgf `t mkd `t r`cc nacu tg `kixamya tna`x iqytgfaxy+
My `k Umo`ytmk Pgqtn `y mcfgyt tna 15! gl tna uguqcmt`gk yg Qlgka imk£ tmoa md|mktmba gl tn`y dafgbxmun`i y`tqmt`gk mkd yngqcd `ktxgdqia fgxa mkd fgxa yax|`iay mkd umiombay tnmt mttxmity pgqtn tgrmxdy `t+
Qlgka yngqcd a~takd `ty katrgxo ig|axmba mxam tg Kgxtnaxk umxt gl tna£ igqktxp my racc haimqya `k tnmt umxt kgt tgg fmkp igfumk`ay mxa b`|`kb yax|`iay mkd `l Qlgka b`|a `ty yax|`ia tnaxa tnak `t r`cc dal`k`tacp mttxmit uaguca mkd `ty kq fhax gl iqytgfaxy r`cc ynggt c`oa m xgioat+
@t yngqcd mcyg `ktxgdqia ygfa umiombay lgx @ktaxkat qyaxy gk fgh`ca `l £ `t dg yg tnak fmkp uaguca r`cc yr`tin lxgf gtnax katrgxoy tgrmxdy `t+
@l Qlgka aknmkia `ty |g`ia }qmc`tp tnak dal`k`tacp `t rgqcd ha uxalax £ fgxa hp iqytgfaxy+
Qlgka yngqcd `fugxt tainkgcgb`imc a}q`ufakty lxgf In`km haimqya tnap£ mxa b`|`kb tna hayt tainkgcgbp mt |axp cgr xmtay yg `t r`cc kgt gkcp nacu Qlgka tg ha mnamd tainkgcgb`imccp hqt mcyg r`cc nacu Qlgka tg daixamya `ty igyt+
Qlgka imk yqxux`ya `ty igfuat`tgxy hp `ktxgdqi`kb –Qlgka o`gyo‖+ Tnaya£ r`cc ha MTF c`oa fmin`kay mkd tnmt r`cc b`|a 84&ngqx yax|`ia tg Qlgka yqhyix`haxy tg cgmd tna hmcmkia jqyt c`oa tnap tmoa fgkap lxgf MTF+
TNXAMTY
My Qlgka `y iaccqcmx igfumkp mkd tnaxa `y iqt tnxgmt igfuat`t`gk mfgkb£ iaccqcmx igfumk`ay `k Umo`ytmk+ Tnaxa mxa y`~ gtnax igfumk`ay mcyg rgxo`kb `k Umo`ytmk yg Qlgka rgqcd nm|a tg lmia ygfa bxgr`kb igfuat`t`|a uxayyqxay+
=2==
=>
Umo`ytmk `y lmi`kb ygfa yax`gqy aigkgf`i uxghcafy kgr dmpy yg tnmt£ rgqcd mcyg allait Qlgka+ Tna iqxxakt xaiayy`gk `k fmxoat `y kgt bggd lgx mkp o`kd gl hqy`kayy `kicqd`kb tacaigffqk`imt`gk+
@k Hmcgin`ytmk mkd LMTM rnaxa Qlgka mcxamdp nmy katrgxo ig|axmba `y `k£ dmkbax haimqya gl ix`t`imc y`tqmt`gk mkd guaxmt`gk ha`kb nacd tnaxa+ @k|aytfakt gl Qlgka `y `k dmkbax+
Qlgka uakatxmtad `k tna fmxoat lxgf 8551 tg 8552 }q`ta xmu`dcp hqt£ y`kia tnak `t `y a~uax`aki`kb m h`t ycgrax bxgrtn+
Hp tna mxx`|mc gl In`km Fgh`ca Igfumkp .Zgkb) `k iaccqcmx `kdqytxp gl £ Umo`ytmk tna Qlgka mkd gtnax igfumk`ay kgr nm|a tg lmia tna ya|axa igfuat`t`gk+ My Zgkb `y `ktxgdqi`kb ygfa |mx`gqy mttxmit`|a umiombay gl hgtn YFY mkd imccy tg mttxmit iqytgfaxy+ Qlgka nm|a tg da|acgu ytxmtab`ay tg igqktax tna`x ytxmtabp mkd tg yqx|`|a `k tna fmxoat+
Tna oap tnxamt tg Qlgka `y mcyg ygfa md|axya Bg|axkfakt ugc`i`ay gl £ `fucafakt`kb Tm~ gk tacaigffqk`imt`gk `kdqytxp tnmt r`cc qct`fmtacp mllait tna xa|akqay+
Tnaxa mxa ygfa xqfgxy mhgqt tna ynmxay gl UTIC `k tna fmxoat+ Ha`kb tna£ Yqhy`d`mxp igfumkp gl UTIC# Qlgka r`cc mcyg ha mllaitad hp tnmt+
Tacakgx `y b`|`kb n`bnax xqfakxmt`gk tg `ty afucgpaay my i gfumxad tg Qlgka yg fmkp gl `ty yo`cclqc mkd igfuatakt afucgpaay mxa bg`kb tnaxa+ Tnmt r`cc mllait tna igfumkp‐y uxgl`tmh`c`tp `k tna cgkb xqk+
Ygfa Uxayyqxa bxgquy mxa uxgtayt`kb gk tna Tgraxy tnmt mxa `kytmccad `k£ xay`dakt`mc mxamy+ Tna`x gu`k`gk `y tnmt `t `y kgt bggd lgx namctn gl uaguca tg nm|a yqin tgraxy kamx tna`x ngfay tnmt imqya xmd`mt`gky+
Qlgka nm|a tg xa|`ya tna c`yt gl yqhyix`haxy rng mxa cabmc mkd£ mqtngx`zad+ Haimqya kgr tna Bg|axkfakt nmy rmxk tg tmoa ytx`it mit`gk `l mkp igfumkp rgqcd kgt oaau yqin xaigxd+
Mkgtnax tnxamt Mkp kar igfumkp lxgf lgxa`bk igqktx`ay igqk tx`ay a+b+ Gxmkba mkd \gdmlgka+
=>==
=0
IGFUAT@TGX MKMCPY@Y
Tna igfuat`t`|a ak|`xgkfakt lgx fgh`ca tacaungkp `k Umo`ytmk `y tgqbn mkd Qlgka‐y `y m fmjgx ucmpax gl tna fmxoat+ Ux`fmxp igfuat`t`gk `y gl igqxya hatraak lgqx fgh`ca guaxmtgxy lgx tna ynmxa gl tna fmxoat+ Hqt tnaxa `y gtnax ugtakt`mc ygqxia gl igfuat`t`gk# rn`in yngqcd mcyg ha tmoak `ktg igky`daxmt`gk
D@XAIT IGFUAT@T@GK:
D`xait igfuat`t`gk tg Qlgka yax|`ia `y r`tn tnaa c`iakyad fgh`ca rgxcd `k tgdmp‐y fmxoat+ Tnaya mxa: Fgh`c`ko+ Rmx`d tacaigf+ Tacakgx+ Zgkb
@KD@XAIT IGFUAT@T@GK:
Tna `kd`xait igfuat`t`gk `y lxgf: L`~ad c`ka yax|`iay+ Imxd umpungka yax|`iay+ Uxaum`d imcc`kb imxdy+ Fmyy`|a a~umky`gk `k uakatxmt`gk mkd }qmc`tp gl l`~ad c`ka# umpungka mkd uxaum`d imcc`kb imxdy imk allait fgh`ca hqy`kayy ak|`xgkfakt+ Aigkgf`i Yiakmx`g gl Umo`ytmk fmoay tn`y ghyax|mt`gk xaca|mkt haimqya fgh`ca yax|`iay mxa yt`cc igfumxmt`|acp fqin a~uaky`|a mkd iqytgfax fmp uxalax tg qya inamuax# fgxa xamd`cp m|m`cmhca mctaxkmt`|ay
=0==
85
Tmxbat Fmxoat Qlgka nmy tna tmxbat fmxoat igkiaxk`kb pgqtn `k tna kmt`gk+ Tn`y tmxbat fmxoat gl pgqkbytax igfux`yay 45! gl tna uguqcmt`gk+ Qlgka nmy n my tmxbatad tna igxugxmta icmyy lgx rn`in tna Qlgka `y iqytgf`z`kb tna umiombay umiomb ay `k gxdax tg uxayax|a tna a~`yt`kb yfmcc hqy`kayyfmk+
Bakdax: Hgtn Fmca , Lafmca Tmxbat Icmyy: F`ddca , Cgrax F`ddca Icmyy Fm`kcp cp tnap tnap mxa mxa tmxb tmxbat at`k `kb b tg pgqt pgqtn# n# `l ra cggo cggo mt tna` tna`xx mdy# mdy# rn`i rn`in n mxa mxa Tmxbat`kb: Fm`k yngrk gk tna T\# ra bgt tna icamx `dam+
@kigfa Bxgqu: Bxgqu : Xy+ =1#555 , mhg|a
85==
8=
@kdqytxp Mkmcpy`y: Mkmcpy`y: Tna A~taxkmc Lmitgx A|mcqmt`gk .ALA) Fmtx`~ Mk A~taxk A~taxkmc mc Lmitgx Lmitgx A|mcqm A|mcqmt`g t`gk k .ALA) .ALA) Fmtx`~ Fmtx`~ mccgry mccgry ytxmta ytxmtab`y b`yty ty tg yqffmx yqffmx`za `za mkd a|mcqm a|mcqmta ta aigk aigkgf gf`i `i## ygi` ygi`mc mc## iqctq iqctqxm xmc# c# dafg dafgbx bxmun mun`i `i## ak|` ak|`xg xgkf kfak aktm tmc# c# ugc` ugc`t` t`im imc# c# bg|ax bg|axkf kfak aktm tmc# c# cabmc cabmc## tainkgcgb`imc# mkd igfuat`t`|a `klgxfmt`gk+ Tna ALA fmtx`~ igky`yty gl l`|a ytauy uxgiayy+
L`|a&Ytau uxgiayy: • C`yt oap a~taxkmc lmitgxy .=5&85) Guugxtqk`t`ay , tnxamty+ Pgq nm|a tg uxaumxa m c`yt gl mcc a~taxkmc lmitgxy rn`in r`cc mllait tna ALA fmtx`~+ Tnaya lmitgxy yngqcd ha trg ug`kty tg ha oaut `k f`kd tnaya mxa guugxtqk`t`ay mkd tnxamty • Myy`bk ra`bnt tg amin .5 tg =+5) Yqf gl mcc ra`bnty 6 =+5 Kgr pgq nm|a tg mxxmkba tnaf miigxd`kb tg tna`x ra`bnt mba tnmt rn`in lmitgx `y fgyt `fugxtmkt+ @t yngqcd ha ra`bnt mba `k ! mbay+ Tna yqf gl tna tgtmc gl mcc tna lmitgxy yngqcd mcrmpy ha gka+ • Myy`bk =&4 xmt`kb tg amin lmitgx L`xf‐y iqxxakt ytxmtab`ay xayugkya tg tna lmitgx: ngr racc l`xfy xayugkya tg tnaya lmitgxy+
• Fqct`ucp amin lmitgx‐y ra`bnt hp `ty xmt`kb Uxgdqiay m ra`bntad yigxa Ngr tna l`xf r`cc xayugkd tg tnaya lmitgxy a~taxkmc lmitgxy+ Yqin ix`tax`m mxa okgrk my xmt`kb+ • Yqf tna ra`bntad yigxay lgx amin Dataxf`kay tna tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa lgx tna gxbmk`zmt`gk+ N`bnayt ugyy`hca ra`bntad yigxa lgx tna gxbmk`zmt`gk `y 4+5? tna cgrayt# =+5+ M|axmba 6 8+1
8===
88
A^TAXKMC LMITGX A\MCQMT@GK .ALA) FMTX@^
•
A^TAXKMC LMITGX A\MCQMT@GK .ALA) FMTX@^ gl Qlgka Oap A~taxkmc Lmitgxy
Ra`bnt Xm Xmt`kb Ra Ra`bntad Yigxa
Guugxtqk`t`ay = Bcghmc`zmt`gk
5+=8
4
5+4>
8 Uqhc`i`tp , Fmxoat`kb
5+5<
9
5+=>
9 Imk tmxbat Igxugxmta
5+5>
9
5+84
4 Da|acgu Kar |mcqa Mddad yax|`iay
5+=5
4
5+45
1 A~takd Ig|axmba tg Kgxtnaxk Mxamy
5+51
9
5+=1
< `ktxgd `ktxgdqia qiad d @ktaxk @ktaxkmt` mt`gkm gkmcc YFY umiomb umiombay ay c`oa c`oa cgimc YFY , imcc umiomba
+5<
9
+=>
2 da|acgu ygfa kar lxmkin`yay `k xafgta mxamy
+5>
4
+98
> @ktx @ktxgd gdqi qi`k `kb b –Ql –Qlgk gkaa o`g o`gyo yo‖+ ‖+ Jqyt c`oa MTF+ Tnxamty
+51
8
+=5
= Gcd Gcd Ytmhc Ytmhcaa Igfum Igfumk`a k`ayy , mxx` mxx`|mc |mc gl In`k In`km m Fgh`ca Igfumkp 8 UTIC iaccqcmx c`iakya
5+=5
8
5+8
5+5>
8
5+=<
9 Ux`ia Rmx
5+51
8
5+=5
4 Bg|axkfakt @ktaxlaxakia
5+=8
9
5+9<
1 Uxayyq Uxayyqxa xa bxgq bxgquy uy , namct namctn n `yyqay `yyqay dqa dqa tg tgraxy tgraxy `k xay`dakt`mc mxamy+
+51
8
+=5
TGTMC
=+55
•
8+02
Tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa lgx tna Qlgka a~taxkmc lmitgx `y 8+02 rn`in `y mhg|a m|axmba+
88==
89
ALA gl Qlgka Uxgdqity: •
ALA gl Ugytump
@kixamya a~u`xp dmta
Ra`bnt Xmko +=5 8
R~X +85
Kg hmcmkia igkyqfut`gk dqx`kb ngcd
+=5
8
+85
Lxaa YFY
+=5
=
+=5
Umiombay
+=1
8
+95
Lxaa f`kqtay gk qya gl fm~`fqf hmcmkia Tnxamty: Uxaump
+=1
8
+95
+=5
8
+85
Fgh`c`ko
+=5
9
+95
Tacakgx
+5>
=
+5>
Zgkb
+5>
=
+5>
N`bn tm~ay
+54 =+55
=
+51 =+>5
Guugxtqk`t`ay:
•
ALA gl Uxaump
Umiombay lgx a~aiqt`|ay
Ra`bnt Xmta +=5 9
R~X +95
@ktaxkat lmi`c`tp
+=5
9
+95
@kixamya a~u`xp dmta
+=1
9
+41
Kg hmcmkia igkyqfut`gk dqx`kb ngcd
+5<
8
+=8
Guugxtqk`t`ay:
89==
84 YFY umiombay
+=5
8
+85
Cgr imcc xmtay k Qlgka Bnmktm umiombay+ Tnxamty: Ugytump
+=5
8
+85
+=5
4
+45
Fgh`c`ko
+=5
4
+45
Tacakgx
+=5
9
+95
Zgkb
+=5
8
+85
N`bn tm~ay
+51
8
+=5
Tgtmc
=+55
8+02
@ktaxkmc Lmitgx A|mcqmt`gk Fmtx`~& @LA Fmtx`~
M yqffmxp ytau `k igkdqit`kb mk `ktaxkmc ytxmtab`i fmkmbafakt mqd`t `y tg igkytxqit mk @ktaxkmc Lmitgx A|mcqmt`gk .@LA) Fmtx`~+ Tn`y ytxmtabp lgxfqcmt`gk tggc yqffmx`zay mkd a|mcqmtay tna fmjgx ytxakbtny mkd ramokayyay `k tna lqkit`gkmc mxamy gl m hqy`kayy# mkd `t mcyg uxg|`day m hmy`y lgx `dakt`lp`kb mkd a|mcqmt`kb xacmt`gkyn`uy mfgkb tngya mxamy+ @ktq`t`|a jqdbfakty mxa xa}q`xad `k da|acgu`kb mk @LA Fmtx`~# yg tna muuamxmkia gl m yi`akt`l`i muuxgmin yngqcd kgt ha `ktaxuxatad tg famk tn`y `y mk mcc ugraxlqc taink`}qa+ M tngxgqbn qkdaxytmkd`kb gl tna lmitgxy `kicqdad `y fgxa `fugxtmkt tnmk tna mitqmc kqfhaxy+ Y`f`cmx tg tna ALA Fmtx`~ mkd Igfuat`t`|a Uxgl`ca Fmtx`~ dayix`had `k Inmutax 9# mk @LA Fmtx`~ imk ha da|acguad `k l`|a ytauy: =+ C`yt oap `ktaxkmc lmitgxy my `dakt`l`ad `k tna `ktaxkmc mqd`t uxgiayy+ Qya m tgtmc gl lxgf tak tg
traktp `ktaxkmc lmitgxy# `kicqd`kb hgtn ytxakbtny mkd ramokayyay+ C`yt ytxakbtny l`xyt mkd tnak ramokayyay+ Ha my yuai`l`i my ugyy`hca# qy`kb uaxiaktmbay# xmt`gy# mkd igfumxmt`|a kqfhaxy+ 8+ Myy`bk m ra`bnt tnmt xmkbay lxgf 5+5 .kgt `fugxtmkt) tg =+5 .mcc `fugxtmkt) tg amin lmitgx+ Tna
ra`bnt myy`bkad tg m b`|ak lmitgx `kd`imtay tna xacmt`|a `fugxtmkia gl tna lmitgx tg ha`kb yqiiayylqc `k tna l`xf‐y `kdqytxp+ Xabmxdcayy gl rnatnax m oap lmitgx `y mk `ktaxkmc ytxakbtn gx ramokayy#
84==
81 lmitgxy igky`daxad tg nm|a tna bxamtayt allait gk gxbmk`zmt`gkmc uaxlgxfmkia yngqcd ha myy`bkad tna n`bnayt ra`bnty+ Tna yqf gl mcc ra`bnty fqyt a}qmc =+5+ 9+ Myy`bk m @ tg 4 xmt`kb tg amin lmitgx tg `kd`imta rnatnax tnmt lmitgx xauxayakty m fmjgx ramokayy .xmt`kb 6 =)# m f`kgx ramokayy .xmt`kb 6 8)# m f`kgx ytxakbtn .xmt`kb 6 9)# gx m fmjgx ytxakbtn .xmt`kb 6 4)+ Kgta tnmt ytxakbtny fqyt xaia`|a m 4 gx 9 xmt`kb mkd ramokayyay fqyt xaia`|a m = gx 8 xmt`kb+ Xmt`kby mxa tnqy igfumkp hmyad# rnaxamy tna ra`bnty `k Ytau 8 mxa `kdqytxp hmyad+
4+ Fqct`ucp amin lmitgx‐y ra`bnt hp `ty xmt`kb tg dataxf`ka m ra`bntad yigxa lgx amin |mx`mhca+ 1+ Yqf tna ra`bntad yigxay lgx amin |mx`mhca tg dataxf`ka tna tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa lgx tna
gxbmk`zmt`gk+ Xabmxdcayy gl ngr fmkp lmitgxy mxa `kicqdad `k mk @LA Fmtx`~# tna tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa imk xmkba lxgf m cgr gl =+5 tg m n`bn gl 4+5# r`tn tna m|axmba yigxa ha`kb 8+1+ Tgtmc ra`bntad yigxay racc hacgr 8+1 inmxmitax`za gxbmk`zmt`gky tnmt mxa ramo `ktaxkmccp# rnaxamy yigxay y`bk`l`imktcp mhg|a 8+1 `kd`imta m ytxgkb `ktaxkmc ugy`t`gk+ C`oa tna ALA Fmtx`~# mk @LA Fmtx`~ yngqcd `kicqda lxgf =5 tg 85 oap lmitgxy+ Tna kqfhax gl lmitgxy nmy kg allait qugk tna xmkba gl tgtmc ra`bntad yigxay haimqya tna ra`bnty mcrmpy yqf tg =+5+
•
@KTAXKMC LMITGX A\MCQMT@GK fmtx`~ lgx Qlgka
81==
8<
OAP @KTAXKMC LMITGX @KTAXKMC YTXAKBTN
Ra`bnt
Xmt`kb
r+ yigxa
Katrgxo ig|axmba
+5>
9
+84
Qk`}qa gllaxy , umiombay Fmxoat`kb , Md|axt`y`kb L`kmki`mc ugy`t`gk , ymcay Dautt+ Umpxgcc Daumxtfakt , NXF Cmtayt Tainkgcgbp
+=8 +=5 +=5 +51 +5<
4 9 9 9 9
+4> +9 +9 +=1 +=>
Mdf`k`ytxmt`gk
+54
8
+5>
Iqytgfax Imxa , Laad hmio
+=5
9
+9
Cmio gl Lxmkin`yay
+54
8
+5>
Katrgxo uxghcaf gk yuai`mc giimy`gky+
+54
9
+=8
Han`kd gk A~iayy`|a Dafmkd Uggx Gxbmk`zmt`gkmc Ytxqitqxa
+51 +54
9 8
+=1 +5>
Bcghmc A~umky`gk
+=5
8
+8
+5>
=
+5>
@KTAXKMC RAMOKAYYAY
.Cayy ig|axmba `k xafgta mxamy)+
Kgxtnaxk mxamy ig|axmba
=
8+24
8<==
82
Tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa lgx tna Qlgka `ktaxkmc lmitgx `y 8+24 rn`in `y mhg|a m|axmba+ •
@LA gl uxaump: Ytxakbtny
Hmya lgx Qlgka
Ra`bnt +=1
Xmta 9
R~X +41
Bxamtax fmxoat ynmxa
+=5
9
+95
Fgxa igktx`hqt`gk `k uxgl`t
+=5
9
+95
Mttxmit`|a umiombay
+5>
9
+84
Faat iqytgfaxy dafmkd Ramokayyay N`bn xmtay
+50
9
+82
+5>
=
+5>
Cayy dqxmt`gk gl YFY umiombay
+5>
8
+=<
Ygfa t`fa d`ytqxhmkia
+=8
=
+=8
Cayy qya hp a~aiqt`|ay
+=5
=
+=5
C`f`tad dqxmt`gk gl umiombay Tgtmc:
+=5 =+55
=
+=5 8+=8
82==
8>
@LA gl ugyt ump: Ytxakbtny
Ra`bnt
Xmta
R~X
Bxamtax fmxoat ynmxa
+=5
4
+45
Qya hp a~aiqt`|ay
+=8
4
+4>
H`cc`kb ypytaf
+=5
4
+45
Faat iqytgfaxy dafmkd
+=5
4
+45
Bggd }qmc`tp yax|`ia
+=9
4
+18
N`bn xmtay
+5>
8
+=<
Cayy qya hp bakaxmc uqhc`i
+=5
8
+85
Cayy umiombay
+52
8
+=4
Cayy dqxmt`gk
+=5
8
+85
Cayy fmxoat bxgrtn
+=5
=
+=5
Tgtmc:
=+55
Ramokayyay
9+55
8>==
80
IUF&Igfuat`t`|a Uxgl`ca Fmtx`~ ALA `y qyad tg igccait igfuat`t`|a `ktacc`bakia `klgxfmt`gk lxgf a~taxkmc ak|`xgkfakt+ @t kgt lgiqyay gk `ktaxkmc `yyqay+ Rnaxamy IUF `y c`ttca d`llaxakt lxgf ALA `t mcyg igky`dax tna `ktaxkmc `yyqay mkd hayt lamtqxa gl IUF tnmt `t mccgr tg igfumxa tna igfuat`tgx ix`t`imc yqiiayy lmitgx r`tn pgqx gxbmk`zmt`gk+ •
L`kd gqt ix`t`imc yqiiayy lmitgx+
•
Myy`bk ra`bnt tg amin lmitgx dauakd qu ngr `fugxtmkt tna yuai`l`i lmitgx lgx tna tna gxbmk`zmt`gk
yqiiayy+ •
Tna ra`bnt xmkba lxgf 5+5 tg =+5 cgrax kqfhax yngry kg gx f`k`fqf `fugxtmkia `fugxtmkia mkd n`bn
ra`bnt yngr fgxa `fugxtmkia gl lmitgx tg tna igfumkp+ •
Myy`bk xmt`kb xmt`kb tg amin lmitgx dauakdy qugk ngr ngr racc gxbmk`zmt`gk xayugkd tg tnmt lmitgx+
•
Myy`bk m =&4 xmt`kb tg amin ix`t`imc ix`t`imc yqiiayy lmitgx tg `kd`imta ngr allait`|acp tna l`xf‐y iqxxakt
ytxmtab`ay xayugkd tg tna lmitgx+ .= 6 xayugkya `y ug gx# 4 6 xayugkya `y a~txafacp bggd) •
Fqct`ucp amin lmitgx‐y lmitgx‐y ra`bnt ra`bnt hp `ty xmt`kb tg dataxf`ka dataxf`ka m ra`bntad yigxa+ yigxa+ Yqf tna ra`bntad yigxay+
•
M|axmba tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa `y 8+1+
Tna mhg|a IUF fmtx`~ igfumxay tna g`c fmxoat`kb igfumk`ay gk `fugxtmkia lmitgx+ Tna tgtmc imciqcmtad l`bqxa taccy tna a~mit y`tqmt`gk+ Tna Igfuat`t`|a Uxgl`ca Fmtx`~ .IUF) `dakt`l`ay m l`xf"y fmjgx igfuat`tgxy mkd tna`x umxt`iqcmx ytxakbtny mkd ramokayyay `k xacmt`gk tg m ymfuca l`xf"y ytxmtab`i ugy`t`gk @k m IUF tna xmt`kby mkd tgtmc ra`bntad yigxay lgx x`|mc l`xfy imk ha igfumxad tg tna ymfuca l`xf+ Tn`y igfumxmt`|a mkmcpy`y uxg|`day `fugxtmkt `ktaxkmc ytxmtab`i `klgxfmt`gk+ Qlgka Igfuat`t`|a Uxgl`ca Fmtx`~ `y uxg|`dad `k Tmhca+ @k tn`y fmtx`~ fmxoat ynmxa# bxgrtn xmta mkd l`kmki`mc ytxakbtn
80==
95 mxa tna fgyt `fugxtmkt ix`t`imc yqiiayy lmitgxy# my `kd`imtad hp m ra`bnt gl 5+<5+ @k fmxoat ynmxa Fgh`c`ko `y camd`kb hqt `k tna bxgrtn lmitgx Qlgka Q lgka `y camd`kb r`tn tna ra`bntad ug`kt gl 5+45
•
Igfuat`t`|a Uxgl`ca Fmtx`~ .IUF)
Ix`t`imc Yqiiayy Lmitgxy .IYL) Fmxoat Ynmxa
Ra`bnt
Xmt`kb
Ra`bntad Yigxa
Xmt`kb
Ra`bntad Yigxa
Xmt`kb
5+=1
4
5+<5
9
5+41
=
Bxgrtn Xmta
5+=5
=
5+=5
9
5+95
L`kmki`mc Ytxakbtn Fmkmbafakt
5+5>
9
5+84
9
5+=8
4
5+4>
Ig|axmba
5+=5
4
IIY
5+=9
Md|axt`y`kb , Fmxoat`kb Hxmkd Kmfa Umiombay , Gllaxy Ux`ia Igfuat`t`|aka yy TGTMC
Ra`bnta d Yigxa
Xmt`kb
Ra`bntad Yigxa
5+=1
9
5+41
4
5+45
9
5+95
5+84
4
5+98
9
5+84
9
5+9<
9
5+9<
9
5+9<
5+45
9
5+95
8
5+85
8
5+85
4
5+18
9
5+90
9
5+90
8
5+8<
5+5<
8
5+=8
9
5+=>
9
5+=>
4
5+84
5+=5
4
5+45
8
5+85
9
5+95
9
5+95
5+50
8
5+=>
9
5+82
9
5+82
4
5+9<
5+52
8
5+=4
9
5+8=
9
5+8=
4
5+8>
=+55
9+=>
8+05
8+2>
9+55
95==
9=
Tna xmt`kby |mcqay mxa my lgccgry: = 6 fmjgx ramokayy# 8 6 f`kgx ramokayy# 9 6 f`kgx ytxakbtn# 4 6fmjgx ytxakbtn+ My `kd`imtad hp tna tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa gl 8+2># Zgkb `y ramoayt+ Haimqya `t `y mt `ty `k`t`mc ugy`t`gk my igfumxa tg igfuat`tgxy+ R`tn tna ug`kt gl 9+=> Fgh`c`ko `y camd`kb+ Gkcp a`bnt ix`t`imc yqiiayy lmitgxy mxa `kicqdad lgx y`fuc`i`tp? tn`y `y tgg lar `k mitqmc`tp
•
Tnxamty&Guugxtqk`t`ay&Ramokayyay&Ytxakbtny .TGRY) Fmtx`~
Tna Tnxamty&Guugxtqk`t`ay&Ramokayyay&Ytxakbtny .TGRY) `y mcyg kmfad my YRGT mkmcpy`y+ M TRGY TRGY Mkmcpy` Mkmcpy`yy `y m ytxmta ytxmtab`i b`i ucmkk` ucmkk`kb kb tggc tggc qyad qyad tg a|mcqm a|mcqmta ta tna Tnxamt Tnxamty# y# Guugxt Guugxtqk` qk`t`a t`ayy mkd Ytxakbtny# Ramokayyay# `k|gc|ad `k m uxgjait gx `k m hqy`kayy |aktqxa gx `k mkp gtnax y`tqmt`gk xa}q`x`kb m dai`y`gk+ Tn`y `y mk `fugxtmkt tggc `k gxdax tg lgxfqcmta ytxmtabp+ Tn`y Fmtx`~ `y mk `fugxtmkt fmtin`kb tggc tnmt nacuy fmkmbaxy da|acguy lgqx tpuay gl ytxmtab`ay: YG Ytxmtab`ay .ytxakbtn guugxtqk`t`ay)# RG Ytxmtab`ay .ramokayy& guugxtqk`t`ay)# YT Ytxmtab`ay .ytxakbtn&tnxamty)# mkd RT Ytxmtab`ay .ramokayy&tnxamty)+Tna fgyt d`ll`iqct umxt gl TGRY fmtx`~ `y tg fmtin `ktaxkmc mkd a~taxkmc lmitgx+ Gkia tna ghjait`|a nmy haak `dakt`l`ad# TGRY mxa d`yig|axad mkd c`ytad+ TGRY mxa dal`kad uxai`yacp my lgccgry: Ytxakbtny mxa mttx`hqtay gl tna gxbmk`zmt`gk tnmt mxa naculqc tg tna min`a|afakt gl tna ghjait`|a+ Ramokayyay mxa mttx`hqtay gl tna gxbmk`zmt`gk tnmt mxa nmxflqc tg tna min`a|afakt gl tna ghjait`|a+ gh jait`|a+ Guugxtqk`t`ay mxa a~taxkmc igkd`t`gky tnmt mxa naculqc tg tna min`a|afakt gl tna ghjait`|a+ nm xflqc tg tna min`a|afakt gl tna ghjait`|a+ Tnxamty mxa a~taxkmc igkd`t`gky tnmt mxa nmxflqc
Ytauy lgx da|acgu`kb ytxmtab`ay: Tnaxa mxa a`bnt ytauy `k|gc|ad `k igkytxqit`kb m TGRY Fmtx`~: =+ Xmko a~taxkmc guugxtqk`t`ay 8+ Xmko a~taxkmc tnxamty 9+ Xmko `ktaxkmc ytxakbtn 4+ Xmko `ktaxkmc ramokayyay+ 1+ Fmtin `ktaxkmc ytxakbtny r`tn a~taxkmc guugxtqk`t`ay mkd fakt`gk tna xayqct `k tna YG Ytxmtab`ay iacc+ <+ Fmtin Fmtin `ktaxk `ktaxkmc mc ramoka ramokayya yyayy r`tn r`tn a~taxk a~taxkmc mc guu guugxt gxtqk` qk`t`a t`ayy mkd fakt`g fakt`gk k tna xayqct xayqct `k tna RG Ytxmtab`ay iacc+ 2+ Fmtin `ktaxkmc ytxakbtny r`tn a~taxkmc tnxamty mkd fakt`gk tna xayqct `k tna YT Ytxmtab`ay iacc+ >+ Fmtin `ktaxkmc ramokayyay r`tn a~taxkmc tnxamty mkd fakt`gk tna xayqct `k tna RT ytxmtab`ay iacc+
9===
98
•
YRGT FMTX@^ GL QLGKA
Ytxakbtny’Y
Guugxtqk`t`ay ’ G G=+ Bcghmc`zmt`gk G8+ Uqhc`i`tp G9+ Imk tmxbat igxugxmta G4+ Kar |mcqa mddad yax|`iay G1+ Ig|ax`kb Kgxtnaxk Mxamy G<+ Kar Uxgdqit .Qlgka o`gyo) G2+ Uakatxmt`gk Tnxamty ’ T T=+ Gcd Ytmhca Igfumk`ay T8+ Mttxmit`|a Umiombay Hp Igfuat`tgxy T9+ Ux`ia Rmx T4+ Bg|axkfakt @ktaxlaxakia T1+ Uxayyqxa bxgquy , namctn `yyqay
Ramokayyay ’ R
Y=+ Imu`tmc , l`kmki`mc ugy`t`gk Y8+ Katrgxo Ig|axmba , |g`ia }qmc`tp Y9+ Xaygqxiay Y4+ Txakd yattax Y1+ Qk`}qa gllaxy , umiombay Y<+ N`bn Bxgrtn Xmta Y2+ Md|axt`y`kb , fmxoat`kb Y>+ Lgiqy , xatm`k iqytgfaxy YG&Ytxmtab`ay
R=+ Kgxtnaxk mxamy Ig|axmba R8+ Yqhy`d`mxp gl UTIC R9+ Cgr Fmxoat Ynmxa R4+ Ramo F@Y R1+ Gcd Ytmll Cayy fgt`|mtad , qklmf`c`mx tg @T+
Y=#G= A~umkd Y8# G1 @kixamyad ig|axmba , lxmkin`yay Y9#G2 Uakatxmt`gk Y=#G9 Mi}q`y`t`gk , Fmoa tna ugyt um`d umiomba fgxa mttxmit`|a Y4#G< @kixamyad cgpmctp , hxmkd `fmba Y2# G8 Mttxmit kar iqytgfaxy+
R=#G1 Aknmkia ig|axmba , fmxoat ynmxa R9#G9 Mi}q`y`t`gk
YT&Ytxmtab`ay Y=#T9 Igyt Camdaxyn`u Y9# T8 Uakatxmt`gk , ig hxmkd`kb r`tn gtnaxy c`oa hmkoy++ Y4# T= Fmxoat Camdax Y1# T8 @ktxgdqia kar umiombay , yax|`iay+
RG&Ytxmtab`ay
RT&Ytxmtab`ay R9#T8 Dgrky`z`kb
98==
99
Tna Ytxmtab`i Ugy`t`gk mkd Mit`gk A|mcqmt`gk .YUMIA) Fmtx`~ •
Tna Ytxmtab`i Ugy`t`gk mkd Mit`gk A|mcqmt`gk .YUMIA) Fmtx`~ `y mkgtnax `fugxtmkt Ytmba 8 fmtin`kb tggc gl lgxfqcmt`gk lxmfargxo+ @t a~ucm`ky tnmt rnmt `y gqx ytxmtab`i ugy`t`gk mkd rnmt ugyy`hca mit`gk imk ha tmoak+ @t `y kgt icgyad fmtx`~+ @t `y uxaumxad gk bxmun+ @t `y icgyad fmtx`~+ Tn`y lgccgr igqktax icgior`ya d`xait`gk+ @t igktm`ky lgqx&}qmdxmkt kmfad mbbxayy`|a# igkyax|mt`|a# dalaky`|a# gx igfuat`t`|a ytxmtab`ay+ Tna m~ay gl tna YUMIA Fmtx`~ xauxayakt trg `ktaxkmc d`faky`gky l`kmki`mc ytxakbtn _LYV mkd igfuat`t`|a md|mktmba _IMV) mkd trg a~taxkmc d`faky`gky .ak|`xgkfaktmc ytmh`c`tp _AYV mkd `kdqytxp ytxakbtn _@YV)+ Tnaya Tnaya lgqx lgqx lmitgx lmitgxyy mxa tna fgyt fgyt `fugxt `fugxtmkt mkt dataxf dataxf`km `kmkty kty gl mk gxbmk` gxbmk`zmt zmt`gk `gk"y "y g|axmc g|axmccc ytxmta ytxmtab`i b`i ugy`t`gk+
•
YUMIA Fmtx`~ lgx QLGKA 99==
94
L`kmki`mc Ytxakbtn .LY)
XM@TKBY
=+ Xa|akqay
1+5
8+ Xatqxk gk `k|aytfakt
4+5
9+ Rgxo`kb imu`tmc
4 +5 =9+5
Igfuat`t`|a Md|mktmba .IM)
=+ Xaygqxiay , Myyaty
&8+5
8+ N`bn bxgrtn xmta
&=+5
9+ Md|axt`y`kb , Fmxoat`kb
&8+5
4+ Igfuat`t`gk imumi`tp qt`c`zmt`gk
&9+5
1+ 8kd cmxbayt iaccqcmx igfumkp `k Umo`ytmk+
&=+5
<+ Bggd yuaad , yquax`gx |g`ia }qmc`tp+
&9+5
2+ Iqytgfax lgiqy+
&9+5
>+ Igfuqtax`zad igfucm`kt iacc
&9+5
0+ Yqiiayylqc hxmkd
&8+5
=5+ Mttxmit`|a umiombay+
&9+5 &89+5
Ak|`xgkfaktmc ytmh`c`tp .AY)
=+ Tainkgcgb`imc inmkbay
&9+5
8+ Xmta gl `klcmt`gk
&4+5 94==
91 9+ Dafmkd |mx`mh`c`tp
&9+5
4+ Bg|axkfakt @ktaxlaxakia
&=+5
1+ Tgqbn igfuat`t`gk
& 8 +5 &=9+5
@kdqytxp Ytxakbtn .@Y)
=+ L`kmki`mc ytmh`c`tp
1+5
8+ Xaygqxiay qt`c`zmt`gk
1+5
9+ Uxgl`t ugtakt`mc
4+5
4+ BUXY Tainkgcgbp
1+5
1+ Yigua `k Xqcax mxamy
4+5 89+5
Igkicqy`gk LY m|axm m|axmba ba `y
=9'9 =9'9
6 4+99 4+99
IM m|ax m|axmb mbaa `y `y &89' &89'=5 =5 6 &8+9 &8+9 AY m|ax m|axmb mbaa `y &=9' &=9'4 4
6 &9+8 &9+81 1
@Y m|axmba `y
6 4+<
89'1
D`xa D`xait it`g `gkm kmcc \ai \aitg tgxx Igg Iggxd xd`k `kmt mtay ay:: ~&m ~&m~` ~`y: y:
4+
D`xa D`xait it`g `gkm kmcc \ait \aitgx gx Igg Iggxd xd`k `kmt mtay ay:: p&m~ p&m~`y `y::
4+99 4+99/ / .&9+ .&9+81 81)) 6 =+5> =+5>9 9
Tna QLGKA yngqcd uaxqya Mbbxayy`|a ytxmtab`ay………
91==
9<
•
YUMIA FMTX@^ LGX QLGKA
LY
Igkyax|mt`|a .8+9# =+5>9)
Mbbxayy`|a Mbbxayy`|a
@Y
IM
Dalaky`|a
Igfuat`t`|a
AY
Mbbxayy`|a ytxmtab`ay gl Qlgka mxa:
@ktabxmt`gk @ktaky`|a 9<==
92
Xacmtad d`|axy`l`imt`gk+
•
HIB BXGRTN&YNMXA FMTX@^ LGX QLGKA
Igfumk`ay tnmt mxa cmxba akgqbn tg ha gxbmk`zad `ktg ytxmtab`i hqy`kayy qk`ty lmia tna inmccakba gl mccgimt`kb xaygqxiay mfgkb tngya qk`ty+ @k tna amxcp =02 5"y tna Hgytgk Igkyqct`kb Bxgqu da|acguad m fgdac lgx fmkmb`kb m ugxtlgc`g gl d`llaxakt hqy`kayy qk`ty+ Tna HIB bxgrtn&ynmxa fmtx`~ d`yucmpy tna |mx`gqy hqy`kayy qk`ty gk m bxmun gl tna fmxoat bxgrtn xmta |y+ fmxoat ynmxa xacmt`|a tg igfuat`tgxy+
HIB Bxgrtn&Ynmxa Fmtx`~
Qlgka
92==
9>
Gk tna |axt`imc m~`y# fmxoat bxgrtn xmta uxg|`day m famyqxa gl fmxoat mttxmit`|akayy+ Gk tna ngx`zgktmc m~`y# xacmt`|a fmxoat ynmxa yax|ay my m famyqxa gl igfumkp ytxakbtn `k tna fmxoat+ Tna bxgrtn&ynmxa fmtx`~ dal`kay lgqx tpuay gl YHQy:
IMYN IGR & .CGR BXGRTN# N@BN FMXOAT YNMXA)
M hqy`kayy qk`t tnmt nmy m cmxba fmxoat ynmxay `k m fmtqxa# ycgr bxgr`kb `kdqytxp+ Imyn igry Xa}q`xa c`ttca `k|aytfakt mkd bakaxmta imyn tnmt imk im k ha qyad tg `k|ayt `k gtnax hqy`kayy qk`ty+
YTMX & .N@BN BXGRTN# N@BN FMXOAT YNMXA)
M hqy`kayy qk`t tnmt nmy m cmxba fmxoat ynmxay `k m lmyt bxgr`kb `kdqytxp+ Ytmxy fmp bakaxmta Imyn# hqt haimqya tna fmxoat `y bxgr`kb xmu`dcp tnap xa}q`xa `k|aytfakt tg fm`ktm`k tna`x camd+ @l yqiiayylqc# m ytmx r`cc haigfa m imyn igr rnak `ty `kdqytxp fmtqxay+ ]QAYT@GK FMXO & .N@BN BXGRTN# CGR FMXOAT YNMXA)
M hqy`kayy qk`t tnmt nmy m yfmcc fmxoat ynmxay `k m n`bn bxgrtn fmxoat+ Tnaya hqy`kayy qk`ty Xa}q`xa xaygqxiay tg bxgr fmxoat ynmxa# hqt rnatnax tnap r`cc yqiiaad mkd haigfa ytmxy `y qkokgrk+
DGB & .CGR BXGRTN# CGR FMXOAT YNMXA)
M hqy`kayy qk`t tnmt nmy m yfmcc fmxoat ynmxay `k m fmtqxa `kdqytxp+ M dgb fmp kgt xa}q`xa Yqhytmkt`mc imyn# hqt `t t`ay qu imu`tmc tnmt igqcd hattax ha daucgpad acyarnaxa+ Qkcayy m dgb nmy ygfa gtnax ytxmtab`i uqxugya# `t yngqcd ha c`}q`dmtad `l tnaxa `y c`ttca uxgyuait lgx `t tg bm`k fmxoat ynmxa+
Qlgka YHQ
Ugyt um`d Uxaum`d 9>==
90
Qlgka fgh`ca
HIB Qlgka qkdaxytmkdy tna |mcqa gl rgxdy mkd tna kaad tg igffqk`imta allait`|acp a llait`|acp mkd all`i`aktcp mt mcc ca|acy gl ygi`atp# rn`in `y rnp igfumkp‐y ux`fmxp lgiqy `y gk Q+ Qlgka gllaxy#
Uxaump
Ugytump
, Qlgka Fgh`ca
yax|`iay `k tna Tacaigf yaitgx+ Tna tacaigf fmxoat‐y bxgr`kb xmta `k Umo`ytmk `y n`bnax tnmk mkp mk p My`mk igqktxp+ Qlgka gllaxy cgrax xmtay mkd hattax katrgxo tnak gtnax mcxamdp aytmhc`ynad iaccqcmx igfumk`ay+ Mcc c`|`kb ytmkdmxdy nm|a haak imutqxad hp Qlgka# c`oa Ytqdakty# Cmhgqx mkd Hqy`kayyfak? ati+Qlgka m`fy tg uxg|`da r`tn r`dax ig|axmba# yquax`gx igkkait`|`tp# icamx y`bkmcy , |g`ia }qmc`tp tg tna`x |mcqad iqytgfaxy
90==
45
Qlgka HIB FMTX@^ gl Qlgka hp uxgdqity ug`kt gl |`ar
XACMT@\A FMXOAT YNMXA
UXAUMP FMXOAT BXGRTN XMTA
YTMXY UGY UMPY
IMYN IGRY
]QAYT@GK FMXO Qlgka Fgh`ca
DGBY
Ytmx: Qlgka+ Uxaump+
Ytxmtab`ay: `+
@ktabxmt`gk
``+
@ktaky`|a
45==
4=
Imyn Igr: Ugytum`d
Ytxmtab`ay: `+
Uxgdqit da|acgufakt+ XMU@D FMXOAT BXGRTN ]qmdxmkt @@
]qmdxmkt @
Qlgka RAMO IGFUAT@T@ \A UGY@T@GK
YTXGKB IGFUAT@T@\A UGY@T@GK
]qmdxmkt @@@
]qmdxmkt @\ YCGR FMXOAT BXGRTN
``+
D`|axy`l`imt`gk
```+
Xatxakinfakt
`|+
D`|ayt`tqxa
Bxmkd Ytxmtabp Fmtx`~
4===
48
@k Bxmkd ytxmtabp fmtx`~ Qlgka c`a `k = yt }qmdxmkt haimqya `t nmy ytxgkb igfuat`t`|a ugy`t`gk mkd xmu`d fmxoat bxgrtn…++
Yq`tmhca ytxmtab`ay gl }qmdxmkt = yt lgx Qlgka mxa =+ Fmxoat Da|acgufakt 8+ Fmxoat Uakatxmt`gk 9+ Uxgdqit Da|acgufakt 4+ Ngx`zgktmc @ktabxmt`gk 1+ Lgxrmxd @ktabxmt`gk <+ Hmiormxd @ktabxmt`gk 2+ Xacmtad D`|axy`l`imt`gk
@A Fmtx`~ gl QLGKA: Tna @ktaxkmc&A~taxkmc .@A) fmtx`~ `y mkgtnax ytxmtab`i fmkmbafakt tggc qyad tg mkmcpza mk mcpza rgxo`kb igkd`t`gky mkd ytxmtab`i ugy`t`gk gl m hqy`kayy+ Tna @ktaxkmc A~taxkmc Fmtx`~ gx yngxt @A fmtx`~ `y hmyad gk mk mkmcpy`y gl `ktaxkmc mkd a~taxkmc hqy`kayy lmitgxy rn`in mxa igfh`kad `ktg gka yqbbayt`|a fgdac+ Tna @A fmtx`~ `y m igkt`kqmt`gk gl tna ALA fmtx`~ mkd @LA fmtx`~ fgdacy+ Tna @A fmtx`~ hacgkby tg tna bxgqu gl ytxmtab`i ugxtlgc`g fmkmbafakt tggcy+ @k m y`f`cmx fmkkax c`oa tna HIB fmtx`~# fmtx`~# tna @A fmtx`~ ugy`t`gky mk gxbmk`zmt`gk `ktg m k`ka iacc fmtx`~+ Tna @A fmtx`~ `y hmyad gk tna lgccgr`kb trg ix`tax`m: =+ Yigx Yigxaa lxg lxgf f tna tna ALA fmtx`~ && tn`y yigxa `y ucgttad gk tna p&m~`y 8+ Yigx Yigxaa lxg lxgf f tna tna @LA fmtx`~ && ucgttad gk tna ~&m~`y Tna @A fmtx`~ rgxoy `k m rmp tnmt pgq ucgt tna tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa lxgf tna ALA fmtx`~ gk tna p m~`y mkd dxmr m ngx`zgktmc c`ka mixgyy tna ucmka+ Tnak pgq tmoa tna yigxa imciqcmtad `k tna @LA fmtx`~# ucgt `t gk tna ~ m~`y# mkd dxmr m |axt`imc c`ka mixgyy tna ucmka+ Tna ug`kt rnaxa pgqx ngx`zgktmc c`ka faaty pgqx |axt`imc c`ka `y tna dataxf`kmkt gl pgqx ytxmtabp+ Tn`y ug`kt yngry tna ytxmtabp tnmt pgqx igfumkp yngqcd lgccgr+
48==
49 Gk tna ~ m~`y gl tna @A Fmtx`~# mk @LA tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa gl =+5 tg =+00 xauxayakty m ramo `ktaxkmc ugy`t`gk+ M yigxa gl 8+5 tg 8+00 `y igky`daxad m|axmba+ M yigxa gl 9+5 tg 4+5 `y ytxgkb+ Gk tna p m~`y# mk ALA tgtmc ra`bntad yigxa gl =+5 tg =+00 `y igky`daxad cgr+ M yigxa gl 8+5 tg 8+00 `y fad`qf+ M yigxa gl 9+5 tg 4+5 `y n`bn+ Pgqx ngx`zgktmc mkd |axt`imc c`kay faat `k gka g ka gl tna k`ka iaccy `k tna @A fmtx`~+ Pgq yngqcd lgccgr m ytxmtabp dauakd`kb gk `k rn`in iacc tngya c`kay `ktaxyait+ Tna @A fmtx`~ imk ha d`|`dad `ktg tnxaa fmjgx xab`gky tnmt nm|a d`llaxakt ytxmtabp `fuc`imt`gky+ Iaccy @# @@# mkd @@@ yqbbayt tna bxgr mkd hq`cd ytxmtabp+ Tn`y famky `ktaky`|a mkd mbbxayy`|a tmit`imc ytxmtab`ay+ Pgqx ytxmtab`ay yngqcd lgiqy gk fmxoat uakatxmt`gk# fmxoat da|acgufakt# mkd uxgdqit
da|acgufakt+ Lxgf tna guaxmt`gkmc uaxyuait`|a# m hmiormxd `ktabxmt`gk# lgxrmxd `ktabxmt`gk# mkd ngx`zgktmc `ktabxmt`gk yngqcd mcyg ha igky`daxad+ Iaccy @\# \# mkd \@ yqbbayt tna ngcd mkd fm`ktm`k ytxmtabp+ @k tn`y imya# pgqx tmit`imc ytxmtab`ay yngqcd lgiqy gk fmxoat uakatxmt`gk mkd uxgdqit da|acgufakt+ Iaccy \@@# \@@@# mkd @^ mxa inmxmitax`zad r`tn tna nmx|ayt g x a~`t ytxmtabp+ @l igyty lgx xajq|akmt`kb tna hqy`kayy mxa cgr# tnak `t yngqcd ha mttafutad tg xa|`tmc`za tna hqy`kayy+ @k gtnax imyay# mbbxayy`|a igyt fmkmbafakt `y m rmp tg ucmp tna akd bmfa+
49==
44
•
@A Fmtx`~ gl QLGKA
Qlgka Uxa m
Uxa m`d
Qlgka Uxa m
1 6 Qlgka mkd Uxaump 2 6 Ugytum`d
Ugyt m`d
44==
41
Ytxmtab`ay: Ngcd mkd fm`ktm`k `+
Fmxoat uakatxmt`gk+
``+
Uxgdqit da|acgufakt+
Ytmba&9 .Dai`y`gk Ytmba)
Tna ]qmkt`tmt`|a Ytxmtab`i Ucmkk`kb Fmtx`~ .]YUF) Tna cmyt ytmba gl ytxmtabp lgxfqcmt`gk `y dai`y`gk ytmba+ @k tn`y ytmba `t `y dai`dad tnmt rn`in rmp `y fgyt muuxgux`mta gx rn`in mctaxkmt`|a ytxmtabp yngqcd ha yacait+
Ytauy `k uxaumxmt`gk gl ]YUF
=+ C`yt gl tna l`xf"y oap a~taxkmc guugxtqk`t`ay'tnxamty mkd `ktaxkmc
ytxakbtny'ramokayyay ytxakbtny'ramokayyay `k tna calt igcqfk gl tna ]YUF+ 8+ Myy`bk ra`bnty tg amin oap a~taxkmc mkd `ktaxkmc lmitgx 9+ A~mf`ka tna Ytmba 8 .fmtin`kb) fmtx`iay mkd `dakt`lp mctaxkmt`|a ytxmtab`ay tnmt tna
gxbmk`zmt`gk yngqcd igky`dax `fucafakt`kb 4+ Dataxf`ka tna Mttxmit`|akayy Yigxay .MY) 1+ Igfuqta tna Tgtmc Mttxmit`|akayy Mttxmit`|akayy Yigxay <+ Igfuqta tna Yqf Tgtmc Mttxmit`|akayy Mttxmit`|akayy Yigxa
41==
4<
]qmkt`tmt`|a Ytxmtab`i Ucmkk`kb Fmtx`~ .]YUF) gl Qlgka ]qmkt`tmt`|a Ytxmtab`i Ucmkk`kb Fmtx`~ .]YUF) YACAIT@\A YTXMTAB@AY Uxgdqit Da|acgufakt Fmxoat Uakatxmt`gk Oap A~ta ~taxkmc Lmit mitgxy gxy Ra`bnt bnt Mttxmi txmitt`|akayy Tgtmc Mttxmit`|akayy Tgtmc Yigxay .MY) Mttxmit`|akayy Yigxay .MY) Mttxmit`|akayy Yigxay .TMY) Yigxay .TMY) Guugxtqk`t`ay = Bcghmc`zmt`gk 5+=5 9 5+95 8 5+85 8 Fmxoat`kb 5+=1 4 5+<5 9 5+41 9 Mi}q`y`t`gk 5+5> 9 5+84 8 5+=< 4 Kar Uxgdqit 5+5< 9 5+=> 9 5+=> Da|acgufakt 1 Kgxtnaxk Mxamy 5+=5 9 5+95 8 5+85 <
Da|acgu yg ygfa ka kar lxmkin`yay `k xafgta mxamy 2 @kt @ktxgdqi`kb –Qlgka o`gyo‖+ Jqyt c`oa MTF+ Tnxamty = Gcd Ytmhca Igfumk`ay 8 Mttxm txmit`| t`|a Umiombay Hp Gtnaxy 9 Ux U x`ia Rmx 4 Bg|axkfakt @ktaxlaxakia TGTMC Ytxakbtny = @k|aytfakt 8 N`bn Bxgrtn Xmta 9 Md|axt`y`kb 4 Kat Rgxo Ugxtmh`c`tp 1 Qlgka Fgh`ca < Xaygqxiay Myyaty Mkd Uaguca
5+=8
4
5+4>
8
5+84
5+=5
9
+95
8
5+85
5+=5
4
5+45
9
5+95
5+=5
9
5+95
8
5+85
5+54 5+51
9 9
5+=8 5+=1
8 8
5+5> 5+=5
5+=5 5+=5 5+=8 5+=5
4 4 9 9
5+45 5+45 5+9< 5+95
4 9 9 9
5+45 5+95 5+9< 5+95
5+52 5+=5
9 9
5+8= 5+95
9 9
5+8= 5+95
=+55
4<==
42 2
Cgimt`gk Mkd Bagbxmun`imc Ig|axmba > Bg|axkfakt Damc`kb Ramokayyay = Cmio gl Lxmkin`yay 8 Ig I g|axmba 9 Cayy Fmxoat Ynmxa , han`kd tna dafmkd 4 Ra Ramo F@Y YQF TGTMC MTTXMIT@\AKAYY YIGXA
5+=5
9
5+95
9
5+95
5+50
9
5+82
9
5+82
5+51 5+5>
8 =
5+=5 5+5>
= =
5+51 5+5>
5+51
8
5+=5
8
5+=5
5+54 =+55
8
5+5> <+82
=
5+54 1+58
Xaigffakdad ytxmtabp………
Ra yacait tna trg ytxmtab`ay Fmxoat Uakatxmt`gk mkd Uxgdqit da|acgufakt+ Tnaxa tgtmc mttxmit`|a yigxa `y 1+58 mkd <+82 xayuait`|acp+ xayuait`|acp+ Tna ytxmtabp Uxgdqit Da|acgufakt nmy h`b yigxa tnmt‐y rnp ra yacait n`f+
42==
4>
Igkicqy`gky mkd Xaigffakdmt Xaigffakdmt`gk `gk Qlgka `y 8kd cmxbayt iaccqcmx igfumkp `k Umo`ytmk+ Fgxa igff`ttad tgrmxdy bxgrtn+ Tacaigf `kdqytxp `y fgyt bxgr`kb `kdqytxp gl Umo`ytmk yt`cc nqba `k|aytfakt xa}q`xad lgx ig|axmba+ Tna fmxoat mcyg nmy ytxgkb igfuat`t`gk mltax tna aktxmkia gl In`km Fgh`ca Igfumkp my ucmpax+ Igfuat`tgxy mxa n`x`kb uxglayy`gkmcy tg aktaxtm`k tna igkyqfax rn`in `y xayqct`kb tainkgcgb`imc `fucafaktmt`gk mkd |mcqa mddad yax|`iay+ Uaguca mxa rgxx`ad mhgqt imcc xmtay tnap dgk‐t uxalax mkp umxt`iqcmx igfumkp+ Igkyqfax yamxinay bggd yax|`ia r`tn cgrayt imcc xmtay# mctngqbn igfumk`ay mxa f`k`f`z`kb imcc xmtay tn`y r`cc xayqct fgxa bxgrtn `k tna fmxoat+ Qlgka hx`kb mfmz`kb umiombay tg mttxmit tna iqytgfaxy+ Qlgka uxgfgta tna`x uxgdqit tnxgqbn T\ igffaxi`mc# Karyumuax# Xmd`g# @ktaxkat ati+ Tna ing`ia gl uaguca `y Qlgka haimqya Qlgka ux`ia ca|ac `y cgr mkd mllgxdmhca tnmt a|axp gka imk ymp
–@t‐y mcc mhgqt Q‖
4>==
40
Qlgka igqcd da|acgu ygfa kar mkd `kkg|mt`|a yax|`iay tg mttxmit iqytgfaxy tg `kixamya tna`x xa|akqay my racc my `t iqytgfaxy:
@t yngqcd `ktxgdqiad @ktaxkmt`gkmc YFY umiombay
Qlgka nmy ytxgkb l`kmki`mc ugy`t`gk , fgxa igfuat`t`|a md|mktmbay tnak gtnax iaccqcmx igfumk`ay yg na yngqcd fgxa lgiqy gk n`y ytxmtab`ay+
Na yngqcd bxgr mkd fm`ktm`k n`y ugy`t`gk+
Tnap yngqcd mcyg `ktxgdqia ygfa @ktaxkmt`gkmc imcc umiombay tg F`ddca Amytaxk igqktx`ay+
@k –Qlgka Bnmktm‖ umiomba t`fa gl tna umiomba yngqcd ha a~takdad+
Na yngqcd ump fgxa mttakt`gk tgrmxdy ugytum`d yax|`iay
40==
15
Xalaxakiay: •
rrr+qlgkabyf+igf++ rrr+qlgkabyf+igf
•
rrr+bggbca+igf
•
rrr+utm+igf+uo
•
Kmaaf Rmxm`in
•
Xmkm Yngm`h
•
rrr+r`o`uad`m+igf
•
rrr+ Mkyrax+igf
•
rrr+yix`hd+igf
•
Qlgka lxmkin`ya Xmn`f pmx onmk `k i`tp iaktax…++
15==
