iit prr,lctrl.t,tl itt lilrrrttr,trizcrl ilrl \r'll lr ll(.i(l l,)rrpJlirlr r,xlrlrLrrrLt,ions fn1' .1nt), urrrlt,r.ll rrtrrlirr;,;, A 11x,r,inl nri1r1r1r,1111,111 rrlrro H.iv(,rl rrrrtr,lt ol' l.ltis ,l;111s1i11r;s1,
ir, I
trrnlt.r=inl irr,lrrlrrrtrltrt, ll{,l.il)1.
'l'1r,, rr,illrot.rr, rrJrrr,irrlilrlrr wil.lr l.lrc ii1r,'r'i1l irrl, rrrri1,1, ( f11q;1'111, itr .lrrlrrL't,ut, frrr l,'ul,i rr iil lrlr,rrlrr 1l Ilrrr (hrrltrr lJrri r't.tnll I ll. f,',,,.,,It,, Filrtrlir,lr, lrrrvl rllrrwrr tilill l lrlit ,'otriri,lr,lLrlrlr, lr,ru,ltitrpl r,x lrl;l ilttr'r' lrr rlr.t,ilrl tr lrtttrrlrr,t. 61. itttt,VtL I I I l rrirlu I r' lsr,lly 1,,,11 l-t,llt11tlx,l. I ltt, r ii, rtlrttlrri \. .ntrl l,,4t.tt I ltr, 1rrt11."1111pr1,. '\h iltr nlttrrl,l,, rr,l ul'l rv1;1j 1ly trrittttlr, lrtr,r'.',t,lr,,l,.rrlrii,l Ir, I;1|lr,1t irrclfftlifrl,; lrII f',.t .!r,illr.ttr !:i!. lrrrl lr.t lt l,t.trr,l i(,r,lf, ttnrl llti i,t,,rillltnr lri nlll rrt trilrrlrlr, lo lircil ilql' \,'ril lrtill:tr,!,il itt lt,,irt rlt1.i ttttrl E!rF:!r L i 1p ,111 1151 11,,p16, r
*., Fl
llOO (rn ,lnprrn)
I trt{:1fiil 2,(xX)l'J
ffi M
Authors: YasLro YOSHIDA
Nao'omi
KURATANI
(Overall supervision ) (First three pases of each UNIT) (Last three pases of each UNIT)
Shunsuke OKUNISHI OSAKA UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES Special ntensive Course n Japanese For Fore gn Students
Editorial Adviser: Tetsuo SHTBATA Professor Emeritus, OSAKA UNIVERSITY
GAKKEN
PREFACE
CONTENTS
*;
t'
{
i
With'the acceleration of interchange
between Japan and other nations, the needs
from the diplomatic, business and academic world of the technocratic elite to the everyday exchange of thoughts and ideas among the working populaces. Among the linguistically updated and pedagogically workable textbooks continually sought in the fleld of Japanese as a Second Language (JASL), we are experiencing demand for more intense concentration in the area of auraloral skills. Japanese for Beginners is Gakken's response to this particular need with a simplified text providing for basic conversational competence in practical, efhcient lessons. W'hile Gakken's Japanese for Tod,ay has been widely accepted and adopted for classroom/self study use as a three-skill oriented text (aural, oral and reading comprehension) both internal and external to Japan, Japanese for Beginners is aimed primarily at strengthening aural and oral skills-two basic o,f communication expand
Iinguisticlbols for conversation. The overall organization of the text-the layout and planning of the entire 30 lessons-is such that each lesson follows an identical pagination and activity schedule. This feature assures familiarity with lesson activity progression and ejlggilgs-J review and reference, Designed for function and utility, lesson content does not attempt to be exhaustivC or technical. Explanations and grammatical rules given in succ-inct English are easily understandable and suffrcient for self study. For F the innovative instructor with the luxury of time, each lesson provides a framework for more extensive development of basic patterns, grammar aird vocabulary. Another innovative feature is its possible use as a dictionary substitute. There beiffg few Romanized dictionaries available, use of the "New W'ords" section and t1r"i: t'1n6s)( in close reference with each other serves to facilitate learning not only, in the use of this volume but also in the higher levels of textbooks succeeding. Japanese for Beginners, with its solid pedagogical content, also strives to raise the learner's motivation and interest by incorporating cultural aspects and innovative organizalional features. Attractively accentuated .by graphic and photographic illustrations, it is prepared with the-hope that the learner may continue on to higher levels of competence about the culture behind the language as well as in performance
I
in the language itself.
*
Yukiko S. Jolly, Ph.D. University of Hawaii
How To Use This Book .. How To Pronounce Japanese
Let'sPronounce.... ..i.,.. UNIT 1 To NAME Things. UNIT 2 To MODIFY Things. UNIT 3 To Describe HOryWHAT Things ARE.. UNIT 4 To Ask A QUESTION .. . . UNIT 5 To Describe POSITION UNIT6 ToIndicateTIME. UNITT ToBeNEGATIVE. UNIT 8 To Describe WHAT You Do UNIT 9 To Tell HO\V/WHERE You Do Things. UNIT 10 To Describe The WAY Things WERE.
11 To Say GIVE Or cET.. 12 To Make A REQUEST Or An INVITATION..... ....... 78 13 To PERMIT, PROHIBIT, Or DEMAND. . . . . ...... st, 14 To Hazard A GUESS ....... g0 15 To Make COMPARISONS.... ...... eo UNIT16 ToIndicateCONTINUITY..... ....109 UNIT 17 To Refer To Your Own EXPERIENCE. ...108 UNIT 18 To Express ABILITY. ......11t, UNIT 19 To Say This Is The FIRST TIME. ....... .1s0 UNIT 20 To Express A PREFERENCE . . .... 1zo UNIT 21 To Express Your WISH Or INTENTION.. .......199 UNIT 22 To TelI Of A DECISION . . ... .. . . .1s8 UNIT 23 To QUOTE Someone .. . ... ..1t t, UNIT 24 To Indicate PURPOSE. UNIT 25 To Express PERCEPTION .. ... . . j$. . . ....150 UNIT 26 To Give A DETAILED Description ........10g UNIT 27 To Describe How Things CHANGE ...i...........108 UNIT 28 To Indicate CAUSE And EFFECT. . . . . .... 17tt UNIT 29 To Say WHEN .....180 UNIT 30 To MODIFY Nouns . ..... ..186 UNIT UNIT UNIT UNIT UNIT
Appendix Japanese Syllabary Chart. Key Sentences In Japanese Script
Index.
...'.... Signs..
Index Of Grammatical
......190 ......192
.........208
How To Use This Book 5
the next Unit ahead of time,
it will
be that much easier to understand the next
Unit.
In Addition, there are also a number of
How To Use This Book , All together, there are thirty study units
in this
book, each
unit six pages
standing these stylized representations of the grammar, it will often be helpful to refer to the Further Study on the third page of the Unit. Going on to the second page of the Unit, you have More Examples'For Practice. By now, you should he able to understand these in Japanise, and the translations Lhat are given are simply so that you can check your own understanding, On page three is the Further Study which
oKS
gives detailed explanations or reviews important and difficult points in the Unit. You have already looked at this in connection
Page four has the Conversation using all of hese Basic Constructions and vocabulary woids. These Conversations follow an American traveler from his arrival at New Tokyo International Airport to his flnal departure
I-.I
r..-
sitionals -:-;;:-=' *fr"uuy,(--+p.
the spoken language.
Abbreviations and Notations A Stem of A'i Adiective
Adj Adv A.i C Cf.
Adjective or Adjectival Adverb or Adverbial Adjective ending in 'i
Cph
ConversationalPhrase
translations.
N(a)
:gf;
'
t@c
The Conversations are easy and natural, and accompanied by English
Page six of the Unit has a list of New Words for the next Unit. Look at this and try to memorize these words. If you are able to learn the new words which will be used in
Consonant Compare
Further StudY Key Structure Look
&
Learn
Noun
Atljective taking -na as its connector
Turning next to page flve of the Unit, you will flnd the Look & tr.u11. fhisi'is a
Constructions,
158).
for pronunciation practice. They are an invaluable aid .to your mastery of
in Unit 30.
graphic presentation of vocabulary and other points, and can be used both for building your vocabulary and for practicing the Basic
use this
special mention must be made of the $et of two cassette tapes. These plus a section tapes include all Key Sentences, pattern p"u"ti".d and Conversations,
FS KS LL N Na
@rs
to help you
them the vocabulary Index (+Appendix), the Reverse text to (-+p. 128), and the summary of somonyr4ous-P-gqlq* Index of verb coniwations
., The flrst page of the unit starts with the Key Structures. Look at these Key Sentences and try to understand them, if necessary referring to the translations on the next page or to the vocabulary on the previous page. The Key sentences are followed by the Basic Constructions and grammatical explanations. In under-
with the Key Structures, so iust read it again to make sure you understand it'
#*
best advantage, among:
tbng.
,
,
spec\al featrr?es
Nv
of Na Adjective Noun which can be used as a Verb with the addition of 'Suru; e.g. sanPo (a walk) Stem
--tsanpo'suru L
.@NW -J-
pl. sing.
-'"-
-
|
U V
(to take a
walk)
Consonant-ending Verb
Vi Vt
intransitive verb V.masu, V.masen,
1
-*U-8 [Z etc.
'-+U-9 FS
VP V.u, V'nai, etc. --+U-14 FS Vt transitive verb Vv Vowel-ending Verb -'+U-8 E Vw Vowel Vx Irregular Verb -+U-8 E NB: nota bene (Note well) ), + See <- derived from or originatecl in or'r / . ending indicating a V or A ( ) can be omitted t I category '
plural singular Unit; e.g. U-1: Unit Verb in stem form
Vc
omission omission omission
of of of
words morphemes sounds
,
How To Pronounce Japanese
4)
How To Pronounce Japanese is used to describe the Japanese language in In this order to make it easier for English speakers to learn, although Japanese is almost blways written in Chinese ideograms and syllabic characters, these to be briefly introduced in Unit 28, Unit 29, and the Appendix. A rough guide to pronunciation is given betow with an explanation of the orthographic system used in this book. It is primarily intended, however, not as an exhaustjvc,,ggcount of Japanese phonetics but as an aid to help the would-be speaker attain an intelligible_ pronunciation without the assistance of a native
5) 6)
book, the Roman alphabet
Sounds
b ch d
f c
j k m
as as as
in buck in clauck -+NB in duck
1)
'
The sound
between /ood and ft,ood -+NB as in good or simger --+NB 3)
as as as as as
f is a bilabial fricerjive.
g is oftei-lFonounced as a velar nasal, unless it is the initial letter of the word. The Postpositional ga may often be pronounced as The sound
'l
Orthographic functions I double duration; e.g. d is to be pronounced for twice as long as a. | I in n'a, n'e, etc., n and the following vowel or semivowel are to be
I I
pronounced separately, this to distinguish from the single-syllable
na, ne, etc.
3.
2)
I
2) 3)
Signs
Signs
Approximate pronunciation
in laam in xam in /cite in rzight n in night and ez.plane or emplane before p, b, Consonants orm p as in Spain similar to rain, lain, or deign +NB 4) r as in same s as in sft,ame --+NB 1) sh as in lights t as in tights --+NB 1) ts w as in zuag *NB 5) as in zone z as ln Srap Semivovrel v a as in pdlm but short as in mat e as in tea but short Vowels as in soar but short o as in noon but short -+NB 6) u NB: 1) The elusters ch, sh, and ts are to be regarded as single consonants. h
Iri
a velar nasal, as though it were nga. The sound r is pronounced with the tipl of f&ie tongue flrst touching briefly against the upper teeth ridge and theri pulling downwards. The sound w is to be regarded not as a semivowel but as a consonant. The vowel u is pronounced with the lips unrounded, and is occasionally weakened, or omitted, typically when it comes at the end of the word. The vowel clusters or diphthongs ei and ii are usually pronounced just like the extended rnon@[666,and i respectively.
of Letters Letters
l
2.
f
teacher-
1.
7)
7
Syllables and Beats Unlike English, Japanese never has a consonant cluster in one syllable. Therefore, for example, the word matchi is to be broken into two syllables mat and chi (--+ p. 6 NB 1), not ma and tchi. Japanese syllables can thus be categorized into the following four types: Vw, CVw, VwC, CVwC. (Vw:vowel and C:consonant, this initial C including the semivowel y and the cluster 'C+y'.) Beat plays an important role in natural pronunciation of Japanese. The system for counting beats has the following two rules: (1) The beat unit consists of the syllables with short vowels (Vw and CVw). (2) W'hen the syllable has an extendecl vowel Vw or ends with a consonant, it
is counted as two
beats.
Therefore, Japanese has eight types of syllabic beats as follows. Syllables
Beats
Vw
1
a-Ra,
c-ki ki-ta
CVw
4.
Examples
Beats
Vw
2
Q-ki-i,
CVw
Examples g-sa*ka
2
to-hrE, sela
A_o-da
VwC
3
qn-toki, 4q-do-ran
kat-ta, kit-ta
CVwC
3
tot-ta,
1
ka-ta,
VwC
2
e!-ta,
CVwC
2
Accent
Syllables
bo!-te
Unlike English, accent in Japanese is pitch accent rather than stress accent. Thus, instead of pronouncing a syllable louder, one or more beats of a word are pronounced at a higher pitch than the rest.
Let's Pronounce
4. )
Let's Pronounce
+:
a i to the beats
and
I ); ai
(love)
)p
bi ru
chi
J>1
zu
fu
(map)
(building)
ne
(ship)
)p
)p
)1>
J>p
ha ha (mother)
ne ko
sora
u
cat)
mi
(sky)
(sea)
))
ga ka (painter)
(foreign country)
go go (afternoon)
r>)),t>
r>)),u o toto i
))
))
ku ni (country) *
B. )
)) tsume (nail)
))
))
,f, ,t,
,daiku
(carpenter )
te ra (temple)
mi
(lake)
)1 ,tr
yo ru (night)
hoshi
(star)
)) yama (mountain)
)) yu
ka na ri
mega mi
ni motsu
(rather)
(goddess)
(baggage)
,t,
6.
)l,tt
)))
mu su me
(daughter)
no zo mi (hope)
tsu ku e (desk)
,ft
)
,u),1
a
,u)l>
nata
ao
hi to
l>
(you)
(blue)
)))
i
ri (one person)
))) wa ta shi
,u)l shi ka shi
(but)
)I
)J
fl)1 sen i
D) Pin
da
Pon
(bookshelD
(ping'pong)
f,)
kan ga (thought)
(apple)
ryokO
l>
ta
(socks)
f,)1e
ri
zen zen
(not at all)
se
f,) Y0 rl) gY6
be
(teacher)
(last night)
(cooking)
(travel)
fl) fl)
D)jii f,Jin f,fl fl) f,)) an na san ik i fl) fl) f,f)) kit kan it ta is
byo
7.
(fruit)
i
(cool)
ku tsushi
fl) rin go
rl) rYd
suzushi
'U
f,
ki
(illness)
)))
f))ki
f> no
den
(three
ki
) ,t,
ku da mo
yesterdaY)
(electricity)
san
)ll>
,r'),1
mo da chi
(friend)
,>))l
(pen)
pen
(house)
to
D)) hon na
J-:
(snow)
(the day before
i
(necktie)
)J)))
i ri chi (entrance)
ko ko no tsu
)) ie
-),t,r>t, ta
,?*ne ku
gu
),1,t, (nine)
hi ru (daytime)
hg ya
(room)
chi ' (everyday) { ' ni
)p
\
2' ) )
i
ma
)))J)
mizu u
(
),rtr>,1
,tt
.p))) ga i koku
fhe pitches as indicated by the musical notes.
)1
,l
satsu (greeting)
Pronounce the following words aloud, paylng carefulpttention
I
,tr
gak
k0
(school)
f,f) Nip
pon (Japan)
kyo (ninety)
nyu (hospitalization)
ka (first floor)
'
(one
shu week)
ji
(event)
nin
(like that) (three persons)
(went)
te
(postage stamp)
9
10 Let's
NW
Pronounce
8. ,r)r>J ))i ji ji
)D ) o b6
o isan o san ''r (grandfather) (uncle) md ku
(scatter)
f)) e.
)t)ki
sg
(co\rgh)
))ta
shi
(did>
ro.
J-l
kyo
(today)
i )l>
ryaku
ne
mu
) fr sek ki
fl,D ta );
hyO
(leopard)
(pass)
ri
ya
ku
)1 hi
y0
(expense)
so
(still
(strand)
more)
ki
that -+KS & U-15 FS
Arigat6.
(Cph) Thank you.
ku
(visitor)
(agreement)
f,)
)D bi y0
in
(hospital)
*j
) in
(beauty parlor)
i
)
nen Smoking) (recent yea rs)
an
) ni
(tacit lv)
Koibanwa. (Cph) Good evening. Konnichiwa. (Cph) Hello.; Good
' kore" kore-ra kyd neko Nippon
afternoon.
this +KS & U-15 FS thgss _+KS today cal Japan (:5;66n;
<,-Bill
Ny[-jirando <-New Zealand (Cph) Good morning. Ohayd gozaimasu. (Cph) Good morning. (Polite)
Burajiru
<-Brazil
Osutoraria +-Australia
Chiigoku
China
Oyasumi. (Cph) Good night. Oyasumi-nasai. (Cph) Good night. (Polite)
asu
tomorrow
biru Biru
+-building
Doitsu ddmo
0
ki ya
those -+KS
Ohay6.
(<-Dutch Duits) Germany (Cph) (Adv) Thanks; very much (before arigat6) D6mo arigatd. Thank you
)))
(simplicity) (older brother) (easiness)
(commemoration) (prayer) (No
i
(bygones)
kyaku
<--Arabia
Arabia are are-ra
)J
)) byO
you (sing.) anata-gata you (pl.)
D6-itashimashite. (Cph) You are wel-
(sour)
ki y0 (appointment)
<-America, USA
anata
(Polite)
so
fl)1 sup pa
Amerika
Arigatd gozaimasu. (Cph) Thank you.
fl) is
)) i
r. )) fl ) )1 D) r) ni kan' i a ni an' (crab) )1 fl J D )J kinen kinen kin' en kin ka
ru
(take)
)J
(skillfulness)
)l>l
to
ru
,u)l
(knew)
y0
)p
su pa i (spy)
.shit
(abbreviation) (divine favor)
J)
t0
implement)
ki
(wool)
J-l)
(silk tree)
(stone
D) Uru
ru
(acquire)
)1
nE mu (name)
u
New Words For UNltr
ba san
(aunt)
)1
maku
(mark)
o
(grandmother)
);
J-rJ J')
t
))J
san
.IT
very
much.
pen
<-pen
Porutogaru <-Portugal
Roshia
(<--Russian Rossija) Russia
-san
Mr., Ms,, Dear
.
Ei-go Ejiputo
English language
Saydnara. (Cph)
.-Egypt
Emiri enpitsu
<-Emily
sore that. So-ren USSR sore-ra those -+KS Sumisu <-Smith Supein <-Spain -tachi (Sufhx to make plurals)
.Furansu
pencil <-France
Good-by. ;
-go
(Suffix for languages)
Gurin
<-Greene
Hai,
Yes, -+[J-7 KS & FS (<-Portuguese Inglez) England
Tanaka
lie,
No, -+U-7 KS & FS
inu isu
dog
to and -+KS tsukue desk, table watashi I
lgirisu
chair, sofa
-jin
(Suffix for
Jonzu ka Kanada Kaoru
<-Jones
e1
peoples)
+KS
<-Canada
(male or female name)
"*
(family name: The family name comes nese.)
watashi-tachi we
ya
a16 --+KS
flrst in
Japa-
Unit 1
KS
18
we: you (sing.); you (pl.) 2. an American and a Japanese
l. I;
TAPE
;.
O Key 'Structures 1.! watashi; watashi-tachi: anata; 2.', Amerika-jin to Nippon-jin
3.
OA
:1. Englishmen, Canadians, and others
4. an Australian or a New Zealander 5. this; thali Lhal: these; those; those 6. Mr. Smith and Ms. Jones
sutsu-kEsu iasuitcase high, tall; exPensive taka. i
+-taxi
<-hotel
takushi tekisuto
ie
house
tokei
ikura
how much/manY etc.?
.;.w?
clock; watch +U-3 KS & U-19 KS, FS
+U-4
<-wine mountain, hiII
(<-French jupon) trousers
jiddsha
automobile, ear
wattr yama
Jon
<-John
zubon
kaisha
company
FS
+-Lext
Unit 2
rAPE
O
(i'O
K& Structures
1. , watashi no ie: anata no jidOsha 2. kirei-na kawa ya shizuka-na mori 3. taka.i yama to naga.i kawa
KS
19
1. my house: your car 2. the clean river, the quiet forest, atnd... 3. the high mountain and the long river 4. my new car 5. this person; that personi Lhat person
4o, watashi no atarashi.i jidOsha 5. kono hito; sono hito; ano hito *More Examples For
[] N, of N,
watashi no jidOsha
I
my car
anata no pen
your
Amerika no kokki
national flag of the US
pen
Modifying words prqcede the word modified. Japanese has no prepositions but does have Postpositions. Therefore 'A of B; is expressed as.B'
watashi-tachi no kaisha
our company houses in the suburbs
k6gai no ie
French wine
no A.' Yet this no can be used more widely than the Engrish .of.' For example, 'a book in Engrish' and 'a book on English' are both expressed as Ei-go no hon. pronouns ,my,' .your (sing.),, .our,, .your
Furansu no wain
Japanese text p new car
(pl.x are, respectively, watashi no, anata no, watashi-tachi flo, and
atarashi.i jidOsha kirei-na kawa
clean river quiet room my new pen our old house
anata-gata no.
shizuka-na heya
new president of my company
and
!
a
Practice
Nippon-go no tekisuto
E
@ tril]
watashi-tachi no
There are two kinds of Adjectives: Adjectives ending with -na (Na) and Adjectives ending with .i (a.i>.*
E i\t
kono N; sono N; ano
In modifying
E
this book that pen tha{ mountain that tall building this old house of mine
watashi no atarashi.i pen
&
i-
big desk and litUe chair
Nj
this
N; rhat N; that N
6ki.i
furu.i
tsukue to chiisa.i isu
watashi no kaisha no
E
kono
ie
atarashi.i
hon
sono pen Nouns, kore, sore, and are take the forms kono, sono,
and ano. Kono/sono/ano hito may mean 'he' or 'she.' Kono/sono/ano hito-tachi is 'they.'
ano yama ano taka.i biru watashi no kono furu.i ie
sha-ch6
Unit 2
20 Unit 2 FS
O Further Study
r.
FS
This one etc. Near the speaker
kore
This N etc.
kono N
NAMAE
WA?
PasupOto
wa?
€fo'm AirPort to Hotet) ',
sore
Away from both
are
sono N
-Kore.
a40,
ry
-Jon
-John
Usualr word oi"der
for
modification
Sumisu.
Smith.
-The
Your luggage?
Kuni wa?
and that red suitcase. there?
-This, That big one -Yes.
Nimotsu wa?
-Kore
please.
Nationality? United States.
-Amerika.
II.
Your passport,
it is. -Here Your name?
Namae wa? Near the listener
21
,t:
Oconversation
$unrit 2 E &Unit 1 t5l &
C
to ano aka.i sUtsu-k6su.
Ano Oki.i sOtsu-k€su?
**i<
-Taxi?
Over there.
-Thanks.
,<**
-Hai.
Where to? {<**
-
I
aKusnt r
-This 1,000
tt
{
Dochira?
-Ginza
'its.'
-Kono Omission
of the modifled Noun
In the phrase 'Nr no Nr', N, can be omitted when it's already understood by the listener. Watashi no, anata no, etc. mean 'mine,' 'yours,' etc. 'Na/A.i no'is used to mean'the...one.'e.g. Oki.i no (the big one).
hotel?
much? -Howyen. Thanks.
-DOmo.
III.
Hotel on the Ginza.
***
Yes, sir.
Are desu. 6tt of these cars are coupled in order, then the phrase may become 'Nz flo kono A.i N,,'such as watashi no kono atarashi.i jid6sha. Leaving one or more cars out does not change the order of the remaining cars. Kore/sore/are+no means 'of this/that'and can be used like the English
-Nippon
no Nippon Hoteru. *x<* hoteru?
Hai.
NB:
Although this conversation is an example of 'broken Japanese,' it does illustrate that you
Is this a book? 2. WhaL is this? :1. Who is that Person? 4. Whose car is that? 5. What book is that?
*More Examples For Practice
lll Are wa anata no jidOsha desu ka?
-\
E I ... k'aa
I
Sono baggu wa karu'i desu ka?
When you want to ask a question, simply put ka? at the end of the sentence. This applies'
for both WH-Questions and
Yes/No-Questions.
ni toire ga arimasu ka? l4 Are wa nan desu ka? Kono biru
Unit 7 @ tells how to answer with 'Yes' and 'No.'
-Are
Kono biru wa nan desu ka?
what?
&fore d, t, and I
E (l"'".-l g E
wa hoteru desu.
sounds, nanr becomes nan.
-Kore
wa ginkd desu.
LE Ano onna no hito wa dare desu ka?
Ota Keiko-san desu. -Ano hito wa
who?
Amerika no DaitdrY6 wa dare desu ka?
dareldonata no N? nan no N?
whose N?
E
-Sore
what (kind of) N?
' As has already been explained in Unit 2 E, no has a broader meaning than the English 'of.' Thus, 'nan no N' can also be used when you want to get an explanation concerning N. e.g. To the question, "Kore wa nan no hon desu ka?", you can an-
swer, "Kore wa'Ei-go no hon desu."
Kore wa
dare no kasa desu ka?
wa watashi no (kasa) desu.
Kono kasa wa
P
-Sore
dare no desu ka?
wa Ota-san no desu.
Sore wa nan no tekisuto desu ka?
-Kore
wa Nippon-go no tekisuto desu.
Kore wa nan no e desu ka?
-Kore
wa 'Heiwa' no e desu.
E Is that your car? Is that bag light?
Is there a toilet in this building? p W-hat is that?
a -That's 'What is this
hotel.
building?
a bank.
-It's E Who is that ladY? -She
is Miss Keiko Ota.
W'ho's'the President
of
the
US?
@ Whose umbrella is this? mine. -It's Whose is this umbrella?
(Cf. Unit 6 FS> (Cf. Unit i7 FS m) (Cf. Unit 6 FS>
(+Unit 28 tr> (+Unit 15 FS> how? d0 (+Unft 15 FS> donna like what? NB: Interrogatives can be used as Indefinites meaning 'any-/-ever,' or 'some-' if you put -demo or -ka after them. e.g. dare-demo why?
nan-ji/-nichi/-y6(bi)/-eatsu/-nen what hour/dayof the month/ day of the week/montbfyear? ${B: Since these are Pronouns, they may be followed by Postpositions. ' But, itsu and some other Interrogatives of 'time' are not followed by r' ni (+Unit 6 E & A>. Interrogatives asking for Number should be used in the same way as Numbers (+Unit 28 FS>.
II.
-Is(on the phone)
Hdi, furonto desu.
when?
nan(i)
nan-nin
33
,fi
OConversation
hitepogatives
,I.
C
-Sutdki
ga arimasu
ka?
Hai, gozaimasu. sarada ga arimasu -Sore-kara, Hai. Nan no sarada deshO ka?
-Nan
ka?
-Yes,
no?
And
a vegetable
then, do -And good wine?
yasai-sarada desu.
you have
Yes, we do. *{
Whose hat is this?
Hai.
i.i -Sore-kara,
wain ga arimasu
Yours?
ka?
*{<*
Kore wa donata no o-bOshi desh6 watashi no desu.
ArigatO.
LYes, it's mine. Thank you.
Hai, gozaimasu.
Anata no (o-boshi) desu
salad.
bread.
Yes, sir.
Sore-kara, pan.
-Hai,
Yes, we do. do you have salads? -And Yes, sir. What kind of salad do you want? -What kind? a vegetable 'W'ould that be salad?
Yasai sarada deshO ka?
-Hai,
you have steak?
ka?
ka?
a
3L
Unit 4 LL
Unit 4
Olook & Learn
New Words For UNI'il
My'Town
aki Asakusa beddo benehi b0i bOru-pen
ginko
kyokai
sh0b0-sho
keisatsu(.sho)
kissaten
depato
<-boyi waiter, bellboy <-ball-point pen
mannenhitsu fountain pen
matchi
niku-ya
yakkyoku
Tokyo)
<-bed <-bench
(old capital of Japan)
->U-I7 LL Lo/tir... window
front, this
side
<-match
bOto
<-boal
chika.i
near
doa
doko
place, wherel -+KS & U-4 FS & U-15 FS
d6ro
road, street
...e
to
eki
erebeta
station <-elevator
-gawa
...side
hana hashi
flower,
hidari
(N) left
hondana
bookshelf
ikimasu JC-ti-bi
go
raita
+-lighter
-san
--+p.
47
shita soto
(N) (N)
Iower part, bottom
mrgr
(N) rieht
<-door
mukO
the other/opposite
(N) what
naka
--+F. 161 0-i
/ toward lPlacel -+KS
(N)
side
inside
toward./ to lPlace] -+KS (place name) +U-17 LL
...ni
Nikkd
<-notebook <-office (second largest
nOto
ofisu 0saka
city in
Japan) --+U-L7 LL blossom
otoko
male
p6ti rai-
otoko no ko boy <-party (Preflx) next...
rai-nen rai-shU
next year next week
bridge
<-JTB (Japan Travel Bu-
jitensha
reau) bicycle
-San
kabin
flower
kaerimasu ...kara
return, come/go back
karenda kEten ki
<-calendar
tree;
kimasu
c0me
teburu
<-table
-kiro
...kilometer/kilogram
t0.i
ko
:kodomo
tokkyU tonari
far away +p. 161 6'i express (train)
vase
from...
wood
ko girl
outside <-stereo
sutereo tabako
<-curtain
onna no
sakana-ya
in
35
S";
Ky6to , ...made mado mae
autumn, fall (place name
NW
(<-Portuguese tobaco) ',
taipuraitd
cigarette, tobacco <-typewriter
(N) next (to something) (N) upper part, top (N) back, the other side
kochira
this
one,/side / d*ection/ person -+U-15 FS
ue
kodomo
child park
...yo.
..., I assute you. --+U-27 FS
yoko
(N)
Yokohama
(place name) --+U-I7 LL
kOen kotae'
(N)
answer
ushiro
side
Unit 5
l. TAPE 6T_0
O Key Structures 1. Ki no shita ni jitensha ga arimasu.
2. 3. 4.
Watashi wa ginkO
e
TOkyO Eki
Nno
wa doko desu
#',*
i
ka?
ue
above/onfover
strita
under/beneath
maelkochira(-gawa)
in front of/on this side of behind/on that side of
yoko/tonari
ni
*More Examples For Practice lrl Hashi no ue ni jitensha ga arimasu. K6en no naka ni benchi ga arimasu. Ylbin-kyoku no migi('gawa) ni kaisha N
by/beside/next to
ga arimasu.
migi(.gawa)
on/to the right of
Ylbin-kyoku no hidari('gawa) ni ginkd
hidari(.gawa)
on/to the left of
ga arimasu.
naka
in/within
Ki no shita ni otoko no ko ga imasu' Benchi no ushiro ni inu ga imasu.
outside of
l4
N wa [Place] e/ni ikimasu/kimasu/kaerimasu. N
goes/comes/returns
X kara Y
from
made
Rai-nen watashi wa Nippon
Anata wa pdtl
to [Place].
To indicate Direction, e/ni clan be used as 'to, toward' and ni are interchangeable.
E
t
Watashi wa TOkyO kara Osaka made ikimasu.
soto
g
2. I go to the bank. It. I go from Tokyo to Osaka. 4. W-here is Tokyo Station?
37
ikimasu.
ushiro/muk61-ga1va)
E
There is a bicycle under the tree.
KS
in
ni kimasu ka?
Rai-shil watashi wa kuni English.
X to Y
1gl "Yokohama
what
place?
Doko is an Interrogative Pronoun and so €, fli, etc. must be used to make Adverbials
like
'where.'
ni kaerimasu.
kara KYdto made."
X kara Y made, 500-kiro desu. X kara Y made, 5,000-en desu. [4] Koko wa doko desu ka?
a @
e ikimasu.
-Koko
wa Ginza desu.
Toire wa doko desu ka?
-ErebEtd
no Yoko desu.
I
There's a bicycle on the
bridge.
There's a bench in the Park. There's a compa,ny to the right of the post office. There's a bank to the left of the post office. There's a boy under the tree'
There's
a
dog behind the
bench.
Next year I'Il go to Japan' Are you coming to the Party? Next week I'Il go home (to mY
E
country). E "From Yokohama to KYo-
to." (Buying a ticket at the 'slation/ t r av el agency) It's 500km from X to Y. It costs 5,000 yen (to go) from
XtoY. p W'here am I? -This is Ginza.
Where is the toilet?
-It's
by the elevator.
38 Unit
5 FS
Unit 5
OConversation
O Further Study
,
HOTERU NO NAKA Nl. . .
.
ni
J6-t-r-bl no ofisu ga arimasu ka?
Hashi no ue
ni kodomo-tachi
Hashi no shita ni .b6to Kaisha no mae ni k6ban
Ki no ushiro ni onna no Kawa no kochira-gawa
ko
ni
k6en
Kawa no mukO-gawa ni ddro
farimasu.
uur
irmasu.
ni yUbin-kyoku Kden no naka ni benchi Kden no soto ni kawa Gink6 no migi
I
kara NikkO made tokkyU ga
Hai, gozaimasu.
-Eki
2. Doko ni benchi ga arimasu ka? 3. Doko ni kaisha ga arimasu ka? 4. Doko ni inu ga imasu ka? The answers to the above questions are hidden somewhere in this Unit. "Doko ni kotae ga arimasu ka?"
ka?
Asakusa desu.
Koko ni TOkyO no chizu ga arimasu. Kono hoteru wa koko, Asakusa wa koko
gakk6 school genki (N/N(a)) health, vigor five o'clock -+FS So-ji go-kai 516 neel +FS ,..goro about fTime] hachi-ji eight o'clock -+FS spring (season) haru hima (N/N(a)) free time hiru-yasumi noon
recess
hiru
daytime, noon Yasumi rest, daY off
doa
kabin
haizara
h6seki jewel ichi-ji on" o'.1egk -->FS ik-kai 1st floor -+FS (N/Adv) now, the present ima
denwa
irasshaimasu (Honoriflc) (:imasu/
tabako
kimasu/ikimasu)
matchi l,'i
tsukue hon
enpitsu
taipuraitd
b0ru-pen
mannenhitsu
-+U-17 FS every morning (Cph) Hello, (telephone Moshi-rtrbshi, ! f
mai-asa
a little
or
speaking
to
somebody
you don't know) what time? at/in/on lTime] -+KS ,n6 nesl --+FS
O-genki desu ka? (Cph) How are you? (To replv, you say "Hai, genki desu' Arigat6." Never saY, "Hai, o-genki desu.")
o-hima (N/N(a)) :hima o-kashi sweets, candy o-kuni your/hisfeLc. countrY rai-getsu next month
jio <-radio reizoko refrieerator roku-ji ri* o'.1osl< --)FS sakana fish san-gai 3r4 neel -+FS san-ji tnr.. o'r1esk -+FS shitagi underwear tud ra
itsu -ji -j0
when?
ju-ji ju-ni-ji
,.r,
twelve o'.1osl< -+FS
supdtsu
kaban -kai
bag; briefcase
supdtsu-Y6hin sporting goods -ydhin things for'.'
kashi kon-ya
:o-kashi tonight (:kon-ban)
tebukuro uriba
gloves
k0to
<-coat
Ya,
Hi!
kudamono ku-ji mai-
fruit
yasai yasumi yon-kai
vegetable
...o'clock --+FS place of... o,.1osk _+FS
...nee1
__+FS
nine o'clock -+FS (Preflx) every [Time]
sol(l{usu
<-socks
Soshite, .*And, Sui-y6(bi) Wednesday <-sport
counter, shop
rest, day ofi 4th floor '+FS
Unit 6
TAPE
GIO
Anata wa itsu Nippon e ikimasu
Mr. Tanaka get -He'll be back at six.
ka?
:J..
(Nippon e) ikimasu. -Kono haru Tanaka-san wa itsu ie ni kaerimasu ni (ie ni) kaerimasu.
r
ltg
.**
t
-I
2. When
O Key Structures
1.
L. When are you going to Japan? go (to Japan) this spring.
KS
I'lI
does
home?
come here about three tomorro'
2. ka? ,' -Roku-ji 3. Watashi wa asu san-ji goro ni koko e kimasu. *More
Examples
For Practice
Itl Amerika no Dait6ryd wa itsu
Nippon e
ikimasu ka?
N wa itsu fPlace] e/ni ikimasu/kimasu/kaerimasu ka?
E
When does
N
to [Place]? .. ?' is itsu. Look at this
The word meaning 'when.
sentence con-
struction. The subject comes first, then the phrase meaning time, then place, and lastly the verb. Quite different from the English word order, ':l
isn't
it? In
addition, you have more freedom in Japanese so far
as
word order is concerned (+unit 28 FS>. The only rule you have to be careful of is to put V or desu at the end. The rest is up to you. Moreover, the place, or even the subject, can be omitted when understood
a
by the listener. e.g. ltsu kimasu
[Time] (goro) ni
in
all
are . ..ni. Easy, isn't
it
is
ka?
'At six,' 'in
go next year. W'hen will the President of France 'come to the States?
ni kimasu ka?
next month. -He'lI comeyou go home (to When will
kimasu.
-Rai-getsu Itsu kuni ni kaerimasu ka? kaerimasu.
-Rai-shD Itsu Osaka e ikimasu ka?
-Asu no asa ikimasu. lZ Anata wa nan-ji ni p6tl ni kimasu ka? goro ni kimasu. -Hachi-ji Asu no asa ku-ji ni gakkO e ikimasu.
(about) [Time]
The Postposition for Time is ni.
-Rai-nen Furansu no Dait6ryd wa itsu Amerika
ikimasu.
gofcomefreturn
wa mai-asa jE-ji ni kaisha e ikimasu. Soshite, go-ji ni ie ni kaeri-
Watashi 192g,' and .on Sunday':
it? Nouns meaning Time, the four seasons, days of the week, etc. can be used as Adverbs as they are. Put Cardinai Numbers before -ji to get '...o'clock., *FS
I When will the US President go to Japan?
masu.
JU-ni-ji kara ichi-ji made, hiru-yasumi desu.
-He'11
your country)? week. When are you going to Osaka?
-Next
-Tomorrow
morning.
EWhat time are you coming to the party? come around eight. -I'll I'll go to school at nine tomor-
row morning.
I
go
to work at ten
morning. And
at
I
every
come home
five. The noon break is from 12:00 to 1:00.
44 Unit 6 FS
Unit 6
O Further Study
Oconversation
Nurirerals and the Counting Systems
O.HIMA DESU KA?
O,Japanese has many Counter Suffixes. These are
only
some
of the more common
ones,
Number I
ichi
2
nl
Things
Persons
o'clock
Floors
-nin
-ii
-kai
hitotsu
hitori
futatsu
futari
ichi-ji
ik-kai
nut
ni-kai
san
mittsu
san"ntn
sanJr
san-gar
shi I von
yottsu
yo-nin
yoJl
yon-kai
5
go
itsutsu
go-nrn
goJl
go-kai
6
roku
muttsu
roku-n in
roku-ji
rok-kai
Ishichi-nin
lshichi-ii
J
/
4
7
J
shichi
I
nana
nanatsu
8
hachi
yattsu
9
(.lku
kokonotsu
10
Ju
1t
LKVII
jD-ichi
I
hak-kai
J.00 hyaku
ku-ji
kyu-kai
162 hyaku-roku-iu-ni 200 ni-hyaku
ku-nin
ju.ichi-nin
lul
I
1
I
jik'kai
I iuk-kai
iu'ichi-ji
ju-ik-kai
Ju'nr-.lr
ju-ni-kai
lu-n Lnrn
13
lu-san
lu-san
lu-san-nrn
j0-san-gai
L4
io'sni ]ltu-von
iu-shi il t-vnn
lu-yo-nrn
jl-yon-kai
lu-90
lu-go
lu-go-nrn
jU-roku
jD-roku
jii-roku-nin
iu-rok-kai
t7
shichi ilu ltti-nana
{iu-shichi I lu-nana
/iu-shichinin
j0-shichi-kai
18
jD-hachi
iu-hachi
jo-hachi-nin
19
ju'ku II It-kvtI nF,
u
nt-J
lu-nana-nrn
u
iD-nana-kai
jl-hachi-kai iD-hak-kai
J
I
jD-kyu-nin iu-ku-nin nr-Ju-nrn
99
ju-kyu-kai
i
I
ni-jik-kai ni-iuk-kai
ka?
lma doko ni imasu
-Nippon
go-hyaku
Hoteru ni imasu.
nana-hyaku
Are you free tomorrow? I'm going to Nikko When do you get back?
genki desu.
hap-pyaku kyu-hyaku
nana-jU-roku
nisen san-zen yon-sen go-sen
roku-sen nana-sen has-sen kyu-sen
ichi-man
-lie,
be back at this hotel about three on Wednesday.
-I'11
ka?
ka?
watashi wa asu NikkO e ikimasu.
Itsu kaerimasu
-Sui-yObi
ka?
no san-ji goro, hoteru
kaerimasu.
Please.
-No, tomorrow.
-ArigatO, Anata wa kon-ya o-hima desu lie, pdti ga arimasu. Asu wa o-hima desu
friendliness, we sometimes put -san after a Noun.) e.g. oji-san dear uncle,
_+KS
no uriba wa doko desu ka?
-kai
desu. (-On
(W'here can
the
floor.)
@, @s tL
/d) za,tlu
seta
kamera
jinia
so
+U-15 FS
Sd desu. (Cph) That's right.
It's
so.,
tera tomodachi
Buddhist temple friend
T6sh69U
(famous shrine at Nikko)
-y6(bi)
(Suffix for names of the days of the week)
yo.
good
tokei
Kingu-kongu +-King Kong machi town, city; street gate mon (Counter Suffix for days) -nichi
sokkusu
W
+FS
tebukuro
oishi. i onii-san o-tera
affir
delicious
older brother -+LL : tera
i
(i.i
is good, yoku-na.i is good, yo.katta was good (+U-10), Yoku-na' katta was not good 15U-10)) (famous gate of Toshogu at Nikko)
not
sutsu-kesu baggu kaban kasa
kutsu
@
Ydmei Mon chika ik-kai
niku
W# yasai
capital city
s0
"t6fql
ff'+
sukato
sakana-ya-san flshmonger
shuto
Shinto shrine
denki-sutando
hdseki
W
dewa arirnasen not be +KS (Counter Suffix for names "gatsu . of the monfhs of the year)
+FS ikimasen not go +KS
G
m
reizOko
supOtsu-yOhin
f get _?>
kudamono
chika ni-kai
otdto
younger brother --+LL
rine6
apple
-5an
(To
express intimacy or
Unit 7 KS
TAPE
(it€)
,t
O
Key"Structures
1.\
!'
Watashi wa sensei dewa arimasen.
1. I am not a teacher. 2. This town is not quiet. i]. This apple is not delicious. 4. That person does not go to TokYo. 5. Arq you an American?
1..: Kono machi wa shizuka dewa arimasen. 3. Kono ringo wa oishi.ku-na.i desu.
4. 5.
Anata wa Amerika-jin desu ka?
am not.
*More Examples For
5o dewa arimasen.
lrl
\'!
Practice
Watashi wa kaisha-in dewa arimasen.
Ano hito wa kenchiku-ka dewa arima'
E
Nr wE N,/N(a) dewa arimasen.
z
N wa A.ku.na.i
N' is not Nr/Na.
sen.
Are wa anata no hon dewa arimasen.
Here, and later,
yo. for ;.;
A
desu.
N is not A.
indicates the stem
of A'i. The only
TOkyd no kawa wa kireidewa arimasen. exception
lf
yasu'ku'na'i desu.
p
omo'ku-na'i desu. DObutsu-en ni Kingu-kongu wa imasen. KyO ano hito wa kimasen.
17.]
Tdky6 wa Nippon no shuto desu ka?
Kono baggu wa
V.masu-.V.masen
far, we've learned flve Verbs-arimasu, imasu, ikimasu, kimasu, and kaerimasu-all ending with -masu. Negative forms for these are made by changing -masu into -masefl and replacing 'N ga' with'N wa.' +Unit 19 E Hai, sd desu.
Kono reizdko wa
Ano terebi wa taka'ku-na'i desu.
(good).
So
a
I
--No,
Ano hito wa TdkyO e ikimasen.
-lie,
E
49
&
lie, sOdewa arimasen.
We learned in Unit 4 how to make Questions, by putting ka? al lhe end of the statement. W'hen the answer is either "Yes,' or "No," you can answer using the above Constructions if the question is in the. . . desu ka? form and using Hai, V.masu or lie, V'masen if the question is in the ...V.masu ka? form.
-Hai,
so dewa arimasen. Otdto desu'
Jon-san wa ky6 no Pdti
-Hai, l-Hai,
-lie,
ni
kimasu ka?
kimasu.
Anata wa asu Tdkyd ikimasen. ikimasu.
not a company
em-
ployee.
He's not an architect. That's not your book. The rivers in Tokyo aren't clean.
p This refrigerator is not cheap.
That TV set is not exPensive.
This bag isn't heavy. E KinS Kong is not in the zoo.
He won't come today. @ Is Tokyo the capital of Japan?
-Yes, it
is.
Are you Keiko's older broth-
so desu.
Anata wa Keiko-san no onii-san desu ka?
-lie,
E I'm
e
ikimasen ka?
er?,'
-No. I'm
her younger broth-
er.
Will
John come
to
todaY's
party? he will. -Yes, Aren't you going to TokYo tomorrow? not. -No, I'm I am.
-Yes,
50 Unit 7 FS
Unit 7
O Further Study I
Names
Ii
Oconversation
Names
of the Months (:Cardinal Number*gatsu)
r Ni-gatsu Feb. i i Go-gatsu May i Shichi-gatsu July i Hachi-gatsu Aug. i Ju-gatsu oct. i Lu-i.r'i-gutsu Nov. i lchi-gatsu Jan. Shi-gatsu Apr.
