yds_kelime_calismasi

!Ç!NDEK!LER BÖLÜM 1 HEDEF KEL!MELER .......................................................................................... 1 Hedef Kelimeler 1 - F !!L ...................................................................................................... 2 Hedef Kelimeler 2 - SIFAT ................................................................................................ 10 Hedef Kelimeler 3 - ZARF ................................................................................................. 18 Hedef Kelimeler 4 - !S!M ................................................................................................... 26 REVIEW - 1 ......................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .............................. 34

Hedef Kelimeler 5 - F !!L .................................................................................................... 38 Hedef Kelimeler 6 - SIFAT ................................................................................................ 46 Hedef Kelimeler 7 - ZARF ................................................................................................. 53 Hedef Kelimeler 8 - !S!M ................................................................................................... 60 REVIEW - 2 ......................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .............................. 67

Hedef Kelimeler 9 - F !!L .................................................................................................... 71 Hedef Kelimeler 10 - SIFAT .............................................................................................. 79 Hedef Kelimeler 11 - ZARF ............................................................................................... 86 Hedef Kelimeler 12 - !S!M ................................................................................................. 93 REVIEW - 3 ......................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ............................ 100

Hedef Kelimeler 13 - F !!L ................................................................................................ 104 Hedef Kelimeler 14 - SIFAT ............................................................................................ 111 Hedef Kelimeler 15 - ZARF ............................................................................................. 118 Hedef Kelimeler 16 - !S!M ............................................................................................... 125 REVIEW - 4 ......................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ............................ 132

BÖLÜM 2 PHRASAL VERBS .......................................................................................... 137 PHRASAL VERBS V ERBS TABLO TAB LO.............................................................................................. 160 PHRASAL VERBS TEST - 1 ........................................................................................... 165 PHRASAL VERBS TEST - 2 ........................................................................................... 167

BÖLÜM 3 EDATLI YAPILAR .......................................................................................... 169 A. Verb + Preposition ........................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ........... 170 B. Adjective + Preposition ............................................................................................... 175 C. Noun + Preposition .......................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... ........... 179 D. Di"er Önemli Edatlı E datlı Yapılar ........................................................................................ 181 Edatlı Yapılar TEST ........................................................................................................ 185

BÖLÜM 4 BO"LUK DOLDURMA DOLD URMA ................................................................................... 195 BÖLÜM 5 PART OF SPEECH (SÖZCÜK TÜRLER!) ...................................................... 211 BÖLÜM 6 E" ANLAMLI KEL!MELER ............................................................................ 225 BÖLÜM 7 WORD CLOZE ................................................................................................ 235 BÖLÜM 8 IRREGULAR VERBS (DÜZENS!Z F!!LLER) .................................................. 241 BÖLÜM 9 SON EKLER & OLUMSUZLUK ÖN EKLER! ................................................. 247 BÖLÜM 10 PARAGRAF ÇALI"MASI ............................................................................. 265 1. TRUE - FALSE ÇALI #MALARI .................................................................................. 266 2. PARAGRAF TESTLER! .............................................................................................. 271

CEVAP ANAHTARI ............................................................................................................ 283

YDS Kelime Çalı! Çalı !ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ

1

!! L Hedef Kelimeler 1 – F !!

HEDEF KEL!MELER SET – 1 F!!L Hedef Kelime: 10 / Toplam Hedef Kelime: 55

Estimate

Abuse

Indicate

Demand

Occur

Implement

Initiate

Avoid

Maintain

Relieve

Estimate

1) tahmin etmek; 2) hesaplamak

! anlam: 1) predict, foresee, guess, anticipate; 2) calculate E ! anlam: 1) !

It is hard to estimate how many children suffer from dyslexia. (Kaç çocu ! ! un un disleksiden (ö ! ! renme renme bozuklu ! ! u) u) sıkıntı çekti ! ! ini ini tahmin etmek zordur.) zordur.)

!

The Pentagon has estimated that about 25 per cent of the military facilities in the country are unnecessary. tır .) (Pentagon, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yakla " ık ı k yüzde 25’inin gereksiz oldu ! unu u nu hesaplamı ! .) ! tır

Abuse

1) suiistimal etmek, kötüye kullanmak; 2) istismar etmek

1) misuse; 2) exploit ! anlam: E ! anlam: 1) !

He felt they had abused his trust by talking about him to the press. (Kendisi hakkında basına konu " arak, a rak, güvenini suiistimal ettiklerini hissetti.) hissetti.)

!

Adults who abuse children were almost always abused themselves, but not all people who were abused during childhood become abusers. tir , fakat (Çocuk istismarlı " yeti " " kinlerin kinlerin bizzat kendileri neredeyse hep istismar edilmi ! " ı yapan yeti ! tir çocukluk döneminde istismar edilen yeti yeti " " kinlerin kinlerin tamamı da istismarcı de ! ildir.) i ldir.)

Indicate

1) göstermek, i!aret etmek; 2) belirtmek

! anlam: 1) show, demonstrate, point out, refer; 2) remark E ! anlam: 1) !

The article claims that an increase in crime rates indicates a decline in moral standards. " ini ini iddia (Bu makale, suç oranlarındaki artı " ın ı n ahlaki standartlarda dü " ü ü " " gösterdi " iddia ediyor.)

!

Marks on the teeth of our early ancestors might indicate that they often used their mouths as a sort of third hand to grip or cut things. lerinin üzerindeki izler, a ! ızlarını ( # #lk l k atalarımızın di " "lerinin ı zlarını bir " eyleri eyleri tutmak veya kesmek için bir tür üçüncü el !aret aret edebilir .) olarak sık sık kullandıklarına i ! .)

2

YDS Kelime Çalı!ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ

Demand

talep etmek, istemek

E ! anlam: want, request, ask (for), claim !

The UN has demanded that all troops should be withdrawn. (Birle " mi " Milletler bütün birliklerin çekilmesini talep etti .)

!

The victims of domestic violence, who are mostly women, should seek legal advice and demand protection. (Ço ! unlukla kadın olmak üzere aile içi " i ddet kurbanlarının yasal danı " manlık araması ve koruma talep etmesi gerekir.)

Occur

meydana gelmek

E ! anlam: happen, take place !

Migraine headaches are severe headaches that usually occur with other symptoms such as vision disturbances or nausea. (Migren a ! rıları, genellikle görme bozuklu ! u ve mide bulantısı gibi di ! er semptomlarla birlikte olu ! an " i ddetli ba " a ! rılarıdır.)

!

On 26 April 1986, an explosion occurred in one of the four reactors at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant during a test operation. (26 Nisan 1986 tarihinde, deneme i " lemi sırasında Çernobil nükleer elektrik santralindeki dört reaktörden birinde bir patlama meydana geldi .)

Implement

gerçekle!tirmek, uygulamak, yerine getirmek

E ! anlam: realize, apply, carry out, put into practise, execute, accomplish, perform !

It will be hard to implement this agreement comprehensively as long as some of the rebels hold out against the deal. ( #s yancılardan bazıları anla " maya kar " ı durdu ! u sürece, bu anla " mayı kapsamlı bir " e kilde gerçekle ! tirmek zor olacaktır.)

!

Since 1985, Bolivia has implemented economic changes that have been phenomenally successful. (1985’den beri, Bolivya ola ! anüstü bir biçimde ba " arılı olan ekonomik de ! i " iklikler hayata geçirmektedir .)

3

Hedef Kelimeler 1 – F !! L

Initiate

ba!latmak

E ! anlam: begin, start, commence, launch !

Doctors have initiated a series of tests to determine the cause of the problem. (Problemin nedenini belirlemek için, doktorlar bir dizi test ba ! lattılar .)

!

The free market reforms in China were first initiated in the late 1970s and early 1980s. (Çin’deki serbest piyasa reformları ilk kez 1970’lerin sonunda ve 1980’lerin ba " ı nda ba ! latıldı .)

Avoid

1) kaçınmak, uzak durmak; 2) önlemek

E ! anlam: 1) keep away (from), stay away (from), abstain from, evade, beware; 2) prevent !

When taking this medication, it is advisable to avoid alcohol. (Bu ilaç tedavisini alırken, alkolden kaçınmanız tavsiye edilir.)

!

Some animals avoid colder temperatures by migrating to warmer climates for the winter, whereas others avoid the cold by passing the winter in a dormant state called hibernation. (Bazı hayvanlar kı " için daha sıcak iklimlere göç ederek so ! u ktan uzak dururken , di ! er hayvanlar kı " ı ‘kı " uykusu’ denen uyku durumunda geçirerek so ! u ktan kaçınırlar .)

Maintain

1) sürdürmek; 2) bakım yapmak

E ! anlam: 1) continue, sustain, retain; 2) service !

It is estimated that over half a billion people consume insufficient calories to maintain normal growth and health. (Yarım milyardan fazla insanın, normal geli " i mini ve sa ! lı ! ını sürdürmek için yetersiz kalori tüketti ! i tahmin edilmektedir.)

!

Some kind of fuel, no matter which kind, is necessary for us to maintain our lifestyle. (Hangi türden olursa olsun, bazı yakıt türleri hayatımızı sürdürmek için gereklidir.)

Relieve

hafifletmek, rahatlatmak, yatı!tırmak

E ! anlam: relax, ease, alleviate, mitigate, allay, soothe !

His team demonstrated in 2001 that placebos can relieve symptoms by raising brain levels of dopamine, a beneficial neurotransmitter. (Onun ekibi, 2001 yılında, plaseboların beynin faydalı bir sinir ileticisi olan dopamin seviyelerini arttırarak semptomları hafifletebilece " ini gösterdi.)

!

In addition to drugs, which are enormously beneficial in treating diseases, many other treatments can help relieve headache. (Hastalıkların tedavisinde son derece faydalı olan ilaçların yanı sıra, di ! e r birçok tedavi ba " a ! rısını hafifletmeye yardımcı olabilir.

4


A! a " ıdaki kelimelerin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz. 1. Maintain A) initiate C) sustain E) predict

B) prevent D) realize

B) launch D) refer

3. Avoid A) commence C) foresee E) prevent

B) relieve D) request

B) continue D) predict

B) take place D) execute

B) guess D) demonstrate

B) happen D) claim

5

A) retain C) initiate E) happen

A) implement C) avoid E) abstain from

A) ease C) indicate E) take place

B) misuse D) execute

B) avoid D) implement

B) launch D) relieve

B) avoid D) maintain

B) estimate D) abuse

18. Anticipate A) point out C) begin E) estimate

B) sustain D) request

B) continue D) anticipate

17. Exploit A) demonstrate C) prevent E) apply

9. Launch A) commence C) apply E) refer

A) keep away C) request E) occur

16. Sustain

8. Ease A) relieve C) indicate E) initiate

B) want D) demonstrate

15. Realize

7. Occur A) abuse C) initiate E) continue

A) occur C) abuse E) calculate

14. Carry out

6. Initiate A) realize C) start E) demand

A) maintain B) beware C) predict D) start E) put into practise

13. Take place

5. Implement A) start C) ease E) exploit

B) exploit D) show

12. Demand

4. Estimate A) relieve C) apply E) avoid

A) retain C) anticipate E) ease

11. Foresee

2. Abuse A) misuse C) practise E) demand

10. Indicate

B) claim D) continue


A! a " ıdaki sorularda do " ru ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz. 19. Human figures in Egyptian, Greek, and Roman art ---- a clear awareness of racial features. A) maintain C) occur E) avoid

B) indicate D) relieve

20. Angry demonstrators ---- the resignation of two senior officials in the protests yesterday. A) applied C) mitigated E) sustained

B) initiated D) demanded

21. Most politicians and executives ---their positions to give jobs to their friends or relatives. A) foresee C) abuse E) ease

B) happen D) launch

22. In summer months, you should ---excessive exposure to the sun. A) avoid C) abuse E) remark

B) implement D) occur

23. It is estimated that the explosion which ---- in the factory last night was due to gas leak. A) relaxed C) calculated E) took place

B) commenced D) exploited

24. If you want to be a successful salesperson, you should build and ---a good relationship with your customers. A) maintain C) avoid E) happen

B) abuse D) estimate

25. Scientists ---- that smoking reduces life expectancy by around 12 years on average. A) begin C) alleviate E) misuse

B) estimate D) prevent

26. Unless strong conservation measures are ---- soon, human population growth and industrialization in tropical countries will spell the end of tropical rain forests by the middle of the century. A) initiated C) exploited E) prevented

B) referred D) predicted

27. Studies show that laughter helps control pain, lower blood pressure, and ---- stress. A) avoid C) relieve E) anticipate

B) apply D) demand

28. As soon as scientists ---- the power of DNA technology, they began to worry about its potential dangers. A) launched C) eased E) realized

B) retained D) occurred

29. From very early times, every Eastern as well as every Western power has tried to colonize the Middle East and ---- its natural resources. A) apply C) prevent E) maintain

B) launch D) exploit

30. Studies have shown that mental health professionals are poor at ---- whether a person will commit a dangerous act. A) predicting C) requesting E) initiating

B) implementing D) abusing

6


A! a " ıdaki cümleleri uygun kelimeler ile tamamlayınız.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 INDICATE

OCCUR

EXPLOIT

DEMAND

INITIATE

1.

Studies show that 45% of all murders ___________________________ as the direct result of arguments, usually arguments between family members and friends.

2.

The development of tools increases people’s capacity to ___________________________ their environment.

3.

Odour or smell is the factor that ___________________________ sexual arouse in many species.

4.

Tests conducted by an American university ___________________________ that while a dog’s memory lasts no more than 5 minutes, a cat’s can last for up to 16 hours.

5.

If we continue to ___________________________ freedom without limits and responsibility, we risk punishing our children or our children’s children.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 RELIEVE

AVOID

ESTIMATE

MAINTAIN

IMPLEMENT

6.

Scientists ___________________________ that smoking causes about one in ten of all adult deaths.

7.

Many doctors say that it is advisable to ___________________________ coffee during pregnancy.

8.

In a marriage, you frequently have to make compromises with your partner in order to ___________________________ a happy relationship.

9.

Politicians make all sorts of promises during an election campaign, very few of them ___________________________ these promises.

10. Studies show that regular physical activity improves mood, helps ___________________________ depression, and increases feeling of well-being.

7


HEDEF KEL!MELER SET 1 (F!!L) ÖZET TABLO Kelime

ESTIMATE

Anlam Tahmin etmek Hesaplamak

ABUSE

INDICATE

DEMAND

OCCUR

IMPLEMENT

INITIATE

AVOID

MAINTAIN

RELIEVE

Suiistimal etmek Kötüye kullanmak # s tismar etmek Göstermek #" aret etmek

E# Anlam Predict Foresee Guess Anticipate Calculate

Kelimenin Di$er Formları Estimate (n)

tahmin

Estimation (n)

tahmin

Estimator (n)

tahminci

Estimated (adj)

tahmini

Misuse

Abuse (n)

istismar

Exploit

Abusive (adj)

küfürlü, kötü davranan

Show Demonstrate Point out Refer

Indication (n)

belirti

Indicator (n)

gösterge

Indicant (n)

gösterge

Belirtmek

Remark

Indicative (adj)

belirti, gösterge

Want Request Ask (for) Claim

Demand (n)

talep

Talep etmek # s temek

Demandant (n)

davacı, talep eden

Demanding (adj)

zahmetli, yorucu, talepkâr

Meydana gelmek

Happen Take place

Occurrence (n)

olay, ortaya çıkma

Occurrent (n)

olay

Implement (n)

yerine getirme, alet

Gerçekle " tirmek Yerine getirmek Uygulamak

Realize Apply Carry out Put into practice Execute Accomplish Perform

Implementation (n)

uygulama

Implementer (n)

uygulayıcı

Implementable (adj)

uygulanabilir

Initiation (n)

ba "l ama

Initiative (adj)

giri " im, inisiyatif

Initial (adj)

ilk, ba "l angıç

Initially (adv)

ilk olarak, ba "l angıçta

Avoidance (n)

kaçınma, uzak durma

Avoidable (adj)

kaçınılabilir

Ba " latmak

Begin Start Commence Launch

Kaçınmak Uzak durmak

Keep away (from) Stay away (from) Abstain from Evade Beware

Önlemek

Prevent

Avoidably (adv)

kaçınılabilir biçimde

Sürdürmek

Continue Sustain Retain

Maintainability (n)

sürdürülebilirlik

Maintenance (n)

bakım, koruma, savunma

Bakım yapmak

Service

Maintainable (adj)

bakılabilir, sürdürülebilir

Relief (n)

rahatlama

Hafifletmek Rahatlatmak Yava " latmak

Relax Ease Alleviate Mitigate Allay Soothe

Relievable (adj)

rahatlatılabilir

Relieved (adj)

rahatlamı "

Relievedly (adv)

içi rahat bir " e kilde

8


PARAGRAF 1 Information on the number of children who die each year as a result of abuse comes primarily from death registries or mortality data. According to the World Health Organization, there were an estimated 57,000 deaths attributed to homicide among children under 15 years of age in 2000. Global estimates of child homicide indicate that infants and very young children are at great risk, with rates for the 0–4-year-old age group more than double those of 5–14-year-olds.

Önemli yapılar: The number of: -in sayısı As a result of: -in sonucu olarak According to: -e göre Attribute to: -e atfetmek, -e yüklemek, -e ba ! l amak Homicide: cinayet, adam öldürme At risk: risk altında, tehlikede Türkçe Çevirisi: Her yıl istismar sonucu ölen çocukların sayısına dair bilgiler ba !lıca ölüm kayıtları ya da ölüm verilerinden gelmektedir. Dünya Sa "lık Örgütü’ne göre, 2000 yılında 15 ya !ın altındaki çocuklar arasında tahmini 57,000 ölüm cinayetle ili !kilendirilmektedir. Çocuk cinayetlerinin küresel tahminleri bebeklerin ve çok küçük çocukların büyük risk altında oldu "unu gösteriyor, ki bu oran 0–4 ya ! aralı"ındaki çocuklarda 5–14 ya ! aralı"ındaki grubun iki katından daha fazladır.

PARAGRAF 2 Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative brain disorder that gradually destroys a person's memory and ability to learn, reason, make judgments, communicate and carry out daily activities. As the disease progresses, patients may experience changes in personality and behavior, such as anxiety, suspiciousness or agitation, as well as delusions or hallucinations. "Due to the complexity of Alzheimer's disease, the condition often requires combination treatment to help relieve symptoms and slow disease progression," said Bengt Winblad, professor of geriatrics, Karolinska Institute.

Önemli yapılar: Ability to: -ebilme yetene ! i, gücü, becerisi Change in: bir " e ydeki de ! i" im / de ! i " iklik Such as: gibi As well as: yanı sıra Due to: -den dolayı, nedeniyle Türkçe Çevirisi: Alzheimer hastalı "ı ki!inin hafızasını ve ö "renme, dü!ünme, karar verme, ileti !im kurma ve günlük aktiviteleri yerine getirme becerisini yava ! yava! tahrip eden ilerleyici bir dejeneratif beyin rahatsızlı "ıdır. Hastalık ilerledikçe, hastalar kuruntu ve halüsinasyonun yanı sıra anksiyete (tedirginlik), !üphecilik ve gerginlik gibi davranı ! ve ki!ilik de"i!iklikleri ya !ayabilirler. Karolinska Enstitüsü’nden geriatri profesörü Bengt Winblad’a göre “Alzheimer hastalı "ının karma !ıklı"ı nedeniyle, bu durum genellikle semptomları hafifletmeye ve hastalı "ın ilerleyi !ini yava !latmaya yardımcı olacak birle !ik tedavi gerektirmektedir.”

9

Hedef Kelimeler 2 – SIFAT

HEDEF KEL!MELER SET – 2 SIFAT Hedef Kelime: 10 / Toplam Hedef Kelime: 51

Fundamental

Ambiguous

Vulnerable

Profound

Desperate

Proper

Widespread

Permanent

Controversial

Notorious

Fundamental

1) temel, esas; 2) gerekli

E ! anlam: 1) essential, basic, main, major, primary, principal; 2) necessary !

Diversity is of fundamental importance to all ecosystems and all economies. (Çe " itlilik, bütün ekosistemler ve ekonomiler üzerinde temel öneme sahiptir.)

!

One of the fundamental values of democracy is that all people should be treated as equals. (Demokrasinin temel de ! erlerinden biri bütün insanlara e " i t davranılması gerekti !i dir.)

Ambiguous

belirsiz

E ! anlam: vague, unclear, indefinite, uncertain, obscure !

The politicians made ambiguous promises about tax cuts. (Siyasiler vergi kesintileri hakkında belirsiz vaatlerde bulundular.)

!

Economic theory suggests an ambiguous relationship between intellectual property rights and international trade flows. (Ekonomi teorisi, fikri mülkiyet hakkı ile uluslararası ticaret akı " ı arasında belirsiz bir ili " ki gösterir.)

Vulnerable

hassas, kırılgan, savunmasız, -e açık

E ! anlam: susceptible, delicate, fragile, sensitive, defenceless, open to !

The sudden resignation of the financial director put the company in a very vulnerable position. (Mali i " ler müdürünün ani istifası " i rketi çok hassas bir noktaya getirdi.)

!

Frogs are vulnerable to pollution because their skin absorbs everything in which they come in contact. (Kurba ! alar kirlili ! e kar " ı savunmasızdırlar çünkü derileri temas ettikleri her " e yi emer.)

10


Profound

1) derinden, büyük; 2) yo"un

E ! anlam: 1) deep, thorough, great; 2) intense !

Psychiatrists define depression as an affective disorder characterized by a profound and persistent sadness. n ve sürekli bir üzüntü ile karakterize edilen duygusal bir rahatsızlık olarak (Psikiyatristler depresyonu yo "u tanımlamaktadırlar.)

!

Since 1973, the United Arabic Emirates has undergone a profound change from a poor region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. (1973’den beri, Birle " ik Arap Emirlikleri küçük çöl prensliklerinden olu " a n fakir bir bölgeden yüksek ya " a m standardına sahip modern bir devlete do ! r u büyük bir de ! i " iklik geçirdi.)

Desperate

umutsuz, çaresiz

E ! anlam: hopeless, helpless !

The attack can be seen as a desperate act by desperate people. (Bu saldırı, çaresiz insanlar tarafından yapılan çaresiz bir eylem olarak görülebilir.)

!

It is hard to understand why so many people in this country are desperate and poor in a land of such great abundance. (Böylesine büyük bolluk içerisindeki topraklarda bu ülkedeki birçok insanın neden çaresiz ve fakir oldu ! unu anlamak zor.)

Proper

1) uygun; 2) düzgün

E ! anlam: 1) appropriate, suitable, convenient; 2) right, correct, neat !

Adequate nutrition is essential to the proper physical development of growing children. (Büyüme dönemindeki çocukların düzgün fiziksel geli " imi için yeterli beslenme gereklidir.)

!

In Chinese cooking, it is important to maintain the proper balance between yin and yang foods. (Çin yemeklerinde, yin ve yang besinleri arasındaki uygun dengeyi sürdürmek önemlidir.)

11


Widespread

yaygın, geni! çapta

E ! anlam: common, extensive !

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is in a state of near bankruptcy due to years of widespread corruption at all levels of government. (Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükümetin her kademsinde yıllardır süren yaygın yolsuzluktan solayı iflasın e " i ! inde bir devlettir.)

!

The planned execution of the prisoner resulted in widespread protests against the death penalty. (Mahkumun planlı infazı ölüm cezasına (idama) kar " ı geni ! çaplı protestolara neden oldu.)

Permanent

kalıcı

E ! anlam: perpetual, enduring, everlasting !

Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause permanent skin damage. (Uzun süre güne " e maruz kalmak kalıcı cilt hasarlarına neden olabilir.)

!

Being defeated is often a temporary condition, but giving up is what makes is permanent. (Ma ! lup olmak genellikle geçici bir durumdur, fakat vazgeçmek yenilgiyi kalıcı hale getirir.)

Controversial

tartı!malı

E ! anlam: arguable, disputable, debatable, contradictory, polemic !

Human beings are proud of what they create – no matter how controversial or deadly. ( #n sano ! lu, ne kadar tartı ! malı ya da ölümcül olursa olsun, yarattı ! ı " e ylerle gurur duyar.)

!

Our response to the controversial social issues of our time will determine our future. (Günümüzün tartı ! malı sosyal konulara olan tepkimiz gelece ! i mizi belirleyecek.)

Notorious

(kötü) ünlü, adı çıkmı!

E ! anlam: infamous, disreputable !

The bestselling writer is notorious for blurring the boundary between fact and fiction, and his latest book is no exception. (Kitapları çok satan yazarın gerçek ile kurgu arasındaki sınırı belirsizle " t irmesiyle ünlüdür ( adı çıkmı ! tır) ve son kitabı da buna istisna de ! i ldir.)

!

Jack the Ripper, the notorious murder in nineteen-century England, only committed his crimes on weekends. (19. yy # n gilteresinin ünlü katili Karınde " en Jack suçlarını sadece haftasonları i " l erdi.

12


A! a " ıdaki kelimelerin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz. 1. Common A) permanent C) delicate E) hopeless

B) widespread D) intense

9. Widespread A) contradictive C) essential E) extensive

B) suitable D) intense

10. Notorious 2. Ambiguous A) vague C) proper E) deep

B) extensive D) primary

A) enduring C) infamous E) desperate

B) common D) profound

11. Essential 3. Fundamental A) perpetual C) profound E) debatable

B) infamous D) major

A) fundamental C) sensitive E) correct

B) unclear D) deep

12. Profound 4. Desperate A) deep C) hopeless E) enduring

B) vulnerable D) convenient

A) hopeless C) permanent E) delicate

B) neat D) thorough

13. Appropriate 5. Proper A) defenceless C) obscure E) suitable

B) perpetual D) extensive

A) defenceless C) proper E) controversial

B) great D) common

14. Obscure 6. Debatable A) controversial C) appropriate E) permanent

B) fragile D) thorough

A) basic C) arguable E) unclear

B) perpetual D) notorious

15. Delicate 7. Vulnerable A) proper C) indefinite E) main

B) susceptible D) vague

8. Perpetual A) notorious C) neat E) controversial

13

B) fundamental D) permanent

A) principal C) profound E) widespread

B) vulnerable D) proper


A! a " ıdaki sorularda do " ru ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz. 16. Sometimes the wind turbines are built without ---- planning, and this affects the surrounding negatively. A) proper C) obscure E) controversial

B) intense D) susceptible

17. Despite ---- precautions to kill mosquitos in Nigeria, malaria continues to be a serious health problem. A) notorious C) desperate E) widespread

B) contradictive D) ambiguous

18. As humans learned to raise plants for food, they began to establish ---settlements. A) fundamental C) delicate E) vague

B) permanent D) deep

19. The printing press had a ---- effect on the transformation of cultural and religious issues in the Renaissance. A) necessary C) profound E) suitable

B) fragile D) contradictive

20. Films with a great deal of violence in them are not ---- for young children. A) appropriate C) perpetual E) fundamental

B) widespread D) thorough

21. Health risks from pesticide exposure are probably small for healthy adults, but children, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems may be ---- to some types of pesticide poisoning. A) vulnerable C) extensive E) necessary

B) indefinite D) notorious

22. Politicians are often ---- about they will do if elected so that no one can accuse them of breaking their promises. A) essential C) desperate E) proper

B) great D) vague

23. Pol Pot was one of the most ---- tyrants of modern history, responsible for the massacre of millions of the people of his country. A) perpetual C) notorious E) susceptible

B) extensive D) convenient

24. Nuclear power is a ---- issue in Sweden, and it is expected that the country’s nuclear reactors will be gradually shut down over the next 20 years. A) suitable C) necessary E) permanent

B) controversial D) widespread

25. Throughout the world, urbanization has drawn millions of people into ---- poverty. A) appropriate C) obscure E) desperate

B) fragile D) fundamental

14


A! a " ıdaki cümleleri uygun kelimeler ile tamamlayınız. BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 SUSCEPTIBLE

PERMANENT

FUNDAMENTAL

AMBIGUOUS

EXTENSIVE

1. The government is calling for a cease to hostilities with their immediate neighbours, and has asked the UN for help in negotiating a ________________ peace. 2. Despite ________________ research into the treatment and prevention of cold infections, no cure is imminent. 3. Authorities have identified one section of the population as being ________________ to the disease. 4. The Constitution is a / an ________________ document open to interpretation by all people. 5. Debt, poverty and unemployment are ________________ problems in most of the Middle East countries.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 SUITABLE

NOTORIOUS

CONTROVERSIAL

DESPERATE

PROFOUND

6. The dialogue in some films contains a lot of swearing and sexual references, and are not really ________________ for children. 7. The last ice age had a ________________ effect upon the settlement patterns of man. 8. Bone lengthening surgery has significant side effects such as infection and permanent damage to the bones and is ________________ among experts. 9. In 1953, the ________________ British murderer John Christie was sentenced to death for killing six women. 10. Antidepressant drugs help reduce the extreme sadness and recover from the ________________ situations.

15


HEDEF KEL!MELER SET 2 (SIFAT) ÖZET TABLO Kelime

FUNDAMENTAL

Anlam

Temel Esas

Gerekli

AMBIGUOUS

VULNERABLE

PROFOUND

DESPERATE

Belirsiz

NOTORIOUS

temel, esas parça

Fundamentalism (n)

köktencilik, tutuculuk

Fundamentally (adv)

esasen, temelde

Ambiguity (n)

belirsizlik, bulanıklık

Ambiguousness (n)

belirsizlik

Ambiguously (adv)

belirsiz bir " ekilde

Vulnerability (n)

hassasiyet, kırılganlık, zafiyet, kırılganlık

Vulnerably (adv)

savunmasız biçimde

Derinden Büyük

Deep Thorough Great

Profoundness (n)

derinilk

Yo ! un

Intense

Profoundly (adv)

derinden, son derece, içten

Desperation (n) Desperateness (n)

çaresizlik, ümitsizlik

Umutsuz Çaresiz

Düzgün

CONTROVERSIAL

Vague Unclear Indefinite Uncertain Obscure

Fundament (n)

Hassas Kırılgan Savunmasız -e açık

PROPER

PERMANENT

Essential Basic Main Major Primary Principal Necessary

Kelimenin Di$er Formları

Susceptible Delicate Fragile Sensitive Defenceless Open to

Uygun

WIDESPREAD

E# Anlam

Hopeless Helpless Appropriate Suitable Convenient Right Correct Neat

Yaygın Geni " çapta

Common Extensive

Kalıcı

Perpetual Enduring Everlasting

Tartı " malı

(kötü) Ünlü Adı çıkmı "

Arguable Disputable Debatable Contradictory Polemic Infamous Disreputable

Desperately (adv)

çaresizlik, ümitsizlik çaresizce, ümitsizce, son derece

Properness (n)

uygunluk

Properly (adv)

uygun / düzgün bir " ekilde

Permanence (n)

kalıcılık, süreklilik

Permanency (n)

süreklilik, istikrar

Permanently (adv)

kalıcı / devamlı olarak

Controversy (n)

anla " mazlık, çeki " me, ihtilaf

Controversially (adv)

çeki " meli / ihtilaflı bir " e kilde

Notoriety (n)

Kötü " ö hret

Notoriously (adv)

Kötü " ö hretli

16


PARAGRAF 1 It is evident that wars force people to leave their homes, kill thousands and lead to widespread suffering. However, the long-term effects can be hard to predict. The First World War cost the lives of millions, wiped out whole families and decimated large areas of Europe. However, it was not the first conflict to have serious long-term effects, and it certainly wasn't the last. All wars have a profound impact on those who live through them and continue to affect generations to come. As we remember how this war shaped the world we live in today, it is also worth recognizing how other wars have shaped peoples' lives in significant ways. The death toll impacts both the families of the dead and on societies as a whole. Equally, those wounded in fighting provide a living reminder of the horrors that people suffered during the violence. Even the devastation of buildings and the landscape can create profound challenges and hamper economic development.

Önemli yapılar: However: ancak, fakat Long-term: uzun vadeli, uzun dönemde Wipe out: yok etmek, öldürmek Decimate: kırıp geçirmek, yok etmek Be worth + Ving: bir " eyi yapmaya de ! er Death toll: ölü sayısı Reminder: anımsatıcı, hatırlatıcı Hamper: Engellemek Türkçe Çevirisi: Sava!ların insanları evlerini terk etmeye zorladı "ı, binlerce insanı öldürdü "ü ve geni ! çaplı acılara sebep oldu"u açıktır. Ancak, uzun vadeli etkilerini tahmin etmek zordur. Birinci Dünya Sava !ı milyonlarca insanın hayatına mal oldu, aileleri yok etti ve Avrupa’nın büyük bölümünü yok etti. Ancak, bu sava ! ciddi uzun vadeli etkileri olan ilk anla !mazlık de "ildi, ve kesinlikle sonuncusu da de "ildi. Bütün sava !ların bu sava !ları ya!ayanlar üzerinde derin etkileri vardır. Bu sava !ın içinde ya !adı"ımız dünyayı nasıl etkiledi "ini hatırlarken, di"er sava!ların da insanların ya !amlarını önemli ölçülerde nasıl !ekillendirdi "ini farkına varmaya de "er. Ölü sayısı hem ölenlerin ailelerini hem de bir bütün olarak toplumu etkiler. Aynı ölçüde, sava !ta yaralananlar insanların !iddet esnasında ya !adı"ı korkuların canlı bir anımsatıcısını bize sunarlar. Binaların ve manzaranın tahrip edilmesi bile büyük sıkıntılar yaratabilir ve ekonomik geli !imi engelleyebilir.

PARAGRAF 2 Vitamin C plays a significant role in building and maintaining body tissues. For a variety of reasons, people with MS tend to be at an increased risk for urinary tract infections. Some people supplement with vitamin C to acidify the urine, thereby creating a challenge to infection-causing bacteria. However, the evidence suggests that vitamin C does not acidify urine. There is more evidence to support the use of cranberry to prevent urinary tract infections than there is for vitamin C. Whether a higher intake of vitamin C is beneficial is controversial. The proper dose of vitamin C for people with MS is ambiguous. Daily doses greater than 2,000 milligrams may cause diarrhea or kidney damage.

Önemli yapılar: Play a role in: rol oynamak Tend to: meyilli olmak, e ! iliminde olmak Thereby: bu nedenle Türkçe Çevirisi: C vitamini vücut dokularının olu !umunda ve sürdürülmesinde önemli rol oynar. Çe !itli sebeplerden dolayı, MS’li hastalar idrar yolu enfeksiyon riskine daha çok e "ilimlidir. Bazı insanlar idrarı asitle !tirmek ve bu nedenle de enfeksiyona neden olan bakterilere sorun olu !turmak için C vitamini takviyesi yaparlar. Ancak, kanıtlar gösteriyor ki C vitamini idrarı asitle !tirmez. #drar yolu enfeksiyonunu önlemek için C vitaminine göre yaban mersininin kullanılmasını destekleyen daha çok kanıt vardır. Yüksek düzeyde C vitamininin faydalı olup olmadı "ı tartı!malıdır. MS’li hastalar için uygun C vitamini dozu ise belirsizdir. Günlük 2,000 miligramdan yüksek dozlar ishale ya da böbrek hasarına neden olabilir. 17

Hedef Kelimeler 3 – ZARF

HEDEF KEL!MELER SET – 3 ZARF Hedef Kelime: 10 / Toplam Hedef Kelime: 62

Efficiently

Significantly

Particularly

Approximately

Probably

Traditionally

Adequately

Highly

Initially

Adversely

Efficiently

1) etkili biçimde; 2) verimli bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: 1) effectively, influentially, efficaciously; 2) productively, fruitfully, prolifically, fertilely !

Those who are unable to manage their time efficiently have high stress levels. (Vakitlerini verimli bir ! ekilde idare edemeyenler yüksek stres düzeylerine sahip olurlar)

!

Today, mental illnesses can be diagnosed and treated efficiently, so many people with these illnesses can live normal lives. (Günümüzde zihinsel hastalıklar te " h is edilebilmekte ve etkili bir biçimde tedavi edilebilmektedir, bu nedenle bu hastalıklara sahip bir çok insan normal hayatlar ya " a yabilirler.)

Significantly

1) önemli ölçüde; 2) anlamlı bir biçimde

E ! anlam: 1) importantly, considerably, dramatically; 2) meaningfully !

You need at least four to six months in a country in order to significantly improve your skills in a second language. ( #k inci dildeki becerilerinizi önemli ölçüde geli " tirmek için bir ülkede en az 4 ila 6 ay kalmanız gerekir.)

!

Improvements in agricultural techniques have contributed significantly to an overall decline in mortality. (Tarım tekniklerindeki geli " meler ölüm oranlarındaki azalmaya önemli ölçüde katkıda bulundu.)

Particularly

özellikle

E ! anlam: especially, specially, specifically, in particular, notably, exclusively !

Market researchers have reported that the Chinese make enormous sacrifices for their one child, particularly , if it is a boy. (Piyasa ara " tırmacıları Çinlilerin tek çocukları için, özellikle de erkekse, müthi " fedakarlıklar yaptıklarını belirttiler.)

!

In ancient China and India, the flesh of mice was considered to be a particularly delicious dish. (Eski Çin ve Hindistan’da fare eti özellikle lezzetli bir yemek olarak dü " ü nülüyordu.)

18


Approximately

yakla!ık, a!a"ı yukarı

E ! anlam: roughly, about, around, more or less, almost, nearly, virtually, practically !

There are approximately 370 different kinds of sharks in the world. (Dünya’da yakla ! ık 370 farklı köpekbalı ! ı türü vardır.)

!

In 1880, there were approximately 2 billion birds known as passenger pigeons in the United States, but by 1914, the species was extinct. (1880 yılında ABD’de yakla ! ık iki milyar yolcu güvercini olarak bilinen ku " l ar vardı, ancak 1914 yılına kadar bu türün nesli tükendi.)

Probably

1) muhtemelen; 2) görünü !e göre

E ! anlam: 1) perhaps, possibly, presumably, maybe, likely, conceivably; 2) apparently, seemingly, supposedly !

When people talk about drug abuse, they never seem to include alcoholism, which is probably the most common form of drug abuse in our society. ( #n sanlar madde ba !ı mlılı ! ından bahsederken, belki de toplumumuzdaki en yaygın madde ba ! ı mlılı ! ı olan alkolizmi hiç bir zaman dahil etmezler.)

!

Hawaii is probably one of the world’s most famous tourist destinations. (Hawaii muhtemelen dünyanın en ünlü turistik yeridir.)

Adequately

yeterince, yeterli seviyede

E ! anlam: sufficiently !

Some people say a person who ceases to learn cannot adequately teach. (Bazı insanlara göre, ö ! r enmeyi bırakan bir ki " i yeterince ö ! retemez.)

!

Technology is adequately advanced to make real changes to the lives of patients. (Teknoloji, hastaların ya " amlarına yönelik gerçek de ! i " iklikler yapmak için yeterince geli " mi " tir.)

Highly

son derece, a!ırı derecede

E ! anlam: extremely, exceedingly, tremendously, greatly, exceptionally !

Studies show that people with highly authoritarian attitudes tend to be more prejudiced against others. (Ara " tırmalara göre, son derece otoriter tutumları olan insanlar ba " k alarına kar " ı daha önyargılı olma e ! ilimindedir.)

!

The Dominican economy depends on agriculture, mainly banana, and is highly vulnerable to climatic conditions. (Dominik ekonomisi ba " ta muz olmak üzere tarıma ba ! lıdır ve iklim " a rtlarına kar " ı son derece kırılgan bir yapıdadır.)

19


Traditionally

geleneksel olarak, bilindi "i üzere

E ! anlam: conventionally, customarily !

In some cultures, brides are traditionally abducted by the groom’s friends or relatives prior to the wedding. (Bazı kültürlerde, gelinler geleneksel olarak dü ! ünden önce damadın arkada " l arı ya da akrabaları tarafından kaçırılır.)

!

The time of harvest is traditionally a time of celebration in farming regions all over the world. (Hasat zamanı Dünya’nın her yerindeki tarım bölgelerinde geleneksel olarak bir kutlama zamanıdır.)

Initially

ilk olarak, ba!langıçta

E ! anlam: originally, firstly, primarily, at the beginning !

Canada was initially settled by French. (Kanada’ya ilk olarak Fransızlar yerle " ti.)

!

Averil Coxhead has noted that second language learners should initially focus on learning the high frequency words of the language. (Averil Coxhead ikinci dil ö ! renenlerin ilk olarak o dilin sık kullanılan kelimelerini ö ! r enmeye odaklanmaları gerekti ! ini belirtmi " tir.)

Adversely

olumsuz / kötü bir !ekilde, tersine, zararına

E ! anlam: negatively, unfavourably, badly, poorly, unpleasantly, harmfully !

Mexico’s economy has been adversely affected by the recession in the U.S. (Meksika ekonomisi ABD’deki ekonomik durgunluktan olumsuz etkilendi.)

!

Our economy has been adversely affected by the events in the Middle East, and many people may lose their jobs as a consequence. (Ekonomimiz Orta Do ! u’daki olaylardan olumsuz etkilendi ve sonuç olarak birçok insan i " i ni kaybedebilir.)

20

YDS Kelime Çalı!ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ A! a " ıdaki kelimelerin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz.

1. Approximately A) productively C) primarily E) considerably

B) roughly D) likely

9. Traditionally A) harmfully C) conventionally E) virtually

B) primarily D) seemingly

10. Initially 2. Adversely A) possibly C) effectively E) negatively

3. Highly A) tremendously C) roughly E) unpleasantly

4. Particularly A) influentially C) especially E) exceedingly

B) nearly D) sufficiently

B) specially D) apparently

B) poorly D) firstly

B) importantly D) notably

21

A) practically C) importantly E) traditionally

B) adversely D) primarily

A) exceedingly C) efficiently E) adequately

B) especially D) seemingly

14. Extremely B) nearly D) harmfully

B) effectively D) unfavourably

8. Significantly A) efficaciously C) traditionally E) considerably

B) approximately D) probably

13. Apparently

7. Efficiently A) likely C) about E) conventionally

A) poorly C) particularly E) sufficiently

12. Virtually

6. Probably A) presumably C) exclusively E) customarily

B) originally D) productively

11. Possibly

5. Adequately A) perhaps C) greatly E) sufficiently

A) tremendously C) dramatically E) notably

B) initially D) seemingly

A) adversely C) prolifically E) supposedly

15. Dramatically A) significantly C) prolifically E) adequately

B) highly D) exclusively

B) nearly D) initially

Hedef Kelimeler 3 – ZARF A! a " ıdaki sorularda do "r u ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz.

16. Although the Olympic Games were ---- different sporting activities which lasted for one day, today they have turned into a worldwide sports event and take several weeks. A) initially C) nearly E) highly

B) likely D) significantly

B) primarily D) highly

A) adequately C) efficiently E) tremendously

19. Freedom from slavery did not ---change the lives of the thousands of African-Jamaicans, most of whom remained poor peasants. B) dramatically D) approximately

20. Homer’s epics about the Trojan War were written down, ---- in the 8th century B.C., but may have been around for centuries in oral form. A) adequately C) adversely E) probably

B) harmfully D) virtually

23. Despite a preoccupation with body image and weight loss, the prevalence of obesity in the US continues to rise ----. A) sufficiently C) primarily E) significantly

B) probably D) approximately

24. The Iranian regime was ---- affected by the war with Iraq and lost much of its power. A) traditionally C) adversely E) exclusively

A) initially C) possibly E) traditionally

B) extremely D) possibly

22. All babies show ---- the same facial expressions, including those born blind or even hearing impaired.

18. The human body is a ---- complex system made up of separate organs and tissues, each performing a function essential to maintaining life. A) probably C) notably E) influentially

A) effectively C) initially E) practically

B) efficiently D) adversely

17. The detective novel is a form of writing, which became very popular towards the end of the 19 th century, ---- through the Sherlock Holmes stories. A) virtually C) particularly E) roughly

21. Certain plants can help some conditions more ---- than medical drugs, and with significantly fewer side-effects.

B) productively D) conceivably

25. Since some governments in the West African countries have been unable to exploit their rich mineral resources ----, they have become entirely dependent on foreign aid. A) possibly C) highly E) especially

B) adequately D) poorly

B) significantly D) conventionally

22



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 APPROXIMATELY

EFFICIENTLY

PROBABLY

ESPECIALLY

TRADITIONALLY

1.

In speaking, ________________________ in casual conversations, people tend to use short sentences.

2.

Young people in Japan ________________________ live with their parents until they get married.

3.

Using a computer has enabled me to do my work much more quickly and ________________________.

4.

The oil and natural gas sectors are the backbone of the Algerian economy, accounting for ________________________ 60% of budget revenues.

5.

If she had used birth control, she ________________________ wouldn't have had to have an abortion.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 INITIALLY

EXTREMELY

SUFFICIENTLY

ADVERSELY

IMPORTANTLY

6.

The nicotine in cigarettes is ________________________ toxic, and has been classified as the most addictive drug in existence.

7.

The children didn't seem to be too ________________________ affected by their parents' divorce.

8.

We will be looking at different criteria, but most ________________________ education and experience, when recruiting new staff.

9.

Boris Federov was ________________________ convicted on a charge of manslaughter, but was later acquitted on appeal.

10. Two-thirds of North Americans aren’t ________________________ active to benefit their health.

23


HEDEF KEL!MELER SET 3 (ZARF) ÖZET TABLO Kelime

Anlam Etkili biçimde

EFFICIENTLY Verimli bir " ekilde

SIGNIFICANTLY

Önemli ölçüde Anlamlı bir biçimde

PARTICULARLY

APPROXIMATELY

Özellikle

Yakla " ık A" a! ı yukarı

Muhtemelen

PROBABLY Görünü " e göre

ADEQUATELY

HIGHLY

TRADITIONALLY

INITIALLY

ADVERSELY

E # Anlam Effectively Influentially Efficaciously Productively Fruitfully Prolifically Fertilely Importantly Considerably Dramatically Meaningfully Especially Specially Specifically In particular Notably Exclusively Roughly About Around More or less Almost Nearly Virtually Practically Perhaps Possibly Presumably Maybe Likely Conceivably Apparently Seemingly Supposedly

Kelimenin Di $er Formları Efficiency (n)

etkinlik, verimlilik

Efficient (adj)

etkili, verimli

Significance (n)

önem, de ! er

Significant (adj)

önemli, anlamlı

Particularity (n)

özellik, seçicilik

Particular (adj)

özel, belirli

Approximation (n)

yakınlık, tahmin

Approximative (adj)

tahmini, a " a! ı yukarı

Approximate (v)

ak yakla "m

Probability (n)

olasılık, ihtimal

Probable (adj)

olası, muhtemel

Adequacy (n) Adequate (adj)

yeterlilik yeterli

Yeterince Yeterli seviyede

Sufficiently

Height (n)

yükseklik

Son derece A" ı rı derecede

Extremely Exceedingly Tremendously Greatly Exceptionally

High (adj) / (adv)

yüksek

Heighten (v)

yükseltmek, arttırmak

Conventionally Customarily

Tradition (n) Traditional (adj)

gelenek geleneksel

Initiation (n)

ba "l ama, ba "l atma

Initiative (n)

giri " im, inisiyatif

Initiator (n)

tetikleyici, öncü

Initial (adj)

ilk, ba "t aki

Initiate (v)

ba "l atmak

Adversity (n)

terslik, zorluk, güçlük

Adversary (n)

muhalif, dü "m an

Adverse (adj)

ters, olumsuz, kötü

Adversative (adj)

muhalif

Geleneksel olarak Bilindi ! i üzere

# l k olarak Ba "l angıçta

Olumsuz / Kötü bir " e kilde Tersine Zararına

Originally Firstly Primarily At the beginning

Negatively Unfavourably Badly Poorly Unpleasantly Harmfully

24


PARAGRAF 1 Improvements in quality of work, particularly for people in lower occupational groups, will contribute to a significantly healthier and more productive Europe. Good quality work and employment contributes to workers’ health, whereas poor working conditions increase their burden of disease by exposing them to material (physical, chemical, biological) and psychosocial adversities. Research indicates that stressful work directly and adversely affects workers’ health and productivity. There is clear evidence that the frequency of exposure to health-adverse working conditions follows a social tendency in employed populations across Europe: the lower the socioeconomic position, the higher the exposure to adverse working conditions. Thus, lower occupational groups are at higher risk of work-related ill health than higher occupational groups.

Önemli yapılar: Improvement in: bir " e ydeki iyile " me, artı " Contribute to: -e katkıda bulunmak Burden: yük, sorumluluk, sıkıntı Expose to: -e maruz bırakmak, -e maruz kalmak ill-health: hastalık Türkçe Çevirisi: #! kalitesindeki iyile !tirmeler, özellikle de dü !ük mesleki gruplardaki insanlar için, önemli ölçüde daha sa "lıklı ve daha üretken bir Avrupa’ya katkıda bulunacaktır. Kaliteli i ! ve istihdam i !çilerin sa "lı"ına katkıda bulunurken, kötü çalı !ma ko!ulları bu çalı !anları maddi (fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik) ve psikolojik zorluklara maruz bırakarak hastalık yükünü arttırır. Ara !tırmalar stresli i !lerin çalı !anların sa "lı"ını ve üretkenli "ini do"rudan ve olumsuz yönde etkiledi "ini göstermektedir. Sa "lıksız çalı !ma ko!ullarına maruz kalma sıklı "ının ardından Avrupa’nın dört bir yanında çalı !anlarda sosyal bir e "ilim oldu"una dair açık kanıtlar bulunmaktadır: sosyoekonomik konum ne kadar dü !ük olursa, kötü çalı !ma ko!ullarına o kadar çok maruz kalınır. Bu nedenle, dü !ük seviyedeki mesleki grupların yüksek mesleki gruplara göre i !le ilgili hastalı "a yakalanmak riskleri daha yüksektir.

PARAGRAF 2 Right now about one billion people suffer from chronic hunger. The world’s farmers grow enough food to feed them, but it is not properly distributed and, even if it were, many cannot afford it, because prices are escalating. By 2050 the world’s population will increase by two billion or three billion, which will likely double the demand for food, according to several studies. Demand will also rise because many more people will have higher incomes, which means they will eat more, especially meat. By clearing tropical forests, farming marginal lands and intensifying industrial farming in sensitive areas and watersheds, humankind has made agriculture the planet’s dominant environmental threat. To guarantee the globe’s long-term health, we must dramatically reduce agriculture’s adverse impacts.

Önemli yapılar: Suffer from: -den zarar görmek, bir sıkıntı ya " a mak Even if: -se bile Can’t afford: (maddi bakımdan) gücü yetmemek Demand for: bir " e y talebi By + Ving: yaparak, ederek Türkçe Çevirisi: $u anda yakla !ık bir milyar insan kronik açlık ya !amaktadır. Dünyadaki çiftçiler bunları beslemek için yeterince yiyecek üretiyorlar, fakat bu yiyecekler düzgün bir !ekilde da "ıtılmıyor, da "ıtılsa bile, pek insanın bunları almaya gücü yetmiyor, çünkü fiyatlar yükseliyor. Pek çok çalı !maya göre, 2050 yılına kadar dünya nüfusu bir ya da iki milyar artacaktır, ki bu da muhtemelen yiyecek talebini ikiye katlayacaktır. Çok daha fazla insan daha yüksek gelire sahip olaca "ı için talep de artacaktır, ki bunun anlamı özellikle et olmak üzere bu insanlar daha fazla yiyecektir. Tropik ormanları temizleyerek, marjinal arazilerde tarım yaparak ve endüstriyel tarımı hassas bölgelerde ve su havzalarında yo "unla!tırarak, insano "lu tarımı gezegenimizin baskın çevresel tehdidi haline getirdi. Dünya’nın uzun vadedeki sa "lı"ını garanti altına almak için tarımın olumsuz etkilerini önemli ölçüde azaltmamız gerekmektedir. 25

Hedef Kelimeler 4 – ! S! M

HEDEF KEL!MELER SET – 4 !S!M Hedef Kelime: 10 / Toplam Hedef Kelime: 61

Growth

Discrimination

Evidence

Purpose

Confirmation

Effect

Involvement

Attempt

Deficit

Corruption

Growth

büyüme, geli !me, artı!

E ! anlam: development, improvement, increase, rise, surge !

Turkmenistan’s burden of foreign debt continues to limit economic growth in the country. (Türkmenistan’ın dı " borç yükü ülkedeki ekonomik büyümeyi kısıtlamaya devam ediyor.)

!

Experts say that the common cold delays a child’s growth for the duration of the illness. (Uzmanlara göre, so ! uk algınlı ! ı hastalık süresince çocu ! un geli ! imini geciktiriyor.)

Discrimination E ! anlam: !

1) ayrım, fark; 2) ayrımcılık yapma (cinsiyet, ırk, vs.)

1) difference, distinction, disparity; 2) segregation, exclusion, apartheid

In spite of some discriminations , animal and plant cells have a similar basic structure. (Bazı farklılıklara ra ! men, haycan ve bitki hücereleri benzer bir temel yapıya sahiptir.)

!

American Indian chief Wilma Mankiller once remarked that she had run into more discrimination as a woman than as an Indian. (Kızıldereli " e f Wilma Mankiller yaptı ! ı bir açıklamada Kızıldereli oldu ! u ndan ziyade kadın olarak daha fazla ayrımcılıkla kar " ıla " tı !ı nı söyledi.)

Evidence

kanıt, delil

E ! anlam: proof !

The suspect was acquitted by the jury due to a lack of evidence. ( $ üpheli, delil yetersizli ! inden dolayı hakim tarafından suçsuz bulundu.)

!

There is ample evidence to suggest that South America has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years. (Güney Amerika’nın en az 10,000 yıldır yerle " i m yeri oldu ! unu gösteren bol miktarda kanıt vardır.)

26


Purpose

amaç, hedef

E ! anlam: aim, objective, object, target, goal, intention !

According to John Locke, the purpose of law is to preserve and enlarge freedom. (John Lock’a göre, hukukun amacı özgürlü ! ü korumak ve geni " letmektir.)

!

The purpose of vocabulary learning should include both seeing the words in the context and the ability to use them in sentence as well as trying to remember them. (Kelime ö ! renmenin amacı onları hatırlamaya çalı " manın yanı sıra hem içerikte görmek hem de cümle içinde kullanabilmek olmalıdır.)

Confirmation

1) onay, do"rulama; 2) kabul

E ! anlam: 1) approval, verification, validation, ratification, endorsement, consent; 2) acceptance, admission !

The new drug is awaiting confirmation by the government before it can be prescribed. (Yeni ilaç reçete edilmeden önce hükümetin onayını bekliyor.)

!

The notion that animals are deserving of respect and consideration is gaining much wider confirmation in many societies. (Hayvanların saygıyı ve ilgiyi hak etti ! i fikri birçok toplumda oldukça kabul görüyor.)

Effect

1) etki; 2) sonuç

E ! anlam: 1) impact, influence, impression; 2) result, conclusion, consequence, outcome !

This medicine is good for treating high blood pressure, but can also have some adverse effects such as dizziness. (Bu ilaç yüksek kan basıncı tedavisi için iyidir fakat ba " dönmesi gibi bazı yan etkileri olabilir.)

!

Certain smells are said to have a calming effect on the mind. (Bazı kokuların zihin üzerinde rahatlatıcı etkisi oldu !u söyleniyor.)

Involvement

katılım, yer alma

E ! anlam: participation, engagement, attendance !

The first meeting of the Council of the League of Nations took place in Paris in 1920 without the involvement of the United States. (Milletler Cemiyeti’nin ilk toplantısı 1920 yılında Paris’de ABD’nin katılımı olmadan yapıldı.)

!

Many people in this country oppose our government’s involvement in the war. (Bu ülkedeki birçok insan hükümetimizin sava " t a yer almasına kar " ı çıkıyor.)

27


Attempt

1) giri!im, te!ebbüs, kalkı!ma; 2) çaba

E ! anlam: 1) try, undertaking, enterprise; 2) effort, endeavour, struggle !

Many teenagers begin smoking in an attempt to look more adult. (Birçok genç, yeti " kin görünme çabasıyla (amacıyla) sigaraya ba " lıyor.)

!

Early attempts to teach chimpanzees to speak were unsuccessful because the animals lack the necessary vocal equipment. ( $ empanzelere konu " mayı ö ! retmek için yapılan ilk giri ! imler ba " arısız oldu çünkü bu hayvanlar gerekli ses donanımına sahip de ! i ller.)

Deficit

1) açık (mali bakımdan); 2) eksiklik, yetersizlik

E ! anlam: 1) loss, shortfall; 2) deficiency, shortage, inadequacy, inefficiency !

It seems that it is better for a government to run a deficit that to cut back too much on social services. (Bir hükümetin sosyal hizmetlerde çok fazla kesinti yapmasındansa (bütçede) açık vermesi daha iyidir.)

!

Both in utero exposure to maternal smoking and asthma are associated with chronic deficits in lung function. (Hem anne karnında sigaraya maruz kalma hem de astım, akci ! e r fonksiyonundaki kronik yetersizliklerle ili " kilidir.)

Corruption

yolsuzluk, yozla!ma, ahlaksızlık, ahlaki çöküntü

E ! anlam: dishonesty, immorality, degeneration !

Unfortunately, corruption and bribery are considered normal business practices in many countries throughout the world. (Ne yazık ki, yolsuzluk ve rü " vet dünyanın her yerinde birçok ülkede normal i " uygulamaları olarak görülüyor.)

!

There are various reasons for youth’s corruption and their problems. (Gençlerin yozla ! ması ve problemlerinin birçok sebebi vardır.)

28


A! a " ıdaki kelimelerin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz. 1. Growth A) proof C) shortage E) influence

B) attendance D) development

9. Attempt A) engagement C) involvement E) try

B) verification D) impression

10. Evidence 2. Purpose A) distinction C) endeavour E) engagement

B) aim D) increase

A) proof C) consequence E) exclusion

B) target D) acceptance

11. Deficiency 3. Involvement A) exclusion C) intention E) conclusion

B) impression D) participation

A) attempt C) inadequacy E) conclusion

B) apartheid D) approval

12. Improvement 4. Deficit A) dishonesty C) shortfall E) difference

B) objective D) rise

A) corruption C) purpose E) outcome

B) development D) distinction

13. Influence 5. Effect A) impact C) deficiency E) isolation

B) endorsement D) growth

A) loss C) struggle E) participation

B) confirmation D) effect

14. Engagement 6. Discrimination A) increase C) impression E) ratification

B) inadequacy D) segregation

A) involvement C) intention E) shortfall

B) admission D) improvement

15. Objective 7. Confirmation A) surge C) result E) approval

B) target D) struggle

8. Corruption A) evidence C) involvement E) attempt 29

B) growth D) immorality

A) degeneration C) growth E) purpose

B) deficit D) evidence

Hedef Kelimeler 4 – ! S! M A! a " ıdaki sorularda do "r u ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz.

16. Consumer research shows that some advertisements have a harmful ---- on children. A) disparity C) consent E) rise

B) effect D) loss

17. Global demand for for coal will continue to expand over the next five years despite governments’ ---- to reduce reliance on this fuel. A) attempt C) difference E) shortage

B) growth D) outcome

18. Studies show that ---- in all types of physical activity declines strikingly as age increases. A) purpose C) validation E) exclusion

B) inadequacy D) participation

19. In the United States during the 1930s, there was quite strong prejudice against Asians and there were no law against racial ----. A) discrimination C) growth E) dishonesty

B) impact D) struggle

20. Chocolate was only accepted by French society after the Paris Faculty of Medicine gave its ---- to the substance. A) deficit C) approval E) surge

21. They reached their conclusion based primarily on ---- found at the side of the murder. A) participation C) evidence E) discrimination

B) corruption D) deficit

22. In the 1990s the Belgian government was involved in numerous scandals that contaminated it with a reputation for incompetence and ----. A) improvement C) purpose E) corruption

B) confirmation D) involvement

23. For a long time, scientists believed that functional ---- in certain brain regions caused autism. A) attempts C) results E) targets

B) deficits D) engagements

24. Shakespeare’s ---- in his plays was not to imitate actual human speech but to give accurate and powerful expression to human thought and emotion. A) purpose C) growth E) confirmation

B) influence D) evidence

25. Many different types of studies have shown that parental ---- in a child’s education increases a child’s ability to learn and succeed at school. A) corruption C) deficiency E) distinction

B) development D) involvement

B) effort D) participation

30



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 GROWTH

INFLUENCE

PURPOSE

SHORTAGE

CORRUPTION

1.

Social media has been shown to have a great ________________________ on individual behaviour.

2.

Turkmenistan's burden of foreign debt continues to limit economic ________________________ in the country.

3.

The legality of using marijuana for medical ________________________ has not really been clarified in some countries.

4.

A series of weak sultans and ________________________ in government caused the collapse of Ottoman Empire in 1919 shortly after being defeated in World War I.

5.

The ________________________ of fresh water in this country is becoming acute due to the long drought.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 PARTICIPATION

ATTEMPT

CONFIRMATION

EVIDENCE

DEFICIT

6.

The murder investigation has been reactivated now that technology permits the examination of DNA ________________________.

7.

The budgets in every single ministry have been constrained in a desperate attempt to bring the ________________________ under control.

8.

Many teenagers begin smoking in a/an ________________________ to look more adult.

9.

Africans have competed in the Olympic Games since 1908, and their ________________________ has grown dramatically since they gained independence.

10. There has been no official ________________________ that the documents are fake.

31


HEDEF KEL!MELER SET 4 (!S!M) ÖZET TABLO Kelime

Anlam

E # Anlam

GROWTH

Büyüme e Geli "m Artı "

Development Improvement Increase Rise Surge

Growing (adj) Grown (adj) Growable (adj) Grow (v)

büyümekte olan büyümü ", geli " mi " büyütülebilir büyümek, geli " mek

Difference Distinction Disparity Segregation Exclusion Aparheid

Discriminatory (adj)

ayrımcı

Discriminating (adj)

seçici, titiz

Discriminate (v)

ayrım yapmak, ayırt etmek

Evident (adj) Evidential (adj) Evidently (adv) Evidence (v)

belli, bariz, açık apaçık, a " ikar apaçık, besbelli kanıtlamak, belirtmek

Ayrım Fark

DISCRIMINATION Ayrımcılık yapma (cinsiyet, ırk, vs.)

EVIDENCE

PURPOSE

CONFIRMATION

Kanıt Delil

Proof

Amaç Hedef

Aim Objective Object Target Goal Intention

Purposeful (adj) Purposefully (adv)

kasıtlı, amaçlı kasıtlı, amaçlı

Purpose (v)

amaçlamak, kastetmek

Onay Do !r ulama

Approval Verification Validation Ratification Endorsement Consent

Confirmative (adj) Confirmatory (adj)

onaylayıcı, do !r ulayıcı

Kabul

Etki

EFFECT Sonuç

INVOLVEMENT

ATTEMPT

Katılım Yer alma Giri " im Te "e bbüs Kalkı " ma Çaba Açık (mali bakımdan)

DEFICIT

CORRUPTION

Kelimenin Di $er Formları

Eksiklik Yetersizlik

Yolsuzluk Yozla "m a Ahlaksızlık Ahlaki çöküntü

Acceptance Admission Impact Influence Impression Result Conclusion Consquence Outcome Participation Engagement Attendance Try Undertaking Enterprise Effort Endeavour Struggle Loss Shortfall Deficiency Shortage Inadequacy Inefficiency

Dishonesty Immorality Degeneration

Confirmable (adj) Confirmingly (adv)

onaylanabilir do !r ulanabilir onaylayarak

Confirm (v)

onaylamak, do !r ulamak

Effective (adj) Effectual (adj)

etkili, etkileyici

Effectively (adv) Effectually (adv)

etkili / etkileyici bir " ekilde

Effect (v)

etkilemek

Involved (adj) Involve (v)

ilgili, karı " mı ", müdahil içermek, kapsamak

Attempted (adj)

denenen, te "e bbüs edilen

Attempt (v)

giri " imde bulunmak, te "e bbüs etmek

Deficiency (n)

eksiklik, kusur

Deficient (adj)

eksik, yetersiz

Deficiently (adv)

eksik / yetersiz bir " ekilde

Corrupt (adj)

ı " , bozulmu " yozla "m

Corruptible (adj)

ayartılabilir, bozulabilir ahlaksızca, bozulmu " bir " e kilde bozmak, ayartmak

Corruptly (adv) Corrupt (v)

32


PARAGRAF 1 After the failed coup attempt, Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım has reported that the attempt will not have a devastating effect on the economy. Speaking in a televised interview, Yıldırım said the economic impact of the coup attempt would be no greater than the jet crisis between Turkey and Russia. Admitting that the coup attempt of July 15 has caused some damage to the economy, the prime minister said that damage remained “limited to some fluctuations in financial markets” and added that these fluctuations returned to normal within a couple of days. “The coup attempt has of course an impact on the Turkish economy. But S&P immediately tried to destroy our reputation. They aimed to take advantage of the situation. These agencies should not rush into such situations. The Turkish economy does not deserve this,” he noted.

Önemli yapılar: Coup: askeri darbe Fluctuation: dalgalanma, bocalama, de ! i " im Take advantage of: -den faydalanmak Rush into: dalmak, akın etmek Deserve: hak etmek Türkçe Çevirisi: Ba!arısız darbe giri !iminin ardından, Ba !bakan Binali Yıldırım bu kalkı !manın ekonomi üzerinde yıkıcı etkisi olmayacı "ını belirtti. Televizyonda yayımlanan bir röportajda, Yıldırım darbe giri !iminin ekonomik etkisinin Türkiye ile Rusya arasındaki jet krizinden daha büyük olmayacı "ını söyledi. 15 Temmuz darbe giri !iminin ekonomiye bazı zararlar verdi "ini kabul eden ba !bakan hasarın “mali piyasalarda bazı dalgalanmalarla sınırlı” oldu"unu söyledi. Ba !bakan “Darbe giri !iminin elbette Türkiye ekonomisi üzerinde etkisi var. Fakat S&P kurulu!u hemen bizim itibarımızı zedelemeye çalı !tı. Durumdan faydalanmaya çalı !tılar. Bu kurulu !lar bu gibi durumların içerisine girmememeli. Türk ekonomisi bunu hak etmiyor,” dedi.

PARAGRAF 2 Sex discrimination against women in the labour market reduces the available talent in an economy, which has negative effects. Sex discrimination takes many forms. Many social practices seen as a normal from a religious or cultural point of view (which may have deep historical roots) leave women out of business world. These social practices may have profound economic consequences because they do not allow society to take advantage of the talent inherent women.

Önemli yapılar: Point of view: bakı " açısı, açı Root: kök, köken Inherent: do ! u " tan, do ! al Türkçe Çevirisi: #! piyasasında kadınlara kar !ı yapılan cinsiyet ayrımcılı "ı bir ekonomideki mevcut yetene "i azaltmaktadır, ki bunun da olumsuz etkileri vardır. Cinsiyet ayrımcılı "ının pek çok biçimi vardır. Dini ya da kültürel açıdan (ki bunun derin tarihi kökenleri olabilir) normal olarak görülen ço "u sosyal uygulama kadınları i ! dünyasının dı!ında bırakmaktadır. Bu sosyal uygulamaların derin ekonomik sonuçları olabilir çünkü bu uygulamalar toplumun do "u!tan yetenekli kadınlardan yararlanmasına izin vermemektedir.

33

Hedef Kelimeler REVIEW – 1

REVIEW – 1

A. Kelimeleri ve anlamlarını e ! le ! tiriniz.

SET 6

SET 1 estimate maintain initiate occur avoid

1. ba!latmak 2. tahmin etmek 3. meydana gelmek 4. kaçınmak 5. sürdürmek

SET 2 fundamental widespread profound vulnerable proper

1. temel, esas 2. derinden, büyük 3. uygun, düzgün 4. yaygın 5. hassas, kırılgan

1. yeterince 2. son derece 3. özellikle 4. ba!langıçta 5. önemli ölçüde

involvement evidence deficit effect approval

1. proof 2. deficiency 3. confirmation 4. influence 5. participation

desperate ambiguous controversial delicate common

1. contradictive 2. widespread 3. vague 4. hopeless 5. susceptible

SET 9 1. onay 2. büyüme 3. açık, eksiklik 4. ayrımcılık 5. giri!im, te!ebbüs

SET 5 abuse permanent probably demand corruption

1. realize 2. show 3. happen 4. ease 5. continue

SET 8

SET 4 attempt confirmation growth discrimination deficit

indicate relieve implement maintain occur

SET 7

SET 3 initially highly adequately significantly particularly

B. Kelimeleri e ! anlamları ile e ! le ! tiriniz.

efficiently approximately adversely adequately traditionally

1. roughly 2. productively 3. sufficiently 4. conventionally 5. negatively

SET 10 1. talep etmek 2. yolsuzluk 3. kalıcı 4. suistimal etmek 5. muhtemelen

dramatically predict especially rise thorough

1. surge 2. profound 3. considerably 4. particularly 5. estimate

34


C. A! a" ıdaki cümlelerde bo ! lu " a uygun dü ! en sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. The earliest of the ancient civilizations all shared the same ---- view of the cosmos: that the Earth lay at the centre. A) vulnerable C) ambiguous E) notorious

B) predict D) initiate

7. English is spoken by over a billion people around the world and is studied as a foreign language all over the world but ---- in Europe.

B) initiate D) avoid

3. The health care sector will have to alter its plans fundamentally, which are currently failing to produce inexpensive and ---- efficient drugs. A) highly C) initially E) conventionally

A) abuse C) occur E) demand

B) fundamental D) permanent

2. As China has recently become a leading economic power in Asia, the industrialized countries of the West have upgraded their own production capacity to ---- their lead. A) estimate C) implement E) maintain

6. Dietary fat seems not to ---- cancer development but to promote cancer once it has arisen.

B) approximately D) probably

A) particularly C) adversely E) probably

B) roughly D) primarily

8. Undernutrition, a ---- of essential nutrients, can result from inadequate intake because of poor diet or poor absorption from the intestine. A) distinction C) purpose E) confirmation

B) deficiency D) participation

9. The etymology of the word “chocolate” may remain ---- and open to debate even today. A) desperate C) widespread E) uncertain

B) thorough D) suitable

4. Countries which have been able to increase their exports have often achieved rapid ----. A) involvement C) growth E) attempt

B) deficit D) evidence

5. Pregnant women are especially ---- to sinusitis, as their hormones can make the nose swell and increase mucus production. A) contradictive C) extensive E) susceptible 35

B) appropriate D) essential

10. To protect crops against weeds and pests, farmers ---- pesticides and herbicides, but most of these chemicals kills not only weeds and pests but also native insects and animals that eat those plants and insects. A) prevent C) apply E) claim

B) sustain D) anticipate


D. Anlamca di$erlerinden farklı olan kelimeyi seçiniz. 1. A) implement C) apply

B) carry out D) demonstrate

2. A) relieve C) sustain

B) maintain D) retain

3. A) common C) widespread

B) extensive D) perpetual

4. A) obscure C) thorough

B) profound D) great

5. A) considerably B) significantly C) sufficiently D) dramatically

6. A) especially C) exclusively

B) particularly D) practically

7. A) participation B) involvement C) engagement D) endorsement

8. A) evidence C) aim

B) objective D) purpose

9. A) exploit C) take place

B) happen D) occur

10. A) estimate C) foresee

B) predict D) commence

11. A) notorious C) proper

B) appropriate D) suitable

12. A) delicate C) susceptible

B) vague D) vulnerable

13. A) probably C) roughly

B) possibly D) likely

14. A) primarily C) firstly

B) originally D) traditionally

15. A) exclusion C) endeavour

B) discrimination D) segregation

16. A) impact C) increase

B) surge D) growth

17. A) alleviate C) relieve

B) ease D) retain

18. A) desperate C) basic

B) essential D) fundamental

19. A) efficiently C) nearly

B) virtually D) approximately

20. A) confirmation B) deficiency C) approval D) ratification

36


E. A#a$ıdaki cümleleri Türkçe’ye çeviriniz. 1. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in this country.

2. Scientists are studying the chemical’s effect on the environment.

3. In Iraq over the past 50 years, there has been a widespread migration of people to the urban areas.

4. She is continually abusing her authority by getting other people to do things for her.

5. Toyota, Honda, and Nissan initiated a clever marketing policy in the 1980s aimed at selling luxury vehicles in the United States.

6. Tourists are more vulnerable to attacks, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid.

7. Education in this country has undergone several profound and fundamental changes in recent years.

8. Almost 25 million pounds of antibiotics and related drugs are administered to farm animals every year in order to boost growth rates and prevent diseases.

9. Because the USA spends more on buying imports than it earns on exports, the country has the largest trade deficit in the world.

10. Most of us realize the impact that our families have on our development.

37



Include

Establish

Benefit

Prevent

Reveal

Prohibit

Introduce

Permit

Encounter

Fulfil

Include

içermek, kapsamak

E ! anlam: contain, comprise, involve, incorporate, embrace !

Common side effects of antibiotics include nausea, diarrhoea and increased sensitivity to sunlight. (Antibiyotiklerin yaygın yan etkileri arasında bulantı, ishal ve gün ı " ı ! ına kar " ı a " ırı hassasiyet vardır .)

!

The area which includes the Amazon River has the highest annual rainfall in the world. (Amazon Nehri’nin kapsadı " ı bölge dünyada en yüksek yıllık ya ! ı " oranına sahiptir.)

Establish

1) kurmak; 2) olu!turmak

E ! anlam: 1) found, institute, set up, build; 2) form, constitute, create, generate !

Greenwich was arbitrarily established in 1884 as longtitude 0 degrees. (Greenwich 0 derece boylamı olarak 1884 yılında rasgele kuruldu .)

!

In 1980, China established four special economic zones in order to attract foreign investors, technology and expertise. (1980 yılında, Çin yabancı yatırımcıları, teknolojiyi ve uzmanları çekmek amacıyla dört adet özel ekonomik bölge olu ! turdu .)

Benefit

faydalanmak, yararlanmak

E ! anlam: utilize, take advantage of, make use of !

Patients have greatly benefited from this treatment. (Hastalar bu tadaviden büyük ölçüde fayda gördü .)

!

In 1865, Joseph Lister became the first doctor to benefit disinfectant during surgery. (1865 yılında, Joseph Lister ameliyat esnasında dezenfektan kullanan (faydalanan) ilk doktor oldu.)

38


Prevent

engellemek, önlemek

E ! anlam: hinder, block, avoid, restrain, inhibit, hamper !

According to aid workers in the region, more food is required immediately to prevent starvation. (Bölgedeki yardım çalı " anlarına göre, açlı ! ı önlemek için acilen daha fazla yiyecek gerekiyor.)

!

Hearing loss during childhood can seriously prevent normal language development. (Çocukluk dönemindeki i " itme kaybı normal dil geli " imini ciddi biçimde engelleyebilir .)

Reveal

ortaya çıkarmak, açı"a çıkarmak

E ! anlam: uncover, disclose, unveil, unearth !

Studies reveal that physically attractive people are often viewed as healthier and more inclined to succeed academically. (Çalı " malar, fiziksel olarak çekici insanların daha sa ! l ıklı ve akademik açıdan ba " arıya daha e !i limli olarak görüldü ! ünü ortaya çıkarıyor .)

!

The contents of ancient burial chambers in Northern Ireland have revealed a lot about the first inhabitants of the country. (Kuzey # r landa’daki antik mezar odalarının içinde bulunan nesneler ülkenin ilk yerlileri hakkında çok " ey ortaya çıkardı .)

Prohibit

yasaklamak

E ! anlam: ban, forbid !

Contrary to some Islamic countries, women on the Islands of Maldives are actually prohibited by law from concealing their faces. (Bazı Müslüman ülkelerin aksine, Maldiv Adaları’ndaki kadınların yüzlerini gizlemesi kanunla yasaklanmı ! tır .)

!

In Alaska, it is legal to shoot bears; however, waking a sleeping bear for the purpose of taking a photograph is prohibited. (Alaska’da ayıları vurmak yasaldır, fakat foto ! r af çekmek amacıyla uyuyan bir ayıyı uyandırmak yasaktır .)

39


Introduce

1) tanıtmak, tanı!tırmak, takdim etmek; 2) piyasaya sürmek

E ! anlam: 1) meet, announce, present; 2) release, launch, issue !

It is best to teach arithmetic to children using solid objects such as apples or toys in order to introduce abstract concepts like addition and subraction. (Çocuklara toplama ve çıkarma gibi soyut kavramları tanıtmak için, elma ve oyuncak gibi somut nesneleri kullanarak aritmeti ! i ö ! retmek en iyi yöntemdir.)

!

When coffee was first introduced to Italy, wine merchants appealed to Pope to ban it. (Kahve # t alya’ya ilk kez getirildi " inde , " a rap tüccarları kahveyi yasaklaması için Papa’ya ba " v urdu.)

Permit

1) izin vermek, imkan vermek 2) sa"lamak

E ! anlam: 1) allow, let; 2) enable, provide !

Creativity permits language to accommodate new meanings and messages. (Yaratıcılık dilin yeni anlamları ve mesajları uyum sa ! l amasına imkan verir .)

!

Swimming permits the body to remain cool and move freely with the water’s support. (Yüzme, vücudun serin kalmasını ve suyun da deste ! i yle serbestçe hareket etmesini sa " lar .)

Encounter

rastlamak, kar!ıla!mak

E ! anlam: meet, confront, run across, come across, bump into !

!

Travelling allows you to encounter new ideas and new ways of living. (Seyahat etmek yeni fikirler ve yeni ya " a m tarzlarıyla kar ! ıla ! manıza imkan verir.) Whenever you read a scientific or technical text in English, you will probably encounter many words you do not know. ( # ngilizce yazılmı " bir bilimsel ya da teknik bir metni her okudu ! u nuzda, muhtemelen bilmedi ! iniz birçok kelime ile kar ! ıla ! acaksınız .)

Fulfil (Fulfill)

1) tamamlamak; 2) yerine getirmek, gerçekle !tirmek; 3) uygulamak

E ! anlam: 1) complete; 2) perform, conduct, realize, carry out, implement, execute; 3) apply !

The only thing that will stop you from fulfilling your dreams is you. (Hayallerinizi gerçekle ! tirmenizi engelleyecek tek " e y yine sizsiniz.)

!

Even if new technologies fulfil their potential in the future, it is unclear whether they will meet the world’s energy needs. (Yeni teknolojiler gelecekte potansiyellerini tamamlasalar bile, dünyanın enerji ihtiyaçlarını kar " ılayıp kar " ılamayacakları belirsizdir.)

40

YDS Kelime Çalı!ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ A! a " ıdaki kelimelerin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz.

1. Prohibit A) avoid C) contain E) perform

B) found D) ban

9. Introduce A) utilize C) build E) announce

B) avoid D) enable

10. Reveal 2. Benefit A) meet C) provide E) utilize

B) release D) apply

A) prohibit C) uncover E) create

B) involve D) carry out

11. Involve 3. Include A) contain C) disclose E) make use of

B) launch D) found

A) comprise C) encounter E) prohibit

B) benefit D) constitute

12. Enable 4. Prevent A) enable C) announce E) constitute

B) hinder D) come across

A) apply C) introduce E) contain

B) provide D) form

13. Release 5. Establish A) comprise C) found E) uncover

B) conduct D) let

A) perform C) incorporate E) avoid

B) ban D) launch

14. Complete 6. Fulfill A) realize C) issue E) run across

B) provide D) block

A) encounter C) fulfil E) issue

B) make use of D) permit

15. Set up 7. Permit A) form C) conduct E) allow

B) present D) take advantage of

8. Encounter A) generate C) present E) set up 41

B) unveil D) come across

A) establish C) carry out E) reveal

B) hinder D) include

Hedef Kelimeler 5 – F !! L A! a " ıdaki sorularda do "r u ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz.

16. Originally, the Olympic Games took place on one day and ---- different kinds of sports, but today they have developed into a major sports event in the world, lasting for many weeks. A) included C) revealed E) introduced

A) launches C) hinders E) makes use of

B) applies D) enables

B) prohibited D) utilized

23. Chocolate, when it was ---- to Europe by the Spaniards, was so expensive that none but the very rich could buy it. A) introduced C) banned E) incorporated

B) encountered D) created

B) involved D) benefited

19. Artificial sweeteners ---- people to keep down their sugar and energy intake, yet still enjoy the delicious sweet tastes of their favourite foods and beverages. A) comprise C) permit E) found

B) forbid D) allow

22. Advertisements increase our knowledge, and this ---- us to make better choices as consumers.

18. Many people think that advertisements should be ---- because they interrupt their enjoyment of the programmes. A) enabled C) applied E) banned

A) prevent C) realize E) encounter

B) established D) prevented

17. Song, stories and games can be ---- to teach listening. A) encountered C) founded E) hindered

21. Second language learners must read a lot so they ---- new words many times in context.

24. Queen Elizabeth I ---- a strong central government that received the loyal support of her people. A) released C) completed E) benefited

B) established D) prevented

B) form D) fulfill

25. In 1747, Scottish naval surgeon James Lind ---- the first clinical trial. 20. Archaeological excavations always ---surprising facts about the past. A) benefit C) conduct E) avoid

A) revealed C) conducted E) prohibited

B) avoided D) included

B) reveal D) announce

42



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 REVEAL

PERMIT

INCLUDE

ESTABLISH

BENEFIT

1. Common source of indoor air pollution ________________________ tobacco smoke, biological organisms, copy machines and pesticides. 2. At least eighteen national parks are required to ________________________ in Zambia in order to conserve different ecosystems and their wildlife. 3. Recent studies ________________________ that more than 500.000 women worldwide die each year from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. 4. In order to ________________________ from aerobic exercise, you need to work hard enough to increase your heart rate. 5. Cashpoints ________________________ customers to access their accounts 24 hours a day.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 INTRODUCE

FULFILL

ENCOUNTER

PROHIBIT

PREVENT

6. There is an indoor rock-climbing wall which is a good way to ________________________ young people to the sport. 7. As you wander down the beach, you ________________________ different tiny ecosystems, each with its own plant and animal life. 8. The idea that we can ________________________ war by preparing for war seems absurd. 9. She hopes to ________________________ her dreams of becoming an actress one day. 10. The government recently passed legislations which ________________________ tobacco advertising at sporting events.

43



INCLUDE

Anlam

E # Anlam

# ç ermek Kapsamak

Contain Comprise Involve Incorporate Embrace

Inclusion (n) Inclusive (adj) Inclusively (adv) Including (prep)

içerme, dahil olma dahil, kapsayıcı kapsamlı bir " e kilde dahil

Kurmak

Found Institute Set up Build

Establishment (n)

kurulu " , i "l etme, tesis

Olu "t urmak

Form Constitute Create Generate

Established (adj)

kurulu, yerle "i k

Faydalanmak Yararlanmak

Utilize Take advantage of Make use of

Benefit (n) Beneficiary (n) Beneficial (adj) Beneficially (adv)

fayda, yarar faydalanan, hak sahibi faydalı, yararlı yararlı bir " e kilde

Prevention (n)

engelleme, önlem

Engellemek Önlemek

Hinder Block Avoid Restrain Inhibit Hamper

Preventive (adj)

engelleyici, önleyici

Revelation (n) Revealing (adj) Revealingly (adv)

vahiy, açı ! a çıkarma açıklayıcı, gizlemeyen açıklayıcı bir " e kilde

Prohibition (n)

yasak, yasaklama

Prohibitive (adj)

yasaklayıcı

Prohibitively (adv)

yasaklayıcı bir " ekilde

Introduction (n)

giri " , tanıtım, önsöz

Introductory (adj)

tanıtıcı, giri "

Permission (n)

izin

Permissible (adj)

izin verilebilir

Encounter

a rastlama, kar "ı la "m

Fulfillment (n)

yapma, yerine getirme

Fulling (adj)

tatmin edici, doyurucu

Fulfilled (adj)

yerine getirilmi ", ba "a rılmı "

ESTABLISH

BENEFIT

PREVENT

REVEAL

PROHIBIT

INTRODUCE

Ortaya çıkarmak Açı ! a çıkarmak

Yasaklamak

Tanıtmak Tanı "t ırmak Takdim etmek Piyasaya sürmek

PERMIT

ENCOUNTER

# z in vermek # m kan vermek

Sa !l amak

Rastlamak Kar "ı la " mak

Tamamlamak

FULFIL

Yerine getirmek Gerçekle "t irmek

Uygulamak

Uncover Disclose Unveil Unearth

Ban Forbid

Meet Announce Present Release Launch Issue Allow Let Enable Provide Meet Confront Run across Come across Bump into Complete Perform Conduct Realize Carry out Implement Execute Apply


44


PARAGRAF 1 A ban on nuclear weapons will change the way the global community understand and see nuclear weapons, revealing them for the inhumane, unacceptable weapons that they are. A ban will determine the line between states who understand the risk and danger of nuclear weapons and consider them unacceptable, and states who refuse to understand that nuclear weapons don’t provide meaningful security. A ban does not prevent bilateral or multilateral agreements to reduce numbers of warheads between nuclear-armed states. A ban will be an effective tool to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.

Önemli yapılar: Inhumane: insanlık dı " ı, acımasız Bilateral: çift taraflı, çift yönlü Multilateral: çok taraflı, çok yönlü Türkçe Çevirisi: Nükleer silahların yasaklanması küresel toplumun nükleer silahların insanlık dı !ı ve kabul edilemez silahlar oldu"unu ortaya çıkararak bunları anlama ve görme !eklini de "i!tirecektir. Yasak nükleer silahların riskini ve tehlikesini anlayan ve bunları kabul edilemez olarak gören devletler ile nükleer silahların anlamlı bir güvenlik sa"lamadı"ını anlamayı reddeden devletler arasındaki çizgiyi belirleyecektir. Yasak nükleer silahı olan devletler arasındaki sava ! ba!lıklarının sayısını azaltmak için yapılacak çift taraflı ya da çok taraflı anla!maları engellemeyecektir. Yasak nükleer silahların yayılmasını önlemek için etkili bir araç olacaktır.

PARAGRAF 2 Probiotics are live microorganisms that have health benefits. Products sold as probiotics include foods (such as yogurt), dietary supplements, and products that are not used orally, such as skin creams. Although people often think of bacteria and other microorganisms as harmful “germs,” many microorganisms help our bodies function properly. For example, bacteria that are normally present in our intestines help digest food, destroy disease-causing microorganisms, and produce vitamins. The concept behind probiotics was introduced in the early 20th century, when Nobel laureate Elie Metchnikoff, known as the “father of probiotics,” proposed that consuming beneficial microorganisms could improve people’s health. Researchers continued to investigate this idea, and the term “probiotics”—meaning “for life”—eventually came into use.

Önemli yapılar: Intend: amaçlamak, niyet etmek, kastetmek Intestine: ba ! ırsak Come into use: hizmete girmek, kullanılmaya ba " lamak Türkçe Çevirisi: Prebiyotikler sa "lı"a faydaları olan canlı organizmalardır. Prebiyotik olarak satılan ürünler yo "urt gibi yiyecekler, diyet takviyeleri ve cilt kremleri gibi a "ızdan alınmayan ürünleri içermektedir. #nsanlar genellikle bakterileri ve di "er mikroorganizmaları zararlı “mikroplar” olarak dü !ünmesine ra "men, pek çok mikroorganizma vücutlarımızın düzenli çalı !masına yardımcı olur. Örne "in, genellikle ba "ırsaklarımızda bulunan bakteriler yiyece "i sindirmemize yardımcı olur, hastalı "a sebep olan mikroorganizmaları yok eder ve vitamin üretir. Prebiyotiklerin arkasındaki fikir “prebiyoti "in babası” olarak bilinen Nobel ödüllü Elie Metchnikoff’un faydalı mikroorganizmaları tüketmenin insanın sa "lı"ını düzeltebileci "i fikrini sunmu ! oldu"u 20. yüzyılın ba !larında ortaya atılmı !tır. Ara!tırmacılar bu fikri ara !tırmaya devam ettiler, ve sonunda “ya !am için” anlamına gelen “prebiyotik” terimi kullanılmaya ba !landı.

45



Accessible

Constant

Disastrous

Exclusive

Fascinating

Indifferent

Mutual

Persuasive

Reasonable

Worthwhile

Accesible

ula!ılabilir, eri!ilebilir

! anlam: available, reachable, attainable, approachable, obtainable, achievable E ! anlam: available, !

Modern technology has made the ocean depths more accessible now than they were in the past. (Modern teknoloji okyanusun derinliklerini geçmi " e göre daha ula ! hale getirdi.) ! ılabilir ılabilir hale

!

The government needs to do more to ensure that all public buildings are readily accessible to the disabled. !ebilmeleri ebilmeleri için (Hükümet, engelli vatanda " " ların ların tüm kamu binalarına kolaylıkla eri ! için daha çok " ey e y yapmalı.)

Constant

1) sürekli; 2) sabit, de"i!meyen

! anlam: E ! anlam: 1) continuous, continual, persistent, consistent, perpetual, sustained 2) stable, steady, fixed, unchanging !

Learning a second language is a challenge, but with constant effort you can make continuous progress. renmek zor bir i " " tir, ( # #kinci k inci dil ö ! !renmek tir, fakat sürekli çabayla çabayla sürekli ilerleme ilerleme gösterebilirsiniz.)

!

Galileo discovered that falling bodies do not fall at a constant rate, but are accelerated. (Galileo dü " " en en nesnelerin sabit bir bir hızda de ! ! ilil de hızlanarak dü " " tü tü ! ! ünü ünü ke " " fetti.) fetti.)

Disastrous

korkunç, feci, felaket getiren

catastrophic, devastating, calamitous, terrible, dreadful ! anlam: E ! anlam: catastrophic, !

Acid rain has a disastrous effect on the environment. (Asit ya ! ! murunun murunun çevre üzerinde korkunç etkisi vardır.)

!

Introducing animals or plants into a foreign habitat often has disastrous results for the native life of the area. (Hayvanları ya da bitkileri yabancı ortama getirmenin genellikle bölgenin do ! al a l ya " " amı amı için korkunç sonuçları vardır.)

46


Exclusive

1) özel; 2) seçkin; 3) ayrıcalıklı

! anlam: 1) private, special; 2) elite, select; 3) privileged E ! anlam: 1) !

Eighty per cent of the island nation of Madagascar’s plants and animals are exclusive to the island. (Ada ülkesi Madagascar’ın bitki ve hayvan türlerinin %80’i adaya özgüdür .) .)

!

Chimpanzees have been observed using different objects to make tools, a skill previously thought to be the exclusive domain of humans. $ empanzelerin tir, bunun önceden ( $ empanzelerin araç gereç yapmak için farklı nesneleri kullandı ! ı gözlemlenmi " "tir, ünülüyordu.) insanlara özel bir bir yetenek oldu ! ! u dü " "ünülüyordu.)

Fascinating

büyüleyici

! anlam: E ! anlam: captivating, captivating, charming, attractive, enchanting, mesmerizing !

Microscopes allow us to get a glimpse of the fascinating world of micro-organisms. (Mikroskoplar mikroorganizmaların büyüleyici dünyasını dünyasını bir an için de olsa görmemizi sa ! lar.) l ar.)

!

The Northern Lights are a fascinating phenomenon which attract viewers from around the world. (Kuzey I " " ıkları ıkları dünyanın her yerinden seyircileri kendine çeken büyüleyici bir bir do ! ! a olayıdır.)

Indifferent

kayıtsız, ilgisiz, umursamaz

! anlam: uncaring, uninterested, unresponsive E ! anlam: uncaring, !

There is a Mexican proverb which suggests that a jealous lover becomes an indifferent spouse. (Bir Meksika atasözü der ki, kıskanç bir a " ık ı k ilgisiz bir bir e " " olur.) olur.)

!

The private letters of Albert Einstein reveal a difficult personal life – married twice and indifferent toward his children while obsessed with physics. (Albert Einstein’ın özel mektupları zor bir ki " isel i sel ya " " amı amı oldu ! ! unu unu ortaya çıkarmaktadır – iki kez evlenmi " ", çocuklarına kar " " ı ilgisiz , buna kar " " ı fizi ! ! e takıntılı.)

Mutual

1) kar!ılıklı; 2) ortak, mü!terek

! anlam: 1) reciprocal; 2) common, shared, joint E ! anlam: 1) !

Mutual trust is fundamental to a successful partnership, whether in business or in marriage. (Gerek i " " te te gerekse evlilikte ba " arılı a rılı bir ortaklık için kar ! güven esastır.) ! ılıklı ılıklı güven

!

Isaac Newton discovered a principle which claims that objects attract each other with a mutual force, which we call gravity. ! ılıklı ılıklı kuvvetle (Isaac Newton yerçekimi olarak adlandırdı ! ımız ı mız nesnelerin birbirlerini kar ! kuvvetle çekti ! ! ini ini savunan bir ilkeyi ke " " fetmi fetmi " " tir.) tir.)

47


Persuasive

1) inandırıcı, ikna edici; 2) güçlü, etkileyici

! anlam: E ! anlam: 1) convincing, compelling; 2) strong, powerful, impressive, effective, influential !

They believe that praising the world’s most powerful men is more persuasive than criticizing them. (Dünyanın en güçlü insanlarını övmenin onları ele " tirmekten t irmekten daha ikna edici oldu oldu ! ! una una inanıyorlar.)

!

Even though the surface of our planet appears to be firm and stationary, there is persuasive evidence that the materials that form the solid rock on the surface of the earth are moving. en, dünya yüzeyindeki sert kayayı (Gezegenimizin yüzeyi sabit ve hareketsiz görünmesine ra ! men, m olu " " turan turan maddelerin hareket etti ! ine i ne dair inandırıcı kanıtlar kanıtlar bulunmaktadır.)

Reasonable

mantıklı, makul, akla yatkın

! anlam: E ! anlam: sensible, rational, plausible, logical, sound !

In our justice system, a person is presumed to be innocent unless guilt is proven beyond all reasonable doubt. (Adalet sistemimizde, makul bütün bütün " üphelerin ü phelerin de ötesinde bir ki " inin inin suçu kanıtlanmadı ! ! ı sürece, o ki " " inin inin masum oldu ! ! u varsayılır.)

!

Some scientists say that biofuels provide a reasonable alternative to fossil fuels if the right crops are used. (Bazı biliminsanlarına göre, e ! ! er er do ! ! ru ru ekin kullanılırsa biyoyakıtlar fosil yakıtlarına makul bir bir alternatif sa ! ! lar.) lar.)

Worthwhile

1) de"erli; 2) faydalı

1) valuable, worthy; 2) useful, beneficial, helpful ! anlam: E ! anlam: 1) !

Doing volunteer work is a very worthwhile way of using your time; you can help people, and gain work experience. " erli erli / faydalı / faydalı bir yapmak zamanınızı de ! !erlendirmenin erlendirmenin oldukça de " (Gönüllü i " " yapmak bir yoludur; insanlara yardım edebilirsiniz ve i " " deneyimi deneyimi kazanabilirsiniz.)

!

The pioneers of medieval science, such as Roger Bacon, viewed alchemy as a worthwhile intellectual pursuit. olarak görmü " " lerdir.) " erli erli bir (Roger Bacon gibi ortaça ! biliminin biliminin öncüleri simyayı de " bir entellektüel u ! ! ra ra " " olarak lerdir.)

48

YDS Kelime Çalı! Çalı !ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ A! a a " " ıdaki ıdaki kelimelerin e ! ! anlamlısını anlamlısını bulunuz.

1. Exclusive A) devastating C) private E) indifferent

B) available D) common

9. Fascinating A) captivating C) joint E) devastating

B) special D) useful

10. Reasonable 2. Worthwhile A) valuable C) charming E) persistent

B) sensible D) privileged

A) compelling C) rational E) influential

B) perpetual D) enchanting

11. Available 3. Persuasive A) achievable C) shared E) worthwhile

B) terrible D) convincing

A) steady C) terrible E) charming

B) achievable D) reasonable

12. Useful 4. Constant A) beneficial C) special E) continuous

B) rational D) devastating

A) fascinating C) impressive E) beneficial

B) indifferent D) sensible

13. Devastating 5. Accessible A) achievable C) joint E) calamitous

B) steady D) attractive

A) disastrous C) obtainable E) mutual

B) constant D) attractive

14. Special 6. Indifferent A) plausible C) dreadful E) worthy

B) uncaring D) powerful

A) consistent C) reasonable E) persuasive

B) worthwhile D) exclusive

15. Impressive 7. Disastrous A) consistent C) logical E) catastrophic

B) effective D) obtainable

8. Mutual A) uninterested C) sound E) impressive 49

B) fixed D) common

A) accesible C) influential E) reasonable

B) compelling D) valuable


" ıdaki " ru ! aretleyiniz. A! a a " ıdaki sorularda do " ru ! ıkkı ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz.

16. Although some children can certainly be gifted and talented in many diverse areas, the benefits of team work are also ----. A) worthwile C) shared E) disastrous

B) stable D) exclusive

17. Too many people in modern society live in an atmosphere of ---- change and stress. A) worthy C) rational E) constant

B) indifferent D) convincing

18. The Titanic was labelled “unsinkable” before her ---- voyage in April of 1912. A) achievable C) common E) continuous

B) disastrous D) mutual

21. Both Saudi Arabia and China know that it is in their ---- interest to cooperate economically and increase trade between them. A) reasonable C) stable E) terrible

B) mutual D) persuasive

22. Lying is cognitively demanding; you must suppress the truth and construct a falsehood that is reasonable, then tell it in a ---- way and remember the story. A) convincing C) beneficial E) catastrophic

B) valuable D) shared

23. Public awareness and enjoyment of archaeology are crucial to the discipline’s survival and development when not much government money is ----. A) indifferent C) fascinating E) available

B) privileged D) impressive

19. Ancient Tibetian Buddhists preferred to live in places which were very remote and not easily ---- for common people. A) fascinating C) constant E) persuasive

B) reasonable D) accessible

24. Exercise can cut the risk of heart disease in half, but most adults are ---to do the exercises e xercises recommended. A) constant C) worthwhile E) disastrous

B) rational D) indifferent

20. The Kangal is ---- to Turkey and used to be bred for use as a sheepdog. A) powerful C) exclusive E) disastrous

B) indifferent D) rational

25. Traditionally, intelligence was considered ---- during our adult years, but new research shows that it can rise and fall over time. A) exclusive C) mutual E) valuable

B) persuasive D) stable

50



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1

ACCESSIBLE

CONSTANT

DISASTROUS

MUTUAL

CONVINCING

1.

The temperature inside the aquarium needs to remain _______________________________ throughout the year; otherwise, the fish will die.

2.

In its _______________________________ war of 1865 to 1870, Paraguay lost two-thirds of all adult males in the country and much of its territory.

3.

The government needs to do more to ensure that all public buildings are readily _______________________________ to the disabled.

4.

Psychologists have learned that when you consistently interact with someone, _______________________________ feelings of connectedness tend to develop.

5.

While it is possible that the death of elderly couples within a short time of each other could occur by chance, there is _______________________________ evidence suggesting a causal link.


INDIFFERENT

EXCLUSIVE

FASCINATING

REASONABLE

VALUABLE

6.

They have _______________________________ rights to market the drug in Africa.

7.

Although much of our rubbish contains _______________________________ raw materials, most of it is simply buried or burned.

8.

In early August, Turkish leaders spoke of being unable to remain _______________________________ to the violence and demanded reform in Syria.

9.

Patience creates confidence, decisiveness and a/an _______________________________ outlook, which eventually leads to success.

10. The floor of the ocean is not flat and featureless, but contains many _______________________________ landforms.

51



ACCESSIBLE

Anlam

E # Anlam

Ula " ılabilir Eri "i lebilir

Available Reachable Attainable Approachable Obtainable Achievable

Access (n)

giri " , eri "i m

Accession (n)

eri "m e, katılma

Accessibility (adj)

ula " ılabilirlik

Access (v)

ula " mak, eri " mek

Constancy (n)

ezlik, sabitlik, de !i "m istikrar, azim

Constantly (adv)

sürekli olarak, eksizin de !i "m

Disaster (n)

felaket, facia, afet

Diasastrously (adv)

feci halde

Exclusion (n)

dı "l ama, ihraç

Exclusively (adv)

özellikle

Exclude (v)

dı "l amak, hariç tutmak

Captivating Charming Attractive Enchanting Mesmerizing

Fascination (n)

çekicilik, cazibe

Fascinatingly (adv)

büyüleyici bir " e kilde

Fascinate (v)

büyülemek, cezbetmek

Kayıtsız # l gisiz Umursamaz

Uncaring Uninterested Unresponsive

Indifference (n)

ilgisizlik, duyarsızlık

Indifferently (adv)

ilgisizce

Kar " ılıklı

Reciprocal Common Shared Joint

Mutuality (n)

kar "ı lıklı durum

Mutually (adv)

kar "ı lıklı olarak

Persuasion (n)

ikna

Persuasively (adv)

ikna edici " e kilde

Persuade (v)

ikna etmek

Reason (n) Reasoning (n) Reasonably (adv) Reason (v)

akıl, mantık, sebep akıl yürütme makul bir " ekilde dü "ü nmek

Sürekli

CONSTANT Sabit De ! i" meyen

DISASTROUS

Korkunç Feci Felaket getiren

Özel

EXCLUSIVE

Seçkin Ayrıcalıklı

FASCINATING

INDIFFERENT

MUTUAL

Büyüleyici

Ortak Mü "t erek # n andırıcı # k na edici

PERSUASIVE

REASONABLE


Güçlü Etkileyici

Continuous Continual Persistent Consistent Perpetual Sustained Stable Steady Fixed Unchanging Catastrophic Devastating Calamitous Terrible Dreadful Private Special Elite Select Privileged

Convincing Compelling Strong Powerful Impressive Effective Influential

Mantıklı Makul Akla yatkın

Sensible Rational Plausible Logical Sound

De !e rli

Valuable Worthy

Faydalı

Useful Beneficial Helpful

WORTHWHILE

52



Relatively

Ultimately

Immediately

Reluctantly

Hazardously

Coincidentally

Precisely

Randomly

Severely

Merely

Relatively

1) nispeten, oranla; 2) oldukça

E ! anlam: 1) comparatively; 2) fairly, quite, rather, notably, substantially !

Mimicry is relatively common in insects, and is primarily used for defence. (Taklitçilik böceklerde oldukça yaygındır ve en çok da savunma amacıyla kullanılır.)

!

When compared to Europe, petrol prices in North America seem relatively inexpensive. (Avrupa ile kıyaslandı ! ında, Kuzey Amerika’daki petrol fiyatları nispeten ucuz görünüyor.)

Ultimately

sonunda, nihayetinde

E ! anlam: eventually, finally, in the end, at last !

The condition, which is currently incurable, will ultimately lead to premature death. ( $ u anda tedavi edilemeyen durum sonunda erken ölüme neden olacak.)

!

If nothing is done to strengthen the Leaning Tower of Pisa, it will eventually fall over. (Pisa Kulesi’ni güçlendirmek için bir " e yler yapılmazsa, sonunda devrilecek.)

Immediately

hemen, derhal, acilen, hızlı bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: at once, directly, instantly, abruptly, promptly, rapidly, quickly !

According to aid workers in the region, more food is required immediately to prevent mass starvation. (Bölgedeki yardım görevlilerine göre, kitlesel açlı ! ı önlemek için acilen daha fazla yiyecek gerekiyor.)

!

Stores often discount their prices by up to 50% in the days immediately following Christmas. (Yılba " ının hemen sonrasındaki günlerde ma ! azalar %50’ye kadar indirim yapar.)

53


Reluctantly

gönülsüzce, isteksiz bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: unwillingly, involuntarily, unenthusiastically !

It is a system where some people pay, somewhat reluctantly , for the welfare of others. (Bu, bazı insanların gönülsüz de olsa ba " kaların refahı için bedel ödedikleri bir sistemdir.)

!

Even the easiest thing becomes difficult if done reluctantly . ( # steksiz yapıldı ! ında en kolay " e y bile zor hale gelir.)

Hazardously

tehlikeli bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: dangerously !

When the weight that physicians know to be hazardously overweight is considered normal weight by the general public, major health problems are on the horizon. (Hekimlerin tehlikeli derecede a " ırı kilo olarak tanımladıkları kilo halk tarafından normal kilo olarak dü " ünüldü ! ünde, büyük sa ! lık problemleri ufukta demektir.)

!

People with anorexia nervosa imagine that they are themselves fat, even when they are dangerously underweight. (Anoreksiya nervoza (yemek yememekten kaynaklanan a " ı rı zayıflık) olan ki " iler tehlikeli bir ! ekilde zayıf olmalarına ra ! men kendilerini " i " man görürler.)

Coincidentally

tesadüfen, !ans eseri

E ! anlam: incidentally, accidentally, by coincidence, by chance, luckily !

This part of the country has the lowest rate of obesity in the nation, and not coincidentally , about the lowest rate of diabetes. (Bu bölge ülkenin en dü " ük obezite oranına sahiptir ve diyabet oranın en dü " ü k seviyede olması da tesadüf de ! ildir.)

!

Salivary stones may be discovered coincidentally on dental radiographs or during routine examinations. (Tükürük ta " ı di " radyografisinde ya da rutin muayenede tesafüden farkedilebilir.)

Precisely

tam olarak, kesinlikle

E ! anlam: exactly, entirely, completely, definitely, in all respects, absolutely, certainly, accurately !

No one knows precisely how many immigrants to our country end up returning to their homeland. (Ülkemize gelen göçmenlerin kaçının ülkelerine dönece ! i ni tam olarak kimse bilmiyor.)

!

Precisely how the insects find their way to this refuge has long eluded biologists. (Böceklerin bu yuvaya giden yolu tam olarak nasıl buldukları uzun süredir biyologların dikkatinden kaçmı " tır.)

54


Randomly

rasgele, geli!igüzel

E ! anlam: haphazardly, arbitrarily !

It sometimes seems that our laws are randomly enforced, depending on the mood of the judge on a particular day. (Bazen, kanunlarımız belirli bir günde hakimin ruh durumuna ba ! l ı olarak rasgele uygulanıyor gibi geliyor.)

!

Five children were injured at a school after a gunman entered the building and started randomly shooting at people. (Silahlı bir adam binaya girip rasgele insanlara ate " etmeye ba " ladıktan sonra be " çocuk yaralandı.)

Severely

sert / !iddetli / ciddi bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: drastically, harshly, rigorously, seriously !

Some of the pollution will fall as damaging acid rain, which can severely disrupt ecosystems. uru olarak dü " ecek.) (Kirlili ! in bir kısmı ekosistemleri ciddi derecede bozabilen tahrip edici asit ya ! m

!

Commercial fishing is no longer feasible in certain regions now because fish stocks have been severely depleted. (Ticari balıkçılık bazı bölgelerde artık uygun de ! i l çünkü balık stokları ciddi biçimde azaldı.)

Merely

sadece, yalnızca

E ! anlam: only, solely, just, purely !

Some scientists compare the brain to a relay station that merely coordinates incoming signals and outgoing responses. (Bazı biliminsanları beyni sadece gelen sinyalleri ve bunlara kar " ı verilen cevapları koordine eden röle (aracı) istasyonu ile kar " ı la " tırılar (benzetirler).)

!

In all natural processes, energy is never created or destroyed, but is merely transformed from one form into another. (Bütün do ! al süreçlerde, enerji hiçbir zaman olu " t urulmaz ya da yok olmaz, bunun yerine sadece bir formdan di ! erine dönü " ür.)

55


! anlamlısını Altı çizili kelimenin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz.

1. Severely A) only C) drastically E) finally

B) incidentally D) notably

9. Merely A) definitely C) luckily E) harshly

B) involuntarily D) only

10. Reluctantly 2. Dangerously A) randomly C) entirely E) hazardously

B) rapidly D) ultimately

B) unwillingly D) accidentally

4. Immediately A) purely C) instantly E) eventually

B) certainly D) randomly

11. Rigorously

3. Precisely A) exactly C) merely E) haphazardly

A) hazardously C) seriously E) unwillingly

A) severely C) solely E) substantially

B) coincidentally D) arbitrarily

12. Rapidly B) fairly D) harshly

A) fairly C) quickly E) ultimately

B) absolutely D) accidentally

5. Relatively A) severely C) promptly E) comparatively

B) incidentally D) accurately

13. Entirely A) haphazardly C) immediately E) drastically

B) completely D) relatively

6. Randomly A) ultimately C) definitely E) substantially

B) arbitrarily D) seriously

14. Finally

B) reluctantly D) solely

15. Fairly

A) reluctantly C) randomly E) merely

B) severely D) ultimately

7. Ultimately A) eventually C) completely E) directly

A) relatively C) purely E) hazardously

B) promptly D) exactly

8. Coincidentally A) fairly C) merely E) unwillingly

B) incidentally D) hazardously 56

YDS Kelime Çalı! Çalı !ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ A! a a " " ıdaki ıdaki sorularda do " "ru r u ! ıkkı ıkkı i ! ! aretleyiniz. aretleyiniz.

16. When compared with petrol, hydrogen is ---- clean and does not produce carbon emissions when it is burned. A) severely C) randomly E) relatively

B) immediately D) dangerously

17. Although most scientists agree that our planet will continue to warm, they disagree over how ---- the warming will proceed. A) rapidly C) merely E) eventually

B) randomly D) reluctantly

18. The economic crisis in East Asia ---affected growth prospects, and governments are faced with the dilemma of cutting social expenditures. A) reluctantly C) only E) arbitrarily

B) severely D) ultimately

21. Water falls from the air as rain or snow, which ---- finds its way back to the ocean directly or through rivers A) reluctantly C) fairly E) hazardously

B) absolutely D) eventually

22. Some frozen areas of Greenland have always melted each summer, but recent research has shown that the extent of snowmelt in Greenland increased ---- between 1992 and 2005. A) unwillingly C) merely E) ultimately

B) drastically D) coincidentally

23. Certain therapies are effective for certain disorders but are ---- ineffective for others. A) dangerously C) relatively E) solely

B) accidentally D) randomly

24. When you pick up something that is very hot, you usually drop it ----. 19. To understand a country and its culture ----, you have to be part of it. A) fairly C) finally E) accurately

B) rigorously D) unwillingly

20. Paracetamol, Paracetamol, one of the most effective painkillers used today, was discovered in the 1890s, but ---- how it relieves relieve s pain remains a mystery. A) precisely C) merely E) hazardously

57

B) drastically D) randomly

A) exactly C) immediately E) reluctantly

B) severely D) luckily

25. Scientists warnt that many shark populations could be ---- depleted within a decade. A) precisely C) only E) dangerously

B) incidentally D) eventually


" ıdaki A! a a " ıdaki cümleleri uygun kelimeler ile tamamlayınız.


ACCIDENTALLY

FAIRLY

SEVERELY

ULTIMATELY

ONLY

1. The differences between comedy and tragedy are _______________________________ simple: comedy is funny; tragedy is sad. 2. There was a fierce rivalry between Athens and Sparta, which _______________________________ led to a war 3. Although there are _______________________________ about 100 types of atoms, together they can form millions of different types of molecules. 4. The most _______________________________ affected cells by chemotherapy are those that grow and divide rapidly. 5. Italian Antonio Meucci _______________________________ discovered an early version of the telephone-like device some years before Alexander Graham Bell.


DANGEROUSLY

RANDOMLY

EXACTLY

RAPIDLY

RELUCTANTLY

6. In the past 25 years, the number of children’s museums has increased _______________________________. 7. She _______________________________ agreed it was a clever idea even though she thought it was a waste of time. 8. You have _______________________________ high cholesterol level, and unless you do something to bring it under control, you risk suffering a major heart attack. 9. Sleep is necessary in order for us to stay healthy, but why this is so or _______________________________ how it works cannot yet be fully understood. 10. The cities in southwest Asia did not just evolve _______________________________ from the villages and into large urban centers; instead, they show evidence of careful planning and organization as well.

58



Anlam

E # Anlam

Nispeten Oranla

Comparatively

Oldukça

Fairly Quite Rather Notably Substantially

Sonunda Nihayetinde

Eventually Finally In the end At last

Hemen Derhal Acilen Hızlı bir " ekilde ekilde

At once Directly Instantly Abruptly Promptly Rapidly Quickly

Gönülsüzce s teksiz bir " ekilde e kilde # steksiz

Unwillingly Involuntarily Unenthusiastically

RELATIVELY

ULTIMATELY

IMMEDIATELY

RELUCTANTLY

HAZARDOUSLY

COINCIDENTALLY

PRECISELY

RANDOMLY

SEVERELY

MERELY

59

Tehlikeli bir " ekilde e kilde

Tesadüfen $ ans ans eseri

Tam olarak Kesinlikle

Relative (n)

akraba

Relative (adj)

göreceli

Ultimate (adj)

son, nihai

Immediacy (n)

acillik, yakınlık

Immediate (adj)

acil, yakın

Reluctance (n)

isteksizlik, gönülsüzlük

Reluctant (adj)

isteksiz, gönülsüz

Hazard (n)

tehlike

Hazardous (adj)

tehlikeli

Coincidence (n)

tesadüf

Coincidental (adj)

tesadüfi

Coincide (v)

ek, çakı " "mak ak örtü " "mek, m m

Precision (n)

kesinlik

Precise (adj)

kesin

Random (adj)

rasgele, geli " " igüzel igüzel

Randomize (v)

rasgele seçmek

Severity (n)

(bir " " eyin) eyin) " iddeti, i ddeti, a ! ! ırlı ırlı ! !ı,ı , önem derecesi

Severe (adj)

i ddetli, sert, ciddi " iddetli,

Mere (adj)

sade, safi, halis

Dangerously

Incidentally Accidentally By coincidence By chance Luckily Exactly Entirely Completely Definitely In all respects Absoultely Certainly Accurately

Rasgele Geli " "igüzel i güzel

Haphazardly Arbitrarily

Sert / $ iddetli i ddetli / Ciddi bir " ekilde ekilde

Drastically Harshly Rigorously Seriously

Sadece Yalnızca


Only Solely Just Purely



Precaution

Exclusion

Fluctuation

Destruction

Assessment

Conflict

Requirement

Supplement

Intervention

Variety

Precaution

önlem, tedbir

! anlam: E ! anlam: measure, prevention, protection !

They failed to take the necessary precautions to avoid infection. arısız oldular.) (Enfeksiyondan kaçınmak için gerekli önlemleri almada almada ba " "arısız

!

Taking safety precautions is one of the most important things you can do to protect yourself and your family from accidents and injuries. (Kendinizi ve ailenizi kazalardan ve yaralanmalardan korumak için yapabilece ! iniz i niz en önemli " eylerden eylerden biri güvenlik önlemleri almaktır.) almaktır.)

Exclusion

1) hariç tutma, dı!lama, ihraç; 2) ret

! anlam: E ! anlam: 1) exception, elimination, removal, ejection, isolation; 2) denial, refusal, rejection !

The government has recognized that education is the key to overcoming social exclusion . ! lamayla lamayla ba unun farkına vardı.) (Hükümet sosyal dı ! ba " "a çıkmanın anahtarının e ! itim i tim oldu ! !unun

!

Feminism in the modern sense has its roots in the late nineteenth century in letters, poems, and stories that questioned the exclusion of women from public society. (Modern anlamda feminizmin kökenleri ondokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında yazılan kadının toplumdan sorgulayan mektuplar, " iirler i irler ve hikayalere dayanmaktadır.) dı ! ! lanmasını lanmasını sorgulayan

Fluctuation

1) dalgalanma, bocalama; 2) de "i!im

! anlam: E ! anlam: 1) waving, instability, variation; 2) change, shift, alteration !

Fluctuations in the price of oil have fuelled a price of war at the petrol stations. (Petrol fiyatındaki dalgalanmalar benzin benzin istasyonlatındaki fiyat sava " ını ı nı körükledi.)

!

Countries need to utilize the full scope of appropriate policies to maintain financial stability in the face of shocks to avoid abrupt economic fluctuations . ısında mali istikrarı (Ani ekonomik dalgalanmalardan kaçınmak kaçınmak amacıyla, ülkelerin " oklar o klar kar " "ısında sürdürmek için uygun politiklardan tam anlamıyla faydalanması gerekir.)

60


Destruction

yıkım, tahribat

E ! anlam: devastation, damage !

The destruction of habitats such as tropical rainforests is threatening the diversity of plant life. (Tropik ya ! mur ormanları gibi ya " am alanlarının tahribatı bitki çe " itlili ! ini tehdit ediyor.)

!

One of the most important events of fall of communism in the 1980s was the destruction of the Berlin Wall. (1980’lerde komünizmin çökü " ünün en önemli olaylarından biri Berlin Duvarı’nın yıkılmasıydı .)

Assessment

de"erlendirme

E ! anlam: evaluation, consideration, judgement, rating !

It's a difficult problem that requires careful assessment. (Bu, dikkatli de " erlendirme gerektiren zor bir sorundur.)

!

In all academic, the choice of an assessment tool depends on the purpose or goal of the assessment. (Bütün akademik alanlarda, de " erlendirme aracının seçimi de "e rlendirmenin amacına ya da hedefine ba ! lıdır.)

Conflict

anla!mazlık, uyu!mazlık, çeli!ki, çatı!ma, sava!

E ! anlam: disagreement, dispute, skirmish, quarrel, fight, battle, war, combat !

More than 300,000 child soldiers are fighting in armed conflicts in more than thirty countries worldwide. (Dünya’nın her yerinde otuzdan fazla ülkede 300.000’den fazla çocuk asker silahlı çatı ! malarda sava " ıyor.)

!

The first half of the 20 th century saw two of the bloodiest wars in human history; both started with conflicts in Europe, and then spread to all across the world. (Yirminci yüzyılın ilk yarısı insanlık tarihinin en kanlı iki sava " ı na tanıklık etti; ikisi de Avrupa’daki anla ! mazlıklarla ba " ladı ve daha sonra tüm dünyaya yayıldı.)

Requirement

1) gereksinim, ihtiyaç; 2) zorunluluk

E ! anlam: 1) need, necessity; 2) obligation, must, requisite, imperative !

Potato can provide one-third of our daily requirement of Vitamin C. (Patates günlük C vitamini ihtiyacımızın üçte birini kar " ılayabilir.)

!

Today athletic shoes incorporate true technological methods designed to meet the requirements of each sport. (Günümüzde spor ayakkabıları her bir sporun ihtiyacını kar " ılamak için tasarlanmı " do ! ru teknolojik yöntemleri kullanmaktadır.)

61


Supplement

1) ek, takviye; 2) tamamlayıcı

E ! anlam: 1) addition; 2) complement !

A dietary supplement is intended to provide nutrients that may otherwise not be consumed in sufficient quantities. (Besin takviyesinin amacı yeterli miktarlarda tüketilemeyen besinleri sa ! l amaktır.)

!

Many doctors prescribe human growth hormone (HGH) supplement therapy to achieve normal growth patterns in children who have chronic renal failure. ası için (Birçok doktor, kronik böbrek yetmezli ! i olan çocukların normal büyüme seviyelerine ula " m büyüme hormonu ek tedavisi tavsiye eder.)

Intervention

müdahale, araya girme

E ! anlam: interference !

Does the goal of defending or developing democracy justify military intervention and occupation of a country? (Demokrasiyi savunma ya da ileriye götürme amacı, bir ülkeye askeri müdahale yapılmasını ve o ülkenin i " gal edilmesini haklı kılar mı?)

!

Early intervention to correct or accommodate hearing loss in prelingual children is essential for appropriate development and communication. (Henüz dil becerisi kazanmamı " çocuklarda i " itme kaybını düzeltmek ya da kazandırmak amacıyla çocu ! un uygun geli " imi ve ileti " imi için erken müdahale gereklidir.)

Variety

1) çe!itlilik; 2) çe!it

E ! anlam: 1) diversity, range; 2) kind, sort !

The survey found that a lack of variety and poor nutritional quality of foods limits people’s ability to eat healthfully. (Ara " tırmalara göre besin çe ! itlili "i n olmaması ve besin kalitesi zayıf yiyeceklerin yenmesi insanların sa ! lıklı beslenebilmelerini sınırlamaktadır.)

!

The more words students know and can use, the better they can communicate in variety of circumstances. (Ö ! renciler ne kadar çok kelime bilir ve kullanabilirse, çe ! itli durumlarda o kadar iyi ileti " im kurabilirler.)

62


Altı çizili kelimenin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz. 1. Conflict A) protection C) obligation E) complement

2. Assessment A) isolation C) sort E) evaluation

B) disagreement D) variety

B) dispute D) instability

8. Destruction A) elimination C) fight E) damage

9. Intervention A) complement C) necessity E) rejection

B) evaluation D) intervention

B) change D) interference

10. Supplement 3. Precaution A) intervention C) need E) devastation

B) addition D) measure

A) addition C) waving E) variety

B) prevention D) isolation

11. Rejection 4. Requirement A) exception C) necessity E) variety

B) consideration D) judgment

A) damage C) dispute E) refusal

B) fluctuation D) obligation

12. Devastation 5. Fluctuation A) range C) battle E) refusal

B) prevention D) instability

A) destruction C) assessment E) conflict

B) supplement D) intervention

13. Need 6. Exclusion A) quarrel C) precaution E) supplement

B) elimination D) requisite

A) kind C) addition E) exclusion

B) requirement D) measure

14. Prevention 7. Variety A) must C) addition E) measure

B) rejection D) diversity

A) diversity C) destruction E) exception

B) interference D) precaution

15. Dispute A) judgment C) conflict E) requirement

63

B) instability D) removal

Hedef Kelimeler 8 – ! S! M A! a " ıdaki sorularda do "r u ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz.

16. A ---- of courses are now available to help students get ahead in the music business and make money from music. A) range C) damage E) protection

B) complement D) requirement

17. About half of all women over 65 years of age take some type of nutrition ----, but only about one-fifth of older men do. A) isolation C) fluctuation E) disagreement

B) devastation D) supplement

18. Pandas consume 18 kg of woody bamboo daily, which provides almost 99 per cent of their dietary ----. A) varieties C) judgments E) removals

B) needs D) quarrels

19. Over seventy million people, many of whom were civilians, were killed in World War I, making it one of the deadliest ---in human history. A) exclusion C) conflict E) supplement

B) diversity D) requirement

20. To prevent traffic accidents, one of the ---- suggested in many countries is to increase the minimum age of driving to 21. A) needs C) sorts E) precautions

21. Economic hardship and popular demoralisation may create social and political ----. A) additions C) protections E) assessments

B) varieties D) instabilities

22. Severe earthquakes that cause widespread ---- happen on average once every five years. A) destruction C) measure E) necessity

B) interference D) isolation

23. It is widely argued that almost any form of social ---- is now seen to be equivalent to racism. A) precaution C) shift E) requirement

B) exclusion D) diversity

24. Although social and medical ---- have helped people live longer, none of the techniques have affected the aging process. A) interventions C) evaluations E) disagreements

B) requirements D) exceptions

25. Parents should request a/an---- from the teacher whenever necessary to understand their child’s progress. A) destruction C) supplement E) requirement

B) assessment D) exclusion

B) conflicts D) destructions

64



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 PRECAUTION

INTERVENTION

DESTRUCTION

ASSESSMENT

REQUIREMENT

1. The investigation was reopened after careful _______________________________ of new evidence. 2. Doctors recommend taking _______________________________ to protect your skin from the sun. 3. Environmentalists are concerned that the commercial exploitation of the forests will result in their total _______________________________. 4. Eating is a _______________________________ for living; therefore, there must be mechanisms in the body and mind that make us hungry. 5. In 1974, a Greek-sponsored attempt to seize the government of Cyprus was met by military _______________________________ from Turkey.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 SUPPLEMENT

ELIMINATION

VARIETY

FLUCTUATION

CONFLICT

6. Even a minor _______________________________ in the water temperature can affect the fish. 7. The vaccination of children has been useful in the _______________________________ of a number of serious diseases. 8. In any military _______________________________, there are always innocent civilians who are killed or injured. 9. Most vegetarians consume enough vitamin B12 as a _____________________________ to avoid anaemia and nervous system damage. 10. Fertile soil and abundant sunshine and rain give the Philippines a great ______________________________ of plant life.

65



Anlam

E # Anlam

PRECAUTION

Önlem Tedbir

Measure Prevention Protection

EXCLUSION

Hariç tutma Dı "l ama # h raç Ret

FLUCTUATION

Dalgalanma Bocalama De !i "i m

DESTRUCTION

ASSESSMENT

CONFLICT

Yıkım Tahribat

De ! erlendirme

INTERVENTION

Waving Instability Variation Change Shift Alteration

Devastation Damage

Evaluation Consideration Judgement Rating

Precautionary (n)

önleyici, tedbirli

Exclusive (adj)

özel, hariç tutulan

Exclusively (adv)

özellikle

Exclude (v)

hariç bırakmak, dı " lamak

Fluctuate (v)

dalgalanmak, bocalamak, azalıp ço !a lmak

Destroyer (n)

yıkıcı, yok edici

Destructive (adj)

yıkıcı, bozucu

Destructively (adv)

yıkıcı bir " ekilde

Destroy (v)

imha etmek, tahrip etm.

Assessable (adj)

de ! erlendirilebilir

Assess (v)

de ! erlendirmek, de ! er biçmek

Conflict (v)

azlı ! a dü "m ek, anla "m ek, çeki "m uyu "m amak

Require (v)

gerekmek gerektirmek

Anla "m azlık azlık Uyu "m Çeli "k i Çatı "m a Sava "

Disagreement Dispute Skirmish Quarrel Fight Battle War Combat

Gereksinim # h tiyaç

Need Necessity

Zorunluluk

Obligation Must Requisite Imperative

Ek Takviye

Addition

Tamamlayıcı

Complement

Supplement (v)

eklemek, tamamlamak

Müdahale Araya girme

Interference

Intervene (v)

müdahale etmek, araya girmek

Çe "i tlilik

Diversity Range

Variance (n)

de ! i "i klik, de ! i" ken

Variable (adj)

de ! i "k en

Various (adj)

çe "i tli

Çe "i t

Kind Sort

Variously (adv)

farklı olarak

Vary (v)

farkllık gös., de ! i" m ek

REQUIREMENT

SUPPLEMENT

Exception Elimination Removal Ejection Isolation Denial Refusal Rejection


VARIETY

Supplementary (adj) ek, tamamlayıcı

66


REVIEW – 2

A. Kelimeleri ve anlamlarını e ! le ! tiriniz.

SET 1 establish include reveal encounter benefit

SET 6 1. ortaya çıkarmak 2. içermek 3. kar!ıla!mak 4. faydalanmak 5. kurmak

SET 2 accessible indifferent mutual reasonable worthwhile

1. ula!ılabilir 2. de"erli 3. mantıklı, makul 4. ilgisiz, kayıtsız 5. kar!ılıklı

1. isteksizce 2. hemen 3. tesadüfen 4. sadece 5. rasgele

67

constant persuasive fascinating exclusive disastrous

1. devastating 2. convincing 3. continuous 4. private 5. captivating

ultimately hazardously precisely severely relatively

1. exactly 2. drastically 3. dangerously 4. fairly 5. eventually

SET 9 1. yıkım, tahribat 2. hariç, dı !lama 3. çe!itlilik 4. anla!mazlık 5. ek, tamamlayıcı

SET 5 common rapidly enable requirement impressive

1. hinder 2. allow 3. launch 4. ban 5. complete

SET 8

SET 4 conflict supplement variety destruction exclusion

permit fulfil introduce prohibit prevent

SET 7

SET 3 immediately merely coincidentally reluctantly randomly

B. Kelimeleri e ! anlamları ile e ! le ! tiriniz.

precaution intervention assessment requirement fluctuation

1. evaluation 2. necessity 3. measure 4. change 5. interference

SET 10 1. sa"lamak 2. etkileyici 3. gereksinim 4. ortak, yaygın 5. hızlı bir !ekilde

utilize available entirely comprise immediately

1. benefit 2. completely 3. accessible 4. instantly 5. include


C. A! a " ıdaki cümlelerde bo ! lu "a uygun dü ! en sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. The Amazon rainforest, which ---around 80 thousand different kinds of plants, is the most biologically diverse place on Earth. A) hinders C) contains E) utilizes

B) encounters D) reveals

2. Audiometry measures hearing loss ---with an electronic device that produces sounds at specific pitches and specific volumes A) precisely C) eventually E) reluctantly

B) randomly D) severely

3. Cutting down trees to build houses not only causes ---- to the environment, but also threatens human life. A) conflict C) precaution E) supplement

B) exclusion D) damage

4. As soon as books became ---- and literacy increased in the 15th century, people came to see the world as operating according to its own laws. A) reasonable C) persuasive E) available

B) exclusive D) indifferent

6. Contrary to expectations, asthma rates have increased ---- in urban areas in the US. A) drastically C) arbitrarily E) accurately

B) merely D) coincidentally

7. In the film Avatar whose budget approached 400 million dollars, Jake and his team go to Pandora, a junglecovered moon, searching for ---minerals. A) disastrous C) convincing E) valuable

B) constant D) mutual

8. Restricting an animal’s calorie intake is the most famous ---- known to extend life span. A) diversity C) intervention E) assessment

B) fluctuation D) destruction

9. In a recent press conference, the company revealed their plans to ---- a new hybrid car in autumn. A) forbid C) encounter E) benefit

B) prevent D) introduce

10. Growing orchids has become cheap and ---- to everyone due to new growing methods. A) steady C) worthwhile E) impressive

B) dreadful D) accessible

5. Plants living in very dry conditions have developed a number of special anatomical mechanisms that ---- them to survive. A) release C) establish E) involve

B) enable D) prohibit

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D. Anlamca di$erlerinden farklı olan kelimeyi seçiniz.

11. A) worthwhile C) continuous

B) constant D) persistent

12. A) mutual C) priveleged

B) common D) shared

1. A) comprise C) contain

B) utilize D) involve

2. A) enable C) hinder

B) hamper D) prevent

13. A) precisely C) entirely

B) exactly D) rapidly

3. A) captivating C) enchanting

B) compelling D) charming

14. A) fairly C) relatively

B) quite D) ultimately

4. A) reasonable C) sensible

B) plausible D) available

15. A) evaluation C) exception

B) exclusion D) removal

5. A) drastically C) severely

B) arbitrarily D) rigorously

16. A) variety C) diversity

B) requisite D) range

6. A) eventually C) immediately

B) promptly D) abruptly

17. A) forbid C) ban

B) prohibit D) establish

7. A) devastation C) diversity

B) damage D) destruction

18. A) private C) special

B) indifferent D) exclusive

8. A) necessity C) need

B) requirement D) dispute

19. A) certainly C) luckily

B) incidentally D) coincidentally

9. A) uncover C) disclose

B) conduct D) reveal

20. A) measure C) rejection

B) prevention D) precaution

10. A) release C) launch

B) restrain D) introduce

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E. A#a$ıdaki cümleleri Türkçe’ye çeviriniz. 1. Many people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests.

2. Although much of our rubbish contains valuable raw materials, most of it is simply buried or burned.

3. In order to benefit from aerobic exercise, you need to work hard enough to increase your heart rate.

4. In its disastrous war of 1865 to 1870, Paraguay lost two-thirds of all adult males in the country and much of its territory.

5. Mutual trust is fundamental to a successful partnership, whether in business or marriage.

6. Studies show it is harder to tell a convincing lie to someone you find attractive.

7. The heart rate of a healthy person is relatively constant, and does not generally fluctuate much.

8. Despite relatively easy access to drugs in Holland, only about five per cent of population are users.

9. Proper sanitation and informing people about its benefits are important factors in the prevention of some of the epidemic diseases.

10. The world’s seas and oceans contain an astonishing variety of animals and plants.

70



Abandon

Conduct

Diminish

Emerge

Foster

Identify

Ignore

Obtain

Preserve

Reject

Abandon

1) terk etmek; 2) vazgeçmek

E ! anlam: 1) leave, quit, desert; 2) give up !

There is a deep fear among the elderly of being abandoned to the care of strangers. (Ya " lılar arasında yabancıların bakımına terk edileceklerine dair derin bir korku vardır.)

!

The deaths of some villagers after the eruption of the volcano was unavoidable because these people refused to abandon their homes despite warnings. (Volkanın patlamasından sonra köylülerden bazılarının ölümü kaçınılmazdı çünkü bu insanlar uyarılara ra ! men evlerini terk etmeyi reddetmi " lerdi.)

Conduct

1) yönetmek; 2) yürütmek; 3) rehberlik etmek; 4) iletmek

E ! anlam: 1) manage, administer, direct; 2) carry out, perform; 3) lead, guide; 4) convey, transmit, carry !

The employees conducted a vigorous campaign for shorter working hours. ( #" ç iler daha kısa çalı " ma saatleri için güçlü bir kampanya yürüttüler .)

!

The United States conducted its first test of an experimental atomic bomb at 5:30 a.m. on July 16 th 1945. (ABD deneysel atom bombasının ilk denemesini 16 Temmuz 1945’de sabah 5:30’da yaptı .)

Diminish

azalmak, azaltmak, dü!mek

E ! anlam: decrease, reduce, decline, lessen, shrink, lower, fall, drop, plummet, go down !

The itching usually diminishes gradually and eventually stops after complete wound healing. (Ka " ıntı genellikle yava " yava " azalır ve yara tamamen iyile " tikten sonra sonunda geçer.)

!

Due to the destructive activities of human, the population of wild orangutans has diminished in the past decade by as much as 50%. (Yıkıcı insan faaliyetleri nedeniyle, yabani orangutanların sayısı geçen on yılda %50 oranında azaldı .)

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Emerge

ortaya çıkmak

E ! anlam: appear, come out, come up, come forth, show up, arise, turn out !

A butterfly emerges from its cocoon after a certain amount of time. (Bir kelebek belirli bir zamandan sonra kozasından çıkar .)

!

Athens emerged as the political and cultural centre of Greece following the defeat of the Persians by Spartans on the battle of Thermopylae in 480 B.C. (Spartalıların M.Ö. 480 yılındaki Termopylae (Termofil) sava " ı nda Persleri ma ! lup etmelerinin ardından, Atina Yunanistan’ın siyasi ve kültür merkezi olarak ortaya çıktı (haline geldi) .)

Foster

1) büyütmek, bakmak; 2) te !vik etmek, cesaretlendirmek; 3) geli!tirmek

E ! anlam: 1) bring up, raise, take care of, look after, nurture; 2) encourage, promote, hearten, stimulate, urge, inspire; 3) develop, improve, enhance, advance !

The old couple fostered over 50 children over the years, and still keep in touch with most of them. (Ya " lı çift 50’den fazla çocu ! a baktı ve hala birço ! uyla ileti " im halindeler.)

!

Giving children responsibility and trusting them with that responsibility foster a sense of selfconfidence that will help them throughout their entire lives. (Çocuklara sorumluluk vermek verilen bu sorumlulu ! a güvenmek, ya " amları boyunca onlara yardımcı olacak özgüven duygularını geli ! tirir .)

Identify

1) tanımlamak; 2) belirlemek, tespit etmek; 3) tanımak

E ! anlam: 1) describe, define; 2) determine, detect; 3) recognize, know !

Dental records can be used to identify corpse when no other options exist. (Cesedi tanımlamak için ba " ka hiçbir seçenek kalmadıysa di " kayıtları kullanılabilir.)

!

Jean Piaget is famous for identifying and describing the discrete steps in the development of intelligence in infants. (Jean Piaget, bebeklerin zeka geli " i mindeki belirli a " amaları tanımlamasıyla ünlüdür.)

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Ignore

önemsememek, ihmal etmek, görmezden gelmek

E ! anlam: neglect, disregard, pay no attention, rule out !

In addition to routinely rejecting a twin, panda moms have been known to ignore single cubs. (Genellikle ikizlerden birini reddetmelerinin yanı sıra, anne pandalar tek yavrularını önemsememesiyle bilinir.)

!

Freedom of press and expression is a basic right which cannot be ignored . (Basın ve ifade özgürlü ! ü göz ardı edilmemesi gereken temel bir haktır.)

Obtain

elde etmek, edinmek

E ! anlam: get, acquire, gain, attain, achieve !

The water they are trying to obtain is highly valuable for agriculture. ( Elde etmeye çalı " tıkları su tarım için son derece önemlidir.)

!

Young children obtain new words in their native language at an amazing rate. (Küçük çocuklar ana dillerinde büyüleyici bir oranda yeni kelimeler edinirler ( ö " renirler) .)

Preserve

korumak

E ! anlam: protect, conserve, keep, save, guard !

Why do we need to colonize other planets to preserve our species? (Türümüzü korumak için neden di ! er gezegenleri sömürgele " tirmemiz gerekiyor?)

!

The ancient Egyptians physically preserved the dead in the form of mummies in order to ensure a good afterlife. (Antik Mısırlılar ölümden sonra iyi bir ya " a mı garantiye almak için ölülerini mumyalayarak fiziksel açıdan korurlardı .)

Reject

reddetmek, geri çevirmek

E ! anlam: refuse, decline, turn down, deny !

It is unfair that some members in society reject to treat others equally. (Toplumdaki bazı bireylerin ba " k alarına e " it bir " e kilde davranmayı reddetmeleri adaletsizliktir.)

!

In 2014, Sottish people rejected the independece from Britain in a referendum. (2014 yılında, # s koçlar yapılan referandumda Britanya’dan ba ! ı msız olmayı reddettiler .)

73

Hedef Kelimeler 9 – F !! L A! a " ıdaki kelimelerin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz.

1. Obtain A) manage C) acquire E) neglect

B) reduce D) preserve

9. Emerge A) appear C) shrink E) disregard

B) administer D) quit

10. Conduct 2. Abandon A) conduct C) emerge E) achieve

B) leave D) foster

A) promote C) come up E) drop

B) recognize D) manage

11. Decline 3. Ignore A) neglect C) determine E) urge

B) conserve D) raise

B) save D) decrease

B) encourage D) carry out

B) quit D) attain

A) neglect C) obtain E) preserve

B) improve D) carry out

A) abandon C) foster E) diminish

B) conduct D) reject

15. Determine

7. Preserve A) refuse C) promote E) reduce

B) promote D) emerge

14. Refuse

6. Identify A) administer C) define E) appear

A) conserve C) achieve E) give up

13. Gain

5. Foster A) preserve C) reject E) detect

B) enhance D) rise

12. Encourage

4. Diminish A) identify C) describe E) lead

A) determine C) ignore E) reduce

B) recognize D) protect

A) detect C) deny E) advance

B) attain D) appear

8. Reject A) identify C) perform E) turn down

B) acquire D) keep

74

YDS Kelime Çalı!ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ A! a " ıdaki sorularda do "r u ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz.

16. Both national and community studies have shown that physical activity ---after early adulthood and continues to decline after age 50. A) conducts C) rejects E) identifies

B) decreases D) ignores

17. In order to more completely understand biology, researchers sometimes ---experiments on animals. A) conduct C) achieve E) abandon

B) deny D) appear

18. From prehistory to the present, numerous cultures have ---- and collapsed within Turkey’s present-day borders A) obtained C) determine E) promoted

B) neglected D) emerged

19. The Turkish name of Kız Kulesi is derived from an ancient legend concerning a princess who was confined there by her father to ---- her from a terrible prophecy. A) shrink C) foster E) protect

75

A) attaining C) performing E) diminishing

B) neglecting D) encouraging

22. Behaviour is ---- by both genetics and environmental factors, and is controlled by neural mechanisms. A) determined C) conserved E) shrunk

B) disregarded D) declined

23. While some astrologers claim that the planet Mars can have an effect on life on Earth, the others ---- the idea completely. A) identify C) lead E) determine

B) reject D) keep

24. The revolutionary spirit in 1968 was intensely international, and international youth culture ---- a sense of collective identity. A) reduced C) deserted E) described

B) ignored D) fostered

B) describe D) refuse

20. The primary uses for the energy ---- from the fossil fuels include heating our homes and buildings and generating electricity. A) declined C) obtained E) preserved

21. If mother bird cannot distinguish her young from the young of others, she will waste precious time with other individuals while ---- her offspring.

B) recognized D) ignored

25. Hierapolis, a once-grand city near modern Denizli in Turkey, was ---- in the 14th century due to the earthquakes that kept recurring in the area. A) acquired C) recognized E) abandoned

B) encouraged D) conducted



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 ENCOURAGE

EMERGE

DESCRIBE

REJECT

IGNORE

1. In 1944, a modeling agency _______________________________ Marilyn Monroe, saying “You had better learn secretarial skills or get married.” 2. During the civil rights fights of the 50s and 60s, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. _______________________________ as a national hero. 3. In a 1967 referendum, the people of Gibraltar _______________________________ the Spanish pressure, and voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency. 4. The World Health Organization recently stated that cigarette brands should not be identified in films because the practice _______________________________ people to smoke. 5. Psychologists _______________________________ forgetting as the loss in accessibility of previously stored information.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 CONDUCT

OBTAIN

ABANDON

PRESERVE

DECREASE

6. Fearing further terrorist attacks, most of the people in the area _______________________________ their villages. 7. In response to Indian weapons testing, Pakistan _______________________________ its own tests in 1998. 8. Malta has managed to _______________________________ its culture despite its contact with foreign influences throughout its 6,000 years of history. 9. When you are taking Vitamin C, you can take large amounts at first, but then _______________________________ the dose if you start having stomach problems or diarrhea. 10. Human beings _______________________________ energy by eating and breathing.

76



Anlam

E # Anlam

Terk etmek

Leave Quit Desert

Abandonment (n)

terk etme, bırakma

Vazgeçmek

Give up

Abandoned (adj)

terk edilmi " , metruk

Manage Administer Direct

Conduct (n)

yönetme, tutum, idare

Yönetmek

Conduction (n)

iletme, geçirme, ta "ı ma

Conductor (n)

iletken, müdür, biletçi

Conductivity (n)

iletkenlik, geçirgenlik

Conductive (adj)

iletken, geçirgen

Emergence (n)

ortaya çıkma, belirme

Emergency (n)

aniden çıkan olay, acil servis

Emergent (adj)

ortaya çıkan, beliren, geli " en

Foster (adj)

üvey, evlatlık

Identity (n)

kimlik

Identification (n)

belirleme, saptama, te " his, tanımlama

Identifier (n)

belirleyici, tanımlayıcı

ABANDON

CONDUCT

Yürütmek Rehberlik etmek # l etmek

DIMINISH

EMERGE

Azalmak Azaltmak ek Dü "m

Decrease Reduce Decline Lessen Shrink Lower Fall Drop Plummet Go down

Ortaya çıkmak

Appear Come out Come up Come forth Show up Arise Turn out

Büyütmek Bakmak

FOSTER

Te "v ik etmek Cesaretlendirmek

Geli "t irmek

Tanımlamak

IDENTIFY

IGNORE 77

Carry out Perform Lead Guide Convey Transmit Carry

Bring up Raise Take care of Look after Nurture Encourage Promote Hearten Stimulate Urge Inspire Develop #mprove Enhance Advance Describe Define


Belirlemek Tespit etmek

Determine Detect

Tanımak

Recognize Know

Identical (adj)

aynı, tıpkı, özde "

Identically (adv)

aynı " ekilde, aynen

Önemsememek # h mal etmek Göz ardı etmek

Neglect Disregard Pay no attention Rule out

Ignorance (n) Ignorant (adj)

cehalet, bilgisizlik cahil, bilgisiz, habersiz

Ignorantly (adv)

cahilce


OBTAIN

PRESERVE

REJECT

Elde etmek Edinmek

Get Acquire Gain Attain Achieve

Korumak

Protect Conserve Keep Save Guard

Reddetmek Geri çevirmek

Refuse Decline Turn down Deny

Obtainable (adj)

elde edilebilir, mevcut

Preservation (n)

koruma, muhafaza

Preserver (n)

koruyucu

Preservationist (n)

korumacı

Preservative (adj)

koruyucu

Rejection (n)

ret, geri çevirme, kabul etmeme

78



Abrupt

Deliberate

Fertile

Gradual

Inadequate

Ordinary

Relentless

Sophisticated

Distinct

Vigorous

Abrupt

1) ani, birdenbire; 2) beklenmedik

E ! anlam: 1) sudden, immediate, instant; 2) unexpected, unanticipated, unforeseen, unpredicted !

This abrupt event shows how a relatively small occurrence may have a tremendous impact. (Bu ani olay, oldukça küçük bir hadisenin nasıl muazzam bir etkiye yol açabilece ! i ni gösteriyor .)

!

Scientists are studying various abrupt climate change scenerious to assess their impact on our planet. (Bilim insanları gezegenimiz üzerindeki etkisini de ! e rlendirmek için farklı ani iklim de !i " ikli ! i senaryolarını ara " tırıyorlar.)

Deliberate

kasıtlı

E ! anlam: intentional, intended, purposeful, conscious !

Terrorism is defined as the deliberate targeting of civilians in order to create a climate of terror. (Terörizm, terör ortamı yaratmak amacıyla sivillerin kasıtlı hedef alınması olarak tanımlanır.)

!

Computer viruses are programs which are written with a deliberate purpose to damage data. (Bilgisayar virüsleri verilere zarar vermesi için kasıtlı bir amaçla yazılan programlardır.)

Fertile

verimli, bereketli, üretken

E ! anlam: fruitful, productive, prolific !

The soil in this region is extremely fertile and produces immense crops when there is enough rainfall. (Bu bölgedeki toprak son derece verimlidir ve yeterince ya ! mur dü " tü ! ünde çok fazla mahsül verir.)

!

Children have a fertile imagination which must be encouraged in order for them to become creative adults. (Çocuklar, yaratıcı yeti " kin hale gelmeleri için te " vik edilmesi gereken üretken bir hayal gücüne sahiptirler.)

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Gradual

kademeli, a!amalı

E ! anlam: progressive, stepped !

When demand was growing more slowly, farmers could meet it through gradual improvements in their yields. (Talep yava " yava " arttı ! ında, çiftçiler mahsüllerinde kademeli artı " la talebi kar " ılayabildiler.)

!

Adapting to a life in a new culture is often a gradual and difficult process. (Yeni bir kültürde bir ya " a ma uyum sa ! lamak a ! amalı ve zor bir süreçtir.)

Inadequate

yetersiz, noksan

E ! anlam: insufficient, deficient, incompetent, incomplete, defective !

Inadequate protein can lead to various health risks in women. ( Yetersiz protein kadınlarda çe " i tli sa ! lık problemlerine neden olabilir.)

!

Poor soil and inadequate rainfall hinder large scale agriculture in some countries. (Verimsiz toprak ve yetersiz ya ! mur bazı ülkelerde geni " çapta tarım yapılmasını engelliyor.)

Ordinary

sıradan, ola"an, baya"ı

E ! anlam: usual, common, regular, routine, typical !

It seems that, in the near future, space tourism will be a new experience for ordinary people. (Öyle görünüyor ki yakın gelecekte uzay turizmi sıradan insanlar için yeni bir deneyim haline gelecek.)

!

William Wordsworth was a poet of nature, and had the ability to charm over ordinary things. (William Wordsworth bir do ! a " a iriydi ve sıradan nesneleri çekici hale getirme yetene ! i ne sahipti.)

Relentless

1) acımasız, insafsız; 2) durmak bilmeyen, sonu gelmeyen

E ! anlam: 1) cruel, brutal, ruthless, fierce, unmerciful, harsh; 2) persistent, insistent, ceaseless !

No shoreline will be able to escape the relentless tidal waves. (Hiçbir kıyı " e ridi acımasız gel-git dalgalarından kaçamayacak.)

!

The relentless increase in housing prices in this city is preventing many young families from buying their own houses. (Bu " e hirde ev fiyatlarındaki durmak bilmeyen (sürekli) artı " birçok genç ailenin ev sahibi olmasını engelliyor.)

80


Sophisticated

1) geli!mi!; 2) karma!ık, çok yönlü; 3) kültürlü, entellektüel

E ! anlam: 1) developed, advanced, improved; 2) complex, complicated, versatile; 3) cultured, intellectual !

Many criminals these days are using sophisticated computer scanners and photocopiers to forge money. (Bu günlerde birçok suçlu sahte para yapmak için geli ! mi ! bilgisayar tarayıcıları ve fotokopi makinaları kullanıyor.)

!

The ancient Greeks were more sophisticated than the Romans in many ways, including democracy, philosophy, mathematics, art, literature, physics, engineering, astronomy, psychology, medicine, and science. (Antik Yunanlıar demokrasi, felsefe, matematik, sanat, edebiyat, fizik, mühendislik, astronomi, psikoloji, tıp ve bilim gibi birçok yönden Romalılardan daha geli !m i ! ti (kültürlüydü).)

Distinct

1) belirgin, bariz; 2) farklı, ayrı

E ! anlam: 1) distinctive, definite, obvious, explicit, clear, specific; 2) different, distinguished, disparate, apart, separate !

There are different types of arthritis that occur in children that are distinct from adult types. (Yeti " kinlerden farklı olarak, çocuklarda görülen farklı artrit (eklem iltihabı) türleri vardır.)

!

What we really expect to find in a work of art is a certain personal element and a distinct sensibility. (Gerçekten bir sanat eserinde bulmayı umdu ! u muz " e y, belirli bir ki " isel öge ve belirgin bir duyarlılıktır.)

Vigorous

1) co!kulu, canlı, hareketli, dinç; 2) güçlü

E ! anlam: 1) energetic, dynamic, active, lively, vibrant; 2) strong, powerful !

Since 1995, thanks to vigorous conservation efforts, the number of black rhinos has gone up again, to around 3,700. (1995’ten bu yana güçlü koruma çabaları sayesinde, Afrika gergedanlarının sayısı yeniden artarak yakla " ık 3,700 oldu.)

!

The latest research shows that exercise doesn’t have to be very vigorous in order to improve your health. (Son çalı " malara göre, sa ! lı ! ınızı iyile " tirmek için egzersizin çok hareketli olmasına gerek yok.)

81


A! a " ıdaki kelimelerin e ! anlamlısını bulunuz.

1. Gradual A) conscious C) productive E) progressive

B) immediate D) powerful

8. Relentless A) incomplete C) gradual E) cruel

B) specific D) developed

9. Ordinary 2. Distinct A) advanced C) persistent E) usual

B) obvious D) deficient

A) versatile C) clear E) dynamic

B) harsh D) typical

10. Sophisticated 3. Fertile A) fierce C) fruitful E) unexpected

B) separate D) lively

A) common C) advanced E) distinctive

B) strong D) persistent

11. Explicit 4. Abrupt A) incomplete C) common E) improved

B) prolific D) sudden

A) distinct C) vigorous E) gradual

B) abrupt D) ordinary

12. Productive 5. Deliberate A) intentional C) different E) strong

B) brutal D) versatile

A) conserve C) inadequate E) sophisticated

B) deliberate D) fertile

13. Typical 6. Inadequate A) insistent C) distinguished E) unpredicted

B) insufficient D) intended

A) usual C) sudden E) disparate

B) prolific D) intentional

14. Strong 7. Vigorous A) complicated C) vibrant E) noticeable

B) regular D) progressive

A) distinctive C) complicated E) relentless

B) powerful D) insufficient

15. Separate A) gradual C) usual E) apart

B) cruel D) obvious

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A! a " ıdaki sorularda do " ru ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz.

16. Kepler’s childhood smallpox caused him to have ---- vision, which limited his efforts to perform astronomical observations. A) explicit C) severe E) progressive

B) powerful D) defective

17. The sense of smell, which has not been fully understood yet, is much more ---than the sense of taste. A) abrupt C) usual E) gradual

B) sophisticated D) relentless

18. The cooperation between science and technology should be far more efficient and ----. A) insufficient C) productive E) abrupt

B) instant D) deliberate

19. Birds have numerous characteristics that make them ---- from all other classes of organisms. A) ordinary C) inadequate E) distinct

B) prolific D) sudden

20. In immunodeficiency disorders, the immune system doesn’t function adequately, so infections are more common, recur more frequently and last longer than ----. A) usual C) defecitve E) abrupt

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21. Scientists have long suspected that the ---- colours and flashy features of male birds show their prospective mates that they are fit and healthy. A) conscious C) vibrant E) inadequate

B) instant D) relentless

22. About seven out of ten fires are due to the hand of man, either accidental or ----, one to products and processes of materials, and the remaining two to defects in buildings. A) ordinary C) distinct E) productive

B) immediate D) deliberate

23. Today, we are witnessing a/an ---- and enormous climate change totally different from the previous climate change of the Earth. A) abrupt C) vigorous E) deliberate

B) sophisticated D) insufficient

24. There is a/an ---- relationship between increases in economic wealth and ge neral improvements in our life style. A) prolific C) sudden E) obvious

B) progressive D) intentional

25. Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, but they began to reappear in the 1980s and their ---- return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers. A) advanced C) ordinary E) gradual

B) relentless D) deliberate



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 DISTINCTIVE

ABRUPT

SOPHISTICATED

TYPICAL

DELIBERATE

1. The cause of Beethoven’s death remained a great mystery until the year 2000, when a sample of his hair was analyzed using _______________________________ technology. 2. During the war in Bosnia, Muslim women were raped as a _______________________________ tactic to humiliate and traumatize them. 3. The idealization and spiritualization of the past is one of the most _______________________________ characteristics of Romanticism. 4. The _______________________________ ending for a comedy is marriage and for a tragedy is a death. 5. Some people are able to adapt more easily to _______________________________ changes in working conditions.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 INSUFFICIENT

GRADUAL

VIGOROUS

PERSISTENT

FERTILE

6. It is difficult to breathe through your nose when you are doing _______________________________ exercise. 7. In the second year of his presidency, Clinton faced _______________________________ troubles on the domestic front. 8. The case was dropped because the prosecution had _______________________________ evidence to proceed. 9. Learning a foreign language is a _______________________________ but rewarding process. 10. The most dominant ethnic group in Pakistan is the Punjabis, who live on the _______________________________ land of the Indus River Valley.

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Anlam Ani Birdenbire

ABRUPT Beklenmedik

DELIBERATE

FERTILE

Kasıtlı

Verimli Bereketli Üretken

E # Anlam Sudden Immediate Instant Unexpected Unanticipated Unforeseen Unpredicted Intentional Intended Purposeful Conscious

Fruitful Productive Prolific

Kelimenin Di $er Formları Abruptness (n)

anilik, terslik

Abruptly (adv)

ansızın, birdenbire

Deliberation (n)

kasıt, müzakere, dü " ünüp ta " ınma

Deliberately (adv)

kasten, bilerek

Fertility (n) Fertilizer (n)

verimlilik, do !u rganlık gübre a "ı lama, dölleme, gübreleme a "ı lamak, döllemek, gübr

Fertilization (n) Fertilize (v)

GRADUAL

INADEQUATE

ORDINARY

RELENTLESS

Kademeli A" a malı

Progressive Stepped

Yetersiz Noksan

Insufficient Deficient Incompetent Incomplete Defective

Sıradan Ola ! an Baya !ı

Usual Common Regular Routine Typical

Acımasız # n safsız

Durmak bilmeyen Sonu gelmeyen

i " Geli "m

SOPHISTICATED

Karma "ı k Çok yönlü Kültürlü Entellektüel

Belirgin Bariz

DISTINCT Farklı Ayrı

VIGOROUS

85

Cruel Brutal Ruthless Fierce Unmerciful Harsh Persistent Insistent Ceaseless Developed Advanced Improved Complex Complicated Versatile Cultured Intellectual Distinctive Definite Obvious Explicit Clear Specific Different Distinguished Disparate Apart Separate

Co "k ulu Canlı Hareketli Dinç

Energetic Dynamic Active Lively Vibrant

Güçlü

Strong Powerful

Gradually (adv)

kademeli olarak, yava " yava "

Inadequacy (n)

yetersizlik, eksiklik

Inadequately (adv)

yetersiz " e kilde

Ordinariness (n)

sıradanlık

Ordinarily (adv)

normal olarak, genellikle

Relentlessly (adv)

acımasızca, durmak bilmeden

Relent (v)

acımak, merhamet etmek

Sophist (n)

safsatacı, yalan sözle ikna etmeye çalı "a n

Sophistication (n)

karma "ı klık, bilmi "l ik, entellektüellik

Sophisticate

tecrübe kazanmak, safsata yapmak

Distinction (n)

ayrım, farklılık

Distinctness (n)

açıklık, farklılık

Distinctly (adv)

açıkça farklı olarak

Distinctively (adv)

özel olarak, farklı biçimde

Vigorously (adv)

Güçlü bir biçimde Dinç bir " ekilde Kuvvetlice


HEDEF KEL!MELER SET – 11 ZARF Hedef Kelime: 10 / Toplam Hedef Kelime:50

Attentively

Firmly

Formerly

Hardly

Heavily

Increasingly

Inevitably

Separately

Suspiciously

Unfortunately

Attentively

dikkatli bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: carefully, cautiously, thoughtfully, watchfully !

When conducting an experiment, it is important to monitor the results attentively. (Deney yaparken, sonuçları dikkatli bir ! ekilde izlemek önemlidir.)

!

The author of a story usually chooses the title very attentively because it may give the reader an idea about the meaning of the story. (Hikaye yazarı genellikle ba " lı ! ı çok dikkatli seçer çünkü ba " lık okuyucuya hikayenin anlamı hakkında bir fikir verebilir.)

Firmly

1) sıkıca; 2) kararlılıkla

E ! anlam: 1) tightly, strongly, powerfully; 2) decisively, decidedly, resolutely, confidently !

Many animals gather firmly together for defence of the group as a whole. (Pek çok hayvan gruplarını savunmak için bir bütün olarak sıkıca kenetlenirler.)

!

China has been firmly sending people into space ever since the early 1960s. (Çin 1960’ların ba " ından bu yana kararlılıkla uzaya insan gönderiyor.)

Formerly

eskiden, önceden, vaktiyle

E ! anlam: previously, before, earlier !

!stanbul was formerly known as Constantinople and Byzantium, and the name #stanbul was officially adopted in 1930. ( # stanbul eskiden Konstantinopolis ve Bizans olarak bilinirdi ve # s tanbul adı resmi olarak 1930’da kabul edildi.)

!

Economic difficulties in some of the formerly Communist East European countries resulted in a limited return to Marxist orthodoxy among small numbers of population. ( Eski Komünist Do ! u Avrupa ülkelerinin bazılarında ya " a nan ekonomik zorluklar nüfusun küçük bir kısmının sınırlı bir ortodoks Marksizm’e dönmesiyle sonuçlanmı " t ır.)

86


Hardly

güçlükle, zar zor, neredeyse hiç

E ! anlam: barely, scarcely !

After the bombing, people were so frightened that they could hardly speak. (Bombalı eylemden sonra insanlar o kadar korkmu " t u ki zar zor konu " abiliyorlardı .)

!

Headaches are among the most common medical problems; some people have headaches often, while others hardly have them (Ba " a ! rıları en yaygın tıbbi sorunlar arasındadır; bazı insanların ba " ı neredeyse hiç a ! rımazken, bazı insanlar bunu sık sık ya " ar.)

Heavily

1) yo"un bir !ekilde; 2) büyük ölçüde; 3) ciddi / a "ır bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: 1) intensely, densely; 2) largely, substantially; 3) seriously, profoundly, severely !

Traditional views of foreign policy depend heavily on assumptions about the relations between states. (Dı " polikaya dair geleneksel görü " l er büyük oranda devletler arasında ili " k iler hakkındaki varsayımlara dayanır.)

!

Farmers today rely too heavily on fertilizers to supply their crops. (Günümüzde çiftçiler mahsüllerini temin etmek için fazlasıyla gübreye bel ba ! lamaktadırlar.)

Increasingly

gittikçe artan oranda

E ! anlam: progressively, gradually, more and more !

With parents increasingly busy in our modern society, it is often left to teachers to teach values and morals to children in school. (Ailelerin gittikçe daha da me " gul oldu ! u modern toplumumuzda, çocuklara de ! e rleri ve ahlaki konuları ö ! retme görevi genellikle ö ! retmenlere dü " mektedir.)

!

As everyone knows, teachers in Turkey are increasingly being assaulted by their students and relatives, but there is no precaution and enforcement to hinder this problem. (Herkesin bildi ! i gibi Türkiye’deki ö ! retmenlere ö ! rencilerin kendileri ve akrabaları tarafından gittikçe daha fazla saldırı olmaktadır, fakat bu sorunu engellemek için herhangi bir önlem ya da yaptırım uygulanmıyor.)

87


Inevitably

kaçınılmaz !ekilde

E ! anlam: unavoidably, necessarily (ille de), inescapably !

According to a research, a child born to a desperately poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life. (Bir ara " tırmaya göre, oldukça fakir bir ailede do ! a n bir çocuk kaçınılmaz ! ekilde hayatı boyunca fakir kalacaktır.)

!

When people migrate, they have inevitably close contact with members of the host culture and with other immigrant cultural groups. ( # nsanlar göç ettiklerinde ev sahibi kültür ve di ! e r göç eden kültür gruplarıyla kaçınılmaz bir ! ekilde yakın ili " ki içerisine girerler.)

Separately

ayrı bir !ekilde, ayrı ayrı

E ! anlam: individually, independently, respectively (sırasıyla), apart !

Every volcano has its own geology and history, thus each need to be studied separately so that its warning signals can be recognized. (Her volkanın kendine ait jeolojisi ve tarihi vardır, bu nedenle uyarı sinyallerinin farkedilebilmesi için her birinin ayrı ayrı incelenmesi gerekir.)

!

We travelled separately to India from Europe, then met up in Bombay. (Avrupa’dan Hindistan’a ayrı ayrı seyahat ettik, daha sonra Bombay’da bulu " tuk.)

Suspiciously

!üpheyle, !üpheli bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: doubtfully, skeptically, dubiously, hesitantly / tentatively (tereddütle) !

The defendant was reported to have been acting suspiciously on the night the victim was found murdered in his bed. (Kurbanın yata !ı nda ölü bulundu ! u gece sanı ! ın ! üpheli bir ! ekilde davrandı ! ı bildirildi.)

!

You should inform police when you see a person who is acting suspiciously . ( $ü pheli davranan birini gördü ! ü nüzde polise haber vermelisiniz.)

Unfortunately

maalesef, ne yazık ki

E ! anlam: unluckily, sadly !

The violence against woman is a terrible and unfortunately common in our country. (Kadına " i ddet korkunç bir " e ydir ve ne yazık ki ülkemizde yaygındır.)

!

Unfortunately , corruption and bribery seem to common in governments around the world. ( Maalesef , yolsuzluk ve rü " vet dünyanın her yerindeki hükümetlerde yaygındır.)

88



1. Hardly A) barely C) productive E) profoundly

B) gradually D) respectively

8. Inevitably A) unavoidably C) decidedly E) profoundly

B) seriously D) sadly

9. Attentively 2. Increasingly A) necessarily C) hesitatntly E) decisively

B) progressively D) sadly

A) independently C) severely E) carefully

B) hesitantly D) previously

10. Firmly 3. Formerly A) densely C) scarcely E) previously

B) strongly D) cautiously

A) necessarily C) tightly E) tentatively

B) largely D) respectively

11. Gradually 4. Separately A) tentatively C) individualy E) thoughtfully

B) inescapably D) severely

A) individually C) densely E) powerfully

B) increasingly D) previosuly

12. Scarcely 5. Suspiciously A) gradually C) intensely E) respectively

B) doubtfully D) confidently

A) formerly C) inevitably E) profoundly

B) unfortunately D) hardly

13. Substantially 6. Heavily A) cautiously C) necessarily E) dubiously

B) formerly D) substantially

A) increasingly C) largely E) confidently

B) barely D) earlier

14. Decisively 7. Unfortunately A) skeptically C) unluckily E) apart

B) attentively D) progressively

A) firmly C) severely E) individually

B) carefully D) more and more

15. Cautiously A) tightly C) heavily E) separately

89

B) inevitably D) attentively


A! a " ıdaki sorularda do " ru ! ıkkı i ! aretleyiniz. 16. Earth contains many useful and essential natural resources, which have been used ---- by humans in recent centuries. A) hardly C) necessarily E) unfortunately

B) previously D) heavily

17. When preparing bodies for mummification, Ancient Egyptians pulled out organs to preserve them ----. A) separately C) substantially E) hesitantly

B) inevitably D) formerly

18. Consumers know that food labels such as “organic” and “natural” do not ---guarantee good conditions for the animals that produced the meat, milk or eggs found inside the packaging. A) firmly C) necessarily E) attentively

B) respectively D) severely

19. The human body contains a network of tiny vessels that collect fluid from every organ and ---- filter it for germs. A) suspiciously C) carefully E) formerly

B) profoundly D) hardly

20. In spite of the widespread effects of Christianity on the Anglo-Saxons, they clung ---- to many of the superstitions and customs from their pagan past. A) hardly C) separately E) inevitably

B) heavily D) firmly

21. As the 21st century goes on, scientists have become ---- concerned that we may run out of some natural resources, and that human activity is causing dangerous changes to our environment. A) unfortunately C) individually E) increasingly

B) previously D) suspicisously

22. The human life cycle begins as a single cell ---- visible to the eye. A) decisively C) separately E) inevitably

B) hardly D) suspiciously

23. Britain’s best known mouintaineer, Bonnington was the first to reach the top via Everest’s ---- unclimbed South-West Face. A) previously C) separately E) suspiciously

B) heavily D) increasingly

24. Diabetes increases cardiovascular disease risk ----, as it is itself an independent risk factor for, as well as a leading cause of, cardiovascular disease. A) individually C) unfortunately E) suspiciously

B) cautiously D) substantially

25. The period 1900-1945 witnessed the wide popularity of Coca-Cola and other caffeinated drinks, and global expansion of these drinks ---- accelerated after World War II. A) separately C) necessarily E) carefully

B) formerly D) decisively

90


A! a " ıdaki cümleleri uygun kelimeler ile tamamlayınız. BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 FIRMLY

PREVIOUSLY

HEAVILY

HARDLY

ATTENTIVELY

1. Protons and neurons are found in the center of an atom, and are locked _______________________________ together by powerful forces. 2. Most of the poor parents in Africa can _______________________________ feed their children. 3. Recent years have seen the acceptance of women in jobs _______________________________ held by men in most countries. 4. People with lower levels of education are more likely to drink _______________________________, often as a strategy to cope with the stresses of poverty. 5. The US dollar’s slide may continue, but if handled _______________________________, it might not harm the world economy.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 SEPARATELY

INCREASINGLY

INEVITABLY

SUSPICIOUSLY

UNFORTUNATELY

6. Despite numerous protests for peace, the 1960s became _______________________________ violent due to various reasons. 7. Permanent changes in mobility, appearance, and sensation after spinal cord injury _______________________________ have some effect on self-perception, body image, and selfimage. 8. Opticians test each eye _______________________________ because often one eye can see better the other. 9. A man has been arrested by armed police after acting ____________________________ in the shopping center. 10. _______________________________, ice hockey fights are an characteristic feature of the sport.

91



ATTENTIVELY

Anlam

E # Anlam

Dikkatli bir " ekilde

Carefully Cautiously Thoughtfully Watchfully

Sıkıca

FIRMLY

FORMERLY

HARDLY

Tightly Strongly Powerfully

Kararlılıkla

Decisively Decidedly Resolutely Confidently

Eskiden Önceden Vaktiyle

Previously Before Earlier

Güçlükle Zar zor Neredeyse hiç

Barely Scarcely

Kelimenin Di $er Formları Attention (n)

dikkat, ilgi, özen

Attentiveness (n)

dikkatlilik, nezaket

Attentive (adj)

dikkatli, özenli

Firm (n)

firma, " irket

Firm (adj)

sıkı, katı, sarsılmaz

Firm (v)

sa ! lamla " tırmak, peki "t irmek

Former (n)

önceki

Former (adj)

ilk, eski, geçmi "

Hardness (n)

sertlik, zorluk, aksilik

Hard (adj)

sert, katı, zor

Hard (adv)

zor, sıkı kuvvetlendirmek, sertle "t irmek

Harden (v)

Yo ! un bir " ekilde

HEAVILY

Büyük ölçüde Ciddi / A! ı r bir " e kilde

INCREASINGLY

INEVITABLY

SEPARATELY

SUSPICIOUSLY

UNFORTUNATELY

Gittikçe artan oranda

Kaçınılmaz " e kilde

Ayrı bir " e kilde Ayrı ayrı

$ üpheyle $ ü pheli bir " e kilde

Maalesef Ne yazık ki

Intensely Densely Largely Substantially Seriously Profoundly Severely Progressively Gradually More and more

Unavoidably Necessarily Inescapably

Individually Independently Respectively Apart

Doubtfully Skeptically Dubiously Hesitantly Tentatively

Unluckily Sadly

Heaviness (n)

a ! ırlık

Heavy (adj)

a ! ır, zor, ciddi, " iddetli

Increased (adj)

artmı ", artan

Increase (v)

artmak, arttırmak

Inevitable (adj)

kaçınılmazlık, çaresizlik kaçınılmaz

Evade (v)

kaçınmak, sakınmak

Separation (n)

ayrılık, ayırma, bölme

Separable (adj)

ayrılabilir

Separate (adj)

ayrı, bireysel

Separate (v)

ayırmak, ayrılmak

Suspicion (n)

" ü phe

Suspicious (adj)

ku "k ulu, " ü pheci

Suspected (adj)

" ü pheli, sanık

Suspect (v)

" ü phelenmek

Fortune (n)

" a ns, talih, servet

Fortunate (adj)

" a nslı

Unfortunate (adj)

" a nssız

Fortunately (adv)

neyse ki, iyi ki, " ü kür ki

Inevitability (n)

92



Addiction

Acquisition

Confidence

Deception

Incentive

Negotiation

Perception

Solidarity

Tendency

Welfare

Addiction

ba"ımlılık

E ! anlam: dependence !

Internet addiction is now a serious public health issue that should be officially recognised as a clinical disorder. ( # nternet ba " ımlılı " ı resmen klinik bir rahatsızlık olarak tanınması gereken ciddi bir halk sa ! l ı ! ı sorunudur.)

!

Of the 20 million Americans who have substance addiction problem, fewer than 4 million seek treatment. (Madde ba "ı mlılı "ı olan 20 milyon Amerikalının 4 milyondan daha azı tedavi arayı " ı ndadır.)

Acquisition

kazanım, edinim

E ! anlam: achievement, gain, attainment !

Psychologists make inferences about the process of learning and the acquisition of knowledge by observing behaviour, and noting how behaviour changes over time. (Psikologlar davranı " ı gözlemleyerek ö ! renme süreci ve bilgi edinimi hakkında çıkarımlarda bulunur ve davranı " ın zamanla nasıl de ! i " ti ! ini kaydederler.)

!

The acquisition of a number of original paintings by Vincent van Gogh was a major accomplishment for the new museum. (Vincent van Gogh tarafından yapılmı " çok sayıda orjinal tablonun elde edilmesi yeni müze için büyük bir ba " arıydı.)

Confidence

güven

E ! anlam: trust !

It is important for parents to give unconditional love to their children in order for them to develop confidence . ( Güven geli " tirmeleri için ailelerin çocuklarına ko " u lsuz sevgi vermeleri önemlidir.)

!

Succesfully resolving a stressful condition helps people gain confidence in their abilities. (Stresli bir durumu ba " arıyla çözmek insanların yeteneklerinde güven kazanmalarına yardımcı olur.)

93


Deception

aldatma, hile, aldatmaca

E ! anlam: deceit, cheat, trick, trickery, fraud, duplicity, intrigue, hypocrisy, delusion !

International observers say that election deception is widespread, and that the results of the vote are meaningless. (Uluslararası gözlemcilere göre, seçim hilesi yaygındır ve oy sonuçları anlamsızdır.)

!

In the plays of Menander, a famous comic playwright of ancient Greece, selfishness and deception were punished, while generosity and tolerance were rewarded.) (Antik Yunan’da ünlü bir komedi oyun yazarı olan Menander’in oyunlarında, bencillik ve aldatma cezalandırılırken, cömertlik ve ho " g örü ödüllendirilirdi.)

Incentive

1) te!vik; 2) dürtü, güdü

E ! anlam: 1) encouragement; 2) drive, stimulation, urge, impulse, spur, prompt, motive !

The Minister of Trade and Industry has told journalists that new incentives will be given to invest in electronics. (Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanı gazetecilere elektronik alanında yatırım yapılması için yeni te ! vikler verilece ! ini söyledi.)

!

In Japan, the government is now offering financial incentives to consumers who buy cars which cause less pollution. (Japonya’da hükümet daha az kirlili ! e sebep olan arabaları satın almaları yönünde tüketicilere maddi te ! vik sunuyor.)

Negotiation

1) görü!me, müzakere; 2) pazarlık

E ! anlam: 1) discussion, talk, consultation, parley; 2) bargain, deal !

Rebels in Sudan are offering a temporary ceasefire during peace negotiations . (Sudan’daki isyancılar barı " görü ! meleri sırasında geçici bir ate " kes öneriyorlar.)

!

After months of hard negotiation , both sides made concessions, and an agreement was reached. aya ula " ıldı.) (Aylar süren sıkı pazarlıktan sonra, her iki taraf da ödünler verdi ve bir uzla " m

94


Perception

algı, algılama, sezgi, anlama, kavrama

E ! anlam: sensation, cognition, insight, grasp, understanding, comprehension, apprehension, conception, realization !

Turning up the volume on the television and perception that other people are mumbling may be signs of hearing loss. (Televizyonun sesini açmak ve di ! e r insanların mırıldandı ! ı algısı i " itme kaybının belirtileri olabilir.)

!

Schizophrenic patients are unable to filter sensory stimuli and may have enhanced perceptions of sounds, colors, and other features of their environment. ( $ izofreni hastaları duyusal uyaranları filtreleyemez ve çevrelerindeki seslere, renklere ve di ! e r özelliklere dair geli " mi " algılara sahip olabilirler.)

Solidarity

dayanı!ma, birlik, beraberlik

E ! anlam: unity, cohesion, harmony !

The African Union was formed in 2002 to promote solidarity among African states. (Afrika Birli ! i 2002 yılında Afrika ülkeleri arasındaki dayanı ! mayı geli " tirmek için kuruldu.)

!

Group solidarity may cause some negative impacts on children who are isolated from the group. (Grup dayanı ! ması , gruptan dı " lanan çocuklarda bazı olumsuz etkilere neden olabilir.)

Tendency

e"ilim, yatkınlık, meyil

E ! anlam: inclination, trend, leaning, (pre)disposition, aptitude !

People have a tendency to imitate the behaviour of significant figures in their lives. ( # nsanlar ya " amlarındaki önemli ki " ilerin davranı " ını taklit etmeye e "i limlidir .)

!

There is a social tendency to joke about excessive weight, diminishing the significance of obesity as a health factor. (A" ı rı kiloyla ilgili " a ka yapma konusunda sosyal bir e " ilim vardır, bu da bir sa ! l ık faktörü olarak obezitenin önemini azaltır.)

Welfare

refah, mutluluk, esenlik, rahatlık, sa"lık, iyilik

E ! anlam: prosperity, well-being, wealth, happiness, affluence, comfort !

Sweden, the wealthiest Scandinavian country, has developed a taxation and social welfare system that has created a good standard of living for most people. (En zengin # s kandinav ülkesi olan # s veç birçok insan için iyi bir ya " a m standardı olu " turan bir vergilendirme ve sosyal refah sistemi geli " tirmi " tir.)

!

The seeds of some species of plants are extremely important for human welfare. (Bazı bitki türlerinin tohumları insanın refahı (gelece "i ) için son derece önemlidir.)

95



1. Solidarity A) bargain C) trick E) gain

B) grasp D) unity

9. Welfare A) discussion C) cheat E) addiction

B) prompt D) prosperity

10. Perception 2. Incentive A) predisposition C) wealth E) stimulation

B) encouragement D) consultation

A) aptitude C) wealth E) duplicity

B) spur D) sensation

11. Bargain 3. Deception A) confidence C) deceit E) drive

B) addiction D) attainment

A) negotiation C) acquisition E) tendency

B) solidarity D) incentive

12. Stimulation 4. Negotiation A) discussion C) harmony E) trickery

B) insight D) affluence

A) perception C) incentive E) confidence

B) addiction D) welfare

13. Trickery 5. Acquisition A) fraud C) cognition E) cohesion

B) achievement D) deal

A) solidarity C) tendency E) welfare

B) deception D) acquisition

14. Understanding 6. Addiction A) understanding C) trend E) dependence

B) stimulation D) trust

A) confidence C) achievement E) perception

B) intrigue D) unity

15. Drive 7. Tendency A) well-being C) solidarity E) hypocrisy

B) inclination D) negotiation

A) negotiation C) incentive E) deception

B) welfare D) addiction

8. Confidence A) acquisition C) trust E) incentive

B) addiction D) trick

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16. The EU is planning to start ---- for the admission of Turkey as a member as early as October, 2016. A) perceptions C) addictions E) negotiations

B) tendencies D) deceptions

17. Dyslexia is a neurologically-based, often familial disorder which interferes with the ---- of language A) confidence C) solidarity E) welfare

B) acquisition D) incentive

18. At all times and in all societies, the ---to commit crime usually increases in early adolescence and levels off in middle age. A) fraud C) achievement E) trust

B) negotiation D) tendency

19. If sleeping pills are used regularly at high doses for a few weeks or longer, some people in particular can develop a / an ---- to them. A) addiction C) incentive E) deception

B) perception D) solidarity

20. The army psychologists promptly initiated treatment, and so he soon regained his ---- as a soldier. A) negotiation C) confidence E) acquisition

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B) prosperity D) addiction

21. In past centuries, lead was added to wine to sweeten it, a ---- that was eventually made punishable by death. A) perception C) deception E) bargain

B) confidence D) stimulation

22. The availability of reliable birth control methods and also the introduction of new ---- for family planning have slowed down the rapid rise of population in the developed countries. A) addictions C) acquisitions E) incentives

B) insights D) tricks

23. The discovery of the New World brought great ---- to Europe in the mid-sixteenth century. A) welfare C) tendency E) negotitation

B) perception D) deception

24. If inflation and unemployment rise sharply in Europe, the ---- of the European Union may break down in some damaging ways. A) dependence C) inclination E) perception

B) encouragement D) solidarity

25. After two years of painstaking ----, Britain and the People's Republic of China agreed that Hong Kong would return to Chinese sovereignty on 1 July 1997. A) confidence C) acquisition E) solidarity

B) negotiation D) welfare



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 TENDENCY

ACQUISITION

FRAUD

WELFARE

NEGOTIATION

1. Many people are becoming concerned about the _______________________________ of animals raised for food. 2. He was arrested and charged with _______________________________ after trying to use someone else’s credit card. 3. The ceasefire is in danger now since _______________________________ between two sides in the conflict have totally broken down. 4. There is a growing _______________________________ for companies to employ people on short contracts. 5. Second language learners see _______________________________ of vocabulary as their greatest source of problems.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 INCENTIVE

CONFIDENCE

INSIGHT

ADDICTION

SOLIDARITY

6. Nicotine patches seem to be fairly effective cure for cigarette _______________________________. 7. She betrayed my _______________________________ by reading my private diary and then talking about it with friends. 8. The government has announced a number of tax _______________________________ to attract new business to our city. 9. Computers are invaluable for all kinds of tasks, but they can never replace the _______________________________ of a human being. 10. Tuvalu, a tiny state comprising nine islands in the South Pacific, is trying to keep its sense of social _______________________________ in the face of progress.

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Anlam

E # Anlam

Kelimenin Di $er Formları Addict (n) Addicted (adj)

ADDICTION

Ba !ı mlılık

Dependence

Addictive (adj) Addict (v)

ACQUISITION

CONFIDENCE

DECEPTION

Kazanım Edinim

Güven

Trust

Aldatma Hile Aldatmaca

Deceit Cheat Trick Trickery Fraud Duplicity Intrigue Hypocrisy Delusion

Te "v ik

INCENTIVE

NEGOTIATION

Dürtü Güdü

Görü "m e Müzakere Pazarlık

PERCEPTION

Algı Algılama Sezgi Anlama Kavrama

Acquisitiveness (n) para hırsı, açgözlülük Acquisitive (adj) Acquire (v)

mal dü "k ünü, paragöz edinmek, elde etmek, kazanmak

Confident (adj) Confidential (adj) Confidently (adv) Confidentially (adv) Confide (v)

kendinden emin güvenilir, gizli güvenle, emin olarak güvenerek, gizlice güvenmek

Deceit (n)

aldatma, hile

Deceiver (n)

hilekar, düzenbaz

Deceitfulness (n)

dolandırıcılık, sahtekarlık

Deceitful (adj) Deceitfully (adv) Deceive (v)

dolandırıcı, hilebaz hilekarlıkla, yalancılıkla aldatmak, kandırmak

Negotiator (n)

müzakereci, arabulucu

Negotiable (adj)

görü "ü lebilir, tartı "ı labilir

Negotiate (v)

ek, müzakere et. görü "m

Encouragement Drive Stimulation Urge Impulse Spur Prompt Motive Discussion Talk Consultation Parley Bargain Deal Sensation Cognition Insight Grasp Understanding Comprehension Apprehension Conception Realization

SOLIDARITY

Dayanı " ma Birlik Beraberlik

Unity Cohesion Harmony

TENDENCY

E ! ilim Yatkınlık Meyil

Inclination Trend Leaning (Pre)disposition Aptitude

Refah Mutluluk Esenlik Rahatlık Sa ! lık # y ilik

Prosperity Well-being Wealth Happiness Affluence Comfort

WELFARE

99

Achievement Gain Attainment

ba ! ımlı, tiryaki, müptela ba ! ımlı, tiryaki, müptela alı "k anlık / ba !ı mlılık yapan ba ! ımlı olmak

Perceptiveness (n) anlayı " Perceptive (adj) algısal, kavrayı "l ı Perceptible (adj) algılanabilir, somut Perceptively (adv)

Perceive (v)

algısal olarak, zekice anla " ılır " e kilde, somut olarak algılamak

Tendentious (adj)

taraflı, meyilli

Tend (v)

meyilli olmak, e ! ilimli olmak

Perceptibly (adv)


REVIEW – 3 A. Kelimeleri ve anlamlarını e ! le ! tiriniz. B. Kelimeleri e ! anlamları ile e ! le ! tiriniz.

SET 1 reject diminish obtain abandon identify

SET 6 1. terk etmek 2. azalmak 3. tanımlamak 4. reddetmek 5. elde etmek

SET 2 fertile gradual distinct abrupt ordinary

1. kademeli 2. ani 3. sıradan 4. belirgin, farklı 5. verimli

1. sıkıca 2. kaçınılmaz 3. güçlükle, zar zor 4. ayrı ayrı 5. maalesef

1. defective 2. intentional 3. vibrant 4. developed 5. cruel

suspiciously increasingly heavily attentively formerly

1. carefully 2. previously 3. doubtfully 4. substantially 5. progressively

SET 9 1. ba"ımlılık 2. algı, sezgi 3. te!vik 4. refah 5. edinim, kazanım

SET 5 prolific decline cautiously promote trickery

deliberate vigorous inadequate sophisticated relentless

SET 8

SET 4 addiction welfare incentive acquisition perception

1. appear 2. encourage 3. neglect 4. conserve 5. manage

SET 7

SET 3 hardly unfortunately firmly inevitably separately

preserve ignore foster emerge conduct

deception tendency confidence solidarity negotiation

1. inclination 2. discussion 3. unity 4. deceit 5. trust

SET 10 1. te!vik etmek 2. hile 3. reddetmek 4. dikkatlice 5. üretken, verimli

barely reduce ordinary bargain decisively

1. negotiation 2. hardly 3. firmly 4. diminish 5. usual

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C. A! a " ıdaki cümlelerde bo ! lu "a uygun dü ! en sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. Smoking has ---- in almost all segments of the American population, so 60 to 65% of Americans are non-smokers today. A) ignored C) fostered E) conducted

A) separetely C) barely E) progressively

B) attentively D) formerly

B) declined D) refused

2. Finland is ---- forested and contains thousands of lakes, numerous rivers and extensive areas of marshland. A) heavily C) inevitably E) hesitantly

6. The population of the underdeveloped countries is growing so fast that the agricultural activities there are unable to keep up with the ---- rising demand for food.

7. Today, we are witnessing a rapid and enormous climate change that is ---from the previous climate change of the Earth. A) vibrant C) distinct E) inadequate


B) separately D) hardly

8. If a person has a family history of a certain disease, it is a powerful indicator of his/her ---- to contract that disease. 3. The economic ---- of the West has enabled nations to introduce better and more comprehensive healthcare policies. A) inclination C) confidence E) deception

B) negotiation D) prosperity

4. Gene therapy is an experimental treatment that involves the insertion of normal genes into an individual to replace ---- genes. A) gradual C) defective E) vigorous

B) abrupt D) ordinary

5. The earliest music for movies was played live in the cinema to accompany the silent image and ---- its mood. A) abandon C) reduce E) recognize

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B) enhance D) obtain

A) tendency C) incentive E) addiction

B) perception D) achievement

9. Many laws are designed to ---- children from dangerous toys, dangerous substances and even dangerous parents. A) foster C) abandon E) reject

B) determine D) protect

10. When an epidemic breaks out in a populated, authorities must take ---action against it. A) deliberate C) immediate E) sophisticated

B) prolific D) typical



11. A) inadequate C) intentional

B) insufficient D) incomplete

12. A) distinct C) immediate

B) abrupt D) sudden

1. A) neglect C) convey

B) ignore D) disregard

2. A) foster C) reduce

B) decline D) shrink

13. A) formerly C) confidently

B) decisively D) firmly

3. A) developed C) advanced

B) improved D) distinguished

14. A) heavily C) hardly

B) barely D) scarcely

4. A) usual C) common

B) cruel D) ordinary

15. A) drive C) bargain

B) urge D) impulse

5. A) tightly C) severely

B) seriously D) profoundly

16. A) perception C) cognition

B) cohesion D) sensation

6. A) progressively B) increasingly C) gradually D) separately

17. A) plummet C) stimulate

B) urge D) foster

7. A) acquisiton B) encouragement C) achievement D) attainment

18. A) distinct C) explicit

B) obvious D) prolific

8. A) solidarity C) cheat

B) deception D) fraud

19. A) tentatively B) hesitantly C) unfortunately D) suspiciously

9. A) describe C) reject

B) define D) identify

20. A) prosperity C) welfare

10. A) conserve C) preserve

B) achieve D) protect

B) inclination D) wealth

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E. A#a$ıdaki cümleleri Türkçe’ye çeviriniz. 1. Like many mammals, we also possess the natural tendency to protect our territory.

2. Over ten million animals are abused, neglected or abandoned yearly.

3. Beginning in the 1960s, Bhutan began gradually and cautiously opening its door to the world.

4. The better your English language skills, the more you are able to talk about sophisticated topics.

5. Dust and pollen are common allergens which can cause symptoms ranging from a runny nose and itchy eyes to serious difficulty in breathing.

6. Mercury is the smallest planet of the solar system, lies closest to the Sun and is a lifeless world that has hardly changed in 3 billion years.

7. The union has rejected the offer of a 2% salary increase as completely inadequate.

8. If frightened or threatened, a mother rabbit may abandon, ignore, or eat her babies.

9. The ability to make tools was previously thought to be unique to human, but in recent years chimpanzees have also been observed making tools.

10. Loud music is often played in fast food restaurants to encourage customers to eat quickly and leave.

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Alienate

Correspond

Deter

Disguise

Dwell

Eradicate

Magnify

Pretend

Pursue

Reproduce

Alienate

1) yabancıla!tırmak, soyutlamak; 2) uzakla!tırmak

E ! anlam: 1) isolate, estrange; 2) detach (from), distance (from) !

Many of the young people living on the streets are kids who are totally alienated from their families for various reasons. (Sokaklarda ya " ayan gençlerin ço ! u çe " itli sebeplerle ailelerinden tamamen uzakla ! mı ! çocuklardır.)

!

All these changes to the newspaper have alienated its readers. (Gazeteye yapılan tüm bu de ! i " iklikler okurlarını gazeteden uzakla ! tırdı .)

Correspond

1) kar!ılık gelmek, uyu!mak; 2) haberle!mek

E ! anlam: 1) comply, accord, coincide, match, harmonize; 2) communicate, be in touch / contact !

The presence of neutrons explains why the atomic weights of elements do not correspond with their atomic numbers. (Nötronların varlı ! ı elementlerin atom a ! ırlıklarının neden atom numaralarıyla uyu ! madı " ını açıklıyor.)

!

The written record of the conversation does not correspond to what was actually said. (Görü " menin yazılı kaydı gerçekten söylenenlerle uyu ! muyor .)

Deter

caydırmak, vazgeçirmek

E ! anlam: dissuade !

The present system does little to deter people from committing corporate crime. (Mevcut sistem insanların kurumsal suç i " l emesini caydırmak için çok az i " e yarıyor.)

!

High prices are deterring many young people from buying house. (Yüksek fiyatlar gençleri ev almaktan vazgeçiriyor .)

104


Disguise

gizlemek, kılık de"i!tirmek

E ! anlam: hide, camouflage, cover up, conceal, mask !

Some Ottoman sultans disguised themselves when they went out in public. (Bazı Osmanlı padi " ahları halkın içine çıktıklarında kılık de " i !t irerek kendilerini gizlerlerdi .)

!

The gas chamber in the Nazi concentration camp at Birkenau was disguised as a shower room. (Birkenau’daki Nazi toplama kampındaki gaz odası bir du " odası olarak gizlendi .)

Dwell

ikamet etmek, bir yerde oturmak

E ! anlam: inhabit, reside, settle, abide !

She dwelt in remote parts of Asia for many years. (O, yıllarca Asya’nın uzak bölgelerinde ya ! adı / oturdu .)

!

Democritus once said that happiness resides not in possessions, or not in jewellery; happiness dwells in the soul. (Democritus bir zamanlar " ö yle demi " ti: mutluluk sahip oldu ! unuz " e ylerde ya da mücevherde bulunmaz, mutluluk ruhun kendisinde bulunur .)

Eradicate

kökünü kazımak, yok etmek, ortadan kaldırmak

E ! anlam: exterminate, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, wipe out, do away with !

Malaria has been eradicated in many parts of the world due to the use of pesticides to kill mosquitos, as well as an improvement in the general level of sanitation. (Genel temizlik düzeyindeki iyile " t irmenin yanı sıra sivrisinekleri öldürmek için böcek ilaçlarının kullanılması sayesinde dünyanın pek çok bölgeslinde sıtmanın kökü kazınmı ! tır .)

!

Prejudice is most difficult to eradicate from the heart whose soil has never been fertilized by education. (Ruhu hiç bir zaman e ! itimle a " ılanmamı " birisinin kalbinden ön yargıyı yok etmek en zor " e ydir.)

105


Magnify

1) büyütmek; 2) abartmak

E ! anlam: 1) enlarge, expand, amplify, augment; 2) exaggerate !

Although our skin looks smooth, when magnified it is full of bumps or holes. en, büyütüldü " ünde çıkıntı ve deliklerle doludur.) (Cildimiz pürüssüz görünmesine ra ! m

!

Tiny errors in the beginning are magnified later on. (Ba " langıçtaki küçük hatalar daha sonraları büyür .)

Pretend

-mı! gibi yapmak, yapar gibi görünmek

E ! anlam: feign, fake, simulate !

Some kinds of frogs pretend to be dead when captured, but quickly hop away when let go. (Bazı kurba ! a türleri yakalndıklarında ölü gibi davranırlar , fakat bıraktı ! ınızda hızlıca sıçrayarak uzakla " ırlar.)

!

Speaking at the conference of development of nuclear weapons, Bertrand Russell said “I will not pretend to obey a government which is organising a mass massacre of mankind.” (Nükleer silah geli " tirme konferansında konu " an Bertrand Russel “ # nsanlık için toplu katliam organize eden bir hükümete itaat edecekmi " gibi davranamam ” dedi.)

Pursue

takip etmek, izlemek, kovalamak

E ! anlam: follow, chase, trace, track !

New Zealand has chosen to pursue a policy of non intervention in any international conflict. azlı ! a müdahale etmeme politikası izlemeyi seçti.) (Yeni Zelanda herhangi bir uluslararası anla " m

!

Princess Diana died in a car crash while being pursued by paparazzi through a tunnel in France. (Prenses Diana Fransa’da bir tünelde paparazziler tarafından takip edilirken araba kazasında öldü.)

Reproduce

1) ço"almak, üremek; 2) ço"altmak, kopyasını çıkartmak

E ! anlam: 1) breed, multiply; 2) duplicate, copy, replicate, imitate !

The ability to reproduce is one of the distinguishing characteristics of living things. ( Üreme yetene ! i canlıların ayırt edici (mükemmel) özelliklerin birisidir.)

!

The study of genetic mutation from one generation to another was done on fruit flies because they reproduce so quickly. ası meyve sinekleri üzerinde yapıldı çünkü bu (Bir nesilden di ! erine aktarılan genetik mutasyon çalı " m hayvanlar çok hızlı üremektedir .)

106



1. Eradicate A) hide C) coincide E) exterminate

B) imitate D) trace

9. Pretend A) reproduce C) feign E) abide

B) comply D) hide

10. Magnify 2. Deter A) isolate C) reside E) fake

B) dissuade D) exaggerate

A) estrange C) dissuade E) enlarge

B) pursue D) simulate

11. Conceal 3. Pursue A) follow C) wipe out E) accord

B) duplicate D) reside

A) pretend C) alienate E) corrspond

B) reproduce D) disguise

12. Chase 4. Disguise A) annihilate C) hide E) communicate

B) augment D) trace

A) pursue C) dwell E) magnify

B) deter D) do away with

13. Wipe out 5. Correspond A) cover up C) multiply E) extinguish

B) expand D) comply

A) inhabit C) isolate E) fake

B) eradicate D) breed

14. Enlarge 6. Dwell A) inhabit C) simulate E) match

B) extinguish D) detach

A) pretend C) replicate E) track

B) hide D) expand

15. Accord 7. Reproduce A) chase C) disguise E) breed

B) deter D) settle

8. Alienate A) reside C) eradicate E) amplify 107

B) isolate D) correspond

A) extinguish C) correspond E) deter

B) alienate D) magnify



16. Research into nearly every country in the world indicates that men are more likely than women to ---- a long-term academic career. A) correspond C) disguise E) pretend

B) pursue D) magnify

17. Scientists have found that only 2% of salmon fish which hatch actually live long enough to ----, the rest could not succed it. A) eradicate C) deter E) reproduce

B) alienate D) dwell

18. Some young people become ---- from society since their behaviours are not accepted especially by their families or friends. A) magnified C) dissuaded E) complied

B) inhabited D) alienated

19. At around 10 to 13 months of age, most children begin to utter sounds that ---to words. A) reproduce C) disguise E) dissuade

B) exaggerate D) correspond

20. In his model of development over the life span, Erikson notes that, during the retirement years, the challenge is to avoid the tendency to ---- on mistakes of the past. A) dwell C) coincide E) alienate

B) pretend D) follow

21. Fearful of a population boom in the developing countries after the World War II, some international agencies working under the guidance of the US enacted various programs to ---population growth. A) augment C) deter E) correspond

B) multiply D) disguise

22. A very widespread behaviour in some birds such as pigeons is to ---- to be wounded or sick because this allows them to avoid being chosen as prey. A) pretend C) alienate E) pursue

B) eradicate D) comply

23. During arthroscopic surgery, physician makes a small incision and inserts an arthroscope, an instrument the size of a pencil that contains a small lens and a lighting system to ---- and illuminate the interior of joint. A) conceal C) chase E) magnify

B) reproduce D) correspond

24. Because drought is a natural phenomenon, it cannot be ----; consequently, methods to mitigate its devastating effects are crucial. A) expanded C) inhabited E) followed

B) eradicated D) imitated

25. The Japanese test facility Unit 731, ---- as a water purification unit, was a biological warfare research and development center responsible for many war crimes by the Japanese military during World War II. A) enlarged C) annihilated E) pursued

B) corresponded D) disguised

108



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 PURSUE

PRETEND

DWELL

MAGNIFY

CORRESPOND

1. Viruses, which are the smallest and simplest of all living things, must be _______________________________ before we can see them. 2. In many parts of Japan, the dead are believed to _______________________________ on holy mountains, such as Mount Fuji, with a characteristic symmetrical and conic shape. 3. The colour of a star’s light _______________________________ to the surface temperature of the star: red stars are the coolest, blue stars are the hottest. 4. In a study of the extent to which people seek treatment for psychological disorders, researchers found that only a minority of people _______________________________ treatment for their disorder. 5. The insurance company claims that the some people _______________________________ to be injured in the car accidents so that they can collect compensation.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 ALIENATE

DISGUISE

DETER

ERADICATE

REPRODUCE

6. Sudan _______________________________ many of its overseas political allies by declaring its support for Iraq in the Gulf War. 7. Survival is crucial because organisms typically need to mature and thrive before they can _______________________________. 8. Freud asserted that the wish-fulfilling quality of many dreams may not be readily apparent because the true meaning of dreams may be _______________________________. 9. After World War I, in their efforts to _______________________________ people from celebrating Christian holidays and feast days, the Soviet state organized alternative festivals and celebrations. 10. At the beginning of colonization era, European diseases such as smallpox and measles _______________________________ more than 70 million Native Americans and destroyed their civilizations.

109



ALIENATE

Anlam

E # Anlam

Yabancıla "t ırmak Soyutlamak

Isolate Estrange

Alien (n) / (adj)

yabancı, uzaylı, yaratık

Uzakla "t ırmak

Detach (from) Distance (from)

Alienation (n)

yabancıla " ma, ötekile "t irme

Kar "ı lık gelmek ak Uyu "m

Comply Accord Coincide Match Harmonize

CORRESPOND Haberle " mek

Communicate Be in touch Be in contact

Caydırmak Vazgeçirmek

Dissuade

DISGUISE

Gizlemek Kılık de ! i "t irmek

Hide Camouflage Cover up Conceal Mask

DWELL

# k amet etmek Bir yerde oturmak

Inhabit Reside Settle Abide

Kökünü kazımak Yok etmek Ortadan kaldırmak

Exterminate Annihilate Extingusih Destroy Wipe out Do away with

Büyütmek

Enlarge Expand Amplify Augment

DETER

ERADICATE

MAGNIFY

PRETEND

PURSUE

Abartmak

Exaggerate

-mı " gibi yapmak yapar gibi görünmek

Feign Fake Simulate

Takip etmek # z lemek Kovalamak Ço !a lmak Üremek

REPRODUCE

Ço ! altmak Kopyasını çıkartmak

Follow Chase Trace Track Breed Multiply Duplicate Copy Replicate Imitate


e, yazı " ma, haberle "m uygunluk Correspondent (adj) muhabir, kar " ılıklı

Correspondence (n)

Corresponding (adj)

kar "ı lık gelen, uyumlu olan, uygun

Correspondingly (adv)

uygun bir " e kilde, buna ba ! lı olarak

Deterrence (n)

caydırıcılık, caydırma

Deterrent (adj)

caydırıcı, önleyici

Disguise (n)

gizlenme, kılık de !i "t irme, kılıfına uydurma

Dweller (n)

oturan, bir yerin sakini

Dwelling (n)

ikamet, mesken, konut

Eradication (n)

kökünü kurutma, yok etme, imha

Magnitude (n)

büyüklük

Magnifier (n)

büyüteç

Magnificence (n)

ihti " am, görkem

Magnificent (adj)

muhte "e m, görkemli

Magnificiently (adv müthi " / görkemli " e kilde Pretence (n)

yalandan yapma, numara

Pretentious (adj)

gösteri " meraklısı

Pretentiously (adv) gösteri "l e Pursuer (n)

takipçi, izleyen, davacı

Pursuit (adj)

takip, kovalama, u ! ra "

Reproduction (n)

üreme, ço ! alma, taklit

Reproductive (adj) üreme (ile ilgili) Reprpducible (adj)

yeniden üretilebilir, ço ! altılabilir

110



Challenging

Contemporary

Detrimental

Hostile

Imminent

Implicit

Redundant

Scarce

Sincere

Successive

Challenging

zorlu, zorlayıcı, çetin

E ! anlam: difficult, tough, hard, demanding, compelling, severe, arduous !

Stress makes life challenging and interesting, and it can sometimes lead to impairments in performance, to burnout, and to other problems. (Stres ya " amı zorlu ve ilginç kılar, ve bazen performansda azalmaya, tükenmeye ve di ! e r problemlere sebep olabilir.)

!

The latest mission to Saturn has been a particularly challenging engineering endeavour. (Son Satürn görevi özellikle çetin bir mühendislik mücadelesi oldu.)

Contemporary

1) ça"da!, modern; 2) ça "da!, aynı zamanda ya!amı!

E ! anlam: 1) modern, current, present-day, fashionable, up-to-date; 2) of the time, contemporaneous !

Much of the contemporary popular music throughout the Western world has roots in the rhytms of Africa. a ! popüler müzi ! in büyük kısmının kökü Afrika ritimlerine dayanmaktadır.) (Batı dünyasındaki ça "d

!

Contemporary medicine is beginning to return to some of the lost wisdom of previous ages. ( Modern tıp önceki ça ! ların bazı kaybolmu " ilmine dönmeye ba " lıyor.)

Detrimental

zararlı, zarar verici

E ! anlam: harmful, damaging, destructive !

These chemicals have a detrimental effect on the environment. (Bu kimyasalların çevreye zararlı etkisi vardır.)

!

The main function of human skin is to protect the internal organs, and to prevent detrimental germs from getting inside. (Derinin temel fonksiyonu iç organları korumak ve zararlı mikropların vücuda girmesini engellemektir.)

111


Hostile

1) dü!man, dü!manca, -e kar!ı, saldırgan; 2) uygun olmayan, kötü

E ! anlam: 1) unfriendly, inhospitable, contrary, against, aggressive; 2) inappropriate, unsuitable, bad !

The UN troops seem to function as a buffer between the hostile forces. (BM birlikleri dü ! man güçleri arasında bir tampon görevi yapacak gibi görünüyor.)

!

A recent study suggests that hostile spouses may be detrimental to one another’s health. aya göre saldırgan e " ler birbirlerinin sa ! lı ! ına zarar verebilirler.) (Son zamanlarda yapılan bir çalı " m

Imminent

çok yakın, eli kula"ında, yakında

E ! anlam: impending, forthcoming, upcoming, immediate, approaching, close !

Tension in the region has been simmering for months, and now it seems as if a civil war is imminent . (Bölgedeki tansiyon aylardır giderek yükseliyor, ve artık yakında iç sava ! çıkacak gibi .)

!

Despite years of extensive research into the treatment and prevention of common cold, no cure is imminent . (So ! uk algınlı ! ının tedavisine ve önlenmesine dair yıllardır yapılan geni " çaplı ara " tırmalara ra ! men, tedavisi yakın zamanda olacak gibi gözükmüyor .)

Implicit

1) üstü kapalı, dolaylı, gizli; 2) kesin, tam, sorgusuz

E ! anlam: 1) implied, indirect, hidden, covert, latent; 2) absolute, complete, total, unquestioned !

Certain provisions are implicit in every legal contract and need to be expressed. (Her yasal sözle " mede bazı hükümler üstü kapalıdır ve açıklanması gerekir.)

!

Mutual respect should be considered an implicit part of any discussions between the Government and the Opposition. aların sorgusuz bir parçası olarak (Kar " ılıklı saygı Hükümet ve Muhalefet arasındaki tartı " m görülmelidir.)

112


Redundant

1) gereksiz, fazla, arta kalan; 3) i!siz

E ! anlam: 1) unnecessary, excess, surplus, leftover, superfluous, extra; 2) unemployed, jobless !

The government has announced that the redundant wheat crop will be sold to China. (Hükümet fazla bu ! dayın Çin’e satılaca ! ını açıkladı.)

!

5,000 miners were made redundant when the tin market collapsed. (Teneke kutu piyasası çöktü ! ünde 5,000 madenci i ! siz kaldı.)

Scarce

nadir, ender, seyrek, kıt, az

E ! anlam: rare, scant, scanty, infrequent, unusual, uncommon !

Water is so scarce in the arid regions of China that in the grasslands the people never take baths, and sometimes must wash their faces in yak’s milk. (Çin’in kurak bölgelerinde su o kadar nadir bulunur ki çayırlarda insanlar asla banyo yapmazlar ve bazen de yüzlerini yak (tibet sı ! ı rı) sütüyle yüzlerini yıkarlar.)

!

Butterflies are getting scarcer and scarcer in industrialized areas. (Sanayile " mi " bölgelerde kelebekler gittikçe azalıyor .)

Sincere

samimi, içten, dürüst

E ! anlam: honest, frank, genuine, intimate, truthful, earnest !

He insisted that they were making a sincere attempt to resolve the problem. (Problemi çözmek için samimi bir giri " im sergiledikleri konusunda ısrar etti.)

!

The family wishes to express their sincere thanks to all the staff at the hospital. (Aile hastanedeki bütün çalı " anlara içten te " ekkürlerini ifade etmek istiyor.)

Successive

art arda gelen, ardı !ık, birbirini izleyen

E ! anlam: consecutive, sequential !

Since 1930, successive governments in Brazil have persistently pursued policies for economic growth and Amazon area development. (Brezilya’da 1930’dan bu yana birbiri ardına gelen her hükümet süreki olarka ekonomik büyüme ve Amazon bölgesinin geli " imi politikalarını takip etti.)

!

This year Kenan Sofuo "lu has just won his fifth World Supersport Championship, for the second successive year . (Kenan Sofuo ! lu art arda iki kez olmak üzere bu yıl 5. Dünya Supersport $ ampiyonlu ! unu kazandı.)

113



1. Detrimental A) absolute C) forthcoming E) demanding

B) harmful D) intimate

9. Hostile A) superfluous C) damaging E) difficult

B) truthful D) inhospitable

10. Sincere 2. Implicit A) covert C) current E) consecutive

B) excess D) inhospitable

A) unusual C) honest E) implied

B) unnecessary D) inappropriate

11. Scant 3. Scarce A) surplus C) impending E) rare

B) tough D) destructive

A) challenging C) contemporary E) implicit

B) scarce D) imminent

12. Damaging 4. Challenging A) frank C) hide E) infrequent

B) total D) hard

A) detrimental C) successive E) redundant

B) sincere D) unsuitable

13. Implied 5. Successive A) consecutive C) immediate E) arduous

B) fashionable D) contrary

A) impending C) challenging E) hostile

B) current D) implicit

14. Forthcoming 6. Redundant A) scanty B) genuine C) excess D) damaging E) contemporaneous

A) severe C) consecutive E) imminent

B) harmful D) aggressive

15. Demanding 7. Imminent A) compelling C) up-to-date E) uncommon

B) impending D) unemployed

A) approaching C) challenging E) genuine

B) contemporary D) damaging

8. Contemporary A) severe C) latent E) modern

B) upcoming D) sequential

114



16. Fulfilling the outdoor play needs of young children is a / an ---- task, because a variety of factors such as supervision and safety must be considered. A) challenging C) redundant E) detrimental

B) contemporary D) implicit

17. The sources about the early Ottoman sultans are so ---- that very little is known about them, except through architectural works and coins. A) harmful C) scarce E) hostile

B) severe D) sincere

18. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant, protecting the watery internal parts of cells from the damaging effects of ---free radicals. A) successive C) intimate E) compelling

B) imminent D) excess

19. The permanence of potential terror has to stand out as a / an ---- threat to the established societal and political order. A) consecutive C) sincere E) inappropriate

B) implicit D) scarce

115

A) immediate C) scant E) damaging

B) successive D) redundant

B) compelling D) implict

22. Bacteria have the capacity to survive in extremely ---- environments, even at temperatures of 250°C, so they are the most ancient living organisms on the planet. A) hostile C) scarce E) detrimental

B) successive D) excess

23. Even though Krakatoa Volcano in Indonesia began to announce its ---- eruption with clouds of vapor and smoke in 1883, these signs, instead of preventing a disaster, became a tourist attraction. A) redundant C) imminent E) challenging

B) implicit D) sincere

24. Companies that use less than their allowances can sell their ---- products to others that fail to meet their allowances. A) destructive C) hostile E) sincere

20. From the 16th century on, ---- waves of immigrants, first from Europe, and then from the rest of the world, settled in North America, drawn by its wealth of natural resources. A) challenging C) absolute E) contemporary

21. Industrial chemicals, farm fertilizers, untreated sewage, and a host of other ---- substances discharged into lakes and rivers have upset or destroyed the natural wildlife balance.

B) tough D) surplus

25. Contrary to common belief, most snakes are beneficial to humans because they limit the spread of ---- animals like rats. A) challenging C) scarce E) absolute

B) harmful D) inhospitable



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 CHALLENGING

IMMINENT

EXCESS

HOSTILE

SINCERE

1. Similar in size to the Earth, Venus has a volcanic surface, as well as a _______________________________ atmosphere governed by the effects of carbon dioxide. 2. It is true that sometimes if, after several _______________________________ efforts, one fails to achieve results, one can attribute the failure to time. 3. Since doctors once believed that too much blood in the body was the cause of disease, they removed the _______________________________ blood either by cutting a vein to let the blood out, or by applying bloodsucking creatures called leeches to the body. 4. With the _______________________________ threat of war in 1939, a number of scientists began to consider the possibility that a new and very powerful atomic bomb could be built from uranium. 5. Predicting earthquakes is very _______________________________ because of a large number of variables, because no two fault systems are alike.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 CONTEMPORARY

DETRIMENTAL

IMPLICIT

SCARCE

SUCCESSIVE

6. Geneticists are concerned with how genes are copied and passed on to _______________________________ generations. 7. Hibernation is an important adaptation to harsh climates, because when food is _______________________________, an animal may use up more energy maintaining its body temperature. 8. While many mutations are benign, some can be _______________________________ and cause human genetic disease. 9. Joseph Lister, the British surgeon known for bringing antiseptic surgery to medicine benefited from the work of his French _______________________________ colleague Louis Pasteur who observed that germs could be present in the air and on certain surfaces 10. In the Middle Ages, the Islamic World was reluctant to adopt the new technologies of learning, partly dut to their _______________________________ threat to religious authority.

116



CHALLENGING

CONTEMPORARY

Anlam

E # Anlam

Zorlu Zorlayıcı Çetin

Difficult Tough Hard Demanding Compelling Severe Arduous

Ça ! da " Modern Ça ! da " Aynı zamanda ya " amı "

DETRIMENTAL

Zararlı Zarar verici

HOSTILE

Dü " man Dü " manca -e kar "ı Saldırgan Uygun olmayan Kötü

IMMINENT

IMPLICIT

Çok yakın Eli kula ! ında Yakında

Üstü kapalı Dolaylı Gizli Kesin Tam Sorgusuz

REDUNDANT

Gereksiz Fazla Arta kalan #" s iz

SCARCE

SINCERE

SUCCESSIVE

117

Challenge (n)

zorluk, meydan okuma

Challenger (n)

meydan okuyan, giri " ken

Challenge (v)

meydan okumak

Detriment (n)

zarar

Detrimentally (adv)

zararlı bir " e kilde

Hostility (n)

anlık, husumet, dü "m muhalefet, saldırganlık

Hostilely (adv)

anca dü "m

Imminence (n)

yakınlık

Imminently (adv)

yakında

Implicitly (adv)

dolaylı olarak, üstü kapalı bir " ekilde, tam olarak

Redundancy (n)

fazlalık, gereksizlik

Redundantly (adv)

fazla olarak, gereksiz yere

Scarcity (n)

kıtlık, bir " eyin az olması

Scarcely (adv)

neredeyse hiç, zar zor, güçlükle

Sincerity (n)

samimiyet, içtenlik, dürüstlük

Sincerely (Adv)

samimiyetle, içtenlikle

Succession (n)

yerine geçme

Successor (n)

yerine geçen, halef

Sucessively (adv)

art arda

Succeed (v)

yerine geçmek, ba " armak

Modern Current Present-day Fashionable Up-to-date Of the time Contemporaneous Harmful Damaging Destructive Unfriendly Inhospitable Contrary Against Aggressive Inappropriate Unsuitable Bad Impending Forthcoming Upcoming Immediate Approaching Close Implied Indirect Hidden Covert Latent Absolute Complete Total Unquestioned Unnecessary Excess Surplus Leftover Superfluous Extra Unemployed Jobless

Nadir Ender Seyrek Kıt Az

Rare Scant Scanty Infrequent Unusual Uncommon

Samimi # ç ten Dürüst

Honest Frank Genuine Intimate Truthful Earnest

Art arda gelen Ardı " ık Birbirini izleyen


Consecutive Sequential



Briefly

Chiefly

Evenly

Jointly

Incredibly

Offensively

Readily

Slightly

Undoubtedly

Utterly

Briefly

kısaca, kısa süreli"ine

E ! anlam: shortly, in short, concisely !

Most sucessful short stories are characterized by compression; the writer’s aim is to say as much as possible as briefly as possible . (Pek çok ba " arılı kısa hikaye özetleme / sıkı " t ırma ile karakterize edilir; yazarın amacı mümkün oldu ! unca çok " e yi olabildi "i nce kısa bir ! ekilde söylemektir.)

!

Due the oil crises of the 1970s, a wind power industry flourished briefly in the US. (1970li yıllarda petrol krizleri nedeniyle rüzgar enerjisi endüstrisi ABD’de kısa süreli " ine geli " ti.)

Chiefly

ba!lıca, özellikle

E ! anlam: primarily, mainly, especially, particularly !

The tiny country of Brunei is known chiefly for the astonishing wealth of its Sultan. (Küçük bir ülke olan Brunei ba ! lıca / özellikle Sultan’ın " a " ırtıcı zenginli !i yle bilinmektedir.)

!

Coal is used chiefly to produce electricity and burned to create heat (Kömür ba ! lıca elektrik üretmek için kullanılır ve ısı üretmek için yakılır.)

Evenly

1) e!it / dengeli bir !ekilde; 2) sakin bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: 1) equally, equivalently; 2) calmly !

Bob Marley sang, “Until the basic human rights are evenly guaranteed to everyone without regard to race, there will be war.” (Bob Marley bir " arkısında " ö yle demi " tir, “Temel insan hakları ırka bakılmaksızın herkese e ! it bir ! ekilde sa ! lanana kadar sava " olacaktır.)

!

Profits are evenly distributed among the directors at the end of the year. (Yıl sonunda kârlar müdürler arasında e ! it bir ! ekilde da ! ıtılır.)

118


Jointly

birlikte, ortakla!a, mü!terek

E ! anlam: together, collectively, cooperatively, commonly !

Scientific research in South Africa is funded jointly by government and business. (Güney Afrika’daki bilimsel ara " t ırmalara hükümet ve i " dünyası tarafından birlikte fon sa ! lanmaktadır.)

!

Studies show that heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. (Çalı " malar gösteriyor ki kalıtım / genetik ve çevre davranı " ı birlikte etkiliyor.)

Incredibly

1) inanılmaz biçimde; 2) son derece

E ! anlam: 1) unbelievably; 2) highly, extremely, extraordinarily, tremendously !

The capacity to store information and the flexibility in behaviour make a human an incredibly complex individual. (Bilgi depolama yetene ! i ve davranı " taki esneklik insanı inanılmaz / son derece karma " ık bir birey yapmaktadır.)

!

Kenneth Branagh’s screen adaptations of Shakespeare’s plays have been incredibly successful. (Kenneth Branagh’ın Shakespeare’ın oyunlarına yaptı ! ı ekran uyarlamaları son derece ba " arılı oldu.)

Offensively

1) saldırgan bir biçimde; 2) kaba bir !ekilde

E ! anlam: 1) aggressively; 2) rudely, impolitely !

One socio-psychological explanation of violence suggests that frustrating situations make people angry and increase their tendency to act offensively. ( $ iddetin sosyopsikolojik açıklamalarından birine göre moral bozucu durumlar insanları sinirlendiriyor ve saldırgan davranma e ! ilimlerini arttırıyor.)

!

Imitating others does not necessarily mean that the child will behave offensively. (Ba " kalarını taklit etmek çocu ! un ille de saldırgan davranaca ! ı anlamına gelmez.)

Readily

1) kolayca, rahatlıkla; 2) isteyerek

E ! anlam: 1) easily, simply, effortlessly, smoothly; 2) voluntarily, eagerly, willingly !

In the mother’s body, alcohol breaks down chemically to a cell-damaging compound that is readily absorbed by the fetus. (Annenin vücudunda, alkol kimyasal olarak hücreye zarar veren bir bile " e ne ayrılır, bu da fetüs tarafından kolayca absorbe edilir.)

!

Certain lizards can shed their tails many times during their lives. In dangerous situations, they may shed it voluntarily in order to flee their confused predators. Later the tail grows back. (Bazı kertenkeleler ya " amları boyunca pek çok kez kuyruklarını vücutlarından atarlar. Tehlikeli durumlarda kafası karı " mı " yırtıcılardan kaçmak için isteyerek kuyru ! unu atarlar. Kuyruk daha sonra tekrar büyür. )

119


Slightly

birazcık, azıcık, hafifçe

E ! anlam: a little (bit), somewhat, faintly !

The fourth largest island in the world, Madagascar is slightly smaller than Turkey, but it is a home to more than 5 percent of all known species and plants. (Dünya’nın en büyük dördüncü adası olan Madagaskar Türkiye’den birazcık küçüktür fakat bilinen tüm hayvan ve bitki türlerinin yüzde be " ine ev saipli ! i yapmaktadır.)

!

Because Venus is located at slightly closer to the Sun than the Earth, it receives almost twice the solar energy as the surface of the Earth. (Venüs Dünya’ya göre Güne " ’e biraz daha yakın oldu ! u için, Dünya yüzeyinin aldı ! ından neredeyse iki kat daha fazla güne " enerjisi alır.)

Undoubtedly

!üphesiz, ku!kusuz, kesinlikle

E ! anlam: certainly, definitely, surely, absolutely, undeniably, unquestionably !

The battle against the cancer is undoubtedly one of the most hard-fought and crucial battles in medical history. (Kansere kar " ı verilen sava " ku ! kusuz tıp tarihindeki en çetin ve en önemli sava " l ardan biridir.)

!

The South American tropics, the most important tropical zone in the world, undoubtedly has the greatest diversity of birds. (Dünyadaki en önemli tropik bölge olan Güney Amerika tropik bölgesi ! üphesiz en fazla ku " türüne sahip bölgedir.)

Utterly

tamamen, bütünüyle

E ! anlam: completely, entirely, totally, wholly, fully !

In the stomach, gastric juices and enzymes subject the swallowed food to intense chemical reactions while mixing it utterly. (Midede, mide özsuları ve enzimler yutulmu " olan yiyece ! i tamamen karı " tırırken yo ! un kimyasal reaksiyonlara maruz bırakır.)

!

Automobiles have not only changed the urban and rural landscape but also, most importantly, have utterly transformed modern history. (Otomobiller sadece " e hir ve ta " ra görünümünü de ! i " tirmekle kalmadı aynı zamanda, ve en önemlisi, modern tarihi bütünüyle de ! i " tirdi.)

120



1. Jointly A) collectively C) equivalently E) surely

B) mainly D) totally

9. Utterly A) completely C) together E) surely

B) smoothly D) equally

10. Offensively 2. Slightly A) tremendously C) rudely E) concisely

B) effortlessly D) somewhat

A) totally C) aggressively E) eagerly

B) unquestionably D) a little bit

11. Mainly 3. Undoubtedly A) calmly C) certainly E) in short

B) eagerly D) particularly

A) evenly C) slightly E) briefly

B) chiefly D) readily

12. Equivalently 4. Evenly A) absolutely C) equally E) commonly

B) primarily D) entirely

A) undoubtedly C) utterly E) jointly

B) offensively D) evenly

13. Highly 5. Incredibly A) especially C) aggressively E) wholly

B) unbelievably D) voluntarily

A) tremendously C) effortlessly E) commonly

B) concisely D) offensively

14. Simply 6. Chiefly A) undeniably C) equivalently E) primarily

B) highly D) simply

A) totally C) incredibly E) readily

B) slightly D) jointly

15. Entirely 7. Briefly A) fully C) impolitely E) shortly

B) extremely D) willingly

8. Readily A) definitely C) faintly E) particuarly 121

B) extraordinarily D) easily

A) completely C) chiefly E) voluntarily

B) briefly D) rudely



16. Developmental psychology once focused ---- on child development, but today devotes a great deal of research to adolescence, adulthood, and old age. A) briefly C) readily E) primarily

B) jointly D) highly

17. When something dies, its remains are usually broken up and attacked by decay organisms that ---- destroy it. A) shortly C) voluntarily E) slightly

B) completely D) surely

18. In 1982, the first compact discs were ---produced by electronics companies Philips and Sony Corporation. A) evenly C) chiefly E) jointly

B) entirely D) eagerly

19. Strangers sharing an elevator might interact ----; however, if the elevator got stuck and they had to deal with an emergency together, they could suddenly become a group. A) briefly C) mainly E) incredibly

B) willingly D) completely

20. To succeed in school, children must master three skills – reading, writing and arithmetic – but not all students ---grasp these basic skills. A) primarily C) readily E) slightly

B) jointly D) shortly

21. it is important to be aware of what we are eating, but when we start to eat by numbers, we lose something ---valuable, which is enjoyment and pleasure. A) offensively C) collectively E) easily

B) evenly D) incredibly

22. Of the absolute dating methods most often used by archaeologists, radiocarbon dating, or carbon-14 dating , is ---- the most prominent and widely utilized. A) briefly C) evenly E) readily

B) slightly D) undoubtedly

23. Education should be global and humanistic and everyone should benefit from it ----. A) equally C) incredibly E) shortly

B) offensively D) chiefly

24. Some reptiles lay and leave their eggs on their own, but others stay with the eggs and ---- defend the nests. A) equivalently C) offensively E) slightly

B) collectively D) effortlessly

25. Viruses lack biochemical autonomy because they lack the means to produce their own proteins and consequently rely ---- on other living organisms. A) voluntarily C) jointly E) slightly

B) totally D) evenly

122



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 PRIMARILY

JOINTLY

INCREDIBLY

READILY

UNDOUBTEDLY

1. A century of research has shown that genetics and experience ____________________________ influence an individual’s intelligence, temperament, personality, and susceptibility. 2. Tasty, high-calorie, high-fat foods are heavily advertised and ______________________________ available nearly everywhere—not just in restaurants and grocery stores, but in shopping malls, airports, gas stations, schools, and workplaces. 3. Urine is essentially harmless, only containing about 2 percent urea, and is sterile: it is composed ______________________________ of water and salts, and it normally does not contain bacteria, viruses, or fungi. 4. Bats have ______________________________ sharp hearing and use faint echoes from nearby surfaces to detect the exact place of their prey or the obstacles. 5. Antipsychotic drugs ______________________________ make a huge contribution to the treatment of severe mental disorders, but they are not without problems.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 BRIEFLY

EVENLY

OFFENSIVELY

SLIGHTLY

UTTERLY

6. If the ocean waters were spread out _______________________________ over earth’s surface they would cover the entire surface to a depth of 2,800 m. 7. Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing _______________________________ stops several times (for periods of 10 seconds or longer) during sleep. 8. Frequently people react _______________________________ to others who had nothing to do with their frustration, apparently because they can’t show their anger at the real source. 9. One’s chances of being hurt in a terrorist attack are _______________________________ microscopic in comparison to one’s chances of perishing in an automobile accident, yet people worry about the former and not the latter. 10. Some researchers have collected data that suggest that suicide rates have declined _______________________________ because of widespread prescription of a new kind of antidepressant (SSRI).

123



BRIEFLY

CHIEFLY

Anlam

E # Anlam

Kısaca Kısa süreli ! ine

Shortly In short Concisely

kısa ve öz özetlemek, bilgilendirmek

Brief (v)

" e f, amir, üst

Chief (adj)

ba "l ıca, önde gelen

E " it / Dengeli bir " ekilde

Equally Equivalently

Evenness (n)

e " itlik, sakinlik, düzgünlük,

Even (adj)

düzeltmek

Even (v)

e " it, sakin, düzgün

Joint (n)

birle " me yeri, eklem

Joint (adj)

ortak, mü "t erek

Join (v)

katılmak, birle "m ek

Credibility (n)

güvenilirlik

Credible (adj)

güvenilir, inanılır

Incredible (adj)

inanılmaz, harika

Credit (v)

güvenmek, kredi vermek

Offence (n)

suç, kabahat, gücendirme

Offender (n)

suçlu

Offensive (adj)

saldırgan, çirkin, kırıcı suç i " lemek, kırmak, gücendirmek

Sakin bir " e kilde

Calmly

Birlikte Ortakla " a Mü "t erek

Together Collectively Cooperatively Commonly

# n anılmaz biçimde

Unbelievably

Son derece

Highly Extremely Extraordinarily Tremendously

Saldırgan bir biçimde

Aggressively

Kaba bir " e kilde

Rudely Impolitely

Kolayca Rahatlıkla

Easily Simply Effortlessly Smoothly

Readiness (n)

isteklilik, hazır olma

# s teyerek

Voluntarily Eagerly Willingly

Ready (adj)

hazır, istekli, kolay

Birazcık Azıcık Hafifçe

A little (bit) Somewhat Faintly

Slight (n)

saygısızlık, hakaret

Slight (adj)

az, hafif, önemsiz hakaret etmek, hiçe saymak

$ ü phesiz Ku " kusuz Kesinlikle

Certainly Definitely Surely Absolutely Undeniably Unquestionably

READILY

UTTERLY

Brief (adj)

Chief (n)

OFFENSIVELY

UNDOUBTEDLY

özet, evrak

Primarily Mainly Especially Particularly

INCREDIBLY

SLIGHTLY

Brief (n)

Ba " lıca Özellikle

EVENLY

JOINTLY


Tamamen Bütünüyle

Completely Entirely Totally Wholly Fully

Offend (v)

Slight (v) Doubt (n)

" ü phe

Doubtful (adj)

" ü pheli, kararsız

Doubtless (adj)

" ü phesiz, kesin

Doubtfully (adv)

" ü pheyle

Doubt (v)

" ü phelenmek

Utterance (n)

söz, söyleme, ses çıkarma

Utter (adj)

tam, kesin

Uttermost (adj)

en fazla, en son ses çıkarmak, söylemek, ifade etmek

Utter (v)

124



Advent

Deterioration

Determination

Entitlement

Expenditure

Prospect

Recurrence

Resemblance

Scent

Triumph

Advent

yeni bir !eyin ortaya çıkması

E ! anlam: arrival, coming, appearance, emergence, dawn !

With the advent of digital technology, companies can fast track their customers, run some analytics, figure out what they want, then deliver on that. ( Dijital teknolojinin ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte , " i rketler mü " terilerini hızlı bir " e kilde takip edebiliyor, mantıksal analizler yapabiliyor, mü " t erilerinin ne istediklerini anlıyor ve daha sonra buna göre i " l erini yapıyorlar.)

!

Previous to the advent of motor cars , people had traffic jams of horse-drawn vehicles. ( Motorlu araçların ortaya çıkmasından önce insanlar at arabalarının sebep oldu ! u trafik sıkı " ıklı ! ını ya " ardı.)

Deterioration

1) kötüle!me, bozulma; 2) çürüme, parçalanma

E ! anlam: 1) worsening, degradation, decline, degeneration, breakdown, spoilage; 2) decay, rot, decomposition, disintegration !

From the mid-30s onward, the body slowly begins to decline. The rate of deterioration varies widely from person to person and depends on lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise, as well as genes. (30’lu ya " ların ortasından itibaren vücut yava " ç a zayıflamaya / bozulmaya ba " l ar. Bu kötüye gidi ! oranı ki " iden ki " iye de ! i " ir ve genlerin yanı sıra beslenme ve egzersiz gibi ya " a m tarzına ba ! lıdır.)

!

The primary aim of agriculture is to cause the land to produce more abundantly and at the same time to protect it from deterioration and misuse. (Tarım asıl amacı arazinin daha bol miktarda ürün vermesini sa ! l amak ve aynı zamanda topra ! ı bozulmaktan / çürümekten ve yanlı " kullanımdan korumaktır.)

Determination

1) kararlılık, azim; 2) belirleme

E ! anlam: 1) resoluteness, firmness, stability; 2) identification, detection !

The president has reaffirmed his government’s determination to improve the economy. (Ba " kan hükümetinin ekonomiyi iyile " t irme konusundaki kararlılı " ını yeniden teyit etti.)

!

Both sides in the conflict have stated their determination to comply with the ceasefire. (Çatı " an her iki taraf ate " k ese uyaca !ı na dair kararlılıklarını ifade ettiler.)

125


Entitlement

1) yetkilendirme; 2) hak

E ! anlam: 1) authorization, empowerment; 2) right !

One woman in six retires with an entitlement to a full basic pension . (Altı kadından biri tam emekli maa ! ı hakkı alarak emekli olmaktadır.)

!

Few people were aware of their entitlement to visit the palace. (Çok az insan sarayı ziyaret etme hakkı oldu ! unun farkındaydı.)

Expenditure

harcama, masraf, gider

E ! anlam: spending, cost, expense, outlay, payment !

The administration is constructing a new plan which they hope will reduce their expenditures. (Yönetim masrafları azaltaca ! ını umdu ! u yeni bir plan yapıyor.)

!

The financial resources of the government are obviously finite, and we cannot allow our expenditures to increase at this rate. (Hükümetin kaynakları açıkçası sınırlı, ve harcamalarımızın bu oranda artmasına izin veremeyiz.)

Prospect

1) olasılık, ihtimal; 2) beklenti

E ! anlam: 1) possibility, probability, likelihood, outlook; 2) expectation, anticipation !

Men seem to value attractiveness in their mate, whereas women put more emphasis on financial prospects. (Erkekler e " lerinde çekicili !e de ! er veriyor gibi görünürken kadınlar daha çok mali beklentilere önem veriyor .)

!

Colombia is hoping for continued support from the international community to boost economic and peace prospects . (Kolombiya eknomik ve barı ! beklentilerinin desteklenmesi için uluslararası camiadan sürekli destek bekliyor.)

Recurrence

tekrarlama, nüksetme

E ! anlam: repetition, relapse !

If second language learners do not refresh their learning of new vocabulary by frequent repetition, they will quickly forget these words. ( # kinci dil ö ! renenler yeni ö ! rendikleri kelimeleri sık tekrarla yinelemezlerse, bu kelimeleri çabucak unuturlar.)

!

Happiness of most people is not ruined by great catastrophes or fatal errors, but by the recurrence of destructive little things. (Pek çok insanın mutlulu ! u büyük felaketler ya da onarılmaz hatalarla de ! i l, yıkıcı küçük " e ylerin tekrarlanmasıyla bozulmaktadır.)

126


Resemblance

benzerlik

E ! anlam: similarity, likeness !

If one observes different vertebrate embroys, the resemblances between them are notable. These resemblances reveal that they are all descended from a common ancestor. (Farklı omurgalıların embriyolarını incelerseniz, aralarındaki benzerlikler dikkat çekicidir. Bu benzerlikler bunların tamamının ortak bir atadan geldiklerini ortaya çıkarmaktadır.)

!

Crocodiles still have a strong resemblance to their long-lost ancestors. (Timsahlar uzun süre önce ortadan kaybolan atalarına hala güçlü bir benzerlik ta " ırlar.)

Scent

koku

E ! anlam: smell, odour, fragrance !

Natural gas has no scent. The odour is artificially added so that people can identify leaks, and take measures to stop them. (Do ! al gaz kokusuzdur . # n sanların gaz kaça ! ını tespit edebilmeleri ve bunları durdurmak için önlem alabilmeleri amacıyla yapay olarak koku ilave edilir.)

!

The scent of perfume can be quite a problem for people with allegies. ( Parfüm kokusu alerjisi olan insanlar için büyük bir problem olabilir.)

Triumph

zafer, büyük ba!arı, galibiyet

E ! anlam: victory, win, success, achievement, accomplishment !

The independence of India was the triumph of non-violent action led by Mahatma Gandhi. (Hindistan’ın ba ! ımsızlı ! ını kazanması Mahatma Gandhi önderli ! i ndeki " i ddete dayalı olmayan eylemin zaferiydi .)

!

Older men declare war. But it is youth that must fight and die. And it is youth who must inherit the tribulation, the sorrow, and the triumphs that are the aftermath of war. (Ya " lılar sava " ilan ederler. Fakat sava " ması ve ölmesi gereken gençlerdir. Ve sava " sonrasındaki sıkıntıyı, acıyı, ve zaferleri miras alması gerekenler yine gençlerdir.)

127



1. Prospect A) achievement C) stability E) decay

B) possibility D) appearance

9. Expenditure A) spending C) decline E) expectation

B) win D) coming

10. Determination 2. Resemblance A) expectation C) authorization E) similarity

B) repetition D) odour

A) breakdown C) likelihood E) achievement

B) resoluteness D) repetition

11. Degradation 3. Advent A) arrival C) cost E) detection

B) degradation D) likelihood

A) expenditure C) entitlement E) deterioration

B) resemblance D) recurrence

12. Odour 4. Entitlement A) outlay C) spoilage E) firmness

B) accomplishment D) right

A) decay C) scent E) stability

B) outlay D) victory

13. Expectation 5. Triumph A) fragrance C) victory E) likeness

B) anticipation D) dawn

A) prospect C) determination E) disintegration

B) advent D) triumph

14. Stability 6. Deterioration A) worsening C) identification E) expense

B) emergence D) outlook

A) degeneration C) likelihood E) relapse

B) appearance D) determination

15. Accomplishment 7. Scent A) rot C) win E) smell

B) right D) payment

A) worsening C) anticipation E) achievement

B) spending D) detection

8. Recurrence A) decomposition C) empowerment E) probability

B) success D) repetition

128



16. In 1944, as Germany was losing the war, many Estonians became alarmed at the ---- of Soviet occupation, and fled to Sweden. A) decline C) prospect E) stability

B) expense D) resemblance

17. Species on Earth show a great deal of diversity, but, at the same time, remarkable genetic ----. A) resoluteness C) achievement E) resemblance

B) appearance D) degradation

18. The ---- of effective painkillers and new treatments means that prolonged, unbearable pain can be effectively treated and/or controlled. A) expenditure C) similarity E) advent

B) determination D) triumph

19. In 1893, New Zealand became the first country to grant women the ---- to vote in national elections. A) right C) success E) stability

B) prospect D) expense

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A) determination C) resemblance E) expenditure

B) decay D) scent

B) recurrence D) accomplishment

22. The famous economist Keynes argued that economies would enter a recession, or even a depression, if either desired investment ---- or desired consumption one fell. A) degradation C) expenditure E) achievement

B) possibility D) repetition

23. Research into the cause of Alzheimer disease focuses on the nature of the basic biology of the disease and the development of drugs that will counteract or prevent the ---associated with the disease. A) deterioration C) similarity E) expectation

B) emergence D) entitlement

24. Black Americans owe much to the bravery and ---- of Harriet Tubman who led more than 300 black american slaves to freedom on what was known as the “Underground Railroad” between 1850 and 1861. A) worsening C) expenditure E) determination

20. Pollinators such as insects and bats may be attracted to flowers by their ----, but that doesn’t mean the flower is attractive for us. A) recurrence C) arrival E) expectation

21. In one longitudinal study, after recovery from a first episode of depression, the cumulative probability of ---- was 25% after 1 year, 42% after two years, and 60% after 5 years.

B) resemblance D) likelihood

25. Barack Obama’s ---- in the 2008 election demonstrated the possibilities open to African Americans in the 21st century. A) right C) decline E) expense

B) prospect D) triumph



BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 1 DETERIORATION

EXPENDITURE

SCENT

PROSPECT

ENTITLEMENT

1. Some invertebrates arrive our homes to seek humidity, shelter, or food; others are attracted by the _______________________________ of skin, wool garments, or wooden ceilings. 2. No one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming and for billions the resulting environmental _______________________________ is going to make life considerably more difficult. 3. The “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” declared during French Revolution proclaimed that all men and women are born equal, so kings and nobles have no _______________________________ to rule over those of common birth. 4. Strict fiscal policies ensured that governments would cut their _____________________________ on social programs, on which the welfare state was based, and impose tax increases to end deficit. 5. With no cure and no prenatal test for autism, there is no _______________________________ of eliminating this condition in the near future.

BO"LUK DOLDURMA – 2 ADVENT

DETERMINATION

RECURRENCE

RESEMBLANCE

TRIUMPH

6. The Apollo program which began in July 1960 was an important technological _______________________________ and succeded in putting the United States ahead in the space race. 7. The orchid, whose scientific name Ophyrs apifera means “bee orchid,” is so called because of the _______________________________ between the texture of its flowers and the body of a bee. 8. Mechanical clocks continued in use for more than 400 years before the _______________________________ of the electric and, ultimately, the atomic clock in modern times. 9. Once your back pain has cleared up, you should take steps to prevent a _______________________________ by following the self-help advice for taking care of your back. 10. One of the most difficult aspects of embryo transfer is the _______________________________ of which embryos are most suitable for transfer into the uterus.

130



ADVENT

Anlam

E # Anlam

Yeni bir " e yin ortaya çıkması

Arrival Coming Appearance Emergence Dawn

Kötüle " me Bozulma

DETERIORATION Çürüme Parçalanma

EXPENDITURE

PROSPECT

RESEMBLANCE

SCENT

TRIUMPH

131

kötüye gitmek kötüle "m ek bozulmak

Resoluteness Firmness Stability

Determinant (n)

belirleyici faktör

Determiner (n)

belirleyici

Belirleme

Identification Detection

Determinate (adj)

belirli, sınırlı

Determine (v)

azmetmek, belirlemek

Yetkilendirme

Authorization Empowerment

Entitled (adj)

ba "l ıklı, yetkili

Hak

Right

Entitle (n)

adlandırmak, yetki vermek

Expense (n)

harcama, masraf, gider

Harcama Masraf Gider

Spending Cost Expense Outlay Payment

Expensive (adj)

pahalı

Expensively (adv)

pahalı bir " e kilde

Expend (v)

harcamak, sarfetmek

Prospector (n)

maden arayan

Olasılık # h timal Beklenti

RECURRENCE

Deteriorate (v)

Kararlılık Azim

DETERMINATION

ENTITLEMENT

Worsening Degradation Decline Degeneration Breakdown Spoilage Decay Rot Decomposition Disintegration


Tekrarlama Nüksetme

Possibility Probability Likelihood Outlook Expectation Anticipation

Repetition Relapse

Benzerlik

Similarity Likeness

Koku

Smell Odour Fragrance

Zafer Büyük ba " arı Galibiyet

Victory Win Success Achievement Accomplishment

Prospective (adj) Prospect (v)

ileriye yönelik, beklenen, gelecekteki, müstakbel maden aramak, ara " tırmak

Recursion (n)

tekrarlama, yineleme

Recursive (adj)

tekrarlanan, tekrarlamalı

Recurrent (adj)

tekrar eden, nükseden

Recur (v)

tekrarlamak, yinelemek

Resemble (v)

benzemek

Scented (adj)

kokulu

Scentless (adj)

kokusuz

Scent (v)

koku yaymak

Triumphant (adj)

zafer kazanan, galip

Triumphantly (adv) muzaffer bir " e kilde zafer kazanmak, Triumph (v) galip gelmek


REVIEW – 4 B. Kelimeleri e ! anlamları ile e ! le ! tiriniz. A. Kelimeleri ve anlamlarını e ! le ! tiriniz.

SET 1 pretend disguise alienate eradicate magnify

SET 6 1. büyütmek 2. yabancıla !tırmak 3. -mı! gibi yapmak 4. kökünü kazımak 5. gizlemek

SET 2 challenging imminent hostile sincere contemporary

1. zorlu, zorlayıcı 2. ça"da!, modern 3. dü!man 4. samimi, içten 5. çok yakın

1. inanılmaz 2. birlikte, ortakla !a 3. birazcık, hafifçe 4. saldırganca 5. kısaca

1. harmful 2. scant 3. covert 4. excess 5. consecutive

evenly readily undoubtedly chiefly utterly

1. easily 2. primarily 3. equally 4. completely 5. certainly

SET 9 1. yetkilendirme, hak 2. kararlılık 3. koku 4. kötüle !me 5. olasılık, beklenti

SET 5 chiefly implicit likelihood readily detrimental

successive implicit detrimental scarce redundant

SET 8

SET 4 deterioration scent determination entitlement prospect

1. breed 2. inhabit 3. chase 4. comply 5. dissuade

SET 7

SET 3 slightly briefly incredibly offensively jointly

pursue dwell reproduce deter correspond

recurrence triumph expenditure resemblance advent

1. victory 2. arrival 3. cost 4. similarity 5. repetition

SET 10 1. olasılık 2. ba!lıca 3. zararlı 4. kolayca 5. üstü kapalı

imminent magnify challenging decay disguise

1. tough 2. hide 3. forthcoming 4. enlarge 5. rot

132


C. A! a " ıdaki cümlelerde bo ! lu "a uygun dü ! en sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. Smallpox was once a dreaded human disease, but it was ---- worldwide in the 1970s by widespread vaccination. A) magnified C) pursued E) reproduced

B) deterred D) eradicated

2. In some countries such as Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada and the US, nuclear family is preferred to extended family, so the qualities of youth are ---- valued, and elderly people are generally neglected. A) highly C) readily E) slightly

B) jointly D) briefly

3. The mystical traditions in various religions reveal a diversity of practices and goals but they also bear some ----. A) recurrences C) expectations E) deteriorations

B) similarities D) appearances

4. Volcanologists strive to understand and interpret signs of an ---- eruption using a wide variety of information, from seismic activity to analysis of gases. A) implict C) challenging E) imminent

133

A) incredibly C) mainly E) jointly

B) voluntarily D) offensively

7. Some of the 20th century technologies such as nuclear weapons are known to be far more likely ---- than beneficial for living things. A) contemporary C) compelling E) successive

B) detrimental D) redundant

8. With the ---- of new medications, treatments, and vaccines, people are now living longer and more productive lives. A) triumph C) entitlement E) prospect

B) worsening D) advent

9. Most cross-cultural research has focused on people’s self-reports of their experiences, feelings and expressions, which may or may not ---- to what actually happens in social interactions. A) correspond C) dissuade E) pretend

B) alienate D) extinguish

B) redundant D) scarce

5. In January 1610, Galileo turned his new and improved telescope on Jupiter, and with modifications to the lenses, he was able to ---- the apparent diameter of an image 30 times. A) magnify C) pretend E) alienate

6. The brown bear is the largest meateating animal in Turkey, and its present distribution is ---- restricted to the undamaged natural habitats of the Black Sea and Eastern Anatolian regions.

B) pursue D) correspond

10. The climate change that we are experiencing today is ---- different in terms of both its magnitude and its rate from any other climate change the Earth has experienced. A) evenly C) jointly E) totally

B) briefly D) readily



11. A) covert C) implicit

B) redundant D) indirect

1. A) expand C) pretend

B) augment D) magnify

12. A) inhospitable C) successive

B) consecutive D) sequential

2. A) conceal C) reside

B) inhabit D) settle

13. A) primarily C) especially

B) evenly D) particularly

3. A) challenging C) demanding

B) damaging D) compelling

14. A) collectively C) jointly

B) cooperatively D) completely

4. A) impending C) forthcoming

B) surplus D) immediate

15. A) outlay C) odour

B) smell D) scent

5. A) voluntarily C) eagerly

B) willingly D) tremendously

16. A) achievement B) empowerment C) success D) accomplishment

6. A) certainly C) definitely

B) chiefly D) absolutely

17. A) eradicate C) exaggerate

B) exterminate D) extinguish

7. A) likelihood C) prospect

B) repetition D) possibility

18. A) sincere C) arduous

B) intimate D) genuine

8. A) anticipation B) degradation C) deterioration D) worsening

19. A) readily C) extremely

B) highly D) tremendously

9. A) chase C) pursue

B) trace D) breed

20. A) resoluteness B) repetition C) recurrence D) relapse

10. A) comply C) coincide

B) deter D) corresond

134


E. A#a$ıdaki cümleleri Türkçe’ye çeviriniz. 1. Many desert predators are highly venomous, which helps them capture scarce prey.

2. For centuries, astronomers have observed the sky with their eyes alone or used simple telescopes that magnify the view.

3. The world’s first global war known as Seven Years War was fought mainly between the empires of Britain and France over colonies in India and North America.

4. Rockets have resemblance to jet engines but with one big difference—there is no oxygen in space so they must carry their own supply in a giant tank.

5. When something dies, its remains are usually broken up and attacked by organisms that completely destroy it.

6. Exhaust fumes from car engines and detrimental gases from power stations and factories cause air pollution, which can lead to health problems such as asthma.

7. Mercury is the smallest planet of the solar system, lies closest to the Sun and is a lifeless world that has hardly changed in 3 billion years.

8. Like other aspects of human nature, consciousness must have evolved over time because it helped our ancient ancestors survive and reproduce.

9. Scientists have found that hostility is related to increased risk for heart attacks and other types of illness, and they say people should strive to learn how to manage their feelings of hostility more effectively.

10. Undoubtedly, some life changes may be quite challenging, but others may be quite benign.

135

136


137

Phrasal Verbs

ACCOUNT FOR "

Açıklama yapmak, izah etmek

E ! anlam: explain, clarify, elucidate !

Please account for your disgraceful conduct. (Lütfen bu saygısız davranı " ının açıklamasını yap .)

!

He accounted for the vague issues at the meeting. (Toplantıda belirsiz konuları izah etti .)

"

Sebebi olmak, -den sorumlu olmak, -e kar !ılık gelmek

E ! anlam: be the reason of, be responsible for !

At one time, Turkey’s exports to Iraq accounted for 25% of all its exports. (Eskiden, Türkiye’nin Irak’a yaptı ! ı ihracat, tüm ihracatının %25’ine kar ! ılık geliyordu .)

!

It is estimated that by 2050 aviation will account for 70 per cent of air pollution. (2050 yılında hava kirlili ! i nin %70’inden havacılı ! ın sorumlu olaca ! ı tahmin ediliyor .)

BACK UP "

Desteklemek

E ! anlam: support, corroborate, stand by !

Do you have any data to back up that theory? (Bu teoriyi destekleyen herhangi bir verin var mı?

!

Our sponsor will provide financial backup for this website. (Sponsorumuz bu internet sitesi için maddi destek sa ! layacak.)

BREAK DOWN "

Arızalanmak, bozulmak; yıkmak, kırmak, (ruhen) yıkılmak

E ! anlam: fail, collapse; demolish, destroy !

My car has broken down and I came here by taxi. (Arabam bozuldu ve buraya taksiyle geldim.)

!

He had to break down their opposition to his ideas. (Onların kendisinin fikirlerine olan muhalefetlerini yıkmak zorunda kaldı.) 138


BREAK OUT "

Patlak vermek, ortaya çıkmak, patlamak

E#anlam: occur, arise, appear, erupt, burst !

After the news reports of deaths from the flu, panic broke out. (Gripten kaynaklanan ölüm haberlerinden sonra, panic patlak verdi .)

!

After the end of the World War II, the cold war broke out. ( # kinci Dünya Sava " ı’ndan sonra, so ! uk sava " patlak verdi .)

"

Kaçmak

E ! anlam: escape, flee !

Four prisoners broke out of the state jail last night. (Dört mahkum dün gece eyelet hapishanesinden kaçtı .)

!

They couldn’t understand how some of the patients broke out of the asylum. (Bazı hastaların akıl hastanesinden nasıl kaçtıklarını anlayamadılar.)

"

Çıkarmak (bir hastalık vb.)

E ! anlam: to become covered with !

Acne or pimples is a skin infection that breaks out upon your back, arms, chest, neck, and face. (Akne ya da sivilce sırt kısmında, kollarda, gö ! ü ste, boyunda ve yüzde çıkan bir deri enfeksiyonudur.)

!

My little daughter broke out with measles. (Küçük kızım kızamık çıkardı .)

BREAK THROUGH "

Atılım / hamle yapmak, ilerleme kaydetmek

E ! anlam: advance, step forward, make progress !

Throughout the day, the Soviets launched strong counterattacks in response to German attacks to break through the second defense belt. (Gün boyu, Sovyetler ikinci savunma hattını a ! mak için Alman saldırılarına kar " ı lık olarak güçlü kar " ı saldırılar ba " lattı.)

!

There has been an important breakthrough in the search of safe nuclear energy. (Güvenli nükleer enerji arayı " ı nda önemli bir ilerleme oldu.)

139

Phrasal Verbs

BRING ABOUT "

Berberinde getirmek, yol açmak, sebep olmak

E ! anlam: cause, lead to !

Unfairness in the distribution of social wealth has brought about countless riots in that country. (Sosyal refahın da ! ıtımındaki adaletsizlik bu ülkede sayısız isyanlara neden oldu .)

!

In a 'chemical reaction' operation, different chemical elements bring about changes to one another to produce new compounds. (Kimyasal tepkime i " leminde, farklı kimyasal elementler yeni bile " e nler olu " turmak için de ! i " iklikler yaparlar .)

"

Gerçekle !tirmek, meydana getirmek

E ! anlam: realize, actualize, make happen, generate !

The changes to the law were brought about by the government because so many people were ignoring the old one. (Hükümet tarafından yasaya de ! i " iklikler getirildi çünkü birçok eskisini önemsemiyordu.)

!

I hope to bring about a successful conclusion. (Ba " arılı bir sonuç gerçekle ! tirmeyi umuyorum.)

BRING IN "

kazanç / para getirmek, kazanmak

E ! anlam: earn, gain, win, acquire, obtain, get, get paid, yield !

She is bringing in good money by selling houses. (Ev satarak iyi para kazanıyor .)

!

My part-time job doesn’t bring in much, but I enjoy it. (Yarı zamanlı i " im çok para kazandırmıyor ama i "i mi seviyorum.)

"

sunmak, tanıtmak

E ! anlam: submit, present, offer, introduce !

The jury brought in its verdict.

(Jüri kararını verdi .) !

The company has brought in a new device that provides users to reach their computers even if they are off. alarını ( $ irket, kullanıcılarına bilgisayarları kapalı konumda olsa bile bilgisayarlarına ula " m sa ! layan yeni bir cihaz sundu .) 140


BRING UP "

Yeti!tirmek, çocuk büyütmek, bakmak, terbiye etmek

E ! anlam: raise, grow, rear, care, feed, nurture, nourish, breed, educate, train !

She brought up five children. (O, be " çocuk büyüttü .)

!

Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt. (O bebekken anne-babası öldü ve teyzesi tarafından büyütüldü .)

" Bahsetmek,

bir konuyu gündeme getirmek, söz konusu etmek

E ! anlam: mention, touch on, refer !

These are matters that you can bring up in committee. (Bunlar senin komitede gündeme getirebilece " in konular.)

!

I couldn’t understand why he brought up such meaningless issues. (Böylesine anlamsız konulardan neden bahsetti " ini anlayamıyorum.)

CALL FOR "

talep etmek, ça "rıda bulunmak, gerekmek, gerektirmek

E ! anlam: demand, request, want, ask, claim, need, require, necessitate !

Protestors were calling for a ban on the production of GM (genetically modified) foods. (Protestocular GDO’lu yiyeceklerin üretiminin yasaklanmasını talep ediyorlardı .)

!

The cause of the accident is still unclear and calls for further investigation. (Kazanın nedeni hala belirsiz ve ileri bir inceleme gerekmektedir .)

CALL OFF "

#ptal etmek, feshetmek

E ! anlam: cancel, abolish !

They have about three months to come up with a good reason to call off the conference. (Konferansı iptal etmek konusunda iyi bir neden bulmak için yakla " ı k üç ayları var.)

!

The U.S. called off slavery by constitutional amendment on December 6, 1865, since then, it has been implementing a post-modern slavery and imperialism. (6 Aralık 1865 yılında, ABD anayasal de ! i " iklikle köleli ! i kaldırdı , o zamandan beri, post- modern kölelik ve sömürgecilik uyguluyor.)

141

Phrasal Verbs

CARRY OUT "

Yerine getirmek, uygulamak, (proje, çalı !ma vs.) yürütmek

E ! anlam: perform, fulfill, conduct, implement, apply, practice !

This study was carried out to determine the effects of global crisis on countries. (Bu çalı " ma küresel krizin ülkeler üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek için yürütüldü .)

!

The early chloroplasts united with algae to carry out this prehistoric function. (Bu tarih öncesi fonksiyonu gerçekle#tirmek için ilk kloroplastlar alglerle birle !ti.)

CATCH UP (WITH) / (ON) "

Seviyesine ula!mak, yeti!mek, aynı seviyeye gelmek

E ! anlam: keep up (with), catch, reach !

Hanson’s argument is that eventually population growth will catch up with economic growth. (Hanson’ın tezi nüfus büyümesinin sonunda ekonomik büyümeyi yakalayaca " ıdır .)

!

Companies struggle to catch up with the demands of a consumer society. ( $ irketler, tüketici toplumunun taleplerine yeti ! mek için çaba gösteriyor.)

CHECK OUT "

(hesap ödeyerek) bir yerden ayrılmak, çıkı ! yapmak; kontrol etmek

E ! anlam: leave; check, examine !

He has already checked out of the hotel. (O çoktan otelden ayrıldı .)

!

I have been taking loads of photographs, just to check out the camera. (Sırf kontrol etmek amacıyla bir sürü foto ! raf çekiyorum.)

CHEER UP "

ne!elenmek, ne!elendirmek

E ! anlam: rejoice, make happier !

She cheered up herself with the thought that this could be her best chance. (Bunun kendisinin son " a nsı olabilece ! i dü " üncesiyle kendini ne ! elendirdi .)

!

Big changes are always painful, but cheer up; this pain may not be so grim. (Büyük fırsatlar her zaman sancıldır, fakat ne ! elen ; bu sancı o kadar da korkunç olmayabilir.) 142


COME ACROSS "

Kar!ıla!mak, tesadüfen rastlamak

E ! anlam: meet / find by chance, run across, encounter, bump into !

I came across these old photos while I was tidying the drawer. (Çekmeceyi düzenlerken bu eski fotolarla kar ! ıla ! tım .)

!

Animals such as raccoons and foxes eat almost anything edible that they come across rather than specializing in one type of food. (Rakun ve tilki gibi hayvanlar teek bir yiyecek türünü ayırmaktan ziyade kar ! ıla ! tıkları yenilebilecek hemen hemen her " e yi yerler.)

COME UP "

ortaya çıkmak, gündeme gelmek; güne !in do"ması / yükselmesi

E ! anlam: show up, emerge, come out of, occur, appear; rise !

Fashion often repeats itself, as certain styles come up again and again and are revived with publicity. (Moda sürekli kendini tekrarlar, çünkü bazı tarzlar tekrar tekrar ortaya çıkar ve reklamla yeniden canlandırılır.)

!

Every day is different; it’s the same work, but different scenarios come up. (Her gün farklıdır; hep aynı i ! fakat farklı senaryolar ortaya çıkıyor.)

COME UP WITH "

Bulmak (çare, fikir, çözüm yolu vb.)

E ! anlam: find, discover, get, create, invent, produce !

More than 40 percent of men show signs of baldness between the ages of 20 and 49, but studies on genomes of this group have failed to come up with a potential cure. (Erkeklerin %40’ından fazlası 20 ila 49 ya " l arı arasında kellik belirtileri gösteriyor, fakat bu alar potansiyel bir tedavi bulma konusunda ba " arısız grubun genomları üzerine yapılan çalı " m olmu " tur.)

!

If you keep working with your topic, you will eventually come up with something that works. (Konu üzerinde çalı " maya devam ederse, sonunda i " e yarayan bir " eyler bulacaksın .)

143

Phrasal Verbs "

(fikir) ileri sürmek, ortaya atmak, iddia etmek

E ! anlam: claim, assert, allege, propound, bring forward !

He came up with a new idea on increasing the profits. (Kar oranlarını arttırma konsunda yeni bir fikir ortaya attı .)

!

I came up with the opinion that everyone should offer a solution about the problem. (Herkesin soruna çözüm bulması gerekti ! i ne dair bir fikir ortaya attım .)

COUNT ON / UPON "

Güvenmek, bel ba "lamak

E ! anlam: trust, depend on / upon, rely on / upon, reckon on / upon, !

The whole team was counting on me, but I let them down. (Bütün takım bana güveniyordu ama ben onları hayal kırıklı ! ı na u ! rattım.)

!

The charity counts upon voluntary support to provide the majority of their annual costs and support like this is very important to them (Yardım derne ! i yıllık maliyetlerinin ço ! unu kar "ı lamak için gönüllü deste ! e bel ba " lar ve bunun gibi bir destek onlar için oldukça önemlidir.)

CUT DOWN ON "

kısmak, azaltmak

E ! anlam: reduce, decrease, diminish, decline, shrink !

There has been increasing pressure in the US to cut down on the amount of funding allocated to foreign aid, and instead, use the funds to improve the domestic economy. (Dı " yardıma ayrılan fon miktarını azaltması ve bunun yerine fonları ülke ekonomisini geli " tirmeye harcaması için ABD’de gittikçe artan bir baskı var.)

!

The government has announced plans to cut down on defence spending by 10% next year. (Hükümet önümüzdeki yıl savunma harcamalarını %10 oranında azaltaca " ı planlarını ilan etti.)

144


CUT OFF "

Bir !eyin deste"ini kesmek (elektrik, su, para, vb.)

E ! anlam: stop, cease, halt !

The telephone has been cut off because we didn’t pay the bill. (Telefon kesildi çünkü faturayı ödemedik.)

!

Russian government cut off economic subsidies to the impoverished North Caucasus. (Rus hükümeti fakirle " en Kuzey Kafkasya’ya olan ekonomik yardımı kesti .)

DEAL WITH "

Üstesinden gelmek, ba ! etmek; ele almak, ilgilenmek

E ! anlam: cope with, overcome, handle, do with; discuss, engage in !

The government had been unable to deal with the economic crisis. (Hükümet ekonomik krizle ba ! edemedi .)

!

This is a matter that would be best dealt with by the police. (Bu en iyi polisin ilgilenece " i bir meseledir.)

DROP OUT "

Ayrılmak (üyelikten, okuldan, vb.)

E ! anlam: quit !

It is illegal for anyone under 16 to drop out of high school in most states. (Birçok eyalette 16 ya " ından küçüklerin liseden ayrılması yasa dı " ıdır.)

!

The unemployed lose their skills, and a number of workers drop out of the workforce. ( #" sizler becerilerini kaybediyorlar ve çok sayıda çalı " a n i " gücünden ayrılıyorlar .)

145

Phrasal Verbs

END UP (WITH) "

- ile sonuçlanmak

E ! anlam: result in, conclude, eventuate in, culminate in !

If you don’t study, you will end up in a poorly paid job. (Çalı " mazsan, sonunda maa " ı az olan bir i " in olur.)

!

Sport can be very cruel when a team plays its best football for years and ends up with nothing. (Bir takım yıllarca en iyi futbolunu oynadı ! ı nda ve herhangi bir sonuç alamadı " ında spor çok zalimce olabilir.)

FALL APART "

da"ılmak, parçalara ayrılmak, hayatı kararmak, uzak dü !mek

E ! anlam: break into pieces, fall to pieces, break up, come apart, disintegrate !

She fell apart because she had lost everything. (Hayatı karardı çünkü her " e yini kaybetmi " ti.)

!

The economy fell apart after the mess in the housing market. ( # ç piyasadaki karı " ıklıktan sonra ekonomi darmada " ın oldu .)

FIGURE OUT "

anlamak, çözmek

E ! anlam: understand, make out, comprehend, discover, solve, decipher !

Sociologists are trying to figure out how mobile communications are changing interactions between people. (Sosyologlar, mobil ileti " imlerin insanlar arasındaki etkile " i mleri nasıl de ! i " tirdi ! ini çözmeye çalı " ıyorlar.)

!

Researchers have to figure out how to prevent those cells that cause cancer. (Ara!tırmacılar kansere neden olan bu hücreleri nasıl engelleyeceklerini çözmeleri gerekiyor.)

146


FIND OUT "

Ortaya çıkarmak; ö"renmek; anlamak

E ! anlam: reveal, uncover, unearth, unveil; learn; understand !

They found out where she lived by checking the phone book. (Telefon defterini kontrol ederek onun nerede ya " a dı ! ını ortaya çıkardılar .)

!

As he has taken those antibiotics, it will be very difficult to find out just what the problem is. (Bu antibiyotikleri aldı ! ı için, problemin ne oldu ! u nu anlamak çok zor olacak.)

GET AWAY "

Kaçmak, tüymek

E ! anlam: escape !

He said the robbers got away in a car which had been stolen earlier and was later found burned out. (Hırsızların daha önceden çalınmı " ve daha sonra yakılmı " halde bulunmu " bir arabayla kaçtı " ını söyledi .)

!

I’m trying to get away from all the people, but I’m frozen, my legs don’t move. (Bütün insanlardan kaçmaya çalı ! ıyorum , fakat donup kalıyorum, bacaklarım hareket etmiyor.)

GET ON "

bir araca binmek; ilerleme göstermek (get on with); (birisiyle iyi) geçinmek, ya !ayıp gitmek

E ! anlam: mount; proceed, progress, go forward, get better; subsist, live by, be compatible, deal with !

All you got to do is get on the boat and enjoy your voyage. (Tek yapman gereken tekneye binip yolculu ! unun keyfini çıkarman.)

!

He is trying to find out how the marketing department is getting on with the new ad campaign. (Pazarlama bölümünün yeni reklam kampanyasında nasıl ilerleme kaydetti$ini anlamaya çalı!ıyor.)

!

Despite his new job’s low pay, he was still getting on. (Yeni i " inin dü " ük maa " ına ra ! men, yine de geçinip gidiyordu .)

147

Phrasal Verbs

GET OVER "

Atlatmak, kurtulmak, üstesinden gelmek

E ! anlam: pull through, overcome, deal with, cope with !

We have finally gotten over our biases. (Sonunda önyargılarımızdan kurtulduk .)

!

I will try to get over my fear of flying. (Uçma korkumun üstesinden gelmeye çalı " aca ! ım.)

GIVE AWAY "

Ele vermek, bir sırrı açıklamak; ba "ı! yapmak, arma "an etmek

E ! anlam: reveal, disclose; donate, grant !

That slight smirk on his face gave away the insincerity of his apology. (Yüzündeki hafif sırıtma özrünün samimiyetsizli ! i ni ele verdi .)

!

She gave away her potted plants to her neighbours when she moved. (Ta "ı ndı ! ında saksı bitkilerini kom " ularına verdi .)

GIVE OFF "

(serbest) bırakmak, (ısı, ı !ık, ses) çıkarmak, (koku vb.) yaymak, salmak

E ! anlam: release, discharge, send out, emit, radiate, spread !

When they die, plants give off gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. (Bitkiler öldüklerinde, karbondioksit ve metan gibi gazlar yayarlar .)

!

In some cities in the US, traffic lights give off distinctive sounds so that a blind person will know when it is safe to cross an intersection. (ABD’deki bazı " e hirlerde, görme engelli bir ki " i nin kav " aktan geçerken güvenli oldu ! unu bilmesi için trafik ı " ıkları ayırt edilebliir sesler çıkarırlar .)

148


GIVE IN "

Pes etmek, razı olmak, kabullenmek, teslim olmak

E ! anlam: consent, surrender !

Did you succeed by fighting your fate or by giving in to it? (Kaderinle sava "a rak mı yoksa ona razı olarak mı ba " arılı oldun?)

!

I have given up fighting with my wife, and eventually I have chosen to give in and be her slave. (E " imle tartı " mayı bıraktım ve sonunda pes edip onun kölesi olmayı seçtim.)

GIVE UP "

Bırakmak, vazgeçmek

E ! anlam: stop, abandon, quit, leave, renounce !

His wife finally persuaded him to give up smoking. (Karısı sonunda onu sigarayı bırakma konusunda ikna etti.)

!

Decide what you want and then don’t give up until you have achieved it. (Yapmak istedi ! in " e ye karar ver ve sonra onu ba " a rana kadar asla vazgeçme .)

HOLD ON "

Hatta kalmak, beklemek, tutmak, tutunmak

E ! anlam: wait !

Could you hold on for a minute; she will be free soon. (Bir dakika bekler misiniz ; birazdan müsait olacak.)

!

Greed does not want you to hold on to money you’ve earned; greed is demanding that you should be given other people’s money. (Açgözlülük sizden kazandı ! ınız paraya tutunmanızı istemez; açgözlülük di ! er insanların size para vermesi gerekti ! ini talep eder.)

149

Phrasal Verbs

KEEP OFF "

Uzak durmak, yakla!tırmamak, uzak tutmak; sakınmak

E ! anlam: stay out of, stay away (from) keep away, keep out, hold off; avoid, refrain from, abstain from !

We must promote football by keeping off the grass and not trampling on the ethics. (Çimlerden uzak durarak ve ahlak kurallarını çi ! nemeyerek futbolu desteklemeliyiz.)

!

I’m trying to keep off fatty foods. (Ya ! lı yiyeceklerden uzak durmaya çalı " yorum.)

KEEP ON "

(bir !ey yapmayA) devam etmek, sürdürmek

E ! anlam: continue, maintain , carry on, persist, persevere, hold, retain, sustain !

In order to meet the expenses and keep on paying the staff, the company sold two buildings. (Masrafları kar " ılamak ve personele ödeme yapmayı sürdürebilmek için, " i rket iki binasını sattı.)

!

Sales of organic foods keep on increasing at a faster pace than sales of conventional foods. (Organik yiyeceklerin satı " ları geleneksel yiyeceklere göre daha hızlı bir oranda artmaya devam ediyor .)

KEEP UP WITH "

Ayak uydurmak, yeti!mek, ileti!im halinde kalmak

E ! anlam: catch up with, fall in step with, keep in touch/contact !

It may seem impossible to keep up with the daily expenses that life requires. (Hayatın gerektirdi ! i günlük masraflara ayak uydurmak imkansız gibi görünüyor.)

!

Companies have to constantly keep up with the world market’s demands if they are to succeed. ( $ irketler ba " arılı olmak istiyorlarsa, dünya piyasasının taleplerine sürekli ayak uydurmak zorundalar .)

150


LOOK AFTER "

Bakmak, ilgilenmek

E ! anlam: take care of, care for !

It’s hard work to look after three children all day. (Bütün gün üç çocu ! a bakmak zor i " .)

!

Who is looking after the company while you’re away? (Sen yokken " i rketle kim ilgileniyor ?)

LOOK UP TO "

Saygı duymak; hayranlık duymak

E ! anlam: respect, esteem; admire !

He’s a role model for other players to look up to. (O, di ! er oyuncuların saygı göstermesi gereken bir rol modeldir.)

!

Old people should be looked up to because they have experiences that we don’t have. (Ya " lı insanlara saygı duyulması gerekir çünkü onlar bizim sahip olmadı ! ı mız deneyimlere sahipler.)

LOOK FORWARD TO "

Can atmak, iple çekmek, dört gözle beklemek

E ! anlam: be dying for, be desirous of, be itching to [wait, expect, hope (for), long for, anticipate, desire, yearn] !

We look forward to joining the campaign on making drinking water available to everyone in the world. ( # çme suyunu dünyadaki herkese ula " t ırmak için yapılan kampanyaya katılmayı dört gözle bekliyorum .)

!

He had worked hard and was looking forward to his retirement. (Çok çalı " tı ve emeklili ! ini bekliyor .)

151

Phrasal Verbs

MAKE OUT "

anlamak; fark etmek; yazmak

E ! anlam: understand, comprehend, find out, figure out; discover, realize, notice, recognize; write (down), type, inscribe !

I couldn’t make out what he was saying. (Onun ne dedi ! ini anlayamadım ?)

!

The thief was arrested at a local bank when he was trying to endorse a cheque made out to someone else. (Hırsız ba " ka biri adına yazılan çeki yerel bir bankada çeki ciro etmeye çalı " ı rken tutuklandı.)

MAKE UP "

olu!turmak

E ! anlam: compose, comprise, form, constitute !

What are the qualities that make up her character? (Onun karakterini olu ! turan özellikler nelerdir?)

!

The book is made up of 20 chapters. (Kitap 20 bölümden olu ! maktadır .)

"

uydurmak, do"açlama yapmak

E ! anlam: invent, improvise, concoct !

When I didn’t want to go to work, I decided to make up a story, so I told them that my dog died. ( #" e gitmek istemedi ! imde, bir hikaye uydurmaya karar verdim ve böylece onlara köpe ! i min öldü ! ünü söyledim.)

!

LG made up a rubbish excuse for not using Android Gingerbread. (LG Android Gingerbread i " l etim sistemini kullanmadı ! ı için aptalca bir bahane uydurdu .)

MAKE UP FOR "

Telafi etmek, tazmin etmek

E ! anlam: compensate, make amends (for) !

I sent her a present to make up for my rude behavior. (Kaba davranı " ımı telafi etmek için ona bir hediye gönderdim.)

!

We will have to work even harder to make up for lost time. (Kaybolan zamanı telafi etmek için daha çok çalı " malıyız.) 152


PASS AWAY "

ölmek

E ! anlam: die, perish, decease !

A will is a legal document that states what you would like to do with your property when you pass away. (Vasiyet, öldü$ünüzde mülkünüzle ne yapmak istedi "inizi belirten yasal bir dökümandır.)

!

Last year, about 28,000 men passed away due to the prostate cancer. (Geçen yıl yakla " ık 28,000 erkek prostat kanseri nedeniyle öldü .)

PICK UP "

toplamak, yerden e "ilip almak, birini araçla almak; (bir konuyu) kapmak

E ! anlam: collect; catch on, grasp, comprehend, apprehend !

She rushed to pick up the baby as soon as it started to cry. (Bebek a ! lar a ! lamaz bebe ! i tela " la kuca " ına almak için ko!turdu.)

!

He was finding it difficult to pick up the rules of the game. (Oyunun kurallarını anlama konusunda zorlanıyor.)

POINT OUT "

#!aret etmek, göstermek, belirtmek; dikkat çekmek

E ! anlam: indicate, refer, show, demonstrate, suggest, remark, state; call attention to, stand out, emphasize, mark, highlight, underline, underscore !

As the researchers point out, many plants can’t set fruit until they have been visited by a bee. (Ara " tırmacıların belirtti " i gibi, birçok bitki bir arı tarafından ziyaret edilene kadar meyve veremiyor.)

!

They point out that the proliferation of illegal billboards is bad for business because it distracts attention from legal ones. asının i " dünyası için kötü oldu ! una dikkat çekiyorlar (Yasa dı " ı reklam panolarının yaygınla " m çünkü bu durum, dikkatin yasal olan reklam panolarından da ! ı lmasına neden oluyor.)

153

Phrasal Verbs

PULL THROUGH "

#yile!mek, kurtulmak, atlatmak

E ! anlam: recover, get better, get over, get well, get rid of, dispose of !

The illness is difficult to overcome, but we hope she will pull through. (Hastalık üstesinden gelmesi zor bir hastalık, ama onun iyile ! ece " ini umuyoruz.)

!

We have had to declare bankruptcy, but I’m sure we will pull through. ( # flasımızı açıkladık, ama eminim ki bu durumu atlataca " ız .)

PUT ASIDE "

Para biriktirmek, (bir amaç için) bir kenara koymak; aldırmamak, hiçe saymak

E ! anlam: save, accumulate, set aside, set apart, earmark; ignore, neglect, disregard, overlook !

For their students’ sake, they have to put aside old biases and think creatively to discover new methods. (Ö ! rencilerinin hatrına, eski önyargılarını bir kenara koyup yeni yöntemler bulmak için yaratıcı dü " ünmeleri gerekir.)

!

If we continue to put aside these problems, they will only get worse. (E ! er bu problemleri bir kenara koymaya devam edersek, sadece daha da kötüye gideceklerdir.)

PUT OFF "

Ertelemek, askıya almak

E ! anlam: delay, postpone, defer, suspend, shelve, hold off, hold over !

Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. (Bugünün i " ini yarına bırakma (erteleme) .)

!

The football match was put off until tomorrow because of rain. (Ya ! murdan dolayı maç yarına ertelendi .)

154


PUT ON "

Giyinmek, giymek; kilo almak [put on weight]

E ! anlam: dress, get dressed, wear; gain weight !

They slept under the stage and put on their makeup and costumes in a tiny area behind the stage. (Sahnenin altında uyuyorlarde ve sahnenin arkasındaki küçücük bir alanda makyajlarını yapıp kostümlerini giyiyorlardı .)

!

She put a lot of weight on after the children were born. (Çocuklar do ! duktan sonra çok fazla kilo aldı .)

PUT OUT "

Söndürmek

E ! anlam: extinguish !

After opening the way into the building, firefighters used a portable extinguisher to put out the fire. (Binaya giden yolu açtıktan sonra, itfaiyeciler yangını söndürmek için ta " ınabilir bir yangın söndürme aleti kullandı.)

PUT UP WITH "

Tahammül etmek, katlanmak, dayanmak

E ! anlam: bear, endure, stand, resist, tolerate !

It must be hard to put up with the pain that kidney stones cause when they fall in the urethra. (Böbrek ta "l arının idrar yolundan dü " e rken neden oldu ! u a ! rıya dayanmak zor olmalı.)

!

I wonder how the woman puts up with her husband’s drinking habit. (Kocasının içki alı " kanlı ! ına kadının nasıl katlandı " ını merak ediyorum.)

155

Phrasal Verbs

RUN OUT OF "

Bir !eyin bitmesi, tükenmesi

E ! anlam: be out of, finish, end !

She desperately wanted to embrace her son just once more, but after hours of waiting, she had run out of time and she couldn’t reach her aim. (Çaresizce o ! lunu sadece bir kez daha kucaklamak istiyordu, ancak saatlerce bekledikten sonra zamanı tükenmi ! ti ve amacına ula " amadı.)

!

Time is running out for the men trapped under the rubble. (Enkaz altında kalan insanlar için zaman tükeniyor .)

SET OUT "

Yola çıkmak, bir i!e giri!mek / ba !lamak

E ! anlam: leave, depart, set off, take off, start out, get off, pull out, embark on !

After a three-day rest, the travellers set out again. (Üç gün dinlendikten sonra, yolcular yeniden yola çıktılar .)

!

Prisoners and local volunteers set out to build the religious center in the former exercise yard. (Mahkumlar ve yerel gönüllüler eski egzersiz avlusunda dini merkez in " a etme i " ine giri ! tiler .)

SET UP "

Kurmak; ayarlamak, düzenlemek

E ! anlam: establish, found, constitute; install, organize, arrange, adjust, regulate !

He set up both agricultural and construction companies. (O, hem tarım hem de in " aat firmaları kurdu .)

!

To prevent overfishing and to allow fish stocks to rebuild, federal officials set up a new regulation system last year. asını sa ! lamak için, federal (A" ı rı balık avcılı ! ını önlemek ve balık stoklarının yeniden olu " m yetkililer geçen yıl yeni bir düzenleme sistemi kurdular .)

156


STAND FOR "

(bir kelimeyi) temsil etmek, simgelemek, anlamına gelmek; aday olmak

E ! anlam: represent, symbolize, mean; be a candidate !

The average 20 year-old does not understand what these terms stand for. (Ortalama 20 ya " ındaki birisi bu terimlerin ne anlama geldi " ini anlamaz.)

!

The term ‘AIDS’ stands for ‘acute immunodeficiency syndrome’. (‘AIDS’ terimi edinilmi " ba ! ı "ı klık yetmezli ! i sendromu anlamına gelir .)

TAKE AFTER "

Benzemek, birisine çekmek

E ! anlam: resemble, look like !

The baby takes after his mother. (Bebek annesine benziyor .)

TAKE OFF "

Giysi, ayakkabı vs. çıkarmak; (uçak) havalanmak

E ! anlam: dress off, remove; depart, leave !

The musician had to take off their shoes while he was dancing. (Müzisyen dans ederken ayakkabılarını çıkarmak zorunda kaldı .)

!

The plane to #stanbul couldn’t take off because of a bomb warning. ( # stanbul uça ! ı bomba ihbarından dolayı havalanamadı .)

TAKE ON "

Üstlenmek, benimsemek; yarı !mak; i!e almak

E ! anlam: undertake, assume, adopt; compete, contest, contend, race; employ, recruit, engage !

To take on the duties and responsibilities of this job, you are expected to be highly qualified to manage the people. (Bu i "i n görev ve sorumluluklarını üstlenmek için , sizden insanları yönetme konusunda son derece nitelikli olmanız beklenir.)

!

We are not taking on any new staff at the moment. ( $ u anda yeni bir eleman i ! e almıyoruz .)

157

Phrasal Verbs

TAKE PLACE "

Meydana gelmek

E ! anlam: happen, occur !

The commencement exercises will take place outdoors unless it rains. (Ya ! mur ya ! mazsa ba " langıç egzersizleri açık havada olacak .)

!

The Olympics take place every four years. (Olimpiyatlar dört yılda bir yapılır .)

TAKE OVER "

devralmak, üstlenmek, yönetimi/kontrolü ele geçirmek

E ! anlam: undertake, assume !

She took over the responsibility of caring for the animals. (Hayvanlarla ilgilenme sorumlulu ! u nu üstlendi .)

!

The bank was taken over by a Hong Kong company that needed to buy a bank to get into the British market. (Banka, # n giliz piyasasına girmek için bir banka satın alması gereken bir Hong Kong " i rketi tarafından devralındı .)

TURN DOWN "

reddetmek, geri çevirmek

E ! anlam: refuse, decline, reject, repudiate !

His novel was turned down by the publishers. (Romanı yayımcılar tarafından geri çevrildi .)

!

"

I’m afraid that I will have to turn down your invitation. (Korkarım ki davetinizi reddetmek zorunda kalaca " ım .)

sesini kısmak (radio, TV, vb.), kısmak (elektrikli aletin seviyesini)

E ! anlam: reduce volume, temperature, etc. !

If you want to drink less, then turn down the music. (Daha az içmek istiyorsanız, müzi "in sesini kısın.)

!

The room was too hot, so she turned the heating down. (Oda çok sıcaktı, bu nedenle ısıtıcıyı kıstım .) 158


TURN INTO "

-e dönü!mek / dönü !türmek

E ! anlam: change to / into, transform to / into, convert to / into !

The freezing temperatures had turned the water in the lake into ice. (Dondurucu so ! uklar göldeki suyu buza dönü ! türdü .)

!

Our holiday turned into a nightmare. (Tatilimiz kabusa döndü .)

TURN OVER "

Devretmek, vermek, teslim etmek; çevirmek, de "i!tirmek (kanal vs.)

E ! anlam: assign, convey, hand down, hand over, hand in, pass on; change !

They have turned over the property to the Conservation Society. (Mal varlıklarını Koruma Derne ! i ’ne devrettiler .)

!

The local police turned the fraudster over to the FBI. (Yerel polis dolandırıcıyı FBI’a teslim etti .)

USE UP "

Tüketmek, bitirmek

E ! anlam: consume, deplete, wear out, exhaust !

We completely used up our life savings when we bought our new house. (Yeni evimizi aldı ! ımızda ya "a m birikimlerimizi tamamen tükettik .)

!

Activities such as logging and mining use up our natural resources. (A! a ç kesme ve madencilik gibi faaliyetler do ! al kaynaklarımızı tüketiyor .)

159

Phrasal Verbs

PHRASAL VERBS TABLO “ABOUT” BE CONCERNED ABOUT

BRING ABOUT COME ABOUT GO ABOUT

Endi "elenmek Neden olmak Meydana gelmek, Olmak Bir i "e ba "lamak

“APART” FALL APART SET APART TEAR APART

Parçalara ayırmak, Da# ılmak Bir kenara koymak, Biriktirmek Kötülemek, Küçük dü"ürmek, Ayırmak

“AFTER” LOOK AFTER NAME AFTER RUN AFTER TAKE AFTER

(çocuk, ya"lı, hayvan, vb.) Bakmak, ! lgilenmek ! sim vermek Kovalamak, Pe"inden ko"mak -e benzemek

“AWAY” CARRY AWAY GET AWAY GIVE AWAY GO AWAY KEEP AWAY PASS AWAY PUT AWAY RUN AWAY SWEEP AWAY TAKE AWAY THROW AWAY

Sürüklemek, Heyecanlandırmak Kaçmak, Kurtulmak (Sırrı) Ele vermek, Ba # ı" yapmak Uzakla"mak Uzak durmak, Uzak tutmak Ölmek Bir kenara koymak, Ortadan kaldırmak Kaçmak, Firar etmek Ortadan kaldırmak, Silip süpürmek Alıp götürmek, Uzakla"tırmak Atmak, Bo "a harcamak

“BY” ABIDE BY COME BY FLY BY GET BY GO BY PASS BY STAND BY

-e uymak, Ba# lı kalmak Rastlamak, U # ramak Su gibi akıp geçmek Geçinmek, ! dare etmek -e uymak, Geçmek Geçmek, Aldırmamak Destek olmak, Hazır bulunmak

“DOWN” BREAK DOWN CALM DOWN CUT DOWN HAND DOWN KEEP DOWN

Bozulmak, Kırmak, Yıkmak Sakinle"mek, Yatı"mak Kesinti yapmak, Kesmek Nesilden nesile aktarmak Baskı altında tutmak 160

YDS Kelime Çalı!ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ LOOK DOWN PASS DOWN TURN DOWN

Küçümsemek Nesilden nesile aktarmak Reddetmek

“FOR” ACCOUNT FOR CALL FOR CARE FOR COMPENSATE FOR GO FOR HEAD FOR LOOK FOR MAKE FOR PAY FOR SEARCH FOR STAND FOR

Açıklamak, -den sorumlu olmak, Olu"turmak Gerektirmek, Ça# ırmak ! lgilenmek, Bakmak Telafi etmek Tercih etmek, Seçmek -e yönelmek, -e do# ru gitmek Aramak -e do# ru gitmek Ödemek, Bedel Ödemek Aramak, Ara"tırma yapmak Temsil etmek, Simgelemek, Aday olmak

“FORTH” BRING FORTH COME FORTH PUT FORTH SET FORTH

Neden olmak Ortaya çıkmak (Fikir) ! leri sürmek, Yayınlamak (Fikir) ! leri sürmek, Yayınlamak

“FORWARD” BRING FORWARD LOOK FORWARD PUT FORWARD SET FORWARD

(Fikir) ! leri sürmek, Arz etmek Dört gözle beklemek (Fikir) ! leri sürmek (Fikir) ! leri sürmek

“FROM” ABSTAIN FROM SUFFER FROM RECOVER FROM REFRAIN FROM

Kaçınmak, Sakınmak -den zarar görmek, Muzdarip olmak Atlatmak, Kurtulmak Çekinmek

“IN” BRING IN FILL IN GIVE IN GET IN PUT IN

Kazanmak Doldurmak Teslim olmak, Razı olmak Binmek, ! çeri girmek, Seçilmek Yerle"tirmek, (zaman, enerji) Harcamak

“INTO” BREAK INTO BUMP INTO COME INTO LOOK INTO

161

Hırsızlık yapmak, Zorla girmek Kar "ıla"mak, Rastlamak Girmek, Miras almak ! ncelemek, Ara"tırmak

Phrasal Verbs RUN INTO TURN INTO

Kar "ıla"mak, Rastlamak -e dönü"mek, -e dönü"türmek

“OFF” BREAK OFF CALL OFF DRIVE OFF FIGHT OFF GET OFF GIVE OFF KEEP OFF PAY OFF PUT OFF SEND OFF SET OFF SHOW OFF TAKE OFF TELL OFF TURN OFF

Kopmak, ! li "i # ini kesmek ! ptal etmek Arabayla uzakla "mak Mücadele etmek, Kurtulmak ! nmek (koku, ses, gaz, vb.) Çıkarmak, Yaymak Uzak durmak Borç kapatmak, Acısını çıkarmak Ertelemek, Alıkoymak Göndermek, Dı"arı atmak Tetiklemek, Yola çıkmak Gösteri " yapmak (uçak) Havalanmak, (elbise) Çıkarmak Azarlamak (lamba, elektronik e"ya, vb.) Kapatmak “ON”

BRING ON CARRY ON CATCH ON COUNT ON DEPEND ON DWELL ON GO ON GET ON HOLD ON KEEP ON PUT ON TAKE ON TOUCH ON TURN ON RELY ON REST ON TAKE ON

Neden olmak Devam etmek Popüler olmak, Farkına varmak Güvenmek, Bel ba# lamak Güvenmek, Bel ba# lamak Bir konu üzerinde durmak Devam etmek Binmek, Geçinmek Beklemek Devam etmek Giymek, Kilo almak Üstlenmek, Benimsemek, !"e almak Bir konuya de# inmek (elektrik, cihaz, vb.) Açmak Güvenmek, Bel ba# lamak -e ba# lı olmak, -e dayanmak, Güvenmek Üstlenmek, Almak “OUT”

ACT OUT BREAK OUT BRING OUT CARRY OUT CHECK OUT CLEAR OUT COME OUT DIE OUT

Rol yapmak, Canlandırmak Patlak vermek, Ba"lamak Piyasaya sürmek Uygulamak, Gerçekle"tirmek Bir yerden çıkı" yapmak, Kontrol etmek Tahliye etmek Ortaya çıkmak Soyu tükenmek 162

YDS Kelime Çalı!ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ DRAW OUT DROP OUT FIND OUT FIGURE OUT GIVE OUT HOLD OUT KEEP OUT LAY OUT LET OUT MAKE OUT PASS OUT POINT OUT PUT OUT ROOT OUT RULE OUT RUN OUT SEND OUT SET OUT SORT OUT SPREAD OUT WEAR OUT WIPE OUT WORK OUT

Uzatmak (üyelikten, okuldan) Ayrılmak Anlamak, Ö# renmek Anlamak, Çözmek Da# ıtmak ! leri sürmek, Direnmek Hariç tutmak Düzenlemek, Tasarlamak ! zin vermek, Gev "etmek Anlamak Bayılmak ! fade etmek, Belirtmek Söndürmek Kökünü kazımak Göz ardı etmek Tükenmek, Bitmek Göndermek, Yaymak Ba"lamak, Yola Çıkmak Sınıflandırmak, Çözmek Yaymak Yıpratmak, Tüketmek Yok etmek Anlamaya çalı"mak, !"e yaramak, Egzersiz yapmak “OVER”

GET OVER GO OVER LOOK OVER MAKE OVER PULL OVER PUT OVER TAKE OVER THINK OVER TURN OVER

Kurtulmak, Atlatmak, ! yile"mek ! ncelemek, Gözden geçirmek ! ncelemek, Gözden geçirmek Devretmek, Yenilemek Çekmek, Kenara çekmek Kandırmak Devralmak, Üstlenmek Üzerinde dü"ünmek, Kafa yormak Devretmek, (tersine) döndürmek “THROUGH”

BREAK THROUGH GET THROUGH GO THROUGH LOOK THROUGH PULL THROUGH PASS THROUGH

Atılım yapmak, ! lerleme kaydetmek (zor bir zaman) Geçirmek, Geçmek Gözden geçirmek, (zor bir zaman) Geçirmek, Geçmek Gözden geçirmek, ! ncelemek ! yile"mek, Kurtulmak ! çinden / Arasından geçmek “UP”

BACK UP BLOW UP BREAK UP BRING UP

163

Desteklemek Patlatmak, $i "irmek, Büyütmek Ayrılmak, Parçalanmak (çocuk, bitki) Büyütmek, Gündeme getirmek

Phrasal Verbs BUILD UP CATCH UP CHEER UP END UP GIVE UP HOLD UP KEEP UP LOOK UP MAKE UP PICK UP SET UP TAKE UP TURN UP USE UP

Birikmek, Biriktirmek Ayak uydurmak, Yeti "mek Ne"elenmek, Ne"elendirmek ile sonuçlanmak Bırakmak, Vazgeçmek Geciktirmek, Engellemek Ayak uydurmak, Yeti "mek Yukarı bakmak, Sözlü# e bakmak Olu"turmak, Uydurmak Toplamak, Anlamak Kurmak (zaman) Almak, (yer) Kaplamak Ortaya çıkmak, Seviyeyi yükseltmek Tüketmek, Bitirmek “!K! EDATLI PHRASAL VERB YAPILARI”

BE MADE UP OF CATCH UP WITH COME OUT OF COME UP WITH CUT DOWN ON DATE BACK TO DO AWAY WITH END UP WITH FALL BEHIND WITH GET ALONG WITH GET AWAY WITH GIVE RISE TO GO ALONG WITH GO IN FOR KEEP UP WITH LAY EMPHASIS ON LOOK DOWN ON LOOK FORWARD TO LOOK UP TO MAKE DO WITH MAKE UP FOR MAKE UP WITH PULL OUT OF PUT UP WITH RUN OUT OF STAND UP FOR STAND UP TO TAKE CARE OF TAKE PART IN TRACE BACK TO TURN BACK ON

-den olu!mak Yeti!mek, Ayak uydurmak -den çıkmak (çözüm, çare) Bulmak, (fikir) "leri sürmek Kesinti yapmak, Kısmak Geçmi!e dayanmak, -e uzanmak Yürürlükten kaldırmak, Feshetmek ile sonuçlanmak Gerisinde kalmak, Gecikmek Birisiyle geçinmek Alıp kaçmak, Yanına kar kalmak Sebep olmak, Yol açmak Aynı dü!üncede olmak, Kabul etmek Merak duymak Yeti!mek, Ayak uydurmak Vurgulamak, Üzerinde durmak Küçümsemek Dört gözle beklemek Saygı / Hayranlık duymak Yetinmek Telafi etmek Arayı düzeltmek -den çıkarmak, -den çekilme Katlanmak, Tahammül etmek (kaynak) Tükenmek, Bitmek Savunmak, Desteklemek Kar !ı koymak, Direnmek Göz kulak olmak, "lgilenmek Katılmak Geçmi!e dayanmak, -e uzanmak Sırt çevirmek 164


PHRASAL VERBS TEST 1 1. About 14,500 years ago, huntergatherers in the eastern Mediterranean ---- their migratory lifestyle and settled in villages. A) broke out C) put off E) accounted for

B) kept up with D) gave up

2. Each photograph can help patients remember those things that ---- a person’s identity. A) make up C) drop out E) take off

B) get away D) give in

3. It is estimated that by 2050 aviation will have ---- 70 per cent of air pollution. A) brought in C) found out E) made up for

B) accounted for D) broke through

4. Perhaps someday, scientists will decipher the genes that allow these parasites to ---- minds as well as bodies. A) put off C) get away E) take over

B) come up with D) bring up

5. When market theorists ---- a market anomaly, they tend to dismiss it in one of three ways. A) fall apart C) take off E) use up

165

B) pass away D) come across

6. Land reform ---- a great change in the lives of the common people. A) broke up C) brought about E) pulled through

B) got away D) held on

7. New opportunities encourage workers to look for a job rather than quit the search, and to ---- unsatisfactory job offers. A) take over C) bring up E) turn down

B) get over D) cut off

8. Researchers have ---- clever ways to prevent the damage. A) come up with C) put up with E) end up with

B) deal with D) keep up with

9. Scientists are investigating the rock to ---- whether Mars was once able to support life. A) give in C) hold on E) find out

B) make up for D) account for

10. Developing countries tend to ---- more oil than rich ones, and so suffer more from high oil prices. A) break up C) give up E) bring up

B) use up D) make up

Phrasal Verbs – TEST 1

11. Solar panels ---- the sunlight ---energy when the sun shines directly on them, but as soon as the sunlight decreases, so does efficiency. A) turn / into C) set / out E) keep / on

B) put / aside D) come / up

12. A gene that has gone through a significant change in humans may ---the rapid evolution of our brain. A) cut down on C) account for E) pick up

B) look up to D) give off

13. Many refined and processed foods lack nutritional value; in this situation, a multivitamin can initially ---- any possible shortfall in your diet. A) get over C) carry out E) take after

B) count on D) make up for

14. In narrative poems, characters often ---- certain ideas or heroic qualities which the poet wishes to celebrate. A) run out of C) make out E) figure out

B) stand for D) look after

15. As the child of a black mother and an Asian father, she had to ---- a certain amount of prejudice from children at school. A) cut off C) put up with E) give away

B) check out D) find out

16. After the Space Age began, engineers worked hard to ---- how to send people to the moon. A) figure out C) point out E) come across

B) give up D) put off

17. Cells convert energy from one form to another and use that energy to ---various activities, ranging from mechanical work to chemical synthesis. A) pick up C) carry out E) turn down

B) use up D) take off

18. The water resources of the world need to be upgraded by 2025 in order to ---the growth rate of the world population. A) call off C) put out E) catch up with

B) take over D) keep off

19. In the case of adolescants, parents rather than doctors know how to ---problems of behaviour. A) get over C) hold on E) set up

B) get on D) make up

20. Researchers ---- that preschool education has long-term effects over a child’s cognitive development. A) pull through C) take off E) turn down

B) call for D) point out

166


PHRASAL VERBS TEST 2 1. Kosrae is the smallest of the four island states that ---- the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the largest and most populous political entity that emerged after World War II. A) keep on C) give in E) bring up

B) fall apart D) make up

2. Thousands of manufacturers ---- the productivity, high-performance and savings provided by modern-day industrial robots. A) come across C) run out of E) pass away

B) count on D) put up with

3. If this business goes on in such an awful way, it will ---- hundreds of unemployed. A) make out C) end up with E) hold on

B) look after C) keep up with

4. You have got a long journey ahead of you so you ought to ---- early in the morning. A) break through C) bring about E) set out

B) make up D) put out

5. People who think they are overweight try to ---- the problem by giving up various foods. A) deal with C) turn into E) look forward to 167

B) come up with D) keep on

6. Originally, the Olympic Games ---- on one day and included different kinds of sports, but today they have developed into a major sports event in the world, lasting for many weeks. A) kept off C) found out E) stood for

B) gave up D) took place

7. It is undeniable that, unlike other Europeans, the Germans have longer holidays each year and ---- more money for their travels abroad. A) put aside C) give away E) break out

B) look up to D) cheer up

8. Do you have any evidence to ---- your accusations? A) break down C) take after E) back up

B) use up D) keep off

9. These flowers ---- an exquisite perfume when they open in the evening. A) figure out C) get over E) come across

B) give off D) put on

10. An international tribune has been ---to prosecute those responsible for massacring thousands of innocent people during the war. A) fallen apart C) set up E) looked after

B) cut off D) turned into

Phrasal Verbs – TEST 2

11. The use of seatbelts and airbags has ---- a decline in the total number of deaths from motor vehicle accidents. A) ended up C) kept off E) picked up

B) given in D) come up

12. The government has urged all citizens to prepare themselves in case hostilities ---- with neighbouring cities. A) break out C) put off E) take off

B) carry out D) make up

13. Several studies have recently shown that, contrary to popular stereotypes, most grandparents do not wish to ---- a parental role toward their grandchildren. A) turn over C) give up E) take on

B) make up for D) come up

14. More than 350,000 people in the UK (25,000 of them children) suffer from Type I diabetes, an auto-immune condition that is ---- by a variety of largely unknown genetic and environmental factors. A) turned down C) got over E) kept off

A) find out C) carry out E) hold on

B) put aside D) look after

17. After being lost in the forest for three days, the hikers had complete ly ---food. A) set up C) run out of E) taken on

B) accounted for D) caught up

18. Ideally, museums should have lots of public money, sufficient space to exhibit most of their treasures and enough space to ---- them. A) make out C) end up with E) look after

B) break through D) use up

19. In 1962, a civil war ---- against the Ethiopian government led by rebel groups who opposed the union and wanted independence for Eritrea. A) broke out C) set out E) went up

B) took off D) kept on

B) cut down on D) brough about

15. A man attacked a couple of school children with a hammer, but luckily the kids were able to ---- before he hurt anyone. A) drop out C) keep up with E) stand for

16. Laboratories can ---- a variety of tests that help doctors assess disorders of the liver and other organs.

B) get away D) pick up

20. The Lovell Telescope is the world’s oldest and most sensitive radio telescope and can ---- signals in the universe that are 10 billion light years away. A) find out C) give away E) deal with

B) keep off D) pick up

168


169

Edatlı Yapılar

A. VERB + PREPOSITION 1

Accuse sb of sth

Birini bir " e yle suçlamak

He accused her of stealing the money.

2

Adapt to

Uyum sa ! lamak

They adapted to the new culture.

3

Add to

Eklemek

She added milk to the grocery list.

4

Adjust to

Alı " mak Ayarlamak

They adjusted to their new environment.

5

Agree on

Anla " mak

We agreed on the price.

6

Agree to

7

Agree with

8

Apologize to sb for sth

9

Appeal to sb for sth

10

Apply to / for

11

Approve of

Onaylamak

12

Argue with sb about / over sth

13

Arrest sb for sth

14

Arrive in / at

15

Ask for

16

Base on

17

Beg for

Bir " e y için biriyle tartı " mak Birini bir " e y için tutuklamak Varmak ak Ula "m # s temek Talep etmek Temel almak Dayandırmak Bir " e y için yalvarmak

18

Begin with

-ile ba " lamak

19

Believe in

# n anmak

20

Belong to

-e ait olmak

The car belongs to woman next door.

21

Benefit from

Faydalanmak

Patients have benefited greatly from this treatment.

22

Blame sb for sth

23

Care about

24

Care for

25

Charge sb with sth

26

Collide with

Razı olmak Boyun e ! mek Biriyle aynı fikirde olmak Birinden bir " e y için özür dilemek Birine bir " e y için ba " vurmak Ba " vurmak Müracaat etmek

Birini bir " e yle suçlamak # l gilenmek Önemsemek Bakımını üstlenmek Büyütmek Birini bir " e yle suçlamak Çarpı " mak

He agreed to the new conditions. I agree with you. I apologized to her from being rude. The nation appealed to the UN for assistance. They applied for the job. I don’t think her mother will approve of that. The customer argued with the salesman about the store’s return policy. The police arrested the man for stealing the car. They arrived at home. She asked for help. Green politics are based on the belief that the resources of the planet are finite. The boy was screaming and begging for mercy. The competition began with one of the teams being disqualified. She used to say she didn’t believe in marriage.

They blamed us for stealing the money. He doesn’t care about what his children are watching on TV. Teach your children how to care for their pets. The police charged him with murder. The truck collided with parked cars. 170


27

Comment on

Yorum yapmak

28

Communicate with

# l eti " im kurmak

29

Compare to / with

Kar " ıla " tırmak

30

Compete with

Yarı " mak

31

Complain about

$ i kayet etmek

32

Concentrate on

Odaklanmak Dikkatini vermek

33

Consist of

-den olu " mak

34

Contribute to

35

Convict sb of sth

36

Cope with

37

Count on

38

Deal with

39

Dedicate sth to sb

40

Depend on / upon

41

Deprive of

Yoksun bırakmak

42

Derive from

-den türemek -den almak

43

Devote to

Adamak

44

Differ from

-den ayrılmak Farklılık göstermek

I’m not in a position to comment on the matter. They communicate with each other via email. Please compare the car that has been cleaned with the others. We’re too small to compete with a company like that. They complained about the service in the restaurant. Stop talking and concentrate on your work. My role consists of standing and smiling at people. The scandal certainly contributed to their defeat at the last election. Robinson was convicted of the murder of his mother and brother. Electronic safety systems were designed to cope with engine failure. You can always count on him for good advice. The government must now deal with the problem of high unemployment. Lynne has dedicated the novel to her friend Norma. How much money you get depends entirely on your individual circumstances. As a child he had been deprived of love an attention. Their fear derives from a belief that these people have supernatural powers. Few people are able devote themselves fully to their career. English differs from Spanish as it is not pronounced as it is written.

45

Dream about

Rüya görmek

I was dreaming about a black cat.

46

Dream of

Hayalini kurmak

47

Emerge from

-den ortaya çıkmak -den çıkmak

48

Escape from

Kaçmak

49

Exchange for

De ! i " tirmek Dönü " türmek

50

Exclude sb/sth from sth

Dı "ı nda bırakmak

51

Excuse sb for sth

52

Explain sth to sb

53

Forget about

171

Katkıda bulunmak Neden olmak Birini bir " e yden mahkum etmek Ba " a çıkmak Üstesinden gelmek Güvenmek Bel ba ! lamak # l gilenmek Üstesinden gelmek Adamak Sunmak Güvenmek Bel ba ! lamak

Birinden bir " e y için özür dilemek Birine bir " e y açıklamak Unutmak Bo " vermek

She had always dreamed of going to Africa. The country is slowly emerging from a recession. His family escaped from Germany and arrived in Britain in 1938. The tokens can be exchanged for goods in any of our shops. The committee now has to decide whether to exclude him from the competition. He excused me for his rude behaviour. The doctor explained the risks to me before the operation. Did you forget about our agreement?

Edatlı Yapılar

She eventually forgave him for forgetting her birthday. We gazed at the scene in wonder before us. We’re moving, so we have to get rid of a lot of our furniture.

54

Forgive sb for sth

55

Gaze at

56

Get rid of

57

Grieve for

58

Guess at

59

Happen to

60

Hear about / of sth

61

Hear from sb

62

Hide from

63

Hope for

64

Insist on

Israr etmek

65

Interact with

Etkile " imde olmak

66

Interfere in

Müdahale etmek Karı " mak

67

Interfere with

Engel olmak

68

Introduce to

Tanı " tırmak Piyasaya sürmek

69

Invest in

Yatırım yapmak

70

Involve in

Karı " tırmak Müdahil etmek

71

Joke about

Dalga geçmek

72

Keep on

Yapmaya devam etmek / Sürdürmek

73

Keep sb/ sth from sth

Engellemek

74

Know about

75

Laugh about

76

Laugh at

Birisine gülmek

76

Lend sth to sb

Birine bir " e y ödünç vermek

He lent this car to us for the weekend.

77

Listen to

Dinlemek

Please, listen to the instructions carefully.

78

Long for

79

Meet with

Çok istemek Özlemek Biriyle kar " ıla " mak Görü " mek

It was freezing outside, and Marcia longed for a hot drink. They’re meeting the Russian leaders to try to end the crisis.

Affetmek Gözünü dikmek Dik dik bakmak Kurtulmak Ba " ından atmak Birisi için üzülmek Yas tutmak

He’s still grieving for his wife.

Tahminde bulunmak

It’s difficult even to guess at the figures.

Birinin ba " ına bir " e y gelmek / olmak Haberi olmak Duymak

This is the best thing that’s ever happened to me.

Birinden haber almak Birinden gizlenmek / saklanmak Ümit etmek Beklemek

Bilmek Haberi olmak Bir " e y hakkında gülmek

I was shocked to hear of his death. The police would like to hear from anyone who witnessed the accident. I wanted to hide his present from him until his birthday. It wouldn’t be sensible to for immediate success. He has insisted on his innocence from the beginning. In large classes, children feel that they cannot interact with the teacher properly. I don’t think your mother has the right to interfere in our affairs. The defective gene interferes with normal body processes. Chocolate was introduced to Europe from Mexico. He began investing in the stock market at an early age. The goal is to involve workers in the decision-making process. You shouldn’t joke about such serious things. My sister kept on asking me question after question. These worries kept her from sleeping properly. I don’t know anything about it. She laughed about what the children had done. I always feel as though people were laughing at me behind my back.

172


Bir " e yi ba " ka bir " e yle karı " tırmak # t iraz etmek Kar " ı çıkmak Katılmak Yer almak Ödemek Bedelini ödemek

80

Mistake sb/sth for sb/sth

81

Object to

82

Participate in

83

Pay for

84

Persist in

Israr etmek

85

Plan on

Bir " e y üzerinde plan yapmak

Why do you persist in denying that it was your fault? We’re planning on going to Australia this year.

86

Pray for

Dua etmek

They prayed for peace.

87

Prefer sb/sth to sb/sth

Bir " e yi ba " ka bir " e ye tercih etmek

Even today, most Americans prefer coffee to tea.

88

Prepare for

Hazırlanmak

He is preparing for the final exams.

89

Prevent sb/sth from sth

Engellemek

90

Prohibit sb from sth

Yasaklamak

91

Punish sb for sth

Cezalandırmak

92

React to

Tepki göstermek

93

Recover from sth

94

Refer to

95

Relate to

96

Rely on

97

Remind sb of sb/sth

98

Reply to

Atlatmak # y ile "m ek #" aret etmek Göstermek -ile ili " kilendirmek -ile ilgili olmak Güvenmek Birine bir " e yi hatırlatmak Cevap vermek Kar " ılık vermek

I had mistaken friendship for love. She always objects to what her friends advice her. The rebels have agreed to participate in the peace talks. I want to pay for the dinner.

The owner is prevented by law from making any major changes. There is a rule prohibiting doctors from advertising their services. He was punished for stealing something from the shop. The financial markets reacted badly to the latest news on inflation. He was fired last month and he’s still trying to recover from the shock. She referred to the subject several times during her speech. We’re only interested in events that relate directly to the murder. Sometimes you just have to rely on your own judgement. You remind me my grandfather. It took them a week to reply to my letter.

Cevap vermek Kar " ılık vermek Bir " e yle sonuçlanmak Bir " e yden kaynaklanmak

He is trying to rescue a young woman from an arranged marriage to an elderly man. He made it clear that he was not resigning from active politics. Colleges responded swiftly to the demand for new courses. The crash resulted in temperature will inevitably result in rain. The arrests resulted from an anonymous telephone call.

Retire from

Emekli olmak

He retired from the army last month.

105

Save sb from sth

Birisini bir " e yden kurtarmak

106

Search for

Aramak

Only hard work will save this company from bankruptcy. Detectives have been trying to search for clues.

99

Rescue sb from sb/sth

Birisini bir " e yden kurtarmak

100

Resign from

# s tifa etmek

101

Respond to

102

Result in

103

Result from

104

173

Edatlı Yapılar

106

Sentence sb to sth

Cezalandırmak

107

Separate from

-den ayrılmak

108

Separate into

Ayırmak

109

Shout at

Ba ! ırmak

She shouted at the men furiously.

110

Smile at

Gülümsemek

He looked up and smiled at me.

111

Specialize in

Uzmanla " mak

112

Spend sth on

Harcamak

113

Stare at

Dik dik bakmak

114

Stem from

-den kaynaklanmak

115

Stop sb from sth

Engellemek

116

Subject sb to sth

Maruz bırakmak

117

Subscribe to

118

Succeed at / in

119

Suffer from

120

Suspect sb of sth

121

Take advantage of

122

Take care of

123

Talk about

124

Talk to / with

125

Tell sb about sth

126

Tend to

127

Thank sb for sth

128

Think about / of

Dü " ünmek

Just think about the beautiful days.

129

Translate into / to

Çevirmek Tercüme etmek

This book has been translated into more than 100 languages.

130

Voted for

Oy vermek

He voted for the most popular candidate.

Abone olmak Aynı fikirde olmak Bir konuda ba " arılı olmak Zarar görmek Acı çekmek Birinden " ü phelenmek Yararlanmak Faydalanmak # l gilenmek Dikkat etmek Bir " e y hakkında konu " mak Birisiyle konu " mak Anlatmak Bahsetmek E ! ilimli olmak Meyilli olmak Birisine bir " e y için te " ekkür etmek

131

Wait for

Beklemek

132

Warn about / against

Bir " e y hakkında uyarmak

He was sentenced to 15 years in prison. As he pulled, the pipe separated from the wall and broke. The researchers separated the subjects into smaller groups.

We need a lawyer who specializes in taxation. We’re spending a lot more on food than we used to. He lifted his head and stared at her. Many of her problems stem from her family. A broken leg won’t stop me from going to the concert. Her husband subjected her to years of physical abuse. We subscribe to all the main medical journals. If you want to succeed in business, think big. She suffered from depression for most of her adult life. We suspect them of involving in the bombing. He took advantage of the defender’s mistake to score a goal. All the neighbours take very good care of their gardens. We were talking about you last night. I need to talk to you. I haven’t been told anything about that. These arguments tend to confuse the reader. I would like to thank everybody for listening to me.

The airport was full of relatives, waiting nervously for the news of the missing plane. Travel agents are warning tourists about the dangers of crime in holiday resorts. 174


133

Waste sth on sth

134

Wish for

135

Work for

136

Work on

137

Worry about

Bo " a harcamak # s raf etmek # s temek Arzulamak ak Birisi için çalı "m Bir yerde çalı " mak Bir " e y üzerinde çalı " mak Endi " elenmek

Why do you waste your money on lottery tickets? What more could anyone wish for? She works for a big law firm in the city. I want to thank everybody who has worked on this project. People worry more about their health than they used to.

B. (BE) + ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION 1

Accustomed to

Alı " mak

I’m not accustomed to such behaviour.

2

Acquainted with

Tanımak A" i na olmak

He’s acquainted with many celebrities.

3

Addicted to

Ba ! ımlı olmak

He is addicted to internet.

4

Afraid of

Korkmak

I was afraid of getting lost.

5

Allergic to

Bir " e ye alerjisi olmak

I’m allergic to pollen.

6

Amazed at

$ a " ırmak

We were absolutely amazed at the response to our appeal.

7

Angry at / with sb for sth

8

Annoyed at / with sb for sth

9

Anxious about

10

Ashamed of

Utanmak

He’s extremely ashamed of his behaviour last night.

11

Associated with

Bir " e y ile ilgisi olmak # l i " kili olmak

He is associated with the company.

12

Attached to

Ba ! lı olmak

She found herself growing deeply attached to the old lady.

13

Aware of

Farkında olmak

You are not aware of all the problems.

14

Bad at

Bir konuda kötü olmak

15

Beneficial to

Faydalı olmak

16

Bored with / by

Bir " e yden sıkılmak

17

Capable of

18

Committed to

Yeterlili ! i olmak Kapasitesi olmak Kendini bir " e ye adamak

I’m really bad at remembering people’s names. They made a discovery that will prove beneficial to many AIDS patients The interviewers were bored with the repetitive comments The port is capable of handling 10 million tonnes of coal a year. I am committed to improving my language skills.

19

Composed of

-den olu " mak

The meteorite is composed mostly of iron.

20

Concerned about

Endi " eli / Kaygılı olmak

Police said that they were concerned about the boy’s safety.

175

Birine bir " e y için kızgın olmak Birine bir " e y için kızgın olmak Kaygılı / endi "e li olmak

I’m angry at / with him for what he said. He is annoyed at / with her for spending so much money. I’m anxious about the presentation.

Edatlı Yapılar

21

Concerned with

22

Connected to / with / by

23

Content with

24

Convinced of sth

25

Curious about

Meraklı olmak

26

Dedicated to

Kendini adamak

27

Devoted to

Kendini adamak Ba ! lı olmak

28

Different from

-den farklı olmak

29

Disappointed in / with

30

Discouraged by / from

31

# l gili olmak # l gili olmak Ba ! lantılı olmak Memnun olmak Yetinmek Bir " e ye ikna olmak Kanaat getirmek

This is a company that is directly concerned with the defence industry. There will be a meeting to discuss issues connected with genetic engineering. He is content with the results. We are convinced of her innocence.

Hayal kırıklı ! ına u ! ramak Cesareti / Hevesi kırılmak

Children are curious about animals and how they live. This woman has dedicated her all life to helping poor people. They were devoted to each other throughout their marriage. What makes him different from the rest of the students? She is disappointed in his son’s improvement. He was discouraged by the lack of progress in the talks.

Divorced from

Birinden bo " anmak

She is divorced from her husband.

32

Doubtful about

$ ü phelenmek

33

Eager to / for

# s tekli olmak

34

Eligible for

-e seçilebilir / uygun

35

Encouraged with

36

Engaged in sth

37

Engaged with sb

Biriyle ni " anlı olmak

38

Enthusiastic about

# s tekli Hevesli

39

Envious of

Kıskanmak

40

Equipped with sth

Bir " e y ile donatılmı "

41

Excited about

Bir " e y için heyecanlanmak

42

Experienced in

deneyimli

43

Exposed to

Maruz kalmak

44

Faced with

Kar " ı kar " ıya kalmak Yüz yüze gelmek

She is experienced in dealing with difficult customers. Many of the workers are exposed to radiation. We have been faced with so many crisis so far.

45

Faithful to

Sadık olmak

He has always been faithful to his friends.

46

Familiar with

Tanımak A" i na olmak

47

Famous for

-ile me " hur olmak

The author assumes that his readers are familiar with certain basic concepts. Gaziantep is famous for its pistachio and baklava.

Bir " e yden cesaretlenmek Bir " e y ile me " gul olmak

He was doubtful about the accuracy of the results. He’s so eager to learn that he stays late every evening. If you are eligible for financial help, we will tell you how to claim. The staff was encouraged with a-profitsharing program. He has been engaged in that research for more than ten years. She’s engaged to someone she met at work. For a while, we were enthusiastic about the idea. I’m envious of you for having the opportunity to travel. This car equipped with the latest technology. I’m so excited about the trip.

176


48

Fed up with

bıkmı "

49

Filled with

Bir " e y ile dolu olmak

50

Free of / from

-den muaf

51

Full of

Dolu

Her life is always full of excitement.

52

Fond of

Dü " kün / Tutkun olmak

Are you fond of children?

53

Good at

Bir konuda iyi olmak

He is pretty good at fixing things.

54

Guilty of

Suçlu olmak

He is guilty of manslaughter.

55

Happy about

Mutlu

56

Hopeful of / about

Umutlu

57

Impressed with / by

Etkilenmi "

58

Incapable of

Yetersiz

59

Inferior to

-den a " a ! ı

60

Interested in

Bir " e y ile ilgilenmek

He has always been interested in politics.

61

Involved in / with

ak -ile u ! ra "m ak Bir i " e karı "m

We were involved in the negotiations until the last minute.

62

Jealous of

Kıskanmak

Other girls were jealous of her good look.

63

Keen on

Dü " kün Meraklı

64

Keen to

# s tekli

65

Known for

-ile me " hur olmak -ile tanınmak

The captain wasn’t keen on having him on the team. The government is keen to avoid further conflict with the unions. They were known for their artistic achievement.

66

Late for

Geç kalmak

He was ten minutes late for school.

67

Linked to / with

-ile ilgili / ili " k ili

68

Made from sth

Bir " e yden yapılmak

69

Made of sth

Hammaddesi bir " e y olmak

Some kinds of music have often been linked with the drug culture. The earliest canoes were made from tree trunks. This beautiful necklace was made of diamond.

70

Married to

Biriyle evli olmak

He is married to a famous singer.

71

Nervous about / of

Tedirgin Sinirli

72

Opposed to

Bir " e ye kar " ı olmak

She was nervous about walking home so late. I’m opposed to the idea that everyone should obey the authority.

73

Pleased with

74

Popular with

177

Bir " e yden memnun olmak Popüler Sevilen

I’m fed up with this job. The boxes are filled with clothes and books. We want to give all children a world free of violence.

Anna was excited and happy about the baby. The board is quite hopeful of securing further investment. I was impressed with the efficiency of the staff. The city’s road system is incapable of handling the current volume of traffic. This design is inferior to the one the German company

We’re pleased with the game score. He’s hugely popular with the fans.

Edatlı Yapılar

75

Prepared for

Bir " e y için hazır olmak

They’re prepared for such silly questions.

76

Protected from

Bir " e yden korunmu "

The cave paintings are protected from vandalism.

77

Proud of

Gurur duymak

I’m proud of my sons and daughters.

78

Ready for

Hazır

She was ready for a new challenge.

79

Related to

-ile ilgili olmak

80

Relevant to

-ile ilgili /alakalı olmak

The workers’ health problems are directly related to unhealthy work conditions. Your argument is not relevant to this discussion.

81

Remembered for

-ile hatırlanmak

He is remembered for his bravery.

82

Responsible for

83

Satisfied with

Bir " e yden sorumlu olmak Memnun / Tatmin olmak

She is responsible for arranging the meetings. The President is satisfied with the progress of the talks.

84

Scared of

Bir " e yden korkmak

He is scared of mice.

85

Sensitive to

Duyarlı Hassas

Coral is very sensitive to changes in water temperature.

86

Similar to

Benzer

Their situation is very similar to ours.

87

Shocked by

$ o k olmu " $ a " ırmı "

People were shocked by the violence scenes in the film.

88

Sorry about

Üzgün

I’m sorry about your losing job.

89

Sorry for

Pi " man

He wasn’t sorry for hitting the other boy.

90

Successful in

Ba " arılı

We have been very successful in attracting some top quality firms to the area.

91

Suitable for

Uygun

This film is not suitable for young children.

92

Sure about / of

Emin

93

Superior to

Üstün

94

Surprised at / by

$ a " ırmı "

95

Suspicious of

$ ü pheli

People are often suspicious of strangers.

96

Terrible at

Bir konuda kötü / berbat olmak

I’ve always been really terrible at maths.

97

Terrified of

Bir " e yden korkmak

She is terrified of spiders.

98

Tired from

Bir " e yden yorulmak

She is tired from heavy exercise.

99

Tired of

Bir " e yden bıkmak

We were tired of waiting for him to call.

100

Typical of

Tipik Özgü

The view is very typical of people of his generation.

101

Worried about

Endi " elenmek

We are very worried about our future.

If you are really sure about the facts, we will publish them. The sound quality is superior to that on a regular CD. Judith was genuinely surprised at Ben’s reaction to the news.

178


C. (BE) + NOUN + PREPOSITION -e eri " im -e faydalanma imkanı -in avantajı -in faydası

1

Access to

2

Advantage of

3

Admiration for

-e hayranlık

4

Advance in

Bir " e ydeki artı " / yükselme

5

Alternative to

-e alternatif

6

Attack on

-e saldırı

7

Attitude to / towards

-e kar "ı tutum

8

Authority on

Bir konuda uzman / yetkili

9

Association with

-ile ba ! lantı / ili " ki

10

Comment on

Yorum

11

Comparison between

# k i " e y arasında kar " ıla " tırma

12

Comparison of

Bir " e ylerin kar " ıla " tırılması

13

Contrast between

# k i " e y arasındaki zıtlık

14

Credit for

Bir " e y için övgü

15

Cruelty to / towards

-e kar "ı zulüm

16

Characteristics of

Bir " e yin niteli ! i / özelli ! i

17

Cure for

Bir " e yin tedavisi

18

Decrease in

19

Delay in

20

Desire for

Bir " e y iste ! i / arzusu

21

Difference between

# k i " e y arasındaki farklılık

22

Difference in

-deki farklılık

23

Difficulty in / with

Zorluk Sıkıntı

24

Disadvantage of

-in dezavantajı

179

Azalma Dü " ü " Gecikme Erteleme

Only %40 of 5 year-olds has access to pre-school education. Flexibility is one of the many advantages of working from home. We’re full of admiration for all your hard work. We have witnessed major advances in computer technology over the few decades. The treatment is offered as an alternative to surgery. There must be measures to reduce the number of sexual attacks on young women. Attitudes towards the older members of the group will have to change. He is an authority on antique musical instruments. The police knew all about his associations with organized crime. We would welcome your comments on our work. Direct comparison between two languages is not possible. We have made a systematic comparison of the techniques used by different players. There is a contrast between her life before the accident and now. You deserve credit for making so many changes in this company. There are so many cruelties to animals all over the world. A purple rash is one of the distinguishing characteristics of the disease. There is no cure for diabetes but symptoms can be managed. There is a decrease in the number of violent crimes. Try to find the reason for any delay in payment. People’s desire for peace and stability in the Middle East must be achieved. What’s the difference between these two computers? There is a big difference in the attitudes of town and country people. Six months after the accident, he still has difficulty in walking. One of the disadvantages of the job is the long hours I work.

Edatlı Yapılar

25

Effect of

-in etkisi

26

Effect on

Bir " e y üzerinde etki

27

Exception to

Bir " e ye yönelik istisna

Relaxation can reduce the negative effects of stress on the immune system. Any change in lifestyle will have an effect on your health. There are some exceptions to every grammatical rule.

28

Expert in / on / at

Bir konuda uzman

She is an expert in marketing.

29

Experience in

Bir konuda deneyim

30

Guide to

Kılavuz Rehber

31

Hope for

Bir " e y umudu

32

Increase in


33

Influence on

Bir " e y üzerinde etki

34

Information about / on / regarding

Bir " e y hakkında bilgi

35

Intention of

36

Key to

37

Knowledge about / of

38

Lack of

39

Link between / with

40

Need for

Bir " e y ihtiyacı

41

Opinion of / on / about

Bir " e y hakkındaki dü " ünce / fikir

42

Protection from / against

-den korunma

43

Reaction to

-e tepki / kar " ılık

44

Reason for

-in sebebi

45

Reduction in

Azalma Dü " ü "

46

Relationship between

Aradaki ili " ki

47

Relationship with

-ile ili " ki

48

Report on

Bir " e y üzerine rapor

49

Responsible for

-den sorumlu

50

Result of

-in sonucu

51

Respect for

-e saygı

Niyeti / Maksadı / # s te ! i -in anahtarı / püf noktası Bir " e y hakkında bilgi Bir " e yden yoksun olma / Eksiklik # l i " ki Ba ! lantı

She has years of experience in the computer industry. Here is a comprehensive guide to the new simplified divorce procedure. These young people have no hope for future. There has been a significant increase in the number of young people who smoke. His years in Hollywood were artistically a very destructive influence on his films. We can’t give you any information about our client’s medical records. Megan suddenly announced her intention of selling the house. Proper planning is the key to success. Lawyers should possess detailed knowledge of certain aspects of the law. Most of his problems stem from a lack of confidence. At that time, there was a close link between Scotland and France. The government recognizes the need for immediate action. His opinions on European Union are well known. A healthy diet should provide protection from disease. Shock is a natural reaction to such bad news. The police asked him the reason of his visit. There has been a dramatic reaction in the birth rate. The relationships between players from the two teams were pretty friendly. What was your relationship with your mother like? We have to write a short report on the conference. The chemical is directly responsible for those deaths. He said the incident was the result of a misunderstanding. Students show their respect for the teacher by not talking. 180


52

Rise in


53

Solution to / for

-e yönelik çözüm

54

Sympathy for

-e acıma / ilgi / " e fkat

55

Tax on

Bir " e y üzerine vergi

56

Threat to

-e yönelik tehdit

57

Trouble with

-ile sorun

Experts predict a sharp rise in unemployment. UN leaders are working hard to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. We all have great sympathy for the victims of the flood. The government is making plans for an increase in the tax on petrol. Officials were confident there had been no threat to public health. I’m having trouble with this new software.

D. D!&ER ÖNEML! EDATLI YAPILAR 1

A variety of A wide range of A range of A diversity of

Çe " itli Farklı

People do yoga for a variety of reasons.

2

According to

-e göre

We should try to play the game according to the rules.

3

Ahead of

Önünde # l erisinde

The car ahead of us stopped suddenly.

4

Along with

ile birlikte

5

Apart from

-den ba " ka

6

As for

-e gelince

7

As from / of

-den itibaren

8

As to

-e dair ile ilgili

9

Aside from

-den ba " ka

10

At first glance At first sight At first view

ilk bakı " ta

11

At least

En az / en azından

12

At once

Bir defada Hemen

13

At the expense of

Pahasına

14

Be of

Sahiplik (=have)

15

Be to

16

Because of

181

Zorunluluk Plan Amaç -den dolayı Sebebiyle

Ramos was arrested along with eleven other men. Apart from providing humanitarian aid, the UN is also supposed to enforce agreements. As for the children, they were happy enough to spend all day on the beach. As from today, the bank will be open for business from 9:30. There is some doubt as to whether the information is totally accurate. Aside from hanging about in the street, there’s nothing for kids to do here. At first sight, the theory seems to make a lot of sense. The disease killed at least 120 people in England last year. The women met at a party and became good friends at once. Military strength is often achieved at the expense of a country’s economic health. Reading is of great importance while studying English exams. We are to study hard to be successful. We are to leave the house early. Because of the Asian crisis, the company’s profits fell by 15% during 1997.

Edatlı Yapılar

17

By chance

$ a ns eseri

18

By heart

Kalpten Ezbere

19

By means of

Aracılı ! ıyla

20

By no means

21

Compared to / with

22

Contrary to

Aksine

23

Due to

-den dolayı Sebebiyle

24

Except for

-in haricinde

25

From now on From this moment

$ u andan itibaren

26

For a while

Bir süreli ! ine Bir süredir

27

For example For instance

Örne ! in

28

In accordance with

29

In addition to

30

In amazement

31

Asla Katiyen Kar " ıla "t ırıldı ! ında -e nazaran

It was simply by chance that Nicholson was cast in the film. We learned long passages of poetry by heart. Withdrawal of cash is further affected by means of encoded plastic cards. It was by no means excellent but still better than last year. Profits were good compared with last year. The introduction of such a tax would be contrary to our policy. The game was cancelled due to the heavy rain. The shop is open every day 9:00 to 5:00 except for Sunday. The new rules will apply to all members from now on. I haven’t seen you for a while.

-e uyumlu olarak ile uygun olarak -ek olarak yanı sıra $ a " kınlıkla Afal afal

They intend to provide information, via the internet for example. We applied the procedures in accordance with the terms of the contract. In addition to the twins, he has another child by his first wife. They were shaking their heads in amazement.

In despair

Çaresizlik içinde

He phoned the embassy in despair.

32

In case of

-durumunda Olur diye

33

In charge of

-in sorumlusu

34

In collaboration with

-ile birlikte -in katkısıyla

35

In common

Ortak

36

In connection with

ile ilgili

37

In contrast to / with

-in aksine

38

In danger of

-in tehlikesi altında

39

In excess of

-den fazla

40

In favour of

-in lehine -den yana

In case of bad weather, the wedding will be held indoors. Philip is in charge of our marketing department. I have written this article in collaboration with one of my former students. I don’t think they’ve got much in common with their neighbours. Police want to talk to him in connection with his wife’s disappearance. In contrast to his predecessor, Bush has little appetite for foreign travel. The peace talks are now in danger of collapse. This year, profits are in excess of 80 million dollars. The judge made his decision in favour of the guilty.

41

In harmony

Uyum içinde

The children sang in perfect harmony.

42

In order to

Amacıyla # ç in

Regular checks are required in order to maintain the safety standards.

43

In particular

Özellikle

I liked the accident scene in particular. 182


44

In response to

Cevaben -e kar "ı lık olarak

45

In short

Kısaca

46

In terms of

47

In the event of

48

In the hope of

Umuduyla

49

In the nick of time

Tam zamanında

50

In the wake of

Ardından -den sonra

51

In turn

Sırasıyla

52

In place of

-in yerine

53

In view of

-den dolayı

54

Irrespective of

Ra ! men Bakılmaksızın

55

Instead of

-in yerine

56

On account of

-den dolayı

57

On average

Ortalama

58

On behalf of

-in adına

59

On no account

60

On purpose

61 62

On the increase On the rise On the verge of On the edge of On the brink of

Açısından Bakımından Durumunda Olması takdirde

Asla Katiyen Kasten Kasıtlı olarak Artı " ta Yükseli " te

In response to complaints, the company reviewed its safety procedures. Inflation is down, spending is up. In short, the economy is in good shape. The savings, both in terms of time and money, could be considerable. In the event of a crash, these added safety features may be lifesavers. Police are carrying out house-to-house enquiries in the hope of finding missing girl. The swimmers were rescued in the nick of time. An inquiry has been set up in the wake of the crash. We look at each element of the process in turn. In place of ordinary light bulbs, you could use fluorescent lamps. In view of the shortage of time, each person may only speak for five minutes. We consider all qualified job applicants, irrespective of sex or age. We can deal with this now instead of waiting until tomorrow. She can’t work much on account of the children. On average, women live between five and seven years longer than men. A solicitor issued a statement on behalf of the victim’s family. On no account should the soldiers be blamed for what happened. They think the fire was started on purpose. Serious crime is once again on the rise.

E " i ! inde Kıyısında

The two countries are on the verge of war.

63

On the whole

Bütünüyle Tamamen

It was a pretty good conference on the whole.

64

Opposed to

-e kar "ı

He is bitterly opposed to the war.

65

Owing to

-den dolayı

66

Pertaining to

ile ilgili

67

Prior to

-den önce

68

Regardless of

Ra ! men Bakılmaksızın

69

Similar to

-e benzer

183

Flights from Atatürk Airport were cancelled owing to the bad weather. They are trying to gather all the facts pertaining to this situation. The questions had been asked prior to my arrival. There must be equality of rights for all citizens, regardless of nationality. My teaching style is not similar to that of most of other teachers.

Edatlı Yapılar

70

So as to

Amacıyla # ç in

71

Thanks to

Sayesinde -den dolayı

72 73

To a great extent To a large extent To sum In sum

Büyük ölçüde Özetle Kısaca

74

Under / in … circumstance

Durumu / " a rtı altında

75

Under control

Kontrol altında

76

Under … rule

Hakimiyeti altında

77

Under stress

Stres altında

78

Up to

-e kadar

79

With a view to

Amacıyla

80

With regard to

81

With reference to

82

With respect to

83

With exception of

Hariç # s tisnasıyla

84

With the help of With the aid of

Yardımıyla

ile ilgili -e ili " kin ile ilgili -e ili " kin ile ilgili -e ili " kin

In Tehran, the wives of foreign diplomats wore headscarves so as not to offend public. Thanks to this treatment, her condition has improved. The complaints were to a large extent valid. To sum, alternative policies were not considered. Under different circumstances, she might have been able to appreciate the irony of it. It was several hours before fire-fighters could get the blaze under control. These lands have been under foreign rule for years. Carol has been under a lot of stress lately. The building was used as a hospital from the 1960s up to 1972. They bought the building with a view to converting it into holiday homes. With regard to the discussion about immigration, I’d like to hear your opinion. War can only be explained with reference to complex social factors. The two groups are very similar with respect to age. The players should all be fit for Saturday’s game, with the possible exception of Davis. We managed to overcome the crisis with the aid of credit loan.

184


PREPOSITION SET 1 with

from

for

on

between

1. The report blames poor safety standards _______________ the accident. 2. Anxiety can interfere _______________ children's performance at school. 3. We need to focus public attention _______________ this issue. 4. There's a big difference _______________ knowing that something is true, and being able to prove it.

5. If the scientists can find a cure for cancer, millions of people will benefit _______________ it.

PREPOSITION SET 2 on

from

with

to

of

1. How do these insects adapt themselves _______________ new environments? 2. I think the so-called celebrities have a bad influence _______________ the youth. 3. She dreamed _______________ becoming a chef, but her father wanted her to study medicine.

4. It is known that escaping _______________ the prison of Alcatraz is almost impossible. 5. When she learned that she was pregnant for her second baby, she feared that she wouldn’t be able to cope _______________ two children.

PREPOSITION SET 3 in

to

on

for

of

1. He is studying medicine and planning to specialize _______________ pediatrics. 2. The success of this project relies _______________ everyone making an effort. 3. I took advantage _______________ the good weather to paint the shed. 4. People tend _______________ need less sleep as they get older. 5. The police believe that the same man is responsible _______________ three other murders in the area. 185

Edatlı Yapılar TEST

PREPOSITION SET 4 about

in

to

of

on

1. The idea of working abroad really appeals _______________ me. 2. Everyone in the class is expected to participate actively _______________ these discussions.

3. The teenagers must be made aware _______________ the danger of taking drugs. 4. Although the police had found lots of convincing evidence, the suspect kept insisting _______________ her innocence.

5. She often complains _______________ not feeling appreciated at work.


out

of

to

in

1. My children are old enough to take care _______________ themselves. 2. Do you think the government will carry _______________ its promise to reform the law? 3. Mr. Jefferson has contributed a lot _______________ the company; it is high time he was rewarded.

4. There are lots of problems associated _______________ cancer treatment. 5. He was involved in a car crash which resulted _______________ the death of two passengers.

PREPOSITION SET 6 from

with

to

of

on

1. The committee is made up _______________ representatives from every state. 2. Thousands of people who suffer from insomnia have benefited _______________ the new treatment.

3. Their relationship was based _______________ mutual respect. 4. The government has failed to deal _______________ the problem of homelessness in the country.

5. After the police caught him, he was subjected _______________ hours of questioning and torture. 186



for

to

with

of

1. It is very amazing that animals always find a way to adapt _______________ new environments.

2. Anxiety can interfere _______________ children’s performance at school. 3. We have been campaigning to get rid _______________ the car tax for 20 years. 4. He carried bags of groceries in exchange _______________ some bread. 5. Only 10% of American adults engage _______________ regular exercise.

PREPOSITION SET 8 by

of

on

to

for

1. Angelina Jolie now dedicates herself _______________ children's charity work. 2. The government has imposed a ban _______________ social networking sites recently. 3. The beach offers guests a variety_______________ recreational activity that include a number of water sports.

4. Recent pressures may account _______________ the protests. 5. After such a long time, she met her biological father _______________ chance in an art gallery.

PREPOSITION SET 9 to

on

of

about

with

1. The law requires equal treatment for all, regardless _______________ race, religion, or sex.

2. The immune system interacts _______________ both the nervous system and the hormones.

3. He is a world expert _______________ marine mammals. 4. The new law will affect the farmers _______________ a great extent. 5. She is still so angry _______________ not being invited to the party.

187


PREPOSITION SET 10 into

from

of

on

under

1. Hollywood discovered her and turned her _______________ a star. 2. The animals died _______________ starvation in the snow. 3. If we don’t want to be _______________ foreign rule, we have to defend our country well.

4. Many working women rely _______________ relatives to help take care of their children. 5. Breast cancer is the leading cause _______________ death for American women in their forties.


in

to

at

from

1. Daniel was murdered, along _______________ three guards. 2. Some birth defects are linked _______________ smoking during pregnancy. 3.

_______________ first glance, the place seemed deserted.

4. The old bridge was _______________ danger of collapsing. 5. Mum is suffering _______________ a terrible headache now.


in

for

with

from

1. They stayed and rested in Ankara _______________ a while before setting out for #stanbul.

2. I don't want to get involved _______________ some lengthy argument about who is to blame.

3. I'm not familiar _______________ her poetry. 4. _______________ now on, I’m going to do regular exercise and eat less. 5. You can’t count _______________ him; he is such a liar!

188



to

for

from

of

1. Although she didn't mention any names, everyone knew who she was referring _______________.

2. There are many parts of the world where the shortage _______________ food lasts for years, not just for one.

3. Mothers are all concerned _______________ how little food their children eat. 4. Man's ability to reason sets him apart _______________ other animals. 5. She felt fine except _______________ being a little tired.


from about

for

on

1. The release of the carbon-dioxide to the air contributes _______________ global warming.

2. My mother always complains _______________ the hot weather in summer. 3. Politicians have some effect _______________ the lives of ordinary people. 4. “You can’t stop me _______________ getting what I want,” said the girl to her father. 5. The pill seems to compensate _______________ the lower levels of nitric oxide often seen in black patients.


with

on

to

of

"#

He finished the project in collaboration _______________ his colleagues.

$#

He swears he will never be involved _______________ the family business again.

%#

The spokesman was either lying or unaware _______________ the facts.

&#

Scientists have been trying to find out if Mars is similar _______________ Earth in any ways.

'#

She couldn’t concentrate _______________ her work as one of her colleagues at the opposite desk was continuously sneezing.

189



in

for

about

of

1. A research conducted _______________ NASA showed that it might be possible for us to live on Mars in the future.

2. He was accused _______________ murdering his wife’s lover and was sentenced to 20 years in prison.

3. The judge decided _______________ favor of the defendant and released him. 4. People are angry _______________ the use of tear gas on them. 5. Brazil is especially famous _______________ its talented and successful footballers.


in

of

to

under

1. Almost everything in the sale, regardless _______________ its quality or condition, was sold for many times the estimates.

2. The central bank has noted that overall inflation has been higher than expected due _______________ a sudden increase in gasoline prices.

3. I do believe it is possible for different ethnic groups to live together _______________ harmony.

4. You should visit your dentist or hygienist to have your teeth scaled and polished _______________ a regular basis.

5. Prisoners can only leave their cells _______________ certain circumstances.


for

in

to

on

1. Icy roads account _______________ the increase in accidents. 2. The government had been unable to deal _______________ the economic crisis. 3. None of these findings made any sense or related _______________ each other. 4. If you keep _______________ singing, they'll ask you to leave. 5. Interest rates were cut and, _______________ turn, share prices rose. 190



in

from

to

under

1.

What I did was unintentional but you make it sound as if I did it _______________ purpose.

2.

In contrast _______________ Van Gogh, Picasso is more vivid and full of life.

3.

The study shows that the rate of obese who are rich exceeds the rate of the ones who are poor. It has, _______________ short, become impossible to ignore the fact that obesity is a class issue.

4.

Janet's been _______________ a lot of stress since her mother's illness.

5.

In the poetry competition, aside _______________ Jack, there are four other candidates.


up

with

for

to

1.

Judge Kelvin has a reputation _______________ being strict but fair.

2.

Most slimmers end _______________ putting weight back on.

3.

She never cares _______________ what people thinks; she just acts as she likes.

4.

Texting while driving makes people twice as slow to react _______________ things.

5.

Anxiety can interfere _______________ children's performance at school.

PREPOSITION SET 21 to 1.

for

on

in

with

Life's luxuries have made it very convenient for children to live sedentary lifestyles, which is partly to blame _______________ the rise in childhood obesity.

2.

We should be stopping terrorists from operating, as opposed _______________ chasing them after they have attacked.

3.

The robot can communicate and interact _______________ humans, and has even learned how to make facial expressions in response to an emotion.

4.

The prices depend _______________ features such as resolution and optical zoom, and whether the camera is new or fixed.

5.

191

She watched her little _______________ amazement while he was trying to climb the coach.


PREPOSITION SET 22 to 1.

of

on

in

for

A woman mistook him _______________ a well-known actor, and asked him for his autograph.

2.

Government must give priority _______________ maintaining welfare, peace and democracy in their countries.

3.

I would like to see the officer who is _______________ charge of the investigation.

4.

From natural gas to heating oil and gasoline, prices are _______________ the rise.

5.

Countries do not, however, tend to rely on only one solution to get rid _______________ their economic problems.


on

of

from

for

1.

He devoted himself _______________ his work after his family died in a terrible car crash.

2.

Today too many teachers are treated with a lack _______________ respect.

3.

In order to protect herself _______________ the harsh weather, she wore a very thick coat.

4.

The government should find and charge the ones who are responsible _______________ the deaths in the mines.

5.

The length of time spent exercising depends _______________ the sport you are training for.

PREPOSITION SET 24 of

between

with

for

to

1.

They gave him one hundred Turkish Liras to compensate _______________ his trouble.

2.

_______________ sum, soul music is important to the record industry.

3.

Although Lucy is a very shy child, she interacts well _______________ other children in the class.

4.

He had taken his gun in case _______________ this kind of situation but he hoped he would never have to use it.

5.

You should be aware of the distinction _______________ formal and informal language.

192



from

for

with

to

1. All the arrangements should be completed prior _______________ your departure. 2. I found I had a lot _______________ common with these people. 3. The company is building the centre in collaboration _______________ the government. 4. You know you should apologize _______________ your friend for being so rude to him. 5. However hard I tried, I couldn’t stop him _______________ leaving the country.


on

in

of

for

1. I do believe it is possible for different ethnic groups to live together _______________ harmony.

2. Fuel contributes a great deal _______________ global warming. 3. He has decided to work hard at the weekend to compensate _______________ the last week he spent in Italy.

4. To survive people depend _______________ the physical environment. 5. He was accused _______________ murdering his wife’s lover, and was sentenced to 10 years in prison.

PREPOSITION SET 27 of

to

with

for

about

1. Written at the end of the 1950s, it was a play ahead _______________ its time. 2. She often complains _______________ not feeling appreciated at work. 3. A sudden downpour contributed _______________ the traffic jam, which made me late for work.

4. Mr. Jefferson was mistaken _______________ a director as he was wearing a smart black suit.

5. I always confuse you _______________ your sister - you look so alike.

193



in

to

by

for

1. We moved here last month and my children are finding it hard to adapt ______________ their new school.

2. He was charged _______________ spying on British military bases. 3. Sivas is known _______________ its Kangal dogs. 4. You are advised to book _______________ advance or turn up early because tickets sell-out quickly.

5. I'm sorry, this letter is addressed to you - I opened it _______________ mistake.


for

on

in

of

1. Recent advances _______________ genetics have raised moral questions. 2. People are always commenting _______________ his appearance. 3. Working well as a team is the key _______________ success. 4. Too many teachers are treated with a lack _______________ respect. 5. The house is not really suitable _______________ a large family.


of

from

to

for

1. People here have a more relaxed attitude _______________ their work. 2. We were really shocked _______________ his death. 3. The airline is legally responsible _______________ the safety of its passengers. 4. We’re so proud _______________ him for telling the truth. 5. His headaches stemmed _______________ vision problems.

194


195

Bo"luk Doldurma

SET 1 AVOID

APPROVE

COPE WITH

ABUSE

BRING ABOUT

1.

A recent survey has found that fewer than half of all US citizens _______________________ of the Middle East policy of their country.

2.

He had so much pressure on him in his job that eventually he just couldn’t _______________________ all these problems.

3.

Land reform _______________________ a great change in the lives of the common people.

4.

In summer months, you should _______________________ excessive exposure to the sun.

5.

William _______________________ his position as Mayor to give jobs to his friends.

SET 2 WIDESPREAD

PROPER

VAGUE

PREDICTABLE

ENORMOUS

1.

The team made a / an _______________________ effort and finally won the match.

2.

One of the main reasons of obesity in the USA is that most of the population prefers fast food instead of eating _______________________ meals.

3.

What all these Third World Countries have in common is _______________________ unemployment and illiteracy.

4.

It was quite _______________________ that he would win the elections as he had lots of supporters all around the country.

5.

The instructions were so _______________________ that none of us understood it clearly.

SET 3 VARIETY

PROCESS

CONFLICT

DISCRIMINATION

PRIORITY

1.

Racial _______________________ is still one of the biggest challenges facing many countries around the world.

2.

It is feared that military operations could threaten the peace _______________________.

3.

It seems like education reform should be the top _______________________.

4.

The _______________________ between Palestine and Israel has caused lots of deaths and is not likely to come to an end.

5.

The students in our class come from a (n) _______________________ of different backgrounds. 196


SET 4 COMMONLY

OBVIOUSLY

HARDLY

PROPERLY

CLOSELY

1.

This is not something we can do on our own; we _______________________ need some help.

2.

Parents should teach their children to behave _______________________ in public.

3.

The detective watched him _______________________ waiting for a reply.

4.

According to the research, lung cancer is the most _______________________ found cancer in men.

5.

When the children saw the new bike their father had bought for them, they were so excited that they could _______________________ speak.

SET 5 DEMAND

VANISH

ESTIMATE

MAINTAIN

FIGURE OUT

1.

Angry demonstrators _______________________ the resignation of two senior officials in the protests.

2.

We have to _______________________ a way to make this company more profitable and stable.

3.

Scientists _______________________ that smoking reduces life expectancy by around 12 years on average.

4.

Nowadays more and more children _______________________ without a trace, and are usually found tortured and dead.

5.

If you want to build up and _______________________ a good level of physical fitness, you need to exercise regularly.

SET 6 ESSENTIAL

TREMENDOUS

SUSCEPTIBLE

PRECISE

CAUTIOUS

1.

Older people are more _______________________ to infections.

2.

Water is the most _______________________ source for all the living things.

3.

My father is really a / an _______________________ driver; he obeys all the traffic rules.

4.

His _______________________ success made all his colleagues envy him.

5.

The technique is more efficient and more _______________________ than previous methods.

197

Bo"luk Doldurma

SET 7 TENDENCY

BENEFIT

EXCEPTION

CONSEQUENCE

LIMITATION

1.

He always reads books after dinner, and tonight was no _______________________.

2.

One _______________________ of nuclear reactors is that they can be constructed in areas that are difficult to reach.

3.

The accident was the _______________________ of his careless driving.

4.

There is a / an _______________________ on the number of hours children can work; they can’t be forced.

5.

The new drug is effective but has a / an _______________________ to cause headaches.

SET 8 APPROPRIATELY

LIKEWISE

RELUCTANTLY

APPARENTLY

CONSEQUENTLY

1.

You aren’t dressed _______________________ this is a formal party, please change your casual clothes and wear a suit.

2.

He was the only one against the plan, but the others tried hard to persuade him, and he _______________________ agreed in the end.

3.

They have been discussing the matter for a long time, and _______________________ they won’t be able to come to an agreement easily.

4.

Public transportation is virtually inaccessible in this country; _______________________ its hospitals are also not very available for every citizen.

5.

Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. _______________________, their keyboard skills are inefficient.

SET 9 REJECT

OVERCOME

VARY

ASSUME

MAKE UP

1.

Parents should ____________________ responsibility for their children to have a good education.

2.

Each photograph can help patients remember those things that ____________________ a person’s identity.

3.

I still don’t understand why he has ____________________ that job offer; it was the best position he could ever be offered.

4.

The government must try to ____________________ its problems such as unemployment, unfair distribution of income and some other social and economic problems.

5.

Prices ____________________ greatly depending on the time of year and type of accommodation. 198


SET 10 EAGER

TYPICAL

UNLIKELY

DRASTIC

DISTINGUSIHED

1.

It is _______________________ that the thieves will be caught because there isn’t any evidence or witnesses.

2.

After a month in bed, I recovered and was _______________________ to get back to work as soon as possible.

3.

Noam Chomsky, sometimes described as the “father of modern linguistics”, is the most _______________________ linguist of the 20th and the 21st century.

4.

This painting is _______________________ of Salvador Dali’s work; it consists of surrealistic themes just like his other paintings.

5.

The governments have to make _______________________ changes if environmental catastrophe is to be avoided.

SET 11 PRIVILEGE

EXPANSION

PRESSURE

ACCOMPLISHMENT

PRECAUTION

1.

Fifty people have so far been evacuated from the slopes of the volcano as a / an _______________________.

2.

Her family is proud of all her academic _______________________.

3.

The rapid growth of the tourism sector over the last decade has resulted in a substantial _______________________ of other activities.

4.

He was a very popular singer and had lots of fans before he was sent to prison, but in prison he had no special _______________________ and was treated just like any other prisoner.

5.

They are obviously putting _______________________ on people to vote yes.

SET 12 RELATIVELY

WIDELY

FORTUNATELY

BARELY

EVENTUALLY

1.

After a large volume of studies, they _______________________ found a cure for cancer.

2.

The weather is _______________________ mild today compared to the last few frosty days.

3.

Organic food is now _______________________ available; you can find them at any store.

4.

The knife had pierced his heart, but _______________________ he was still alive.

5.

She earned very little; she could _______________________ live on such little amount of money.

199

Bo"luk Doldurma

SET 13 STRUGGLE

ESTIMATE

RETREAT

EXTEND

MAINTAIN

1.

Experts _______________________ that current oil reserves all around the world are 10 per cent lower than previous year

2.

Because every person needs to raise money in order to _______________________ the costs of living, people find ways to make extra money.

3.

Students have the option to purchase the e-book during or after a rental period, and can _______________________ rental period with daily payment.

4.

Animals in the jungle live a tough life, and each day, they _______________________ to survive.

5.

As their troops had been defeated, they finally realized that they just had to _______________________.

SET 14 IDENTICAL

EFFICIENT

ALERT

UNEXPECTED

CONFIDENTIAL

1.

Energy _______________________ homes reduce unnecessary energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and demands for non-renewable resources.

2.

Doctors are required to keep patients' records completely _______________________ they mustn’t share them even with the police.

3.

Nutritionally, infant formulas are almost _______________________ to breast milk; there is almost no difference between the two.

4.

Her death was totally _______________________ she had had no complaints about her health condition.

5.

Taking notes is one of the best ways to stay _______________________ in lectures.

SET 15 ISOLATION

CONFESSION

EXCEPTION

APPRECIATION

FORESIGHT

1.

Governments who use excessive force on their _______________________ of the criminal.

2.

Summer storms and weather are always unpredictable in this city, and this summer’s weather certainly has been no _______________________.

3.

As he had been assisted by his parents till he graduated from the college, he decided to show his _______________________ by giving them a nice present.

4.

After he lost his wife, he lived in his small cottage in almost total _______________________ as he didn’t have any children or friends.

5.

_______________________ was one of the most important features that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had; thanks to it, he could predict the possible events beforehand and could act in time. 200


SET 16 TEMPORARILY

SLIGHTLY

CONSTANTLY

DESPERATELY

FIRMLY

1.

I _______________________ believe that scientist will find a cure for cancer in the near future.

2.

Teenagers today are _______________________ being told how we need to study hard to gain the best from our future.

3.

January's sales were _______________________ better than average; better than nothing.

4.

When he fell into a hole dug by the municipality, he looked round _______________________ for someone to help him.

5.

Traffic was stopped _______________________ because of an accident.

SET 17 SET UP

ADOPT

INTRODUCE

MAINTAIN

OVERTHROW

1.

Although the U.S. announces that they want to _______________________ democracy to the Middle East, the world knows that their aim is just to take control of the oil reserves.

2.

The scientists _______________________ an experiment to prove their theory scientifically.

3.

The U.S. is trying hard to _______________________ the current governments of some countries in the Middle East.

4.

If you want to be a successful salesperson, you should build and _______________________ a good relationship with your customers.

5.

If you want to immigrate to another country, you have to learn their language and _______________________ their culture in order to be accepted.

SET 18 TYPICAL

UNPREDICTABLE

UNEASY

PROMISING

FUNDAMENTAL

1.

According to the survey, 90 % of the population feels __________________ about nuclear power.

2.

It's not __________________ of Gill to be so critical; she normally doesn’t like criticizing people for their actions.

3.

Freedom of belief is __________________ to human rights and governments are responsible for preserving this.

4.

While some will end up with a __________________ start to their future careers, others will have to live with the poor results they received in ÖSS.

5.

It is certain that man’s activities are making climate change __________________ all around the world.

201

Bo"luk Doldurma

SET 19 INNOVATION

ASSUMPTION

TENDENCY

CONTRIBUTION

EXISTENCE

1.

Greg’s _______________________ to be critical made him unpopular with his co-workers.

2.

Illegal hunting is threatening the _______________________ of the species.

3.

If we want our company to remain competitive, we must encourage _______________________ and creativity.

4.

A lot of people make the _______________________ that there will be more violation of human rights in the future.

5.

Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his _______________________ to Quantum Theory.

SET 20 MAINLY

BARELY

OBVIOUSLY

NECESSARILY

INTENTIONALLY

1.

The doctor said her illness was caused _______________________ by smoking and stress.

2.

If we want to live in a more fair and peaceful world, we _______________________ need more decent and honest politicians.

3.

I promise I will never _______________________ or accidentally hurt your feelings.

4.

He was _______________________ helping us to complete the project, because he was always playing games on his cell phone whenever we gathered to work.

5.

Having this disease does not _______________________ mean that you will die young.

SET 21 ABUSE

BETRAY

INDICATE

REMEMBER

ESTIMATE

1.

Scientists _______________________ that smoking reduces life expectancy by around 12 years on average.

2.

The study _______________________ a connection between poverty and crime.

3.

Most politicians and executives _______________________ their positions to give jobs to their friends or relatives.

4.

I can still vaguely _______________________ being taken to the hospital after the accident.

5.

There are lots of politicians who _______________________ their own country by acting against the benefits of it. 202


SET 22 REMARKABLE

CONTROVESIAL

APPROPRIATE

ADEQUATE

CATASTROPHIC

1.

The use of cannabis in medicine has been the most _______________________ issue among the scientists recently.

2.

The sales of our company has risen by 20%, and this is a / an _______________________ achievement for us.

3.

After the _______________________ earthquake in 1999, most of the buildings in the area collapsed and caused lots of deaths but the ones who were responsible for this were not charged.

4.

We need an education system which is more _______________________ to the needs of the students.

5.

Some creams we tested failed to give _______________________ protection against UV light, which means people shouldn’t use them if they want a better protection.

SET 23 OBJECTION

AWARENESS

ASSUMPTION

REQUIREMENT

POSSIBILITY

1.

We need to raise public _______________________ of the global warming and encourage them to act against installing hydroelectric power plants.

2.

Having a balanced diet and exercising will certainly reduce the _______________________ of obesity and also some other serious diseases.

3.

Local residents raised strong _______________________ to the government’s plan for establishing a nuclear power plant in the region.

4.

A lot of people make the _______________________ that poverty only exists in the Third World, which is absolutely untrue.

5.

Potatoes can provide one-third of our daily _______________________ of Vitamin C.

SET 24 TYPICALLY

RAPIDLY

INITIALLY

ENTIRELY

SMOOTHLY

1.

Women in developing countries _______________________ have their first child when they are very young.

2.

I am not _______________________ satisfied with your project work; you could have done better.

3.

She is a successful executive; she keeps the company running _______________________.

4.

The disease was spreading more _______________________ than expected.

5.

_______________________ I thought I would only stay there a year, but after spending there a few months, I changed my mind and decided to stay there longer.

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SET 25 PROVIDE

ANTICIPATE

PREVENT

HANDLE

INDICATE

1.

Studies _______________________ that over 81% of teachers is dissatisfied with their salary.

2.

This year, we _______________________ that our expenses will be 15% greater.

3.

The traffic rules are intended to _______________________ accidents.

4.

Opposition leaders will be watching carefully to see how the Prime Minister _______________________ the crisis.

5.

The project is designed to _______________________ young people with work.

SET 26 PROFITABLE

INCREDIBLE

VIGOROUS

DISTRUSTFUL

PREDICTABLE

1.

Aerobic activity can be of moderate or _______________________ intensity but in order to avoid injuries you should prefer the moderate one.

2.

After the government’s undemocratic attitudes towards its citizens, it was _______________________ that eventually the citizens would unite to protest.

3.

Traumatic experiences often leave people feeling unsafe and _______________________ of others.

4.

The latest investments were extremely _______________________ and the company made a lot of money.

5.

The _______________________ view of the Bosporus fascinates all the visitors so they take lots of pictures from different angles.

SET 27 COMMITMENT

SUSPICION

REVELATION

COMPOUND

DRAWBACK

1.

The _______________________ of previously unknown facts about anti-cancer drugs shocked all the scientists as well as the drug firms.

2.

Their _______________________ to family life is so admirable that every single person around them considers marriage and family life desirable.

3.

Sulphur dioxide is a _______________________ of sulphur and oxygen.

4.

Police _______________________ were confirmed when the stolen property was found in his flat.

5.

London is a great city to live in - the only _______________________ is the weather. 204


SET 28 BARELY

PARTICULARLY TREMENDOUSLY

RIGOROUSLY

ROUGHLY

1.

The economy of China has developed _______________________ in the recent years; today they are among the best in the world.

2.

The restaurant is _______________________ popular with college students as it also serves fast food and is cheap.

3.

We don’t have precise evidence but _______________________ one third of the suicidal teens do not reveal past attempts to anyone.

4.

Soldiers in the army have to train _______________________ every day.

5.

Most of the parents in Africa can _______________________ feed their children.

SET 29 MAINTAIN

CONFRONT

CONCLUDE

RESTRICT

CONTRADICT

1.

When most people _______________________ a problem, their instinct is to impose limits and get the problem under some kind of control.

2.

The new laws _______________________ the sale of hand guns so if you want to have one, you should meet the required conditions.

3.

The witness statements _______________________ each other and the facts remain unclear.

4.

If you want to be an influential and favourable teacher, you should build and _______________________ a good relationship with the students.

5.

When the scientists _______________________ the results, they will be sent to the US Attorney's office.

SET 30 CONVENTIAL

INADVISABLE

WIDESPREAD

DRAMATIC

UNFAMILIAR

1.

Criminologists note that there has been a / an _______________________ increase in recorded crime recently.

2.

Breast cancer is the most _______________________ form of cancer among women in this country.

3.

In order to improve the education system, new methods must be used instead of _______________________ ones.

4.

Some of the vocabulary may be _______________________ to you, but you shouldn’t stop to check every word while reading a text.

5.

I think going out in such cold weather is ______________________; you might catch a cold.

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SET 31 ENDEAVOUR

CONTROVERSY

LIKELIHOOD

IMPLICATION

RESPONSIBILITY

1.

It is the _______________________ of the Ministry of Defence to defend our country against foreign attacks.

2.

The use of some chemicals on crops has caused _______________________ since those chemicals are extremely harmful for human health.

3.

Using a seatbelt will reduce the _______________________ of serious injury in a car accident.

4.

Success requires effort, commitment and _______________________.

5.

He didn’t directly mention but the _______________________ of his remark was that someone in the firm was responsible for the huge mistake.

SET 32 DEFINITELY

APPARENTLY

APPROXIMATELY

RELATIVELY

EVENTUALLY

1.

Our education system _______________________ needs to be changed; the current one seems inefficient and unsatisfactory.

2.

This phone is _______________________ cheap compared to the other brands; you can buy this one for about $500, but the others cost about $700-1000.

3.

He studied very hard the whole term and _______________________ he managed to pass all the exams.

4.

Today, medical knowledge has grown, and conception and childbearing are _______________________ less mysterious than they once were.

5.

_______________________ 96% of people who surf the Internet have computers which are infected by some form of virus.

SET 33 DISAPPEARED

INVADED

REVEALED

RELEASED

ABOLISHED

1.

After a long trial, the government finally announced that the political prisoners would be _______________________.

2.

Video cameras attached to sea turtles and sharks _______________________ an underwater world hidden to humans.

3.

Slavery was _______________________ in the U.S. in the 19th century.

4.

Two girls _______________________ while walking home from school last week, and no one has heard of them since then.

5.

During the Second World War, Germany _______________________ many countries such as Poland. 206


SET 34 ACCESSIBLE

DETERIORATING

AVAILABLE

INITIAL

EXPOSURE

1.

There is growing unrest in Turkey over _______________________ economic, political and social conditions.

2.

Health service should be made _______________________ to all citizens without any cost.

3.

Prolonged _______________________ to the sun can cause skin cancer.

4.

I don’t know why she still can’t find a job; there are plenty of jobs _______________________ in this area.

5.

If you sprain your ankle, for _______________________ treatment, apply cold compresses to it for three days.

SET 35 EXCEPTION

DESPAIR

CONSOLATION

EXTINCTION

CONSCIOUSNESS

1.

The only _______________________ for the team is that they get a chance to play the game again.

2.

As a result of overhunting and deforestation, many endangered species now face _______________________.

3.

Having suffered from lung cancer for a long time, she killed herself in _______________________.

4.

We need a big campaign to raise public _______________________ of the environmental problems.

5.

It’s been very cold lately, but today is a / an _______________________ it is sunny and warm.

SET 36 APPROPRIATELY

CHIEFLY

REMARKABLY

UNDENIABLY

RELUCTANTLY

1.

Shakespeare is remembered _______________________ for his sonnets.

2.

Everyone stared at her as she was not dressed _______________________ for a funeral.

3.

Unemployment is _______________________ an important problem which must be taken care of urgently.

4.

Even though I had no intention, at the suggestion of my friends and colleagues, I _______________________ joined the Twitter Network.

5.

He has a / an _______________________ expressive voice; it is not surprising that he has won the song contest.

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Bo"luk Doldurma

SET 37 SUSPENDED

EMERGED

RELIEVED RELIE VED

PROMPTED

ABANDONED

1.

Fearing further attacks, most of the population _______________________ the city.

2.

Finally, the drugs she had taken _______________________ the pain and she told she was feeling better.

3.

There have been some rumours that the drug has some very serious side effects, so sales of the drug will be _______________________ until more tests are completed.

4.

Unsteady conditions and violence _______________________ the refugees to escape from the country.

5.

After a lengthy investigation, the facts _______________________, which relieved all the people in the country.

SET 38 IMAGINARY

APPROPRIATE

DISTINCTIVE

PERMANENT

CONTEMPORARY

1.

I think this is not the _______________________ time to mention the subject of inheritance; you should wait till he is buried!

2.

Each animal in nature has a / an _______________________ voice; when you hear one of them, you can easily tell which animal it belongs to.

3.

Numerous wars and invasions, both ancient and _______________________ have contributed to the city’s decline.

4.

The blindness that the disease causes will be _______________________ and doctors have no hope that it will heal.

5.

Forrest Gump was living in a / an _______________________ world, away from the realities of the tough world.

SET 39 SLAUGHTER

ASSUMPTION

INDICATION

CONSIDERATION

CONFLICT

1.

She listened to him to the end but gave no _______________________ of her own feelings at all.

2.

The _______________________ of defenceless women has been very common in Turkey in the last decade.

3.

It is in the hands of the politicians to end the _______________________ between the citizens and create a peaceful environment all around the country.

4.

A lot of people make the _______________________ that poverty only exists in the Third World Countries, but we all know that it is not true.

5.

Behavioural scientists have been searching the reasons why the new generation have no _______________________ for others. 208


SET 40 RANDOMLY

PARTICULARLY HAZARDOUSLY

PROPERLY

DRAMATICALLY

1.

Rents and housing prices are on the rise, _______________________ in places that are close to city centre.

2.

Parents are responsible for teaching their children to behave _______________________.

3.

The crime rate in the developing countries has risen _______________________ in the last two decades.

4.

The winner will be _______________________ chosen from among all of the competitors.

5.

Scientists warn that many shark populations could be _______________________ depleted within a decade.

SET 41 ENCOUNTERED

IMPLIED

OCCURRED OCCURRED

RELEASED

CONCLUDED

1.

They studied the document and _______________________ that the author must have been an eyewitness to the murder.

2.

He didn’t directly say it but he _______________________ that he didn’t believe the new policy would give satisfying results.

3.

It is scientifically known that growth hormone is _______________________ into the blood during sleep.

4.

It is estimated that the explosion which _______________________ in the factory last night was due to gas leak.

5.

The government has _______________________ strong opposition to its plans to raise income tax.

SET 42 DETERMINED

DISTINCT

SPECIFIC

NOTABLE

LIKELY

1.

There are different types of arthritis that occur in children that are _______________________ from adult types.

2.

The scientists point out that global warming is _______________________ to lead to droughts and heat waves, which might endanger the life on the earth.

3.

Several _______________________ scientists and mission managers will participate in the briefing.

4.

Although the doctors had told her not to compete in any race again, she was _______________________ to win one more gold medal.

5.

Spectators are only allowed into _______________________ areas of the stadium; they can’t enter the other areas.

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SET 43 PROTECTION

DESTRUCTION

ACCESS

CURE

EFFECT

1.

Only %40 of 5 year-olds has _______________________ to pre-school education.

2.

There is no _______________________ for diabetes but symptoms can be managed.

3.

Any change in lifestyle will have a (an) _______________________ on your health.

4.

A healthy should provide _______________________ from disease.

5.

Many people are very concerned about the _______________________ of the rainforests.

SET 44 IMMEDIATELY

REPEATEDLY

SEVERELY

RANDOMLY

RELATIVELY

1.

Learning a new language can be really difficult, but English is _______________________ easy to learn as you can find more reference books.

2.

Some of the pollution will fall as damaging acid rain, which can _______________________ disrupt ecosystems.

3.

I did not _______________________ realize how serious the situation was.

4.

We have _______________________ called for an official investigation into the affair.

5.

The winning numbers are _______________________ selected by computer.

SET 45 INITIATED

ELIMINATED

CONDUCTED

ABANDONED

DIMINISHED

1.

After a great number of studies, scientists _______________________ the gene that causes abnormal growth.

2.

Her pain gradually _______________________ after she had taken a painkiller.

3.

Fearing further attacks, most of the population _______________________ the city.

4.

Doctors have _______________________ a series of tests to determine the cause of the problem.

5.

The employees _______________________ a vigorous campaign for shorter working hours.

210


211

Part of Speech (Sözcük Türleri)

SET 1 Living (n)

To live (v)

Alive (adj)

Lively (adj)

1. Wanted! _______________________ or dead with an award of 5000 Dollars. 2. There is a _______________________ discussion about whether it is good or bad. 3. People who are in the villages have always expected _______________________ longer. 4. Much of it really depends on your personal standard of _______________________.

SET 2 Safety (n)

To save (v)

Safe (adj)

Safely (adv)

1. My family could not _______________________ enough money in their life to buy a house for their own. 2. Be sure to transport your data _______________________ before you share it. 3. Government health and _______________________ regulators rarely impose new costs on business. 4. We tried to find a _______________________ place in order to be protected for the thunderstorm.

SET 3 Regularity (n)

Regular (adj)

Regularly (adv)

1. He is already experienced in the media and ______________________ represents the organization on television and radio. 2. He's been watching too many romantic comedies where that type of thing happens with great ______________________. 3. Now almost three, she requires three injections a day and ______________________ blood tests through the night.

SET 4 Variation (n)

To vary (v)

Various (adj)

1. Prices ______________________ according to size. 2. The jacket is available in ______________________ colours. 3. Hurling is an Irish ______________________ of hockey. 212


SET 5 Creator (n)

Creativity (n)

To create (v)

1. Editors complain about the lack of ______________________ in the ideas put to them. 2. The ______________________ of Mickey Mouse is Walt Disney. 3. Philip Glass ______________________ a new kind of music.

SET 6 Experience (n)

To Experience (v)

Experienced (adj)

1. Along the way, your team gains ______________________ and develops their skills. 2. The most ______________________ authors in this field were against to him. 3. We ______________________ new problems after the death of our father.

SET 7 Similarity (n)

Similar (n)

Similarly (adv)

1. Such research is valid and useful because of the genetic and physiological ______________________ between humans and apes. 2. The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. ______________________, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. 3. The two products look quite ______________________; but this one is a lot more durable and expensive than the other one.

SET 8 Intention (n)

To intend (v)

Intentional (adj)

Intentionally (adv)

1. Their ______________________ was to make tourism a vehicle for socio-economic growth in the region. 2. He does this ______________________, because he hates what the language of civility does to the poor. 3. The cause of the attacks is ______________________ and it comes overwhelmingly from one side. 4. It is good to speak with the universities about your choice in terms of what you ______________________ to do afterwards.

213


SET 9 To enlarge (v)

Large (adj)

Largely (adv)

1. The table was so ______________________ and heavy that two well-built men hardly carried it. 2. Although using facial expressions to convey emotions may be ______________________ instinctive, there is also a learned component. 3. In order to ______________________ our collection of books in our library, we have to demand extra books.

SET 10 Defence (n)

To defend (v)

Defensive (adj)

Defensively (adv)

1. Animals use tools to get food, communicate with one another and ______________________ themselves. 2. These units are designed to fight both offensively and ______________________ in cyberspace. 3. Mr. Gibbs was generally ______________________ about his business decisions. 4. I think you don’t need a ______________________.

SET 11 Inventor (n)

Invention (n)

To invent (v)

Inventively (adv)

1. The light bulb was one of the most important ______________________ of the 19th century. 2. Brilliant engineers ______________________ things and solutions that improve the lives of people. 3. A 19-year-old ______________________ says he and his foundation has a way to clean up the world's oceans 4. Our students study ______________________ in the science classes, their experiments are so visionable.

SET 12 Frequency (n)

Frequent (adj)

Frequently (adv)

1. ______________________ is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. 2. Twin sisters argue ______________________ each other all the day. 3. Their ______________________ requests drove the boss crazy 214


SET 13 To convince (v)

Convincing (adj)

Convincingly (adv)

1. Her case was ______________________ argued. 2. She appeared so ______________________ that her captors entrusted her with the key to the main door. 3. Try to ______________________ her about going to the party.

SET 14 Response (n)

To respond (v)

Responsive (adj)

Responsively (adv)

1. People with genuine emergencies need, and rightly expect, an immediate ______________________. 2. The government is not sufficiently ______________________ to individual needs to micro-manage incapacity benefits. 3. We are obliged to ______________________ to requests within 20 working days of receipt of the request. 4. Whatever damage had been done to the car, it still handled ______________________ and the engine seemed unaffected.

SET 15 Involvement (n)

To involve (v)

Involved (adj)

1. The plot was so ______________________ that very few people knew what was going on. 2. Running your own business usually ______________________ working long hours. 3. His new book examines the United States' ______________________ in World War II.

SET 16 Decision (n)

To decide (v)

Decisive (adj)

Decidedly (adv)

1. His style is ______________________ more formal than the previous manager's. 2. We finally came to a firm ______________________ on the matter. 3. We will take ______________________ steps towards political union with Europe. 4. People have a right ______________________ how to spend their own money. 215


SET 17 Sensation (n)

Sensitivity (n)

Sensitive (adj)

Sensitively (adv)

1. This matter needs to be handled as ______________________ as possible if we don’t want to face any hazardous consequences. 2. After the surgery, Julia realized that she had no ______________________ in her legs. 3. Women tend to be very ______________________ and get upset about small things and men have no idea. 4. Many children have a ______________________ to cow's milk.

SET 18 Prediction (n)

To predict (v)

Predictable (adj)

1. The mine accidents were ______________________ but not inevitable; if the required precautions had been taken, no such accidents would have killed so many miners. 2. It is difficult ______________________ what the long-term effects of the crisis will be. 3. Severe frost is likely over the next month or so according to weather ______________________.

SET 19 Nutrition (n)

Nutrient (n)

Nutritious (adj)

1. On the food arrangements, fresh and wholesome ______________________ food will be cooked for the children. 2. Antioxidant ______________________ have various actions that can help prevent against free radical damage leading to carcinogenic growth. 3. Improvements in the public health of women with associated gains in female growth and ______________________ must remain a longer-term goal.

SET 20 Nature (n)

Natural (adj)

Naturally (adv)

1. Zen monks are unique people - fanciful and bizarre, spontaneous action comes ______________________ to them. 2. Religions are moving from a primarily human focus to include concerns for ______________________ and all creation. 3. These events are unrelated, and humankind's vulnerability to ______________________ hazards is as old as our species. 216


SET 21 Intelligence (n)

Intelligent (adj)

Intelligently (adv)

1. He was not only an ______________________ researcher but also a keen observer. 2. Finally, he solved the problems ______________________ with the help of his wisdom. 3. Most of the abused prisoners had no military ______________________ value.

SET 22 Freshness (n)

To freshen (v)

Fresh (adj)

Freshly (adv)

1. Have you ever tasted our ______________________ picked vegetables that belongs to this unique region. 2. Through the open window came in the scents of summer, the ______________________ of a new day. 3. If you want to be healthy, ______________________ the air of your house for approximately 24 hours. 4. Of course, she could call Connie, but Yancey's conversation on the phone was ______________________ in her memory.

SET 23 Specialist (n)

To specialize (v)

Special (adj)

Specially (adv)

1. Each period of our national history has had its ______________________ challenges. 2. The boats are ______________________ designed for disabled people. 3. He is a ______________________ in research on the psychology of imagination and daydreaming. 4. After graduation from the university, my brother will ______________________ in cardiac surgery.

SET 24 Expression (n)

To express (v)

Expressive (adj)

Expressively (adv)

1. She plays the piano with great ______________________. 2. She has wonderfully ______________________ eyes. 3. As soon as I receive payment, I will ______________________ the book to you. 4. She spoke ______________________ in front of the huge crowd. 217


SET 25 Interference (n)

To interfere (v)

1. I hate when you ______________________ my words with your rude comments. 2. Charlotte Jones's new play follows a Halloween party which is hijacked by ______________________ from the past.

SET 26 Fear (n)

Fearful (adj)

Fearless (adj)

1. Alex didn't know about her ______________________ of flying and she'd just as soon he didn't learn. 2. Her large eyes were ______________________ once again when the burglars showed the shining knife at her. 3. The woman was so ______________________ that she managed to save her children from the fire.

SET 27 Region (n)

Regional (adj)

Regionally (adv)

1. People in the ______________________ should not have to travel to London to fly to the United States. 2. If we think ______________________ such kinds of problems will make us suffer a lot. 3. Even now ______________________ changes of local climates are being registered in South Asia.

SET 28 Survivor (n)

Survival (n)

To survive (v)

1. The same day the search was abandoned, another ______________________ died of his injuries. 2. All life forms live because of their ability to adapt to their environment, and fit enough to ______________________. 3. Some of the behaviors that humanbeings did unintentionally in the past were, in fact, the ______________________ strategies that kept them alive thousands of years ago.

218


SET 29 Warmth (n) 1. 2. 3. 4.

To warm (v)

Warm (adj)

Warmly (adv)

I’ve put your dinner in the oven to keep it ______________________. She was delighted with the ______________________ of their welcome. He thanked us ______________________ when we gave him a lift. Don’t forget to ______________________ the milk before you drink.

SET 30 Reward (n)

To reward (v)

Rewarding (adj)

1. Note that I would like to think that monetary ______________________ is the only way of measuring quality. 2. The fact is that it can be, and mostly is, a remarkably ______________________ and fulfilling experience, for both sides. 3. And all too often, boys are only ______________________ for how well they do at sport rather than for anything else they do.

SET 31 Accomplishment (n)

To accomplish (v)

Accomplished (adj)

1. It was a major ______________________ for a player who had been injured so recently. 2. Claire is an ______________________ pianist while Carthage plays clarinet, piano, flute and guitar. 3. His job was to achieve the release of the hostages, a task he successfully ______________________.

SET 32 Success (n)

To succeed (v)

Successful (adj)

Sucessfully (adv)

1. In today’s economy, you need to have very specific skills to ______________________. 2. We have been very ______________________ in attracting the top quality firms to the area. 3. They have ______________________ completed their final project. 4. The ______________________ of the campaign depends heavily on the work of volunteers. 219


SET 33 Volunteer (n)

To volunteer (v)

Voluntary (adj)

Voluntarily (adv)

1. When the war broke out, my father ______________________ immediately. 2. Doctors need 50 healthy ______________________ for the drug test. 3. She is working in this school ______________________ to gain experience. 4. She does a lot of ______________________ work for the Red Crescent.

SET 34 Distance (n)

Distant (adj)

Distantly (adv)

1. She was so cold towards his friends and just smiled ______________________ for a while. 2. The ______________________ from Chicago to Detroit is 220 miles. 3. One day, in the ______________________ future, I might go and live abroad.

SET 35 Ability (n)

To enable (v)

Able (adj)

Unable (adj)

1. They say all lovers swear more performance than they are ______________________. 2. Last I checked, a hero was a person of distinguished courage or ______________________. 3. Some of the children are ______________________ to read and write. 4. Its inventors hope it will ______________________ more blind people to work in offices.

SET 36 Stranger (n)

Strange (adj)

Strangely (adv)

1. Sometimes, being a ______________________ in a new city makes us feel the culture shock! 2. Freddy has shocked us with his ______________________ hairstyle. 3. We all looked at the meal ______________________. It was totally awful.

220


SET 37 Politeness (n)

Polite (adj)

Politely (adv)

1. She was so ______________________ that nobody was hurt among the visitors. 2. Behave ______________________ when you talk with a Japanese as they like it. 3. Collins was punctual to his time, and was received with great ______________________ by the whole family

SET 38 Effect (n)

To effect (v)

Effective (adj)

Effectively (adv)

1. The system could deliver services to local communities more ______________________. 2. If correctly administered, such drugs can ______________________ radical cures. 3. You need more ______________________ communication within the organization. 4. Scientists are studying the chemical’s ______________________ on the environment.

SET 39 Compulsion (n)

To compel (v)

Compulsive (adj)

Compulsively (adv)

1. His ______________________ need to succeed made him unpopular with the rest of the staff. 2. The law will ______________________ employers to provide health insurance. 3. He felt a sudden ______________________ to tell her the truth. 4. Teens who exercise ______________________ are at risk for both physical and psychological psychological problems.

SET 40 Benefit (n)

Beneficiary (n)

To Benefit (v)

Beneficial (adj)

Beneficially (adv)

1. The new credit cards will be of great ______________________ to our costumers. 2. A company may act ______________________ so long as a country is undeveloped. 3. Cycling is highly ______________________ to health and the environment. 4. He was the chief ______________________ of his father’s will. 5. Patients ______________________ greatly from this treatment. 221


SET 41 Strength (n)

To strengthen (v)

Strong (adj)

Strongly (adv)

1. She believes ______________________ that the research will produce good results. 2. Doctors say his injured shoulder will take time to ______________________. 3. Calcium is needed for bone ______________________. 4. You have to be ______________________ and not let their remarks bother you.

SET 42 Exception (n)

To except (v)

Exceptional (adj) Exceptionally (adv)

1. I don’t usually lend people money, but in your case I’ll make an ______________________. 2. Financial assistance may be made available in ______________________ ______________________ circumstances. 3. Children under five are ______________________ from the survey. 4. She defended her position ______________________ well.

SET 43 Consistency (n)

To consist (v)

Consistent (adj)

Consistently (adv)

1. Breakfast ______________________ of dry bread, a little cheese and a glass of tea. 2. Since joining the team last year, he has become our most ______________________ performer. 3. Consumer groups are demanding greater ______________________ in the labelling of food products. 4. He has ______________________ denied the charges.

222


SET 44 Influence (n)

To influence (v)

Influential (adj)

Influentially (adv)

1. The list included those people who most vividly and ______________________ represented the current fashion of the year. 2. Reserch has shown that the weather can ______________________ people’s behaviour. 3. Without his famous father’s ______________________, he would have never got the job. 4. He is one of the most ______________________ figures in the government.

SET 45 Danger (n)

To endanger (v)

Dangerous (adj)

Endangered (adj)

Dangerously (adv)

1. On the basis of that survey, the dolphin was classified as ______________________ by a predecessor to the Red List in 1986. 2. Air pollution has reached ______________________ levels in some cities. 3. Her blood pressure was climbing ______________________ high. 4. This man faced ______________________ and death without flinching. 5. Smoking during pregnancy ______________________ your baby’s life.

SET 46 Extent (n)

Extension (n)

To extend (v)

Extensive (adj)

Extensively (adv)

1. The government underestimated the ______________________ of the contamination. 2. Fire has caused ______________________ damage to the island’s forests. 3. We’re building an ______________________ on the back of our house. 4. The government has ______________________ the ban on the import of beef until June. 5. As a student, he travelled ______________________ in the Middle East.

223


SET 47 Perception (n)

To perceive (v)

Perceptive (adj)

Perceptively (adv)

1. A political analyst must look at the world ______________________. 2. Children who do badly in school tests often ______________________ themselves to be failures. 3. There is a ______________________ that management only wants to cut costs. 4. Children can be amazingly ______________________ about adults’ moods.

SET 48 Approval (n)

To approve (v)

Approved (adj) Approving (adj) Approvingly (adv)

1. The plane was flying below the ______________________ minimum attitude of 500 feet. 2. Children are constantly looking for signs of ______________________ from their parents. 3. The conference ______________________ a proposal for a referendum. 4. She smiled ______________________ at the child. 5. Her joke was greeted with ______________________ nod.

SET 49 Definition (n)

To define (v)

Definite (adj)

Definitely (adv)

1. There is a ______________________ link between smoking and some types of cancer. 2. The responsibilities of each member need to be clearly ______________________. 3. We need a clear ______________________ of the concept of human rights. 4. Your dessert is ______________________ the best one here.

SET 50 Habitat (n)

Inhabitant (n)

To inhabit (v)

Inhabitable (adj)

1. The new house they bought is fairly ______________________. 2. The have found a rare bird that is in danger of losing its natural ______________________. 3. Alligators ______________________ the southern river-bottoms, and there are some rattlesnakes on the uplands. 4. The city’s first ______________________ arrived in the 16 th century. 224


225

E " Anlamlı Kelimeler

SET 1

SET 5

Estimate

1. Misuse

Profound

1. Hopeless

Abuse

2. Show

Ambiguous

2. Deep

Protect

3. Predict

Vulnerable

3. Delicate

Indicate

4. Start

Desperate

4. Essential

Launch

5. Conserve

Fundamental

5. Unclear

SET 2

SET 6 Widespread

1. Appropriate

Demand

1. Carry out

Controversial

2. Common

Occur

2. Happen

Proper

3. Perpetual

Implement

3. Sustain

Permanent

4. Infamous

Avoid

4. Want

Notorious

5. Debatable

Maintain

5. Beware

SET 3

SET 7 Relatively

1. Fairly

Conflict

1. Diversity

Hazardously

2. Promptly

Supplement

2. Interference

Ultimately

3. Unwillingly

Requirement

3. Disagreement

Reluctantly

4. Dangerously

Intervention

4. Addition

Immediately

5. Eventually

Variety

5. Necessity

SET 4

SET 8 Fluctuation

1. Measure

Coincidentally

1. Solely

Precaution

2. Evaluation

Randomly

2. Drastically

Exclusion

3. Instability

Severely

3. Haphazardly

Destruction

4. Devastation

Merely

4. Exactly

Assessment

5. Exception

Precisely

5. Incidentally

226


SET 9

SET 13 Initiate

1. Leave

Emerge

1. Bring up

Abandon

2. Ease

Foster

2. Disregard

Relieve

3. Manage

Identify

3. Define

Conduct

4. Reduce

Ignore

4. Appear

Decrease

5. Commence

Obtain

5. Gain

SET 14

SET 10 Deliberate

1. Intentional

Ordinary

1. Distinguished

Abrupt

2. Progressive

Distinct

2. Complicated

Fertile

3. Fruitful

Relentless

3. Usual

Gradual

4. Insufficient

Vigorous

4. Energetic

Inadequate

5. Sudden

Sophisticated

5. Cruel

SET 15

SET 11 Access

1. Trouble

Adequately

1. Certainly

Goal

2. Reach

Definitely

2. Anxiously

Difficulty

3. Impact

Worriedly

3. Hardly

Effect

4. Evidence

Carefully

4. Sufficiently

Proof

5. Aim

Barely

5. Attentively

SET 16

SET 12

227

Reject

1. Confirm

Opportunity

1. Requirement

Rent

2. Blame

Award

2. Prize

Approve

3. Hire

Result

3. Rate

Accuse

4. Recall

Necessity

4. Conclusion

Remember

5. Turn down

Proportion

5. Chance


SET 17

SET 21

Purchase

1. Extend

Exceed

1. Go beyond

Invade

2. Display

Curb

2. Put up with

Forbid

3. Occupy

Delay

3. Postpone

Prolong

4. Prohibit

Endure

4. Prevent

Exhibit

5. Buy

Include

5. Consist of

SET 18

SET 22

Accessible

1. Precise

Credible

1. Awful

Sufficient

2. Extra

Terrible

2. Conscious

Exact

3. Apparent

Adverse

3. Believable

Obvious

4. Reachable

Aware

4. Unpleasant

Additional

5. Adequate

Compulsory

5. Obligatory

SET 19

SET 23

Dramatically

1. Evidently

Tendency

1. Security

Frankly

2. Considerably

Ability

2. Talent

Eagerly

3. More and more

Circumstance

3. Inclination

Increasingly

4. Enthusiastically

Safety

4. Peak

Clearly

5. Honestly

Summit

5. Situation

SET 20

SET 24

Reduction

1. Type

Consistently

1. Unavoidably

Speed

2. Decrease

Intentionally

2. At first

Odor

3. Velocity

Inevitably

3. Invariably

Species

4. Smell

Initially

4. Especially

Worry

5. Anxiety

Particularly

5. Deliberately

228


SET 25

SET 29

Influence

1. Scare

Modify

1. Limit

Ignore

2. Convince

Irritate

2. Remember

Persuade

3. Administer

Recall

3. Change

Frighten

4. Impress

Notice

4. Annoy

Manage

5. Neglect

Restrict

5. Recognize

SET 26

SET 30

Crucial

1. Devastative

Presumably

1. Roughly

Huge

2. Persistent

Strongly

2. Seemingly

Continuous

3. Diverse

Formerly

3. Greatly

Various

4. Enormous

Approximately

4. Powerfully

Destructive

5. Vital

Profoundly

5. Previously

SET 27

SET 31

Competition

1. Charatceristic

Eligible

1. Extreme

Feature

2. Rivalry

Reasonable

2. First

Income

3. Likelihood

Loyal

3. Qualified

Bias

4. Revenue

Excessive

4. Faithful

Possibility

5. Prejudice

Initial

5. Rational

SET 32

SET 28

229

Ultimately

1. Understandably

Issue

1. Investigation

Probably

2. Seriously

Pleasure

2. Pain

Thoroughly

3. Finally

Strength

3. Power

Severly

4. Possibly

Ache

4. Subject

Justifiably

5. Completely

Inquiry

5. Enjoyment


SET 33

SET 37

Research

1. Found

Erupt

1. Explode

Establish

2. Lead to

Constitute

2. Rot

Provide

3. Investigate

Decay

3. Evaluate

Note

4. Remark

Assess

4. Make up

Cause

5. Supply

Disappear

5. Vanish

SET 34 Vigorously

SET 38 1. Excessively

Notable

1. Prosperous

Correspondingly 2. Wisely

Ordinary

2. Perceptible

Cleverly

3. Equally

Wealthy

3. Remarkable

Exceedingly

4. Succesively

Noticeable

4. Preceding

Consecutively

5. Energetically

Previous

5. Usual

SET 35

SET 39

Irrelevant

1. Foremost

Diligently

1. Decisively

Infinite

2. Precious

Firmly

2. Formerly

Pleased

3. Unrelated

Intuitively

3. Industriously

Invaluable

4. Endless

Explicitly

4. Instinctively

Leading

5. Delighted

Previously

5. Clearly

SET 40

SET 36 Disappearance

1. Starvation

Courage

1. Difference

Infinity

2. Illiteracy

Disease

2. Bravery

Famine

3. Extinction

Shortage

3. Lack

Ignorance

4. Hatred

Distinction

4. Ailment

Disgust

5. Eternity

Discussion

5. Debate

230


SET 41

SET 45

Constitute

1. Promote

Reject

1. Predict

Encourage

2. Think

Anticipate

2. Eliminate

Consider

3. Get better

Succeed

3. Breed

Combine

4. Make up

Remove

4. Decline

Recover

5. Merge

Reproduce

5. Thrive

SET 46

SET 42 Reliable

1. Steady

Nervous

1. Tense

Impolite

2. Rude

Ultimate

2. Fierce

Stable

3. Capable

Small

3. Enormous

Scarce

4. Rare

Violent

4. Tiny

Skilled

5. Dependable

Tremendous

5. Final

SET 47

SET 43 Progressively

1. Recklessly

Quickly

1. Willingly

Strictly

Readily

2. Clearly

Uniquely

3. Swiftly

Solely

2. Rigidly 3. At the same time 4. Gradually

Startlingly

4. Astonishingly

Simultaneously

5. Merely

Vividly

5. Exclusively

Carelessly

SET 44

231

SET 48

Consciousness

1. Effort

Stability

1. Stage

Assumption

2. Advantage

Opposition

2. Honesty

Benefit

3. Collision

Sincerity

3. Balance

Attempt

4. Supposition

Indication

4. Resistance

Crash

5. Awareness

Phase

5. Sign


SET 49

SET 53

Conceal

1. Hide

Pursue

1. Risk

Admire

2. Carry out

Vary

2. Found

Compel

3. Cope with

Jeopardize

3. Follow

Fulfil

4. Appreciate

Establish

4. Cheat

Overcome

5. Force

Betray

5. Differ

SET 50

SET 54

Pace

1. Step

Adoption

1. Discussion

Justice

2. Insufficiency

Argument

2. Precedence

Accuracy

3. Dependence

Obstacle

3. Difficulty

Addiction

4. Precision

Property

4. Quality

Deficiency

5. Fairness

Priority

5. Acceptance

SET 51

SET 55

Beneficial

1. Useful

Accidental

1. Harmonious

Prominent

2. Outstanding

Abstract

2. Conceptual

Sustainable

3. Related

Unique

3. Spectacular

Relevant

4. Vague

Stunning

4. Unintentional

Obscure

5. Maintainable

Compatible

5. Distinctive

SET 56

SET 52 Awkwardly

1. Particularly

Desperately

1. Hopelessly

Fortunately

2. Immediately

Likewise

2. Approximately

Especially

3. Luckily

Roughly

3. Broadly

Urgently

4. Actually

Entirely

4. Completely

Really

5. Clumsily

Widely

5. Similarly

232


SET 57

SET 61

Assure

1. Prevent

Strenghten

1. Dedicate

Involve

2. Exploit

Devote

2. Interfere

Avoid

3. Guarantee

Intervene

3. Develop

Utilize

4. Continue

Deduce

4. Infer

Proceed

5. Include

Improve

5. Reinforce

SET 58

SET 62

Allocation

1. Dominance

Efficiency

1. Accomplishment

Sovereignty

2. Risk

Custom

2. Tradition

Trace

3. Spending

Achievement

3. Edge

Jeopardy

4. Distribution

Verge

4. Purpose

Expenditure

5. Sign

Intention

5. Efficacy

SET 59

SET 63

Ample

1. Adjacent

Compelling

1. Short

Nearby

2. Arbitrary

Brief

2. Inconsistent

Similar

3. Attractive

Secret

3. Confidential

Appealing

4. Alike

Contradictory

4. Persuasive

Random

5. Abundant

Equivalent

5. Corresponding

SET 64

SET 60

233

Tremendously

1. Almost

Necessarily

1. Appropriately

Permanently

2. Rapidly

Currently

2. Essentially

Virtually

3. Perpetually

Suitably

3. Primarily

Partially

4. Enormously

Chiefly

4. Presently

Promptly

5. Partly

Recently

5. Lately


SET 65

SET 69

Devastate

1. Turn into

Cure

1. Radiate

Convert

2. Eliminate

Highlight

2. Impose

Murder

3. Kill

Spread

3. Prevent

Alienate

4. Destroy

Enforce

4. Treat

Exclude

5. Isolate

Curb

5. Emphasize

SET 66

SET 70

Zone

1. Sight

Transparency

1. Surveillanve

Feasibility

2. Agreement

Period

2. Term

Vision

3. Viability

Susceptibility

3. Vulnerability

Dictator

4. Area

Observation

4. Temparement

Treaty

5. Tyrant

Personality

5. Clearness

SET 71

SET 67 Counterfeit

1. Incredible

Gorgeous

1. Irrevocable

Unbelievable

2. Experimental

Impressive

2. Inborn

Sturdy

3. Fake

Innate

3. Remarkable

Empirical

4. Fascinating

Curious

4. Inquisitive

Glamorous

5. Durable

Irreversible

5. Magnificient

SET 68

SET 72

Abundantly

1. Predominantly

Safely

1. Willingly

Overwhelmingly

2. Basically

Regularly

2. Securely

Intently

3. Closely

Voluntarily

3. Unusually

Fundamentally

4. Contrarily

Convincingly

4. Persuasively

Conversely

5. Plentifully

Abnormally

5. Routinely

234


235

Word Cloze

TEST 1 Various estimates suggest that by 2050 nearly one third of the world’s energy needs could come from _____1_____ sources such as solar power, wind power, geothermal power and hydrogen fuel cells. This leaves the other two thirds to come from _____2_____ fossil fuels such as oil and gas. We have to find a balance between the need to _____3_____ people’s way of life and the environment, and the need to provide them with affordable energy; and also between the cost of developing new technology to get the most from fossil fuels, and the cost of developing new power sources.

1. A) renewable

B) depleted

C) rare

D) useless

2. A) distinct

B) sudden

C) gradual

D) conventional

3. A) indicate

B) protect

C) demand

D) avoid

TEST 2 On most clear, dark nights you can see a falling star if you keep looking. These falling stars are _____1_____ meteors. They are points of bright light that suddenly _____2_____ in the sky, race toward the horizon, and disappear. For a long time, nobody _____3_____ what a meteor was. But finally, those who study stars and the sky _____4_____ that a meteor is a piece of a comet that exploded long ago. Some pieces are still moving about the universe in paths that follow the original comet’s orbit.

1. A) urgently

B) actually

C) constantly

D) suitably

2. A) predict

B) abuse

C) damage

D) appear

3. A) knew

B) provided

C) caused

D) avoided

4. A) removed

B) followed

C) decided

D) ignored

TEST 3 In recent years, scientists have come to an _____1_____ that the Earth is warming mostly due to the _____2_____ of carbon dioxide from electrical power plants that burn coal, oil and natural gas. Discussions of alternatives to these fossil fuels generally include windmills, photovoltaics (panels which convert sunlight to electricity) and even hydrogen fuel. Although these technologies hold a great deal of promise for the long term, none of them provides an _____3_____ solution to the problem of global warming. Even if these new technologies fulfill their potential at some time in the future, it is _____4_____ whether they will meet the world’s energy needs. For this reason, nuclear power still remains the only really _____5_____ alternative to fossil fuels.

1. A) advantage

B) agreement

C) insufficiency

D) adoption

2. A) attitude

B) conflict

C) emission

D) effort

3. A) immediate

B) excessive

C) adverse

D) awful

4. A) sufficient

B) credible

C) unclear

D) precise

5. A) intentional

B) desperate

C) attractive

D) delicate

236


TEST 4 For thousands of years the wild orangutan lived in rich tropical forests. The species has no natural enemy, but in the last three decades it has been driven to _____1_____ . The main causes for this are miners, peasants and illegal loggers who have ______2______ the orangutan’s habitat on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Borneo. More than half of these forests were cut down during President Suharto’s autocratic reign, but the change to democracy in Indonesia in the late 1990s did nothing to stop the forest clearing. ______3______ , illegal hunters have killed more than 1,000 orangutan mothers per year, stealing their babies to sell on the black market. Because orangutans breed ______4______ , they could not reproduce quickly enough to counter these threats to their ______5______ and so they died out.

1. A) distinction

B) extinction

C) prohibition

D) explanation

2. A) maintained

B) abandoned

C) destroyed

D) enabled

3. A) In addition

B) However

C) Because

D) Even if

4. A) incredibly

B) intentionally

C) clearly

D) slowly

5. A) existence

B) exposure

C) objection

D) indication

TEST 5 A nonprofessional-class working mother, who has been forced _____1_____ into the labor market, is oppressed by various unique forces. She is oppressed by the fact that her work is sometimes physically exhausting, ill paid, and devoid of benefits such as health _____2_____ and paid sick leave. She is oppressed by the fact that it is impossible to put a small child in _____3_____ day-care if you make only a minimum wage, and she is oppressed by the terrible child-care options that are _____4_____ at an inexpensive rate. She is oppressed by the fact that she has nothing to fall back on. If she is out of work, and her child needs a visit to the doctor and antibiotics, she may not be able to _____5_____ these things and will have to treat her sick child with any medications, which themselves are far from cheap.

1. A) randomly

B) notably

C) unwillingly

D) separately

2. A) insurance

B) fluctuation

C) settlement

D) variety

3. A) gradual

B) excessive

C) various

D) reliable

4. A) crucial

B) available

C) profound

D) intensive

5. A) afford

B) capture

C) breed

D) remind

237

Word Cloze

TEST 6 Stress is a perfectly natural part of life. Crossing a street, going to a party or a wedding, driving a car, delivering an important speech, etc. These are all activities full of stress. We should learn how to relax _____1_____ because we live in a fast moving age. Here are some of the most common _____2_____ of stress: sleeping badly, poor appetite or overeating, drinking too much alcohol, continuous smoking and difficulty in concentrating something. Long-term stress is associated _____3_____ high blood pressure, headaches and heart disease. But how do you _____4_____ these problems? First, take up a hobby, if possible, start an active outdoor activity. You won’t worry about your problems when you are _____5_____ on a hobby that really interests you. You must take plenty of exercise. This will keep you fit and should also help you to sleep better. Exercise, combined with a healthy diet, will also help you to _____6_____ your weight at the right level. Finally, don’t forget that laughter or smile is the best medicine.

1. A) roughly

B) randomly

C) fortunately

D) properly

2. A) symptoms

B) obstacles

C) oppositions

D) benefits

3. A) to

B) from

C) with

D) on

4. A) find out

B) turn into

C) come up with

D) deal with

5. A) removing

B) concentrating

C) encouraging

D) rejecting

6. A) consider

B) keep

C) appear

D) persuade

TEST 7 Viruses are smaller than bacteria, invisible to the human eye, and even to conventional microscopes that are used to _____1_____ the presence of bacteria. Viruses are infectious particles which range in size from 10 to 25 nanometers. These microorganisms can cause severe _____2_____ to human health, and some of the most encountered diseases transferred by viruses are hepatitis, meningitis and gastroenteritis. Virus control in water resources is one of the most pressing problems for _____3_____ public and private drinking water providers. To remove the viruses found in water resources we need technologies that can first detect viruses in the water supply system. The procedures for removing viruses _____4_____ drinking water are directed to the use of different disinfectants or a virus absorbent material. One of the _____5_____ solutions to remove biological agents from drinking water is the water filter, but most of filters available on the market are _____6_____ to remove viruses. UV treatment can also be used to remove viruses, however it is expensive and some viruses are resistant to this purifying technology.

1. A) detect

B) maintain

C) perform

D) destroy

2. A) prediction

B) conflict

C) damage

D) attraction

3. A) not only

B) both

C) such

D) either

4. A) from

B) to

C) by

D) with

5. A) rare

B) similar

C) controversial

D) common

6. A) drastic

B) predictable

C) unable

D) significant

238


TEST 8 On 13 October, 1972, a plane carrying a group of Uruguayan rugby players and their families and friends crashed in the Andes Mountains en route to Chile, where the team was about to play a friendly match. Of the 45 people on the plane, only 27 survived the plane crash. On the freezing mountain, they faced _____1_____ conditions, having only small amounts of food and drink. Nine of the survivors died of their injuries and from _____2_____ to the cold. Those remaining took the difficult decision to _____3_____ their dead friends – a clear case of survival cannibalism. Some refused at first, but gave in a few days later out of _____4_____. About two months after the crash, three of the strongest survivors left the site in order to find help; and they succeeded in doing so. In all, 16 of the group survived. When they arrived at a hospital in Santiago, they were _____5_____ at first to speak of the cannibalism incident, claiming they had survived by eating cheese they had been carrying.

1. A) reasonable

B) beneficial

C) tough

D) unique

2. A) exposure

B) attitude

C) exception

D) solution

3. A) contribute

B) explain

C) suffer

D) consume

4. A) allocation

B) desperation

C) tradition

D) observation

5. A) reluctant

B) violent

C) compatible

D) common

TEST 9 The brown bear is the largest meat-eating animal in Turkey. Its present distribution is mainly restricted to the _____1_____ natural habitats of the Black Sea and Eastern Anatolian regions. Forest fragmentation and direct ill-treatment by humans have _____2_____ in population declines in other regions during the last 50 years. Human-bear conflicts are more often observed in the eastern Black Sea than other areas within Turkey, but the _____3_____ does not seriously threaten humans. Turkish authorities have not kept records, but the damage caused by bears has _____4_____ been limited to cattle and sheep. The brown bear has a more positive image among the local people than the wolf. It is a protected species, but protected areas in Turkey are too small to provide a refuge for the species. Among priority actions for the _____5_____ of brown bears in Turkey are legislation development and implementation, research on population status and range, expansion of current protected areas, and identification of new ones. Public _____6_____ and capacity building of the local authorities on theoretical and practical aspects of wildlife management.

1. A) inadequate

B) undamaged

C) relentless

D) adverse

2. A) prohibited

B) resulted

C) endured

D) noticed

3. A) species

B) famine

C) shortage

D) attempt

4. A) readily

B) strictly

C) urgently

D) mainly

5. A) addiction

B) intention

C) conservation

D) allocation

6. A) awareness

B) expenditure

C) accomplishment

D) feasibility

239

Word Cloze

TEST 10 Underground homes are an alternative to traditionally built above-ground houses for some people, _____1_____ those who are looking to minimize their negative impact on the environment. Some of the advantages of underground houses include resistance to severe weather, quiet living space and an unnoticeable presence in the neighborhood. The greatest _____2_____, for most people, is the energy efficiency and _____3_____ friendliness of underground homes. When combined with renewable energy sources, energy cost can be greatly reduced. Building costs are often lower than the traditionally built above-ground houses. However, underground living has some _____4_____; such as the potential for flooding, which in some cases may require special pumping systems to be installed. Underground living has been a feature of fiction, such as the hobbit holes of the Shire as described in the stories of J. R. R. Tolkien and The Underground City by Jules Verne. It is also the preferred mode of housing to communities in such _____5_____ environments as Italy's Sassi di Matera, Australia's Coober Pedy, Berber caves as those in Matmâta, Tunisia, and even Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Scientists even _____6_____ underground living for the design of a future base on Mars.

1. A) previously

B) inevitably

C) especially

D) desperately

2. A) assessment

B) conflict

C) difficulty

D) attraction

3. A) scarce

B) environmental

C) obscure

D) contradictory

4. A) disadvantages B) tendencies

C) phases

D) benefits

5. A) accidental

B) extreme

C) random

D) counterfeit

6. A) devastate

B) exclude

C) conceal

D) consider

240


241

Düzensiz Fiiller

Infinitive (Present)

Simple Past

Past Participle

Anlam

arise

arose

arisen

awake

awoke

awoken

Do ! mak Yükselmek Uyanmak

am / is / are

was, were

been

Olmak

babysit

babysat

babysat

bear

bore

borne

beat

beat

beaten

Bebek bakmak Katlanmak Do ! urmak Yenmek

become

became

become

Olmak

begin

began

begun

Ba " lamak

bend

bent

bent

E ! mek, Bükmek

bet

bet

bet

Bahse girmek

bind

bound

bound

Ba ! lamak

bite

bit

bitten

Isırmak

bleed

bled

bled

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

breed

bred

bred

bring

brought

brought

Kanamak Esmek Üflemek Kırmak Bozulmak Yavrulamak Büyütmek Getirmek

build

built

built

# n " a etmek

burn

burned/burnt

burned/burnt

Yakmak

buy

bought

bought

cast

cast

cast

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

Satın almak Oyuncu seçimi yapmak Fırlatmak Yakalamak Yeti " mek Seçmek

cling

clung

clung

Tutunmak

come

came

come

Gelmek

cost

cost

cost

Mal olmak

creep

crept

crept

Sürünmek

cut

cut

cut

deal

dealt

dealt

dig

dug

dug

Kesmek # l gilenmek Ka ! ıt da ! ıtmak Kazmak 242


dive

dived, dove

dived

Dalı " yapmak

do

did

done

Yapmak

drag

dragged

dragged

draw

drew

drawn

dream

dreamed, dreamt

dreamed, dreamt

Sürüklemek Çizmek Para çekmek Rüya görmek

drink

drank

drunk

# ç mek

drive

drove

driven

Sürmek

drown

drowned

drowned

Bo ! ulmak

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

feed

fed

fed

Yemek Dü " mek Azalmak Beslemek

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

fit

fit

fit

flee

fled

fled

fling

flung

flung

fly

flew

flown

forbid

forbade

forbidden

Atmak Uçmak Uçurmak Yasaklamak

forget

forgot

forgotten, forgot

Unutmak

forgive

forgave

forgiven

Ba ! ı " lamak

forsake

forsook

forsaken

Terk etmek

forswear

forswore

forsworn

Yemin etmek

foretell

foretold

foretold

Önceden söylemek

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

gotten, got

give

gave

given

Donmak Elde etmek Almak Vermek

go

went

gone

Gitmek

grind

ground

ground

grow

grew

grown

have

had

had

Ö ! ütmek Büyümek Yeti " mek Yeti " tirmek Sahip olmak

hang

hanged

hanged

Asmak

243

Hissetmek Kavga etmek Sava " mak Bulmak Uymak Uydurmak Kaçmak

Düzensiz Fiiller

hear

heard

heard

Duymak

hide

hid

hidden

hold

held

held

hurt

hurt

hurt

keep

kept

kept

kneel

knelt, kneeled

knelt, kneeled

Saklamak Tutmak Organize etmek # n citmek Acımak Tutmak Sürdürmek Diz çökmek

knit

knit, knitted

knit, knitted

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

lead

led

led

leap

leapt, leaped

leapt, leaped

learn

learnt, learned

learnt, learned

leave

left

left

lend

lent

lent

let

let

let

lie

lay

lain

light

lighted, lit

lighted, lit

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

mean

meant

meant

meet

met

met

mislead

misled

misled

pay

paid

paid

prove

proved

proved, proven

put

put

put

quit

quit

quit

read

read

read

Yapmak Anlamına gelmek Kastetmek Toplanmak Tanı " mak Bulu " mak Görü " mek Kar " ılamak Kar " ıla " mak Yanıltmak Aldatmak Ödemek Kanıtlamak Ortaya koymak Koymak Ayrılmak Çıkmak Okumak

ride

rode

ridden

Binmek / Sürmek

Örmek Bilmek Tanımak Koymak Yumurtlamak Öncülük etmek Neden olmak Sıçramak Ö ! renmek Ayrılmak Bırakmak Ödünç vermek Borç vermek # z in vermek Uzanmak Yakmak Aydınlatmak Kaybetmek

244


ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

run

ran

run

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

set

set

set

shake

shook

shaken

shed

shed

shed

shine

shone

shone

shoot

shot

shot

show

showed

shown

shrink

shrank

shrunk, shrunken

shut

shut

shut

Göndermek Kurmak Ayarlamak Düzenlemek Sallamak (kan) dökmek (deri/saç) dökmek Parlamak Ate " etmek $ u t çekmek Resim çekmek Göstermek Daral(t)mak Küçül(t)mek Kapamak

sing

sang

sung

$ a rkı söylemek

sink

sank

sunk

(Gemi) Batmak

sit

sat

sat

Oturmak

slay

slew

slain

Katletmek

sleep

slept

slept

slide

slid

slid

sling

slung

slung

speak

spoke

spoken

spend

spent

spent

spill

spilled/spilt

spilled/spilt

spin

spun

spun

spit

spat/spit

spat/spit

Uyumak Kaymak Kaydırmak Asmak Fırlatmak Konu " mak (Para) Harcamak (Zaman) Geçirmek Dökmek Dönmek Döndürmek Tükürmek

245

Zil / Telefon çalmak Artmak Ço ! almak Yükselmek Ko " mak Çalı " tırmak Yönetmek Söylemek Görmek Anlamak Aramak Yapmaya çalı " mak Satmak

Düzensiz Fiiller

spread

spread

spread

spring

sprang

sprung

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

Yaymak Sıçramak Ani hareket etmek Ayakta durmak Katlanmak Çalmak (para vs.)

stick

stuck

stuck

Yapı " tırmak

sting

stung

stung

Sokmak (arı vs.)

stink

stank

stunk

strike

struck

struck, stricken

string

strung

strung

Pis kokmak Vurmak / Çarpmak Grev yapmak Asmak (bayrak vs.)

strive

strove

striven

swear

swore

sworn

sweep

swept

swept

swim

swam

swum

swing

swung

swung

take

took

taken

teach

taught

taught

Yüzmek Sallamak Sallanmak Almak Götürmek Ö ! retmek

tear

tore

torn

Yırtmak

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

throw

threw

thrown

tread

trod

trodden

wake

woke

woken

Söylemek Dü " ünmek Zannetmek Atmak Fırlatmak Basmak Çi ! nemek Uyanmak

wear

wore

worn

Giymek

understand

understood

understood

Anlamak

win

won

won

Kazanmak

wind

wound

wound

withdraw

withdrew

withdrawn

withhold

withheld

withheld

withstand

withstood

withstood

wring

wrung

wrung

Sarmak Para çekmek Geri çekilmek Alıkoymak Dayanmak Direnmek Sıkmak

write

wrote

written

Yazmak

Çabalamak Yemin etmek Küfretmek Süpürmek

246


247

Son Ekler & Olumsuzluk Ekleri

1. !S!M YAPAN SON EKLER "

– acy, cy Adequacy Aristocracy Bureaucracy Conspiracy Democracy Efficacy Privacy Supremacy

"

– age Arbitrage Beverage Courage Dosage Homage Passage Savage Visage

"

Ara kazanç # ç ecek Cesaret Doz Saygı / Hürmet Geçit / Paragraf Vah " i Sima

– an, ian Artisan Christian Guardian Historian Librarian Pedestrian Physician Veterinarian

"

Yeterlilik Aristokrasi Bürokrasi Komplo Demokrasi Yarar Gizlilik Üstünlük

Esnaf Hristiyan Gardiyan Tarihçi Kütüphaneci Yaya Doktor Veteriner

– ance, ence Admittance Affluence Appearance Circumstance Confidence Importance Independence Influence Instance Violence

Giri " / Kabul Bolluk Görünüm Durum / $ art Güven Önem Ba ! ımsızlık Etki Örnek $ iddet 248

YDS Kelime Çalı!ması / Eyüp GÜNDÜZ "

– ancy, ency Abundancy Agency Expectancy Fluency Hesitancy Inefficiency Relevancy Urgency

"

– ant, ent Assistant Attendant Dependent Dominant Immigrant Patient Recipient

"

Aday Konsolosluk Temsilci Emirlik Müdürlük Primat Profesörlük Senato

– dom Boredom Chiefdom Freedom Kingdom Stardom Wisdom

249

Asistan Görevli Ba ! ımlı Baskın Göçmen Hasta Alıcı

– ate Candidate Consulate Delegate Emirate Directorate Primate Professoriate Senate

"

Bolluk Ajans Beklenti Akıcılık Tereddüt Etkili olmama Uygunluk # v edilik

Sıkıntı $ eflik Özgürlük Krallık Yıldız olma Bilgelik

Son Ekler & Olumsuzluk Ekleri "

– er, or Actor Conductor Educator Elevator Thinker Rancher Player Teacher

"

– ia Anemia Criteria Dyslexia Encyclopedia Euthanasia Media Phobia Utopia

"

Anemi Kriterler Disleksi Ansiklopedi Ötenazi Medya Fobi Ütopya

– iatry, atry, try Artistry Chemistry Forestry Industry Pediatry Poultry Psychiatry Symmetry

"

Aktör Kondüktör / # l etken E ! itimci Asansör Dü " ünür / Filozof Çiftlik sahibi / Çiftçi Oyuncu Ö ! retmen

Sanatçılık / Beceri Kimya Ormancılık Endüstri Pediatri Kümes hayvanları Psikiyatri Simetri

– ic, ics Aerobics Arithmetic Economics Graphic Linguistics Logic Mathematics Physics

Aerobik Aritmetik Ekonomi Grafik Dilbilimi Mantık Matematik Fizik

250


"

– ice Apprentice Justice Malice Malpractice Prejudice Sacrifice Service Voice

"

– ing Building Camping Cycling Hiking Shopping Smoking Swimming Trekking

"

Kalacak yer Onay Sıvı kaybı E ! itim Hayal kırıklı ! ı Mezuniyet Hayal gücü Göç De ! i" iklik Telaffuz

– ism Altruism Capitalism Criticism Egoism Feminism Fundamentalism Nationalism Vandalism

251

Bina / Yapı Kamp yapma Bisiklete binme Yürüyü " yapma Alı " veri " Sigara içme Yüzme Do ! a yürüyü " ü

– ion, tion Accommodation Confirmation Dehydration Education Frustration Graduation Imagination Immigration Modification Pronunciation

"

Çırak Adalet Kötülük Yanlı " tedavi Önyargı Kurban / Feda Servis / Hizmet Ses

Yardımseverlik Fedakarlık Kapitalizm Ele " tiri Bencillik Feminizm Köktencilik / Tutuculuk Milliyetçilik Barbarlık


"

– ist Anthropologist Archaeologist Botanist Chemist Cardiologist Dentist Egoist Realist

"

– ity, ty Ability Abnormality Credibility Density Disability Infinity Novelty Productivity Solidarity Viability

"

Yetenek / Yapabilirlik Anormallik Güvenilirlik Yo ! unluk Sakatlık / Yetersizlik Sonsuzluk Yenilik Üretkenlik Dayanı " ma Tutarlılık / Verimlilik

– ment Achievement Agreement Assessment Employment Development Government Investment Judgement Punishment Treatment

"

Antropolog Arkeolog Bitki bilimci Kimyager Kardiyolog Di " hekimi Bencil Gerçekçi

Ba " arı Anla " ma De ! erlendirme # s tihdam / #" Geli " im Hükümet Yatırım Yargı Ceza Tedavi

– ness Awareness Baldness Goodness Kindness Laziness Loneliness Quickness Quietness Rudeness Sadness

Farkındalık Kellik # y ilik Kibarlık Tembellik Yalnızlık Çabukluk Sessizlik Kabalık Üzüntü 252


– ory Accessory Advisory Directory Dormitory Factory Inventory Territory

"

– ship Authorship Censorship Championship Dictatorship Citizenship Friendship Leadership Relationship

"

Derinlik Dördüncü Büyüme Güç Gerçek / Hakikat Sıcaklık Zenglinlik / Varlık Geni " lik / En

– ure Composure Exposure Failure Legislature Scripture Torture Temperature Pressure

253

Yazarlık Sansür $ ampiyonluk Diktatörlük Vatanda " lık Arkada " lık Liderlik # l i " ki

– th Depth Fourth Growth Strentgth Truth Warmth Wealth Width

"

Aksesuar / Suç orta ! ı Danı " ma Rehber Yurt Fabrika Envanter / Çizelge Bölge

Sükunet / huzur Maruz kalma Ba " arısızlık Parlamento Yazı / Kutsal kitap #" kence Sıcaklık Basınç


– y Activity Burglary Bribery Irony Jealousy Society Soldiery Victory

Aktivite Hırsızlık Rü " vet # r oni / Hiciv Kıskançlık Toplum Askerlik Zafer

2. F!!L YAPAN SON EKLER " – ate Abbreviate Allocate Associate Captivate Compensate Dedicate Evaporate Graduate Indicate Originate "

– en Darken Lengthen Moisten Sharpen Shorten Soften Sweeten Thicken Weaken Worsen

"

Kısaltmak Tahsis etmek # l i " kilendirmek Büyülemek Telafi / Tazmin etmek Adamak Buharla " mak Mezun olmak Göstermek Kaynaklanmak

Karartmak Uzatmak Nemlendirmek Keskinle " tirmek Kısaltmak Yumu " atmak Tatlandırmak Kalınla " tırmak Zayıflatmak Kötüle " mek

– ify, fy Clarify Densify Falsify Horrify Justify Modify Satisfy Specify

Açıklamak Yo ! unla " mak Tahrif etmek Yanıltmak Korkutmak Haklı çıkarmak De ! i" tirmek Tatmin etmek Belirtmek 254


– ize, ise Apologize Colonize Fertilize Generalize Individualize Jeopardize Penalize Realize Summarize Victimize

Özür dilemek Sömürgele " tirmek Gübrelemek / Genelleme yapmak Bireyselle " tirmek Tehlikeye atmak Cezalandırmak Gerçekle " tirmek Farkına varmak Özetlemek Kurban etmek

3. SIFAT YAPAN SON EKLER "

– able, ible Acceptable Accessible Enjoyable Flexible Incredible Measurable Notable Remarkable Susceptible Valuable

"

– al, ial, ical Accidental Artificial Digital Educational Global Mortal Verbal Visual

"

Kazara Yapay Dijital E ! itsel Küresel Ölümlü Sözel Görsel

– ant, ent, ient Arrogant Confident Convenient Dominant Important Relevant Pregnant

255

Makul / Kabul Ula " ılabilir E ! lenceli Esnek # n anılmaz Ölçülebilir Dikkate de ! er / Dikkate de ! er / Kırılgan / Hassas De ! erli

Kibirli Kendinden emin Uygun / Müsait Baskın Önemli # l gili / Gerekli Hamile


– ar, ary Cellular Contemporary Elementary Literary Nuclear Regular Similar Singular

"

– ate Accurate Adequate Approximate Delicate Desperate Elaborate Legitimate Passionate Private Separate

"

Do ! ru Yeterli Yakla " ık Hassas / Kırılgan Umutsuz Karma ık / Ayrıntılı Yasal Tutkulu Özel Ayrı

– ed Annoyed Bored Convinced Excited Frightened Interested Pleased Shocked Surprised Tired

"

Hücresel Ça ! da " / Modern Temel / Ba " langıç Edebi Nükleer Düzenli Benzer Tekil

Kızgın Canı sıkkın # k na olmu " Heyecanlı Korkmu " # l gili Memnun $ a " ırmı " $ a " ırmı " Yorgun

– en Earthen Frozen Golden Molten Oaken Stolen Sudden Wooden Woollen

Topraktan yapılmı " Donmu " Altından yapılmı " Altın rengi Erimi " Me " eden yapılmı " Çalınmı " Ani Ah " ap Yün 256


– ful Armful Careful Cheerful Colorful Fruitful Handful Healthful Hopeful Meaningful Painful

"

– ish Babyish Blueish Bookish Childish English Foolish Jewish Mannish Reddish Selfish

"

Küfürlü Aç gözlü / Paragöz # d dialı Ba ! layıcı / Birle " tirici Yapıcı Yaratıcı Aldatıcı Kaçak / Geçici Muazzam / Devasa Yayılmı "

– like Apelike Bonelike Childlike Desertlike Earthlike Moonlike

257

Bebeksi Mavimsi Kitapsever Çocuksu # n giliz / # n gilizce Aptal / Aptalca Yahudi Erkeksi Kırmızımsı Bencil

– ive, ative, itive Abusive Acquisitive Assertive Connective Constructive Creative Deceptive Fugitive Massive Pervasive

"

Kucak dolusu Dikkatli Ne " eli Renkli Verimli / Bereketli Avuç dolusu / Az Sa ! lıklı Umutlu Anlamlı Sancılı/A ! r ılı/Zahmetli

Maymuna benzer Kemiksi Çocuksu Çöle benzer Toprak gibi / rengi Aya benzer


– ly Bodily Chilly Costly Deadly Early Friendly Likely Lovely Silly Weakly

"

– y Bloody Catchy Curly Easy Faulty Hairy Healthy Lengthy Moody Muddy Picky Rocky Voluntary

"

Fiziki / Bedensel So ! uk Pahalı Ölümcül Erken Cana yakın Muhtemel / Olası Sevimli Saçma / Aptalca Haftalık

Kanlı Akılda kalıcı Kıvırcık Kolay Bozuk / Hatalı Kıllı Sa ! lıklı Çok uzun Karamsar Çamurlu Seçici / Zor be ! enen Kayalık Gönüllü

– ous Advantegous Anonymous Dangerous Fabulous Laborious Miscellaneous Odorous Ridiculous

Avantajlı Anonim / # s imsiz Tehlikeli Mükemmel / Yorucu / Zahmetli Çok yönlü / Muhtelif Güzel kokulu Gülünç / Saçma

258


4. ZARF YAPAN SON EKLER "

– ly Accidentally Accurately Awkwardly Calmly Carefully Clearly Cleverly Deliberately Desperately Distinctly Furiously Gently Luckily Neatly Readily Safely Suspiciously Thoroughly Willingly

"

– ward Afterward Backward Downward Forward Homeward Inward Onward Outward Southward Upward

"

Daha sonra Geriye do ! ru A" a ! ı do ! ru # l eri do ! ru Eve do ! ru # ç e do ! ru # l eri / -den itibaren Dı " / Dı " a do ! ru Güneye do ! ru Yukarıda/yukarı do ! ru

– wise, ways Clockwise Healthwise Lengthwise Likewise Otherwise Sideways Timewise

259

Kazara / Tesadüfen Do ! ru bir " ekilde Zor bir Sakince Dikkatlice Açıkça Zekice Kasten Umutsuzca Bariz bir " ekilde Öfkeli bir " ekilde Nazikçe $ ans eseri Düzgün bir " ekilde Kolayca / # s teyerek Güvenli bir " e kilde $ üpheyle Bütünüyle / Tamamen # s teyerek

Saat yönünde Sa ! lık açısından Uzunlamasına Aynı " ekilde Aksi takdirde Yanlamasına Zamanla ilgili


5. KEL!MEN!N ANLAMINI OLUMSUZ YAPAN EKLER #ngilizce’de kelimelere olumsuz anlam katan ya da kelimenin anlamını kar !ıt yönde de "i!tiren ön ekler (Prefixes) ve son ekler (Suffixes) bulunmaktadır. $unu unutmamak gerekir; bu harf ya da eklerden biriyle ba !layan her kelime olumsuz anlam ta !ıyacak diye bir kural yoktur, burada “ek” olarak gelen ve olumsuz anlam katan veya kelimenin anlamını kar !ı yönde de"i!tiren eklerden bahsedilmektedir. Bu ekler ve bazı örnek kelimeler a !a"ıdaki tablolarda verilmi!tir. "

anti– Anti-aging Antibacterial Antibiotic Anti-cigarette Antidepressant Antifreeze Antiseptic Antitoxin

"

counter–, contra– Counterargument Counterattack Counterclaim Counterflow Counterplan Counter terrorism Contraceptive Contradict

"

Ya " lanmayı geciktiren Bakteri önleyici Antibiyotik Sigara kar " ıtı Antidepresan / Donmayı önleyen Antiseptik / Mikropsuz Antitoksin / Zehir kar " ıtı

Kar " ı tartı " ma Kar " ı saldırı Kar " ı savunma Ters akı " Kar " ı plan Terörle mücadele Gebelik önleyici Çeli " mek

de– Deactivate Deforestation Deform Degeneration Dehydration Depopulation Dehumanize

Etkisizle " tirmek Ormanların yok olması Biçimini bozmak Yozla " ma /Bozulma Sıvı kaybı Nüfusu azaltma # n sanlıktan çıkarmak makinele " tirmek

260


dis–, dys– Disabled Disagree Disappear Disapproval Disbelief Discourage Dislike Disorder Dysfunction Dyslexia

"

Engelli / Özürlü Aynı fikirde olmama Ortadan kaybolmak Reddetme # n ançsızlık Cesaretini kırmak Sevmemek Düzensizlik / Bozukluk Fonksiyon bozuklu ! u Ö ! renme bozuklu ! u

il– (‘L’ ile ba #layan bazı kelimelerin önüne gelir) Illegal Illegitimate Illicit Illiteracy Illiterate Illiquid Illogical

"

Yasadı " ı Yasadı " ı / Gayri me " ru Yasadı " ı / Gayri me " ru Cehalet / E ! itimsizlik Cahil / E ! itimsiz Sıvı olmayan Mantıksız

im– (‘B, M, P’ ile ba#layan bazı kelimelerin önüne gelir) Imbalance Immature Immobile Immortal Impatient Imperceptible Impolite Improbable Impossible Impractical

"

in– Inadequate Inappropriate Inconceivable Inconsistent Incredible Incurable Independent Indifferent Indispensable Inefficient Inequality

261

Dengesizlik Geli " memi " /Olgunla " mamı " Sabit / Hareketsiz Ölümsüz Sabırsız Belirsiz / Algılanamayan Kaba # m kansız # m kansız Kullanı " sız / Uygulanamaz

Yetersiz Uygun olmayan Anla " ılmaz Tutarsız # n anılmaz Tedavisi olmayan Ba ! ımsız Kayıtsız / # l gisiz Kaçınılmaz / Zorunlu Etkisiz E " itisizlik


Inevitable Inexpensive Inexperienced Infertile Infinite Informal Inhospitable Injustice Inorganic Insecure Insensitive Inseperable Insincere Insufficient Intolerant Invalid Involuntary "

Kaçınılmaz Ucuz Deneyimsiz Verimsiz / Kısır / Çorak Sonsuz / Sayısız Samimi / Gayri resmi Misafir sevmeyen Adaletsizlik / Haksızlık Cansız / Organik olmayan Güvensiz / Endi " eli Duyarsız / Etkilenmeyen Ayrılmaz Samimiyetsiz / Sahte Yetersiz Ho " görüsüz/Tahammülsüz Geçerli olmayan # s temsiz / # r ade dı " ı

ir– (‘R’ ile ba#layan bazı kelimelerin önüne gelir) Irrational Irregular Irrelevant Irremovable Irreplaceable Irresistible Irresponsible Irreversible

"

mal– Maladminister Malformation Malnutrition Malpractice Maltreatment Malware

"

Mantıksız Düzensiz Konu dı " ı / # l gisiz Sabit / Oynatılmaz Yeri doldurulamaz Kar " ı konulmaz Sorumsuz De ! i" tirilemez

Kötü yönetmek $ ekil bozuklu ! u / Kötü / Yanlı " beslenme Yanlı " tedavi Kötü davranı " Kötü amaçlı yazılım

mis– Misbehaviour Misbelief Miscalculation Misconduct Misfortune Misunderstand Misuse

Kötü / Uygunsuz Yanlı " inanç Yanlı " hesaplama Kötü idare / Suistimal Talihsizlik Yanlı " anlamak Suiistimal etmek 262


non– Nonconformity Nonexistence Nonmetallic Nonpartisan Nonrestrictive Nonresidant Nonsense Nonstop

"

un– Unavailable Unaware Unbelieavable Uncertain/Unclear Unconventional Unemployment Unknown Unprecedented Unpredictable Unrestricted Unstable Untouched Unwilling Unwise

263

Uyumsuzluk Yokluk Metalik olmayan Parti tutmayan kısıtlamayan Yerle " ik olmayan Saçma / Anlamsız Durmaksızın

Kullanılmaz Mevcut olmayan Habersiz # n anılmaz Belirsiz Alı " ılmadık #" sizlik Bilinmeyen E " i benzeri görülmemi " Tahmin edilemeyen Kısıtlanmamı " De ! i" ken / # s tikrarsız El de ! memi " # s teksiz akılsızca

264


265

Paragraf Çalı!ması

1. TRUE – FALSE TEST 1 Galileo was one of the most influential men of the Renaissance. He was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, inventor, and among other things he was a philosopher. He integrated the independent sciences of math and physics, and unified them. The popular view of the public at the time was Aristotle’s theory that the Earth is the centre of the universe. Galileo stood against that common view and declared to the world that the Earth is not the centre. His concept that humans are only a microscopic point in a boundless universe and are not the centre of it frightened many religious leaders. He was the first to examine the space through a functional telescope. From this, he supported Copernicus’s theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Galileo irritated several scholars and religious leaders with this rubbish theory. In 1632, Galileo introduced his new book to the world which did in fact support the theory of Copernicus – the Earth revolves around the Sun. When the Pope discovered this, Galileo was insulted and his license to write was prohibited. Finally, Galileo was ordered to house arrest.

1. _____ Not only religious leaders but also scientists favoured Galileo. 2. _____ Aristotle’s theory of the universe claimed that the earth covers a significant space in the universe. 3. _____ Galileo was one of the most sophisticated people of his time. 4. _____ Galileo’s theory was almost the same as Copernicus’s. 5. _____ Galileo was easily influenced by many scientists of the period.

TEST 2 British scientists have begun studying a rare meteorite to reveal more about the history of Mars. The rock, named ‘Tissint’ after the Moroccan area where it crashed in July 2011, was recovered from the ground just five months later – not enough time to be too contaminated. “The Tissint sample is probably the most important meteorite to have landed on the Earth in the last 100 years,” says Dr. Caroline Smith, curator of meteorites at the Natural History Museum in London. An analysis of the rock revealed its Martian origin. It would have been removed from Mars when an asteroid struck the planet, staying in space as debris before being attracted by the Earth’s gravity. Of the 41,000 officially recognized meteorites, 61 come from Mars and the Tissint rock is only the fifth that was witnessed falling. Dr. Tony Irving of Washington University, who performed some initial analysis on the sample, does not think there is much chance of finding fossilized life within it.

1. _____ The meteorite found in Morocco is the first meteorite from Mars to be seen on Earth. 2. _____ According to the passage, Tissint was recovered after remaining buried for almost 100 years. 3. _____ For accurate findings, a meteorite needs to remain undamaged for a sufficient amount of time.

4. _____ Tissint was one of the meteorites that were actually seen while falling. 5. _____ Scientists have unfortunately failed to identify the origin of Tissint.

266


TEST 3 Science and technology are interdependent, but their basic goals differ. The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena. In contrast, the goal of technology is generally to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. Biologists and other scientists often speak of “discoveries,” while engineers and other technologists more often speak of “inventions.” The beneficiaries of those inventions also include scientists who put new technology to work in their research. Scientific discoveries often lead to new technologies. Moreover, the combination of science and technology has dramatic effects on society. For instance, the discovery of the structure of DNA more than 50 years ago and important achievements in DNA science have led to various technologies of DNA engineering that are transforming many fields, including medicine, forensics, and agriculture.

1. _____ The passage mainly focuses on how and why science and technology depend on each other. 2. _____ The cooperation of science and technology has been achieved only in DNA science. 3. _____ Although science and technology differ with regard to their essential aims, they are complementary to each other and have a close relationship.

4. _____ Unfortunately, science and technology have not had any benefits for society so far. 5. _____ The technologies developed through DNA engineering are extremely complicated, but their use in medicine has been increasingly common.

TEST 4 The printing press was first introduced into England by William Caxton in the last quarter of the fifteenth century. During his earlier travels in Europe, he had seen the newly invented system of printing from moveable type in Germany. He set up his own press in London in 1476. This initiated a major change in English literature. Now books did not have to be laboriously copied by hand. Soon, they would become relatively cheap. With books easily obtainable, more people could learn to read, and more books would be produced. The experience of literature would soon shift from the breathless group of listeners gathered in a hall or around a fire, hearing an old tale told once more, to the solitary individual, alone with the thoughts and feelings of another person speaking from the printed page.

1. _____ The introduction of the printing press into England made book production easy but caused a major increase in their prices.

2. _____ Caxton was able to produce a lot of books and make a huge profit from their sale. 3. _____ With the printing press, the number of books produced increased greatly and to the benefit of the reading public.

4. _____ After the introduction of the printing press, a reader’s easy access to books enabled the individual to share the thoughts and experiences of another person through the printed page.

5. _____ London came to be a major center of book production in the fifteenth century.

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TEST 5 While playing computer games is sometimes seen as a solitary pursuit, a study at Brigham Young University shows that it actually enhances social connections. Studying the effect of multiplayer online games on marriages, researchers found that in the 76% of the cases where the couple played together, games actually aided the relationship. In other words, couples that gamed together stayed together. Games may have other effects on us too. The famous psychologist, Philip Zimbardo, recently spoke out on the subject. In his 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment, in which volunteers were randomly assigned the roles of prisoner or guard, he showed that human behaviour is heavily influenced by environmental and social pressures. More recently, Zimbardo even suggested that exposing children to morally ambiguous situations in games could be useful in helping them develop their own moral compass. One possibility is to explore virtual worlds through computer games that could enable people to experience and understand concepts that they would otherwise find difficult to imagine. Games about society, populated by real people and open to all, could help test how different cultural backgrounds could be brought together in peace.

1. _____ Playing computer games has so many negative effects on couples. 2. _____ Computer games not only improve social connections but also develop children’s moral aspects.

3. _____ Zimbardo believes that computer games populated by real people may not present the actual state of a society.

4. _____ Social pressures force people to avoid playing computer games. 5. _____ Computer games help people to understand some concepts that they cannot easily imagine themselves.

TEST 6 Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern, the inclination to build upward is not. The Great Pyramids, with their broad bases, reached heights unapproached for the next four millennia. But even the great Gothic cathedrals, crafted of bulky stone into an aesthetic of lightness and slenderness are dwarfed by the steel and reinforced concrete structures of the 20th century. It was modern building materials that made the true skyscraper structurally possible, but it was the mechanical device of the elevator that made the skyscraper truly practical. Ironically, it is also the elevator that has had so much to do with limiting the height of most tall buildings to about 70 or 80 stories. Above that, elevator shafts occupy more than 25 percent of the volume of a tall building, and so the economics of renting out space argues against investing in greater height.

1. _____ The Great Pyramids had no rival, as regards height, for four thousand of years. 2. _____ Skyscrapers of above 70 or 80 floors are generally uneconomic since the majority of the people feel insecure about it.

3. _____ The Great Pyramids were designed on similar principles to the modern skyscrapers. 4. _____ Due to covering so much space in skyscrapers, elevators limit people to reach much more higher.

5. _____ The construction of skyscrapers only became structurally feasible after sch new building materials as reinforced concrete came into use.

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TEST 7 Oil has provided humanity with many benefits, including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and improve our mobility. Because oil is such an important and visible part of our daily lives, and because it is exceptionally open to political manipulations, it often receives an enormous amount of attention. This is especially true whenever its price increases sharply, and experts immediately get to work to diagnose the cause and consequences of the price increase. In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corruption, and pollution. And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources.

1. _____ There will be a sharp decline in oil consumption throughout the world as alternative energy resources become available. 2. _____ The production of oil will certainly be carried out in a cleaner and more efficient manner in the future. 3. _____ Oil consumption will continue to increase but the resources for oil are not infinite. 4. _____ Oil has been the major cause of political instability in the world for nearly a century. 5. _____ The writer makes a strong defense of the oil industry and does not consider it to be responsible for any wrongdoing.

TEST 8 Following World War II, European countries largely gave up their colonial possessions and, by the 1950s and 1960s, had already begun to receive growing numbers of immigrants from their previous colonies. In many instances, these included the descendants of the slaves in the colonies, who had been forced to work. In this respect, Britain is a good example. The first Africans who came to Britain were probably soldiers during the Roman possession of that country in ancient times. In modern times, especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, African and Indian princes and scholars visited Britain. Others coming to Britain were in service positions; for instance, in the eighteenth century, black African and Indian young men were fashionable as servants in the homes of the wealthy. Africans and Indians also came to Britain as sailors and traders, and port towns, such as London, Glasgow, Bristol, Cardiff and Liverpool, developed small black populations in the early nineteenth century. Relations between these populations and the native white population were varied, historians citing instances both of hostility and solidarity.

1. _____ The black communities living in some British port towns in the early years of the nineteenth century were not always treated in a friendly way by the white population. 2. _____ Africans arrived in Britain for the first time in the twentieth century. 3. _____ Britain was the only colonial power in Europe that did not support the practice of slavery. 4. _____ Many of the immigrants that arrived in Europe after World War II were the relatives of the previous colonial slaves. 5. _____ In the past, black African and Indian young men usually worked in the homes of rich people.

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TEST 9 Thomas Edison began conducting experiments during his childhood. To start with, there were hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but Edison eventually invented and patented 2,500 items, including the electric lamp and phonograph. He was determined to “give laughter and light” to people, but, until he actually managed to do so, most people ridiculed him. Without losing hope, Edison attempted over 1,000 unsuccessful experiments in his efforts to make an electric lamp. When people told him he was wasting his time, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, “For nothing! Every time I make an experiment, I get new results. Failures are stepping stones to success.” Determined to give people electric lamps, Edison said he’d meet his goal by early 1880. In October, 1879, he created his first electric lamp, and in so doing, received much praise. People realized that Edison’s invention was not affected by rain or wind, remaining constant through bad weather. Just as he had hoped, Edison provided people with light and laughter.

1. _____ Edison conducted many unsuccessful experimental trials, but the people who knew him encouraged him to keep on trying. 2. _____ When Edison had invented the electric lamp, people were particularly impressed by the fact that wind and rain had no damaging effect on it. 3. _____ “Failures are stepping stones to success” means that the knowledge and experience that one gains from failure contributes to success. 4. _____ Edison felt discouraged because he had failed to meet the goal he had set himself for the completion of his invention. 5. _____ When Edison was working on an invention, he avoided his friends and relatives. 6. _____ Most of Edison’s experiments were very expensive and got him into financial difficulties.

TEST 10 Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Americans understandably gathered around the flag. A great majority of the people was afraid of suffering from another attack. At this point, there has been an upcoming controversy over whether all these attacks are real or fiction made up by American government to attack Afghanistan and Middle Eastern countries in order to capture their oil resources. Just one month after 9/11, 94 per cent of Americans fully approved of how the fight against terrorism was being handled, but they did not struggle to understand the reality behind these events. The United States then quickly went to war in Afghanistan, closed down a terrorist camp and captured or killed a number of high-level al Qaeda operatives in the process. However, since 2001, terrorists have found their targets on almost every continent, with bombings in Bali, London, Madrid, Istanbul, and elsewhere. Now Americans appear less convinced that their country is winning the war on terror. They have begun to question whether the persisting threats are mainly due to their government’s policies or terrorists’ goals. Finally, Americans are losing faith in their government and they hope their government will stop to exploit the other countries.

1. _____ Debates have focused on the reality of the terrorist attacks that took place September 11, 2001. 2. _____ For the al Qaeda leaders, any part of the world could be a target for their attacks. 3. _____ The 9/11 terrorist attacks showed that the USA was more vulnerable to terrorism than any other country in the world. 4. _____ Shortly after 9/11 terrorist attacks, almost all the Americans supported the way the war on terror was being carried out. 5. _____ Americans do not blame their government’s policies for the terrorist attacks and for its struggles to capture the oil resources in some countries. 6. _____ For centuries, the USA has suffered from so many terrorist attacks.

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2. PARAGRAF TEST TEST 1 The human brain, with an average weight of 1.4 kilograms, is the control centre of the body. It receives information from the senses, processes the information, and rapidly sends out responses; it also stores the information that is the source of the human thoughts and feelings. Each of the three main parts of the brain — the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem — has its own role in carrying out these functions.

1.

The cerebrum is by far the largest of these three parts, taking up 85 per cent of the brain by weight. The outside layer of the cerebrum, the cerebral cortex, is wrinkled and rough surface covering the nerve cells beneath. This folding of the cerebral cortex produced by these wrinkles and roughs increases the amount of cerebral cortex that can fit in the skull. The various sections of the cerebrum are the sensory cortex, which is responsible for receiving and decoding sensory messages from throughout the body; the motor cortex, which sends action instructions to the skeletal muscles; and the association cortex, which receives, monitors, and processes information. It is in the association cortex that the processes that allow humans to think take place.

2.

The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum in the back part of the skull, is made of masses of nerve cells. It is the cerebellum that controls human balance, coordination and posture. The brain stem, which connects the cerebrum and spinal cord, controls various body processes such as breathing and heartbeat. It is the major motor and sensory pathway connecting the body and the cerebrum.

4.

The main purpose of the author is ----. A) to give examples of human body functions B) to explain how the brain processes information C) to describe the functions of the parts of the brain D) to demonstrate the physical composition of the brain

The word ‘stores’ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ----. A) shops C) releases

3.

B) processes D) stocks

The sensory cortex ----. A) provides a surface covering for nerve cells B) is where the human process of thinking occurs C) receives and processes information from the senses D) senses that messages should be sent out to the muscles

The cerebellum ----. A) B) C) D)

5.

controls breathing is responsible for balance is located above the cerebrum is the outside layer of the cerebrum

The word ‘skull’ in paragraph 2 means ----. A) the bone structure that forms the head and surrounds and protects the brain B) any of the hard parts that form the skeleton of the body of a human or an animal C) the part of the body on top of the neck containing the eyes, nose, mouth and brain D) the joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm where it bends in the middle

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TEST 2 Each society has its own beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviours, and social habits. These give people a sense of who they are, how they should behave, and what they should or should not do. These 'rules' reflect the 'culture' of a country. People become conscious of such rules when they meet people from different cultures. For example, in some cultures, being on time can mean turning up several hours late for an appointment, even for a business meeting; in others, 3 p.m. means 3 p.m. Also, the rules about when to eat vary from culture to culture. Many North Americans and Europeans have three mealtimes a day and organize their timetable around them. In some countries, on the other hand, people often do not have strict rules like this - people eat when they want to, and every family has its own timetable. When people visit or live in a country for the first time, they are often surprised at the differences that exist between their own culture and the culture in the other country. The most common way of comparing two cultures is in terms of their differences - not their similarities. For some people, traveling abroad is an exciting experience; for others though, cultural differences make them feel uncomfortable, frightened, or even insecure. This is known as 'culture shock.' Here are several things to do in order to avoid culture shock: Avoid quick judgments; try to understand people in another culture by looking at things from their own point of view. Try to become more aware of what is going on around you. Don't think of your cultural habits as 'right' and other people's as 'wrong.' Be willing to try new things and to have new experiences.

1. According to the text, cultural differences ----. A) B) C) D)

are not important while travelling abroad make people feel secure and comfortable are the major cause of culture shock allow people to get used to the target culture immediately

2. What can be the title of the second paragraph? A) Culture B) Culture Shock C) Cultural Differences D) How to Avoid Culture Shock

3. According to the writer, ----. A) being on time varies from culture to culture B) every country has strict rules for their mealtimes C) travelling abroad is an exciting experience, but many people are trying to avoid this D) when you go abroad, you have to compare your culture and the target culture

4. In the last paragraph, the writer says “don’t think of your cultural habits as 'right' and other people's as 'wrong', it means ----. A) cultural habits are almost always the same in all cultures B) if you judge another culture as ‘wrong’, you cannot learn it correctly C) you should adopt another culture immediately D) every culture has its own beliefs and traditions

5. Travelling abroad can be a wonde rful experience, ----. A) but it can be difficult because you may have to adopt to a culture that is very different from your own. B) because you can easily adopt the target culture and immediately learn the traditions. C) if you totally ignore your own culture and try to compare the differences D) when you find yourself in a state of culture shock

6. The most general message of this text is that ----. A) In some countries, being on time means coming a few hours later than expected time. B) You cannot change the cultures and habits of other countries, but you can change your own culture and habits when you go abroad C) As attitudes, beliefs and habits are not same in all cultures, people should not assess the other cultures as wrong to avoid culture shock D) When you travel a North American country, you should obey the strict rules of eating habits

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TEST 3 When we are young, we learn that tigers and sharks are dangerous animals. We might be scared of them because they are big and powerful. As we get older, however, we learn that sometimes the most dangerous animals are also the smallest animals. In fact, the animal that kills the most people every year is one that you have probably killed yourself many times: the mosquito. While it may seem that all mosquitoes are biters, this is not actually the case. Male mosquitoes eat plant nectar. On the other hand, female mosquitoes feed on animal blood. They need this blood to live and produce eggs. When a female mosquito bites a human being, it transmits a small amount of saliva into the blood. This saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease . The result of the bite can be as minor as an itchy bump or as serious as death. Because a mosquito can bite many people in the course of its life, it can carry diseases from one person to another very easily. Two of the most deadly diseases carried by mosquitoes are malaria and yellow fever. More than 700 million people become sick from these diseases every year. At least 2 million of these people will die from these diseases. Many scientists are working on safer and better ways to kill mosquitoes, but so far, there is no sure way to protect everyone in the world from their deadly bites. Mosquito nets can be placed over beds to protect people against being bitten. These nets help people stay safe at night, but they do not kill any mosquitoes. Mosquitoes have many natural enemies like bats, birds, dragonflies, and certain kinds of fish. Bringing more of these animals into places where mosquitoes live might help to cut down the amount of mosquitoes in that area. This is a natural solution, but it does not always work very well. Mosquitoes can also be killed with poisons or sprays. Even though these sprays kill mosquitoes, they may also harm other plants or animals. Although mosquitoes may not seem as scary as larger, more powerful animals, they are far more dangerous to human beings. But things are changing. It is highly likely that one day scientists will find a way to keep everyone safe from mosquitoes and the diseases they carry.

1. According to the author, some people are more afraid of tigers and sharks than mosquitoes because tigers and sharks ----. A) kill more people than mosquitoes B) are big and powerful C) are found all over the world D) have no natural enemies

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2. Based on the information in paragraph 2, we can understand that ----. I. II. III.

male mosquitoes and female mosquitoes have different eating habits male mosquitoes are harmless to humans female mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting diseases to humans

A) I only C) II and III only

B) I and II only D) I, II, and III

3. In paragraph 2 the author writes, "This saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease." The purpose of this statement is to ----. A) oppose a previous argument B) question an upcoming conclusion C) confirm a hypothesis D) support the next statement 4. As used in paragraph 2, “minor” most nearly means ----. A) insignificant B) deadly C) frustrating D) dangerous 5. What is the BEST title for this passage? A) How to avoid from mosquitoes B) Mosquitoes and dragonflies C) Natural enemies of mosquitoes D) Male and female mosquitoes 6. It can be understood that the introduction of dragonflies might reduce the number of flies in a given area because dragonflies ----. A) work together with mosquitoes B) kill mosquitoes C) cannot be killed by poisons or sprays D) attract bats 7. Which of the following best summarizes the information in paragraph 4? A) Mosquito nets provide adequate protection from deadly mosquitoes. B) Poisons and sprays provide adequate protection from deadly mosquitoes. C) The introduction of the mosquito's natural enemies provides adequate protection from deadly mosquitoes. D) There is no perfect solution to the mosquito problem. 8. Which of the following words best describes the author's overall attitude towards the prospect of solving the mosquito problem? A) despondent , meaning hopeless or dejected B) exasperated , meaning extremely irritated or annoyed C) equivocal , meaning doubtful or uncertain D) optimistic , meaning hopeful or taking a favorable view


TEST 4 Have you ever heard someone use the phrase “once in a blue moon?” People use this expression to describe something that they do not do very often. For example, someone might say that he tries to avoid eating sweets because they are unhealthy, but will eat chocolate “once in a blue moon.” Or someone who does not usually like to go to the beach might say “I visit the shore once in a blue moon.” While many people use this phrase, not everyone knows the meaning behind it.

2.

When does a blue moon happen in nature? A) when there are two full moons in one month B) when the moon has a blue color C) when we cannot see the moon at all D) when we can only see a small part of the moon

3.

Using the passage as a guide, it can be understood that which of the following sentences does not contain an “expression”? A) Thomas has lost his mind. B) An apple a day keeps the doctor away. C) I'll mow the grass after I finish my homework. D) It's never a bad time to start something new.

4.

As described in paragraph 3, what is another example of something that has a “crescent” shape? A) your thumb B) a distant star C) the letter “H” D) the letter "C"

5.

As used in the final paragraph, which is the best antonym for “rare”? A) common B) strange C) occasional D) infrequent

6.

In the final paragraph the author writes, "As you can see, a blue moon is a very rare event." The purpose of this statement is to ----. A) answer an earlier question B) provide an example C) support an upcoming conclusion D) challenge a previous statement

7.

The phrase ‘once in a blue moon’ ----. A) is especially used for the events that must repeat several times. B) became an expression that is used to mention rare events. C) is used to express the shape and colour of the moon. D) is used to talk about the frequency of moon’s travel around the Earth and Sun

The first thing to know is that the moon itself is never actually blue. This is just an expression. The phrase “blue moon” actually has to do with the shape of the moon, not the color. As the moon travels around the earth, it appears to change shape. We associate certain names with certain shapes of the moon. For example, when we can see a small part of the moon, it is called a crescent moon. A crescent is a shape that looks like the tip of a fingernail. When we cannot see the moon at all, it is called a new moon. When we can see the entire moon, it is called a full moon. Usually, there is only one full moon every month. Sometimes, however, there will be two full moons in one month. When this happens, the second full moon is called a “blue moon.” Over the next 20 years, there will only be 15 blue moons. As you can see, a blue moon is a very rare event. This fact has led people to use the expression “once in a blue moon” to describe other very rare events in their lives.

1. Which of the following would be a good example of someone doing something “once in a blue moon”? A) Mary likes to go to the mountains every weekend. Mary goes to the mountains once in a blue moon. B) Tom rarely remembers to take out the trash. Tom takes out the trash once in a blue moon. C) Cindy hates washing the dishes. Nevertheless, she does it every day. Cindy washes the dishes once in a blue moon. D) Ming sometimes forgets to do his homework. Ming forgets to do his homework once in a blue moon.

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TEST 5 When you imagine the desert, you probably think of a very hot place covered with sand. Although this is a good description for many deserts, Earth’s largest desert is actually a very cold place covered with ice: Antarctica. In order for an area to be considered a desert, it must receive very little rainfall. More specifically, it must receive an average of less than ten inches of precipitation—which can be rain, sleet, hail, or snow—on the ground every year. Antarctica, the coldest place on earth, has an average temperature that usually falls below the freezing point. And because cold air holds less moisture than warm air, the air in Antarctica does not hold much moisture at all. This is evident in the low precipitation statistics recorded for Antarctica. For example, the central part of Antarctica receives an average of less than 2 inches of snow every year. The coastline of Antarctica receives a little bit more—between seven and eight inches a year. Because Antarctica gets so little precipitation every year, it is considered a desert. When precipitation falls in hot deserts, it quickly evaporates back into the atmosphere. The air over Antarctica is too cold to hold water vapor, so there is very little evaporation. Due to this low rate of evaporation, most of the snow that falls to the ground remains there permanently, eventually building up into thick ice sheets. Any snow that does not freeze into ice sheets becomes caught up in the strong winds that constantly blow over Antarctica. These snow-filled winds can make it look as if it is snowing. Even though snowfall is very rare there, blizzards are actually very common on Antarctica.

1. The main purpose of paragraph 1 is to ----. A) accept a conclusion B) introduce an argument C) provide a brief history D) deny a common belief

2. The best title for this passage would be ----. A) B) C) D)

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Earth’s Many Deserts Antarctica: The Coldest Place on Earth A Desert of Ice Unusual Blizzards

3. Africa’s Sahara Desert is the secondlargest desert on earth. Based on the information in the passage, what characteristic must the Sahara share with Antarctica? A) low temperatures B) low precipitation C) high temperatures D) frequent blizzards

4. As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for “precipitation”? A) moisture in the air that falls to the ground B) any type of weather event C) weather events that only happen in very cold areas D) a blizzard that occurs in areas with limited snowfall

5. In paragraph 2, the author writes, "And because cold air holds less moisture than warm air, the air in Antarctica does not hold much moisture at all." Using this information, it can be understood that ----. A) air in Africa holds more moisture than the air in Antarctica B) air surrounding a tropical island holds less moisture than the air in Antarctica C) air in the second floor of a house is typically warmer than air on the first floor D) air at the mountains is typically colder than the air at the beach

6. According to the final paragraph, any snow that falls over Antarctica ----. I. becomes part of the Antarctic ice sheet II. is blown around by strong winds III. evaporates back into the atmosphere A) B) C) D)

l only I and II only II and III only I, II, and III

7. What is the best synonym of the word ‘blizzard’ in the last paragraph? A) snowstorm C) thunder

B) heavy rain D) moisture

8. Based on the information in the final paragraph, it can be understood that blizzards in Antarctica are mainly the result of ----. A) freezing cold temperatures B) large amounts of snowfall C) low amounts of precipitation D) strong winds


TEST 6 Ever since they were discovered by early settlers, kangaroos have fascinated biologists.They are unique animals, considered both comical and exotic. They are found only in Australia, New Zealand and a few surrounding islands. There are more than fifty species of kangaroos in existence today. The best known and largest species is the red and gray kangaroos, which can stand up to six feet and can weigh nearly 200 pounds. But there are kangaroo breeds that are much smaller, such as the musky rat kangaroo, which is only one foot tall. Kangaroos are very adaptable and can live in almost any climate. They can be found in mountainous regions, deserts, grasslands, even remote islands off the coast of southwestern Australia. Kangaroos are very well suited to their environment. They have adapted over millions of years to fit into their ecological place. They have large ears, and relatively small heads. Their front limbs are very small, but their paws are very nimble. Their hind legs are very large and powerful. When they are moving slowly, kangaroos walk on all four limbs, with the front limbs barely touching the ground. But when they feel the need to move quickly, they stand nearly upright, and start hopping on their hind legs. When they begin to hop, kangaroos use their muscular, agile tails to balance themselves, and to help them change direction. Like all marsupials, kangaroos carry their offspring in a pouch. The mother kangaroo may nurse her young, called a joey , for up to a year. Because the joeys stay in a pouch for so long, kangaroos almost never have more than one baby at a time. They typically raise one litter per year, though environmental conditions sometimes make this impossible. If they survive childhood, kangaroos can live as long as eighteen years in the wild, even longer in captivity. Except for the smallest species like the musky rat kangaroo, which eats insects and small animals, kangaroos are herbivores, subsisting upon grass and other forest vegetation. Like many other grazing animals, kangaroos have developed multichambered stomachs to aid in the breakdown of otherwise indigestible plant material.

1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about kangaroos? A) B) C) D)

kangaroos carry their offspring in a pouch kangaroos have multi-chambered stomachs kangaroos use their tails for balance kangaroos can weigh nearly 300 pounds

2. When do kangaroos switch from walking on four legs to walking on two legs? A) when they are frightened B) when they need to move fast C) when their front limbs are holding something D) when their front limbs are tired

3. What does the word them in paragraph 3 refer to? A) limbs C) kangaroos

B) paws D) tails

4. What does the word “offspring” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A) muscles C) water

B) food D) babies

5. According to the passage, kangaroos ----. A) B) C) D)

very rarely give birth to more than one baby carry their offspring for more than 2 years have pouches that can carry only one baby are not adaptable to environmental conditions

6. Most kangaroos ----. A) do not eat meat because they have multichambered stomachs B) can live longer in captivity than in the wild C) die in the first of their life if they are kept in captivity D) generally eat insects and small animals

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TEST 7 From the beginning of the 21st century, the world has been changing in important ways. Until recently, nations acted independently. Each country did its business and tried to solve its problems alone. But now, the economy is worldwide and communications technologies have connected people all over the globe. Many problems are global, too, and can no longer be solved by individual nations. Environmental destruction is one of these problems. As the world’s population has grown and technology has developed, the environment has suffered. Some nations have begun to try to stop the pollution and the environmental destruction. But the environment is global – the atmosphere, the oceans, and many forms of life are all connected. Thus, the solutions require global thinking. The problem of ocean pollution is a good example. All the oceans of the world are connected. Pollution does not stay where it begins. It spreads out from every river and every harbour and affects bodies of water everywhere. For centuries, people have used the oceans as a dumping place. Many cities take tons of garbage out to sea and dump it there. The quantity of garbage that ends up in the water is incredible. Five million plastic containers are thrown into the world’s oceans every day! In addition to the plastics, many other dangerous substances are dumped in oceans. These include human waste and chemicals used in agriculture. And every year, oil tankers accidentally spill millions of gallons of oil into the sea. Some people believe that the oceans are so large that chemicals and waste will disappear. However, many things, such as chemicals and plastics, stay in the water and create problems. They eventually float to shore and are eaten by tiny sea creatures. Then the larger animals that eat the tiny creatures are poisoned and die. Harbors and coasts around the world have become unsafe for humans and animals. The world’s fish populations are rapidly shrinking . Another global pollution problem concerns the atmosphere. Until recently, chlorflurocarbons (CFCS) were used around the world in manufacturing refrigerators. Scientists discovered that these CFCs were destroying the ozone layer in the atmosphere. The ozone layer helps protect the earth from the sun’s rays. Without this layer, most forms of life on earth, including humans, probably would not be able to live. CFCs will soon be completely banned in the United States and in most developed countries. But many other countries still use CFCs in manufacturing. Among these countries are some of the most populous on earth, such as China and India. These countries need to change their refrigerator factories to non-CFC processes. But they may not be able to make this change alone. They will need help from the industrialized countries. This is what global thinking means – working together for solutions.

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1. Until recently, most nations followed the principal that ----. A) B) C) D)

all countries should share their problems all nations were enemies each nation should take care of its own problems what happens in China affects everyone

2. According to the text, many environmental problems ----. A) B) C) D)

have lead to global peace are caused by old ways of thinking appeared after the beginning of this century cannot be solved by local laws

3. Which statement is TRUE ? A) No one cares about the ocean B) All the oceans are linked to each other C) The oceans are so huge that there may not be any pollution D) More oil is needed in the developing countries.

4. Increasing global population and the development of technology ----. A) B) C) D)

will solve the problem of ocean pollution have made the pollution problem worse is a result of global thinking have resulted in more business opportunities

5. From the text, we can infer that, in manufacturing refrigerators, ----. A) B) C) D)

CFCs must be used all around the World only China and India use CFCs CFCs have the least effect on pollution other chemicals can be used in place of CFCs

6. CFCs have an enormous damage on ----. A) atmosphere C) oceans

B) humans D) agriculture

7. In paragraph 2, “body ” means ----. A) a part of human C) source

B) corporation D) organism

8. “The world’s fish populations are rapidly shrinking.” The verb “shrink” means ----. A) throw away C) multiply

B) decrease D) abandon

9. According to the text, which is not responsible for causing the oceans to be a dumping place? A) oil tankers C) plastics

B) agricultural chemicals D) CFCs

10. The author of the text ----. A) mentions the pollution problem in various aspects B) believes that individual solutions are more important than global ones C) does not take serious the pollution problem D) mostly gives his personal opinion


TEST 8 Animals that produce large amounts of offspring depend upon the large size of the litter for the perpetuation of their species. The young mature very quickly and are not educated, as the parents are usually involved with obtaining their own food and with reproduction. If some of the offspring become endangered, the parent will not interfere, because it is not expected that all the young survive, which is the reason for a large litter. One animal that produces large litters is the hamster. A female hamster is able to bear young when she is six weeks to two months old. The duration of pregnancy is about sixteen days. Although an average litter size is from five to ten, hamsters commonly have as few as three or as many as a dozen offspring at a time. Mothers will sometimes eat their own young, particularly when the number of offspring is large. Females may produce litters up to an age of about 15 months at monthly intervals. The blind, hairless young begin to grow fur in two to three days. Their eyes open after about two weeks. After ten days they begin eating solid food, though the mother will continue to nurse them for about two more weeks. In captivity, a typical hamster may live for two to three years.

1. The gestation period for hamsters is about ----. A) nine months C) sixteen days

B) one month D) six weeks

2. Female hamsters will sometimes eat their young for what reason? A) Hunger B) Because of a large number of offspring C) Deformed babies D) The young mature too quickly

3. Female hamsters may reproduce as young as ----. A) six weeks old B) six months old C) 15 months old D) two weeks old

4. "Perpetuation" in paragraph 1 means ----. A) extinction C) variation

B) annihilation D) continuation

5. Hamsters can produce offspring until what age? A) two years C) 15 months

B) six weeks D) 16 days

6. What is the tone of the passage? A) Argumentative C) Biased

B) Informative D) ridiculous

7. What is the BEST title for this passage? A) "Endangered Animal Litters" B) "Reasons for Large Litters" C) "Parents of Large Litters" D) "Educating Litters"

8. What is a litter? A) The amount of parents an animal has B) The amount of garbage an animal has C) The amount of offspring an animal has D) The amount of siblings an animal has

9. Why would an animal parent not be able to care for its litter? A) It is busy reproducing and food gathering. B) It is busy educating the litter. C) It interferes with the litter. D) It is busy playing.

10.Which of the following is NOT a reason for a large litter? A) The young are not expected to live. B) The parents are too busy to protect them. C) The young mature quickly. D) The young are educated. 278


TEST 9 In the primary school, a child is in a comparatively simple setting , and most of the time forms a relationship with one familiar teacher. On entering the secondary school, a new world opens up, and frequently it is a much more difficult world. The student soon learns to be less free in the way he speaks to teachers and even to his fellow pupils. He begins to lose gradually the free and easy ways of the primary school because he senses the need for a more cautious approach in the secondary school, where there are older students. Secondary staff, who seem to devote most of their time to hardworking students, suffer from the pressures of academic work and seem to have less time to stop and talk. Teachers with specialist roles may see hundreds of children in a week, and a student may be able to form relationships with very few of the staff. He has to decide which adults are approachable. Good schools will make clear to every young person from the first year what guidance and personal help is available, but whether the reality of life in the institution actually encourages requests for help is another matter. Adults often forget what a confusing picture school can offer to the child. He sees a great deal of movement, a great number of people — often rather frightening-looking people — and realizes that an increasing number of choices and decisions have to be made. As he progresses through the school, the confusion may become less, but the choices and decisions will increase. The school will rightly expect the student to take the first steps to obtain the help he needs, for this is the pattern of adult life for which he has to be prepared.

1. The word ‘setting’ is closest in meaning to ----. A) position C) framework

B) environment D) scene

2. One of the problems for pupils entering secondary school is that ----. A) there are teachers with specialist roles B) the teachers do not want to be friendly C) most schools encourage requests for help D) the teachers give most attention to the more hardworking pupils

3. The writer is mainly concerned about ----. A) B) C) D)

academic standards the personal development of students the role of specialist teachers the training of the individual teachers

4. According to the passage, -----. A) it is difficult for students to become prepared for adult life in secondary schools B) parents should cooperate with secondary school teachers to prepare students for future life C) students will get used to life in the secondary school as the decisions they have to make decrease D) in secondary schools opportunities for obtaining personal advice are not always within easy reach of students

5. The word ‘obtain’ is closest in meaning to ----. A) acquire C) retain

B) invest D) supply

6. The best title for this text can be ----. A) B) C) D)

279

Gender Differences in Academic Life Public Schools and Private Schools Adapting to School Difficulties in Primary School


TEST 10 Most journalists are well aware of the dangers of reporting false information. Of course, they want to satisfy the endless hunger of the public for more and more juicy bits of gossip. At the same time, they must work to present news fairly. By comparison, photographers may feel that they are safe from the possible allegations faced by reporters. But are they? Consider the recent photo of a restaurant taken from a public street. In the restaurant, a man and woman can be seen holding hands across a table. The photo was used on the front page of a community magazine. Now, the photographer is being sued by both people, who say that there was an invasion of their privacy. In other words, the couple believes that they had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the restaurant, which is actually owned by the pictured woman. Furthermore, both parties claim that they've suffered anguish as a result of the photo. The man and woman were married. However, they were not married to each other. Each person's spouse saw the photograph and recognized their partner. Since then, each person's spouse has filed for a divorce. Now, the courts must scrutinize a scramble of tricky concepts in determining the photographer's liability. In determining a judgment, several relevant factors will be considered: 1. Was the photograph taken from a public place? 2. Is the restaurant itself a private place? 3. Does the photo directly relate to the content of the article? Just like reporters, photographers must use their best judgment in taking and printing images. Otherwise, they may pay the price.

2. The main idea of the article is that both photographers and journalists ----. A) are eager to gather juicy information B) have some of the same professional concerns C) focus too often on people's private information D) fail to consider complex factors

3. The photograph shows ----. A) B) C) D)

a married couple a community meeting restaurant employees an unmarried couple

4. The people in the photograph suffered anguish because ----. B) C) D) E)

their spouses filed for divorce they have lost money they have lost their jobs they will probably be sued

5. "Journalists must rely on their own judgment." Journalists must weigh the facts in order to make good ----. A) suggestions C) images

B) decisions D) impressions

6. "He said that he suffered 'great mental anguish, embarrassment, and humiliation.'" He said that he had experienced ----. A) scars C) suffering

B) weakness D) instability

7. The author of the article has a ---- attitude towards the incident. A) positive C) neutral

B) negative D) supporting

8. According to the article, ----. 1. The writer of the article warns photographers about ---- when taking and printing images. A) B) C) D)

using good judgment picturing couples the judgments of courts scrutiny of the public

A) the pictured couple sued the photographer as s/he invaded their privacy B) photographers are more liable than reporters for fairness in their work C) the pictured couple, who were married to each other, decided to get divorced D) the judges decided that the photographer is responsible for the couple’s divorce

280


TEST 11

1. Which of the following are included as causes for floods in the reading passage?

Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all natural disasters. They occur almost everywhere in the world, resulting in widespread damage and even death. Consequently, scientists have long tried to perfect their ability to predict floods. So far, the best that scientists can do is to recognize the potential for flooding in certain conditions. There are a number of conditions, from deep snow on the ground to human error, that cause flooding.

2. How does deep snow cause flooding? A) melting snow causes flooding B) too much rain causes flooding C) sudden warm temperatures combined with heavy rains causes flooding D) freezing water causes flooding

When deep snow melts, it creates a large amount of water. Although deep snow alone rarely causes floods, when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather it can lead to serious flooding. If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet ground, flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not frozen. Frozen ground or ground that is very wet and already saturated with water cannot absorb the additional water created by the melting snow. Melting snow also contributes to high water levels in rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full capacity of water, heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing and flooding the surrounding land.

3. Which of the following best describes how a frozen river can cause a flood? A) The ice in the river melts too quickly and causes a flood. B) The ice in the river cracks causing the water to overflow. C) The ice in the river cracks into pieces that eventually create a dam causing the water to overflow. D) The water behind the ice dam collects and when the dam breaks, it causes flooding upstream.

Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. When ice begins to melt, the surface of the ice cracks and breaks into large pieces. These pieces of ice move and float down the river. They can form a dam in the river, causing the water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream. If the dam breaks suddenly, then the large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas downstream too. Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding. When a large humanmade dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it, the results can be devastating. Dams contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when sudden breaks occur, the destructive force of the water is like a great tidal wave. Unleashed dam waters can travel tens of kilometres, cover the ground in metres of mud and debris, and drown and crush every thing and creature in their path. Although scientists cannot always predict exactly when floods will occur, they do know a great deal about when floods are likely, or probably, going to occur. Deep snow, ice-covered rivers, and weak dams are all strong conditions for potential flooding. Hopefully, this knowledge of why floods happen can help us reduce the damage they cause.

281

A) melting snow C) poorly built roads

B) large lake D) droughts

4. Why does saturated ground contribute to flooding problems? A) the ground cannot absorb more moisture B) the ground is too hard, so the water runs off C) the ground forms a kind of dam D) it remains frozen 5. The word “saturated” in paragraph 2 probably means ----. A) controlled B) accumulated C) full D) extracted 6. What is the most common natural disaster? A) flood B) fire C) wind damage D) rain 7. How does melting snow cause problems related to flooding? A) it makes the rivers run too fast B) it makes the water too cold C) it causes pieces of ice to block the river D) it makes the level of the river rise 8. The word “unleashed” in paragraph 4 probably means ----. A) folded B) pursued C) released D) clarified


3. It is implied in the passage that ----.

TEST 12 Whereas literature in the first half of the eighteenth century in America had been largely religious and moral in tone, by the latter half of the century the revolutionary enthusiasm that was coming to life in the colonies began to be reflected in the literature of the time, which in turn served to further influence the population. Although not all writers of this period supported the Revolution, the two bestknown and most influential writers, Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine, were both strongly supportive of that cause. Ben Franklin first attained popular success through his writings in his brother’s newspaper, the New England Current . In these articles he used a simple style of language and common sense argumentation to defend the point of view of the farmer and the Leather Apron man. He continued with the same common sense practicality and appeal to the common man with his work on Poor Richard’s Almanac from 1733 until 1758. Firmly established in his popular acceptance by the people, Franklin wrote a variety of extremely effective articles and pamphlets about the colonists’ revolutionary cause against England. Thomas Paine was an Englishman working as a magazine editor in Philadelphia at the time of the Revolution. His pamphlet Common Sense , which appeared in 1776, was a force in encouraging the colonists to declare their independence from England. Then throughout the long and desperate war years he published a series of Crisis papers (from 1776 until 1783) to encourage the colonists to continue on with the struggle. The effectiveness of his writing was probably due to his emotional but oversimplified picture of the cause of the colonists against England as a classic struggle of good and evil.

1. The word “struggle” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ----. A) involvement C) spirit

B) anxiety D) conflict

2. The word “in turn” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by ----. A) appropriately C) successively

B) proportionally D) finally

A) some writers in the American colonies supported England during the Revolution B) Franklin and Paine were the only writers to influence the Revolution C) because Thomas Paine was an Englishman, he supported England against the colonies D) authors who supported England did not remain in the colonies during the Revolution.

4. The pronoun “his” paragraph 2 refers to ----. A) Thomas Paine’s B) Ben Franklin’s C) Ben Franklin’s brother’s D) Poor Richard’s

5. The expression “point of view” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ----. A) perspective C) circumstance

B) sight D) proficiency

6. All of the following statements are TRUE according to the passage EXCEPT ----. A) Ben Franklin was writing articles in the New England Current B) The pamphlet “Common Sense” was written by Ben Franklin C) Thomas Paine was encouraging colonists to declare their independence. D) Thomas Paine likened the cause of colonists against England as a classic struggle of good and evil. 7. The word “desperate” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ----. A) ending C) strategic

B) hopeless D) combative

8. The purpose of this passage is to ----. A) discuss American literature in the first half of the eighteenth century B) give biographical data on two American writers C) explain which authors supported the Revolution D) describe the literary influence during revolutionary America. 282


CEVAP ANAHTARI HEDEF KEL !MELER SET – 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

C A E D D C B A A D C B E D A

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

B D E B D C A E A B A C E D A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

B A D C E A B D E C A D C E B

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

A E B C A A D C B E

HEDEF KEL !MELER SET – 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

B E A C E A B E C B D A D B A

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

A C D B E A D E C B

BO LUK DOLDURMA

BO LUK DOLDURMA

BO LUK DOLDURMA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

OCCUR EXPLOIT INITIATES INDICATE DEMAND ESTIMATE AVOID MAINTAIN IMPLEMENT RELIEVE


283

HEDEF KEL !MELER SET – 2

D B D C A D E D E A C B D A E

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

B A D A C C E B A D

PERMANENT EXTENSIVE SUSCEPTIBLE AMBIGUOUS FUNDAMENTAL SUITABLE PROFOUND CONTROVERSIAL NOTORIOUS DESPERATE


D E A B C A E D E C A B D C A

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

A D E C B E D A B C

ESPECIALLY TRADITIONALLY EFFICIENTLY APPROXIMATELY PROBABLY EXTREMELY ADVERSELY IMPORTANTLY INITIALLY SUFFICIENTLY


C A D E A B E D A C B E A D C

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

A E B D C B A E D D

BO LUK DOLDURMA

BO LUK DOLDURMA

BO LUK DOLDURMA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

INFLUENCE GROWTH PURPOSE CORRUPTION SHORTAGE EVIDENCE DEFICIT ATTEMPT PARTICIPATION CONFIRMATION

INCLUDE BE ESTABLISHED REVEAL BENEFIT PERMIT INTRODUCE ENCOUNTER PREVENT FULFILL PROHIBIT

CONSTANT DISASTROUS ACCESSIBLE MUTUAL CONVINCING EXCLUSIVE VALUABLE INDIFFERENT REASONABLE FASCINATING

Cevap Anahtarı


C E A C E B A B D E A C B D A

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

E A B E A D B C C E


B E D C D B D E D A E A B D C

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

A D B C E D A B A B


C B A D B C D E A D E B C D A

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

B A D E C B A B D E

BO LUK DOLDURMA

BO LUK DOLDURMA

BO LUK DOLDURMA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

FAIRLY ULTIMATELY ONLY SEVERELY ACCIDENTALLY RAPIDLY RELUCTANTLY DANGEROUSLY EXACTLY RANDOMLY


E B C D A B C E D C A D A B E

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

D B C E A C D A E E

ASSESSMENT PRECAUTION DESTRUCTION REQUIREMENT INTERVENTION FLUCTUATION ELIMINATION CONFLICT SUPPLEMENY VARIETY


A B E C B D C A E C B D C A D

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

D A C C D E B A D D

IGNORED EMERGED REJECTED ENCOURAGES DESCRIBE ABANDON CONDUCTED PRESERVE DECREASE OBTAIN


D B C A B E B C D D A C B E C

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

E B D A C C E A D B

BO LUK DOLDURMA

BO LUK DOLDURMA

BO LUK DOLDURMA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

SOPHISTICATED DELIBERATE DISTINCTIVE TYPICAL ABRUPT VIGOROUS PERSISTENT INSUFFICCIENT GRADUAL FERTILE

FIRMLY HARDLY PREVIOUSLY HEAVILY ATTENTIVELY INCREASINGLY INEVITABLY SEPARATELY SUSPICIOUSLY UNFORTUNATELY

WELFARE FRAUD NEGOTIATIONS TENDENCY ACQUISITION ADDICTION CONFIDENCE INCENTIVES INSIGHT SOLIDARITY

284



E B A C D A E B C E D A B D C

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

B E D D A C A E B D

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

B A E D A C B E D C B A D E C

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

A C D B B E A C D B


A D C C B E E D A C B D A E A

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

E B E A C D D A C B

BO"LUK DOLDURMA

BO"LUK DOLDURMA

BO"LUK DOLDURMA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

MAGNIFIED DWELL CORRESPONDS PURSUE PRETEND ALIENATED REPRODUCE DISGUISED DETER ERADICATED

HEDEF KEL !MELER SET – 16 1 16 B C 2 17 E E 3 18 A E 4 19 D A 5 20 C D 6 21 A B 7 22 E C 8 23 D A 9 24 A E 10 25 B D 11 E 12 C 13 A 14 D 15 E BO"LUK DOLDURMA 1 SCENT 2 DETERIORATION 3 ENTITLEMENT 4 EXPENDITURE 5 PROSPECT 6 TRIUMPH 7 RESEMBLANCE 8 ADVENT 9 RECURRENCE 10 DETERMINATION

285

HEDEF KEL !MELER SET – 14

HOSTILE SINCERE EXCESS IMMINENT CHALLENGING SUCCESSIVE SCARCE DETRIMENTAL CONTEMPORARY IMPLICIT

JOINTLY READILY PRIMARILY INCREDIBLY UNDOUBTEDLY EVENLY BRIEFLY OFFENSIVELY UTTERLY SLIGHTLY

Cevap Anahtarı

HEDEF KEL!MELER REVIEW 1 A. ANLAM E"LE"T!RME SET 1 2 5 1 3 4

SET 2 1 4 2 5 3

SET 3 4 2 1 5 3

SET 4 5 1 2 4 3

B. E" ENLAM E"LE"T!RME SET 5 4 3 5 1 2

SET 6 2 4 1 5 3

SET 7 5 1 2 4 3

SET 8 4 3 1 5 2

SET 9 2 1 5 3 4

SET 10 3 5 4 1 2

7 A

8 B

9 E

10 C

8 A 18 A

9 A 19 A

10 D 20 B

C. KEL!ME TEST! 1 B

2 E

3 A

4 C

5 E

6 D

D. ANLAMCA FARKLI KEL!MEY! BULMA 1 B 11 A

2 A 12 B

3 D 13 C

4 A 14 D

5 C 15 C

6 D 16 A

7 D 17 D

E. !NG!L!ZCE – TÜRKÇE ÇEV!R! 1

Gö"üs kanseri bu ülkede kadınlar arasında en yaygın kanser türüdür.

2

Bilim insanları kimyasalın çevre üzerindeki etkisini ara !tırıyorlar.

3

Son 50 yılda, Irak’ta !ehir bölgelerine yaygın insan göçü vardır.

4

O, sürekli kendisi için ba !kalarına i !lerini yaptırarak yetkisini kötüye kullanıyor.

5 6 7 8 9 10

Toyota, Honda ve Nissan 1980’lerde ABD’de lüks araç satmayı amaçlayan akıllı pazarlama politikası ba !lattılar. Turistler saldırılara kar !ı daha savunmasızdır (açıktır) çünkü !ehrin hangi bölgelerinden kaçınmaları gerekti "ini bilmiyorlar. Bu ülkedeki e "itim son yıllarda birçok derin ve temel de "i!iklik geçirdi. Büyüme oranlarını arttırmak ve hastalıkları önlemek için, her yıl yakla !ık 25 milyon sterlin de"erinde antibiyotik ve ilgili ilaçlar çiftlik hayvanlarına uygulanmaktadır. ABD ihracata harcadı "ından daha fazla ithal ürünler satın aldı "ı için, ülke dünyadaki en büyük ticaret açı "ına sahiptir. Ço"umuz ailelerimizin geli !imimiz üzerindeki etkisinin farkındayız.

286


HEDEF KEL!MELER REVIEW 2 A. ANLAM E"LE"T!RME

B. E" ENLAM E"LE"T!RME

SET 1

SET 2

SET 3

SET 4

SET 5

SET 6

SET 7

SET 8

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SET 10

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1

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1

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3

1

1

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5

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5

2

2

1

1

4

4

4

C. KEL!ME TEST! 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

C

A

D

E

B

A

E

C

D

D

D. ANLAMCA FARKLI KEL!MEY! BULMA 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

B

A

B

D

B

A

C

D

B

B

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

C

C

D

D

A

B

D

B

A

C

E. !NG!L!ZCE – TÜRKÇE ÇEV!R! 1 2 3 4

Birçok insan ya "mur ormanlarının tahrip edilmesi konusunda çok endi !eli. Çöpümüzün ço "u de"erli ham madde içermesine ragmen, bunun ço "u basitçe gömülüyor ya da yakılıyor. Aerobik egzersizinden faydalanmak amacıyla kalp hızınızı arttırmak için yeterince sıkı çalı!malısınız. 1865-1870 yılları arasında felaketle sonuçlanan sava !ta Paraguay ülkedeki yeti !kin erkeklerin üçte ikisini ve bölgesinin ço "unu kaybetti.

5

#ster i!te, isterse evlilikle ba !arılı bir ortaklık için kar !ılıklı güven esastır.

6

Çalı!malara göre çekici buldu "unuz birisine inandırıcı bir yalan söylemek daha zordur.

7

Sa"lıklı bir insanın kalp ritmi oldukça sabittir ve genellikle pek de "i!mez.

8 9 10

287

Hollanda’da uyu !turuculara eri !im oldukça kolay olmasına ra "men, nüfusun sadece %5’I kullanıcıdır. Uygun hijyen ve faydaları hakkında insanları bilgilendirmek bazı salgın hastalıkların önlenmesinde önemli faktörlerdir. Dünyadaki denizler ve okyanuslar hayret verici çe !itlilikte hayvan ve bitki türleri içermektedir.

Cevap Anahtarı



SET 1

SET 2

SET 3

SET 4

SET 5

SET 6

SET 7

SET 8

SET 9

SET 10

4

5

3

1

5

4

2

3

4

2

2

1

5

4

3

3

3

5

1

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5

4

1

3

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1

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5

5

1

2

2

5

1

1

4

1

3

1

3

3

4

2

2

5

5

2

2

3

C. KEL!ME TEST! 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

B

A

D

C

B

E

C

A

D

C


2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

C

A

D

B

A

D

B

A

C

B

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

C

A

A

A

C

B

A

D

C

B

E. !NG!L!ZCE – TÜRKÇE ÇEV!R! 1

Birçok memeli tür gibi bizler de bölgemizi koruma e "ilimimiz / huyumuz var.

2

Yılda on milyonun üzerinde hayvan istismar ediliyor, göz ardı ediliyor ya da terk ediliyor.

3

1960’lardan itibaren, Butan dünyaya kapılarını kademeli ve dikkatli bir !ekilde açtı.

4

#ngilizce becerilerin ne kadar iyi olursa, karma !ık konular hakkında o kadar çok konu !abilirsin.

5 6 7 8 9 10

Toz ve polen, burun akıntısı ve göz ka !ınmasından tutun da ciddi nefes alma bozuklu "una kadar semptomlara sebep olabilen yaygın alerjenlerdir. Merkür güne ! sisteminin ek küçük gezegenidir, Güne !’e en yakın olandır ve 3 milyar yılda hemen hemen hiç de "i!ikli"e u"ramamı !tır. Dernek %2’lik zammı tamamen yetersiz olarak (bularak) reddetti. E"er korkutulursa ya da tehdit edilirse anne tav !an bebeklerini terk edebilir, yoksayabilir ya da yiyebilir. Araç gereç yapma yetene "i eskiden insane özgü olarak dü !ünülürdü, fakat son yıllarda !empanzelerin de araç yaptı "ı gözlemlenmi !tir. Mü!terilerin hızlı bir !ekilde yemek yiyip ayrılması için fast food restoranlarda genellikle yüksek sesli müzik çalınır.

288




SET 1

SET 2

SET 3

SET 4

SET 5

SET 6

SET 7

SET 8

SET 9

SET 10

3

1

3

4

2

3

5

3

5

3

5

5

5

3

5

2

3

1

1

4

2

3

1

2

1

1

1

5

3

1

4

4

4

1

4

5

2

2

4

5

1

2

2

5

3

4

4

4

2

2

C. KEL!ME TEST! 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

D

A

B

E

A

C

B

D

A

E


2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

C

A

B

B

D

B

B

A

D

B

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

B

A

B

D

A

B

C

C

A

A

E. !NG!L!ZCE – TÜRKÇE ÇEV!R! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

289

Pek çok çöl yırtıcısı son derece zehirlidir, ki bu durum nadir bulunan avları yakalamalarına yardımcı olur. Yüzyıllardır, gökbilimciler sadece gözleriyle gökyüzünü gözlemlemi ! ya da görüntüyü büyütmek için basit teleskoplar kullanmı !lardır. Yedi Yıl Sava !ı olarak bilinen dünyanın ilk küresel sava !ı ba!lıca #ngiltere ve Fransa imparatorlukları arasında Hindistan ve Kuzey Amerika’daki sömürgeler (koloniler) için yapılmı!tır. Roketler bir büyük farklılık haricinde jet motorlarına benzerler – uzayda oksijen yoktur bu nedenle roketler dev bir tankta kendi teçhizatlarını ta !ımak zorundadır. Bir !ey öldü"ünde, kalıntıları genellikle parçalanır ve onu tamamen yok eden organizmalar tarafından saldırıya u "rar. Araba motorlarından çıkan egzoz gazları ve enerji santralleri ve fabrikalardan çıkan zararlı gazlar hava kirlili "ine sebep olur, ki bu da astım gibi sa "lık problemlerine neden olur. Merkür güne ! sisteminin en küçük gezegenidir, Güne !’e en yakın konumda bulunur ve üç milyar yılda neredeyse hiç de "i!meyen ya !amın olmadı "ı bir dünyadır. #nsan do"asının di"er yönleri gibi, farkındalık da zamanla geli !mi! olmalıdır çünkü farkındalık eski atalarımızın hayatta kalmasına ve ço "almasına yardımcı olmu !tur. Bilim insanları dü !manlı"ın kalp krizi riskinin ve di "er hastalık türlerinin artmasıyla ili !kili oldu"unu buldu, ve insanların dü !manlık duygularını nasıl etkili bir !ekilde idare edebileceklerini ö "renmek için çabalamaları gerekti "ini söylüyorlar. $üphesiz, hayattaki bazı de "i!iklikler zorlayıcıdır, fakat di "erleri ise oldukça iyi seyirli olabilir.

Cevap Anahtarı

PHRASAL VERBS TEST 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

D A B E D C E A E B

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

PHRASAL VERBS TEST 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A C D B C A C E A D

D B C E A D A E B C

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

A A E D B C C E A D

PREPOSITIONS 1 2 3 4 5

SET 1 For With On Between From

1 2 3 4 5

SET 6 Of From On With To

1 2 3 4 5

SET 11 With To At In From

1 2 3 4 5

SET 16 By Of In About For

1 2 3 4 5

SET 21 For To With On In

1 2 3 4 5

SET 26 In To For On Of

1 2 3 4 5

SET 2 To On Of From With

1 2 3 4 5

SET 7 To With Of For In

1 2 3 4 5

SET 12 For In With From On

1 2 3 4 5

SET 17 Of To In On Under

1 2 3 4 5

SET 22 For To In On Of

1 2 3 4 5

SET 27 Of About To For With

1 2 3 4 5

SET 3 In On Of To For

1 2 3 4 5

SET 8 To On Of For By

1 2 3 4 5

SET 13 To Of About From For

1 2 3 4 5

SET 18 For With To On In

1 2 3 4 5

SET 23 To Of From For On

1 2 3 4 5

SET 28 To With For In By

1 2 3 4 5

SET 4 To In Of On About

1 2 3 4 5

SET 9 Of With On To About

1 2 3 4 5

SET 14 To About On From For

1 2 3 4 5

SET 19 On To In Under From

1 2 3 4 5

SET 24 For To With Of Between

1 2 3 4 5

SET 29 In On To Of For

1 2 3 4 5

SET 5 Of Out To With In

1 2 3 4 5

SET 10 Into From Under On Of

1 2 3 4 5

SET 15 With In Of To On

1 2 3 4 5

SET 20 For Up About To With

1 2 3 4 5

SET 25 To In With For From

1 2 3 4 5

SET 30 To By For Of From

290


BO"LUK DOLDURMA 1 2 3 4 5

SET 1 Approve Cope with Brought about Avoid Abuses

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

SET 6 Susceptible Essential Cautious Tremendous Precise

SET 7 1 Exception 2 Benefit 3 Consequence 4 Limitation 5 Tendency

1 2 3 4 5

SET 11 Precaution Accomplishment Expansion Privilege Pressure

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

SET 16 Firmly Constantly Slightly Desperately Temporarily

1 2 3 4 5

SET 17 Introduce Set up Overthrow Maintain Adopt

1 2 3 4 5

SET 21 Estimate Indicates Abuse Remember Betray

1 2 3 4 5

SET 22 Controversial Remarkable Catastrophic Appropriate Adequate

1 2 3 4 5

SET 26 Vigorous Predictable Distrustful Profitable Incredible

1 2 3 4 5

SET 27 Revelation Commitment Compound Suspicion Drawback

1 2 3 4 5

SET 31 Responsibility Controversy Likelihood Endeavour Implication

1 2 3 4 5

SET 32 Definitely Relatively Eventually Apparently Approximately

291

SET 2 Enormous Proper Widespread Predictable Vague

SET 3 Discrimination Process Priority Conflict Variety

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

SET 13 Estimate Maintain Extend Struggle Retreat

1 2 3 4 5

SET 18 Uneasy Typical Fundamental Promising Unpredictable

1 2 3 4 5

SET 23 Awareness Possibility Objection Assumption Requirement

1 2 3 4 5

SET 28 Tremendously Particularly Roughly Rigorously Barely 1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

SET 9 Assume Make up Rejected Overcome Vary

SET 8 Appropriately Reluctantly Apparently Likewise Consequently

1 2 3 4 5

SET 12 Eventually Relatively Widely Fortunately Hardly

1 2 3 4 5

SET 4 Obviously Properly Closely Commonly Hardly

SET 33 Released Revealed Abolished Disappeared Invaded

1 2 3 4 5

SET 14 Efficient Confidential Identical Unexpected Alert

1 2 3 4 5

SET 19 Tendency Existence Innovation Assumption Contribution

1 2 3 4 5

SET 24 Typically Entirely Smoothly Rapidly Initially

1 2 3 4 5

SET 29 Confront Restrict Contradict Maintain Conclude

1 2 3 4 5

SET 34 Deteriorating Accessible Exposure Available Initial

1 2 3 4 5

SET 5 Demanded Figure out Estimate Vanish Maintain

1 2 3 4 5

SET 10 Unlikely Eager Distinguished Typical Drastic

1 2 3 4 5

SET 15 Confession Exception Appreciation Isolation Foresight

1 2 3 4 5

SET 20 Mainly Obviously Intentionally Barely Necessarily

1 2 3 4 5

SET 25 Indicate Anticipate Prevent Handle Provide

1 2 3 4 5

SET 30 Dramatic Widespread Conventional Unfamiliar Inadvisable

1 2 3 4 5

SET 35 Consolation Extinction Despair Consciousness Exception

Cevap Anahtarı

1 2 3 4 5

SET 36 Chiefly Appropriately Undeniably Reluctantly Remarkably

1 2 3 4 5

SET 41 Concluded Implied Released Occured Encountered

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

SET 37 Abandoned Relieved Suspended Prompted Emerged SET 42 Distinct Likely Notable Determined Specific

1 2 3 4 5

SET 38 Appropriate Distinctive Contemporary Permanent Imaginary

1 2 3 4 5

SET 43 Access Cure Effect Protection Destruction

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

SET 39 Indication Slaughter Conflict Assumption Consideration SET 44 Relatively Severely Immediately Repeatedly randomly

1 2 3 4 5

SET 40 Particularly Properly Dramatically Randomly Hazardously

1 2 3 4 5

SET 45 Eliminated Diminished Abandoned Conducted Initiated

1 2 3

SET 5 Creativity Creator Created

1 2 3 4

SET 10 Defend Defensively Defensive Defence

1 2 3

SET 15 Involved Involves Involvement

1 2 3

SET 20 Naturally Nature Natural

1 2

SET 25 Interfere Interference

1 2 3

SET 30 Reward Rewarding Rewarded

SÖZCÜK TÜRLER! 1 2 3 4

SET 1 Alive Lively To live Living

1 2 3 4

SET 6 1 Experience 2 Experienced 3 Experienced

1 2 3 4

SET 11 Inventions Invent Inventor Inventively

SET 16 1 Decidedly 2 Decision 3 Decisive 4 To decide SET 21 1 Intelligent 2 Intelligently 3 Intelligence

1 2 3

SET 26 Fear Fearful Fearless

SET 2 Save Safely Safety Safe

1 2 3

SET 7 Similarity Similarly Similar

1 2 3

SET 12 Frequency Frequently Frequent

1 2 3 4

SET 17 Sensitively Sensation Sensitive Sensitivity

1 2 3 4

SET 22 Freshly Freshness Freshen Fresh SET 27 1 Region 2 Regionally 3 Regional

SET 3 1 Regularly 2 Regularity 3 Regular

1 2 3 4

SET 8 Intention Intentionally Intentional Intend

1 2 3

SET 13 Convincingly Convincing Convince

1 2 3

SET 18 Predictable To predict Prediction

1 2 3 4

SET 23 Special Specially Specialist Specialize

1 2 3

SET 28 Survivor Survive Survival

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

SET 4 Vary Various Variation

1 2 3

SET 9 Large Largely Enlarge SET 14 Response Responsive Respond Responsively

SET 19 1 Nutritious 2 Nutrients 3 Nutrition

1 2 3 4

SET 24 Expression Expressive Express Expressively

1 2 3 4

SET 29 Warm Warmth Warmly Warm

292


SET 31 1 Accomplishmet 2 Accomplished 3 Achieved

1 2 3

SET 36 Stranger Strange Strangely

1 2 3 4

SET 41 Strongly Strengthen Strength Strong

1 2 3 4 5

SET 46 Extent Extensive Extension Extended Extensively

1 2 3 4

SET 32 Succeed Successful Successfully Success

1 2 3

SET 37 Polite Politely Politeness

1 2 3 4

SET 42 Exception Exceptional Excepted exceptionally

1 2 3 4

SET 47 Perceptively Perceive Perception Perceptive

1 2 3 4

SET 33 Volunteered Volunteers Voluntarily Voluntary

1 2 3 4

SET 38 Effectively Effect Effective Effect

1 2 3 4

SET 43 Consists Consistent Consistency Consistently

1 2 3 4 5

SET 48 Approved Approval Approved Approvingly Approving

1 2 3

SET 34 Distantly Distance Distant

1 2 3 4

SET 39 Compulsive Compel Compulsion Compulsively

1 2 3 4

SET 44 Influentially Influence Influence Influential

1 2 3 4

SET 49 Definite Defined Definition Definitely

1 2 3 4

SET 35 Able Ability Unable Enable

1 2 3 4 5

SET 40 Benefit Beneficially Beneficial Beneficiary Benefit

1 2 3 4 5

SET 45 Endangered Dangerous Dangerously Danger Endangers

1 2 3 4

SET 50 Inhabitable Habitat Inhabited Inhabitants

E" ANLAMLI KEL!MELER

293

SET 1 3 1 5 2 4

SET 2 2 5 1 3 4

SET 3 1 4 5 3 2

SET 4 3 1 5 4 2

SET 5 2 5 3 1 4

SET 6 4 2 1 5 3

SET 7 3 4 5 2 1

SET 8 5 3 2 1 4

SET 9 5 1 2 3 4

SET 10 1 5 3 2 4

SET 11 2 5 1 3 4

SET 12 5 3 1 2 4

SET 13 4 1 3 2 5

SET 14 3 1 5 4 2

SET 15 4 1 2 5 3

SET 16 5 2 4 1 3

SET 17 5 3 4 1 2

SET 18 4 5 1 3 2

SET 19 2 5 4 3 1

SET 20 2 3 4 1 5

SET 21 1 4 3 2 5

SET 22 3 1 4 2 5

SET 23 3 2 5 1 4

SET 24 3 5 1 2 4

SET 25 4 5 2 1 3

SET 26 5 4 2 3 1

SET 27 2 1 4 5 3

SET 28 3 4 5 2 1

SET 29 3 4 2 5 1

SET 30 2 4 5 1 3

Cevap Anahtarı

SET 31 3 5 4 1 2

SET 32 4 5 3 2 1

SET 33 3 1 5 4 2

SET 34 5 3 2 1 4

SET 35 3 4 5 2 1

SET 36 3 5 1 2 4

SET 37 1 4 2 3 5

SET 38 3 5 1 2 4

SET 39 3 1 4 5 2

SET 40 2 4 3 1 5

SET 41 4 1 2 5 3

SET 42 5 2 1 4 3

SET 43 4 2 1 5 3

SET 44 5 4 2 1 3

SET 45 4 1 5 2 3

SET 46 1 5 4 2 3

SET 47 3 1 5 4 2

SET 48 3 4 2 5 1

SET 49 1 4 5 2 3

SET 50 1 5 4 3 2

SET 51 1 2 5 3 4

SET 52 5 3 1 2 4

SET 53 3 5 1 2 4

SET 54 5 1 3 4 2

SET 55 4 2 5 3 1

SET 56 1 5 2 4 3

SET 57 3 5 1 2 4

SET 58 4 1 5 2 3

SET 59 5 1 4 3 2

SET 60 4 3 1 5 2

SET 61 5 1 2 4 3

SET 62 5 2 1 3 4

SET 63 4 1 3 2 5

SET 64 2 4 1 3 5

SET 65 4 1 3 5 2

SET 66 4 3 1 5 2

SET 67 3 1 5 2 4

SET 68 5 1 3 2 4

SET 69 4 5 1 2 3

SET 70 5 2 3 2 4

SET 71 5 3 2 4 1

SET 72 2 5 1 4 3

294


WORD CLOZE " $ %

" $ % & '

" $ % & ' (

TEST 1 Renewable Conventional Protect

TEST 5 Unwillingly Insurance Reliable Available Afford

TEST 9 Undamaged Resulted Species Mainly Conservation Awareness

1 2 3 4

TEST 2 Actually Appear Knew Decided

1 2 3 4 5 6

TEST 6 Properly Symptoms With Deal with Concentrating Keep

1 2 3 4 5 6

TEST 10 Especially Attraction Environmental Disadvantages Extreme Consider

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 3 Agreement Emission Immediate Unclear Attractive

1 2 3 4 5 6

TEST 7 Detect Damage Both From Common Unable

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 4 Extinction Destroyed In addition Slowly Existence

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 8 Tough Exposure Consume Desperation Reluctant

TRUE – FALSE

295

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 1 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 6 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 2 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 7 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 3 TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 8 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 4 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE

1 2 3 4 5 6

TEST 9 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE

1 2 3 4 5

TEST 5 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE

1 2 3 4 5 6

TEST 10 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE

yds_kelime_calismasi

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