Before you attempt the questions based on synthesis and transformation you need to know certain concepts.
WHAT IS A PHRASE ? A group of words without a subject or a verb, making no complete sense is called a phrase. e.g. in a corner, at home, turning away.
WHAT IS A CLAUSE ? A part of a sentence which has its own subject and a predicate is known as a clause. e.g. : He is sad because he failed the exam. This sentence has two parts (a) He is sad (b) because he failed the exam. Both these are parts of a sentence and both have their own subject and predicate. Thus they are called clauses
WHAT IS A SENTENCE ? A sentence is a group of words that cont ains at least one subject and one predicate and makes complete sense. Note : a sentence sentence starts with with a capital letter letter and ends with with a full stop. eg. : A good businessman maintains good relations with his customer. Sometimes the subject may be absent or implied. eg. : Thank you. ( I thank you ) Shocking. (It is shocking )
Simple A Simple sentence contains one subject and one finite verb . eg. : I saw a beautiful house.
Compound A Compound sentence is made up of two or joined with a or more coordinate coordinate clauses joined coordinating conjunction ( coordinator ). ). I saw a house and it was beautiful eg. : I
Complex A Complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses , which start with a subordinator . I saw a house which was beautiful. eg. : I 163
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English Grammar
Transformation Changing a sentence from one form to another.
Synthesis Combining two or more sentences into one single sentence.
MAKING SIMPLE SENTENCES :
One finite verb The other finite verbs in the question can be deleted or substituted. Substiute with participle, infinitive gerund OR noun, adjective, adverb.
TYPE OF SENTENCES
OPTIONS
EXAMPLE 1.
in g Ans.
Similar / Time related ideas
on + ing, after + ing noun / phrase in apposition,
}
}
2. Ans.
3. Ans.
4. adjective
Ans.
5. adverb Opposite / Contrast ideas
inspite of + in g
Condition / Alternative ideas
without + ing but for + ing
in g
Ans.
1. Ans.
1. Ans.
1. Ans.
Reason / Illative ideas
2. by + ing
Ans.
3. to + verb
164
Ans.
I could climb onto a banana stool and peer into the stump. Climbing onto a banana stool , I could peer into the stump. Mother woke up early. She went for a walk. On waking up early, mother went for a walk. Rohan is my brother and he is very naughty. Rohan, my brother , is very naughty. Students, who work hard will surely succeed. Hard-working students will surely succeed. They escaped the fire. It was a amazing. Amazingly, they escaped the fire. Although he is very thin, he is strong. Inspite of being very thin, he is strong.
You saved her or she would have drowned. Without (but for) you saving her, she would have drowned. Since they were late, they missed the bus. Being late, they missed the bus. They played well. They won the match. By playing well, they won the match. He wanted to pass the examination. He worked hard. He worked hard to pass the examination.
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English Grammar
SOLVED EXAMPLES : (Making Simple Sentences) 1. Ans.
2. Ans.
3. Ans.
4. Ans.
5. Ans.
Though I was joyous in my marriage, that was the difficult year of 1968. Inspite of being joyous in my marriage, that was the difficult year of 1968. As I was fixing supper, there was a knock at the door. At the time of fixing supper, there was a knock at the door. That night Keryn had a dream. It was more like a nightmare. That night Keryn had a dream like a nightmare. I turned tail and fled away. Turning tail, I fled away. When the mate dies she doesn’t take a new one. On the death of the mate, she doesn’t take a new one.
EXERCISE : (Making Simple Sentences) 1.
I went to the market. I wanted to buy clothes.
2. 3.
He is sorrowful. He is still hopeful. All the inmates escaped from the blazing building. This was fortunate.
4. 5.
I turned on all my persuasive skills and invoked the name of my father. She was at the form two prize giving and she was walking up to the stage.
6. 7.
When Maggu lost her sight, her school expelled her. Jayshree Kamble decided on vermiculture because she has extensive knowledge on the subject.
8. 9.
There was a time when most diabetologists practised their anti-banana theory. When I was returning home, I saw a snake which was dead.
10. We stopped briefly on Indira Bridge that connected Rameshwaram to the mainland. 11. She took to swimming and in the 4th national swimming championship held last autumn bagged gold medal in the 50 meters free style. 12. Dad would stand close by an endeavor to stun the mice. 13. The snake suddenly raised its neck and viciously struck dad's arm three or four times. 14. If you want to honour Anne's memory, do what Anne want. MAKING COMPOUND SENTENCES :
Two coordinate clauses ( 2 sentences )
A coordinator to join the clauses
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English Grammar
TYPES OF COORDINATORS
Type of sentences
Coordinators
Similar /Time related ideas
and, as well as, not only…but also
Opposite / Contrast ideas
but, yet, however, still
Examples They were tired and they were hungry. She exercised regularly but she lost no weight.
Condition / Alternative or , either / or, neither/ Either bring the book tomorrow or ideas nor you will have to pay a fine. Reason / Illative ideas
so, for, therefore
The boy was very hungry so he ate too much.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Synthesis to Compound only use a coordinator
Complex to Compound Remove the subordinator and use a coordinator
Simple to Compound Add another finite verb (a sentence) and use a coordinator
Q. It was a stormy night. Q. Although they lost the Q. Being an expert orator, he
We ventured out.
match, they enjoyed gave an excellent speech. playing. A. He was an expert oratorso A. It was a stormy night A. They lost the match but he gave an excellent yet we ventured out. they enjoyed playing. speech. Q. They saw a lion. They Q. Since they played well, Q. Inspite of being naughty,
saw an elephant they won the match. he was sincere. A. They not only saw a A. They played well so they A.He was naughty but he was lion but also saw an won the match. sincere. elephant.
SOLVED EXAMPLES 1. Ans.
2. Ans.
3. Ans.
4. Ans.
5. Ans. 166
:
(Making Compound Sentences)
I received your kind letter. I thank you for it. I received your kind letter and I thank you for it. Mother was tired. She announced her intention of going to bed. Mother was tired so she announced her intention of going to bed. They’ll keep coming if you keep fingering them. Do not keep fingering them or they’ll keep coming. Breathing exercises must be prescribed. They must be carried out under a doctor’s guidance. Breathing exercises must be prescribed and carried out under a doctor’s guidance. The journey was very long. I was afraid to take it. The journey was very long so I was afraid to take it.
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English Grammar
EXERCISE : (Making Compound Sentences) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
The cowboy had made millions of dollars. He had also lost them all. One day he walked into my office. He had a contract in his hand. The spot was bigger. She could see it from far. India sheltered Dalai Lama. His life would have been in danger. Kantabai Wali laughs heartily as she declares she is an ‘angutha chhap’. He was so focused on success that I decided to give him a chance. Because you are the son of an old and valued customer of ours, I will not accept your order. A banana offers the best value for money, as it’s much cheaper than other fruits. We walked through the hallways before paying our respects at the little lingam. I was surprised at the Indian English he spoke. Suddenly a little shy, he put his arm in mine. Although the birds are active all the day long, their activities greatest during the early morning. After returning to our resort, we checked into the Ayurvedic centre. Exercise wasn't something you took. It was something you got.
MAKING COMPLEX SENTENCES :
Subordinate Clause starts with a subordinator
Subordinate Clause starts with a subordinator
LIST OF SUBORDINATORS
Type of sentences Subordinators
Examples
Similar /Time related ideas
when, which, where, that, how
When she reached home, she went to sleep. She went to France ,where she learnt French. Fiona knows that she can sing. Nobody knows how they managed.
Opposite / Contrast ideas
though, although, even though, even if
Though they were tired, they continued to work.
Condition / Alternative ideas
If, unless
If you know the answer, do not reveal it.
Reason / Illative ideas
as, since, because, so As she was hungry, she ate her meal. He walked quickly so that he could that, so….that reach in time.
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English Grammar
TYPES OF QUESTIONS Synthesis to Complex Compound to Complex only use a subordinator Remove the coordinator and use a subordinator
Q. You have cheated me. I shall never forget that. A. I shall never forget that you have cheated me. Q. She saw a man. His face was lopsided. A. She saw a man, whose face was lopsided.
Q. It was very cold outside yet the old lady came out of the house. A. Though it was cold outside, the old lady came out of the house. Q. You must start your studies now or you may not score well. A. If you do not start your studies now, you may not score well.
Simple to Complex Add another finite verb ( a sentence ) and use a subordinator Q. Seeing the child drowning, he rushed towards it. A. When he saw the child drowning, he rushed towards it. Q. Encouraged by Meenakshi Pahuja, she took to swimming. A. Since she was encouraged by Meenakshi Pahuja, she took to swimming.
Simple
Compound
Complex
ing, on + ing, after + ing, while + ing
an d
all ‘wh’, words, that
He saw his wife and ran.
When he saw his wife, he ran.
ing, by + ing, to + verb
so
as, since, because so that, so .... that
Being hungry he ate lunch.
He was hungry so he ate lunch.
He ate lunch because he was hungry
Time
Seeing his wife, he ran
Reason
Inspite of + ing Contrast
Inspite of playing well, he lost the match. without + ing
Condition Without
working hard, you will fail.
NOTE 168
:
but
He played well but he lost the match. or
Work hard or you will fail
though, although , even though
Though he played well, he lost the match. if ,unless
Unless you work hard, you will fail.
Simple (1 FV), Compound (2 sentence + Cr), Complex (2 sentence + Sr)
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English Grammar
SOLVED EXAMPLES : (Making Complex Sentences) 1. Ans.
2. Ans.
3. Ans.
4. Ans.
5. Ans.
I finished the dishes. I went out. When I finished the dishes, I went out. A man did this. He must have been very strong. The man, who did this, must have been strong. I breathe all right. At least I think so. I think that I breathe all right. I won , managing to shock everybody. When I won, I managed to shock everybody. That night Keryn had a dream and it was more like a nightmare. That night Keryn had a dream which was more like a nightmare.
EXERCISE : (Make Complex) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
School was over. It was a celebration. She read Anne’s diary and was moved to write to Otto. We were both watching the tape for the first time so I didn’t anticipate the commentator’s story. We all respect him but cannot express that in public. You can make friends in two months by becoming interested in other people. I stared at the stooped, shrivelled body. Kantabai is the president of the Nalanda Bachatghar Gat, a self – help group. Not surprisingly, she won laurels in inter-school sporting events. We watched the setting sun paint the sky with a flourish of gold and red. We have an incredible number of stories woven around birds. At fifteen, I wrote to him about my wish to become actress. It was the time for them to make new beginning. The 74th amendment brought about a resolution for women in Panchayats but the political climate has remained unchanged. We have no control over our heart beat but we do have over our lungs. His face, lopsided from swelling was red and row. Grown-ups are bothered by my face, but children don't seem to mind. Jyoti Maggu is visually challenged student enrolled Bachelor of Arts program of the college. She was going with stick , her only support. We are from different races and religions but in one way we are the same.
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