WSSI Teddy Boen

Constructing Seismic Resistant Masonry Houses in Indonesia             Teddy Boen (Senior Advisor, World Seismic Safety Initiative)  Distributed by United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office

United Nations

© 2009 United Nations

Mission Statement of UN/DESA

The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (a) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which State Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (b) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (c) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps built national capacities.

Designations employed and presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat or the United Nations Centre for Regional Development, concerning the legal status of any country or territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

CONSTRUCTING SEISMIC RESISTANT MASONRY HOUSES 2M

2M

1M

A

TEDDY BOEN & ASSOCIATES 2005

All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, graphic, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except with the written permission of the writer / publisher. If copying part of this book for non-commercial purposes, the source must be mentioned. Second Edition

WORLD SEISMIC SAFETY INITIATIVE TEDDY BOEN

TABLE OF CONTENT page

I. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................ I PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... II GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LAYOUT OF HOUSES ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CLEAN WATER AND SEWERAGE ............................................................................................................................................... ............................. 2 PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC RESISTANT HOUSE CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3 BUILDING MATERIALS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 ERECTION OF BATTER BOARDS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5 RUBBLE (RIVER / QUARRY) STONE FOUNDATION ............................................................................................................................................... 6 REINFORCING BARS BENDING TOOL .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 LENGTH AND BENDING OF REINFORCING BARS ................................................................................................................................................. 8-11 8.A. BEAM REINFORCING BARS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8-9 8.B. COLUMN REINFORCING BARS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 10 8.C. STIRRUPS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 9. SEISMIC RESISTANT DETAILING OF JOINTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 10. FOUNDATION BEAM REINFORCING DETAILING ................................................................................................................................................... 13 11. PREPARING CONCRETE MIX ..................................................................................................................................................................................14-15 12. PLACING CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION BEAM ...................................................................................................................................................... 16 13. PLUMBNESS OF BRICK LAYING AND COLUMNS .................................................................................................................................................. 17 14. BRICK WALL ............................................................................................................................................................................................ ................. . 18 15. REINFORCING BAR DETAILING AND PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMNS ............................................................................ ............................19-23 16. JOINT DETAILS AND PLACING CONCRETE IN BEAMS ................................................................................................................................. ........ 24 17. TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 18. GABLE WALL ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 19. ROOF COVERING ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................................................................28-29

I

PREFACE Throughout the centuries, earthquakes have taken a high toll of human lives and caused property losses. Earthquakes do not kill people but the collapse of man made buildings does. Until today, human beings cannot prevent earthquakes, however, human beings can try to reduce the impact by designing and constructing earthquake resistant buildings. Almost all of Indonesia is earthquake pone. Currently people all over Indonesia build half brick masonry or concrete block houses. Masonry houses have become a new culture. Many of those masonry houses are built without confinement in the form of reinforced concrete beams and columns and in almost all past earthquakes, masonry houses without confinement generally were heavily damaged or collapsed. Half brick thick masonry wall houses without confinement is not recommended for earthquake prone areas. Houses recommended to be built are half brick thick masonry wall with confinement in the form of foundation beam, practical columns and ring beam. Past earthquakes showed that such type of houses are earthquake resistant provided that they are built properly. This guideline tries to explain in a simple way the principles of constructing half brick thick confined masonry houses. This guideline contains the basic and elementary principles concerning how to lay bricks, how to prepare concrete mix, how to bend reinforcing bars, detailing of joints and other basic things already forgotten by local artisans, construction workers and by most engineers all over Indonesia. The methods and details recommended in this guideline are basic and are minimum requirements for constructing earthquake resistant masonry houses. Materials for this guideline are taken from ref 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 30 and 35. It is hoped that this guideline is useful for the common people in earthquake prone areas and for stakeholders involved in reducing the impact of future earthquakes. Jakarta, April 2005

Teddy Boen & Associates

II

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LAYOUT OF HOUSES

X

property line

X

X

Items to be observed:

building layout

1. Distance of house from the property line Ratio of houses / property area Height of house shall be proportional Form should be suitable for local climate

0 90

2. Building line

g n i e d n l i i l u b

3. Layout: - House - Septic tank - Leaching - Drainage - Water pipe - Well 4. Ground level shall be the 100 year flood level

fence

x : Distance from land border road

1

2. CLEAN WATER AND SEWERAGE leaching, length 3m, height 1,2m, widht 1m

septic tank, length 2,7m, height 1,5m, width 1m 1M

> 15 M

sewage pipe 6” well

leaching from sewage

clean water pipe 1 1/4” collection pit for sewage

rain water drain 30x30cm

0 90 manhole 45x45x45cm

garbage collection pit 150x90x75cm covered with galvanized iron sheet or timber partition for organic & anorganic

city drainage

road

2

3. PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC RESISTANT HOUSE CONSTRUCTION

1. Good quality materials. 2. Good workmanship. 3. All building components (foundation, columns, beams, walls, roof trusses, roofing) MUST be TIED to each other, so that when SHAKEN BY EARTHQUAKES , the building will act as ONE INTEGRAL UNIT. r.c beams

timber roof trusses

half-brick gable wall r.c. beam

r.c. beam half-brick masonry wall anchor min. � 10mm length > 40cm every 6 layers of brick

r.c. foundation beam rubble stone foundation

r.c. column

3

4. BUILDING MATERIALS SAND: - from rivers / quarries - clean from mud - clean from organic materials

BRICKS: - completely burnt - flat, not warping - does not break easily - uniform size - corners not damaged - minimum size 20x10x5cm

S AND

GRAVEL: - from rivers / quarries - clean from mud - clean from organic materials

GR AVEL

-� 1-2cm

1 0 c m

CONCRETE BLOCK: - best from concrete mix - corners not damaged - no cracks

CEMENT: - Portland Cement - not hardened - dry - in 40/50 kg bags - not mixed with other materials - uniform color

m c 5

2 0 c m

m c 0 2

m c 0 2

TIMBER: - dry - straight - no cracks - no notch - treated against termite

NETTO 50 KG

WATER : - clean - clear and does not smell - no oil, acid, alkali, salt, organic materials that can affect the r.c. bars - potable

RUBBLE STONE: - size as uniform as possible - rough surface, not smooth

R.C. BARS: - uniform size - conform with standard bars - not rusted - straight - diameter in accordance with drawings

4

4 0 c m

4 0 c m 1 0 c m

3 - 4 l e n g t h

m

1 0 c m

5. ERECTION OF BATTER BOARDS batter board 2x20cm upper level flat & smooth 2m

brace 4x6cm to support batter board every 2m

1m

2 m

batter board

wall axis

nail 7cm cord attached to nail

1m

must be perpendicular

1 m

m c 0 8 n i m

A

Detail A

1 m

foundation excavation

must be perpendicular

building axis / cord

timber stakes 5/7cm 2 m

leveled with water tube to determine the level

0 90

try square

batter board brace 4x6cm to support batter board every 2m

ERECTION OF BATTER BOARD: 1. Batter board is used as benchmark for the levels of the house. 2. Batter boards shall be erected prior to construction. 3. Batter boards 2x20cm are supported by timber stakes 5/7cm and placed 2m apart. 4. Upper part of batter board is flat and smooth. 5. Upper part of batter board must be horizontal and this leveling is done using flexible water tube. 6. Corners must be perpendicular.

5

6. RUBBLE (RIVER / QUARRY) STONE FOUNDATION r.c. bar min.  10 mm

foundation excavation

anchor min.  10mm length > 40cm every 6 layers of brick

> 40 cm

stirrup  8mm distance <15cm

column 12x12cm foundation beam 15x20cm

40d

90

r.c. bar min.  10mm

m c 0 8 m u m i n i m

minimum 80 cm

anchor min.  10mm every 1m concrete mix

rubble stone foundation loose rubble stone lean concrete

level must be taken for 100 year flood level

Note: Loose rubble stone and sand is needed if the bottom is muddy.

6

7. REINFORCING BARS BENDING TOOL timber base clamping rods 8/15

clamp rods embedded in base timber beam bar bender

clamp rods embedded in base timber beam

minimum 60cm Notes: Prior to cutting reinforcing bars, the lengths of columns, beams reinforcing bars & stirrups and length of hooks must be determined from construction drawings. After the reinforcing bars are cut based on the necessary length, the reinforcing bars are bent with appropriate bar bending tool and shaped into columns, beams, stirrups. Bending bars after the reinforcing bars are assembled is not correct. �

 8 mm

�

10 mm 

�

the groove must be in accordance with the bar diameter to be bent

7

8. LENGTH AND BENDING OF REINFORCING BARS B=40D

4

8. A. BEAM REINFORCING BARS D

D 6 = C

1. OUTER BEAM REINFORCING BAR

C=6D

E=2,5D

1

2

B=40D G ½

F

E=2,5 D

C=6D

Prior to cutting, reinforcing bar length to be measured from construction drawings, including the bends & hooks. Example: beam with 6m length from axis to axis, using bar  10mm: Formula: A + G + 2 (B + C + E) - 2F A = 6000mm B = 40D = 400mm C = 6D = 60mm E = 2,5D = 25mm D = bar diameter = 10mm F = concrete cover = 2,5cm from the main reinforcing bar axis G = column width = 120mm Length of outer beam reinforcing bar: = A + G + 2 (B + C + E) - 2F = 6000 + 120 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25) - 2 (25) = 7040mm = 7,04 m

A

3

m m 0 4 0 7 = F 2 ) E + C + B ( 2 + G + A

C=6D

m m 0 7 4 6 = F 2 B + G + A

length of bar is bent 40D = 400mm at one end 5

C=6D

m m 0 7 0 6 = F 2 G + A

m m 0 7 8 6 = F 2 B 2 + G + A

B=40D

finally, the other end of reinforcing bar is bent 40D = 400mm

C=6D

B=40D

C =6D G ½

1

E=2,5 D

length of bend is 6D = 60mm at both ends distance of bend is 2,5 D = 25mm

B=40D

C=6D

column 12x12cm

8

8. B. BESI TULANGAN BALOK

B=40D

4

2. INNER BEAM REINFORCING BAR D

D 6 = C

C=6D

1 2 G ½

length of bar is bent 40D = 400mm at one end

E=2,5D

B=40D E=2,5 D

F C=6D

Inner beam reinforcing bar calculation: Formula: A - G + 2 (B + C + E + F) A = 6000mm B = 40D = 400mm C = 6D = 60mm E = 2,5D = 25mm D = bar diameter = 10mm F = concrete cover = 2,5cm from the main reinforcing bar axis G = column width = 120mm Length of inner beam reinforcing bar: = A - G + 2 (B + C + E + F) = 6000 - 120 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25 + 25) = 6900mm = 6,90 m

A

m m 0 0 9 6 = ) F + E + C + B ( 2 + G A

3

C=6D

m m 0 3 3 6 = F 2 + B + G A

m m 0 3 7 6 = ) F + B ( 2 +

C=6D

E=2,5 D

5

B=40D

C=6D

m m 0 3 9 5 = F 2 + G A

finally, the other end of reinforcing bar is bent 40D = 400mm

C=6D

G A

B=40D G ½

B=40D

1

length of bend is 6D = 60mm at both ends distance of bend is 2,5 D = 25mm column 12x12cm

C=6D

9

8. B. COLUMN REINFORCING BARS

B=40D

4 D

D 6 = C

C=6D

E=2,5D

1

B=40D E=2,5 D

3

2

C=6D

m m 0 0 4 3 = B + A

length of bar is bent 40D = 400mm at the upper 5

B=40D

C=6D

C=6D

A

Prior to cutting, reinforcing bar length to be measured from construction drawings, including the bends & hooks. Example: column with 3m height from axis to axis, using bar  10mm: Formula:A + 2 (B + C + E) A = 3000mm B = 40D = 400mm C = 6D = 60mm E = 2,5D = 25mm D = bar diameter = 10mm Length of column reinforcing bar: = A + 2 (B + C + E) = 3000 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25) = 3970mm = 3,97m Therefor, for 12m reinforcing bar, it can be obtained 3 column reinforcing bars for 3m height from axis to axis.

A m m 0 7 9 3 = ) E + C + B ( 2 + A

finally, the lower of reinforcing bar is bent 40D = 400mm

m m 0 0 8 3 = B 2 + A

D 6 = C

C=6D

B=40D

1 length of bend is 6D = 60mm at both ends distance of bend is 2,5 D = 25mm

C=6D

C=6D

E=2,5 D

B=40D

10

Prior to cutting, stirrup reinforcing bar length to be measured from construction drawings, including the bends & hooks. The length is determined based on the stirrup axis with formula: perimeter of column / beam + 2 x hook length - 8 x concrete cover from stirrup axis Example: stirrup of column 12x12 cm using bar  8mm: A = column width at one side = 120mm B = column width at the other side = 120mm C = 6D = 48mm E = 2,5D = 20mm D = bar diameter = 8mm F = concrete cover from stirrup axis = 15mm Formula: 2 (A + B) + 2 (C + E) - 8F Length of stirrup bar: = 2 (A + B) + 2 (C + E) - 8F = 2 (120 + 120) + 2 (48 + 20) - 8 x 15 = 496mm = 49,6cm C

8.C. STIRRUPS 1 B C = 6 D

A

3

4

F = 1,5 cm

concr ete cover thickness 1,5cm from stir rup axis

m m 0 6 3 = F 8 ) B + A ( 2

D

5 4

E= 2,5D

m m 0 9 = F 2 B

6

D 6 = C

D 6 = C

both ends of the stirrups are bent 6D = 60mm o at an angle of 45

C

2

m m 0 8 1 = F 4 B + A

C

C

m m 0 9 = F 2 B

2,5D

2A + B - 6F = 270 mm m m 0 9 = F 2 B

m m 6 9 4 = F 8 ) E + C ( 2 + ) B + A (

5

length of reinforcing bar bend 90 mm from (B - 2F)

2,5D

2

C

A - 2F = 90 mm

stirrups are bent 90mm from (B - 2F)

finally, the stirrups are bent 90mm from (A - 2F ) A - 2F = 90 mm

11

9. SEISMIC RESISTANT DETAILING OF JOINTS

!

40D

Corner Joint

IMPORTANT: - reinforcing bar diameter - bending method - joint detailing

beam

D 0 4

beam reinforcing bar min.  10 mm

15cm 15cm

15cm

stirrup min.  8 mm length < 15cm

Top View

Top View 40D

Middle Joint

beam

40D

column

15cm 15cm

beam

BENDING METHOD

6 D

15cm

45

Side View

Example: D = 10mm 40D = 400mm 40D = 40cm

12

Side View

column Joint 4 0 D

10. FOUNDATION BEAM REINFORCING DETAILING 10.A. MIDDLE JOINT

10.A. CORNER JOINT column reinforcing bar min.  10mm > 40 c m

> 40 c m

anchor min.  10mm, length > 40cm every 6 layers of brick

beam reinforcing bars min.  10mm

reinforcing bars min.  10mm

beam reinforcing bars min.  10mm stirrups min.  8mm distance < 15cm

Top View

40D

Top View

4 0 D

40D

40D

13

11. PREPARING CONCRETE MIX 1

2

First step, pour 3 pails of gravel & mix properly with a hoe.

Add 2 pails of sand & mix properly with a hoe.

mix properly with a hoe

gravel & sand is mixed evenly with a hoe

3

Subsequently ,add one pail of cement & mix properly with a hoe.

4 gravel, sand & cement is mixed properly with a hoe

14

After the three ingredients are properly mixed. gravel, sand & cement that are already mixed properly

5

Form a depression in the center.

Add ½ pail of water & mix properly.

6

mix properly with a hoe

7

Concrete mix that meets standard requirement: 3 Materials needed for 1 m of concrete: 3 0,125 m water 3 0,250 m cement 3 0,500 m sand 3 0,750 m gravel

Finally test the concrete mix consistency by placing in your hand.

Example:

too much water

good

The ratio of water : cement : sand : gravel 1 : 2 : 4 : 6 or ½ : 1 : 2 : 3

15

12. PLACING CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION BEAM 15 cm concrete mix: 1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel stirrup min.  8mm distance < 15 cm m c 0 2

Mix properly with appropriate amount of water Concrete Mix: 1 pc (cement)

reinforcing bar  10mm surface must be horizontal stirrup min.  8mm concrete cover distance < 15 cm

2 sand

3 gravel

Expected min. compressive strength: 2 = 150 kg/cm

reinforcing bar  10mm concrete cover 2,5cm from axis of main reinforcing bar

spreader 5/7 cm

CURING: Before & after the form work is removed, it must be sprayed routinely. This applies to all reinforced concrete components.

stud 5/7 cm

�

brace 5/7 cm nailed to stake & stud

�

stake 5/7 cm form work sheathing 20mm foundation beam

rubble stone foundation

16

13. PLUMBNESS OF BRICK LAYING AND COLUMNS Walls and columns must be plumb and can be done using plumb lines and pins (cord & plumb bob). Corners of walls must be perpendicular.

A: distance of plumb line to the column

A vertical plumb line

vertical plumb line

timber pole 4/6 cm

timber pole 4/6 cm

timber pole 4/6 cm as form work bracing

brick work

column reinforcing form work

Note: Columns form work must be supported on 4 sides to warrant plumbness.

A

plumb bob plumb bob foundation beam

foundation beam

17

14. BRICK WALL mortar thickness 1,5 cm mortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand

Mortar Mix: 1 pc (cement)

reinforcing bar min.  10mm stirrup min.  8mm distance < 15 cm

4 sand


surface must be horizontal

mixed properly & add water appropriately

quality bricks DO NOT break

half brick masonry wall column 12x12cm

bricks must be soaked minimum 10 minutes prior to laying & shall be layed immediately

1 / 4

foundation beam 15x20 cm

m c 5 , 6 m c 5 , 6

1 / 4

poor quality bricks break

mortar thickness 1,5 cm mortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand cord m c 5 , 6

1 / 2

+ 1,5 cm

m c 5 m c 5 , 1 +

+ 1,5cm

Pull a cord to lay each layer of brick plus 1,5cm. The cord serve as horizontal guidance. timber pole 5/7 cm along wall height erected to act as pilot for brick laying in the vertical direction cord

brick wall Curing: brick wall must be sprayed periodically

column

Top View

18

half brick masonry wall Timber pole to fix the cord is marked for every level of brick plus 1,5cm. The string is removed if the brick layer is completed.

15. REINFORCING BAR DETAILING AND PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMNS concrete mix: 1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel

12cm

Top View r.c. column form work 2/20 cm

stirrup min.  8mm distance < 15 cm

m c 2 1

reinforcing bar min.  10mm concrete cover 2,5cm from axis of main reinforcing bar

mortar thickness 1,5 cm mortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand

Concrete Mix:

1 pc (cement)

3 gravel

2 sand

Mix properly; add water appropriately. Expected min. compressive strength 2 of concrete = 150 kg/cm

brick wall Reinforcing Detailing 40D

40D

r.c. beam beam reinforcing bar 4 10-12mm beam stirrup min.  8mm distance < 15 cm

10 cm 12 cm

foundation beam reinforcing bar 4 10-12mm

all form work must be tailored made & shall not use arbitrary planks

foundation beam

stake 4/6 cm

40D

column reinforcing bar 4 10-12mm column stirrup min.  8mm distance < 15 cm foundation beam stirrup min.  8mm distance < 15 cm

40D

19

15.A.I. PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH BRICK LAYING

II. PHASE I PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN AFTER THE HALF HEIGHT BRICK WALL IS ERECTED


Column reinforcing bars supported by timber bracing to prevent bending/leaning

1

2 reinforcing bars

timber brace 4/6 cm

half brick wall is provided with toothed edges to be filled with concrete

t h g i e h l l a w f l a h

column is straight

column reinforcing bar 1/4 1/4

column with toothed edges brick wall

3 1

rough surface brick at junction with column

1/2 t h g i e h l l a w f l a h

rough surface brick at junction with column

brace 4/6 cm nailed to form work form work half wall height timber bracing

Curing: brick wall & concrete must be sprayed periodically

stake 4/6 cm

20

2

II. PHASE I PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN AFTER THE HALF HEIGHT BRICK WALL IS ERECTED

1

4

t h g i e h l l a w f l a h

placing concrete after half height brick wall is erected

III. PHASE II PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN

form work is erected for the second half wall height

f l t a h h i g d e n h o l c l e a s w

2 f l t a h h i g d e n h o l c l e a s w

placing concrete after the brick wall is completed

5 to compact the concrete, a steel rod  12mm is used to tramp & a club hammer to tap the sides t h g i e h l l a w f l a h

club hammer

f l t a h h i g d e n h l o l c a e s w

the form work can be removed minimum 3 days afer placing concrete

4

3


column is straight Note: placing concrete is done in one run & NOT IN STAGES

column with toothed edges brick wall

21

15.B.I. PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMNS IN STAGES PRIOR TO THE BRICK LAYING

II. PLACING CONCRETE LOWER HALF OF THE COLUMN


column reinforcing bar min.  10mm form work erected full height on 3 sides


Note: columns are supported on 4 sides to warrant plumbness during placing of concrete.

form work is erected half column height

brace 4/6 cm nailed to form work stud timber bracing 4/6 cm to support form work

III. PLACING CONCRETE UPPER HALF OF THE COLUMN

stud 4/6 cm

t h g i e h n m u l o c f l a h

Curing: concrete must be sprayed periodically

club hammer

to compact the concrete, a steel rod  12mm is used to tramp & a club hammer to tap the sides

Note: placing concrete is done in one run and NOT IN STAGES

22

t h g i e h n m u l o c

15.C. PLACING CONCRETE IN FULL HEIGHT COLUMNS PRIOR TO BRICK LAYING

Note: columns are supported on 4 sides to warrant plumbness during placing of concrete.

to compact the concrete, a steel rod  12mm is used to tramp & a club hammer to tap the sides




brace 4/6 cm to tie form work (when needed, number of bracing can be added)

timber bracing 4/6 cm to support form work

club hammer

form work is erected full column height & ready for placing concrete


Curing: concrete must be sprayed periodically

Note: placing concrete is done in one run and NOT IN STAGES

23

16. JOINT DETAILS AND PLACING CONCRETE IN BEAMS concrete mix: 1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel

stud 5/7 cm every 1m spreader 2/3 cm every 1m cleat 5/7 cm every 50cm (if deemed necessary) tie wire reinforced concrete beam

stirrup min.  8mm distance < 15 cm m c 0 2

reinforcing bar min.  10mm

brace 5/7 cm nail 7cm brace 5/7 cm sheathing 2cm

brick work

Concrete Mix:

1 pc (cement)


concrete surface must be leveled


3 gravel

Mix properly; add water appropriately. Expected min. compressive strength 2 of concrete = 150 kg/cm

concrete cover 2,5cm from axis of main reinforcing bar

12cm

2 sand

reinforcing bar min.  10mm 4 0 D

4 0 D

sheathing 2cm cleat 5/7 cm every 50cm (if deemed necessary) tie wire nail 7cm brace 5/7 cm spreader 2/3 cm every 1m



stud 5/7 cm every 1m brace 5/7 cm brick work reinforced concrete column

24


17. TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES purlin 6/12 cm wooden pin min.  10mm iron sheet 4.40 mm / plank 20.100 mm bolt min.  10 mm

timber bracing to tie trusses 6/12 cm

bolt min.  10 mm

m 2 c 8 / 1

8 / 1 2 c m

steel clams 4.40 mm

8 / 1 2 c m

m 2 c 1 / 8

purlin 6/12 cm

m c 2 1/ 8

m 6 /1 2 c

cleat

m c 2 1/ 8

purlin 6/12 cm

r.c. beam12/20 cm

column 12/12 cm

c m 2 1 / 8

c m 8 / 1 2 c m 8 / 1 2

8 / 12 c m

bolt min.  10 mm iron sheet 4.40 mm / plank 20.100 mm

bolt min.  10 mm

tool to twist anchor bars made of galvanized iron pipe >  3“ with 2 holes anchor min.  10mm, length >40cm

25

18. GABLE WALL d 4 0

4 0 d



4 0 d

4 0 d

4 0d

40d


40d


26

4 0d

4 0 d

19. ROOF COVERING ridge cover

ridge 6/12 cm galvanized iron sheet roof purlin 6/12 cm

ridge cover screw

cleat roof truss 8/12 cm

c m 2 0

galvanized iron sheet roof

galvanized iron sheet roof screw

c m 2 0

purlin 6/12 cm cleat roof truss 8/12 cm

Advantage of galvanized iron sheet roofing: - Light in weight - Easy to install

screw

purlin 6/12 cm cleat

fascia 2/25 cm fascia beam 6/12 cm

+ lead washer ready to fix roof cover

screw

roof truss 8/12 cm galvanized iron sheet roof roof truss 8/12 cm purlin 6/12 cm cleat fascia beam 2/25 cm

27

REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

Boen, T., “Reconstruction of Houses in Aceh, Seven Months after the Earthquake dan Tsunami, Dec 26, 2004.” ICUS Conference, Singapore, 2005. Boen, T., “Nias / Simeulue Earthquake March 28, 2005.” EERI Journal , Vol.39, 2005. Boen, T. and Jigyasu, R., “Cultural Considerations for Post Disaster Reconstruction Post-Tsunami Challenges.” UNDP Conference, 2005. Boen, T., “ Membangun Rumah Tembokan Tahan Gempa”, 2005. Boen, T., “Sumatra Earthquake, 26 December 2004.” Special Report ICUS , 2005. Boen, T., “Earthquake Resistant Design of Non-Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.” EASEC Conference, Bali, Indonesia, 2003. American Concrete Institute, ACI 318-02, 2002. Boen, T., “Earthquake Resistant Design of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.” EQTAP Conference, Kamakura, 2001. Boen, T., “Earthquake Resistant Design of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.” EQTAP Conference, Bali, 2001. Boen, T., et. al., “Post Earthquake Disaster Relocation: Indonesia's Experience.” APEC Conference, Taiwan, 2001. Boen, T., “Impact of Earthquake on School Buildings in Indonesia.” EQTAP Conference, Kobe, Jepang, 2001. Boen, T., “Disaster Mitigation of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.” EQTAP Conference, Manila, 2001. Boen, T., Gempa Bumi Bengkulu: Fenomena, dan Perbaikan / Perkuatan Bangunan (Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Bengkulu, 4 Juni 2000), 2000. Fanella, David A., Seismic Detailing of Concrete Buidings, Portland Cement Association, 2000. Tomazevic, Miha, Earthquake Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings, Imperial College Press 1999. Pande, et. al., Computer Methods in Structural Masonry, Proceeding 4th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Structural Masonry , 1998. Boen, T., Bencana Gempa Bumi: Fenomena, Akibat, dan Perbaikan / Perkuatan Bangunan yang Rusak (Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan-Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Biak, 17 Februari 1996) , 1996. Shah, H., and Boen, T., Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Model for Indonesia , 1996. Kicklighter, Modern Masonry: Brick, Block, Stone, Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher, 1996. Boen, T., Manual Perbaikan dan Perkuatan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi (Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Kerinci, 7 Oktober 1995), 1995. Boen, T., Earthquake Hazard Mitigation in Developing Countries, the Indonesian Experience, 1994. Boen, T., Manual Perbaikan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi (Hasil Survey Gempa Lampung Barat, 16 Februari 1994), 1994. Boen, T., Anjuran Perbaikan Detail Struktur Bangunan Sederhana yag Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi (Hasil Surey Gempa Bumi Halamahera, 21-11994) , 1994. Boen, T., Manual Perbaikan Bangunan Sederhana yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Flores, Desember 1992. Pauley & Priestley, Seismic Design of Reinforce and Masonry, John Wiley & Sons, Canada, Ltd, 1992. Brett, Peter, Formwork and Concrete Practice, Heineman Professional Publishing, 1988.

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[27] Curtin, Shaw, Beck, Structural Masonry Designers Manual, BSP Professional Books, 1987. [28] IAEE Committee on Non-Engineered Construction, Guidelines for Earthquake Resist ant Non-Engineered Construction, The International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 1986. [29] CIB/W-73, “Small Buildings and Community Development.” Proceedings, International Conference on Natural Hazards Mitigation Research and Practice, 1984. [30] Boen, T., Manual Bangunan Tahan Gempa (Rumah Tinggal) , 1978. [31] National Science Foundation, Earthquake Resistant Masonry Construction: National Workshop, 1977. [32] Sharma, S.K. dan Kaul, B.K., A Text Book of Building Construction, S. Chand dan Co. (Pvt) Ltd., 1976. [33] Fintel, Mark, Handbook of Concrete Engineering , Van Nostrand Re inhold, 1974. [34] Neville, A.M., Properties of Concrete, Pitman Publishing, 1973. [35] Sahlin, Sven, Structural Masonry, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971. [36] Unesco, Reinforced Concrete, an International Manual , Butterworths, 1971. [37] Boen, T., Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan Bangunan Tahan Gempa , 1969. [38] Portland Cement Association, Concrete Technology, Student Manual , D.B. Taraporevala Sons dan Co. Private Ltd,. 1969. [39] Rooseno, Beton Tulang , Pembangunan Djakarta, 1954.

WORLD SEISMIC SAFETY INITIATIVE TEDDY BOEN

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WSSI Teddy Boen

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