wsoperations_v3-0

WELLSITE PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONS

Version 3.0 March 2001

David Hawker Karen Vogt Allan Robinson (sections 11.8 and 11.9)

Corporate Mission To be a worldwide leader in providing drilling and geological monitoring solutions to the oil and gas industry, by utilizing innovative technologies and delivering exceptional customer service.

DATALOG WELLSITE OPERATIONS MANUAL, Version 3.0, issued March 2001

CONTENTS 1 RIGS AND THEIR EQUIPMENT..................................... EQUIPMENT................................................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 9 OTARY DRILLING R IGS IGS........................... 1.1 R OTARY ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ...................... ........ 9 1.1.1 Land Rigs ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ................. ... 9 1.1.2 Offshore Offshore drilling vessels............... vessels............................ .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... .......................... .......................... ........................... ................. ... 9 Barges ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................. ... 9 Jack-Up Jack-Up Rigs..................................... Rigs................................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 9 Semi-Subm Semi-Submersible ersible Rigs ........................... ......................................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 10 Drillships........................ Drillships...................................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ ............................. ................ .. 10 Platforms Platforms ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 10 1.1.3 Land Rig Examples Examples ............................. ........................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... .............. 11 1.1.4 Jack Up Example Example ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 13 1.1.5 Semi-Submers Semi-Submersible ible Example....................... Example...................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..................... ....... 14

2 ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS ............................ ......................................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................. ....................... ....... 15 2.1 THE HOISTING SYSTEM ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ .................... ...... 16 2.1.1 Providing Providing Rotation to the Drillstring and Bit ............................. ........................................... ............................ ............................ ........................... .................. ..... 18 Kelly and Swivel Swivel .......................... ........................................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................ .............................. ................. .. 18 Top Drive Units .......................... ........................................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............................ .............................. ................. .. 19 2.1.2 Lifting Equipment........... Equipment......................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. .......................... .......................... ........................ .......... 20 Bails and Elevators.......... Elevators........................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............................. .............................. .............. 20 Slips................. Slips............................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............................ .............................. ............................. ................ .. 21 Tongs.............. Tongs............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ................ .. 21 Power Tongs and Pipe Spinners................. Spinners............................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............... 21 Chain Wrench........ Wrench...................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ........................ ......... 21 2.2 THE CIRCULATING SYSTEM ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ............. 23 2.2.1 Solids Control Control Equipment Equipment ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ................... ..... 25 2.3 DRILL BIT AND DRILLSTRING ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 29 2.3.1 Drag Bits.................................. Bits................................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................. .............................. .......................... ............ 29 2.3.2 Roller Tri-Cone Tri-Cone Bits................................ Bits.............................................. ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................. ............................. .......................... ............ 29 Bit Terminology................... Terminology................................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................. ........................ ......... 30 IADC Bit Classifica Classification tion .......................... ........................................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 30 Cone Action ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ..................... ....... 31 Bearing Types ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. .. 31 Teeth ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................. ................... .... 31 Operating Operating requirement requirementss ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 32 2.3.3 Diamond and Polycrystallin Polycrystallinee Diamond Compact (PDC) bits ........................... ......................................... ............................ ....................... ......... 33 2.3.4 Grading Grading Of Bits............................... Bits............................................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ................... ..... 34 The IADC bit grading grading system....... system.................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. .. 34 2.3.6 The Drillstring........ Drillstring..................... ........................... ........................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ..................... ....... 35 2.3.7 Drillpipe.......................... Drillpipe........................................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............................ ........................ ......... 35 2.3.8 Drill Collars......................... Collars....................................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................ .............................. ................... .... 36 2.3.9 The Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) .......................... ........................................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................. ......................... .......... 37 Stabilizers............... Stabilizers............................ ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... .......................... ............ 37 Reamers............. Reamers........................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ ............................. .............. 37 Hole Opener Opener ........................... ......................................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... .............................. .............................. ..................... ....... 38 Cross Over Sub .......................... ........................................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............................. ............................... ................. .. 38 Jars .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ..................... ....... 38 ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ........................ ......... 39 Shock Sub .......................... 2.4 BLOW OUT PREVENTION SYSTEM ............................. ........................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. 40 2.4.1 BOP Stack....................................... Stack..................................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 40 2.4.2 Closing Closing the well........................ well...................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 41 DATALOG WELLSITE OPERATIONS MANUAL, Version 3.0, issued March 2001

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Annular Annular Preventer Preventer ........................ ..................................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ............................. ...................... ....... 41 Ram Type Preventers Preventers ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ ...................... ....... 41 2.4.3 Closing Closing the preventers preventers ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... ........................... .......................... ............ 42 Accumulators Accumulators ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ................... ..... 43 Control Control Panel.............. Panel............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... .............................. .............................. ................... ..... 43 Positioning Positioning of the rams...................... rams................................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................. ........................... ............ 44 Kill Lines............. Lines.......................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .............. 44 The Diverter Diverter ............................ .......................................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................. ............................. ..................... ....... 45 2.4.4 Inside Blowout Blowout Preventers Preventers ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ................... ..... 46 Surface Surface Shut Off Valves...................... Valves.................................... ........................... .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ............................. .......................... .......... 46 Downhole Downhole Check Valves Valves ........................... ......................................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................. .............................. ................. .. 46 2.4.5 Rotating BOPs ........................... ......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 46 3 THE DRILLING DRILLING FLUID............................. FLUID........................................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ................... ..... 48 3.1 PURPOSES OF THE DRILLING FLUID ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. 48 3.1.1 Cool and Lubricate Lubricate the Bit and Drillstring.................. Drillstring................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 48 3.1.2 Bottom Hole Cleaning.............. Cleaning............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................ ......................... ............ 48 3.1.3 Control Control Subsurface Subsurface Pressure Pressures........................ s....................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................ ............................ ................. .. 48 3.1.4 Line the Hole with Filter Cake................................ Cake............................................. .......................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............ 49 3.1.5 Help Support the Weight of the Drillstring Drillstring ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 49 3.1.6 Cuttings Cuttings Removal Removal and Release.................... Release................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................ ................... ..... 49 3.1.7 Transmit Transmit Hydraulic Hydraulic Horsepower Horsepower to the Bit ............................ ......................................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 49 3.1.8 Hole Stability .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ ............................. .............. 50 3.1.9 Formation Formation Protection Protection and Evaluation Evaluation ............................. ............................................. ............................... ............................... ............................ ........................ ............ 50 3.2 COMMON DRILLING FLUIDS ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ............. 51 3.2.1 Air/Gas.......................... Air/Gas........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ........................ .......... 51 3.2.2 Foam or Aerated Aerated Fluids.............................. Fluids............................................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ...................... ....... 51 3.2.3 Water-Base Water-Base Muds................................... Muds................................................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 52 3.2.4 Oil-Emulsion Oil-Emulsion Muds ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ................. ... 52 3.2.5 Oil-Base Muds ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ........................ .......... 53 HEOLOGY ........................... 3.3 BASIC MUD R HEOLOGY ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ .................... ...... 54 3.3.1 Mud Density Density ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ........................... ........................... ............................. .............. 54 3.3.2 Mud Viscosity..................... Viscosity................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ................... ..... 54 3.3.3 Gel Strength Strength ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. .............. 55 3.3.4 High vs. Low Viscosity Viscosity and Gel Strength................................. Strength................................................ .............................. .............................. ............................ .................. ..... 55 3.3.5 Filtrate/Fluid Filtrate/Fluid Loss ........................... ........................................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................. ..................... ....... 55 3.3.6 Filter Cake .......................... ........................................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ .............................. ................... .... 56 3.3.7 Mud pH Level..................... Level................................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... ........................... ................... ..... 56 3.3.8 Mud Salinity................................ Salinity.............................................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ........................ .......... 56 4 DRILLING DRILLING A WELL.......................... WELL........................................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. .............. 57 4.1 WELL BALANCE ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. .. 57 4.1.1 Underbalance Underbalance versus versus Overbalance..................... Overbalance.................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ .......................... ............ 57 4.2 THE WELL BORE.......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. .. 59 4.2.1 Starting Starting Point..................................... Point................................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... .......................... ............................. ................. .. 59 4.2.2 Surface Surface Hole.................... Hole.................................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ........................... ............................ ...................... ....... 59 4.2.3 Intermediate Intermediate Hole ............................ ......................................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ................... ..... 60 4.2.4 Total Depth .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. .. 61 4.3 DRILLING AND MAKING HOLE........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 63 4.3.1 Pipe Tally.................................... Tally.................................................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ........................ ......... 63 4.3.2 Drill Breaks and Flow Checks ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. .............. 63 4.3.3 Reaming ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 64 4.3.4 Circulating Circulating ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................ ........................... ............................ ................. ... 64 4.4 CORING .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. .. 66 4.4.1 Purpose Purpose ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................. ................... .... 66 DATALOG WELLSITE OPERATIONS MANUAL, Version 3.0, issued March 2001

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4.4.2 Coring Methods Methods ............................. ........................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... ................... ..... 66 4.4.3 Core Barrel Barrel Assembly Assembly ............................ .......................................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ .............................. ............................ ............ 67 4.4.4 Retrieval Retrieval and Handling Handling Operations....................... Operations...................................... .............................. .............................. .............................. ............................. ..................... ....... 67 4.5 TRIPPING .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. .............. 69 4.5.1 Trip Speed.................................... Speed.................................................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .............................. .............................. ..................... ....... 69 4.5.2 Pulling Out of Hole................................... Hole................................................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ........................ ......... 69 4.5.3 Swabbing................ Swabbing.............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ........................... ........................... ............................. .............. 70 4.5.4 Running Running In Hole................................. Hole............................................... ............................. .............................. .............................. ............................ ............................ ............................. .............. 71 4.5.5 Monitoring Monitoring Displacements............... Displacements............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 72 4.5.6 Hook Load................... Load.................................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................ .......... 72 4.5.7 Strapping Strapping and Rabbiting Rabbiting the Pipe ............................ ........................................... .............................. .............................. .............................. ............................. ................... ..... 73 4.6 ELECTRICAL LOGGING .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ...................... ........ 74 4.6.1 Formation Formation Evaluation.......................... Evaluation........................................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................ ........................... .............. 74 4.6.2 Hole Condition..................... Condition................................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... ........................... ................. ... 75 4.7 CASING AND CEMENTING ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................. ... 77 4.7.1 Purpose Purpose ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................. ................... .... 77 4.7.2 Types of Casing........................ Casing...................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 77 4.7.3 Surface Surface Equipment Equipment ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................ ............................ ................. .. 78 4.7.4 Subsurface Subsurface Equipment Equipment ............................ .......................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 78 4.7.5 Preparing Preparing to Run Casing ............................. ........................................... ............................. .............................. .............................. ............................ ........................... ................... ..... 79 4.7.6 Running Running Casing................. Casing................................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ................. .. 80 4.7.7 Cementing Cementing Operation....................... Operation..................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................ ........................... ................... ..... 81 4.7.8 Other Applications......................... Applications....................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ ...................... ....... 82 4.8 PRESSURE TESTS ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............... 83 4.8.1 Leak-Off Leak-Off and Formation Formation Integrity Integrity Tests.............. Tests.............................. ............................... .............................. .............................. ............................ ....................... .......... 83 4.8.2 Repeat Formation Formation Testing.................. Testing................................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ................. ... 84 4.8.3 Drill Stem Testing ................................. .............................................. .......................... ........................... ........................... .......................... ............................ .............................. ................. .. 85 Performing Performing a Drill Stem Test .......................... ....................................... ........................... ........................... .......................... .......................... ............................. ............................ ............ 86

5 DEVIATION DEVIATION CONTROL............ CONTROL.......................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ...................... ....... 87 5.1 COMMON CAUSES OF DEVIATION ............................. ........................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. 87 5.1.1 Interbedded Interbedded Lithology Lithology / Drillability Drillability ........................... ........................................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ....................... .......... 87 5.1.2 Formation Formation Dip ........................... .......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 87 5.1.3 Faults ........................... .......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................ ........................... ........................ .......... 88 5.1.4 Poor Drilling Practices.............. Practices........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... .............. 88 5.2 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVIATION ........................... ......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ .................. .... 89 5.2.1 Doglegs Doglegs and Keyseats Keyseats ............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ........................ .......... 89 5.2.2 Ledges...................................... Ledges.................................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 90 5.2.3 Stuck Pipe ........................... .......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................. ... 90 5.2.4 Increased Increased Torque/Drag Torque/Drag and Drill Pipe Fatigue ..................................... .................................................... ............................. ............................ ................... ..... 90 5.2.5 Casing and Cementing Cementing ............................ ........................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... ........................ .......... 91 5.3 PREVENTION OF DEVIATION ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ............. 92 5.3.1 Pendulum Pendulum Effect..................................... Effect................................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... .......................... ............ 92 5.3.2 Pendulum Pendulum Assembly Assembly ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ .............. 92 5.3.3 Packed-Hole Packed-Hole Assembly............. Assembly........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ .............................. ............................ ............ 93 5.3.4 Packed Pendulum Pendulum Assembly........ Assembly....................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. .............................. ...................... ....... 94 5.3.5 Stabilizers Stabilizers and Reamers...................... Reamers..................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............... 94 5.3.6 Drilling Procedures Procedures ........................... ........................................ ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 95 6 DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL AND HORIZONTAL DRILLING DRILLING ........................... ......................................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ................... ...... 96 EASONS FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING ............................ 6.1 R EASONS .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ....................... ......... 96 6.2 SURVEYS/CALCULATIONS .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................. ... 98 6.2.1 Survey Survey Methods............................ Methods.......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ..................... ....... 98 Single-Shot Single-Shot Surveys Surveys .......................... ........................................ ........................... ........................... ........................... .......................... ........................... ............................. ........................... ............ 98 Multi-Shot Multi-Shot Surveys.... Surveys.................. ........................... .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... .......................... ............................ .............................. ........................ ......... 98


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Gyroscopic Gyroscopic Surveys...... Surveys.................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... .............................. ............................... ................. .. 98 Measuremen Measurementt While Drilling (MWD) .......................... ....................................... .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............... 98 6.2.2 Survey Survey Measurements Measurements ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 99 6.2.3 Survey Survey Calculation Calculation Methods Methods ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... ............................ ................. .. 99 Radius of Curvature Curvature .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 99 Minimum Minimum Curvature Curvature ........................... ......................................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............................. ....................... ....... 100 6.2.4 Directional Directional Drilling Terminology........................ Terminology...................................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 101 6.3 DRILLING TECHNIQUES ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ .................. .... 103 6.3.1 Well Profiles............... Profiles............................. ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 103 Shallow Deflection Deflection Profile..................................... Profile.................................................. .......................... .......................... ........................... ............................. .............................. ................. .. 103 S-Curve S-Curve Profile............ Profile.......................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ .............................. ................. .. 103 Deep Deflection Deflection Profile.............. Profile............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ ................. .. 103 6.3.2 Drilling Stages ........................... ......................................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ........................ ......... 104 6.3.3 Whipstocks, Whipstocks, Motors and Techniques............... Techniques.............................. .............................. .............................. ............................. ............................ ........................... ............. 105 Whipstocks......... Whipstocks....................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ........................ ......... 105 Downhole Downhole Motors and Bent Subs...................... Subs.................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. .................... ..... 105 Rotating Rotating and Sliding...................... Sliding.................................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................. ............... 106 Jetting............................. Jetting.......................................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. .............. 106 6.4 HORIZONTAL DRILLING............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ .................. .... 107 6.4.1 Classification Classification ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............ 107 6.4.2 Horizontal Horizontal Drilling Consideratio Considerations ns ........................... ......................................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ..................... ....... 108 Radius Effects Effects ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ ................. .. 108 Reversed Reversed Drill String Design Design .......................... ....................................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............................ ........................... ............ 108 Drill Pipe Fatigue Fatigue .......................... ........................................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................. .............. 109 Hole Cleaning..... Cleaning................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................. ........................... ............ 109 Use of Top Drives.................................. Drives................................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ .............................. ................. .. 110 Casing Casing and Cementing... Cementing................. ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ .............................. ............... 110 Formation Formation Consideratio Considerations ns .......................... ....................................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................. ............... 110 Formation Formation Evaluation................. Evaluation............................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................. ................. .. 111 Gas Behaviour/W Behaviour/Well ell Control Control ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ...................... ....... 111 7 DRILLING DRILLING PROBLEMS PROBLEMS ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. .............................. ................. .. 112 7.1 FORMATION PROBLEMS AND HOLE STABILITY............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ....................... ......... 112 7.1.1 Fractures............ Fractures........................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ................. .. 112 Associated Associated Problems Problems .......................... ....................................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ............................ .............................. ...................... ....... 112 Drilling Fractured Fractured Formations............. Formations.......................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ....................... .......... 113 7.1.2 Shales.................................. Shales................................................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................. .............. 113 Reactive Reactive Shales .......................... ....................................... ........................... ........................... .......................... .......................... ........................... .............................. ............................... ................. .. 113 Overpressur Overpressured ed Shales Shales ........................... ......................................... ........................... ........................... ............................ ........................... ............................ .............................. .................... ..... 114 7.1.3 Surface Surface Formations............ Formations........................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................ ............................ ............... 115 7.1.4 Salt Sections Sections ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 115 7.1.5 Coal Beds................................... Beds.................................................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ...................... ....... 115 7.1.6 Anhydrite/Gyps Anhydrite/Gypsum um Formations Formations ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 116 7.2 LOST CIRCULATION........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ......................... ........... 117 7.2.1 Occurrence Occurrencess ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................ ............................ ........................... ............ 117 7.2.2 Detection Detection .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................... .... 117 7.2.3 Problems Problems ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................. .. 118 7.2.4 Prevention....................... Prevention...................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ................... .... 118 7.2.5 Remedies Remedies ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. .............................. ................. .. 119 ICKS AND BLOWOUTS ............................ 7.3 K ICKS .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................... ............................ .................. .... 120 7.3.1 Causes Causes Of Kicks ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 120 7.3.2 Kick Warning Warning Signs...................... Signs..................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... ..... 121 7.3.3 Indications Indications Of Kicks While Drilling.......................... Drilling....................................... .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ....................... .......... 122 7.3.4 Indicators Indicators While Tripping Tripping ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. .................... ..... 123 7.3.5 Flowchecks........ Flowchecks...................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................. ................... .... 124 DATALOG WELLSITE OPERATIONS MANUAL, Version 3.0, issued March 2001

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