Working of Electromagnetic Piston Engine

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

2010

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The electromagnetic piston engine consist of a cylinder and a piston, each made of a magnetic material, inner wall of the cylinder made of cylinder electromagnet that can be magnetized to one magnetic magnet ic pole at a time, pole may be either “N” or may be “S” , piston arrangement consist of permanent permanen t magnet fixed on a base end side of piston p iston so that S pole side can be directed to the base end surface of the piston and N pole can be directed towards connecting portion, a magnetization unit used for increasing the magnitude of pole and hence called booster coil. By creating a magnetic attractive and repulsive force between the cylinder and the piston by b y exciting the cylinder c ylinder electromagnet; electrom agnet; and the piston, piston , reciprocal movement of piston can be obtained that th at can be transfer through throu gh connecting rod.

1.1 OBJECTIVE BEHIND THE SELECTION OF PROJECT 1.1.1 The present project has the objects to provide the electromagnetic piston engine

which can do without a variety of resistance inherent in internal combustion piston engines They may include, for example, 1 Air intake resistance of an air cleaner; 2 Resistance of a cam shaft; 3 Compression resistances in a cylinder; 4 Resistance of a piston to an inner wall of a cylinder; 5 Resistance of a cooling fan; 6 Resistance of a water pump; and 7 Resistance of an oil pump. 1.1.2 The present project has the objects to reduces the weight corresponding to a

rotary assembly portion to a smaller value even if a great output is produced 1.1.3 The present project has the objects to provide a system which can be readily

employed together with power transmission mechanisms and so on for use with conventional internal combustion piston engines 1.1.4 The present project has the objects to provide a system which has a high

efficiency in energy consumption. NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (GGSIPU)/110053

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1.1.5 The present project has the objects to provide ready applications to power

transmission mechanisms for use with conventional internal combustion piston engines, and achieving improved efficiency in utilizing energy

1.2 NESSESITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE The electric drive motors of such a type, however, lead naturally to an increase in the weight of a rotor in order to pick up greater outputs and, as a consequence, suffer from the disadvantages that the weight of the portion corresponding to a rotary assembly section becomes heavy. The such electric drive motors require a power transmission mechanism for transmitting the driving power from a power source to the wheels to be designed to be adapted to the features of the such electric drive motors. Power transmission mechanisms for internal combustion piston engines, which have been generally used for conventional vehicles, cannot always be applied to electric vehicles as they are. These problems impose greater burdens upon the designing of electric vehicles.

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CHAPTER 2 CONSTRUCTION The electromagnetic piston engine consists of various component like piston, cylinder, magnetization unit, bearing, electrode and power supply unit etc. Application and properties of this component will be discussed in detail hereafter.

2.1 MAIN COMPONENT Main component of electromagnetic piston engine are:-

1 Piston 2 Cylinders 3 Outer cylinders 4 Electro-magnet 5 Bearing 6 Electrodes 7 Booster coil 8 Contact Mechanisms 9 Connecting rod 10 Connecting Portion 11 Fig 2.1

Piston The piston 1 is of a hollow shape which has an opening on a one side and has a permanent magnet 7 fixed on a base end side so that S pole side can be directed toward the base end surface of the piston and N pole side towards the connecting portion 9

Fig 2.2


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Cylinder The cylinder 2 has a brush electrode 14 pass throughout the whole length from its outer wall side to its inner wall side. The cylinder 2 is supported by the outer cylinder 3 with the help of connecting portion 4 as shown in fig. 1.1. The connecting portion 4 is fixed to the top portion of the outer cylinder 3 with a mounting screw 16. An exciting

coil 5 is

wound about the connecting portion 4, two electrodes 6 are mounted on outer side of cylinder 3, and are connected to lead wires at the both ends of the exciting coil 5.

Fig 2.3

Outer cylinder The arrangement of cylinder 2 and outer cylinder 3 is shown in the Fig 1.4 and Fig 1.5, outer cylinder 3 provide support to cylinder 2 with the help of connecting portion 4.

Fig 2.4

Electromagnet Field Intensity

A more current that flows through a wire, the stronger the magnetic field will be. As with the magnet’s magnetic field, the flux lines are closer together near the wire, and they move further apart as they move away from the wire. The field, then, is stronger near the wire, and becomes weaker with distance.

Fig 2.5 NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (GGSIPU)/110053

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The decrease in the number of lines of force per unit area is in inverse proportion to the distance from the conductor. That is, at a distance of one inch from the conductor, for instance, there is one-half the density of force as at a distance of one-half inch. Interaction of Electro-magnetic Filed

The fields of two current-carrying wires interact. If two wires carrying current in opposite direction are brought close together, their magnetic fields will oppose one another, since the flux lines are going in opposite directions. The flux lines cannot cross, and the fields move the wires apart. Where as the wires carrying current in the same direction are brought together, their magnetic fields will aid one another, since the flux lines are going in the same direction & they will join and form loops around both wires, and the fields bring the wires together. The flux lines of both wires add to make a stronger magnetic field.

Fig 2.7 Opposite current cause opposite fields that repel

Fig 2.6 Stronger field can be produced by combining a few wires Electromagnetism in a loop

If the wire is twisted to form a loop, the magnetic fields around the wire will all be arranged so that they each flow into loop on one side, and all come out on the other side. In centre of loop, the flux lines are compressed to create a dense and stronger field. This produces magnetic poles, with north on the side that the flux lines come out, and south on the side that they go in.


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Fig 2.8 When a wire is being formed into a loop, all of the circular fields enter one side of the loo and leave the other side.

Fig 2.9 The flux lines are compressed in the centre of the loop to create a strong field. The N pole is produced on the side that the

Electromagnetism in a Coil

If a number of loops are wound in the same direction to form a coil, more fields will add to make the flux lines through the coil even denser. The magnetic field through the coil becomes even stronger. So, many loops helical wound to form a strong electromagnet called a coil or solenoid.

Fi 2.10

Fi 2.11

A close-wound solenoid will create a stron er ma netic field

Fig 2.12


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The left-hand rule for a solenoid gives the direction of the poles: If your fingers are wrapped around the wire in the direction of the electron current flow, your thumb will point to the N pole. Magneto-motive Force

The magnetizing force that is caused by current flowing in a wire is called the magneto-motive force (mmf). The mmf depends on the current flowing in the coil and the number of turns in the coil. If the current is doubled, the mmf will be doubled. Also, if the number of turns in the coil is increased, the mmf will be increased. The mmf, then, is determined by a term called ampere turns, which is the electric current multiplied by the number of turns of the coil. As the mmf increased, the number of flux lines also increases. But there will be points at which the mmf bring increased will no longer produce more flux lines. This is known as saturation point.

Fig 2.13 Variation between flux density and mmf(A/turn)


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Fig 2.14 Formation of Electromagnet Bearing

The piston 1 is supported in the interior of the cylinder 2 with a bearing 15 to enable a smooth reciprocal movement (vertical movement) in the axial direction of the cylinder. The piston 1 is arranged to reciprocally move in the distance indicated by "L" in the drawing. The bearing 15 is disposed each in the upper and lower positions along a circumferential direction of the inner wall of the cylinder 2 (i.e. the outer wall of the piston 1) and is made of ceramics so as for the piston 1 to fail to be connected magnetically to the cylinder 2. The bearing 15 may be replaced with as called roller.

Electrode

The cylinder 2 has a brush electrode 14 pass throughout the whole length from its outer wall side to its inner wall side. Topside end of the brush 14 is made in such way that it will come in contact with the copper plate electrode 12 slide able.


Fig 2.15 Electrode

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The other topside end of the brush 14 is further disposed to pass all the way through the outer cylinder 3 so as to permit a flow of current from the outside. The brush 14 may be made of carbon and the topside end portion of the brush 14 may be formed in the shape of a so-called roller to reduce wear by the sliding movement. Fig 2.15 shows an example of the brush 14 formed at its topside end portion in the shape of such a so-called roller. As shown in the drawing, the brush 14 is mounted at its topside end portion with a cylinder-shaped electrode 14a so as to be rotatable and the cylinder-shaped electrode 14a is disposed to come into contact with the surface of the copper plate electrode 12. Booster coil The connecting portion 9 is wound with an exciting coil 8 for a booster (therefore

known as "booster coil"). The lead wires on the both sides of the booster coil 8 are connected each to a copper plate electrode 12 inserted completely in the axial direction

on

the

outer

wall

side

surface

of

the

piston

Contact Mechanism contact mechanism for feeding electricity to the booster coil 8 is not restricted to a

contact mechanism with the copper plate electrode 12 and the brush 14 and a variety of contact mechanisms may include, for example, such as a slideable contact mechanism in which the connecting rod 10 is made hollow, the lead wire of the booster coil 8 passes through the hollow portion of the connecting rod 10, a ring electrode is mounted on the crank shaft side so as to make a turn in the circumferential direction of a crank shaft, and a brush is disposed to slide together with the ring electrode. .


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CHAPTER-3 WORKING PRINCIPLE Working principal of electromagnetic piston engine based on fact that “The magnetic force strongly attracts an opposite pole of another magnet and repels a like pole”

Attraction When two magnets or magnetic objects are close to each other, there is a force that attracts the poles together.

Repulsion

O

Fig 3.1 osite ole attracts

When two magnetic objects have like poles facing each other, the magnetic force pushes them apart.

Fig 3.2 Like pole repels


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3.1 WORKING In operation of the electromagnetic piston engine, a current is fed through the booster coil 8 in the direction in which the magnitude of the magnetic pole of the permanent magnet 7 is increased. The feeding of electricity to the booster coil 8 can be performed by supplying a current to the copper plate electrode 12 through the sliding copper plate electrode 14. This feeding can excite the whole area of the piston 1 to the S pole by the magnetic forces of the permanent magnet 7 and the booster coil 8. The excitation of the exciting coil 5 can be performed in a following manner. A current is fed in the direction of exciting the cylinder 2 to the S pole and the outer cylinder 3 to the N pole during a period of time during which the piston 1 moves from the top dead center to the bottom dead center (in the direction from bottom to top in the drawing). On the other hand, the current is fed in the direction of magnetizing the cylinder 2 to the N pole and the outer cylinder 3 to the S pole during a period of time during which the piston is being directed to the top dead center from the bottom dead center (from to the top from the bottom in the drawing). The feeding of the exciting current is performed repeatedly in a periodical way. By exciting the exciting coil 5 in the manner as described hereinabove, the S pole of the piston 1 and the N pole of the cylinder 2 become attracting each other during the time during which the piston 1 moves toward the top dead center from the bottom dead center, thereby raising the piston 1 toward the top dead center by the attracting force. As the piston 1 has reached the top dead center, the exciting current of the exciting coil 5 is inverted. The inversion of the exciting current then excites the cylinder 2 to the S pole to repel the S pole of the piston 1 and the S pole of the cylinder 2 from each other and the repellent force pushes down the piston 1 downwardly toward the bottom dead center. As the piston 1 has reached the bottom dead center, the exciting current of the exciting coil 5 is inverted again. These repetitive actions create a reciprocal movement of the piston 1 in the cylinder 2 and the reciprocal movement is then converted into a rotary movement of a crank shaft 11 through the connecting rod 10. NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (GGSIPU)/110053

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CHAPTER-4 ADVANTAGE OF ELECTOMAGNETIC ENGINE 

It is an objective of the present project To provide a magnetically actuated reciprocating engine.



This electro-magnetic engine can be is easily adapted for replacement of existing gasoline powered automotive engines.



This electro-magnetic engine provides a control strategy which assures the timely adjustment of power to the engine.



It is easy and simple to operate.

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It is eco-friendly



This system remove the necessity of installment of a mechanism for cooling the internal combustion piston engine and thus decreases the entire weight of the engine

Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations, or by their equivalents.


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CHAPTER-5 FUTURE SCOPE Electric cars have been receiving lots of hype over the years as a car that is run using electricity, and not fuel. These cars help in reducing the consumption of fuel, and are thus growing in popularity and economy today. The electric car is not something new to the car industry as they have been around for some time. In fact, presently, they are the leaders in future cars. It is mainly because of its limited range that most of the BEVs that consumers can access are called NEVs, or neighborhood electric vehicles. Of course, the source of energy for the car is electricity which is provided with the help of an on-board battery that is basically Lithium-ion or Nickel metal-hydride. The refuel time for the battery is usually overnight for most cars. There is no need of repeated replacement of the battery of the car. You have to replace it only once in four years, where the cost of the battery lies between $1,000 to $2,000. These cars have to be charged periodically; this is why there are some electric charging stations in the US. However as only an electric outlet is required for recharging the car, there are some states that have public access electric outlets for your recharging purposes. Advantages of the electric car The greatest advantage of this car is that they are zero-emission vehicles where there is no emission from the tailpipe. However the electricity that is used to power these cars is produced from an energy plant by combustion of fossil fuels. Though fossil fuels are used here, it is argued that it is better for these fuels to be expelled at the plant than at the tailpipe. Another advantage to buying an electric car in the US is that there are numerous financial incentives offered when buying an electric car. These incentives include cash rebates, tax credits, free re-charging and even free parking in some states.

CONCLUTION Trolley cars and trains that depend on electricity from overhead lines have shown that electricity is better than steam or gasoline in many ways. Attempts to run cars with power from storage batteries have been successful for short distances, but failed to NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (GGSIPU)/110053

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become popular because there are not enough spaces on such vehicles to carry the quantity of batteries required for an average business or out-of-town trip. Either a new type of electric engine or lighter and more compact power source is indicated for a solution. In designing the present engine, we avoided the shortcomings of conventional electric motors. We also shelved our electric car that has electrically operated pistons that are connected to cranks and crankshaft. The former takes too much current, and the latter has neither the power nor the speed. In the latter case, the engine was not only sluggish, it was too costly and mechanically cumbersome to equate the rigidity of crankshaft connected pistons to the flexibility of electromagnetic movements. The present invention has new and useful features, which, in combinations, produce a new type of engine that consumes comparatively less energy than other engines of comparative power known to us. It also has several components, which are not unique when taken individually, but in their combined form they lose their conventionality and become important new factors in the static and the dynamic features of the new engine. This invention is not an electric motor. It is an engine, a combination of many units whose coordinated functions produce a usable mechanical movement or power. Just as a conventional gas turbine engine is composed of a gas compressor, pump, burners, turbine, heat exchanger, electric system, motor, lubricating device, ventilating system, flywheel, etc., this engine has many units or parts, such as permanent magnets, electromagnets with metallic cores, electromagnets with magnetic-fluid cores, turbine, polarity wheel, etc., that contribute to the overall purpose of the invention.


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REFERENCES [1] Electro-magnetic reciprocating engine from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.html [2] United States Patent 4317058 from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.pdf [3] Basics of Magnetism from http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/magnetism.htm [4] Properties of Magnetic Materials http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls. htm [5] Electromagnet from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet [6] How an Electromagnet Works from http://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htm [7] Make an Electromagnet from http://www.sciencebob.com/experiments/electromagnet.php [8] Solid Sate Switches from Mechatronics by W. Bolton, page no. 194 [9] Step-up and setp-down transformer from Electrical Machine by Ashfaq Husain page no. 1.4 [10] Engine opration from Automobile Engineering by R.B. Gupta, page no. 15-29


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Working of Electromagnetic Piston Engine

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