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Woo" arvlng 's ar an ,8, craft '-rln1,ari. artist, 'will get, pI'e oppc rtuni ies of expressing h im im s bi e' h io io n a g o b e c in th round bu, 'til, carver is terested in en ftsmanship is re ard ge leaf or s cr ot will fe e1 th from the s,lOltd ezecutlon o f cr ol ol l m n ie ie ns ns e s al al ~ a " 'o latrry]~g an o r i , ' , al job through to its, roD .C usia - - - - - a , rarity d l highly specja1 ed Indu strial a g e . . I,.
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- ::'' -" -" .,., .~ .~ , c ar ar v in in g n ee ee d D o t expensive" The essential o o done 'wlith at halt-a-dozen com:p'Mali'Ve.my few, and much ca chosen; no goug gouges es rO'v rO'vid idia ia right ,-OQ, can in §; m : B . y be Idone by WOB1Cill as g r e a t s~f'en,gtb i s de well as men, men, -, already an or protessloaal ." using his ,find wood woodwo work rker er 'wiU 'wiU,find ca.t~'" g'll rt ea to te hi products Dl'Dl"'C e om om p l e . s k a n n t st in 0' 'C
'm
~y aspects of c a n m g ~ s ~ m p ~ e laelslons, ]O'\~ lo cu deep re[ef', "hlp mm.billl,ed carving find the one w m c h st suiltS ,1 "s an uming., Each C ut ut a n e e 'cllrsioo eLlarp h i s , seope, , eh eh e will prov provid id inte intere re other odern book: covering' all aspe aspect ct of wood eed, carving, and J, is hope hope '[fi '[fiat at tW I i l _ l _ bo 'k w i J J satisfy S e n s Ltd to lhIA lhIA W,il W,illi liam am A.hr A.hrpl ples es S, effi,e effi,el.dfor l.dfor pliov,i~mg deta detail il 0' nd a e es etails the. fol[,Q'!Utg ,tw'o ~m~ f o oo " r,r, nv nv id id m g hie_' tbey supply F'hillips Omnipool th comb comb suon : [ 1 . . ' 40 nd :,rix" d . . Burlingt lD St., St., Lond London on ', c.
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is al os C}~rt-aj'ru!~y''the olde oldest st o f b e arts, The hj,r plitUv" to s:~, nt nr nr ie ie s '0 th present day. carv carvia ia ha C' nuoued throua!il t h e e e nt It Is fitHng h a w e as tWentj,cth c e . m r t u r y ' w o o d , c ar ar v er er s should keep keep alive alive -:-this an"
WOOD carvmg lea :'ed
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s iz iz e s a n d the b e gi gi 'n 'n ne ne t m a y ' b f o rg rg iv iv , e i' be w o ,P cary he eM afford to, take ortunate:ly small ar -a'Yof -a'Yof en ar in to be te large rang rang their taekled, Many professm,ol!lals do 'k w·"th : e w tools but 'they have t h " , kJts".'!,_tl tooh suit' cheir need of t b . . needs, s, No on is e-ver lltely to need ty is '1 ne ~t a. c a r " 'n 'n , ools availa ble, 'bllt the
"' Ja preterenees see sumng sumng ]]]1',d" .Vl,JjJa .Vl,Jj preterenees an', nee d's, 0.1s 'The ,,0.1s are broadJy e d i' to ".IOU' CS cl ·'sds an V' few spec;,] tools u· ['" e l L ) ' toe, ,(Jol,, eded by the widtb, b, in sizes, f r o m ,,..gmnner.. t o o l s arc graded by widt ' w . . to he 'carve 'carvers rs most importa oo h i go,' gcsli ge e ac ac h w i d l h ~ T h , e l in a. It ILO,I very dee go fro-~~ almost If-seetien, The degree ,o identified by cu va ur number, Al w.idths, do fluj~t h a v e th s · m e relati curve, th same same radi radius us CU.[Vt\, bu they ha .g o, as n, ,approximately semi circular circular S' aight ,gouge crosscross-sec sectio tion, n, whate whate ts 'width (F.'" g~ 1A)., Go with th flatter er curv curves es low, ,r DUb~ '"b"se hal' flatt "gher nnmbers bers have have deep deeper er CUr\'e5', h e o mm m m o go 1Iges ar straight (F g. hey ay also be CUTVed fron 'bit C) ::r,~oo bent (Fig. 1D~J) bw:k (F. g, ~F),.W h be i~.t ~g. 0 ,) " _ . the begin er tail (F.g, sbou'ld know' of these vana,lions,. be only . ' ,I fe straight first kj have dif:fef\en 0' mrying s'l'(ugbt tools, ,u m b ~ , r g iv iv 'e 'e n . . lg, fA) refer ,6 D ,u stnlmght tools. V e r y small gO-'-iCS may also 'b called "l uters' OF "veiners' Chis Chisel el are loss loss frequently need needed ed Tbey Tbey ar ormellly' grotmd tu rn ID,g tool (Fig'., 10 si es i s B l a r a llss o made In ; _ b e 'various, s qu qu a o r skew, a s s ho ho w n C h is sha;.· es crlbed for on-bit sk :w chisel II be right or lef cornered. de er ding OD ' w hi hi c s ·d ·d e is fon est. ools ools or ar ~n t oo oo l s a r form 0' t w o - _ , - d e d chisel, Tbey ,J;;....
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'TI..! ' J: ._ - .t il ' ' , t·.~OO. 1,0 . at:pproac ad anlage some' n gl e ' \ blch s , a n alsopre.v~, ts th tool ro,Ilin '. '0 ~h ,Iwkward ' si tu m .i on s bench, There ,i somethlng p s y c h o l Q g 1 c l l L l about t h e e q . u a l i J t y lo hand lett l m i c e . l y p o li sh e d h a nd l e akes fo better , e a ,· " , . g , ' - , dirlya,lg,ed b e d 1 . b ~_ ' th s a m . C 1 ' ,e
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F i n g b an dl e '.L_'ightforwa:rd ~'ob~Th i tn .p o na n t , s ka l - h tight f l , ~,II!.. le handle m a 2 - have 8; c e nt r m a r k· ed l tw - _Jl~.a bout h e hi with d ~ Drill me sm n b s " fu l depth of ta g..an..' as the small end of (be tang. ,. ".n,.... :, -, assistant wat _-1llUJI,g to ,S;~ ~a,~ tn no IS '. nave .: arge tl l i e . '~y C : h e c t t i ' an:: )I'OU hold the brace, tang of th o o c a 'the h o l e in s te ps , s o _ _ ep : s h : rather than 'balf ay b~ hand,. s0' II ~fit box w o o d than in beeeh lo ash in It order, up ea I~-.:
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port th U 1 1.- Ie shoulder rests 00 th to 0, the vice, ' th e j aw s " l mo ta I-Ie handle OD~ ExaD1i; fo s t m i . g i :J l D , e s s , ~nyh e m e , h _ p a t l i n rn be pols$~blle10 'efOf'C' d r i v W ; p. '.,~.g h i ' lo fa pack th h o l i nt o li with sh i n : . " . , Ising' ~ ~_ rv in g ,hich ba it~handle ut o f ' l in e wiltb th and m a ] e s blade bad dlscenee wo ke do fuUy h o m e 'to the s ho u d e o , "r \' ofthe tang is l e f _ ex the o o w h e rstfit'tIng ~ t - - - -. - a 'b o 1 ll ow in U' Iny s~bJckn w h ic h mla.y d " c v e I D o p Iller. Tools which ar requenUy used ve maUet m a " '
tang before ilt is drivea .m'~o,·the becomes sh r, ueeze tw,OOfi th .Sboldd,e-r an the n· th handle I.' om dte eJfe.ct 0_ tile b o w s ,0.11the tool ~._~be.,~,._ar,~.w ~mul,~-,purpo\~e too~~which , _ c o : ~e ~ef'f' cs:.~ul s om e o f the s~aDld.ard,tools th light teols, r.-dt!l~ and. "Trix-Exacto an" ".' It- ,·.itb chc,-' conslst dl into wbi.ch· v, [le·ty CI isels, knives, u ge s e tc , bl de che;tp an supplied ;already sharpened, so that duplicat tool .p and chan r; ,olVer;_sharpenmg bem,g , P O S I , po ed un e ve -a I Deed a t e n J i" oO J SlIa r p e m U D , g eq uipmen is d.ealt 'his 'with ] 3 , ' 1 . Much ca -~ is d O D e ~ y hand pr sure a m y , but fo lU ~, 'I cuts __ o r c li n a, r c a r pe n te r malle 'tan be _~ 8peemaJ O'~'I' ve vo used, -UI tw USUI] 'wood 1( i:,., . " . pound .. B , ~ ' h is, fo mal OO
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bandle maintainins
U :w eo th e lover h e b la d verheating an to _ i [' e V ,e l ! 1 l . :·_.C ith W' ter, This can it m.L b e , k ~ p ' lubricate. be from diippillS can .a b ov e h e stone, 0. from wate in the' 'be emptied a f e r u s to trough, an a s th gh ho Sl'voj,~.,softenmg' , o , t t h e stone T,-·.~ angle a n e n. ' .tb lof · ) v e l d.epends on the Ie.pedenee _. preferenee of the Itar1tet,. .....long thin bevel takies ·1 fine !i! I. soon blunted, At the _other' lge be e x r em e a , o o s ha rp en e wdb v e o b t u s e Ill' le umJly SO een, Something 'between . .. . , . . i , }; . 1'_ ,. 1:'-Ulr,w tendency 'town' or ~o'~manl~y ong evei o ~ \"'OO OS tendency towards short bever.s ~o th w oo · s , gri .dilog o f ~Qut20° is av -lial,e~ MId ,_be ·Imgth. of the: bevel Is tileD. o u 01 ! vo i l , u n ev e W e a on the stone the o o s ho u d . b e m ov e d side ~ C f i O S S th curved s u rf a c . . T o ol s w i " - : fIa,~ h ou l ' , e h e ;stea.y',~ bu gouges SbOldd b e o l he me '0 ed across 'the grlndstone .e .y ar e ve n b ev d (Fi,g. 2 A ) A ft e ' th e corre _'b evel ha been t a ~ _ed, 1 [ 1 0 b l e nr ~ i n t he the line () the bevel should be rounded o f h e o ol , that there is 0·0 sudden dian 0." a _ . n g l e . , pe ..any amateu w o o d w o r k e r D,aw smaU hand driven It of .bi· b,"'speed grmdmg w h e e l , e i h e p ow e is p (Jssib.~e:t o grind ca vin,g o ol s o n this. bUI 'Y'e- g re a e a ~ " v o i d o - v e h e at i g . - _ stu' turns towa the 00 a' . ~eed, an 'the dlJn stleel edge can quietly overheat to the ee dle e r ' . is drawn, le in th to S6"t m; Itappe~~p eolou -s a pp ea r n ea r th e d g e jit is i; s i g J E l U m t t h s ; .. _.d . otbin.g De ,a,.' 'out it~ eept gri pa:·· 'the: it (,J" h e c ol ou rs , on lo these -rmdin,g 'w'h~e~,ba to be u:SOO,l tb ol must be ' Y . r y ' frequently o v e . . om th ' w be e a n dj~ped in 9 J l e r, . O~I_t u B After. "oding tb o o ha on -ODie faul)r' coarse, such a' 'C · b o n m c h l w ' ,gr3d~ craftsmm. h a v e ppl .Sion
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C:.'
L L g h . t e . - - s t machine
s to n b ec om e s e l o , g g e d w~'th paIafffin wilt be 'found suitable,. -f in r & f f l . n . Besides ]1 oil, it 'CR be freed by 80m in bu. m ( U l g ' i : i , g . ··.B,· are f l a , S·OD.es:about e.i.g sU w'ith it th Dsid,e ur ce of sh ed tool edges, sh v e w i d ea l w ~ t th first {te.tl Itwo i. --e.renr
IF~G;;2
Woo))1 ,CAltV]NG
A i e l reatment U t fine s to n except that 'w'be~ h e G ou g should
"tOOLS AND MATmUAl.S
on the c oa rs e s to ne , the , P ! O ~ S S ,Is ~pea'~ C u rv ed . ~ o a r tr~~ed in the S;aI~U~,w a y ~ deaJlliug '\~itb " a n I O \J I ,t 8 iJ ~ eC ; U f V ~ an~~ fta,! S t l O R C
w~~~,.~~e b ~ l _ beld,~ be ro~~., It rolled from side tO side 'while being pus:h~, ,back wards and f " H ~ \ v a . r - d s , . aldl,QU,lh s o m e 'I'a.rk,ers l?i]r~er to bold. tb ,g,oug~at an rulgb~~:~ tbe s~~,ne~, , : b e , l 1 . '\ifle;w~: .fro~, .&.bo~~e~, 80: m H m ,g ' a en o a l , o D S th s ~ , o . l ! l , e . ~ou,~es th~t it is ru be be sh rpened on ~9 two .grades .o stone ston
an
in the same a s d .e sc ~b ~ ~ or e~ is e1 s ~but, h e~ bu rr ' m u s b e removed by lubbm,g OR the inside w m U l stumble s lO D , C i s thi~ final t~atmeJl,. mprepa~,~ S b ar pe m D , o n o ' [d ~ o , ~ u y w o o d w o r k i n g tools, b ~ ~ n m s tool ,a ~s~,~" b r o u g h t 'to finer' OOi~l] bl~' ,st[o!pprnDg~ ~ e s ~o _P , m " :, piece of '~.thc:(rSlu"ed~ [0 ~,astrip ,of 'w~~,~ ~'ts_S[JIrf~~ ~treat~ w i ~h , ' l n e a br as iv e , P um i c p ow d . o r' ,~ th e, fi _ rr n ie s t _ 'e : ery p g f ~ Y d . e l r ~ mixed 'with vaseline ca be wo:rkioo_ llnto ' th e l ea th e r Cr'oco,s ,fi~8~, p o w d e r prodtrces t~_O~j" .1bo~ s ;d e a r drnwD, several times , ov ~ r t !l .e l e a th e ' . cUfV,ed e d g e to t h s t o p ( ]p ig . olD) will go msidi6 'mo.st brought 't I, i D , e , ledge It tift m am b~ '"use, ta ~n,ed,or s o m e time 'b men~~yrepeating, tlle last sta.ges, '.O : F _ the fe t~~ '~_;~t duDness s~o~ ,.be , S ~ l l ' S ~ ~ fi:w t~_r this can usuJaUy be ]lIghted, by ot~stun.e: toDowed by 'strropp.mg', 'w~ be th needed, ,Afh~f ,long m,tervil ,i '9liU 'b necessary 'to gO b!CK_ to v . [ODg , i l : t - e r v a l s ,f~,grmcU_llg th coarse o,as~:one ,sta,ge;l] an '\1Iill be 'f.'ew s~ecial poi nt in th s h a r p e t U l U l , g !of ca:rvu:rug oo wh shouJd, be n,oted.~ p a . r t i, ' C l m l f l r ~ . y by thos~ ,alreadly experienced In d ea Jm " g w i t g ea er a w n od w or lt in ,G , tool II
!I"! !11~!Ii"[1;;L1J~, , .,a,1!" C·'· square 0[ skew,- D o u d , h a :v e stmlftj'h,t -~ . ' I i..'I]"'!L"\O'~ tCuttiu;g -,edges., 'They ay hav,e bevels both _sid~" 1J~eii sha;~penilDg bevel t 1 ! s : u a l l y ' blends, illto tn,e' g r m m n , g , bevel, wlllcb ln ti~ IIIw .
bmen~ into h e ehsnges ,o amgle
!t
l..-:!!
'th
~.J
tool,
fimlCf cwsels",
that 'there: ar
,DO
dls't.mct
Gouges s 'h o u] d ~ e '~ lh lr pm e d l s o t ha t (ll~Y ar :s.q:~are i!C~SS Ith~ the e ; n d 'i i e x c e p ' t perha"ps ,!(),I_ small r()u~dlrn,g eomers. pttooe IO ,w,ood 'gouge p J ' i e B s e d 'Su.,aigbt d,OiM), o n sluntld J!eftv e its·shape evenly pressed into the -surfaceli S i m f f i 1 a d y . ,
the two , s f d J t s ala V' tool s r u J i U -d b e s ha rp en e thetr ledges level,
e qu aJ l a n
\'Y,w,th
3 1 0_ . S ~ ~ , ~ I ~ ca,rvers rub ~w,aJ.~~ :in!idJe of :gouge so that second beve 'IS formed 'I here. Tills ,s g i ! j J t l y mer-eases th of diggmg in the cu~~veof th en and ,(lUIJ" ~e d e o u s id c but far nOnIl:a] gouge used 'w~ilhth I C O a n J v e \vork. 'it d o make 'DUlCb diIf,enmce~ the inside be ubbing with sllps :iJll.b:eveUed:~ it mvolves- considerable side cannot be, g ro un d are U'~ _4 t h deeper g O ' L ) : g e s ; (NOI" shaped, instead, ,,)'f parts o f ' r e g ul a r CU'rY 6S li ICl'\[),ss-~ectioo~The: [urick e :~ ' rv e j, bu t ' £h e s id e s ar ,I t\lm'OS,t straight, bot When grinding 'Ute r o l l i n g ~arpenj of' the edge to K I C C , P ' s ho u the w ea r ! c o O O n , o o , te at halE lo the curve st ,R dealt with fir.st, lo,nowcd "b '~mn3:~~Or 'the bol~t.om CUMf,e ,ma;y eDp.'!2; ILJJ.~ sides I" ~ w ' ., ' ~ '11" '1,..
ii"IiI
~~
T"~
P:.I.
bV - ' _I ' :
5, S~roplping th insid.ie, of t h s m ;a Jl Ie s g O I U , g e s , is dimcu't O n w a is to d , r a , w h e g ou g aloE th ledge-of the learher several ~,tlm,les ~D that on p a m _ rests ' D , v e r ' t he ' ~ ,g e compressed to fit inslde ' t l 1 C leather
t oo l i s s ha rp en e 'On tl1e l ' s i d ! e witb ,A knife-edged s!i:p~ but the m o s t d if fi ,c rr u 1 part ls at th point w h er e b . mtJ.l]ll and witbou, burr, otherwise ~lde.~_ ~:m~_ cu ~~e~y~ bu~, vdlI 't'ea~r'tl~,ew o o d , the poiat of , ' h _ e IO~' the Clftti~g Vi b~0f!~~ ,sp,iky (~_e 'p~~tU, ro.J~~jn,g ;fo~~~ l ed ,g ~ ' t hi s c a be [ O O , U c O O by roundm,g; th junenon between the, outslde' and working ca,refully' on th inside t~o bev~~ls, M.Ul
slip.
visi:ble" IO 'Ilat. they ca easily be edges to ['or use. '\Vb.en. stored ia some l~me parts st coated '\~ifll. oil OF one 01 the rust lBhlbltmg lujd~.
a : r. r, an , gm t lc .f o r t h
seleeted ould
WOODS FOl CARV :'
TO 'USE
shown th U.hls~rn.Hon B, above lNith thethat th to:PI f' the D : u . w f f ' ,010 tlft dgh.t rotates towards ' th e o p e r ' w i U l . b o th . h a nd , as s h o w n g~ntly~b~'" 'Hold.in:g t h o ( ~y tbe, I cu tt in g b e v e l ,a.ga.insl~ Ulf:'revo]ving buft, tb U'1,'d,(1T 'WbIOO t1l1e.buS bas, had. some use and b e c o m e weU saturated ' W ! ~ , ~ b r . , a : s l ~ , v ecO~p?un~J this ' ~ m n . ~par~ :a., b~~i~~t pollsh, and. v e h e Icultllg' ,edge smnQf.~l. win th compound 'will. remain on itb.e M O f , o o V ' , e r the w a n d ;S g o ru i M h i This, dg ha long life :iinfinitely supe~~ol,r that 10 b t a i r n , e t I , W];tl It g o m . m g : e the, butt to re needs onlly ,3; condltlon. \V,AaNfNG
Remetr ber tb t O l l, m . t O O t ~ 1 e u'1:(j'erslde IOl11y ,o the 'burft wllC;f,e: the w h ~Jl1venm.g,~lVtzy:1 from yolUl~ otherwlse e su l a, un p m . e a J SB'Ilt a oc id en t r n O'bvio'U~ly'~ tools
wmch so much ~ft~e is gI~n
sba'~p~= d V ln n 'stor,ag~ ~O\v.ing ti()~efher d ' l i a . w ' e r vrlU S:OOD. damage edges , baize, or poeket for each to.o'~,ca be used, 1 1 ) 1 ' " t~ey" c a nv . ~ u; , r oU " ' w it h ca be fitted into nicks inside cupboard. W(utll w'hlle: 'm,g
_-toOl
us have th ir l e d , c e s p ro te c e d
,Any w o o d m,ay be C3JrVed. wiLk 'varyinlg results, ,OllutaJ p:r.od.ttc and eharacterlstlcs 'wtry betw~n th 'woods of th RUle different tree an even between i E f o c , e n t mem b a r s tree famlly." Wood -for C I t " V , m o g . ~h.oluld umaUy of U D i f Q r m eyen graln free frem v i o le n t € i oo tr as t, s in lbe l ~ p' pC a r a ]l C e o ~ · p r O Il IO lu m r e d grain m a r k Ulg: m l a y be u s e d ,3 clever craftsman, to enbanC6 th a pp ea r piece of work but [lo:rwall;y an mcoDIspicuou~ gainl Is preferred, G ~ t . h , e I ~h~racte:rdUcs,to consider.. Base of workfm.g is Important, w o d s h av e re he 'very e S L s y w o r k m :01 (l'st eases 'they r nn ~ o r d~'~abj]ity fie only suit:~lbl.e 'fO.f, p ra c - ~ !t e work, The type '£ carvin~: should be cons id e r e ' . om,e w o o d s ar mOE~ sui able ,~OI ne dolicate 'wo,rk wh o th e them selves better [~O broad robus~ trea tmeat. esposed to the eleaients, S~lm,e w o o d s 'wiD Ro la long l l ta : i o a ' w h il e o th e r oi wh p ro t a c U u~ m agamst th wea'~be-f';, ,8~o'tdd. be plroper'~y seasoned, 'wo~dl us 00 f ~ n " lca~"g _ es t w o o d s ea so n best if felled th autumn" S ea so u n g ( th e ,[hying ou . o f ' proportton of f- m o is t re 'h ' w o n d ) . takes 'ilnilDY' years if don na~urally 'but. modem methods red ue 'thi Arljfici~Uys ea so ne d w o o is IquUe we time _, ~·o m a wo \viU Icm,~k Md. \~arp'~ E ' v e n [~~jsfalcCory. U n on w oo d [Il1.3b,Y crack or 'warp if subjected to vlo',leJnt CM~~. of temperatur or h " um i i. di ty ; "" " "" S lo m e W O O O m o r t h a u'un .. S om e w e , ma y d ev e lo p 'l'sMke~ -II(~ralc~~)aurIDg 'woddDg~, temal stresses in the as ew su ac ar u nc ov e re d ' . w o o d ~ a us il ri l t h es e c ra c ks , are usually m o ~8Lfge pieces _ha small, It is sometimes possible-' 'to reduce the cftectiv~ b~lk of a" carved piece, o l model ca imvle ~Irp: hole drj]Jed lip s o m e ' w a y from! 'the base, 'hav e the bQJek bOlm~alw,d~B o me v e strain and. mimtiiDl,ize 'the' risk 'o,f wa.:rp,ing a n d , _If~ cmck,s; develo~p w:hlJe wCl[k·j~g lile ~a clcfe .u :~t§ilmas the ob progresses, is 'Unwj'~e tO tt:Y 'tOI 61 them with 'wood, ll
II
rtI'O·..
'lIili],onDUt
~·G"
thls m a c au s them ~('J s pr oo .d ." B ee .s ~ c a n b e ~ _ se d:wbil,c . the w o r k : progresses, T,rus protects the e d g e f ro m splint~m,g unng ,cutjtm,~ and as it n e v e r s e t s , hard it ca squeeze out If .be;erack c l O i i O O : If .R crack a i pp c a r t o be permanent, lt J i l l l c d 'wIth p la st i w o e d , Natuml cracks , s b . Q 1 w d l no '~fteD .pr~'Vi troubles om e , ' [b u if ' t h e : y do appear they are no '~.Odetract from . b e e ff ec t . of 't h 'Ii n'~ished, Sinc th 'waF' undr ds of new' timbers have 'COU1'~' into this cQ~n'[ry' mostly bDm ~e :Smpi[e:,. ~.hese ek ~Em,prlre b ar dw e od s , M O ; 5 t (Dme in. small quannues and ay tllat i~Is .d~cult ' t ' c1 a , ss i f 'them" O'lheres be seen, ~.i!lli' seem [0 have considerable pol$sibi ities ~t'o:rt]~e c a r v e r ~ Ther~: ar certa 'tr-ad1tion3J wocds~, w'hkh a v b e found by c:x,p~,nence -' " b . . ' a'liJ·v_~~, il'1... . ,.;I, to ,d!', Is... 1- o g m n e r rs ne 'e' be uitabl tor carving; ana..;11 'W& c on fi n h i '~¥odt to them,lal, first, then he is, offered, a. strange woo. ' t a s se s s its J. u a l t e s l ro m ~ t I.ppearanoe c o m p , ! o o , g it wi h, til b~t~eI'-,kno\mw e ~ _ ~ by .'tes~G~a piece a l o w in g a I" € the n am 1 e $ , · o f s0Jtll~'.o l th m o ' ~ e usual '~radl" f , e w notes '~'~ona~oods, 'wUh heir c~,eteru;[u: O a k ~ M o s c ar el n in 'this, countr bas ~ o o d o n in..e a k . . is durable, strong' and it ~! a tt ra c ti v e c o o u a nd . g r 1 1 ' ] 1 1 " , ~ ' ~ AD oaks, are mther '~olW;;gb is m,!ost 'smta.Dle It).r' bold treatment. ,bas m"~Eilll.gllsl~ oat b¢lng .pruticu~~~rlyso.. A.u:std~IDl strcaighter gra in.. A m e c a b e avoided, "' :(lIIJtlt'~ There are several walnuts, ,M:os~:h ave even clos SJIllin an ar suitable fOI'mrvitDig~, Appearance .is good, and lh6 wood is no so rough as oa to ' W l W V l \ no a. true walnut. bas ,2 paJe brown S Q ; d ' n 'u,aln: u t.. This colour \~~th D t 1 ' great contrast in. the grain, Is an ea.s:y w o o d . is uitable £0:1: early exercises, ,]:t hasa ' t, e o d e m : . c y '[,0 Wll rp rong rdter it as beea wa olE~e Pine. This is o t w o od , 'f is light 10 c ol o a n i . s , suitable ~r:or' practice work, bu dull easies wood to cut, tool's be f . o u n d to c ru s a n t , e a : r 'The name cov'~r ,8, ~af,ge fa~llr l u l n l 'g t m , r . trees Most Icarvm~ ' w i t h . q ua H to w W o . u si~ African. m a : h o , g a : n , y F'nl~mtl1' as Sitlit~.ble as 'that from !i
JL
: im e n d ' p ea '" . A:ll tbree are llgfut~eo,~"ourewoods: th close grain. suitable for deliea te ha nd p : ~ ~ 1 l _ t to work, but it is Birch~, Tbis is ediu "Iat very dnrable, 8YC-atl~OT:e:i
TOOl
III"" ,UID;V Jiii IJ . l..,..61.~.
]it,
rl~,!~~, ,_ts w ,o (r k n s Iq.Ulc!dy
'\"CU!'k~
blunts.
Jq,,:f(ih.~ ' T h i s
work,
is
qUi~u.l~'
,too~s..,
carves evenl y , , ,
AN .1.S
MATERULS
are similar 'the
O O .Australian
:0
oak, ~ltho1J.Cll
oWltdoor
weed, swta,ble , o a u t d a o r
« : These a r e xt re m e l ha rd w oo d s . IE O ( ) ' 1 . ) 1 , an d ' l l: g n u n :, : le ~a't_t.ef~b e ~ : n s . tbe .heav~est kn.O'Wfiwo od, T h , e r y are carved the experts, bu alie U:DStl uable f o t ho s less ,eltp,erienced"
'2
T'O-QL H A N D L l N G carry out yo'u,' 'w',~lu;;s is largely maUer ,C!f: e xp er ie nc e g ai ne d by pra.ctde., IOnc~_,th~ too~~que ~,.~agt'~f~~ wlie:r,; the: !e~ecb.oman ba~ndling ,o the one ca Ii'tle tho'L!l,gh't ' t h a t . most of the , a t t ' e n t J i , o D . ea be tools I c a D s , for g L v e _ _n t h e a . rt is tm c s ld l o f - t b e . ( )] ', k . C a r e in u s _ ~ g d I D , e , tools in [b ·right way ,and f@f' their o r e c o b m po r m . ~ ' 'the start, rlght : f o u n d m . t i D u s l . , An intelligent If!rppreciati,on IO as to of t b _ , e '00, aviour of th w o o d under the, 'tools is e s s e n . t i a l . Learn bl your 'mistaik,es-=-if a n , Y thrun,g g o e s wrong~,'think out 'the c a u s e of the trouble, W o od , b ro u . m o . 't e r i a J t. ~t f i b r e s , laid more or less r e d , ·tOI be loose, 'the [these : 6 . b r e s ar , h ~ ; J 1 g t h w i s e , " all on f" th too), ~, 'b 'm;de,l~stoo T he r efI,ect ' 1 l S l l J a U y on Id~:r,ec:. tion in 'which the- tools cut in 'the, c~eanest'way" ICutting the opposlte ay produces ,3 rough Slld"3.~e. 'the toel m a d e i~OI cu d i a , g Q n I L U y alan,g fibres mhey 'wil p a r s m o o lt W y [Pi A),", it is entered the ,o:JlPos~~ '~~~y, tl~ey ~wijl. ~~oh in. 'tfu: ,·tool f' th gram can U,~I (Flg~ .3B,)~, The dwecOOl1 f u ! t t l C a I : s t , b 1 l l J t grm USt~ia,ny be observed an its. reac~ioo. to! , u r , a : r u g h t an an"Lbing d o u b t f u l i s , o , ft ,e : 1 l fill: f r o m :!ihould, 'be ~a.clded~wuily to ,avoid spl] n g m JJ t( [ o o ' t t l a m gouge chisel, pa.rlttcuhu'ly ered 3..CfiJSS the ,pain" Do't it n , l o c e s s a r U y at nih a l l, g 'l , e -s : . It curved e d , I e 8 , u t h e 6br.esba'Olt-eJ blade bas ,1 chance of gett:it'lg mIoder.' the I,ower;p.ort·· he 'b a ; w l t . . . . l e ; Y ' le r m g ' th e m , u p . . if th p , a m . h a p en s 1:018,
ward,
mti~~ 9a:r.ving '~ools. :Y ' b e · : u~~, , . : w i t h '~~d.l?'res~~:~:~ ~OE 'wilb 13 ' m a U e t In th,e preb~,a,fJ ~bosung-m" ~l.ei' knockio,g ling :awa.:y the bulk .o the UrI w8:uted ' w ' O o d in,to s b a , p e i J
most 10 the w c rr k done with large g O ' u g - n d m a e t h e too'. ':8, held, ~n the l e f h a n d with I t b e fiilg,ers :ar-oood tffil,e handle and '(he thumb a ] l Q 1 f l g : i: at , aw a y f ro m , the b:~adle , ( F i g . 10uld be ea:s~-it is mistake to hold yourseH C)~, h e rigi',d, when ,carving. The weig'bt f: 'blo'f wWld,ep~n ('i[lj 'the: ,mit'wrial, but ,I),ormaU, h e m iG e t s ho u o n " . be lifted few'
~, 4;,,_
24
~, ~,
~~
.1
to w m c h , it Is ma:t The: l,ong threaded portle tben passes throUgh hole in th benc an ,R locked by ,3, large ' w I D , S :nut an 'WUb6l,. A, similar idea rna,y be Improvised w , R h an ,ordm'ary ,3 baseboard befon~~t m,e(! 'to bolt, which, t h ' w or k (F~, d " 6 $ \ i i , g m , fur ,achl01. U ' S ' C until. some is un i N m s e to atte pt experience ha ' b e e n gained in toed b_andlimg~At :fus :, odd pieces various ' w , n y s so that wlm:t ,R 'toed, ean... of wood is d:mcoverted,. not d,QI[I as well as 'what it ak cuts by ~v~lh in line w i I l h , 'the gmin.. eut, by ,rlising 1 0 , 1 ' low,erm,~ Praetise c.ontroUml 11
t, t,lk,e , s w ·e e . p . ~ . cuts, ' w h i l l A ~ ep .m , depth [~!~~; p o , . ' ~ s wih nd he n e s ha p w i the g O ug e M ' i1 o r [ - . .e p ~ . u g c ' . aD ,t was' w i L l 'cuts, ov d ia go - - Uy ver' '~caJJy to! the surface· f' e w ~ _ --sels h av e to b,',' aJght~. u n w i go ges an' u t n g u t w h a h e elreemsrances a D C } W forward .pushin,g, the. tool ,W t-Iorbe b a ' D 1 U e d l 9, sticlng , 3 c 't io _ . ' eleaner, wit,~ l e s s . · t e n d , [ e n c y · 't t e O J I " 'the' graIl!]." T : . . . , ~ ' 0-reJlce n , a c o r is 100 1 J p a r a b = t o , cu tt in g . D. pleee 'o st ju w"f- -I"'fe : .- : 1 ,1 . 1,... strtng it, is pu 'en ll)1'II mto cu i: n~ ul ; [ 1 1 ' ~ cn Ii . ~ , :s ee ac ~r ', ',g stri ue ",,,,s ~f ill. usually 'oss1Lbll, w~lth th Hatt[ef ,go[uges 'workmg 0,1l a. broad. snr&oe r' b ae kg re na d " m c t i S l t m~lking' slich],g cuts, honowmg: -. eXrema] ,rist ," a.aml t he : w or k 'the bench, should ,0 ee '00 It in 'ejtlle' -,a n d , '00 venient Bo md :_ 1 1 on the '0.01 in a n , ase, blll_t _' right'I:" ,,·u 'iI 'lid ,,1'.. OJ]: 'itu·_ .naDi.ue 1 I l l ! illS, nglJt an ad - , Ul , a l t W 3 ' Y w a c t to 'blle U l , e l C likel.y· to Deco'~-~ ; . ' - r a i n s , . No caner ... ., r uJ 1lw i l~ " r ou s f.t o t n point w 'I:n oe ot vo mOfB _ - a.nOl_~er: bu ' t h e . .abllit.y to [ ~ 'b a n g e h a n d s ,I so , aI u a as ,0 be v o ctisiDg from t h e . ' start.
th
an g ' e ·o f a pp r Ql
lf the ,tool Loom
_c
rClmn~,
I'
I.~
.
C'
'I
J .: '
01,.:
...
, . .. .
ith o n e g tr o, -~ . W"i," c u ,0. ·-:t ''''ben completed curves, tll~S,D l a y ' D o e e p os s~ . bl e! a n d in CllMl,gW ke s m a b i e s a t 'be wood, 'Even w h e n ' iest b e g in n e t en d s tO
of'
bo o\
ug OU.t IJmjdlym,
.fio~~.cut .in
'this: ' \v a y
0,
s w e e p s h ou l d be taken to fin.~s:_,t. oft ~ ; · q ll i' . . , ,- , g :o u g e t o le "on with sharp ICtITV,atu·~. in '",-s, s e e ·"'~in.'1~ca cut ~o.re. deet!~y .}lI~n ;;a•. tter gouge. ' ~ o : U l . c . ,. ,re a' ~ , T 1 l : I i s IS' somenmes describe as elative term
absoiu~el,_ tn ·"t ~,(as j.ghtest It ,~hr gouges wi'lll 'tb: ·9 chisel m d. 4 ) , 0 :5 ~ :691it g o u g e carver u su a l y - .v ou r he ~Ol l o r c ab in e m a ke r w o ul d se a. c h d s d . , [-0', wor .where m i i.tUned ay be ta- sba.pe .' C e , ' " gOu.ge, l']I.':h.. to ,a te. . [of. us ,I F, go u g e · t .pliod ce S.·) -, Ial. is r -o n ~ed: .-..d'..... ,,I~ t', s~li;Ice ,aero, S, 'UJe -. , .a c " "" -g 1 !o u n ' ,, / cut · W g : ( - agouany grain. A~tl1ough te T h B . l bnek.ground 'win b. i'unDorm. depth~ the: :ht 'will be I c o ' v e r - e d it r k , s i t ,an', ll:s s u r f a c a
tile g o u .g e
ii
.0
_
.5
.
.
,
t h e m , 1- ,' ' i [ " . eharaeteristlc carver's fuft er lev· work: wi'tb a, cabinet aker may' [ O O ; tI empted '(0 do~ R . e t " ) c s ; s m n g im this 'way occurs in m u c . vi h e p.FOC.CSg should! be practised, . b tiog",m,. to r e m o v e w a ~t _. et ra ...:ro'" g o u ; g e ~ cuts a:re u s u aU y m a d diagpnaDy ' -t tm g l ed g e ar ept a b o v e Jft·e su v "d in g h e p in t o f th ce wo a ke n w i I J t U , e e a o J _ ' of vy spl['tting: · U m , . ' w o wo to d ! sc o" ,e r t Il e m o s t e J fi c i- .· ,- , · w a . y of removing waste b~ re b e s ti n g . . IJ'D ' no th in g [ s do 'finish an i~t sh
f1em.olJ'
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aetna]
0' t~ ndg tha' h e lsualty "leu' wa hl do mainly' 'o 'i -, strength Th reversei c aD e d- -u nd e e ut ti n J'. SC :a;n is ern.·.·,!oyed'wham 'the desi.gn is to a p pe a to sla~nd o u t p r~ m i ne nd y ve w e part, "der-c' ttmg m a depitlll appear mor n cr ea s n g the; ra._OW~ should d on e ."fh. oo '9 Ivoi:,~~ reakm!,g ou --Iu.c~.approximate to be outline,
of ala cuts. 0: ,m 11'~Y'lt th g r a m 1 J ] i th grain' :1l0 ,.:u:e ve -sa.. lCutt.i'n.' illl small c fr e le s f o r t h e ea tr e [o '6,10",-" o r . - ~ : :1 'mould-ng, d o n e by pn~~!singhe cr- ofa g o u g e . S U 8 ' ' ' g ' h t circle on si:z n d rotating lt Each g o u g e w i c u
ID
reased
I;,
~e
ct
~n
t.he g()U~r. ':" ith is - im : ' o o r e qw p i m e n t t h _ _ '_::nncr 'hollld t - 1 o o p ' r e c o r d of tbe, ui_,'ines bi • :, 1 $ land the: ,~t'b_ cilr c1e s t he ' 'will e n - , lSO that d .e s ig n s c a ad apted pt,~" 1 1 l 1 :
:n~lls ,avai:a e. Pressing th too~s, into cl:roa,rd 0_ pl ~_ is one: w,ay of m~dtm)g tb r c c o l r ( L W l 'ools dlo ot Iconfor~'_ 'I
28
exactly
~oa ,Sbatptli the cunilt(g. 'CM be corrected bY ,sliWlg ' cm s e l, o Imife~ V _ a r i O I ' L l S w o o d s , A l h ou g Tty· m e t~hrniqu!e; m a . y be the same in princi.plell it C : b i i D , g C , o m ~ o tQ , l l l - r d . wood. ca be d ec ep t v e a n ay i,earl to dMla.g or "if: unprepared, (1I~~ to atppJy k no w all Ictf y o u . 1 L tOOi],S·. Learn nOl\v m u c h p re ss u ify' lbcfi,rs,t S l i g a : s ou o u 'woods,., Learn, l s e , , h o , \ v 'c of dullness: f u t O ' W ' the cut l os e i ts ' Iri[eaI1ne~s an th '~OOll.js: du o r ~ t ro lp lp m g ,o:rs~rp-enmg~ ' w , ~ l t b .ill s k e
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'...... .,..",LE ,' DECORADON· M A N Y : r ea de r o f ' [ b o o ; ' , 'wili a i l r w , d , Y ' be 'woodwork'ers~, oot.. :8 th~f Eg t o ' ca .: rv 1 n a s : so m e th in g 11 ~;bie 't-ofurth b: 11~U ,mf OODstrUC llOOu WOf~-'iii ssn anr IIS:;1 means e~w.m.!Dg Th iJt'ems in this ch;a,pter: are DlOt ci'rvm,g s , o s a lD :b i o u to Stipp]:, i d, Q l : 1 .0 1 ' .piywl c m m n g s en s m t - a r i nt en d e m e t h o d s t- th s ~ ' m . p l l e d ! o o o r a : u , o f l , of lor-din~n:y 'woodw,ortmg done wj- , k D i v , e a , Dd projects .. Most the work oldiu3JE}' \\;r,ood~ork~g I c m s e 1 ' s and lou,ges if op vi ~I
oo
ar
n o - ,~ 'V ,a :M _ a Jc .
The old-tlme oi id h e e ' l W , r i g h t I d o m ~ m O i s t lo draw knife, sougbt relie from th heavy c o n st ru c ti o na l ' w o r ,y u s w g the s a m e , - ' 1 0 0 1 £'0, n l 'c t , p a t te r n s ,in th e a s e s of: part .o ow g en er a' ll y c al l! e ~'~wagon 'W"g~l'LT h i s f o r of d ' o c a r j ) , t r n , o n be deve :~op·ed to b C V ' l e J W , ( ( I' l and ,i ;a Illmsrung eft:ec~ sueb tlU~gs as S . t i ? D ~ an ~bl! legs Apart, from, a n r y deeerarive value ' i ~Itis:e]]f~ h a n e e f t 1 o c ' t of UghtemUftg th appm r an e e o i ,I .Eleces8:~:r~]ystout part of the !ttuc~ur,e,w . h 1 1 o u t Wta~keniD,g ,~t,. ' h e ~ i m ,p ·~ e s, t , ag o - , b e v , e , B m , g ha long pamIIel,clmmf;erred, e d g ; st o -, ·' Pi ll g : In "rIa_nlld~n~'ut I' ig~, 1 5 A ) , . Pencil guide lines th , c h D r w ' f e r ca mrrtlly pare ~th the, d s lhlm[h c hi se l Th,e
II!...... ,.....JII th worx'1Ft- c -a n 'iIi.....;:I ! LI eI,0([j1;l:'': ' W I"'4"1-.. L D guide '[lin e8 uct pencilled on. each ~lmace~!jo.vleming 'the width ud other marks to ho the ~ength ol each pattern. M o s t c 'u m sa r e made, '\vith the chisel, used . f i n , n e w i it 11 t h wotk., an o rd l n a ' chse s , used, i ,' ~s ' b ev e l s h o ul d ~c m, u t curved dOwn, W21'roS J w h wn straigh't ,cults.,,A, varia'tioD is chamfers an ~t ~a.- side g o u g e in llne · w it h . t b edge, 'loll\Q,wm,g tile same pg;tt em mf wr j's ho'l[ow in eross-seetlen. Of but Jlfa.vio d ra w . :. tnife or s.po'kesba v e a v t 1 U a -I the work ClOUH~ if ,/!.,'...
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32
WllOD CARViNG
' 1 D a y be done on a, C l l . r v e f t s'm.. bead, a r a .v , ai ]] ab le , '~he '~,I produce anothe-r a:ftmcuVic 'cilect (Fig~ 16G)~ BalIs : I . l n d , a .c e ovals em b e b u l into 'Dlau,y p a . u [ c m s [ IO b ea ds , T b is ~type luf, decoration, ' w I D , reliev the, s e v er l~ y o f m o d e r d eS ig n 'worked. ye on th :[tl re l e d g e s 'f r , a i l s , u r o d e : r tabl tops An aitema,tlve, to m o u ld in g ,p1m£ ~,~t w Q [ [ ] d n g . b~d;s, . ~ m d called at '~,8Crlltc~ ,sb:xik't.'~ (Fig., 6'H)~ [ T ~ s , IS ,.il, form. f. scraper w,bicn ~volkl'We_ ,CUi,'- [ il , w [ o o d s . T~e b h l d l , g ,is, p ie c f' 10001 ~ t ! e e 1 . ([~~ioutl , a c : k .,~p~iin~w ~ ] ~ ,~ O~I_ ! V ' i ! h _ ~ s ~ ~ g)[oun to th 'reqru~l[O shape, Sl'~ngle 1Il,d doubll~ b _ ~ d : s . , are
done ,gnilul... o rm s G'rmding t.,llu;:;o m e r 'i done sitnl~gh 3 D C f . ' I O S S tb thickness: ltd tbe e n d l , m _ t J J l . [o the. no attemp "0 sha m'peft the ,olrd.i?a,fJ' W~!LY:.,_ I t , _ q ua re d e dg e 'whie'b. d oe s d ie ; c u r n g , T h e blade ea~ b e c la m , p ~ d between th spli s i d , c , s i of a" m ~ : r k i D g g,3,~"o r b e w c ~ n t W 1 0 wood, ap ie es is used ' w i l t b . ttl :fllbbing action, the top of ' t h , e blade : S :~ o l p m , ~ ! o W a I .d s th directio of he ut w a as a. marking g au ge , O n , e d w m t a ; , g e _ o f t h e scratch , ta s t d e o ve r the ' m o u ld i ng : p l an e i s I lf u J a 'I ~eads be stopped be or e ac h n g h e e dg e - wh i ] , :8: m o u d in g p la ne , 'wiD o , m , , ' cu if t t e t Chi el an k r c s can, a l b e u se d 00 m$l{e [edge d e eo r . . on h e u .p rl 'g h t [ cu t 'sb.ould. lagain be sli,ghQy lOft reg vertical, fO'r strength a n d , appearance, and theY' shoald be m~de m s t . _ The waste is r e m o v e d ' b y ' paring to'w:3:rd_s the upd,ght cuts~ depth [of l: in~ h i s e l cuts _a,~ ' m o s t le~ee'~ive u ; a J l f ' enough. b or iz on ia 1 m e mb e s , s ec h ,3 edges of tab~e tops dl V'e5 cabinet tops, In :most C ~ l I H S e s , effect is i mp ro v ,o o i f the. c u a r le _:8. ,naIrOiW O l v e r . . . m na d ~ " shallow' rebate, p ~ ~ F J J 1 ~ r ! d : u _ m J g at d1 to,[p~ M , o r - e d,e-tilled, ' m 8 1 r k i n g out Is advi~b!leJ' as llCCU racy ~s more DOOC SSl .f in s tr a j, gb t ' li n d ] , e c O I , l 'a i L W . o ! . D . 'Ulan with. 'Y,~Fil:1ttODlS '\"ill 8 ! £ W , g g C S t tbemse:lve5I.' Simple: c un e . . 1 D . u m e r , a b ' l g eo m et r c a f or m a ,f \ most the first e x a m . p r u e (Flg. 1'A)' JI e d g e is decorated wifb [ ll tl lr da r r C Q ' u u g a ,U , o m P e n e i l Iines m a r k the d ge s a,nd , h , o U o w s tben 'the bOlJOiWS lie'cnt stJ1lligbt in 'to fUR depth 'w~~th t.n.ne 0,[ Icbisel and th waste w n towards this, cut, Varle( ca b e o c ta ,i nc d b y v a ry m ,g ' I tf J e s ~ 7 J eo f ' t h e c o r r u g a t i o n s (Fig,,, 7]3: or o m mo n
stone, an
li
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' t h e U g h t is to GUt. gt'OO'V'6S,_nto a t intervals", Tbese ta 'i de th mo _ ~ a y IIlJlVS ( F1 "g . 7C ) T k L . e ; y m a , y be at rlght angles Of' t !p e [ u s id e
,~
\:
ed,g~,of s l o p m g l on e [ or ' b o h , w a y s (Fig., 7 D ) , A ft ie r m a r k cuts a.C11"OSS die lpam are m a d e mst foUow'oo 'b the cu ma'f~hlg the deeper e n d , hcUawr. tben the W3lste 15 e as ie r to clean out than tapered ~g;roove p a rw l l e l o n e , ' w h U e , sllolM,g gruoves wil]J D e e d , k n in th acute corners, Do 'too'tbi deoor-ation w i l l _ be found, in m a m y ' el churCbes., 'It :~o th lq
OM't~ :tb:f
0:1 th vo me okt-,tUne stone wo.rk:e;rs~ The rsli,gbt he lIone on [a O f t ! _ edge oodler ba b o W n ( F il ~ 1 E ) 'u die &Mpes, o u 80 diat coommr~ i to ' Lf , at _I~ue ' -th"e-" ,~ ' ~n\ lt J' m ~L, ~I ~'ftl:..· porn,-, 10 f" ' 1 l l e , [CU IS ,Bug' uy m o ' r e ,t an c ru se ] c a be M S e d , bu : an ~ , a n o rd in a r I l e s S ~ , :8. skew chlsd, will be needed m ov e th wa te ]J tIlj9) a-nd m o s t 'who :le repetition d e c e J l f a t i o , D . it lis, 'be.s!t, to tre .. tb stdp as lug the a m e c ut . to each paitenl in u m T h will ensure I:l more Ulliiof'm res ult 'tluul 'if' c o m p e t o o , in
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Afiler ICOtltin,g :r,QW o - ~ ' single ,~o,g}..toodl. trian,g),el thl~ recesses be treated .iin 'Wilry again, ( F i , g . , 1F)., no m~~ the first cuts too '~,'ee,plor this_ p a tt er n D ' og - :[ !o ~ ~ ! ? .r ~ e d , z;~g;.m,I' from hotil side-s wUill produce d m n ~ ,~ n d s . (;F'l;g~11~) ol ch~~~;, When',_ cut.. (fig. 1',H)", 'which c am, : a J S 9 1 ~ e nd n g h e d ia m on d ItIs ve m a H a , t b~m~:eent h e m . This is stronger an 'ruJj~ruany' easier 'to w o . r . k , e d bc-t';~ml, ,A V , a r . i a tl l O O of the mst tt de parallel ·:i,g. 71),.,This , c a n , '~ [ R O O , on 'v~rtrucal'ed,~j; ~wi~ the , I I O : o . S : . s lo pe s l lI pw m r ds : ~etl ,~l,e na:r~'w S]OIPes make ~Dd simdluws., an do not catch. I EU 3 ust, of w Q " r l i d n , 1 simple I(:utou,g' S~ulle 'tl~ ~le du p;aU,em 'I to in [he :~id~ ~first with. . ' . f' the groOVICS. The, short d o a r t he n c u th waste p,a,nx~.OW,Brds . , ,Auotrhe'f' 'pattern; ,glv~ oo pra!C'ltl~.m c~e1, c o D , m ~ _ l ~ ~ r n . J ~ t ~ ' tm s q u a. l' \ b u tt on s , w b E ic h . ay be upright I~~g. 7 J ~ ' ~aD{~~~ 'mdth of t, ,0 fashion (Pi,g. 1K);; Squares are c h is e l wblch ls then pressed v ~ i : i l ? ~ f n ' y .m all o un d E ac h b u o n ,",-t~~' ........'It!I'l!';t th c h l s e l ,1t-l"Iiim ~s 'ueu pih,'lOU.ri,~. 1 : . J i 1 ! ! i . J ! li"i-~oiil;"Ii~' ' o [ J i J " I ~ i l ' J r , l ; ' [ I!'ld , ll'.....,.,·· _ ,;I.~O em tiu,g th f~oes ~ _i t ~ ~ ,grain 'first ,Siml!B! t){P~ buttons ~a,y h av e ¥ e o r s ix , s id es , 'They be c e .dl{Vld,'ully or leaD
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ou be ,3 temptation j : g o a , F an , o w B e r w o r up inaccuracies ~' .[OU~ parts 'wmt~ glas~p'lpe,r or ,~,e~bll!~U~s . s h o l l J . l ' be m J /O l e d , a s I;O,Y ' f \ o o o d i n , g of comets ,rm, :spoll the cThlarllc~eritle c le a n . c. ut appearanc he that diHtD3w.shcs it, 'mieri.(lf m a c h in e- m a d e d e co ra ti o ns ,
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There are n.OI flat - b o n o m e d recesses, Nearly aD 'of the wo:m i~ dtl(fl:e w i knife a' thou,gh cb1s.e_~I,md gOfu\g[e.s, ca be used m ay . h 'pocket e . . ' T e e t i ' l e J y · ,OIl s o m e nems, The o i ¥ Il ri ,e t o r ,3 marklng Jknife pattern. \ \ W i t h th cutting e d , g e , ·elV 3Cf',O;SS, In ·any' kept he he be fine an
~l1afP., Pmeidse,
ty,p,ical recesses, w o od . CUUhlg th 00 s c a p " po ck e s " D ra ' ,2 triangular OiU'Clhle~ 'wl'th U m e s to mctj. at . " b e , centre (Fj,c:~ S A ) . 'Cut talOf:l,g these centre Iines w I D t h l :knife held ve:rdta.ny,~ the. c u a pe ; e m a. d,ce])1at. the centre to D o t W n g at 'b comers (Fl~, : 8 1 3 ) . . Nftxt" remove th '\Vl,ste;, 't~,perin,g each ~,idJe; d o w n tO 'the b y :~il!rJn,g:ivltb :1 chisel, a , s e ri e s o f ~ ]J ce S . f 'e n 1 m . o 'V i n -l cJ hips ,of w o o d . iL,:r, C i l untu .J.::'IL..... m e p ro ce s g e ' ~ s ,It n a m e ' ~ ; A . . ~ g . ,Q"'/11' rrem 'W,PlC~, t~ tnree tb centre (Fig';, S D ) . , ' o o y ' ; e l s meet W ,h e k e h a ,eu Ned , s l d e s ! i ' 'the centre u t m u also u rv e u pw a d s ~ h centre 'to 'Ute corners, 'Tfuj.sj:~.b es t d on e b y , cu tt in g fr uc.h end, in tUmIll inc reasmg' the Pf}CS\S.trfIO to 'I
Jji. L,,_..
w a r d s th c en tr e ( Fi g. , 8:E)lO Th direction o f t h grain, m u be -0.u s~uere!lJl. blUi..." it " .. J w~ "'~Slr.,el,j; e r e : j I , l' k . ~ . . . . Pil!!lJ'i"11i'Iii'Ii':'.'1l' ,.,'11.. W.uC_D S l ! lJ ' Ii il:'il'iIiOl!' r !' ! .! ! !~ ' tJ , : "II.!II'L curved sidles o . f ' h e p oc ke t should sliced from opposite ends. ..At..... A. 3 ' . - , ,. ,' ;" ', , ,f", 'aI,g' ~-' '!,., ifi,L- 'rp '1!..'~.i.lII ut ~Pl. !oii<1U!I:t. ,n , m e ; .J~~fL ~·,IIl,''Ii1.11oIUlJl, ~ : Y ! ! i ;, I ', , *, , !l , cues a.i'!;;i' ,iIIJII!~1I;U OJAAU""" of ;~M last cl.etm. a cc ur at e s ur ta c !hOtdd h a n d . w ' b iI e th otber s l t a r v i D g i " The ,knif,t c a n . ~c in holds, and turns the 'wood to th best : P O S . i t i O D . but c ar e s h ,o u td , b e a ke n to n e v e r cut o wa rd s h e other is pnlba'bly se the, knife l'w-'~!a.nd0Ct a s , d m c r i b e fo th ca;FVb~g w is e tools wIth OD,e hand p [ i e 3 . s m g ; ,and tb0 other guidln,g' re.. I ,
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De5'~,gElsO I , 1 " c~m,pcanin,g ar 1]sually geometric. They ~'bonl,d di ma fA:', lu~_centre cu..3~ usmg 'J pmcil ua ICOmpl's.&-=-eitller directly lOO_ h e w oo d on ' P a L p e o r tmcing '011 Va:riations form, with :rama.ting p o ' m t s , like m_arlncr"',s c om p as s a i the 'basis o f m a , c b J J p airviDg desism rh points to curves: produce.s con-veii.. (fll,g~, SF)., ~ternlg' t~gn~izoo fl ra attern (F g , 8 0 C o rn er s can treated by desl,~ (Fi¥ 8FJI)~ Tij'an.~I~,C3:n be built '~p 'PUFUOf1S of ':thes ,f (F~g. 00 Pad);", ,mrto n~l' be r de r d es ig n ~"~ely' s l m p , I ' u aU y m l o z e eftectiv tb ,I lUI-VillI ~ltner,ns caD me m aI~lI&Q[' c o m,p ,ic at 10 ]1., jU]"ovler iIJ
.
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W O OD I C AR "
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37
TI'ON
panels Of c e nt r p il e ce s ~Again, simpficity' .i best (Fig. S J ) ~ I,ei:r' VmiatlIDn_S~; ': .,oratj'oD thes asic attern an E iL t ~ - to suit particular jobs .. oo gram. is b e o r chip carving, ,A
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en d e, gJ je C S 'of hardn,," th um j' w o u l d AI R o u e v · m .o r g, ,,.'1: or chip is too n a r s h fo although it l oo k a tt ra c ' ·' v if success Is a ch ie v ed . . -m e o r mild varriety- of' m a h o g a n y ;8 re easier to cW,p carve,
nounced
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S,fMP'LB , DECO RATION
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fi e., m'lh 'po~~ed ~ ~ ~ , ., C ll ea n , o f f fibres still c H ng in g a s :the part s e p a rate, TI1e :r ]m Dta(y be ,00.a']ly sh pe this, !Itage or it ,C~ 00 Ie!t u ;o ti l ; a of the finks l or e ~ . , Sha,pmg of th Hnks '101 a, ~OLl,g tapered r o u n c ro ss -s ec t o n dODJeJ wi in,1; blade. Care _mneeded where there is shnrt grai at _ h e n of C $ c l in k. . kn~- should c'ut 'from the ' B O L d , to r'itC slde, 'but o n h e outside it should cu fro·- the ,ide _0 the
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in 'CI'rving d e pe nd s ' "e l lugely on iexact t o o ' : ~ control, and it Is as 'w'ell to pend s o m e time 1 0 . 1 1 o o m . p u _ a 't iv e ~ b ~ simple j o b s wbieh ' p o o I V i d e , practise in tcol M1;ldlimg;!, wi~Ollt_ ~ak(ng ma skilL : o t .: k am he s e l e c t e d ,vhicib p v e s , 's1lt s fy : l n r es u t s ' ye t i s \iVitbin th rang of ,3 1begm:ner~:sability" This, is ' fa r b et te r 'than . p ~ ' L m s m s iOta ;1 dlfficun d~i~., wbich ,edge 'may only Iead to d is ap po in tm e nt , T h e ug deeora tiOD:S. described. in th ] a s : t chapter: - l if e I n th ~ w r m o o j . . ,lUe clm,sl~Another "~yp,e of w o r k with poss:t'bililies for. d ec o r . . atmg actual artlcles, :is, p a t te r n . • e u h e r m C 1 S j e d carving r u ~ , bas1CaiUy'h~ cltdng in ,o .9., 'V toot This m ; a " y ICal'OllIinl' elaborated 'with :1, a n d p u nc h in g : b a ck g r ou n d s One 'D ' th e k n l t s6 'u in . h e ' "" ul ti . . eraft to Trlx- Exact handles is co ' Y e m e n , ! :for this · w u l r . k ~ A'Oothel"' :k:~e" not origina1ly m o , ' tl o o d ,o o f O i e ar vl ng , ' bu t wru,~b hi very' oon,veIl~ent and, 'eI.~yto t-0'[1trol, Is a . l in o l eu m kn:iifei 'Wlth both i't~ the, lo M,gle of the . h! nd l m a k e it one o l o w ' m i n e { F ig . ' ]O A l . easy' little or di ic lt U l a n 'V 't at I n 1 t t s _ g ' wiU] t, knife is tool it used, th aeute-aagled lOne bu th (\e~~~ lisneater, ( N ' D , . , 41) knife:~the o b j e c ~ to most suitable. ' W ' : i U l alto]! ill'" O~.I'euts so I, S' to ,f,ema,',ve 3. smau s~~v·e:r two s~'by Q.( 'WOO', be wee he no m po r a n ,3,S ( F i . , g - " lOB)., G : r e a t :per: c ) e m m , es s o f th poln of 'the, I l m J f ' e should 'b ,kept feCit _CODdition~ itF , a i g b t n e D U be cut with the to ~'~:e ,galmt at IJ~It:;·. It ~ s b e s t to : ! J w a : y s , w o r k a W R ,Y 'r o b c j U 1 D . ' c n o n , lo tw l in es , t o m ia im ie e the 'risk lr Sitmigbt CU~, C~U be made with ne Ulld OD t h k Il if e :andl the othe on,th rule ,' s ' l r - a i g l 1 t ed,ge. Curv:e8 are cu wlth barth :ba.nds the k n 'wif',-I, other C 3 i . r v m g tools, While ,the pressure needed will cause s o m e t e l l l s i o n i n g 'o dl.e m u sc le s h e hands ' a n d , arms should, kept IS leose and, free as posslbl~ to f oU o w c ur ve s w ' r u t h s"yeep~ rather ' 1 h a ; D \ with je:rkmg mouon.~ SUCCESS
WP
d1
r;.gC_' Id-b
rn
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' W 'UI . . :J, i C J ', \ l - V:1lJ : pro~ute curve,
IOe(J'metrie p a t t e - I U S
mmDu.
z ~g a {m g s
. ~ ~
ms~~u
w , ' o r : k , e d O~llt
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.JII
,!j;11
a.
(Fi'g. 1 n C )
r:\
· ·" v· '
:42
w o a d N it b ea I'on papct~ Borders re an tn ,sfetf,ed] '. ~.proplrmm~ particularly friffillp can be d m w n (FiB., I)~Ja all of these pa tems vlc.ryacute jon.cooms be wlin·', sbould be avoide es far as possjbl case th 'wood crumbles ~herl_" ring t-·s s~aces, is rsia' or ~tarso work~ The e f t : e c t he Ce v e DL _r in g 0 . m a r ueh'Y'~except tba,t ~he c o l o u r is a p l p H e d to th on plee of' wood, i·-. tead .p from separate W' dHfe~eni' ur is w o , r k ' the design chosen i,g~ should. h a v e : bold outlines to th Wri,OUS parts ar _, an care ta en 't~ha!'tt hey ar free the. from dust 0. shavings, S" that sur t.., :1'. tne :roun cu, ,'y J J . J t ..,. b IS .pre--. ve m e c o lo u r , ro o ni ng , W l L d ,8. pard u.ncut O( e'b2llloel b lo c k ed . m a y p ro v id e a. path fo th colour to eass over in th
ex .be. c o o u r a r Ql[1eR w i 1 J a , DO pp ' ~ , e d as 'wasbes a U o v mp shade each area b e in g c o :m p l et e~ y ' c o v er e by O D , C ! 1001 colo _I s· depend to 18 c er ta i e xt en t OD typ d, In any case, the 'CO~OUfS should o t o rm a y " 50 en re W a . e r c o o \u · m a y b e t o obscure t- -0 g r us on mo m i g ; h t . . coloured s:of[~. o d b u ods, Oil stains C l e f low ' b te ·drymg ay ~ree,p 3 . o r- 0 ehannel. Wate sta'iDs ay .C bous hr as p o w d e r s , wbich re U s sa l in vAlter," Spuit s:tliu' Of as powders for d:issol\l'~'-- 'in methy'nOll\'hJt r ea d y -p re pa r lated spirit, are qnlck 'rying; Anili~ dyes will ,produce intense ·00 (DIU (S" A, eo v£men form 'f dy,e i-'tJ4andarin" series coloured water fIQO! drawing :ilIa,. th colourln is dEY- the surface shoul~. rubbed When h~~tbelt beeswax, or O D ' C of th .Prepared, , '- v h l l ,vax fu ni ur oj bc h i ~·ho.1JI' b e w e or ed ln Jn dlree' ~ l ' - ! t w a x, . .incisions dons so _ la t a l , : s te p nl ' _ h e r 00 trastlng simply il-- C W S l O , ' Is 't ground to s :h o n p h e i n ci s e p a .' (t e m. .. . h e g r o t _ pd is no lb the pattern, u t · a y btl is. .roughened to m ak e contrast to o ug h est he si to P'UIlth ,·,t h e . ·a ck g O u_ d cu i n v ~ a' ri ou s nc Steel 'b b o u g h t p p e d p a e r s, Alten ~ati'' Il'e l grooves call 'b m·.d across the en ou nail or o n o d (F'".g.. lOF).. Aft~;r t h .e · at 'em j' J1cis s,blm.:~ o v e r " Th punc IdO\VD 1-
-
-
-
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,
l NC J' SI I
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be m o v e d ou and m e ~ s tha· - - r, i3::Ppal ea pa tern, IB mass of dots, w l t l f ] ; _ o u _ an g ro u intrieato patterns, Punching is particularly '_ " :t ab l : . mg o~ UflOO 6&," c on s d e ed .d.-~'~ u su a a ch ie v e ~j~ ar effec: ,.cutt~g·grooves ~~a~sbi~.~. b~tt~ ·mtth, 10 th foot Tl '-'l' 1 : t , Y b.__ to the d i re c ti on s . . ' an cas~ '.·,t· IC Io_ toneed oDly 'q uiJbi~ s h al !l ow , b u t t-'. should '6: 8.k!en "0 the b O l r o l e . r i D . g in· lsed limes getfJtel'. an 't ,~--,anee '(",001-- o r p un ch e ._ attern ba ouad Is ,st,.·",0.00, with o ug ib ! u ed a ro un d w i a b o r mo ai appeer Itb.e ds.rk,c=- settm', o n a th e liJ':l s ll bc u et te = -i n fo s ~_ '_ ~o u- .e s s h I-I !. be mind epadng d e s · I g r n _ S , o r . h i ! t~ '~ e l t i" o q ) r ~ Nia~e b O f U i 1 d . ' S , a n . .ouse nu _~ k: lOH) Colouring ar sW'la.bl subjects OF" Ibis ede .. will g iv e p ro m i enee w h e d i 'Isr;..nt m e h o ma dn na bo ds ~s .( ci he I m u ~ r i n . g ; - ( F i g ~ ].1)" .A clea oa board ,vith n am e n c s ed . has dij~ ity,ana. charm it 0\ II.. H o w e v e r , th v e r - - y simpU· ity. ,o th tb tkil alphabet '~;ge,ther "g for th choice MJ ' a w le s Pi he de dt is ' E O I be .' nod R o m a n a . l. .p h ab · ·· · t. . o u 1 , _ 'chosen. Se.Y'eral acbic:·voo. dm entall\ayo ts shau1 be m : _ S}la;cin,g 01 J c: ' shou in ls no m _ - ~ I D t b a · _ they tact th sa mstalllcJ' apart, Letter wi'tb s~opmgsldes w . '" th . ertlcal sides., Th : e i r ' D.:." bbours t. I:.' c lo se r . ~ let an lclt
I.
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letter form s,
Whe;n, transferred hu mo
CA..HVING
wa
will
e a r in
~U;, p e. rl ee t
· sC ' tt iu g o:ut~
paor'
been d r a w n , it sbotdd wo d. hi be done with, carbon pl,:per~ Oe ho g on e o v theQ, 'wit~ ,0 sha:fP'
satlsfact 01)' la,otmt ha the
he
m a y 'b _ , p , r e L e r , a l l 'to, a , N i the 'wnod,j] so that YlOU . 0 0 . ve :i[fU~'
p e n c ru l
'iNCISED Ci-\lrVIN'G
o n ba
'hcredr.~' U'~:,!L_.y
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aecarare lln~ to work s o m e w h a t ,~hl[[' ay to from, ll Ith.~e'letters are co in L·... :_ , ~1 : - .- , ~'hn- ]..4 'b s~ cmp carvmg c en tr e n ne s w e· . as OU.UiI.DIe,$, m a r k e d in Tbe a m g ' l e between t~lm s i of u t .shonld a b o u t 60° so oo giYl~~ ;~,uffi,oil~td ep t ,(.moducegood shadows letter.io,, bu ~o so IY~.
deep lltha:t ' c a r v . m . , g "becomes difficw~ a l f i a Iabedous, .. a n . ~ , e a 0 1 1 1 , o o .i r,r e c _ scra,p WOOu,,,,II , 'i l -; ' ,pvc
~t!<
fe\ letter f-'...... p--uP"'
if.ij,
It..
'!
ItaS,Y tOOI~ to '1l8~'i' p~l'r.. tool is u se fu l b u j't is no 'tlcu]l\lly'when cutting the larger grIOOV~~ , l1 l d ,a s t b i wOIi'k. d,~~, ];t 'Bot ,iUow' lo disere'pa[1CleS~ U : t o g ro ov e e r 'better cu siaps~ m l l S i m aa goug tool c u U m g :bonl s~~es at once is b O U D d to be 'c~tUn ~,pi~s 'the . _ g r a m . . I 0 ! l ol~:ie gi,~eat s. stages, with cunsequeot. , w u g i b n ' e 8 s : " , B, ICU,'Ujd,g' the S id e o f "b , g o o av jnde pend entlJ 1 , ' 1 1 smoother resu is o s b l
th
'The: first sm
Jmles.
ceclllb"e
th
inciS'lng
letterin
T h is , c a n be do
cuts
is "£ ICll't straight: d1o,m 'o by cut.m,1 'witb knife, bu
leu;' all h e . m a j Q i parts. ,o the Ietters first" For' this fterifs gJltlges may b e u s aa far as, os ible ut some cuUW! m _ a y h a ,v e 'L o b e cuts o f ' L D , e serifs flow into knifl~ u t tO lea-'vBa smooth chan.G~ from curve Ito stmrngbt~, the m a lo o n e · CI lT V ,e ·O I a no th er " T h, e cu s ur fa ee s s ho ul d h a v e tool .1inisb~ the b~:mpUl!.·oon tO use: . , g h l i . s s p a . p e r . resisted, Incised Iette:dng loses .U~,c ha:mcrerjs&~icfresoo't$s, if: it is g iv e a m y other JJ
'~~'~meD lf~e.r·c~U~v~tlg'"
is l o f t e m . d es lr ab l t o e u a w a y p a r t s f' bitckgrooor!s c o m p'Iete[J~1so that :tb 'm~io dle d ,e g g o set of more f a d e sc ri be d [cantle .p·Fominmtl,Y. E v ' e n dle s im p l t oo l , o l ' ,c~:mbined wit.b p Je rc . n g p ro du c b ad ge s a n e mb le m book ends (Fi~ m . 2 A J . , letter r,lck.s e'vc.M~nJ of 'the 'old!furniture d~gners eon~lbinedpiercing with carving, princ"'paU.y in,_c _ b _ a i t b a c ks " C b t ,p pe n da ), e llSUa.Uy included it in hi desigas, MmlY m m m p] es _ o f o l , ~ d ches:ts a n d c u pb 9 M -d s _w ~ t h p ie rc e c ar vl ag , can 'b ' s o o n n , ' th e Vlcto,ria and Albert ' M u s e u m " M ; } I 1 Y ' e h u r ch e s have fthlbor,fl'~e1:ycarved and p ie rc e s cr ee n . i 'thi case th piero.~,llg,s e v e h e d 'u I p u p os e o f setli~g, oft' the, carving an aJlolwing the congrega liJo~1 to ee beyond. Of course, 'the, toels re' u s e d , _ f - O f ' piefici'llg: useful c u l l i n , g , I[.iUWU:6S moving wast when blC~lih]j olid , _ P ne n: in g m sdone ' w i l_ ' b . .a, v m e t y o:f~saws..a l w I na niO'w' b l a d J e 8 , .
'wide tbi!~11Iill.p'~toduce, ,s~t,aig;h'~,er slb,ta,bh;~;u ~ ea be gouge, l~ cut in the' eerved centre lines. These cuts S b O l d d be taken the 'f~ dep~{J U S D l g , m a J 1 8 ~ if necessary, Stli.'aigbt cuts w r ieven in d~p~, [£~ceprt .fur the ser~~ ~d ~e other places wher 'they bJ6md, i oC o l c u rv e s Carves Wid]lest Centre deepest 'where ~e _o i f "will m,orflg~tr,a~ight
'result, , S i m l l a: £ i : ,f:ound it can
,8
'WbC\llG
'~ln
,I
gra.du~ltefromDOUrlng at t h c o rn e r s 'C fu d~lPr~b at the centres. d9fl~_ d e H b e m ' t .e l y : . . .. .. . .: m a n y C u ,tina a " w a . y th ~ \ t o p e s , s b o l u J d , t ll , clean ooisb d es U :c d T he , b ul k . t t ~ l e b i t o s , 'will D l O t p : r( )d ' u c of th waste must cut in on lo & t ic e s t h e n clean pa .. ing with 'laid, 'Yfide tool ~I f~'e o u~ id . i n e : £0 the '~91~tl~m Be c 3 J " , o f ' l 'tba:t Ill, IcuttiDg' d l o ' \ V D 'C'De SIde: ,t .e Icmscl 'OIt' gO!l!JlgJtjdoes no wn and, penerrat the ether side, Wa.'tcll the d i r - o o t i o I D l 'of' the grain, where, the, grain is .1 1 9 b . t l y ' sliicing; action i~,go.mtl Co the tool 'M:th ,smoother - £ i ; n i s h as li1,c d ir eo t o . o f h e g rw n J This \\rill leave there Is less ' t , e l ' D l . d c I m c yl ' O I ~ en , o r c ru s the fibres~
_.
..
~I
\:.I
FIG~ III
,4
WOCI
i CA R . 'V [ N' (j '
so that Ihey' can
hole guid.oo , H o u n d eornees Illil CUNes. closed sbBpejJ and tb S8'W tbJleaded thn;Ji~~ c ho ic e o f a w d ep en d m a J n l , Y Oft ' d ie , , - icbess bardness wo in the w o o d beifig ' w o rk e d 'U to a b o u t thick I. fretsa,w or j J g s a : w ca b e u se d F n~ rs a b la ,d ~ e. s, r graded by numbee, th coarsest bem,g' No '6~ The 'bl\ade ~p ~m.sionoo, by ;31;SP':Dllg, steel ,fnLme~ w,hich it' Is f i t t : e d , ~itb Its 'te~th pointiflg t O W I I J r - d s , th l m n dl c , A ' u e t : S 2 ! ' w is sed,_w b i ~ e ' B i t : t h e w : o ~ [ ' s u p po r t e 'Q y...at sa~iD,g board to tat'e (F:~g~12B)~A smaller v'e~sion_o ~' d i H a me , adjustab v ar io u e ng th s o f b la de . is c a n e d apierom,:g Q1.r enttJDB_ w i tou,g-b. Where, tJ:u~ 'wcod to P i g , l 2 C ) is used. frlet5a~~'i'he sligb:tly OOilI,er C op j a g A , ThJJS is proba'bly th m o s _ t u se fu l ~ aw ' in the s er ie s f ,o c ~vo~d S~ I}I. w p m " m ; sa carvers in an blade ·~ o f _ !t h s a m e 'tY.P~as its
it
tmck,er harder 'wood~ ' b u c a nn o t
ev r se r " I t 'w.i'~] cu t m c k l e ; r an 'used f , o r sucb 'llltricab: o . .r k as fretsaw is usual ts quite clean, but ,3 , c o p m g !~W may' n e e d , c ' h ~ a n m , g ' [ J , p ~It coping ie l e d g e Jeft a . m a b e u se d in ' th e s am e 'way as f te t s' l or tb bmlde ca 'to ca '011 th p t l i s h stroke, t h e , w o r k ,held b e r ev e rs e ,1 've,rt~lly &C.~K th worker, in vice, i nc h 'ms, 'to l I > e sha:ped~ th tool U~· oo :tJIicker than :about to us is ' t h e , (Fig. 1 2D ) B la de s a r e , , a : b o u t '9 m c h . e s ]OD,g ~'l'bo~gb , t h e : y ' W i D ch , : Y - i d , e ~ 'Con eq u: en I y shape thicke wood 'they are m r u D ~ y o f se in 'waInio. '!DUt. f [ l e u : ~ a n " " j but
II
w , h io h , i s later ' w o r l : e d , to "'he e sa c Q U 1 1 o eby othef 'kulIs.. he b~3deshould, Wl,der- stron,1 ten s;,o,o- by 'the '-eyer (F18~, 12E) o r s cr e at h e o p , . W OT lL !e . W,DLO na J :n t s om e e xp en ea c find iWat combining m r v m " g 'with i' carries the job
amateur w o
fret\~ork. wrn,
of 'fr,e~wnrk alone e em s f la t a n desigol in.. finis:b«l-=artistica1l:y not s at is fy in g l d; an " clade leaves and BomJ decoration, These ca be i m p ~ O V I O O , 'by the' se o, alIVin,g' t o o l l S , . Edges C I l D . be chramrfeNed (A,I:- '1'2F)~, Outlines be l c . a : r r l 1 e d tbrou.,I wher the design ,bas -t :8 t , o p s ho r b oo a ~u s of COM trlmctional o o o : s i d , e r 3 l : u o I t s (Fig,. 1 20 ) V e n s m " a be~'pulm l e a v e s (FIg~ 128) a n d _ !ugge8lio of de~ ~_ .e! ,· '((lOll! Of mnaru!iii gotl,ge, lJJ. 'W Iinw,ers Iv,} iD find 'that " W i t h tbe .f oour~e E'y,entuaUy 1 d t _ e cmit&mam ,greater ; s e n , p c o f C 3 .r v .m : g tthc ffeltwork ' b ec o m e s s u b sl d i fy ' t o ' 'UIB work w ~ t h carving tools., :and 'vice versa., ~r
Pi
I~,V
LOW RELmF ' C A R V I N G
r ea c he d ' tb is , f al i a n d miS'tefed Un carving ,to-o~' with s, h e b eg in ne r will il c on tr o m.c.tlre something with m o s ha p needing treatment w i U ] G'OI~:~li' ,arl~t¥, of :m~l~dl gtltaitt Y aD , OD m o s u se fu l adruUoill~, to 'Itb,e, basle ew '~oo1s.One SWe.erp.3;1l a r
ffi,Y'EN'G,
,lair degree
us ~ r' w l o r k i m g in F ' e c e .s : ~ ,. . a s [ 0 [ [ " tw ,8 oo 'bit gtJ'IllJl'eB whe~ levelling baCkI~-01llndswhieh a r . su '£ ro u nd 'e tl l g~ mo a n : y s h a . . p e · am . ' b e earved \ridl_ 've:I)" f:ey.v pa'ds;, W h i
g\Juga~1 it i s, e a s ie r ' t Q;~ltaffi. good '6njs,~ M'.' bo~ce ' ~ 'r o m fa.irl,' flat ICUN'e 'w.orln~d '~j'th :3 a o s; ] a rg & J i ' , e 1e c ij ,o n , , ·.utige w~l ,mevita ~1 uflev'e~i''t~mlS oofls.i!de,mlb~e ' 9 L ~ ~ ,a!l~' ,p~tie:ilce is e xp el ld m o n ~~t, ,blr~ ~JLth a...gou~l~ ,of ~he'.',n~;t SIZe, u rv a u r
aIDJft
oo
Pa'lrems , s m n l U a . r
u l .w easm~yand qwckI:V 'those d e sc ri be d f or ' i n a i s ,g ca
'h w'or.ked m,tb, baekgro more deep~y recesse 'b '~e 'l.]lse, of ~ouge'" I t e M b eI QI [o w .e d o u : t l m ' o o ,yIth. T h e p ft i [ [, e t~ol., 1.,00:000 Yrith ,3 ,gouge ha,ving qui:ck curve (_Fig. 13IA)~ ~An around little d i ; s ' t a f t , C i e , f r - O . m ' fh c l in e , ~ l l § m tive j~ 't'OI' , J e a < v m g the :~ c o t t w n , g : '[01 s h a , p e , _ l ! m . t i l a.f;~~~~me ,o.f 'tile '~IC~" r S 1 m ' e ; " ? J i " " " _ , , . I' ' "1!"'I1..;di. , : " " ,i I , j ;1 L . , ~ ; , , " iI':,up,e. [o ,car'lW' .0 IS »s groun U"",,,,,,,.u ,JLJ11,.... UIJ. 'to tb.rnw tbe p a t r e r n Into , I l [[ o m i n , e n c e 'b:y , c r v [ U i n , g : laway ~'b.e'back~l1[1ld to f a depth, ~ea:Ving: it su.rface usullJ;y ,1lOugh, hi com,. - m . " a; l t f t , .iIf_ ","!
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4 !- 0 1 I .l ' ' .
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,Afte cuttin a r o u n d 'the O ' u 1 1 in e I th e · background ,m ~ut ·9 WD ou Vi i ' fl l ,a,gouge h av fu ,g ' f'aw]y quiCk curve. ,its col~ers wil 'Chre G8rve 'jls u n l i k ! e l y ,,'ept :~bo've the, surface, s ha l o w gouge may ,get its comers 'below he surface and start I D U t . · I C u , W n , g ' I.w,a.y th ' b a l e k g r o U D d l ~~,~5 ~~u].~ .~e:~ o n ~ s y ~ ~ ~ ' m a t i ~ f ~ y ~s i n g : , C O l ~ p 8 I a t_ i v e ~ : y depth., th goug l ( F m g " 13 B,).!,These _should ..be of uniior \V1i .but ' U . 1 . e result s h a u ~ d " not of t o - o 'U 'ffonn ,Ip··~rm,te, No at~empt m o w d be m . a d e . to , g e t ,8 pedec r' ' B a t rOOesm~How eYer~, If a11Ou~, hl. ,a De p a . r t _ it ' i w r o ru g '0 be d , o u b ~ e _ : h i .t ana'i 'e lliU1" T h e h oU ow s , left f n . U D g o u ,g ,e .shou [ d . .all, be 'o,f a.'bout the' SaIne size-so 'I:hit - 0 p ar t of the: ' b~ c k gr o m d i s o l , e r i " ,e o l l s p i c u O : U l l t a n d , h e ] art~oodun,, ! B , frJc'U:~d 'the pa tern. ~~~I~
,41
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'9
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sh~,r(niV recess I_ Is ptob~bly best the pattern \vitb. For carcf'ulI.y Lool_ to It d ee pe r w o r the actual cutline is I C U t to the line after mlost of ~U1.T h i s . i s , o n b y ~ r ',vith 't'h~' b_~kg olJD bas, swta.b~·,' g c n j , g ~ " ' S and chise]s, They should held ,silptIy , o ff . , o f ve 3t(~) ,"., ,r reut _ i . v e a. slop.,1 b a na fo, general ,vot.- as this 'weakens, edge as en a,
go-o~, appearance. The e~wptio.D. is when to part has to stand. IOU't as 1= 'CUrlin up' ards dge, with gouges 'with sweeps as near poss,iblc .fiumS _ L uems, For' an mb curve th s w e e p ay hU more (FiS_ be sligb Iess 13D). l t te r , e . t,001 u s e d fo ,e~u.m.g. does, , 0 1 0 6xaetl.y fit. the trued Ip 'i:th s li ei n . . a c ti o" , I I l S . m n , S either kn o r it skew',..ended chisel. .. os d'jgns 'with cut-a' 'IlY ba.c-.gr' more ,eftec'tivleby foolI w o r k O f : D !~he surface, An e'· ample' is ·th~ e u r d e . .]!ys or oo -t Badge. its ~]mpm~ fo lCEg. 1 3E J " h e s .t m: p and central 'pine are orke ..The am outUnled with tool, whicb nee. not cut very d.cep'~.y~ pine are rounded ,and th outs ,o the" is, d ow n sbaUow slo'pe b l e . . g' w n t o le surface" or more elaborate me same basic pattern, th outline is f,oUowed by raised 'border (F 3 F ) T h i is worked 'V' W8.'y ie ,s.p,ine and. strap, by marking 'wi.th ther treate· edge of (he. border is le into 'the me a nd . t he , c s d e b le nd e T h 'lo,p of the fair y' deep S\Veep~ gouge border is hollowed w i _ , goo finis in ithis b o ll J~ w i s t o cut Th safest wIRy "[0 obtal' a w a y some o l . - w a the ceDt{
saeh
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._
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th ~ov.ell I J . . :11_:it _ - _ ' _ i~lo W ! O O d , 1 n e _ "~ " 1 1 _ ' g~from f~e, ed,p b e o u 1 lm ed " a n d , the , g r o W ! Idw·ork cane b le n into th s,_ f a c e . . T h g ro u d wo rk . inS:i~ h e _ sh ap e n ee d .DDt be nt be of an ~e de.p' t, wa sbnplle. ,,~Iy,bu it ~olle '_"rh gauge, 0 0 sUog ,alf ,3, m a , l t c h s t l C . k sliding ·blo~-. 0'£ '00,-.' '-SL); Is useful ~Of' comparim depths, M u c h relief 1 C 8 ' r v m g ]5 based 00 le m r m s . . ,Quite ofte 'the ~--ctl ,a.n.extent [e o uv leaned leaf -'·~;M 'to hi el much common ' 1 J i ' i: the: natUtM p.i ilege t~ article, ut that is ,0 "d "0 I~ particular ·medium." The om it to . e ; : _U , e n U y u s e d mo,,:_ d i f i e ' ple ' ~ e a ""g~ ml ." 10. 'u -8 10 J lO ' ,g '1.IIl"'~' an ca.:rvmg .re 'OJlIS a" g o . " JntrodwcttOD. to this sort o f c a v in g L ea ve s o m OtU~; tree in dlswl In th Uy but iJft'e.r leaves in d~:sjgD Diced, not 'be a , [ b s o J ' u t e ! y ,a:l·~,e',' U 1 e y Shol,I' I D d . '2f-ee in tb D U - C ; b e , r of jpOlmJ:'b etc, (i,e rv ,R sample eaf', choose ;ii block: ' ~eod ~<"t freeI C D t U n , g paiD 'and abou i ne h e s q ua re , Sk·et.ch in the outline of tile leaf i' - I p~nell ines, '~"I 1! '1'1 be [0 ground 'b .E gouge at cu ng lib _h es 1 (F i, : fOllow the outline at "-~j:sstage, 14.) Do no th back r O l l l l D d about in Of' !d\eptb is needed te allow urface oE h e a f 10 c a v ed , w h ~~ oit a t be '-ust stil stan 0-, t, eg . .,_rOwever thi;s m u vi carried '10 excess, as slballlo:w r e t i . e f mding bj.gh above h e b ac tg E 10 u n does not ,'oD:k 'jght. I_Ie groundwork c U ' t . a : w a y wi 1 1 : i . n 8. border or carrie h e ed'lgc th bloJt.. be llrlace of the leaf. , i 00'.11.•' Ilvy' appearance in re Vien "0 a t m a e r 'b ting c ur v e g ro cv e s "'0 that there o o d u la ' tj o ft s m d b ' t m g from a b o u t 'the pOrml; w h e r e the v e n s o f th 1," ~ meet-Jus below -'6 mi, Idle in. th is ample, Draw he cu ve ' , p, nei] compass, C ! J J t them in 'with !'Ou,ge., lavrnn·~ m e we (Fi& '1 leu_ :' b e (leaf. it th deenest indenmu'ons o,ut'line an IClll't :8 w , a y it := ' t m , 1 D g 1 ,grl?uge.s whi~'b , 6 1 t th ve .Th the gr nm ·~t 0, to tb sam[,' parts o~'th leaf ,vwc}l appear curled u _ p m a y slightly 'un;j"..r.. ge should "'-0 Cl~t II() Iacrease - e c 1 : b~' most of the ~Ughfly the o m e r i _ , a y ~ L e v e l all lo th gro'Lfndwor,', witb III stAp
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Tile next stage is to s m o o t h the C U I V , e d , g O ' u , g e ~li1ts; "to , g i : v e : (be surface its smooth 'bu: undulating appe ranee, ' n u s j~, done \v,mth various ogouges,i CU~tiDS d l a g , O l J l l l _ U y ' o~ Wil~~,.t~e ;y,a~Ii~'TI1!~ hollow should no remain a . S J p ar t o f p e l ;l Ct , I c m , ~ ' c l e . ~ 1 1 u t s bo ul d take I., natural 1:ontl on esch lobe f' th I'Mf (Fig" .l4D~._ The. leaf ,may be l~ this sms,~ ' b , U ' t w i ~ook ,~ore natura if ei re g i v e n to the 11 a_t·o lobes, Thes sholl.~d_ d r a w n i: then ou~]jfn'OOl 'wIth S D U , U deep , g c r u , g e . . called ,8, " v ei n e r , r u f P { ] S S l ble, IOUlCnvise I I I 5 ( ; ; tool Th ve mould di in,itO ,D-otlirllflg at 't en (F,ig, 14E)., It. 'w~hav',e square eat edges whic should found!ed Q , f f and 'the _,outsnJ eased oE :m'tol the smface of t he , l ea f' . ',·0 , o o J s h 01 th , j D l b ,th,~, outslde o l h e .~)~&f should be g i v e D . ~lery_. sl 'C chamfer ap 'b ver.y '~maU~nd hardly , B , P P a f C Q , t . . I01Utd.., Thls s h o u l d reduces the r is k o f p a c n u n b Un g Of' c,mppi~jS' off.. E x a m p l e s of low' relief ca,rvw.g found in m U S l ~ U [ W S ! a m on gs t d om e s · um w ' u [ 011 s o m e years a g o , The ctn~otry limited eq w,pm,en it an raitsmaO c o m _ p a ; [3 ! t iv e l y wi narrow experieulcs d .[ ew ' o n t h desrgns he &'l'W in cburches and the larger houses an sim.ptied s 1 1 I i t his 'tools, :lnd" a b w m ~ L y ~ The: f o ; U , o w m g carvings are on :D k, up oa d, of a nd , AJbert M t m S e W D " London, They about 'ISOO in ~beV . tc tb r Or three gouges an ea ada. pted to 'worked 'wi:~h s,~u ,~nouc:m To doors te p ie rc e to vmtr:iltl'te. the _ill~erior'~usmg: d'esign popula shap of cburch \vjndo~ (Fi,g~, l2F),., The based io door ar alse e co sa te d b ~1 'C-8lV'ings enclosed in squares, T W ' Q i used-s-a .goomelrl'c on (Fig" 14F) and ;1 eonvenon ~ ow e (F:ig.. 1.41)., Th geometric design is se ou with. compasses. Th hollow stm,ppmg is w'orked 'witb ;8 gouge, as lm ch~pter~n ,3, eleele it J. p a , [ ti , c w a r m , y ' d~f~bed, e a r l i e r n ec es sa :r y t o Itut a t' w a y t h e waste 2Jl'~ the, centre f' 'the~groove, t he n r i each side t o t il e line, to suit, the d:~rocdioo,of t h , e , grain. Wbere the s:trap'pm\p meet, th CDt8 sDowd, be o~ e v e I de ., p d r u n d t b ei ru ) U a w s = s'h6uJd : m a k e ,a eJao. i h ' :, e (Fig:. 140),. T h e , Ichip, , car~_~.g metbods" otb.e:r h o ll ow , s a i po~kets ~['e cut' QUt. T', ,0 c en tr a ' bu tt oQ , :5:hot1~d be l'0ft. staD,dm~ '~rilh.:s.llijgb'tJ,Y convex , s w d e s (Fig., Il~, ~,I:""'I = . . . . . . . :m very Sawwlar ue iiC)Iid._ pa U:em is, "f~,~'1 lQ wa!l' d) th m l ~ p ' m e . :leaf ex,a;mpla 'In d m w m l g : thh;~ I~:r an otb.er pa'ttern part w h i c h consisits of motif r ep tO O e d ro!~wnd ,I, c e n : t r e oruy' nitro d-ra;wD ()lm p a p 8 r t h l e J 1 m o v e d arouDd w h e n tra.msferrm,~' ~'c1
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it ' t " th e w ~ D d . , .G u k e . U ne s s ho ul d b e p.enciUed first.
t h e as e 5i' plB , qu a rr e dtawmgl' ' W i l l . sUm;tienl~ although w i m h u c idea of 1be fiD 11 utl.m a, h ru I d ra w in g hed fin,al ap e a ' ap p e r an e e, " W b e r e tb.~, c a , r y e . _ r i s u nc er ta i < [ l , f cuts it is go neil ante, and is u na b is u al lz e t h f ,e su lt , p . ~ ~ D ! ' to take hint Irosn the s c t r u 1 _ p , t o r and m a k e ' prle~mun.ary lill]l('JdeI in, P , 'l a 's t ic i o r o t he r modelllng c l l Y ~ T h be done s m m .p m eR a en more f'(il.~ · l i e f ~rvin,g if d , es iv e d ~" b u t i t ~~a.bl~ W : h C J I D s ~ a . rt m g the , ta 'n V i n . o f nl al h u m a n figur~s~ The ~ . o w e r i s o u t6 ne d lVitb suitable g ou ge s n d ' C h i s e l S I . Cut. m~ros\s, .,ke ,graJn. be1br'e cutting th U n e s , , L a y in w i h , h e g ra i . . to ,g ~er'y d~H' ·~D~ plenty aD D{]I need patt,em h e b ac kg Fo M S~ n ch es _ sq ua re , a r W ~ Y 'w ith ,gouge cnts 'from I[~ surface m e v : e L O u d li n c ' t h central bu to slopin l! preparln,l '~ith, i!![,_ s u j ; t a b l e : 8 a ' u a ' e ~ to depth ,f ,about planto have these ~es;i'gns it : a , g o stock g(llJ~, by such tl1·Wnp;s jhe curve ou w'~elil ,making h e d r w i g , T h gf the button and dl~:OnOlw o u n e o f p e a l c an , b e m a d e to ,~uit '~ nearest gouge 'y(n.t possess" PCl:ll . s ~ 1 E f a c e : 'b parmg o wa rd s C b ~ u . m , b e s ha 1 e o ~p 1 0 0 0 0 ' t r a J bu ~ ' t o . D . . beina c a r e f ~ ] t o r es tr a 'rnn tb~Pj01J-1 es ~jtf, r e a e Ct .·.-~v he o lf C td d e c r Ude.flower _ he e n o f the cu ( Fi g, . 1 4 ]) , o o w n towards t h b a ck ,g r ,Q U D c L Trim, th OI!l:UO:ll to a" u:ni~[),rm, . h o ll o 'J I s tr a p pm , g w 1 r h c'ruP"C!I-:VleQ '!S, irn~;da;Fto th geometric ~Another l(jonven,uo\rnl] ftorall d~~~ has, th petals eult with surfaces, 'T ;3'Y'(}id I l h i m . e d , g e s . , w b smg~e._ mi gh left w l ~ble\1 l 1 a r r o w ftalllt ,surface to edges ( F i g . ~,4K)~Each p e b o 'U l 'b h e e w e d g r a du aU y " b ,e :o . ~ll~.mted._OU,~ '~O the. l~Mj;S'h,~ ,~ha"pe 'with OD ~,weep' the ,It)iUI~l," scrap w o o d " The g , Q < u , g e dr ,curt to :nea,dy 'verucaU,Y' M,d, ~hebands dipped ~e~~ the greetest deptb, ,and. ' y ,l d fb , reached, F ur th e d lp pm , reduces w'id'Jl o f h e Crult.. Trials cuts ~~show '~.'hehape f' hollow m O I S t ,~t:~j~,ble~or' p a I ic tl lI a , go ug e ~a n h e WQ,[k, w i l ' b ~ lm p li fi er J if t h l s 'i u s U l b a silt sba.pe ( li re p f L ri n ,g , a , d e s l ,g D , . ld chests of th M 1 d d J e A ge s w e r often tbe am sub~ f~unny.1 and[ '{~, S O l ~ U U i Y ' p i e c e , m ' f ~ m t d . . , IU m U a J , P O s g e s s :i o n tUJC I e n t _ ~.tsGlf 'Il~o deoc;"ration by ~'~m,g An e x a . 1 l l , p l e . -f[l(lm th ]637',. 'bas pa8,el~ I~rvedl with ~IOWCI'S ol .I ~, ~" il/1I!.., "'~:L '1 ' ~ r , o g : e I ~ J h l iW~'w er I' ~e It rv~, mi ·~~1LhjeU ,I very way a bo u ],2 ,~ '9 in" (Fig'~] 4L ) . . Th e w l lo .l e panel _"U
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~1
54
W100D C A R V I N
'but 'witluJ_ut th , d : O O P I i' ','l 1 t ~ , sid_ of the I£a'~ b u U o w e d [weep', cut bac~ I~ the [( ig M " T h ou~n,es -l~ , , em of I~hip, Ij~~ lMt'v!n _' p ro n ,o u ~c e slope, This result fann -,mUoD' -',~g llN)~ he bac'kgrolD ', s un k a bo u ,ltD,hed all over" Another U t i l ~ . g eq um!ly ' . _ ,P I J W : r m " I , OB ~old chests is at piltem i t [ si m , est ~orm 'J~ Sll_,,\esled~y le~rs om ,['the,
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e av e
ar
o ug h
d}6Dtiltion,s., T he , elns re cu Bh 1y ow he ve
outlined,
au
CHAP'IER VI
CO,NVE'NTlON,AL
,CI:~
I, ,~gil 141,0),. ea Is eu the s u r fa c e , c a r ve d Djago,n3J .lines re 'W rked a c C lS s ~ :'widtl- \'ri~b a" 'V t~__ both d ir ec t o ,W 1 S ' s o [IS 'n e a s ma l dla'wen,ds ( F ig ' t P) ~ These, fu'" curved, k n o b s r~p,res:,",tiDg s ha pe d the grams. of COrD,' lB I4I',~;; Ora:-- does no \]5 -Y'!':,', str3iigl1Jl l in e s I n both d ir ee t lo n s [ al 't l~ u ~ p th r-o'ws~are 'm!lfe ~r"()SsWl;se.so to be sttai;&ht in jIb ithe 81talk . J m a v e w a y , to SlID, II at 00,(,51, IOlf I~ 8m IS to ICU'[, g ro o , e le t hw is e bs ind~viduaUy alon,g b em . cane die. '9 a '~ o id ' parallel V.'ws c I O B s , w i & e (,Fj,g., 4. ))i- n. S'O~~ of th s , wed, o ( [ Eh eC :~ I _ ; , s that n e 'olld chest" th _al as v o id e d in both U-ectloos.,. To do tW s, each no bOil g r a " . '1
I"
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to
,m
m s . _rn be built 'ter[ac'.g; straps c o m b i ed with 1mV' Borders e a n , madeby [i,,=-e~tion, p a l e ems, Lett~:~ !h stra broa .,n. lnto e . pa rt lea. is I C 0 m I m ; , O t m , nd efi[ectrye d!~,~gt.1I th ig i ( F ~ ; g , . ,-l·l~ In I~,y" Ie i,eml P'fO"-.-Q ' " t O O S shotlllldl be .indicated by 'ee-,Ho' curves, before the .. tltllils aIC put 'Tille s b " t lp ,p in g b ro a de n s a s it rQc~e:s t h e , ~ ea v e s b~:t th d , e p 1 t h rlemams ,3bout th ame, :0 do this, 'the cross ..s ecuo chan, es more Q I Y 3 l l, . ' T o l ge'· ,·1 t~. j~~ct.tb~ ~tt,om fro part ofa c U I - 1 ., cut , an the: des (P~;g~3N). ,at~er'g o u g. e . h CUIIiV,e tbe leaf ar-e. . o l l 1 o w , e d [ in the same \\1,3.,:1 th centre Th 'arts, e - hould be bord of th brose Ie p a rt s belag almost ft ca be II. Bt t, QUId the' l e v e s , t, i. oks better if. it s U g h t t au,twa r.d c ba ' 'er w i t h ga s ,g iv e "I'!sd or fb.t Pa
R .H L E ,
" "" "1 - I G '
m o s t '"orms of artistic expression in '. instead of tw thnls..d iimensio, 'fI!at d ra v t o - . I. bread h ~ nla_.· . . . cuI' f o , a n , . . 'this c a . r v i t " J , g dd 'e b. At as the 'work o n e n e w ~ y' i m t ro d .u : ce d c ar vl n to P!Pm::i ate: ,. v m G 1 djftlcrs, fro 'wlork Old,'" ha
is Y1Jewo
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8.
"lwO"udnensllon~ i ,
1 l i - 1 1. . . _ . . . : L
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carvm,g
1[". tae'kled as -a Of much, carring icture on m:any described lin projects so fa d e _p t described :m U 1 i ' : $ ve so 1ieslit~ is s t c o m p a ra t f. v _ l . y ftl:t ma re r - el ie f c al ls . ICarvm', lo ori,giina~ fi,gures lo shapes m e a ' lUt:y,., ppreciatlon t h s ol l Once '!here is considerable the ,two~,dlime:n[.lolrnd atttiuJde is abandone sa:tisfacHon is c a v i d ee p . ~. c: IL fSom··· of the mos. s_ ~ce.ssf-_d, ed carvers favour' I~ treatment cutting a w a y -g pieces Wlw, OOICU. cut, nS~'~D,gan oeeaaona D U st z ]I_.,.E \ . a n c a rg u n , [· ·that this ay ,CSII t:be desired el'iect, preduced, ;,robably oolly' advisable, .t ]east a_ firsi:jJ some DlO . - i n c a t i o of t hi s ~ _e tb ' ' is a ,c t that th 'too-cautious nibbling bt ·;on:y~ha,vmgs .:is p ro d . u ,ce ~nore lik'el,y ha [~m'oun'ts t o, . l o r e l i e f carving. ,-'.'evler ' m uc h t h b ac kg ro u n c u ;a--fty., N o e v er y c a v e is 3! skiUe.d [ a rt is t h i le , a r ti s ti c a b i U , ' L Y ' is neeessa ry c,onsiste.-Dtly p r - q d ! , t l C e the best i , "w , o k ~ 'the t es s a rt is ti c c a n' . J' ,.:~lho is nevertheless sldlJed a t : h an d ll n; · t oo l prod pe some very sa l1 sl "n rather diff,er:ent me Whe h e artist de e nd s a lm 0 6 e n on e)'ye', -1:"1$ less 81i_"'St1C colleague will D~ 'tern:J Ires an m l ea su rm g . in , m en t n su r failtbful epr-ducti,loo hi drawings, cia. 11 L~: A ' • " or OFlgJ moU,[ artist 1 ! l { J L I examp,~e,.' JJ prleJl\e[ m m l U o g cis: towlng' scenes an figu.res as he mu,Jiz[6S them, the mo cra:Etsman will p r~ e- =- - w o of cn ~nal I c h a m [ r e.r d.· .:ign; t b · · . craftmtan will Where 'he arUst ,amen.: will be irno\vl[ed,gle COD ,ct:flJtmt'~un ex,o:;;uli,on,. AU lcaners ou'I lila v i of certain conventional, form in any C 8S L ea ;v e a r ~ . ey provl,' c· ue)!][fl.y '(lserllj d , :xampJ ... 'fo', · prac:'t ise,. pa.rt f. ~' t h L ~ ' \l'lery co e n t i O i f t' a l l forms men-".Jj..t."
'I.~.,
55
56
WOOD
IO\I.VINO
:lis:t ICbapwt~_l , e a " v _ & s , ~ m~~n~e,a : ~ J . U : a l , "b gi!'ml, 'wn:ruo t,be ,llmib of the 'mate~at Th~ s~:pJe ,_fo~m, sho\W. (F1,g. 'l!J;A)~ Is m,ten,~ed Ito have ~ ~ B e ,~ftloot ,lm,~e H I breeze, ~O · t hi s e m d * d ~ t ai ls , ,a _ v e m a , ftgxibl,e. leIf \ ' V 2 l , v i m J : and ' s U ' r J f a o c markings ar almost ignore an th acceat i~ put loa the undula:tions-.:wbicb, neednot, of C.'OUIS e;. be: 'CDcUy as shnw,fl E, "fact if: th fo,rm.is, used f or r a , ,group ,o leaves' tb so face c u rv e s s h ou l dift:er between, Cut in [h outlin an .~inthe baekgroua in th ~su3:1wa:y'~ Ulelll mate b o m d , gou,ge cuts ,BiC['O\$S the rsutla£~wbe[l) 'tI~e, d l e e p e s
' t m . o n e d Jin, th
arppeauoce
hollows re to cO,me th stern as the d . e e p , 'CUI"'V6S, across F:rom thi P O I W ' t . us
'(F'''g" :ISB).. T~~l~Y'~ o ul d m , U a~ ~ e&~m
o f th I m f s t H : m ],t th m n , e ~ J 1 ( 1 l f stiJ!ne~s
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culiid be UDmtt~mt
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1 1 1 . . . . ...11 !U ~,",,":.L.~_. B" u r ' ':.1,0 ~ e s : 1 WJ.tu'iL ,3, cU.J'loo. -. eJJ~' '~mw:wg b e w ee n h e h e to 'nlle stem b r o m . d ! e n s out ioliO anether c u :r 1 e o v e r l e af ' pil'rt~ illinS: th sap batw'oon 'the sides, section th s~em reaches. th or;g)i~td surface, 'wbUe ltb O~l'" parts fa a w , a ; y ' U n ti l -- 1L ps o f r tl h lobes almn\St ~c t h b ~ iU :k g ro o o d 'I I i: -
(Fig~
d· 'L, ~:tl... ,~I,il.. ()J, T h e m , ~S no point .Ilil. r an s e rn n a ~ i,!i tne cemm e· dra'win,C 'to th 'wood at S J t as many of ·th~: liUJ6S on centre . 1 m . a , I 't Iw~g' o f t " ' M o ; , k OUIt f r o m the d : r ! a , w m g Olyer to ensurethe wor b c i n . g :~ymm~ticalAt ~t .:lra-w ~~y lhe : m a r i n sunk The baekground and :may' be: carved w m t b o ! l ] l t a. ganged, MOl] od th ed es if border, 'Oul a r o u n d the : g l u i U i r n e : 'with : 3 ) : _ deep gou,". t~pjng' sllorC. dIstanoe away from th Iine and. ~gnnl'mg di , sm a JI e I n tc~t-'<~'i it tb s a m e gouge, cu 3.w,ay the '~ckgrQt~od ,Ir,om the edge towtu"ds U l e : O m . m ' t l i l i l ~ , 'wodOng aJ)~a.:~lS, diago nal1!y' across th o f the . g o u g e _gi~1_be~ow the gm;m an never letting the e om e sruLf:faoo. Continue in tm ' \ V a y almost down b e ' I [ I D ] ] 'd!eptb~ cuttin in th genera ~outl~ ~th gouges ,~d l~bi5e:l_s( P i g : . _ ~ ' 6B)~ u m s b ing ,o ~e bact:ground until :8jff!,er th outlin s, Leave il ,tina],' sba 1 '0 0 : an d d i ca:",~g' i s ~ l m ~ o ,s t om:plete. oth·envjs8·me backgln:nmd, .may b e c o m e marred ' b Y ' 'tmiu'tentiona], 'loot m;;tr.b., 1, I~y'es at m e II e, :,;"1i... :: plplB LaLOJi_])g up 'I~~'I~.em Jllw6 tw stand UP :abri,.ost to the o:dginaJ. s u f ac e b u h e p a ,cf'tba b es id e t he m s w ·e e a W , i L : J t o a bo u f· ln..a bo v e · th e ba·.····.-,·-wd. . . . 1 1 'iL. Thi '~·s:~8 the geDei~ s.~,pe m g M l _ _ D r m a ' b~"e is:~apms 0;-,. .. JuUl~. 10 bes, Th tapers u cc m s ho r d is ta nc e barye "18 ba to st abolU~If d~~near m a r i r . m 0 ~GSe t h e ; t ' D . p • . ']['~D~tcstep~to p ar ts ! a n t il , _ . ~ 1[ them \ V lL t ; ~ vemJIl", T h ~ D t a l s!em ss 'CUt tlO i t s , finall lengthwise' sbape~ 'The 1 " £ 1 . 1 1 . 8 of the pi.. id wi .f i r ! l y '[flat W O 'to ' t h e ; ,!coeraJ. su:rl~c~, h a go~ge ( 'p i g '. , I f E C ). , Deepen th v't e~.efcut at the edge of du~pipe as neeessa ry frcc1i·Oowm.! C I l l1 1 ' V C _ ' [,0_ i t b ! , " 1 lU the su rlare in in, 0' 'the : 6 D a 1 d e p t h m ICut. aWl:", le budk o f ' d l in a b o u t was~e ffi)iW other parts (~l1der' the· t t ? , P I ]],U1t., U"9'tm~ ' U t e : s$e:m),. in ·the [exaot cutliae. Cut this in bJI the full d!e,,,tb,~ eut... do·1 :mosUy'_ e m ca l J l i : , g h d y ' undemrooCuttmg at the to 01 bu e m p : b a a ; iz e . the ,rolled l e ,ov'eda.ppiftg P~q, to make 'I!,. ,'1\.. tI;:L. "b a.c~,lroun.· 'w'e g~31 IIB'le me OM], .Its Jl..CV'e_l it-
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D r w ' h e m . ' e s : w I U c b l ,div .!d,e up the: , su : r. fa c e o ,f ' th I O i b e s (F1g~, loD)" The lobes may' _Ia.ve taIled or hoUow centres. 'I dn case
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simplestttm~m,e[lt fo,[ the t O P I is to 'fo,rm it 'very' m , ' w : c h :tile ' t h e , o th e p ar t c):f'the ~eafji cutting v er t e a ]J y d o \Y U IJt it~ Q u t l m , e where la,rs over libe rest f· the; design (Fig. 6 F J I'~is more roe weak' fo 'Litis: an ay ,effoot ive ;' unc'erou;t Softwood an a s th tJndeI,C!utmag s'lllould ',DOt be overdone, Befor~ th is fioisb.ed,~ cu down yerU,~.Jly_c lo s t o th outtop line ,O'f t h e : 'Cop~ I ~ h e l i l , hollow ~s wi~b,gouges, le~t~,g'the cu be d ee pe r , at . th~ e nd s d l a n the centee (Fj,g., lliI6G)~ ,inaUYI' c~~t'Ute de w o o n ' U t e edges, ,AU o f h i ' w o i i k : will ; B 1 m o s t cerUdW]l b a : v i e : b I e D , done ' w i t h , t h e , blook, '0'£ lact oa 't}],e: beech. S U _ p , p o r t ,i v ,e rt ic a U: y s o that "t f n J r m , t ll e ] { g 'b t e o m e s diag,QD'illy' - o de mi dil!talllC!e~Try this 'with th light from both. s i d , l e s ~ the pM,d above, IOU~Of below th ,eyle level, Vre\~ t, also s , t o 0 01 ]] : om o s a n g W D es . h l m , sp ee do f) , w I a lm o s t c e r a J n1 y sho~' up smal bIemJsbtl: facets tbat n ee d r o 00. d . r u . R g ' od fibres recesses, ' w ld c h h a d no ' [b ee nn ot ke d ' ,~ h il e t a w o o 'climgm,1 the' 'W(J!S Cal"y,w,g dJe:PeDd~; h i l l y ' fo it effoot 9D.the ay th light p re du ce s b r1 g1 x s po t a n s h a d O ' w S l ~ aad, it i.e: , g r C l o d plan, 1inIJ careful. , m . E ~ ' p e c t i , o n , Mltl! ys have slde ]i:.gh.ting~ 'N l e a f . fa nature w a e ve r D k ~ h d la . s& m c . o r u s dese:f11,1bed,~ and rather freer treatment ' w i l l 'b faVU'll]:roo :fOf' m u l C h c a r v i n g , Th pads of' the ~,eafa r s tU ] formed in th same wa.y~ and this, c a l n J , ! '6e regarded, good bJlsic, pattern, bu 'they ar laid i n a . m or e natural ' w a . : y (Fig. ,m ',A~ ' U J ' suit carv,ing ad M : a . _ n ' l le ve co ve tl na ze been m e o n d , O a hemg' several le:tamp~es' have ilread f re q u c n L ~ Y u s e d f,Qt, . e a r- v tn s :U D,tting ' th a t t h o a e d should beof n, us a s ba:sjc "fonn (Fi,S~, l 1 B J m he oak: leaf co paUJJtJvcly shnple with no 6n,e ,ponds, h i , c h ,~o'llid 'be w'eak & 1 l i g b t l y curved wood, , 3 ! D d a . s u rf a c w,~th ,3, e m u l s ~ e l can, be (mint ,A sJngIe is,not 'velY deeurativet. , a , r m n g e d , 'to attractively fill S,paC~I' either ' b o r d e r ( f , i g ' 4 ' 1,1C) ' O r r p a ne l- . The" method lo cutting cbmter v'e;ry s im il 'a r t o the treat.. m e J 1 l o f t he , . ac a n, 't hu s l o o l The g en er a o 'U ~1 iD e i traeed ' w i ; r t l l , he gouge an th baekgreund CElt down, the down in steps, (Fjg~l7D~t~so that th bulk of weth the waste removed .and the d]"e!J,gn Is left in myelis]! el,lcb in th place it Rnal~y occupes, Thls p , n a l i n l l i ' n 3 . I J " :~~"'(J;gmng shape, or "bostlng ln", sht)u~d be th prelud lO IClrving; of l a n y ' d , e p t h , ~
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62
'WOOD
r e . g jh e r appe.I,mnce
CON'V
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'b:y' m aD ,
b oU ow s m a de , ' w i _ t h ma Quick gouge IOf tool. The 'l~gh_' '.•:Ic:grQund s h o w s 'U h . Lng" wi th ooe:p re]i,ef In.caS~·e contrast ay be u n ne e e . 'a ry, TIle observant e .a - er ilJll u d a J : r u . y OJllllllpilles ()if O O D v e m ' - h w e b he Ican ,adapl to bi , .. . ~ ' a 1 : i e a f and, f oJ ia g r ca - . . eeds.. Any 'y,~silt to ou church at museu, wi! a]:mos~ leerlaid taln~J sho bimpecimens, 0- ill'l erest A , _ ." et c 'boot mremol,ry'~ Obsefvsn-oe ,Orf ,1lB,tU re 'will a ls o s ug g es t i~s~ Pieces 'Iy be taken their s h a p - e , ann grou ,,':1 1' ,lei ol gjng, adapted ar p an e ._,lesmgmin,g carvm,~ I O C D s t lo foliage points '0 remember if 'the carvl ls to be at sucee ss _!
vrm,
W h e r e . the d es i " ' m e lu d es II. number . , rved pa Is it is e ad y a hw ,Y s them '·0 d__the eanels connected branches, 'vines. d ' C C ' 0 1 l SObl,! th,~, j.'e'·~t~ a s h ou ,g b h id d __el an appa:rrendy- ontinllin"g behind 'he solid, part; 0.' tbe :fm~', This in some -L o n , h e h o ~ . i. te th S O Ja anes wo.rk -lSeJ , 3 1 P f J e a , r l l D , C ~ .o th piece, B:r.a.ncb'e$ and : s t a J k s b a v , e : to appear in to border, .~.I there is DO adjoinlng D, cluster, panel, b T , t qUite o f t r e D , j _ _ b, possible to er .gear' them to disappe ea (Fig., 1 7 F ) . . behind Natural ehisters are most umlike'y' ' t c o n fo r t space, deep fo carving ers ect;:ye too, ,ils likely to 'b to pace '0 Iill~he . s p l r a y [ f J i v . m g t h e o ,r j, gi ln d " d e s , IUy~Wilt be adaplled to g i V 1 C , (F,'g. 170) b a a nc e a pp ea r 'Ice, and to ~oo~right in ~e 00 ipa.c~livf!ly shallow p i Heral':ry ta prov id al w o o n lcarver., ,e:umpb~s: fo The now: figures and symbols sed, In herak ry lend :hem.. c a s d e s , and churches u s u a n . - · " O O D ' se ve c a v in g O l in coats-of-arms an othe heraldi deyjces .eidu~ in w o o . 0[ th carver ca stone. and' ad pted as patt rn us I D s , i m ag iu at i, Q D M .d , s e a , c oa t~ o , .a r m s , or s r u : l e J l d o . r school or club~-he carvin may beconfi ',to th,esruround of 'e s'-'~eld~, ,and 'be' in foja,Pt s.1t1,pporrtmg ,6,gurcs: l et ts ri n ' .- C o lo u r p la y s a. large. CFO'WD, $. ICrQDs 'whhincised '-ler,al_rY1 SOI·hat w i t! · " . IteavHy 'tarved, snrnound",.S! plain ar 'IL,· 1 . . : a 1 ' '·~-I~ a" £u1e ::c 'very e u e c H ' v e ~ p n .Q\J ~ e B 1 ca Wl.ul e m a tm l \' l! l y th des~g on th h ie l c a also 'b !Carved:!, either p a J m . l J ~ed Of' U I f p a m , t e d ~ tq I l : ' . ' making o f s h ie ld s th c a :r v , e . . & d s om e th in g 'D ,sui b'lmself~ w h a t l e ; v l e , E ' 'his degr-ee o f s 'k i artistry lor cmftsmaD:_I
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C A R ' V ,[ N, G
63
s m p , . . ~ c omp J.i C 2 t : e ; d , destgn u.dlillC' unicorns and - " o m s '\'I:"U tax ." lessth ,o h e n es t c a v e At. e x p e r ie n ee d Q U V , e r ca wo emblems simpI' oo,·iml~. an fe qu.i.~eeJiecti~e result, coat-o arms W,lL! firs use the dL ys 01 annour b a s - m , ! _ i s ; uJuaJJ,y ,shi'~[d s o o p ~ and, w a s u -s u al l, _ , s a r . . th mount jght", fun II, me me but a,t!.:r m o u r , bad a ~ ,u:me,or otlu~rmpe,ry' hi ~,1!.... ~ a i= :1, it ~ o r ' ca s 'DO, .~'- so ' u m ! , r n D ge ~ b e s u m u n a g c _J f V m g JD has :its ~-__im -ig. I I ,A ) [ilO.'~~r d ia t n g o m h e ' v i i _ .ty~of J1C J m e .. .~ i n 5 c " P ' · ' U O , D , or btltlto la the .·rQ·,·U ,mot. other to, 0' ro.J'";Ii' 18H)., r t J l. · · ~ ~
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P i c t L m e 8 1 t O ~ ' ilU1DOUf- or 8'Ctual mu mp o~er ,~ ~umb~ll" o f d i fI e r- e n helmet design!", a r- c s ho w n fe ,in th form ,o 'S 18C)~The surroundin deeoratl on -"'~Jj~g,e-~ves of lb~ acanthus type are, no as suitab]~' somef f, Q ,w i u lines en thing basec 10 dIe Iaurel. willi its, effect j'g j,mpro,ed _,~ig. · - '; ' J - . ' leaves o v e r l : a , p the s]oo,~~d"UghUy ]In natural ay at o n o r w o p o s, 'Wlbile tile two skles should have balanced ap .earanee, there is no eed . fo r O n e s id , to be an e , X 3 ; C _ mirror r e p f J o d , u ' c t f j ; o l l 1 ! of th other, " " ~ e a ,, ,. e s ,IIjB, 9t the o,nly form 0' ,dec~ratioq,,,;', long streamer S!I' ca wr~l, ~,\~_m y . . a i e d be ~ w i st e a r as if UJlwillding 8 E ) , . , 'This design am he dr or blow~8 8 ' m , p l , e . SO as t ! O I ft, ter ~,~s~in.gan ,m 'n or tape an ,f_ th ()bs~rve th d eS l g n he it ay b·.. i n ci se d . . the S8JrU3 . ~ ba.ck~o~n l e a n be CU~do'Wn 'to. lea:ve th0h~;Uefa standing within border c a n : ~ g : it ~ever.ypart fJ~[ _~lu.~accs,SO 1- a ' :~tilin,l~t_ u s _ _ shaped ~ ' th 10 avoid ,any fta, :·1 an , fn ct J" :r - a p p e a~ aJ lc e T h e c ar v e h e l et will us .aUy Balter .. 5-' r~a'm'Io _o I t w id .t h than the actual .hellme~ most section,': will he ia:' proximately lem.plical Many , & e l m e ; t :lmv,e i'g~ 18P)~_ I!ld th,e mclu,s,ioIJl of is "helps .. mg a't the' O 'R ' '~J;.. ,a,pl-~f;-l ~, T!t mw P!lrts o~_he, .' mr(t :~,? .~~ 'C~l" Jngbt down hJ the bl!ckgro_U1l~m D l l l r t my crosses or y,emcally der,cut ~p so . e '[J1.em stand o u a- '-mvles ,'Ias alread '~~.-_The ~m ca.",~ng 3l stlrleamer lb r a i m , to live f re e .. :f to w m , 1 _ : "e c T o do
'·_:·'D 'CUVI·.G
this th
ffe.rent levels, a nd , h e surface of th am-'Ii" 'L ,Ui\)'UJl curv ts 1-elllJ"ei~,an, WI id Jg. 8'G.' ICut at "ay' thebackground OU or wit~ 0' itth - pa r ,gouge~ C t . 1 . 10 . th e e u tline, Trea th .y Olver:.lappiag part care are th surl Ice to gill'. an be ribb I_lulahn~. I. [feet in (be ~ - .1 sum: at 'p .at :the crossia or h e u pp e part to : st an d o u t surof t . 1nI li.L. : O. . . O. 1 1,. .I. "!" l' , ' & ' s ' · :u e~ ".Ie tM L a , c e \Vtt._': ,,"cry iiI."L.,:!U,.O
an ..m u s t be
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' N O r A . . latr.rymg 'IWC .wetteuDg m s e l l e. w a ~ Y ' 1 ie actual surface on which h e w o rd s are cut m~y be tlat ·tw"sts ttering, eac pa curvin a\V~ly' ctual ar_ nude to appear de er tban are b" setting ie over.. tbem bact om ·rtlte outer surface de "n ' . p p l in g edges. so that s h a d o w s ar formed. W h r n the IOW,e"f folds show . w e back fr , st il l t h f ro m they. sh fa Q D . o u g h a b o v e th level bacl(grouod to 'rom
but
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Rat er imil to th shield is the S C i 1 0 U or cartcnche Tins. ] ; 5 ; [0 th f o r m a ' e p o du cd o ,cffect ' ' . O· m e n ! c 'u r l, o ~t h e e dg e (Fig~. 8 . It s er ve s a s centre aieee c ar v n g. . b ea r n g n it l [ . or arranged alone rather :RS \. sbii!tid -trophy or independent d ec o on~. o o - _ - : a, ~e simp parchment form, it has veloped tc includ formal leaves, SWIgs o f ~ ,! w ,e r a n d frw·t _o compjet[eJy depafl100 from ·O.f.l,lilrul, and ,t _ oh m , she , ~ s [ right up·to h e e dg e a n some cases, T h e ag e d ec or a ; M . ' ! I.I. ft trat11 S U rJ....U 1 1 IJ.Q!LS "J'q..:' Iw IIoJ) up tn ; U, g Ce.D..' _ _O W B c gu t -Ig.. ;; sort of cutting is best d'OD~ y i v m h e maJ, trimming of the .., ed 1lJ..8£e c arVmt1.,';- ,. e o m p , I ' - U} - m . s . 1 l res ete, Th'" sm the s.ur: cris edge when the outline ·[ 'finaJly 0. ,ill be k:~pt. fl t, c en tr e li its, immediate surround 'e central pa "~g., 18K,1_ a:way to Ws.,'Pea1r under ICJlltral area is mrOltogram O r nitials~ h e letters shoulc be outlined and he surfac furthe lowered, Th futl,b moot to le one, ' W _ i _ 1 b" il loon rast sh Id -r,e misoclletters be finer c ar v in g the l : " ie arrangements of leaves and trolia. ar carved ,y the m , e t h o . -[8 alre .:y described,. . U O O crol e:I g e s 01
li
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'I
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tb lC ,er sections t~, '~Dbe klept 't but '[b._, ,:_' of th TO or u r s hO l~ l exposed at ODrC end, 'the 'be mall ~ca ossible, ,e CD e dg e B ,o j r o u n d 'in. ,IVf\, 0' erlap b~,g easy eet :Sl mo by ooden;;;utting 'the oYl~da,ppimll d g se ~" "rely cuned, and, sl~dy u~diaicit.~I,. uttIDg v pp os i l t e n 'the ~p,D scroll end i"I"ref)' simUar' ,{b,e' work descr be f~ line rold. designs (F~g.19~)·~ !e e f f c t of C(8IC ced paI~,h~. m o o t is f ur th e r g i, v 'c n 'by maltiln: t h e dg es , slighUy holl 'w~with 0,- tool mark to s'imu]ate, cracks.. Li enfold design'. (Fig~, l'9Ai it Ie) '~~,eredev~laped. In th w,ay tII."' ol ,[loth 'Iudor pe(iod~lhe c o nv e nt io a allzed for: th wood IS carved to wa fo1dal several places, g iv e ~ h effeot '·,oth :fo~.ded.b9,'.,~. On ~tse ,lidild ',:,-,~es tts us iD e ~ ' _ u r C J'Il..,J J ur iture, 'I:i, __tt erns ~a L~-"",chests, be -ends, "rawer flnlnb, and other item'. of 0,11 he sehold furniture .. Usually th Menfold'~ esign is a r pallet fit red fr m e w o r k Or)' the s t r u c t u r e ; , _ : _ IOf obvlous reaso tb grain should __ ength ,o th de on ~ d I t . pr o , -D e e most intric :'o1dsCloth and carvers v e h ow n their skil by ,eprl,d " c n g -,m,l or Is kent symmetrical b y ' . letting '~e m a n y t h d e si g ~esigRw~ s i m p fuIDds 1 ~ t 1 i . c om e o a ridge at the. cen~ If 'MIl Iustrate th et or m , g ~ , stan should. 'b making drawing, is o l w m g at lreas~ one uarter ,o both in fliiOlil't :' en views, The ~lrs~ te,. in !ba.ck"polilnd all se ._.' j, this is Itraight tb s.im.pJest' thlek the' ground 8 m , a u l d ffiljst.e" plane, th panel is ,IeDglhwi. w o r k . . ay be reduced by in, h e w o od , _ a n d ~llt "IODI6 wit!I pl,an Draw' the t!nd shape pIau.lb, pllm.e (F g~ ~9D). g eo 'o v es . I n th 'waste _ p a r t V,l'th ~rom ' t s , :smge 'Use h o w s 0, IS" sw;a ~lle' moulding planes, 'to 'bring' U1:e wood to 'the right s e ct i - , i::. will. sbaplmg~ 'but _lm~rcuttin m o of t'< he ools TIle ' m a l , ODe 'wi" I ' I v , e .0 r: ca 'moo,tbi ,g of th suriace should be done with. gt~ss-pa.pe.E held 'Ove shaped ecks Or wood, ,1 this treatment Sl- auld be left nn Jill. aft~r h e ar-e carved as minute particles 0'1'glass bit on the wark will blunt '1be lcarving rO01 ,; Op carved 'e th same wa;y~ IUd th draw'.. ee ug e ed le d IS al gu]d,e~ othe nWs'e. h e risk o' cuttng dilier'mat ~,pproaIC-~ W o ' _ h e oDgr.n:a1parchment
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a ~a ' a t th w _ r o n g e,v'e'~ th back,g~o'lmd, b a s i c w : w ~s t m l ,g b . : a c r o ss , ~ith p , 1 a n e ; i he ex s t e p Is ttl' ICUt: th;e : D l l : of t e . : f ol ds , w i t , g ; o u g e _ an chisels removing ' t h e ,
~£'Ilme'p art _ < -. : - , "
shaded
,g
''
gjmg~[be' second foJd lst a c e d ' 1 \~ j t gauge C t r u t . was e m ov e en '~Ied line o n . h e y ' ttm" do., I nd l~ ~ ;n ' t ~ o :V 'e r . a n g d , pared v e r ti c a Il , r ( Fj g ~ . 9G)~ he o bl t m e o f the bottom fo.~d IS JDciUed Io this ,new surface and e :" s a ay so _~ if Into Ihe, lengthwise: '''It ou greoye (F]g~ 19H)1.. The 01 lest part sbo!1dd fO,f its outline to b ac kg ro u ,stand S[1'~CiretlUy proud o f_ h .hCf'-' c l e a r y~ _ , ~ O l e m ph as is e h e o ld e linen effec:f,th r Q v e d a ' p p m . g p.- a r U:ndIC cu sl c u rv e s a s the "orh changes o m o n ~~rfaee th next are, oJ]owe to follow' fOrUlod ill a n u n br ok e n less in , , ,~ ,~f ', ..~u in, th size .o the deep -' '(~e shad" I W S , makes th tlJPiper pms o u The line ()if' t h c ur ve s is . £ r o U e ) ' ed around . ' t OUtfinlC
,j
C H A . P , El 'VII
,FllGURE
Icuvin of co vmtiloD:: forms
',G
rious ef ropportUDit;y, p r O r v , id e s pioo'l;y' e xe rc h " " of :x ha dlin gl and certain amount o f a r s t -o a; aJ,rhlou~b ~h,e;o,.rk,er 'with little ar~;s~i abitti:ry ca do -! wort Ion a, ar tI tic eorU',lgu:j he follow of hi, m o r e lo Oil ~ d s ~' ," ~ however, figur,es ,"rl~ , r i nc lu d ed . ' ~ n piece o f c ar vw g in any bu.t ..u m a b ei ng s ar to co ve on nner a: ;tic ability is a ee es s r y th stricf resul is to be ,sa:tisfacto,ry~Figur I. _~'"':g eeds in,it;at~v, 8l11d. ~,dli'idlual interpfietaJt.ion~lt is difficld.' 0,' rep. Ie design on Ito can ~n.c~udeevery aee It ",prlecmUon makle a, trul'y lRelik fi\. la tID~, re nd in together i'lb snfi"~:e.nt e o ~ , bJd to tm.nsfer 't em to th w o o d , are some: of th :akwng t' uau'ties ,A star ~~best made by cao ~llg s i. ug 1; e. ig ur e w i t jtly ,'I am outline and smooth, urface i,g., 20,: 'J The detail work faces or eathen fo nstanc ould left u n t i H , . . kihltl!: if 'ima~ lor tnan in p' ,in armour, are easier' :B elabom -= dress, ahhoug bird and, 'biro lo si)minar ,figUl.~' an _ . 'nmde',~ quite ,a t m c l . m v . \ e l ' y ~ , 'without at~~pliDg , " py th t _ ~ , ur of thei covering a, oc \vi't ithe back:e.. 5;0 ground "u a, ay to th " - finish,ro, p ie c m a be mg Dr m , ' c s e l f ,lmiy be earved to fram th figure -'or this treatmen the block shouk be f~,.r" SIO, t. ,-'01' WI o ve r s iz e o f a b o u t 12 In by :1 '~n.,it ia, thick, Th about b a lc ,- ,g r 01 J 1 1 i s cu't a'way 't eould ne.a-_ly h, lUe, the b or de r ; n ~ ~dlow.. ut back , m - ' Idepth th or er widat bIg ·~fi ur to tand fonvan a' ai~l b e b a ck g to n n to allow of ood s , I 1 a , p . m , g ( F l g . 2 0 B ) . e t 1 c e r m " g or S C fc OU W IO , bonia may carry d i e ~ , - ding on the m a purposes m~arrangeme "t of' of "h final panel foliage would b e o n of' p lac e pr riinary drawj'm,g: s·houtd be made OIl, per, ,Iud the ,000 at ' 6 m . i,go re anly Itrans' :to lIB
II
~r,
-.m(:.UI
10
.REURP ICARV.I
~Lh. :-d,ec>p~lt ~~ie sbo~kl eut s t e , g ~ " the ofisid l~gs f' It IS s~a,ge ' l b . a l the value .o arristlc appreciation 1 0 1 ' s'bape will m - 1 t . be f e ll t , (F i g. . 20D)i~ See that th '~ri~~~ levems,are in t h e , r i\ g b fJeiaooDship' ~t each o t h e . . id th genera proportions set led, othe WIOtli'k: loonslsts f i n i s b m n , g parts ~.o's hape "\!ith appropriate tools, e, ,ca.aiUl to Iet S ~ . rv £ s . '. o w keely' kink orbump line willl b e , ob v l. o 'J ! s to very' 'viewer" Sharpl tools, wJ!Q. boldly s h o ul d g u a r8 . u· te e Itlod
:i0w:..l~"'.~,:aJUDiaJ
lGil:ifY'es~A,v,oid. u l n es s n a u r o e n o include .m,aI1Y.i g : v e J i ;I animal's bedy b e e nr ve d . h m y r . . . s i i li r ia C e ; S , ! , s o let :al~ p a r t s ev~r slightly" M ak e l .l l u s e af the dep ,'hI · l e . t i n - l t h e c u v e g o
The' firs ICUts lower the backgrolmd tO tb.e ~evel '~i th border. The figure Is o ut li ne d ' w fu .' t~a,small , Q : o l l g e . . It iD 'p:r.,obabl be s f l' f, e r ~.o go ,3.ro~Dd, outside this wUh ~.d:ee~~r goug,e before chopping 8\WiiY the, ba,ckgrou~d to g au ge d , ~. e ledge:, As th '4epth. :increase5, ~Dd th ~;8t "gO'~ged,o uton
:C~11m:gd-?'~ I D 1 n i n g : i ' p.a ssed, th,lel~--8e of t h e ' " :figu'r~ IS s '~ l ~ _ ar an angle, M O I S , ' t the [chopp~,g to d e pt h i 5 bo u Jd . be done by cutting dia.gonaUy across the bo m l e v e ~ is, e ac he d u s :1. gouge With til V'6ry at it. ' r n m a i I W . , t w c a l r v 1 e : d . ,.Dr,l \v., l e v ' L e ~ 10 th border, w ee p th m n n e r edge .f the border S~,~ th o u t ! J n . e . ; f, the h a he gu de pe n d c u ~ nw m d s ' t , o ' w ~ ' F , d , s t b is , f r o m l,~e border
with
3m'pm
g o u g e , so 'ilia
the f in a
(Fi~ Other ,deitails, Oil. ilia: .figure
is, saucer.. MC~S$~.~.,
,th~:fi procee ..10 ~.t , , I n . , . 'the general shape of Ute :5g,\u·c th gouge. h e o b c t ~f this IS 't-o reduce the i~artmgto something a;pp,ro(ach~]~lgts,. ' m ~ ~ ,j ~upe. , c o m . J P l ' ll w ' ~ ] Y ' 113bt~Th psrts that 'the actual finislumg cuts
True
up the loutline asre
b a ck g ro u n
ui:roo
.riaillrt do\vQ to th ·ba~ksround, (F.ig~ 2 p E ) . Smll10w ,carving dl~ ~bact.8roun~looks \1frong (.Fig~ 20FJ~The :fina] ptece sh.omd s ho w ' c le an l! y ' tooled surfaces, wi t h - s-tt-ayfibres sU c l I D , g i n , g in recesses, If w ro n c le a ' U P I with fIb,$Spa,pef.. Before p t L O o ,o r u :n c in g : he 'work complete, examlae j; Ilold, .verUcaUy' ,,,iili ,side li.ghtm~ 01' in h e ud wi t~ Ugbtin~ .I ' w i l l . fiFl.ally ~peFience if it Is in ,per,.. manen posinon, reU,d or F o S L C Oe 8S , c a v i g u e s o r a n m a ls , w be tb ie r ~~und~~. necessary to b,ow 5 _ 0 I m ~ C i t h i n g . o f H:Mto~my and Ph(J.t:o,gra.p,hs ud every o p , p t J r U l l li 1 l t y . . 21HOJImals. Ie and p~~~~~8; 'will b e , ~ , h el p but , t h e y eanaot tell 'e:ve~~ and dy more the a c t u a l a n m a l ' ,v i l ' b J b r , 1 6 _ 1 u t m e h od i :tlJSC t h a n p m c t u ~ 'e s , " I'~ ' th e ' o b s e rv a t io n 01 t. "h;Jll'g~ note s'hoWd 'be shape i.rtl. three dimensions whic 1~valuable. m a d ; ~ , ,of rs~tionatl sha"pes-=eitber on paper, 8k!3t'ches, made '[he spot ean be quit simple .pro''{~dingthey' serY :. to r e m i n d YOlllol lom'6 point, T h f f i n S S ' to 'wa:tch re th i(lC~I!'~i.o~_an~dsetting IO~ c ; y es ~ .t h e p r o po r ti o n _ b e t w ' e e ~ , 1 1 , 'e 1 d ~.egs and, b~:y;, ,]~~ps an hollows, p a : rd c u lu _ l t h os e wbicn, 'v,ary es your IMtima:~eo,f' eross-sectlons th 1 J I _ I : w _ a l SIltS. stands" an "(be animal. ~cnl,l pa ts A, c ' m y ' model '~'y u se fu l in ~t'niviflg' at gen,eral proper t!l'!Jm" bu a, Skete,D_ ~h~mg sh~:ul be all the . , g u i d a a l p e ~~e(h~din, Iddltio'U!, to th to ..up :meJl'tail lmlg e8 th anlmal, and 'the carver's l e , r a . ,o the finaJ
th~,~h a ve . b ee p , m ~ n y carvings co.mOO,g o . f a n i m a l s ' t t e . a : C m
1 l ! L 11 t a U y
trac r y ' f oU a ge ; etc. f or m a de ll LIt w o r k e d i n mp f O U D . d in e bu rc he s E n d lo 10lf pews. cbo~r stalls and similar places g w v e the ve
Ma
~l2
'WOOD, 'CAR,V1NG
:5h,olwm,g ~S s k I D I Q ~ e r fBlidy large area, AI h e we u su a ser~le,nd s i i m i l a r th ,churchl file: c a c r v . W , g is r , e p o o ' ~ " e d in geneiJral form, but dil!:adng ]In, d~ttdt e X 8 ,m i l l1 l 3 " · 'O D ,of sueh p e w , s ' w i l l show th wenld..be Cillf'q'eF ow the skitled craftsman , of ' I or m e r 1 e an ~ ,u s e wood w~ It characteristic oo imi'ta'tiOD'S to take beforn] of an an imal Q,I ' b u i l L l a r g e r churches abb~ys an c a , t t b e d . r . a ' l s , ~ 'the underside I~ le I c n w r and c J C i r : g y seats 'caD provlde p lo o t o f i nt er es t .fOlf th od ca:rye;r.. 'Wher~ th seat ar armn,goo to hiOge 'Iill,Pand o f the service, b lo c o n 'l !lIS c]£'rgy b~~.to s t a ,l D d f O l ' ~ o . n : g : lu~e00 'e~sl,. WelLSa r . t a m g ; , O O L posItion 'to g rv e s om e , s U P & - O I t ,
''I!· ~l es C ,m s er er e o r 1111('SlJrjor s ea t a pp ea r v e i l ] ; C : O O , aces wber,~ the carver as given, 'failly free hand, to decorate i n 1 :0 . carvings, some W , Q y be c h o s e . The result ls _s le ti : m os t\ y h ~ J 'm o r ou s ! Inti some , s a f U ~ j c a J , in :r,~lation grotesque _ ca ' er's day. Sometimes th b~chnlq,oe t- d m e ve n s , o f portrayal olf' the from g o o d trut, the arti:stmceffect Icr,allsma'~"s, m'teJ:l~ion ls more important. ' M a :n y ' o , t he s c ar v in g s ar worth sk,etcbmg lo photogniphm,g; and 'the ~.dea8 dev,elope:d in th carvet"S modern , , 'iL,
C H AP TE R . V B I
1 0 " O ' - " ' D ' \" Cl. U L :" ''- '
.. .'_ ."
DTfI"'in r- UI~~",]U i
WOOD e,~.v:rNG
'I,'llLlOO'D[ _,
~.I"!Y
f F ' l _ n f1f n
ou imalP -at~onJ1~ss~ssin,g th , c H : [ e o t of pr II .... ,:;t,,~ ;..'m·lj ..[8, ._,: 'id' too ~ : , . a II!.ltM J. a;s,W!taJ[ o~ l1C_l_. 0.'F. ";I"' It is natural to be a&ald. that part will be spoil by ''"D,g b u ce ai ioklness is . G O O , "'_·ar~. if ~''D rth\\hit: result is ehleved, ~~f8tm.g In ~ u v e the figo.re ap:p~ro~~1Lte1y to to , b u t With 'R mostly across o~er it he only hieb -' igbt 'be llieft overs ize m, '"'sthe base w,he·re.i is ddl_"'on 'I rn table
pendent '1I',il"i [OllI,~,
00
.b"
,i[1!.
I~"
11
'd
[the wa.s~e m n w n iO,g
deSigJL
vm w. by the. or by.~bop'pin~g. Jith particular j'ob~
Itb
',ouge,., depen.' .. open.mgs, "he
' W h e n the shape is correct in on dlrectio mart ou the she.,pe in th othell v : l e w it. Th S\lI rfmce I, 11.0 longer I: d r a\ Y . i w i l l 0a'V0 s o ' th a m o s .t ou · d l e . 'was~e freehand, . i l h e p ap e I dr aw in g as guide, in ·this direetion in the s a m e ' 1 J . a y l F r O " ~ 2JC),.. U.. in . an y w a y oo~.veni,eD: : f O . r to he oint th 'bJoc~k w ! flu. 0[' e.arnn.l. 1f will prlobably "ll~tlt, .moWl'. i:~, chosen figu~~ thiD.g'Sj d l e p e m : d i n g ; 'I~D th ta he l l be 'i '.e. best range:s.crewmng rO At 'tb.bl stage 'the o ut li n c or re c tWOI directions onl and :mos:_p. rts uare in section, The bostmg' in to the th : fi ;g u l e l i n t o o [ e J 1 ! . 1 sbap_: by ·=mov.in.g the b~ of th y,r,ute wood, This .k.done by chopping ' y !1 il h , ' m,ane~'. fa~,~y l2!-r:g g~uge. i0 D.O, leave d 1 , · ·o : i1 · w il e dm·w.. c a n s l te d J fo[, [ . g , e a n be of muck Th clay' model 'the m a i n cu~~, but we soon reach. : po m . t w h e n ~ , Ide..
W,C' at
st
u;_
oi
,CutUog away l a r g e am,OII __~S b e s t done: i.th ,go[_ ints the OiWlg~ Choppmg c ro s h e m - usually." ith 00" p a m ' need projecting 'above the surface" Somrflnmes any split [ , . ' .. . .reject, ac when cuttin slope ,alcroJ~:' develuping , : y i l l into the. part, ·ft ' t o o · ) j a m s in ~he 8.' 'woodl,' do no it sideways, : H - S this ay spUt the w oo d CL eel Is tath 't brittle) ..Cut ar un it { e tool harden wiUl.aDO'~ber tool, until hIoosens an fall out~ Guide lines m a Y ' 'be :p ~ c m e d on required m M . ,. m . . : ~ en face or l oc a :~ i o o f an. op_nilll ..Follow fbililgs ts · w i t h . tools · w b i. · ].ea-~ea s'baping' th tb sbos lng s m o ot h male accurate surface, 'WIlIIM,e p ac e o me s
s'bape drilled 'thro case-s choppe ou around tn t[ey'bole ' S S ; W ' will 'useful .'omts to watch in' iude a n y l ey ~ d C D .c eo f s , J a ~r en es s I - e. m [a j m e .....: " '1 h ou l c e a in l b e nothim 'f! show' that 'the wor'.
ele-« square oct", Th 2 _ to be applied t l i [ e y sheuld blenr should whole 'Iligtme~ The finish given, 'whetber t oo ] m a '_ -k ' a r prominen or :moethe OO!M[ be amouo of detail. de en '. th indivi ua treatmen caNing of this type ~ s , a o r of art, na on 0,'_ s ev e ra l s im _ il a '[hi g5 ,~O' , 'k e d . .a:vis,bly
started eature
tern,
C a rv i n. , Eo.jeet as ,,{:eo. b e i m a r g e 6 g - u re is an m b rather' oo.s:Lly·.,: .ing the s s - - e smaller version ca f J ! y bave tOI be omitted dU[8 to theil.r tediou '.end some ·maU size u o e s h e carver thusiast~" mmlatur work, is. th CiU'ving: An a lt em a t iv e , O r. ff er " Or somewhat m i o f m a s k O f p 'J .a qu es , g a rg t) ' l e o r gro~ ue hive its. third enslo ill no' a l l , rather a t e ne d b u 'o,fberwise cane egardle.d SOi~d ca'tvin_,i'lh B a e , ed m a ~ . w l h r O u t , any I . . '
. ~
76
W " " O. .O. ' _ . . . .T""
.:1
..
w:m:hl lacce~UXJ .JJ.ea'~UJ'6S'j,IS l e a s y to ~e~lrvultce..· ometmn ·iC uM!......... ~g ..-1ea . ~ , '1b.n e mrm w..h" I e a m ou n . .a nn os t cartoon Is ,3 b et c e r s u b,ject (Fig~,2m). Th work ca be based on photograph 0'" drs.\.. r m s ~ th .imml~nado .pl:rovid.ing t il e o th e IWm.eDsions~ Hblgi:ng: ca be arranged ' W l o b l l ' tl : r i v e 1 y by at p ] 8 ! t e o ve r . ho ,~ , 'the back ( F ig , 2 I E ). , M u c h ,eaJJy c ar v in g i nc lu d e the o rm im g o f b ea d- ;s ~uS'ual~y buil into some supp ortin structur in the form of a. bracket, iii.., lg o'iIl'fiil wt f; 'w," '0' ,iIl.."n h-I O O J , m J .. a n , g e J :.m o r ,.,.;ILI..~ I'd w m . t u , '\1I JlDgS~ rr ,a Sf!Ots'~~ue animal o r g ar go y le . C a , i ; O e ; s : c h u rc h , b u il di ng s of , th e T u d9 I p e o d " D instance, ' \ V J J ] show 'Ilimerequent m e o f 'b ackets ( : l l i i 1 d s " heads in the pedi eets an struetnre, Grotesque' head were : M m : IB ! Y times, and , m a y 'III... ·'il'· ne JiIi:l L o u n . , Ul 'om,~b,c W I O O ' . wor~:t as :maJ lt~.lIJ.l'Jooru;: or '1...,::"", m . g s , W' ere tins over 'WllJl ~OW,S;,~ a's, w,~ as ,m w e , ~a i[ ge [ I'b~"!'~'d-' ;IIo"",A
I_
'ur
'!'
~n.:h'~,
expecteo.
l if el ID k adult head wo ca fOF ,consid.erable an artl bilit cane u8.JC au .' e IIlJUI~ ~ : e ct iv ' C l y ~ : p ~ o v j~ g simple 'rules afiO o b e rv ed . A , grotesque head,t. ~:bjcb is, a. form of &artoo.u, 'w,i~t th features exaggerated i an la sH c , lengtbs will tolerate alters tions an,d] db;... pO~:s,i,bIy erepancies, 'W ithout them being apparent, k no w e dg e 0 1 a na . o m y is valuable, :E'veq, w I l l e n , ,carving an e~a,ggel,~,red"h e th baslc truerure s ho u b e kept in 'm;Wd~ th its attendant 'muscles an ' t i s s u e s " f am t as ti c h e ad " should h av e e a b l part jn,too c o n s tr u c ti o n There ';,8: no (,'CDI place; 'book on carvi IS lor' '8, discourse ~n, an -'omy" so 'the carver is attraete b, h e a d s and , m . . . . . +Ib,,: sh O' -1M~1. WiI d"~~ reac .a , S l m , p w e , . b o m v so ~iWi:1,,, na a t .om,,.. sound w o r k starts ,c'hild~s head difl'ers adult's in many 'ways~ It ls the ' r a , ' t h e r ptouounc~d, d H l e r e l l l c E ; S , tlmt ~ m B l k e ';_noorIP()r~ o n ~~ the' IQ~t"mg cJ~d's head,1i1'ore simple.. W o lil'Q''t, , ~ 3 . l d ~ . m . b ~ , e 'it sugge-stion, of: ,geneli[a] :(n,rm Eor ~hich a c m , e v e s : tb efte'Ct~ In '[i~J~tion '~O d~les iz e o f ,the , h ea d j chUd" 8, fa.ce 'i:s.m~l~ s m _ al le r U l a an a d , i l d l ~ : s : . . Th up,per p a r o f the .sk,uU~,p an1ctdarly the : f o r e ' b e . a c t j's :Illuc;b more obvious ~R 'mos~ aCh,dts. ,A ']lOlooS 'chilld "s fe:.alures mo~re ' fo r w M 1 j [ r d ~oUl1dled , a n d , p' ~u m p ~ . .lp proJect a:iild a.rc pursed, I.~'~ ' w , e U '(:afVing
,,,,,1'.. 'I~
!ftU!i";:Ii;"
(F~I~ 2~F)~
c
-
a ~ ~ : = : I E : e ~ : n ~ e ) ,t=:'!d~;o~~=f~~ ~:
·.
~,If ~ U""iri · Jl . J. : "· ~ ~ l D"i J ' T f
n,~
replaced until ,Bi saUs:fJ!cwry lJ?pmmnc6 is obtamled., _Rem~mbe.f ft appearanceand qunlffi'ty of that h e w o 1 ' 1 0 £ have the, s ur fa e a t t' ibtailoo ie nn ,ela:y'", Aim ,Gooer.,a] r O l' oW o n s . . MlcffiJ, oo smal head is lnadvisa bl fo it. first proje,' cube is very si llar 't tha;, ut r ig h t T re at m en t iD described for ·.iRgure ~IYing eadier iln this, chapter, lb....
pe wu
""..:II·'
Vlie\VW, ,tID
one
. ' D l ec U . o
..:1 W~.
i I .! . . .
~ilj]jlS
out,
raw'
lb.....
I~
m a w , o ut l n e asvie:vtied ,3 right~allgim, 'to the fi a n c u _tbiis o u t . With the ch model 0 1 " " - ylour i m a g i ' D f & o . o . 8:S .gwd~ b e s t in so tbat d:u~~;e ne ra l p ro p or ti on s . .o , correc an 'the bwk of '[he, waste '~fe:od-,. removed. lf th :Ii'ul ii:hlng w ar ' m u be d Q D J e wi -bou~ ID m 2 _ l l l 1 e t , Spade c , m 8 l r ! i s a \a d g O l 1 , g e 5 , ~-re,convenient more d~l~cate w o rk , b u pt4W, tools w i l d e a w,iith most of' 09 much deb~ should Do b e i nc ~u d e d TIle ar is in, -usin:a;sufficient lines and uts '~O sw:;geS~ the D~lllr,a~, appearance 'M{h~!lt ov,erdol~\g ,~ in ou tline, with ' w a v e ; shaped ha b e m dm t Hair is an I~ llft.s, to h l d f c a : t - e the outline of locks, Gargoy!es an grO:t'CS-q,UH, bead ~~:Y' ha VB ad SJDl'~allc tan~, sllpersti'r:lous m.&ntn,gs~j but m n ,[ Jl r ()ft~D. DO~ '~he,,.~I the result ,o carver's I m ag in a i on , A s al ready said general efl'ects, ar i, - ~, . . . . 1 ' f~ '· tn lor ,l Itw O - [[owmg pr ss on .·ltaoUl~ n at ur e c lo se ly , expf1essioos c an . b e ul,gg~~mted~ ~augl_]! ~ 1 1 , e · m o u t h . ' J r u l L , Y - 'b :sidd h) ea.r~iD[ [a 1-.....
u{
, g n 'i te s q u ~ c a rving the, w o rk e c a let it a .c tu aU : d o h ls , ' W id e o pe n e ye s s h o w ' SUtp ri5e Oil' borror, h e - ow s creased over th
e y e s shicnvang,er., T h e n ex t st,tpl after 'exaggerating' human 'mat~f.ies w W 1 e stlll letting them h a v e ,R s em b la nc e o f l l e a l 1 , t y ! [ is 1;0 a d u nn a u ra l 'to. . . ~ termml;l!.t'e n mg s ~m ,J l!aJt ,1 Jj e_ av , e s o r ears \vlucl,. af,0 morrt, .lik,e b~lt~sWiDgs~ Hu,mam f3:JCe5i, or expressi,oDs ea pu'e, Il1D anjm:d;s~ b e a d : s ; , rhe E~iz.abeLhillll.! p : r o d , u c e d . ,maD,)" f a n . : t a s u c . b md s a s , j . f e m ; s [ :m ~bei'Jr r o , o ' ~ I,F U S S e : s [Ind other pl,rts, ,o,f 'woodm, 'S:£JHctU.res, Ha:mmer beam ' ro ol s w i tb , tbeir :an,gIdar : st ru c tu r e g a v e the Ic;~u"er an opportunil'y .O:~ exer.cis;ing _his sk~in .in p ro m in ,c m ' ' p o l S , i o O J l J . , All sorts o f h ea ds ~ from allr·'::-.'~ ~ o ' tb . m o . s t fantastic Irrvemtioas a r o un d ,att 'the , a n , g ' ~ l e s lJie o l 'I
,iIi'iI;'!iJlllllt'!,j;'~ 1I!1,'U~~!i
Th,e; lcarver w i l l t h , ,an interest in gFOtesqU!e5 w il l : fi n t O t n , l e r exam p i l e s in l e r e l e s i a . s t i Q . 1 . 3DJd cl'lic, c ar v ,f np :. , oom]tlitlat m O o n . '0'£ human and, , an im a J f or m . o . r . cr,e,attln~~sooimbiming animal an bird fo:rllUl., o ft e a : · pe a , . S u c h . crCatu[tC~s, occ L' 'm legends.,
woon
CARV1NG
t?ili~[~,_ ,a.re_symbolic~,~t;tI1ded '£ maleate s()m~U~i'ng'wlth the q:nlmLlJ~w,es, ,o ehillmeit't.rllS_~esof t w o o r ' m o r e .e r ea t ur e a ,
I y m b ( ) m i c p u r po s e s QiL1~,te wo ,ery th mol~ ar qtU'tle primitive., The carver looting fof',.ideas for grotesques \ V ' i l l . find many amongst 'tb 'work a' n a n v e c r af ts m e n , ~~tOiUS or sk I'] ~1~ et
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ClUtVlli G;\NO' "
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ail
ICOVlNG ANDI 1 U R - _ . l H G '
WOOD
CA VIN Ci
O - c ' flutes .. Th ~ e re nc "e i nt o t h d e si l! 1e dJ r t L L o r 15 the widlil-, Q , f ' flutes suit gouge: Y'Qu,sse ss, a n h e spaces 'betwem, : l . b e u te s a r h e same width as th ftlllltes~ h e s :p ac D lc a m a ked- 0 . 0 , th edge of th pa -:-'11 it he wrapped around traDsfcrred by pencil LengthwiSlt es ar dr31m with r il l a~~, ruJe~ to ihe ,,-ork , . : : ' a n n o - ! be ]held b y b _ . m a d l : c ~ i' ho~d~tiD dI vice "f th ~a sar s;~'"itablypadd, -t] er holding deviee ls s h o w , ( F i g . )" Tm~,is ] O D _ g troll,h ilh_ w m c h can held in th r, one en ee t]1,r fixed, to b e n, eb . T h e W i D ' I i : is held b , , ' strj'(, of canvas or the to he,~d,d o w n by ' a s l [ ' l o o e d . to webbil side, 10£ th ,Il lecp, ,An adv,antagJ' of this a r m n , g e ' ~etD_ is in :'I.Qotpress - o r e with. 'W ch the position wo,rk ca 'b akered by mer,ely r el ax in g ' th e foot pressure, O n ce : t h e matking' OUI a D d , h e = m g a r s at i' sf a ory~th acma u ·v le · o carvin,g is f ai .r l e as y In 'th.~ ' m D e J . wort, th '[.IlIS, of h e B u t e g , i s cu in ~Y pressing d o w n v e rl ic aU y ' ~ h m o we re d and: 'the; suitable gouge., The angle 0_ 11 g ow lg e es gnu,ge 'wIlli flute cu cBrle[~J~~,yetween mediuDJ u rv e v e does no '00 sballow u S a J best o du c ut d ee p Icn-ough to give s u f f i c i e n _ l ig b t a n s .h a d to show the. work 'to ,a.dvantage~~hllie 'le·ry' ta execute mo _c c lc un ly . f' th gfai-- i s d i ff ie ~ , th centre lot e ac h f I u ~ s h o ; c 00 eu 'j m a g eu g h e the sides woik'ed wi.: th ll opposite : 6 n a J gouge opemting directiollS if n--cesstuy- to avoid -rearing up In grajn, _~'f' th f t u ~ m . g is tapered,._'be ends are eu _ , l I D lightly w it n t w o d i' ff er e n , ~ - u ge s - e n h e w o o c u a;.' ay wilt gou~,es 10 v a r . . in.g curves t;be ~aper is mor-e m o d e m re tapers OIDe g o u ge . e m nsua fight thfougb~ th mi 1 0 1 ' : ~caUy 'h d 1 e , p t ' h t, _d m ; _ ' fledluoed gradu;a-ly w a d s h e smat end, There ii, e s s k o ' ei lu in g a u g r a m 0.0 !UghtJ,Y e r as cutting from th tm,cJ: to t o . e 'tbW d l ag o n aJ l a c ro s s th gra_iO if h i straight" FlutIDg ay be d I O D ' S so dl3!,ttbe Bures. meet (Fig. 2 2 D ) mit is d i . . 'being s~ced ~'j'g. 'Y pl1am stead It to keep the ,sharp' edge _ctw1een h e _ _u te s : . ·v:eJ,traj~ bt be ridged, I s c l - D i a p i n g ' or n u D ' m g (Fis h e w h o sudace22F) :is .o be preferred. T m S I j. arke au in s i m i J a , r '~ay to, fiL'ting, wifaolll( spalcln,gs~ _I
S j m , P I J l i f i' e Q
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--
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83 angle slop is aioout 30 tO t h e c en tr e Im.e o f t :h e 'woo: .t th DJjddle of 'the spiral _ l i n , g . 15 The lin.·j ,I given .b more s t r i c t l y the '- helix:'" I,. hi" ca be used ,and mark if th .,in and sldDg effect is - - O. pl s: ]JUCS len,gthwlSe iii On 'this; effe.· ftu~c Of' sc aUop should be drawn in freehand on ' :: sf ac t( )t r s h ap e i s , o; bt Ji nm ) . .il ca be a c Fro 2 _ ' _ b R ' tr ac in g c e o , a .p e bent ov,=.r the, tumitt ~emp'lane is, m a d e , m o Y 1 oo ! reuad fI'1 peln -tOPlltn 1~ tu~ and 'h CUI'·e re eated p.Iace ~y drawing' along the l O O : , g : e , i , g , 2 2 1 0 ~ 1 " Carvi'fl_S m V l o l Y l , ~ s_ c a r e f u l w;a:~ching of grain d i r ' O C D O I l , . .r:oQrs ~iform ,r~. ts tile: ~um,e stage o n . e s c· h , I in e s:"-oul~, be. turn !~efo':~,e'olvmg ,to' th next s t a , g e ' ~ of bulbous ~l']lgs, ! "i l f o; r l eg s o r pillars the s p i n t J I s should.: opposite directions, So ha tbey match m e te '-p~'ate sbould o e u se d , turned '~f th " - 9 1 t mtrigumg oombina,Dons c,f c a r Y m g : machine ... tlu~::wist ieg. This can made, ,and 'the are rapicUy twist , , ! l e g s o n . ' .. · m m e. rc ia U .l . h a m1tati ,man'U.acture4 blade: 'wb"ch gouges bo ow Mac n_ ma s t cannot q ua l a:n,dW o . ~ e d . o ne s a s h e are limits, ions in the mechanical carving 101
I.
cOo
acuon,
,I screw Th twis IS ,somewh~i't simifar on~i!':.' , 1 0 ' or thre p ad s . i b . same w a r
o ne ,- _tWIO or
·read ..
·~t
have 'be h e d is ta nc e ,_I
SC(',W
rua:,
ba pi' c h thread. :0 the top of the l1ext~ p O I 1 ' ~ a n , t c c flsi:dem:tEoDs are the twis l~g ,1 the twist. As 'we ,Ilte· working in wood, I:an
ODe thread
p ~a n n n g p'i~:c:. and th orther,- ,str-:en.gtb. g ra J s tr on g e l ' tl l U !u ~ b e a ss es ." ,e d alongside Ip-ea,nmc~ 'with. 00 round th w c n e d many mu~s ill p~~cbt ~?thai' b e h re a ,gw~. d' stance, _ ' w i l l have grain, which .c ,~,.-0 ther ex :mm-..a 10D.,I p 1 i f J c : h will. h a v e c ra c u nd e r, , lo d. At th a ,flot very pIeasml_ ap'pea.ran,ce:~The depth gf~.· strength, '~be t~.re. also a;fiects the strength. 't ,"s -.,o5s1bl·· to wo th h.oUow~; halfway' coo,.. which n a 'i'l -0' gh wO:.· a:rtmcfjv:e~, '~Ult' pi S,1 er,~ iD ad short and Ut structure w~ .. O b V I 0 1 1 S 1 y ~ h e _ I e 1 is moderab~ is sin8le s, oderat dep·th between the" I_
twlst \v
La·" sfa,lcto
Slu
e.
bout
:8 ' I. -
, s m g ~ e 'tw~,t sh ,' _ l ~ e . '~10(Si~n~ -or ,R first attempt, ouu-d erm the I t e m , for 3 1 . , candlests .e somethin slnlllar~ .he ob should b> turned, with the pa to , ' b , ~ w is te d e f para el,. at oi an parts '£ Iarger convenlenee 'Drltin~ !O ti[Ln~ng to ude l.WtS rn ight Ibu~iltup, with h e w is te d co turned w i [ ' o w ' e m s to tit " W , :~ . [twist Oil part large ur :sn itnpossiible 'but s te m t h e , first .attempt aph is easier, TI~e Mist _ m a y blend i-n,to th ends Of hoUow lean be ts extremites (Fig,~23A.)~ turned in.' ivide 1_ circumference our an Draw ]ip.lCi This is, m o s . loo,mrveni'mtlydlnilC wif p en e 'wllib~. th
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86
W 'O O
s cr il d l1 m .e d o
CAR..V1NG
C AR V IN G
t o ·~vloid,comus,ion (Fig. 23B-I"kls
completes Ur
Th work m~ be :snpport&i, between centres in th,e.. ~itlth.6 O'I"' carvlog. Hi Is ·p~ratlel-.3nd. '~Ni:[hou,~ nlarged ends, .I ta be ' h e J d in ,3 padded vi or p r , c r e m b m ' Y ' 1 1 _tro:ugp.
tremovmg 'fiutin.g .(F~~ 23C)~ be _btlIk. g ov em @d L 'wa!Ste' 'the slze 0" t h j o :m the ,a¥aila'ble u s e d , f'or- th tir.sl r O ' [ m g j h " tools~ A, d O v ,e ta ] ...hapoo. g r oo v e a r ou n d the eg CUlt log ou The object is m e by b o d ln g h e sa ,Bl~. ; 1 1 1 . :a:nI~e : a n , d ~utl~n,gne side [ai' tb . S : r ' O O Y 1 C '\!vhil~ slo~wIy' f 1 e v ' ' D l y , m l ~ ,tbe work wi~.h, t~~' '?'~ ethe band (Fwg'~23F)" This ts repeated '~l the· ether sI h e g r o v 10 that th waste'",mils out, Mt'~rp;a'tively. se to preferab 90 C J I ; U : : , . , Th':u;must b e ' _ u s e d , stl;~s, a n k e 'verY sharp, a s o n ~v:illb e c u :c ~ g ' D .t o t b g ra i a n '~,ay ba~s:hlIy. II j .s ~a fe s t o 'take s.uooes~;[~e, split .'UtE USi~. c u ts , h e av i e ,OR the side Willi the gt;a:n a D d r ev er s th 'tool, to cut the ether side of the ' w a : s ( . e r,cmr.:n,ed-'u-l1Dcf'efforts are c o n centrated OI1l o'bmming~ 'the T,b~. 'CUE to an even d,epth and s b a ,p e ' w i~ ~ h faIr~~t dl~~i g ro ov e ~i risk of .ilS o o : m } e ; r i ; di:"~!MI}n,Dept!l gouge, 00 'that watch ed ,8 it is tO ovem:d.o '~he,hoUor~vmg at 'tills stage, fia,t ,go'uge is t~SOO, to o u h e top io th;e curie (Fig 230) 'W~l'tc. he apex pencil e e that the. !i
,.1
.:swila·pe
JL8,
lOt U~ is p ~ r m J ! s i~ b m , e : ,i n g le tt m ,g , '~he ,bot~,m,_ '~f_j' ' t h . ~ : groove true This 'CaD be u s e d . In hand f \ v h i J e 'the ,"1ork I~ rotated 'with th othe Gla.~sl,paper' is used [ 1 0 1 C V 5 ] ] the , e x t , e m ; a ] .
rasp
double or tlleb~ twis ,~
same
W'a,y"
only
cUff.:erinp'·n the ·meth.od of marking ut A : l t b b o - U g b . th p [ t . c h . may t h e r u a m e te r ~ ,t h e "lead (the di ranee r-emaig~boim: ' t h e me travelled by ea"c;b,spiral h) co plet 'rum) is double or trth]ot COIlsequclll1l each twist. is steeper, ,and 'the pf~ch.can :reduced if d . C ! l t l i e d . . , ou t a , doub'le ' w . i s t . , s ~ ar t w I th . four' U n e s '~.engthvriSle. ~u g S m ; th : p _ i t c h , s , p a e m g . , as ~O(f ~e ~i:ngle.w ist., D-ra.~ tw sp,~'mls~ a n o r the e, h~ds a1n!ady d,es~rib~ stu1lllQ at 9Pposite si~eg" ,and. 'ea~b ~~D.g :a c O ~ f l ~ e t e , c~clmt' at t\Vo-p,l.fC,b. j![1.'terva~ (F~g.23m~ M~rk: '-om.tfj,o:ne",elliitth.~~C'umf~relu:~c ~lcll s~d,eof [he-56 l i n e s SP m~ to l W c a , '~ Ii} W l ; 1 1 t h C L 'I
ANDI T U R N J N G
~i'C~b..~ is~ ( F i , : g ; ' . , 'llI).~ S,c_ribble 1 0 h e WIstIC., ,F r O B I - tr n: .n i ]pOint th work ]]_~ am : 8 , : S ' fo,r it s m , g ~ e . .t wmt.. double twist bas do e'rn~,. '" '.~p'pf:R.mnce Wiw.yut sacrwcmg Sfll(~lll.gth;, du tO th Il~rrCn~yel ;~I~~es'~'~ nd tbeir :ooer' , an g l ( F i. g ~ 2-3·1).. treble t~fSt~,m vol~~es~cb:~~ "din~'. he ~ucumfereJla0 an making , -
' .
. -
c~,n:autsat three- pntch mtle;rvals.,~ __k J g : : m t ~ e r e - : J t i :c : g : le)Lsreise fo·r t h c a rv er , furl~et o f th double _ : w i s , _ . , ve IS the se''paxatgng of tbe ' t W O I b iD e .~o,re ~tdc~ is ! 1 1 I S s ep a H n g o f h e a r treb!me twill but tbat shou~Jd.~ lief~until. e1i[:perl~,ee.1'! as been ,lamed o n a , d au b~ e S1Dll,gth fo· fig- :t ()n~,.' 'Open t:wllSi. legs can be mad.e of ~~cieDt. a bl es , b u~ . '~h-~yare plr~:ba.'bl'ym ore effecti,vc B . l S lcandlesdcks [0 ·ressw lamp s ta nd s o r mirrnr SU.ppO:n11 on s im u a r : p ~ es ta , ~ 'Iype' p E l I [PJse~, o p~ ~ d ou bl e twis~'i s; ,star~ 'b:y _mar.kin~out. ,~lD. f J d m a ' r y ' do'U.ble, t'~Jl~t an
lrtm;U),vmg: the:
b~
V!,aste,
,y t h
u s e lof'
'tOO]I' a s a ~ ,e a4 Y d ~ ~, be ( 1 t? ut . s.a:wor ' la ki nS ' the c u r at he r d ee pe r h a o r clos t w 1s t ( R g . 2 3 K )i ,. Ti l outside c an . b e shaped, bu :i~ Js p~bably wJ.se. at tlns s ta g e t o lea:v~ the o ' u t e ( part ~'c:(S~,u"~IOO~ a s t he r is le .risk' of da a g i l : l ; g : ,i b : Y ' the tools t o; rm m g t h , m s : m d e . , T he r w o m e h od s I O f ' ,joining h e w o hollIo"s,. ne .i to drill t h r o l J ; _ w g ~ h ;3 large n u m b e r of small ho~[eswi~b.a m o r s e ' : v v . i S [ d r il l u se d in 8\ w h e e b ra c 10 ,1 a n e le e tr i drlll, he otnBr js ve ~se (ill. _'~e_mer W i l d t ,~rv'~' lnto t~e boUoms binatlon of tbe~two y. be p . r e r e r : r e d J , 1 l D s i 'l l. , . . l,he meet, ; m d e ~ ~ ~8 'Ibe reduce na , C ! I ' spnttmg'~, and, pr1lride f~ cJ amount to' be .removed by 'the ''Verner wo
(Fi,g"
T . h e, b e s t t,oo] fo cl e a n i n ,g O m i t 'dl~ msjd,e is ,~no'Fdimtr Jcoif ~,pace has been opened, blad~~i'_,1e'p,~ c;r:y 8bJP~W h e ~ ~ ~ c ig n 111 1' w'ood [1I!1fly t(run.hal ,~~round \vor~,ed,d iB lg o ln ru l
an
( ) V D. t h
\ Y s ts , £ 0 e V, e au the lnequa
'~Um~Wh,e;-.· the :10.-,
si,~eb .,a r-eascnJa-b~e~~_e~ _ , t h ~ ~~'tsid~ is \ v o E k , t e d · . '~ ' ~ sha.:pe 'wld]l chisel or ,goug,eI a s b d o , e " tho ugh, th separate b m e s are S ~ c ~ ~ D ~t f~gbt_'!1'lmes'_'to .'dtek twi~t" at section, stau.gb.t : a ~ r o l S S . lS e ] ] J p ' tl c al l ( F l. g , 23M)~ A,t tbe endSI th two, 'twls,ts l o o m . . i CI . . . . : ; 0!l.. :neatly '1iD Ju~t :~or I~ey ,llriUS_' an ..JI 'tuB [c~ntr-e ShOLlld 1'1O:11I'Ud-ed,
sttip~ ..~"e; '0 est, ',~a]y ·,to finally removed. irregula n ' D e s lf g]asl~pero:r pm.et. papcl"~pwliD 6ackwuds .md fo.rwards , ( i I ' r o u n d 'Ulle b i l n e s . . ,abraJl.ve wiriIJ :81 l i n e n , bae) ....ng willl be
n : , , ., .. .". IlV
'iI-II,,;:T,~
I-':~·U
C AB :V E N
-,
AN
T U RN IN G
89
bard.e_r material ]5, quite 1 ' 1 , a a S 2 W once " t h e rather' dllfe~eD[ ~htJjql]e 1 1 ' £ 1 boon. g r a s p e d , tlie im le d e g n h e only p,l~ ee '~ .g uc ca in is th knight~vritb ]ts: horse's 'head. This . · o R , e r s colllvm~ tionalized design! 'whlclliI the r e H e c t of at horse ~S head is ebta D~d with ,qu~te ,I, ' r e , w tool cuts, other olrem£' are mOISt1if~elik,e'm m : n , t a t , u re s . . Q · u e e . D l ,AM,e eabriole legs
1C3Jl 'have tbeir ee tu ed be the: fore 'being shaped by c a r v m r r u , g . Turnin giv~ ;8, good, g ; t D d e : .se:~,,~ra1.ha,p"c,~,em,loving the b ~ 1 l k ' waste a n . le av in g ~Iu~orm outline as smrOng; J:Omt The f:~' of 't le ha to be, ~ b 8 , p e d , by ,nor.mill ' w o o c h v Q r , r k l n , g methnds, Th 'foOit is usually . ~ n, '~ . be o rm _ o f h ro ~ FL o ed ". c, la w , ' i~ o ld i~ S ' '~aJJ (Fig'. 2 . 4 . B ) ~ 'T~,e lathe cannotgwe lWly help In. shnp~ ll,S:"_ ha1t except that if' th ~e b . same .. prth fvom 'the outside t he : b aD . must be c ir cu l r . As ,R guid.e tc depth, holes , m a b e drilled in 'the 'Vt~,~,~e~I~Flj(Jin,.F ig, 24C)~ ' U S ; I r n l g _mors [ill}, ~ r . ~ . n~[~Olu s p u rl ! , B lt te d t wi,'th d e, p{ b stop, he holes ,~dl(nrJd b: , s J l, g h ~ ~y ~: Iinlsbed I~.e,pth to avoi m a : r k i n , g w h a t c a r - d , template ( ] F i g . , :Z4,D) . i l be ,,~]jjJ Jbe.'!he, :fin_tS~,ed, i~urface. 81Utd,~ : f I D n a l shaplng, ,0
A lP '
ve
( !A TI ON }
wi
,[m:ud effect -visuaU!ed.
[ CA l. VI Na s
9-"1
Ma e s a n be pen.cil1,~·decoratio ometrum· of full-size drawi- .g~ 'd
In D1 '~,em designan
CWfiR
A P - L I CA T IO I- '- S O F C A R V I N G S : . , ~V I - · an ,of or 10 the [01 ':: arts, very , e a : d y ' o dw m t Ue d to shape: w~[h primitlve tools, ·orm 01' deco p,-obably belare paintiog an c e rt n_ i o .l y ' ~ '- " ad ,-u r n lt u re , W h il . wood at rove en bull houses usual survIve undamaged o v e t ho us an d of ycars carvin,gJ in bone dar'>g from th~ CEi' hest d a y s , a n h es e m us t have b e e p re c ed e d . s im l lR r work in w,ood 'he 'work 0' carvers and C.u1P_O'r8 in th fit 1.lleaJllS o f s eH . .e spre SiOB m'terpr'Oting: tl'~tlgs arl0t:md in 'w,ood or ,,0 thought f o ittle V1 r ac ti ca l u se s H o w . . ve o c i . ~ . as 'OUDld ,y of 118m.g' th wort: 0' these artists:" ~m a n d . o th e r. ' b ui ld in gs , b ot h in their str c.ture ietitage of artistry and .~-"~rn'i·h;ng· !ea'~,lng f'a f~ .. i,
mans
mo e n 'times 'the work, of t h a rt is t ha no strIct]y 'many uses. B [ t Id i ng s ; uri'_ uuJj.,~dm B r oa d ~1aB .ex.pans~ d,~ : r J ! ' 9 t l~dl.1 tbemselv[e[ii. ~o - ' the form of elaborate readily In w o r c ov e n g a lm o s the whole surface o f a n a r c le " ba rnl1Bn IS : w o m favour, W h i nt _·Xl[CDSi·v. an in eoe' e s i a . s o , c a l w o 'lout o f a sm o n . · ' f q [ " it 00· domestic use, Th mode carver m u s t fua:_e regard W'O[i~ Is m o s t likely .to " b e _ appreciated if h e a pp li e it with f 1 C " stralnt, He can, partieula rl if' e, ,ama~-curearv Ln.g.merely by~ j1e as b o b b Y I follow w h a t fyl_' he likes doi'g or iu 'way 'b fucie:s. 'his :Wjf]J'~ereslm in style, 0[ caning in use his- sk~U, nterpret life as h' sees In preparin it urn de vi 0 "1 " O'~i ts ve to. h a rm c ni oa s elect " s ' t b e produced; Th be o r l1 m~nd if re1, o n us be , c o ' l ' l s · i d , e r e d de. ig e: wOfked~ both in appearance and, In rtP,lJId to which 'it. ich l' is 'to be 'put_ he proportions of the design th o f rb e article as ,t assessed in relation ~t'o h e p ro po r o a it w h ersona. j'ud,gment at R 1 B S $ , o,f ta.ste oome into it. tin· is ' w la 5t e ~ ) . dm,e and tb lerfect tb·, : b e . a ' V y carvjn,g may . D l a k , e bit , o b j r e c t Ol[ he.,f 'fJxireme a r g I..
avoided.., IGOO.· carving is " ,p l e d wIth restraint. is, 'the best e a m e - ~ ~o u . . m : i ~ure, ,I b i w i usn Iy take t'-. borders o r e .· ge s wit a ff ec t t h ~ - s na p ' " sq u a r e f Ja o, e does no 10 ok U ; _ _bout ha]f w e as one th length is b e e rn ph a si se d as th prominen 'iD,es in th design ~ m g , eIigili,wi8e there ~.bile [. .: Wit" th apparent breiJd'th will be 'e go .• m n cm a W b e o stetc.mng in d ' e 5 , m g n l ) W3,:tC.:, that tb overall rell'eet IS " d b a la a ce d . · ' , 0 ge~ fo il" there 'is nO need fo an l.wOI Ieaves Ito. be exact "'II alike, burt tbey should 'c arranged we so as to fill " th e w i fairly un ·:orm spaemgs lIn 11 baek be JLarg O - U I r J I , ro: u a ,~ 8r .,a c ar vi ng ,
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same tl it Is w r on g t o ·introd.uce ground, bu f or m s , , - ,. p r J : y because of th desire to fill space, T~le best 'way to : s t~ d y d e s lg n in g .,8, to examin othe people's '",ort and to' p, c lo s e a tt ea ti e to forms hi re pleasing, d , in 'boo _ 8 , . mp ound in m u u m many past g e n er a ti on s c a n .,.,e th ellce-ssiyely ornat 'work modern d e s ig n " b a s e on s o m e part o, the sugge It o r g in a] , ' . re es ca 11 ,a n Jv i d . w o study" parti[cu (l,rl:y' J dn g f o e mm p e s in th solid.. design al~eady Tl er is_hof~.g wrong with reproduein US~d..I._uc'h lca-rving is conveatlonal an based on traditional h ow e v e . . ater w h i 'have been fotJDd satisf2!lctory. Usuall ;l1 .shap~'" and .p:~opo,rtEODS .f th original do Dot SLl1:~ J1 ' w [ o r k ed, bt;U, b e p ro p er t is to II' ha h e z e IS way to re-dra th des"~ is to use '1
time correct pn)porti JL It i r is 'tOI e, b e l nc re a se d by o r g in a " , c o v e r c d l 'with n . s qu ar e .6 ICoD'tmts of o n 1n~ sq dra.w~ng . b a l ea c h s q L 1a r e copi cd r i m " bu .i will o f c ou rs e b- al as 'big again (Fig~ 2 5A ) I f proportion ba te ' 1 ; ~ :a relied a · . . rv [IQ depend '~;."e11.-o rne e eh a judgment, bu 8{) uares can, 'b used g a gujde'~ 1 0 , _ 'the squares
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d u c e d the s am e w id 't b ' b u l t on :half ' H m , c s , as I ,o , o g , c o u . [ d ...'11....... u a v e s u 0 [1 sm:nu'm· n { 'm, squares .b..= w J ao . covered w ~i!,ih, w m c u 'L ar rearaw DI S· = 80 ' ~ ~ ilk 'II m" 'X~· f' somers COD'SJLsbn:g 0: re "4 m, O~.non~s· .J p ea te d d es ig t c an , be (J-OOftRWD. 'to other' p r o p o , r t i O D ' S by ,a]~ering: o f h e obIo:rng ICQmJ.t.d ng the basic. pattern, [he M ; m y ' ,;,f]t}2' I W t L r c a r v e n v r i D seeking to us carvin,g in c o n ' " " other activities jun.clion. i! od-==eabinetnM1JcinGt in ml turning, bo~['building: etc, ,m world w h e r e m d ot the tends to make 'workmen spoclaJlst~ in one w:lloll.e~ l ew ' p eo p ~6 ) in the course of their Uvelihood. a r a b job 'feel the s 3 1 i s f a c t r u O I i l lof' done, if amateu craftsma wh sees job grow from the· rough 'wood! to d es ig n a n e o n fmished p ie c e , k J ru J y , l _ n g Ul.at eve,r stage i) 'fL., '. as b, struetion lS, 'act'llon ue nere 18 i g en, ur_,g sa t:in.,,·' "h~1 comes .t_ ,UnaletilSC wm OfI!: someuung land. v e w i appreciate this, &S an ,amst a, craftsmarr. t..,"'"t'· 'iIl-b.'jJi; " " , g ; - J ! ~ r does is 'h::,~ ...O·"D;;O;;,tJ,im·ii!il C: O!IiAT~ng' .. :j;'j!ij n o t , .. ..liI. cr,aft·~. ~~b~~'~d!~i=.O t h ; r : p o o ~ l i ; : ; ~ 'w'~~kU,~a~~g: bu w i l i Z ol lo w ' m s , 0\\111 b en t a n even, g es t s ch e m e ~ o h i ,n h, .Sillris th~Dking. : l l i l W s e l f no a H r t i 8 t ~ he will: begin, work out desinns for liimself ' .,If",~ ct.., i~ 'nroomtess ':~-"",nt,. ICBn onlv . _ ; : 1 .
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The le4rliet elm pters this 'boo cont in am sug,gutlkrmlS fo applyhlg carviag, This, I cb a .. p' [c rs ug g e st s s e v er a l m o r e In 'p'l~paj[mg design-tue. 'C3J'V Cr' should , a i l w , R . Y s m a k e sure that the idea ilpplicable to w o o d . Someih'rn,g m o r s u~ ta bl ej i say, fo :~'t is marble, ' w . i l l b e d if fi cu l to do 'and wiUl never m o n k right. item Oi[' : fu m i . r e b e wf6f.IlI11of ,a,verbufJd.eninl lth a,ndng. 1~ ·, Ijj.'I!,;,_ s t a . r A SlImp tCI~.!, 'Wlh.rt - e aaive ,pass~, u u .o rr ng u [p f3ino fimes;s 'for purpose' h e ool~ e n ~ h a s b oo n h e rash m O D " This: extreme condition in coat rast '0 the over-ornate
F~G~25
work at the begj'nnln:,g' of the ioontOry~ There. is bound n :v in g b ac k f ro m h ' and carv:iInll much to re]:icv,e th p ,h dn - nM s o f b;oiUse~ho,ldflJmi~ u re , _ Chait b a ck s , t ls u aJ I have a. ee ntral panel w w c h o n p~a;ce fo carvin (Fig. 2 S 1 C ) ~D o o r s d eb oa rd s h a v e b ee ap l in, ' t e l y I D u g o n O nW e the 'p,ain fo dceoration. They ( 3 J D . of impreved tlDeJ (F,ig, 2.;SD)~ comer decorations or 1 1 : Y ill (F~g'.. (Fig. " it tr ip s o f c a r When :makilng an it0m IOf. fumirure w h i C h . : W c l .t td . l catvin~ looDsider-ed.. th point ,a~wmch.i' he C 8 . r v : m g : is to 'be done m u s t
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number I[)f practice tbe lID-iteuf' fet]iD~ is ' w a ' y ' "W PfOrl'UCC pieces whic ar merely blocb;, of w o o d nat ,speci6ct1ly' ,in~' tended f;m I m y ' jo'b.. Whe-re th carvmS '~as been cempleted success_full :. some u s e . fo l f h e 1 b1 . o c l c : w _ a . y ' 'be ,tIb.1J?u,gbj~ lof~ '~.A earvlng ICIIlDOit b e h w g OJl, the 'wag .L~e '~pri~ct~~e .l.t s'~ '.ouJc~. ~ o m .e tw n l - u se :f 'u l S e v ' e t r a . l :f tm found amoagst
the f O I U o w , i J i ] g ' ,:1 ...ill ll,.,.... :i... ' . U C , U I. etau W'Of·· , o n , ' · IJ : I D 1 I , ' tl f ,e ,ell oone 'Miti ca:rvmg tools, 'Edg~e,deeonl't io,It1~, ,flor shelves eta, have been. nle~tio~~
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th p l E c c a . d e p e n d m . _ _ I ( ) 8 . t h e c a rv e r' s ability and th .purpose.,:. Fluting' ca'D improve parts :f furniture, as in, th'e a, 10f' ( f i : , g ' . 25'0-)., BmcketS\JI 'wh.e;ti,er sU,ppoI1ing '~beI. sideboard r e m e : t 'o r y ~ab!,u: ( F i , g . " 2 5 H J 1 o~~as loan~le$ S i l P ~ l ,m t m " g c a r n o , P Y Thls mi overa door l(Fig'. 2511)1 an b e i m p ,r o ve d b~y~m.g'. ,fluting: or IC'li~o.][work~cOJl,ventl,ooaJ],l;e~ forms 'call b e u s d , lo 'tbe lend finished 'wi~~ht omsk 01' gar:goyJ~, as , 8 , p p m p , d a t e . , T w m s " - ' has b e l e n , m e legs", lam pi standards and C3nd~esDcksOj Th same idea c a e , d.'e\"e]opet[ 'fo;r other tlnngsco n,gbt C2t'"~,g: ,pai of alad se ve jg 2fiA) , 1 1 , : r o " i d , C ! wh wood I' ue as SJca'more is mos appropriate, ,A ject, small w is t c a be marked o u a s d es e bed, o r h e 'egJ~ bu b,;I:I; d o n e he t ' ' I' l I ' W - ; eh little rH@:n,~I9I""a, ~ l ;l !l l , IitU.LV&. Jl,~~ :Jf' adapted Ito- m a k e stal' 'tec1miq ue can. sll~,e :,ooUed around or 'wallkm,g :~Uck(Fl,I., 2 6 1 3 1 ) ' , little extra ,thickness_ .must be left l J 1 ] t~!l1I1ing' , fo r ' eu tt m , th .head. Twists in o p p os it e d ' ~ n 3c t~ o . Il S , ltan 'be w Q , [ K : e d l . , ~hey have tile s a m e angile f' slope tlu~_ iesull wiU, la s er de s o f d j a m o m d s O n .1 : ' t W m ~ , t eM a " p , p e a . : r to o V I C r l a . P I th o th e ( Fi g 2 6C ) S ta f f o e er tm o n a t u S l e o B e s co p :far t w i s t ...'~a!I"
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T r~ " S a nd . p ic ~u re , frames e _ mrH~cr,cd. by carved ,com,ers~ eJabomte~ n~!egrea:t 1~l,plDleof rvlng eorners m.3,:Yh a v e IGo~C tray should ,r left ,phJin, other conve:nulo;rnaJ ~ m f d , oo o ra ti ,~ : r c a rv e d , (Pi.g~ l'C),., Th f o comers need no o e c e s s ! ; u : i l y be the :5am,e~tailith,Qu:g'b.he gep,er:al , ef ll ~ t s h o ul d be b~la.n.ced~ T h i s , i s o n IQutlet 'for the beginner who as mastered th carvmgoi ,simple, leaf' forms, Anlo!Lh.er thing wi ' .- ~ i D , bis scop Is the c an ," 1 o : pleces to e ov e h e mltres o f p = ro t rm r e f ra . nl le s ,. , The m o d a m . m s , ] ~ n ~ o p ] ~ ' [u r e f r am e s to - -- b be' severely P~a.in".. ]I there a r o c c as io a s W H e n , 8, s ~ . m p : c.ca.rvUlg covering the :mitr6 a t : m l ~ b c, ome will ,imp,rove the ap pear,ancc.. House name b oa rd s c an , carved, locked, . l e tt e r m , g . , 'o,f ,8 'it.. 11.........,. ..;al :.1 g o o ~ , : s ty . l, le ~00, ,P L"..,.]I_" Oa& '~u~ na ~lOO!uy = - o o n , .merttloD,~,~ This: d - i g n ~ ttied a n d . swart For II, COllD'lIY h ID U S e ; t I () [ rura surdJt?ne ~o~, 'djoo CUlt rou d i g s h e S 3 m e sott. of 'bing iag;onaUy i3;CFOSS , 1 0 . g l(Fi;g'.. 26D),.Th m c e ; ,s'h.o~.l~.d at 3 . . _ ] . o n g ,~m 'JiII'''.l '.'..:1 p J1 a e s ,w C ,ow'"' ma.y , p T . ' t o v e W Wj ,gr3' 3 J l . , g 1 l J e ~ , _lotw~e:rwllse ever 'i 'this ' t y p e : of sign sHgllt errors ar ,- tt noticeable as jn m o r e 'forma] work" The 1 l e t t e r i n g ay b e l ie s ' f o rm a l in. a n " Y -case'," a r a ls o , ap l' ~o pr ia r~ e t o N a _ _ m e boards in Fene~' (Fig 2 6 E ) h o us e s a n d gardens, _ o l b : ! o , more: in'_ccpmg \vuh U 1 C j f I t 1J f fO u o d ,, ' " signs. The: n a m , e mary :in,gs: ' S e' v er e p ai nt e original otl.tIiril e" as in :~igD8~, rhe I c t l r y e : r look1 ig " . O r ' loom,,·, ,....;aJ
ii.1Il..,...., ~...I., 1. v; ~ iui o. u ' ~ " " n Oil p , . ·:_d.l ! 1 "~ m e l c JJ :a , OUIIL~e- ' I o. .r. I JI L , 8_~ _. l_ l L 1 l mJlg';.liU:, loo~er . .IL l~ : . ,n .....:.l s o r t s :,or , c a ' i h e8.,galL-Uti,ens. s ~ g m s ,O , a n u , 'ot~er O U w Q o r pl(nposes~ Ican, '0 ,mad,e ,P from ,almoJst any' examp~c O t t : ii,
97
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~ve, Q, metal se f i u J e d ! I(F-~ ~.5J). p le rc e bracket 0[" , ~ o , m e : t h r u f J g of that tVill1l,ifiI ,tJJI ;ill. ,UUA 1..- en d- r\~o ~.l;g~ : ' - ~" n 11 . .. t ; , ', ,t T ', , ~n, b., ,UAJ~ll oJ!,~~ ,L.L_ '2S I~),.,T his ,p~l:Ue:m cllrvm,g in the wound b o o k en eanhave J~1l0~ it., E t ~ - p ; f u . a n t s ()~er :run i'~lals pushi.ng~_a.pi.nst tbe iMii e;(ieetlve '0'1[ f . ! i l 'wmtU"",A fill ,~'L.~ b oo k bl ""''"1 1II"'oIii, iOU, W!I;;!o! Ga Dg fta,t 10 ,g mJJlde,[
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.w leaned l P l 1 1 : e ~ . s ca 'b ~,ed, by _m back and " b a s e , to supt:r-0111,gbl ort' r . o _ w o, books, either uprIgIlt w,i'~ll semi-circular 0 1 , [ " othe shaped O O I d s (F~g~, etc, ,_,mgle panels c a n , be ,made mrt()1 s b u U t d s fut' t e a p o t s although the carving w i D . (Jldy he visi.ble w h e n the stand. is out eomparativel s h al lo w ,re:gu]ar 10:00 of chip cttnmg mor appropriate o r h i than deep r e U e ; f wort. Siool t O l p S J ' either shaped Of' rectangula re 00 01he outlet or practi decorations be Practic stri and into th lIlt is and m , e . g ! i f' :ltthestool ( F i l l g . lf an ") In [he , I ~ : s , e _ oj ~um'~e of simila praetlee panels, such as the u de n c a v e s , h e ~prernmtm blocks IQlD. aU 0 1 1 . d p ' U c C IO a, class .o , \ T I , or ted into framlng' to he he s~llld,a d. frieze tOf' sectlen of pa,nellto,g (FiJ,g~2,7A)~ In.' the w lo r h o h i w w " " s e r v e as m i d e o f ea:rly efforts,,' an add, W L r a ' c h . of ; l l P t ~ ' J r o : p r i a t : e decoration. _ R : ~ ~ l U l g , U J ll i i CJ r v m n . g I r e m . be 'built i n t o boxes, dtbet' '~,S lids or L~ ~iJu.~. ~!lJ!ll!i' " ,0:0: : : W J e P I : U F P 0 s . e ai' th box' ide '1L, ' m t . . J ~ ~Q l §J,._~'. Jl~e ~~n ~ 8 ! o !1 , I t s , h ap e 'mmJ d e e n stze, S-evcf,aJ variatioas the: ox
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B e U , o l v; s 1 1 m .o s ea ed utllJtarlnD pu rpE1~ei, but nB:ve m a n y p o o : p m e us them as decoration S, a n d , t l u ~ y prevlde an ex us o r a ck U n c a v i , s a m o a fnldlitiona! , W i f m possibly' ,o 3, piece of m o d e m more complex, tha.n w o u l d be justifie fumitura 'The hear ,ha,:p of th beUows, 00- venlea s e tt in g f o x c a nring ,0 m,os~ ' t y p e : s , (Fig., C).. ii
FINISmNG
piece . o f : earvm,g, is part Whe m e larger 51 mcture, pilooe,of funntuu!'. general decoration, it 'will usuaDy a v reeeive the S~Jl~e' ~i$~g. r ea tm e n a s the the w o r k , ~ he th e h e finish _i;I the best ,:or the C 2 1 ' r v ~ n g , or not, Ca:rv.ing : h i g b , gIO&i5: , 6 n ' W : ~ d l e & not ,d,OM '~o:~t take kindly' 'fol th look, right uDd~r ., b ri D ia n , dl Z e' ~ T h e b0St a , p : p e a r n n c - c whe somethl_o;g has been done to enhanc th n~tur,a, eolour lo the w o o d , ~itb, ,S g l o s s , 0( ~ e , g g = s h e J 1 I I 'finisb. Newly'carve work ay 'be considered to : b a : \ r an attractiv a pp ea ra nc e ~ ' h o ~. t , a m y f in i h W g e a m en t b u iii I 1 Q t h r n ' l l . g 'is done 1 : ii~, dirt lVi' enter t.lle, pores the w o r k ' \ \l i be d . J S . . " 'w~y whic rect L f i e c L It is t h e r e f o r e gu '~~'O~llm;tthat some sort, of ~urmce treatment h o liven~ if ~ply ,~tor close the pores apin st the entry' of . s W m n g ' :may be done 'with water, sp!dt Of IO stalns, 'The, the mlm ~hou'!!d to deepen OF empl~a_mf; be P3rural colour \,\rlood;j' or '0 match jlt \ v : W ' t some othe part the wort~'~vjthout qbscll'rjng the g ra i . . - he same Ih'fD applied to lcafvimg an '~O rker '00 th 'carved I'll [fa,ec, the _ p~ a ' w o o usua11y ,3ppea t~ tW() parts s b ow l ' _ _ lo o k _ b e w hi c ~ a ~"accepl~bh: bu same th starn, , Q 1 ' 1 ! J . be diluted s:~igh.t]'y;or the c a r v f f i n , g " It to change the co~our (l,r th wrollllg ,as w o o d : , . An exception Oo wo wh 'i Amenl aD wb ~~ost md:istin,~urnshable hom m a h o p L l l Y - Wh~iU ppropEia'~elY' li
Water ~tamJS, ar usoally ' 'b o u g h t a s powd.lcn or crjstals, wldc'h ~uFe~USSPI]Ved in w;J,ter as r~uj~d~ 'VM,d~yk,~ y s a l a r cheap a nd . c ov e r fO~!ll of b~own water. :st3JD,. Wa'~eE St.atU IS chea w c l _ ! , but I't w o o d . S
I! !!t1\"
in
niflj,
WOOD amVm:N
7·01
ar
1 1 : i g h . . J ] g h ' C e d to ,give t h e m m o r e ' p r on u n e D Ce . French ilo li sh J ll " i s popular fi'~rhi;:h fo furniture. An hn.. pnrtant p a n . of the pr-ocess. is ru.bbm.g~. The pollsh is made. 'olf' dlsselved ':;iirno J r · m _m,i I
_o
a!iii"fi.J
=e&!l~,l ~~:v;:=~~f:bTaj::=
It
OIrnJ.
' M a n y 'woods" l'amtulaily oak. and W,a'In'LlI.'~~look wel~ oiled, 810;\'" pro cess but U ' C 1 results jus ruf}' th 'tim .. This Ra linseed, IO i s , s p re a d o ve r h e surface ef In 'far ~everaJ h o he wiped ,oIf I;Dd t h s u f ac e e f 'to dry.. The treatment ls repeated, m ay b h a a-dozen tlmes, Linseed i();U takes several dial'S to lti·ry',., D ry i: n m a y ' be hastened 'by' 'mbrIn turpentine wid}' the oil, about one part ia three, ltan b e r ub be d ' \; v ld J c oa rs e cloth to ,Af~er '.'lllc oj ha produce a. dull gloss, Qu··ying m~y MY,C WiRXed] finish! 'This '8 done ~tlli lbee's,wa.x eh as o'huson, or the prepa { l e d '~lF1l~'tU.!W3:a xes, Ronuk. A. li. bv d& 5S-O-"IIV-"d_d . . [~'W~ 1....... i'-; s h re_ J t. Th we.X: in spirits of t ur pe nt in e t h e iaddmg. a. IDit~eboiled wd '.eU rubbed iJl'~ol ' t h e , carV~g. Successive '00'31 ts ,3i't .t~rv,al,wilj brii'ng;out, rich d l t d J gloss, Waxm.,g- 'rna:, done as the only precess, s m r t U t g ' 'with 'tbe 'i_ lean follow bare ·w'lJ.od' trrmtmenf wl~b llinseed o.il 'Linseed on 'treatment ean also, be : f o U o w , e d ta french shonld not b e m i d , Much c . oM m . le rc w ] y ' . . pr ~ u c :e d f u rn i tu r e i:5; s,prayed with ceDulose, This giv,es 91 .blg'b, S'ioss w,'ItI~lchwears· w e to : m a n . y liq ulds is impervious wt1i$ :mart the o'fd'e:r p o i ~ ; : s ' h e s . , The shine fo C o brig bu it ma';, bave tO 'b cc pt an all-over 'e real .. 'C3 r v m , g ! 1 m~nt of a. p~.ece lO furniture, "t is not. really keeping ' ' i t h . [b :" "ior..,.I
'~pljri' of c~tJ:Nin!,~r n d i s beg! avoided, V a ~ m I : s b u _ s, u a. U , ha '0:0 p l a e e OIl c a r v e d ,"olrk.........,except ,D cxh~ri·,OTw o rk , is lesscu':tiaJ on ' b o a ' w o' r: k~ c 'f i~ r c ' be tJ J. d~ n, ame s~rdn., is 2 . c h e a p finisb f o .r ' H o o r s' l bu ilt bo ~ d e tc , V a. m : cam1l"g., w o ul d o m ], , ' he : . r - - e g a , r d l o o as 'shoddy
-
GLOSSARY
1"Ype' of ~btH,~enl.n,B; t O m L e , . Sha~p
B(JlSSlv,ood' Bfla:d ,B(fe,c'l~
, A lo o , m a ri v flan:ru,et O l l ' A me r c a w hi lt e CUrved ridg.e., Close",gmiried mod~mkly ,bud w o o d " mall
,fJbte lJ,if:f'h.
B ' ( J ; S t i ' l j ' l ill
ICflbriol~' leg ICarborr;n-dum
r:or-t,(JudJe
'CMl"er'~,6cl'l 'C' .rcre-w
ICltam,fer
,(;Ii,tlS-e
StiGDie C'OfU'Se hard 'w !Dod lLlilm~ita.hle f.o.iI[ aLrnpg~ bu 'ifl1sed 'f:o-r~,co,Ih i n d
,C,!Zfr'lJ}
'CA'lp carv,ing' · ,h e ' M " , o r S.,'OOH
,-eorne, or 'st.,fB1\1 -d,off"'leg.goea ~fuh -'tll: "~
-,sfllci-e. ,-;square
C'le.otd'
IC,onc~'e' ,Q rM'O ," ICo,n'Ve.~t'io,~QI d.,eli.~ ICI~.hY\t1'.t
D,o, 'Da',g.le""d: ,Em1Jj:r:re
hard'w,o:otts
eed,
ed
",
an pJMes~ ,A part i , fwiust ,B~(J~ ..:m"odEl3,tel¥ !bard la;m ne tal 5ha,p~ by cho'~P1ng: 'aw,Ii·Y au ghing h e b ul k o f [ h '~,215;le O;riglnallr go~t~s te~ bu~ 'DOW typ~ of mbl~ Of , c ll la i r ' ~ e 'g ' with an : s ; 'm m a , l 01[ bird f'oat.. TVpe of :s,h~rpe~illl !l~ p1,~~, usual Type [( imOD~ .,MlJL" 'fuel rolled 'oog,c efiee~ 1M ( r i g i l l a . ti : r 1 C pa1f.i~bmm:t Sc1Ie:~ ~i'th'~~pe~ed, _ c c r n d for scremng m~'CJI G[ ,, 3 l : r e d , bolt en '\\rith wing ,U:llt for hillrig'to b e D . e l L 'Q ~ ~e ~ ~I. .
IlIUimng d_~m1, 'wi'lh ,goilj~ Kn c-eu 'tri1tnfu~i.u·'-'fooessoo Culling
'UlO,] w W U h
C8'wmg.
flat seetilloll.
CtN",~.'e~(t 'W~'lh~trt~i'l1 ,gdge at
'M ,ang~e:.
'1/,~'1h do:n'b~e , a ' ~ e m & . ~nk~ S w a D b la d o n o n; g sh~ft. A1 rnariv,e name te fi~b.-,t:Mled. 'WUll Clltti:Wlg ed!f: ' a J , ' ~ C I ~ : n d ~ d J pamcu]al'ly a'V tool'.
:d_·t S'l1g1e8, tt) '~ool ·th~ ,~~e at 'tb~ 'bt}ttDIn ,o
1 : l 1 $ i i d e of a. CUIfVtt BniLe:k.~-t I ! l D m : ~ m " ;3j, c.anOpy·..
l~I~lii,l1lit Iorm
10[' t he r :!iui~the .requirememtJ O ut s ei ,o B . ' C O lV , e , .
n a' 1 m). shane :2da.pkd te
f t
CUI' : fl o ;r Ic r a m p i n ~ ' w o r k t~1 bench., double bend vllh tufting; ~i'e.:.
Teal Icm.fiLked ~I"e~
tOI
'h~fd 'bJa(:'I(,
IQ!:..set the
C C l n ee t iv ' e n a m e _ '~ O f mfUlj" PMt"'"'WU ' t m m ' b e r : s uom, the ICommrHliwealtb. ICa:w~ bD]~, glmg
.:brr..k stbad~ow~
OO
'J
CARVING
Facel'
S m a J J f l a s u r fa e e ,
!Ft!'l"&Jzi'ng
T'e~B IQU'( mt ,J0'Uge'WI'. q r uc t
Al1·er:nati'~ name ,for s,wa.g.
,P,(l'Siior()J],
Flu,te"
,P'~u~tln, Fuming
GO',fh.llc' GDuge , - lJ t u: , 1 t beJlr ~be'~f
·~sh,-t(Ji -fia.l
4r,'On',~\IE'R1. ,-:jjj'~j~ci
~'P8o~"'.Jlit. Gr,Qu.ndln! I ' D ' D l If.,old/f13I
lm;rsca' 'work India
In ~herO,r,t,Rif
,1f,IJ'"a.h
lig. L~El,c,rtm~:p.
Lf'g,rlt~m, V ' ~ i r : p e ' Li:nlle tUJ6·,nj.r;j~d liv:e"pgol kn,lI;f!,' ,£Qbel~f).~d,orJ IUiqe ,t'O"r M:~€aro:nf u } ( ) , l ,M·~'f.tolgQ.n, Mlod'~,lUrw N'atNrale'J·fUe.
Oh~l!cll,i~ 'f'
b~h.e'
O'f!e O~'k
,Port/n'g ,fool Paler-,M
peOO'wo
Pie'Fce;d
fUaSlier
iPfn'8 'P Pt,','ch,
PU~'$'~g P~aJi[e I~\r'
ra;6bu
~ n [tbitecu~Te., fn on for 6 U n , m ~Oqg hamdfe reeesses, A,hemativt : ~a m e t o rcedirng. Tool f~' scra.lling 'bcads ud oir.h.er momd cd
'tOI
a.mD1tJ;n_~:fum.es~
tn
.A 'cutL~Dg 'bo·~l ~I[h curved ~9ss~ect1iJJ1.. r u ' l h th ,e~d C.'Ul'\red dC1Wfiwaros:. 'Wl~h IC1IJnI'l e·.,pvmr&, l@~~wmc~ 'With $.miiL.lll 'blade on :1 : t o . n g :s~aft. W~'~ha v C r 'J I _ sh a U o w e u . . 'Wilh th en CU"~ ' I J , p w a : r - d a , .
W - [ ~ b llee . Al t~ rn ~t iv c ' ma o e :
AUerm:unhre_me'
to' ~!
It01
Pe
C U J[ 'V l
by, 'mqn)sin,g
' C o' to ur il l, q
mh-tmiled~, f ra n b e nt ,
Of ehisel, .A hOril'~~be,":l,o~ge 'il.. '1Il."",... . m ro p n g o' wm ~j pa tl~Io(U(gba hole ru 'd}e bench. 'Design Ic~,t in ,Clu.t] ~®Qne. Ty,~ ]f sb~:nin;;: " 11 d . ea"i,~e in three di,mc:mS'[omt. ' W ; o O l l i suitable '~'or e D e : ri n ,r . W o r k " ' R o l d, m g I O J ~ ' rna tking~a1lJ. d~vio'~" AltlefHmlti'Vc 'ml.me ~(lI b o .J d fa s
8C(1(}11
S'~ri~f SeUl"Z-,[-11 S J i . (1.;':
S~IJ'1,~.if..I'g
su,. S/,oyd k n , i f e ' St(ppl:'ed' St,o:/J SUIIl,'
Sweep
S,}"Ca'lliil,ar'e'
,Te:ak
Very h~.rd a n d , h ~ a i V J ' w o od ~~t_ 'sof~~ Hgbt~ .\ ICalVm~ b~~~ on..flo~ds lofc~~oth.,
Cu:~riGbt ·dJrourg'b, itce~anguJa1i Soft 'W~~~ g c . c . d l fOE' ,pmt:tise, et!J'ning:., ,., Tube effect due to close 'fiQ,~d. of rw~hrwcn e~c~ DJlstatu=.Jefrom 'top of e a to tb.e t.op l O i f ' the next IO ,il, SCIl~'rW 10 twd' 'hJrrdJlg~, D~U'iffU\.C:~drl!lnls" , Q : I D . M e d . _ by rust, L ig h t b ~ ow ' n ' b ar d wood. .A .ty f i l e , !With 'wndiridW11ly"cul teeth, .A w . :e ss ~ l ed ll e
o r s tr ca .m. e r o rm . ,o.f l e U i e : ! i S .
,d.esig;a. 'Cu,tting d o w n 'the i ou tL im e o f N @ w r a ] crack, R,ece5~i~g the ·'OO.ckytH.Lrnd so t l H J t the cl]emgo 8 t ia L D . d ~o u r e ief'. A, shaped oilsto.rn~'fur ~h in$ldles of I tl ,o u g ~ : a . rn d 'V ~~type cli gene;raJ-pLul~ose knilll'e. D!ottc: d, Le ther' d.r~sled 'with, f i e , a bw iv e ' f: o sbarpe.n..
illlll,l, [,001s,.
' f I W : w g w g cluster, ' T . . h ~ ~UIl1I~ I D : f ,!!. to'U.g~·~ t~ard te '\\(0 Q ; ~ L S~c,o:ng, br,oW.n hard W O O d ; i ' suimb"le 'for ezterlor
'WGi,rk.
'V toot Ro'uglilenmg: back,gT.iJud w[tb dei:om'l:ioD .. Spray' ofthree le:i.'Vel ete, Hlsto:rica periad, Ca"~d~J'eW ~fEoot. g _ e : cu at a'Ll a : ng 1 c u n d e the; d e ~ i g m 1 m S m a , 1 1 I'luliek doub.I~~l,*d h t s ! L d cnWfI,g V . shaped ~;rtH)'V~., W[ili. tho blade ~.W"V~t!_ W'im end ru:r,!;red upwards~, f o u [ l n g :m recesses, Cb .amietl'ed edge9 net :r~:e.rung ID(:
~,"m·R
Smooth 'ye]!J,ow w o o d , Un$Ultab.~e:fo:r (.'!8 n1[1~ 'Double Ic~.rve' Mlioulding ~e:cliQL T eu gh , h M !d wo ~ d, 'p;Q 'Jpuar fall" ca:nimG~· AJlterffiitive ii:]~'meto 'V eo:~. Clreular p ie c , o 10 rn ment.,
Parchrnen
Pamted en
Openwork
.. !';aNn.. knne' ~on;g' ~e[]~ b~i!ldJe~ rroje~Lfug lernd if the ~t1; o f ~ e~ ~ kni1c 'wi;1h short b~"~: S _p s d e o o l ~ ~ a . ? 1. ad e ] ~ n ~~ r , '( b a Lm , . , ype t,DO] W I t h ,a:[lil3ularU s'~n RedJ-bIio'wn mod~t;a:~'~y bnd ' w , o o e t ICif.Vj ilI:1I :i-rn d.~pl re~i.ef'. _. 'to a..p,eat I,!, lI llIe Jl~t1tmJ. t h m . m ~ed
IC~ea'liIi~tt~:ng' wu:od ..
.P;eaT'
,Rtlhaltt'i'
tOSSARY b3I'5~ lIta. ised ~d-s.e-ct'i!o:D. ta udm~' ou f:rOn-I'b~l.gI.0\m.d.,
Wolnl~f 'W'a~/'£r~ Y:el:l'ol~ Pi,le'
W'6od.
Dark brown b a r d w n o d: Ty pe o f s ha rp e i 'n g seen e, o d J q u a lru'ty soft ' w o o d ~
03
. ' ti l . . ~7
V;en1U~r
Sh;,es;:
-h.r lIIiI
Chb~~!
~lAr'C
Si~;: ilh i'
lin.
N o\ ; 5 1
: [I s Ta~IIG(JllI!ge
:S~~~' ~..
' c" , 2
ke
:S,l~~:: : l D .
N~~1'
ChJsel
Do;~"'leg C!l~~!l!JI
til ,rn.
Nos.. 3, ' i t, o I ' I
nil,UI!
N'g~;i3"
1'111"
SpOOml"'bit ICh[JI~I" .;:Ig~~~
I_
' Il l
.!.
I~JgbtComer
I.;!;I,!
!I~
,N~OI
Ill'..
p:~~·b~t Chl,I:i:~ Lri'it COr,fiLe'F :S~D5:.
nil
S'II:r,ll~;;I!t'I~GQ Ul5~
J_".,..SIm::
1l
I]:
INM. ,II... IJW~~1
hit,
10. I,1.--:5;~~~ih,,\" 'h i,'Ilfrl. ii''\. "I' -& ., 1 1 ' 1 1,IRilI,
4", ,EI.,'
'Noi~
N~
il
SJ~,::
Spoon,,& Cl1tiU!~il
,Si~::
Il~
CII
1:
10
"'IIiAi I _ . , .
G'Ol,lllg@
ICUN:~
!jZ"1""fi.....
II ..Jab
i i
J" . . lI L ii~jW_
, . II
I,
~I""
, 1 · 4 " :1'-:S;R~e:i~ ~.1f~.:b h I 1 1 i. I ' l n .
INo-~.14 to 31 :Sl~f!l Bi'~GO\Jg,j! l ' " h : g , S i . : Z 4 ~ D , 1 i l'~
\~ i. -fro ii ~,
.]I)....g~=~:
'Nos" Hi U'i )I=Sizes: if.
~~
IWI~ 'A~
N0
J~l~'~:
-:r~ *~ k, 't~
N o . . , 3a-S ll\t!S~ i, \'"
ht
N C 1 S : . 3 6 M d : ri B, B~ .c k'B~ntI G o l / ! g e
'n I~!!l
N.~~:.31 ~ftd ,4]' : S I ze s : , ~ i\-'i '.
!No~.
C!.Jlliv~d
:stR:.i:
II ,A
Spocf.i~'Il;t, S~~:;
111,D"!iI
Il!.&
'hrdlll(i:'Tool'
-h
'~j,~
:in,.
'p~fi~Jn,gT:~rz;.~1
h ' 1 1 :i! i: in.
PartlTnt ' T O O l :
1ii ii~J r . . ! '1 l. I~.
ND.. 1184
