Wireless Power Transmission Doc

Wireless Power Transmission A Seminar Report Submitted by

Sanjeet Kumar

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

B.TECH IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRNICS ELECTRNICS EN!INEERIN! At

CT INSTIT"TE # TECHNL!$ SHAHP"R% ALAN'HAR SEPTE(BER )*+,

Sanjeet kumar/Reg no.-1308143

CT INSTIT"TE # TECHNL!$ SHAHP"R - ALAN'HAR CAN'I'ATES 'ECLARAT 'ECLAR ATIN IN

I her hereby eby cert certiify that hat the the work work whic which h is bei being res resen ente te! ! in the Sem Seminar inar enti entit" t"e! e! #$ire"ess #$ire"ess %ower &ransmission' by #Sanjeet (umar' in artia" fu"fi""ment of re)uirements for the awar! of !egree of *.&ech. +,"ectrica"  ,"ectronics ,ngineering submitte! in the eartment of ,"ectrica"  ,"ectronics ,ngineering at &I& 2a"an!har is an authentic recor! of my own work carrie! out !uring a erio! from 2u"y 01 to Set 01 un!er the suer5ision of ,r. Rahu" Sharma.&he matter resente! in this Seminar has not been submitte! by me in any other 6ni5ersity / Institute for the awar! of *.&ech egree.

SANEET K"(AR

&his is to certify that the abo5e statement ma!e by the can!i!ate is correct to the best of my/our know"e!ge.

/Er. Ra0ul S0arma1 Super2isor

&he *.&ech 7i5a-5oice ,amination of $ire"ess %ower &ransmission has been he"! on 0Se 01 an! is accete!.

Er. Ra0ul S0arma /Super2isor1

Si3nature o4 H'


ABSTRACT

In this aer we resent the concet of transmitting ower without using wires i.e. transmitting ower as microwa5es from one "ace to another is in or!er to re!uce the transmission an! !istribution "osses. &his concet is known as 9icrowa5e %ower transmission +9%&. $e a"so !iscusse! the techno"ogica" !e5e"oments in $ire"ess %ower &ransmission +$%&. &he a!5antages !isa!5antages bio"ogica" imacts an! a"ications of $%&.

Ke5 Wor6s

9icrow 9icrowa5e a5e %ower %ower trans transmi missi ssion on +9%& +9%& :iko"a :iko"a &es"a s"a Recten Rectenna na So"ar So"ar %ower %ower Sate""ites +S%S $ire"ess %ower transmission +$%&.


ACKNWLE'(ENT

; journe journey y become becomess easier easier when when we tra5e" tra5e" togeth together er.. Inter Inter!e !een! en!enc encee is certain"y more 5a"uab"e than in!een!ence. &his seminar reort is a resu"t of har! work work an! an! b"es b"essi sing ngss of <=. <=. uri uring ng this this eri erio! o! I was was gu gui! i!e! e! su suor orte te! ! suer5ise! an! he"e! by my mentor frien!s frien!s co""eagues an! fami"y members. &he first erson I wou"! "ike to thanks ,r. S S 9atharu +>= ,,, ?or 5a"uab"e gui!ance an! critica" thinking. I a"so wish to eten! my thanks to ,r. Rahu" Sharma to imro5e the )ua"ity of this seminar reort. I owe my thanks to r. ;noo *eri +%rincia" &I& an! a"" the ?acu"ty members an! frien!s for for a"" the necessary infrastructura" infrastructura" an! mora" suort. 9ost imortant"y on ersona" I wou"! "ike to thanks ;man chau!hary  &arnreet &arnreet singh ta"war to moti5ation for their kin! an! b"essings.

SANEET K"(AR


TABLE # CNTENTS Contents

Pa3e No.

Candidate’s Declaration…………………………………………………………………. i Abstract……………………………………………………………………… Abstract………………………………… ……………………………………………….. ………….. .ii Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………… Acknowledgement………………………………… ……………………………………...iii ...iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………iv ist of !igures……………………………………………………………… !igures………………………… …………………………………………………..v ……………..v ist of Tables……………………………… Tables…………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………..vi ………..vi Abbreviations………………………………………………………………… Abbreviations……………………………… …………………………………………….vii ………….vii

C0apter +7 INTR'"CTIN888888888888888888888...+9: C0apter )7 HISTR$8888888888888888888888888.;9, C0apter :7 WHAT IS WITRICIT$ ....................................................................< C0apter ;7 NEE' # WITRICIT$88888888888888888888= C0apter >7 RECENT TREN'S 88888888888888888888.?9+) C0apter ,7 THE BASIC I'EA # WPT8888888888888888..+:9+, C0apter <7 PRINCIPLE & E@PERI(ENTAL 'ESI!N888888888...+<9)+ C0apter =7 PER#R(ANCE # 'ESI!N8888888888888888.)) C0apter ?7 #EAT"RES AN' BENE#ITS 888888888888888..):9); C0apter +*7 APPLICATINS888888888888888888888)>9), C0apter ++7 SA#ET$ AN' #"T"RE SCPE888888888888888.)< ++.) S"!!ESTINS #R #"T"RE SCPE888888888888)= CNCL"SIN88888888888888888...88888)? RE#ERENCES888888888888888888888...8:*

Cop5 Cop5 o4 pape paperr pu pul lis is0e 0e6 6 in Inte Intern rnat atio iona nall our ourna nall o4 Ele Eletr tri ial al En En3i 3ine neer erin in3 3 & International ournal o4 Sienti4i & En3ineerin3 Resear0.


LIST # #I!"RES #i3 No.

#i3ure 'esription

Pa3e No.

?ig .1@ 9t emonstration $ith $ith >e"icoterAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB >e"icoterAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB ?ig .@ ?irst igh ;"titu!e Re"ay %"atformAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. %"atformAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. ?ig .4@

LIST #  # TABLES TABLES Tale No.

Tale 'esription

Pa3e No.

&ab"e &ab"e 1. ?eatures =f iferent $itricity 9o!e"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA3 9o!e"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA3


ABBREIATINS

$%&

$ire"ess %ower &ransmission

S%S

So"ar %ower Sate""ite

<,=



irect urrent

9%&

9icrowa5e %ower &ransmission &ransmission


CHAPTER + Sanjeet kumar/Reg no.-1308143

+.

INTR'"CTIN

:ow !ayFs e"ectricity has become a cu of "ife. ; moment without e"ectricity makes your thinking go !ry. &he major source of con5entiona" form of e"ectricity is through wires. &he continuous research an! !e5e"oment has brought forwar! a major breakthrough which ro5i!es e"ectricity without the me!ium of wires. &his won!er baby is ca""e! $i&ricity. &here are certain sma"" but 5ery usefu" !isco5eries ma!e in history which change! the wor"! for e5er :ewtonFs gra5itationa" "aw $attFs steam engine &homsonFs bu"b an! many more. *ut a renaissance occurre! with the in5ention of ,"ectromagnetic $a5es by 9awe"". Sir 2a!ish han!ra *ose successfu""y generate! e"ectromagnetic wa5es ha5ing wa5e"ength in the range of Bmm to B mm. &hereafter an Ita"ian scientist name! 9arconi succee!e! in transmitting e"ectromagnetic wa5es u to a !istance of se5era" mi"es. ;n! with this there starte! a new era ca""e! $IR,D,SS &,>:=D=

&yica" $%& is a oint to oint ower transmission. ?or the $%& we ha! better concentrate ower to recei5er. It was ro5e! that the ower transmission efficiency can aroach c"ose to 100K. $e can more concentrate the transmitte! microwa5e ower to the recei5er aerture areas with taer metho! of the &ransmitting antenna ower !istribution. ?amous ower taers of the transmitting antenna are

TABLE TABLE +. #EAT"RES #EAT"RES # 'I#ERENT WITRICIT$ WITRICI T$ ('EL mo!e" ?re)uency iameter of transmitting ;ntenna ;m"itu!e taer =utut ower +beame! to earth 9aimum ower ensity at center 9inimum ower ensity at e!ge ;ntenna sacing %ower er one antenna +number of e"ements Rectenna !iameter 9aimum ower !ensity o""ection fre)uency

2;N; 2;N;

="! 2;N; mo!e" B.8 <>O . km∅

2;N; 2;N;1 1 mo!e" o!e"

2;N; ;N;  mo!e" o!e"

B.8 <>O 1 km∅

B.8 <>O 1.3 km∅

:;S; =, 9o!e" .4B <>O 1 km∅

10 !b
10 !b
10 !b
10 !b
3 m$/cm

40 m$/cm

114 m$/cm

. $/cm

.3 m$/cm

4 m$/cm

11.4 m$/cm

0. m$/cm

0.EB P 9a.0.B $ +3.B4 bi""ion .0 km∅ 180 m$/cm

0.EB P 9a.0.B $ +B40 mi""ion 3.4 km∅  m$/cm

0.EB P 9a.0.B $ +1.B0 mi""ion .4B km∅ 100 m$/cm

0.EB P 9a.0.B $ +E mi""ion 1 km∅ 3 m$/cm

.B K

8 K

8E K

8 K

2aan 2aan ;eros ;erosace ace ,"or ,"orati ation on ;gency ;gency :;S; H:ation H:ationa" a" ;eron ;eronaut autics ics an! Sace Sace

;!ministration =, 6.S. eartment =f ,nergy


CHAPTER ) ".

HISTR$ # WIRELESS PWER TRANS(ISSIN

In 184 2ames . 9awe"" re!icte! the eistence of ra!io wa5es by means of mathematica" mo!e". In 1884 2ohn >. %oynting rea"iMe! that the %oynting 5ector wou"! "ay an imortant ro"e in )uantifying the e"ectromagnetic energy. In 1888 bo"stere! by 9awe""Cs theory >einrich >ertM succee!e! in showing eerimenta" e5i!ence of ra!io wa5es by his sark ga ra!io transmitter. &he re!iction an! e5i!ence of the ra!io wa5e in the en! of 1th century was start of the wire"ess ower transmission. uring the same erio! of 9archese <. 9arconi an! Regina"! ?essen!en who are ioneers of commu communi nicat catio ion n 5ia 5ia ra!i ra!io o wa5es wa5es :ico :ico"a "a &es"a s"a sugge suggest ste! e! an i!ea i!ea of the the wire" wire"es esss owe ower r transmission an! carrie! out the first $%& eeriment in 18. >e sai! #&his energy wi"" be co""ecte! a"" o5er the g"obe referab"y in sma"" amounts ranging from a fraction of one to a few horse owers. =ne of its chief uses wi"" be the i""umination of iso"ate! homes'. >e actua""y bui"t a gigantic coi" which was connecte! to a high mast of 00 ft. with a 3 ft. !iameter ba"" at its to. >e fe! 300 (w ower to the &es"a coi" resonate! at 1B0 k>M. &he R? otentia" at the to shere reache! 100 97. 97. 6nfortunate"y he fai"e! because the transmitte! ower was !iffuse! to a"" !irections with 1B0 k>M ra!io wa5es whose wa5e "ength was 1 km. &o concentrate the transmitte! ower an! to increase transmission efficiency we ha5e to use higher fre)uency than that use! by &es"a. In 130s much rogress in generating high ower microwa5es name"y 1 10 <>M ra!io wa5es was achie5e! by in5ention of the magnetron an! the k"ystron. ;fter $or"! $or"! $ar $ar II high ower an! high efficiency microwa5e tubes were a!5ance! by by !e5e"oment of ra!ar &echno"ogy. $e can concentrate a ower to recei5er with microwa5es. $e ca"" the wire"ess ower transmission with microwa5es as microwa5e ower transmission +9%&. *ase! on the Sanjeet kumar/Reg no.-1308143

!e5e"oment of the microwa5e tubes !uring the $or"! $ar II $. . *rown starte! the ?irst 9%& research an! !e5e"oment in 10. ?irst of a"" he !e5e"oe! a retina rectifying antenna which he name! for recei5ing an! rectifying microwa5es. &he efficiency of the first rectenna !e5e"oe! in 13 was B0 K at outut 4$ an! 40K at outut E$ resecti5e"y

#I! ).+7 (PT 'E(NSTRATIN WITH HELICPTER B$ W.C.BRWN

.$ith the rectenna he succee!e! in 9%& eeriments to wire! he"icoter in 14 an! to free f"ie! he"icoter in18 +?ig. 1. In 1E0sL he trie! to increase  R? transmission R?  tota" efficiency with .4B <>M microwa5e. In 1E0 o5era""  tota" efficiency was on"y .B K at 3$ in 9arsha"" Sace ?"ight enter.


#I! ).)7 #IRST !R"N' T !R"N' (PT E@PERI(ENT IN +?<> AT THE THE ENI"S SITE # PL !L'STNE #ACILIT$

In ara""e" he an! his team succee!e! in the "argest 9%& !emonstration in 1EB at the 7enus Site of 2%D M or B.8 <>M of the IS9 ban! +IS9QIn!ustry Science an! 9e!ica" for the 9%& system. ; ana!ian

;R% +Stationary >igh ;"titu!e ;"titu!e Re"ay %"atform with .4B <>M.

#I! ).:7 STATINAR$ HI!H ALTIT"'E RELA$ PLAT#R(.

In 6S; there were many 9%& research an! !e5e"oment rojects after $. . *rown@ for instance retro !irecti5e microwa5e transmitters rectenna new !e5ices an! microwa5e circuit techno"ogies. In 2aan there were many fie"! 9%& eeriments such as fue" free air"ane f"ight eeriment with 9%& hase! array with .411 <>M in 1 groun! to groun! 9%& eeriment with %ower omany an! uni5ersities in 14 B.


#I! ).;7 !R"N' T !R"N' (PT E@PERI(ENT IN APAN IN +??; ?>

CHAPTER :

:.

WHAT IS WITRICIT$D

$i&ricity $i&ricity is nothing but wire"ess e"ectricity. &ransmission &ransmission of e"ectrica" energy from one object to another without the use of wires is ca""e! as $i&ricity $i&ricity.. $i&ricity $i&ricity wi"" ensure that the ce"" hones "atos i%o!s an! other ower hungry !e5ices get charge! on their own e"iminating the nee! of "ugging them in. $i&ricity $i&ricity techno"ogy is transferring e"ectric energy or ower o5er !istance without wires. $ith the basics of e"ectricity an! magnetism an! work our way u to the $i&ricity techno"ogy. ,5en better because of $i&ricity some of the !e5ices wonCt en)uire batteries to oerate. :o this concet of wire"ess e"ectricity is not new. In fact it !ates back to the 1th century when :iko"a &es"a use! con!uction base! systems instea! of resonance magnetic fie"!s to transfer wire"ess ower. ?urther


In 00B a5e owe5er ra!io wa5es are not feasib"e for ower transmissions because the nature of the ra!iation is such that it srea!s across the "ace  "ace resu"ting into a "arge amount amount of ra!iat ra!iation ionss being being waste! waste!.. ;n! ;n! in the case case of "asers "asers aart aart from from re)uir re)uireme ement nt of uninterrute! "ine of sight +obstac"es hin!ers the transmission rocess it is a"so 5ery !angerous. $i&ricity foun!ing technica" team was the first to !isco5er that by secia""y !esigning the magnetic magnetic resonators resonators one cou"! achie5e strong coupling an! high"y efficient energy echange o5er !istances much "arger than the siMe of the resonator coi"s !istances 5ery "arge comare! to tra!itiona" schemes. &hese so ca""e! resonant"y enhance! in!uction techni)ues are use! in certain 9e!ica" im"ants an! high fre)uency R?Is for eam"e. ea m"e.

CHAPTER ; ;.

NEE' # WITRICIT$

:ow a !ays there is a Rai! !e5e"oment of autonomous e"ectronics "ike Datos e"" hones >ouse ho"! robots an! a"" those !e5ices tyica""y re"ay on chemica" energy storage+*attery ;s they are becoming !ai"y nee!s to resent generation $ire"ess energy transfer wou"! be usefu" for many a"ications as abo5e an! they nee! mi!range energy.


#I! ;.+7 WIRELESS ENER!$ TRANS#ER

;.+

WITRICIT$

TECHNL!$

IS

'I##ERENT

THAN

TRA'ITINAL (A!NETIC IN'"CTIN ;t first g"ance $i&ricity techno"ogy for ower transfer aears to be tra!itiona" magnetic in!uction such as is use! in ower transformers where con!ucti5e coi"s transmit ower to each other wire"ess"y o5er 5ery short !istances. In a transformer an e"ectric current running in a sen!ing coi" in!uces another current in a recei5ing coi" .&he two coi"s must be 5ery c"ose together an! may e5en o5er"a but the coi"s !o not make !irect e"ectrica" contact with each other. >owe5er the efficiency of the ower echange in tra!itiona" magnetic in!uction systems !ros by or!ers of magnitu!e when the !istance between the coi"s becomes "arger than their siMes &he ower echange efficiency of some in!uction systems is imro5e! by uti"iMing resonant circuits.

CHAPTER >

>.

RECENT TREN'S

#.$ ANTENNAS #R (ICRWAE PWER TRANS(ISSIN


;"" antennas can be a"ie! for both the 9%& system an! communication systems for eam"e Gagi 6!a antenna horn antenna arabo"ic antenna micro stri antenna hase! array antenna or any other tye of antenna. &o fie! target of the 9%& system we usua""y se"ect a "arge arabo"ic antenna for eam"e in 9%& !emonstration in 1EB at the 7enus Site of 2%D owe5er we ha5 ha5e to use use a has hase! array antenna for the 9%& from om//to mo5in 5ing transmitter/recei5er which inc"u!e the S%S because we ha5e to contro" a microwa5e beam !irection accurate"y an! see!i"y. &he hase! array is a !irecti5e antenna which generates a beam form whose shae an! !irection by the re"ati5e hases an! am"itu!es a m"itu!es of the wa5es at the in!i5i!ua" antenna e"ements. It is ossib"e to steer the !irection of the microwa5e beam. &he antenna e"ements might be !io"es s"ot antennas or any other tye of antenna e5en arabo"ic antennas. In some 9%& eeriments in 2aan the hase! array antenna was a!ote! to steer a !irection of the microwa5e beam +?ig.B. ;"" S%S is !esigne! with the hase! array arra y antenna.

>.) RECENT TECHNL!IES #R TRANS(ITTERS &he techno"ogy em"oye! for generation of microwa5e Ra!iation is an imortant subject for the 9%& system. $e nee! higher efficient generator/am"ifier for the 9%& system than that for the wire"ess communication system. ?or high"y efficient beam co""ection on rectenna array we nee! high"y stabi"iMe! an! accurate hase an! am"itu!e of microwa5es for hase! array system for the 9%&.&here are two tyes of microwa5e generators/am"ifiers. =ne is a microwa5e tube an! the other is semicon!uctor am"ifier


#I! >.+7 PHASE' ARRA$ ARRA$ "SE' IN APANESE #IEL' (PT E@PERI(ENT

B. (A!NETRN 9agnetron is a crosse! fie"! tube in which e"ectrons emitte! from the catho!e take cyc"ica" ath to the ano!e. &he magnetron is se"f-osci""atory !e5ice in which the ano!e contains a resonant R? structure. &he magnetron has "ong history from in5ention by ;. $. $. >u"" in 11. &he ractica" an! efficient magnetron tube attracte! wor"!wi!e interest on"y after (. =kabe roose! !i5i!e! ano!e tye magnetron in 18. 9agnetron techno"ogies recei5e! a boost !uring the $or"! $ar $ar II esecia""y with the 2aanese ;rmy. &he magnetrons were a"so usefu" for microwa5e microwa5e o5ens. ;s a resu"t resu"t the magnetron magnetron of B00 H 1000 $ is wi!e"y in use for microwa5e o5ens in .4B <>M an! is a re"ati5e"y ineensi5e osci""ator +be"ow B. &here is a net g"oba" caacity of 4B.B<$/year for a"" magnetrons use! in microwa5e o5ens whose ro!uction is B0H BB mi""ions. It was $. . *rown who in5ente! a 5o"tage contro""e! osci""ator with a cooker tye magnetron in %DD.


>.: >.:

RECE RECENT NT TREN' TREN'S7 S7

WIRE WIRELE LESS SS PWE PWER R

TRANS RANS(I (ISS SSI IN N

-

RECEIERS AN' RECTI#IERS %oint to oint 9%& system nee!s a "arge recei5ing area with a rectenna array because one rectenna e"ement recei5es an! creates on"y a few $. ,secia""y for the S%S we nee! a huge rectenna site an! a ower network connecte! to the eisting ower networks on the groun!. =n contrary there there are some 9%& a"ications with one sma"" rectenna e"ement such as R? I. >.:.+ RECENT TECHNL!IES # RECTENNA

&he wor! #rectenna' is comose! of #rectifying circuit' an! #antenna'. &he rectenna can recei5e an! rectify a microwa5e microwa5e ower to . &he rectenna is assi5e assi5e e"ement with a rectifying rectifying !io!e oerate! without any ower source. &he circuit esecia""y !io!e main"y !etermines the R?  con5ersion efficiency. Si"icon Scotty barrier !io!es were usua""y use! for ear"ier rectenna. :ew !e5ices "ike Si an! ,9& aeare! recent"y. &he sing"e shunt fu"" wa5e rectifier is a"ways use! for the rectenna. It consists of a !io!e inserte! in the circuit in ara""e" a P/4 !istribute! "ine an! a caacitor inserte! in ara""e". In an i!ea" situation 100K of the recei5e! microwa5e ower shou"! be con5erte! into  ower. >.:.) RECENT TECHNL!IES # RECTENNA ARRA$ ARRA$

&he rectenna wi"" be use! as an array for high ower 9%& because one rectenna e"ement rectifies a few $ on"y. ?or usua" hase! array antenna mutua" cou"ing an! hase !istributi !istribution on are rob"ems rob"ems to so"5e. so"5e. ?or the rectenna array rob"em is !ifferent from that of the array antenna because the rectenna array is connecte! not in microwa5e hase but in in  hase. $hen we connect two rectenna rectenna in series or in ara""e" they wi"" not oerate at their otimum ower outut an! their combine! ower outut wi"" be "ess than that if oerate! in!een!ent"y. in!een!ent"y. &his is theoretica" theoretica" re!iction.

>.> E##ICIENC$


$e c"assify the 9%& efficiency rough"y into three stagesL  R? con5ersion efficiency which inc"u!es "osses cause! by beam forming beam co""ection efficiency which means ratio of a"" ra!iate! ower to co""ecte! ower on a recei5ing antenna an! R?  con5ersion efficiency.

>.>.+

R# 'C CNERSIN E##ICIENC$

&he R?  con5ersion efficiency of the rectenna or the $ is o5er 80 K of eerimenta" resu"ts as shown. ec"ine of the efficiency is cause! by array connection "oss change of otimum oeration oint of the rectenna array cause! by change of connecte! "oa! troub"e of the rectenna an! any "osses on the systems for eam"e /; con5ersion cab"es etc. >owe5er it is easier to rea"iMe higher efficiency than that on the other two >.>.)

BEA( CLLECTIN E##ICIENC$

&he beam co""ection efficiency !een!s on the transmitter an! recei5er aerture areas the wa5e"ength an! the searation !istance between the two antennas.

#I! >.)7 E##ICIENC$ # RECTENNA ELE(ENT


CHAPTER , ,. THE BASIC WITRICIT$

I'EA

#

TRANS#R(IN!

ELECTRICIT$

T

,.+ ELECTRICIT$

&he f"ow of e"ectrons +current through a con!uctor +"ike a wire or charges through the atmoshere +"ike "ightning. ; con5enient way for energy to get from one on e "ace to another

#I! ,.+7 AN ILL"STRATIN ILL"STRATIN REPRESENTIN! THE EARTHS (A!NETIC #IEL'

,.) (A!NETIS(


; fun!amenta" force of nature which causes certain tyes of materia"s to attract or ree" each other. %ermanent magnets "ike the ones on your refrigerator an! the earthFs magnetic fie"! are eam"es of objects ha5ing constant magnetic fie"!s. =sci""ating magnetic fie"!s 5ary with time an! can be generate! by a"ternating current +; f"owing on a wire. &he strength !irection an! etent of magnetic fie"!s are often reresente! an! 5isua"iMe! by !rawings of the magnetic ma gnetic fie"! "ines.

,.: ELECTR(A!NETIS( ELECTR(A!NETIS( ; term for the inter!een!ence of time 5arying e"ectric an! magnetic fie"!s. ?or eam"e it turns out that an osci""ating osci""ating magnetic magnetic fie"! ro!uces an e"ectric e"ectric fie"! fie"! an! an osci""ati osci""ating ng e"ectric e"ectric fie"! ro!uces a magnetic fie"!.

#I! ,.)7 #"N'A(ENTALS #"N'A(ENTALS # (A!NETIC #IEL'


#I! ,.:7 THE BL"E LINES REPRESENT THE (A!NETIC #IEL' THAT IS CREATE' CREATE' WHEN C"RRENT #LWS THR"!H A CIL.

;s e"ectric current I f"ows in a wire it gi5es rise to a magnetic fie"! * which wras aroun! the wire. $hen the current re5erses !irection the magnetic fie"! a"so re5erses its !irection.

,.; (A!NETIC IN'"CTIN

; "oo or coi" of con!ucti5e materia" "ike coer carrying an a"ternating current +; is a

7ery efficient structure for generating or caturing a magnetic fie"!. If a con!ucti5e "oo is connecte! to an ; ower source it wi"" generate an osci""ating magnetic fie"! in the 5icinity of the "oo. ; secon! con!ucting "oo brought c"ose enough to the the first may may cature some ortion of that osci""ating magnetic fie"! which in turn generates or in!uces an e"ectric current in the secon! coi". &he current generate! in the secon! coi" may be use! to ower !e5ices. &his tye of e"ectrica" ower transfer from one "oo or coi" to another is we"" known an! referre! to as magnetic in!uction. Some common eam"es of !e5ices base! on magnetic in!uction are e"ectric transformers an! e"ectric generators. Sanjeet kumar/Reg no.-1308143

,.> ENER!$FPWER C"PLIN!

#I! ,.;7 (A!NETIC IN'"CTIN

;n e"ectric transformer is a !e5ice that uses magnetic in!uction to transfer energy from its rimary win!ing to its secon!ary win!ing without the win!ings being connecte! to each other. It is use! to transform ; current at one 5o"tage to ; current at a !ifferent 5o"tage. ,nergy cou"ing occurs when an energy source has a means of transferring energy to another object. =ne sim"e eam"e is a "ocomoti5e u""ing a train car the mechanica" cou"ing between the two enab"es the "ocomoti5e to u"" the train an! o5ercome the forces of friction an! inertia that kee the train sti"" an! the train mo5es. 9agnetic cou"ing occurs when the magnetic fie"! of one object interacts interacts with a secon! object an! in!uces an e"ectric e"ectric current in or on that object. In this way e"ectric energy can be transferre! from a ower source to a owere! !e5ice. In contrast to the eam"e of mechanica" cou"ing gi5en for the train magnetic cou"ing !oes not re)uire any hysica" contact between the object generating the energy an! the object recei5ing or caturing ca turing that energy.

,., WITRICIT$ TECHNL!$ $itric $itricity ity ower sources an! cature cature !e5ices !e5ices are secia""y !esigne! magnetic resonators resonators that efficient"y transfer ower o5er "arge !istances 5ia the magnetic near fie"!. &hese rorietary Sanjeet kumar/Reg no.-1308143

source an! !e5ice !esigns an! the e"ectronic systems that contro" them suort efficient energy transfer o5er !istances that are many times the siMe of the sources/!e5ices themse"5es.

#I! ,.>7 WITRICIT$ PWER S"RCE

&he $i&ricity ower source "eft is connecte! to ; ower. &he b"ue "ines reresent the magnetic near fie"! in!uce! by the ower source. &he ye""ow "ines reresent the f"ow of energy from the source to the $i&ri $i&ricity city cature coi" which is shown owering a "ight bu"b. :ote that this !iagram a"so shows how the magnetic fie"! +b"ue "ines can wra aroun! a con!ucti5e obstac"e between the ower source an! the cature !e5ice.

CHAPTER < <.

PRIN PRINCI CIPL PLE E & E@P E@PER ERI( I(EN ENT TAL 'ESI 'ESI!N !N


<.+ BASIC PRINCIPLE

$i&ricity $i&ricity is nothing but the short name of $ire"ess ,"ectricity. ,"ectricity. &he basic concet conce t behin! this is 9agnetic Resonance. &wo resonant objects of the same resonant fre)uency ten! to echange energy efficient"y whi"e !issiating re"ati5e"y "itt"e energy in etraneous off resonant objects. In systems of cou"e! resonances there is often a genera" Strong"y ou"e! regime of oeration. If one can oerate in that regime in a gi5en system the energy transfer is eecte! to be 5ery efficient. 9i!range ower &ransfer im"emente! in this way can be near"y =mni !irectiona" an! efficient irresecti5e of the geometry of the surroun!ing sace with "ow interference an! "osses into en5ironmenta" objects. &he abo5e consi!erations a"y irresecti5e of the hysica" nature of the resonances. 9agnetic resonances are articu"ar"y suitab"e for e5ery!ay a"ications because most of the common materia"s !o not interact with 9agnetic ?ie"!s so interactions with ,n5ironmenta" objects are suresse! e5en further. $e were ab"e to i!entify the strong"y cou"e! regime in the system of two cou"e! magnetic resonances by e"oring :on ra!iati5e +near fie"! magnetic resonant in!uction at 9egahertM fre)uencies. <.) E@PERI(ENTAL E@PERI(ENTAL 'ESI!N

,erimenta" scheme consists of two Se"f resonant coi"s. =ne coi" +source coi" is cou"e! in!ucti5e"y in!ucti5e"y to an osci""atin osci""ating g circuitL circuitL the other +!e5ice coi" is cou"e! cou"e! in!ucti5e"y in!ucti5e"y to a resisti5e resisti5e "oa!. Se"f-resonant coi"s re"y on the inter"ay between !istribute! in!uctance an! !istribute! caacitance to achie5e resonance. &he coi"s are ma!e of an e"ectrica""y con!ucting wire of tota" "ength "an! cross sectiona" ra!ius aF woun! woun ! into a he"i of nFturns ra!ius rF an! height hF. &here is no eact so"ution for a finite he"i in the "iterature an! e5en in the case of infinite"y "ong coi"s the so"utions re"y on assumtions that are ina!e)uate for this system. So here the metho! im"emente! is sim"e )uasi static mo!e" to fin! the arameters. &hose are in ,"ectro 9agnetic e)uations. L=

μ0 2

| |

4 π I 0

∬

dr d r '

j (r ) j( r ' )

AAAA...................A +1 |r −r ' | AAAA...................A


1

=

C

1 4 π ε0

2

|q |

∬

d ( r ) d ( r ' )

ρ ( r ) ρ ( r ' )

0

|r − r ' |

AAAAAA +

#I! <.+7 ENER!$ TRANS#ER B$ CIL REPRESENTATIN REPRESENTATIN

<.: RAN!E AN' RATE # C"PLIN! &he range an! rate of the roose! wire"ess energy transfer scheme are the first subjects of eamination without consi!ering yet energy !rainage from the system for use into work. ;n aroriate ana"ytica" framework for mo!e"ing this resonant energy echange is that of the we""known ou"e! 9o!e &heory +9& .>ere the fie"! of the system of two resonant objects 1 an!  is aroimate! by #/r% t1 Ga+ /t1 #+/r1  a ) /t1 #)/r1 here ?1 +r are the mo!es of 1 an!  a"one an! then the fie"! am"itu!es a 1 +t an! a  +t. &he "ower or!er reresentation of the system is gi5en by@ d ( a1 ) d ( t )

d ( a2 ) d ( t )

=−i ( ω −i Γ ) a +ik a AAAAAA +1 1

1

1

2

=−i ( ω −i Γ ) a +ik a AAAAAA + 2

2

2

1

$here T1  are the in!i5i!ua" fre)uencies U1  are the Resonance wi!ths +ecay rates !ue to the objectsJ intrinsic +absortion ra!iation etc. "osses an! VJ is the cou"ing coefficient. &he abo5e e)uation show that at eact resonance +T1QT an! U1QU the norma" mo!es of the combine! system are s"it by V. &he energy echange between the two objects takes "ace in time %i/V an! is near"y erfect aart for "osses which are minima" when the cou"ing rate is much faster than a"" "oss rates +VWW U 1  . It is eact"y this ratio XV /s)rt +U 1 Y shows that it wi"" set as figure of Sanjeet kumar/Reg no.-1308143

merit for any system un!er consi!eration for wire"ess energy transfer a"ong with the !istance o5er which this ratio can be achie5e!. &he !esire! otima" regime XV/s)rt +U1 WW1Y is ca""e! Strong ou"ing regime. &here is :o change in ,nergy u to V/UWW1 is true. onse)uent"y this energy transfer a"ication re)uires resonant mo!es of

>igh Zua"ity factor ZQT/U for "ow +s"ow intrinsic "oss rates U so we use! here the non "ossy near fie"!. ?urthermore strong +fast cou"ing rate V is re)uire! o5er !istances "arger than the characteristic siMes of the objects an! therefore since the etent of the near fie"! into the air surroun!ing a finite siMe! resonant object is set tyica""y by the wa5e"ength this mi!-range non ra!iati5e cou"ing can on"y be achie5e! using resonant objects of Sub wa5e"ength siMe. Such sub wa5e"ength +P/r resonances can often be accomanie! with a high ra!iation Z so this wi"" tyica""y be the aroriate choice for the ossib"y mobi"e resonant !e5ice object. <.; PARA(ETERS PARA(ETERS #R 'ESI!NIN! AN' SI("LATIN SI("LATIN

&he cou"e! mo!e theory "ays a 5ita" ro"e in so"5ing the "ower or!er e)uations of the system. 6sing erturbation techni)ue of +tQ; cos+T 0t[ * sin+T 0t &he so"ution of this e)uation is by inc"u!ing !ecay rate !ue to "oss U0 is N+tQ e+ I T0te+ t/ U0 *y consi!ering a"" energy inuts an! oututs we can conc"u!e that at resonance con!ition !ecay "oss by source an! !e5ice is UQ T/Z. &he ratio V/U is roortiona" to the Zua"ity factor i.e. roortiona" to the ower !e5e"oe! an! in5erse"y roortiona" to !ecay rate !ue to "oss. so if V/U is high the ower outut is high. &he simu"ation rocess is going on in the abo5e way such that to ro5e in strong"y cou"e! mo!e at sub wa5e"ength wa5 e"ength +P/r resonances by consi!ering the fo""owing rocess. onsi!er two "oos at !istance  between their centers ra!ius r1 an! r of con!ucting wire with circu"ar cross section of ra!ius aFan! !iameter !F.5ia a !ie"ectric !ie"ectric of re"ati5e ermitti5ity ermitti5ity \ an! e5erything surroun!e! by air. &o ca"cu"ate the RD arameters use! the metho! ca""e! ?inite ,"ement ?re)uency omain +?,? simu"ations +for 9awe""Fs e)uations so"5ing urose. &he wire has in!uctance D the "ates ha5e caacitance  an! then the system has a resonant mo!e where the nature of the resonance "ies in the erio!ic echange of energy from the e"ectric fie"! Sanjeet kumar/Reg no.-1308143

insi!e the caacitor !ue to the 5o"tage across it an! !ue to the current in the wire. &he energy re"ease! is 9agnetic energy. Dosses in this resonant system consist con sist of ohmic "oss Rabs insi!e the wire an! ra!iati5e "oss Rra! into free sace. ]0 \0 are the magnetic ermeabi"ity e"ectric ermitti5ity an! ime!ance of free sace an! ^ is the con!ucti5ity of the con!uctor. *y the ca"cu"ations of ?,? we foun! VQ T9/_s)rt+D1D DQ]0r` "n+8r/a Q\ 0\a/ Qs)rt+]0/ \0 where 9 is the mutua" in!uctance of the two "oos an! it is !een!ent on r 1 r . 9QX+%i/_ ]0_ + r 1r Y/3 Rabsd X+%i/ r/aY Rra!dX+%i/ r/ P Y ZabsdTD/ Rabs

Zra!d TD/ Rra! ;n! taking coer wires so that it is ha5ing \Q10 other consi!erations in C(SL so4tware an! Aoustis (o6ule ( o6ule Tool !esigne! the system as <.> RESNANT (A!NETIC C"PLIN!

9agnetic cou"ing occurs when two objects echange energy through their 5arying or osci""ating magnetic fie"!s.

#I! <.)7 ENER!$ E@CHAN!E

<., SI("LATIN ('EL "SIN! RESNANT (A!NETIC C"PLIN! &wo i!ea"iMe! resonant magnetic coi"s shown in ye""ow. &he b"ue an! re! co"or ban!s i""ustrate their their magnet magnetic ic fie"! fie"!s. s. &he cou"in cou"ing g of their their resec resecti5 ti5ee magnet magnetic ic fie"!s fie"!s is in!ica in!icate! te! by the connection of the co"or ban!s. Simulation Simulation Per4ormane7 Per4ormane7 &he resu"ts an! erformance gi5en with an! $ithout the ,terna" object in between the coi"s.


#I! <.:7 ENER!$ E@CHAN!E /WITH E@TERNAL BECT1

#I! <.;7 ENER!$ E@CHAN!E /WITH"T E@TERNAL BECT1

#I! <.>7 RES"LTS WITH"T E@TRANE"S BECTS I

If we inc"u!e a man ha5ing musc"es of e"ectric ermitti5ity \Q4[1i so that obser5e! the resu"ts that on"y !ecay is somewhat raise! but got the re)uire! V/ U ratio.


#I! <.,7 RES"LTS WITH E@TRANE"S BECTS I

CHAPTER = =.

PER# PER#R R(A (ANC NCE E # 'ESI 'ESI!N !N

=.+ A'ANTA!ES # 'ESI!N

&here are so many a!5antages a!5an tages with this $itricity $itricity concet some of those are@ a 6naffecte! 6naffecte! by the !ay night night cyc"e cyc"e weather weather or seasons. seasons. b &his is an ecofrien!"y. c It is a boon for the the !e5ices !e5ices which which use use mi!range mi!range ower ower..

=.) LI(ITATINS # 'ESI!N

a &he resonance resonance con!ition con!ition shou"! shou"! be satisfie! satisfie! if any me!ium me!ium error is there there ossibi"it ossibi"ity y of ower transfer. b If there is any an y ossibi"ity of 7ery 7ery Strong ferromagnetic materia" resence then there may be a ossibi"ity of "ow ower transfer !ue to ra!iation.


=.: PARA(ETRIC CNCL"SINS #R 'ESI!N

$ire"ess ,"ectricity concet is a boon for !e5ices which uses mi!range energy. &he %ower transfer is e"aine! with the he" of 9agnetic resonance an! ou"e! mo!e theory. *y the abo5e aer we can conc"u!es the be"ow oints. a &he otima" otima" regime regime of efficient efficient ower transfer transfer is is strong"y strong"y cou"e! cou"e! regime. regime. b >igh V/U ratio gi5es high ower outut. If no change ch ange in V/U ration no chance in ower transfer. c esign esigne! e! the aramete arameters rs with with ?,? ?,? metho! an! simu"a simu"ate! te! for the V/U ratio ratio changes changes with an! without the eterna" objects an! conc"u!e! that there is no "arge 5ariation in V/U ratio.

CHAPTER ?

#EAT"RES AN' BENE#ITS ?.+ BENE#ITS7 WITRICIT$ TECHNL!$ WILL (AKE $"R PR'"CTS

a 9o 9ore re con5 con5en enie ient nt a :o manua" manua" rechar rechargin ging g or changing changing batter batteries ies.. b ,"iminate unsight"y unsight"y unwie"!y an! cost"y ower cor!s. ?.) (RE RELIABLE

a :e5er :e5er run run out out of batter battery y ower ower.. b Re!uce ro!uct fai"ure rates by fiing the weakest "inkF@ f"eing wiring an! mechanica" interconnects. ?.: (RE ENIRN(ENTALL$ #RIEN'L$ Sanjeet kumar/Reg no.-1308143

a Re!uce Re!uce use use of !is !isosa osab"e b"e batt batteri eries. es. b 6se efficient e"ectric gri! ower F!irect"y F!irect"y instea! of inefficient battery charging. charging.

?.; #EAT"RES7 HI!HL$ RESNANT RESNANT STRN! C"PLIN! PRI'ES HI!H E##ICIENC$ ER 'ISTANCE 'ISTANCE

$i&ricity mo!e of wire"ess ower transfer is high"y efficient o5er !istances ranging from centimeters to se5era" meters. ,fficiency may be !efine! as the amount of usab"e e"ectrica" energy that is a5ai"ab"e to the !e5ice being owere! !i5i!e! by the amount of energy that is !rawn by the $i&ricity source. In many a"ications efficiency can ecee! 0K. ;n! $i&ricity sources on"y transfer energy when it is nee!e!. $hen a $i&ricit y y owere! !e5ice no "onger nee!s to cature a!!itiona" energy the $i&ricity ower source wi"" automatica""y re!uce its ower consumtion to a ower sa5ing i!"e state.

?.> ENER!$ TRANS#ER IA (A!NETIC NEAR #IEL' CAN PENETRATE AN' WRAP AR"N' BSTACLES

&he magnetic near fie"! has se5era" roerties that make it an ece""ent means of transferring energy in a tyica" consumer commercia" or in!ustria" en5ironment. 9ost common bui"!ing an! furnishing 9ateria"s such as woo! gysum wa"" boar! "astics teti"es g"ass brick an! concrete are essentia""y transarent to magnetic fie"!s enab"ing $i&ricity&echno"ogy to efficient"y transfer ower through them. In a!!ition the magnetic near fie"! has the abi"ity to wra aroun! many meta""ic obstac"es that might otherwise b"ock the magnetic fie"!s.


$i&r $i&rici icity ty a"ic a"icati ations ons engine engineeri ering ng team team wi"" wi"" work work with with you to a!!res a!!resss the materi materia"s a"s an! en5ironmenta" factors that may inf"uence wire"ess energy transfer in your a"ication.

CHAPTER +* +*.+ APPLICATINS $i&ricity wire"ess ower transfer techno"ogy can be a"ie! in a wi!e 5ariety of a"ications an! en5ironments. &he abi"ity of our techno"ogy to transfer ower safe"y efficient"y an! o5er !istance can imro5e ro!ucts by making them more con5enient re"iab"e an! en5ironmenta""y frien!"y. $i&r $i&ricity icity techno"ogy can be use! to ro5i!e@


+*.+.+ A"T(AT A"T(ATIC IC WIRELESS WIRELESS PWER PWER CHAR!IN! CHAR!IN!

$hen a"" the ower a !e5ice nee!s is ro5i!e! wire"ess"y an! no batteries are re)uire!. &his mo!e is for a !e5ice that is a"ways use! within range of its $i&ricity ower source. $hen a !e5ice with rechargeab"e batteries charges itse"f whi"e sti"" in use or at rest without re)uiring a ower cor! or battery re"acement. &his mo!e is for a mobi"e !e5ice that may be use! both in an! out of range of its $i&ricity $i&ricity power source. +*.+.) CNS"(ER ELECTRNICS

;utomatic wire"ess charging of mobi"e e"ectronics +hones "atos game contro""ers etc. in home car office $i ?i hotsotsA whi"e !e5ices are in use an! mobi"e. irect wire"ess owering of stationary !e5ices +f"at screen &7Fs !igita" icture frames home theate theaterr accesso accessorie ries s wire"e wire"ess ss "ou! "ou! seaker seakers s etc. etc. A e"imin e"iminati ating ng eens eensi5e i5e custom custom wiring wiring unsight"y cab"es an! wa"" wart ower su"ies. irect wire"ess owering of !eskto % erihera"s@ wire"ess mouse keyboar! rinter seakers !is"ay etcA e"iminating !isosab"e batteries an! awkwar! cab"ing. +*.+. +*.+.: : IN'" IN'"ST STRI RIAL AL

irect wire"ess ower an! communication interconnections across rotating an! mo5ing joints +robots ackaging machinery assemb"y machinery machine too"s A e"iminating cost"y an! fai"ure rone wiring. irect wire"ess ower an! communication interconnections at oints of use in harsh harsh en5i en5iro ronm nment entss +!ri +!ri"" ""in ing g mini mining ng un!er un!erwat water er etc. etc. A wher wheree it is imr imrac acti tica ca"" or imossib"e to run wires. irect wire"ess

%ower for wire"ess sensors an! actuators e"iminating the nee! for eensi5e ower wiring or battery re"acement an! !isosa". +*.+.; +*.+.; TRANSP TRANSPRT RTA ATIN


;utomatic wire"ess charging for eisting e"ectric 5ehic"e c"asses@ go"f carts in!ustria" 5ehic"es. ;utomat ;utomatic ic wire"e wire"ess ss charg charging ing for future future hyb hybri! ri! an! a"" e"ectr e"ectric ic assen assenger ger an! commer commercia cia"" 5ehic"es at home in arking garages garag es at f"eet !eots an! at remote kiosks. irect wire"ess ower interconnections to re"ace cost"y 5ehic"e wiring harnesses an! s"i rings. +*.) THER APPLICATINS APPLICATINS

a irect wire"es wire"esss ower interconnect interconnections ions an! automatic automatic wire"ess wire"ess charging charging for im"antab" im"antab"ee me!ica" !e5ices +5entricu"ar assist !e5ices acemaker !efibri""ator etc.. b ;utomatic wire"ess charging an! for high tech mi"itary systems +battery owere! owe re! mobi"e !e5ices co5ert sensors unmanne! mobi"e robots an! aircraft etc.. c irect wire" wire"ess ess owering owering an! automatic automatic wire"ess wire"ess chargi charging ng of smart car!s. car!s. ! irect irect wire"ess wire"ess owering owering an! automati automaticc wire"e wire"ess ss charg charging ing of consume consumerr a"ia a"iance nces s mobi"e robots etc.

CHAPTER ++


++.

SA#ET$ AN' #"T"RE SCPE

++.+ IS WITRICIT$ TECHNL!$ SA#ED ++.+. ++.+.+ +

NN NN RA' RA'IA IAT TIE IE ENER ENER!$ !$ TRAN TRANS#E S#ER R IS SA#E SA#E #R #R PEP PEPLE LE AN'

ANI(ALS

$i&ricity techno"ogy is a non ra!iati5e mo!e of energy transfer re"ying instea! on the magnetic near fie"!. 9agnetic fie"!s interact 5ery weak"y with bio"ogica" organismJs eo"e an! anima"s an! are scientifica""y regar!e! to be safe. %rofessor Sir 2ohn %en!ry of Imeria" o""ege Don!on a wor"! renowne! hysicist e"ains@ &he bo!y rea""y reson!s strong"y to to e"ectric fie"!s which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwa5e. *ut it !oesnCt reson! to magnetic fie"!s. ;s far as we know the bo!y has a"most Mero resonse to magnetic fie"!s in terms of the amount of ower it absorbs. ,5i!ence of the safety of magnetic fie"!s is i""ustrate! by the wi!esrea! accetance an! safety of househo"! magnetic in!uction cook tos. &hrough rorietary !esign of the $i&ricity source e"ectric fie"!s are a"most com"ete"y containe! within the source. &his !esign !esign resu"t resu"tss in "e5e"s "e5e"s of e"ectr e"ectric ic an! magnet magnetic ic fie"!s fie"!s which which fa"" fa"" we"" we"" within within regu"a regu"ator tory y gui!e" gui!e"ine ines. s. &hus &hus $i&r $i&rici icity ty techno" techno"ogy ogy !oesnF !oesnFtt gi5e gi5e rise rise to ra!iof ra!iofre) re)uenc uency y emissi emissions ons that that interfere interfere with other e"ectronic !e5ices !e5ices an! is not a source source of e"ectric an! magnetic magnetic fie"! "e5e"s "e5e"s that ose a risk to eo"e or anima"s. Dimits for human eosure to magnetic fie"!s are set by regu"atory bo!ies such as the ? I:IR% an! are base! on broa! scientific an! me!ica" consen consensus sus.. $i&r $i&rici icity ty techno" techno"ogy ogy is being being !e5e"o !e5e"oe! e! to be fu""y fu""y com"i com"iant ant with with a"ica a"icab"e b"e regu"ations regar!ing magnetic fie"!s an! e"ectromagnetic ra!iation.


++.) #"T"RE SCPE # WITRICIT$ 9I&Cs $i&ricity is on"y 40 to 4BK efficient an! accor!ing to So"jacic they ha5e to be twice as efficient to comete with the tra!itiona" chemica" batteries. &he teamCs net aim is to get a robotic 5acuum or a "ato working charging !e5ices "ace! anywhere in the room an! e5en robots on factory f"oors. &he researchers are a"so current"y working on the hea"th issues re"ate! to this concet an! ha5e sai! that in another three to fi5e yearsJ time they wi"" come u with a $i&ricity $i&ricity system for commercia" use. $itricity if successfu" wi"" !efinite"y change the way we "i5e. Imagine ce"" hones "atos !igita" cameraCs getting se"f-charge! $ow DetCs hoe the researchers wi"" be ab"e to come u with the

commercia" system soon. &i"" then we wait in anticiation >uman beings or other objects "ace! between the transmitter an! recei5er !o not hin!er the transmission of ower. >owe5er !oes magnetic cou"ing or resonance cou"ing ha5e any harmfu" effects on humans 9I&Cs researchers are )uite confi!ent that $i&ricityCs Ccou"ing resonanceC is safe for humans. &hey say that the magnetic fie"!s ten! to interact 5ery weak"y with the bio"ogica" tissues of the bo!y an! so are not rone to cause any !amage to any "i5ing beings.


CNCL"SIN &he onept o4 wireless power transmission has been aroun! since the mi! 1Eth centur century. y. $%& is eact"y what the name statesL to transfer e"ectrica" ower from a source to a !e5ice without the ai! of wires wires.. &he foun!er of ; e"ectricity e"ectricity :iko"a :iko"a &es"a &es"a was first to con!uct eeriments eeriments !ea"ing !ea"i ng with $%&. >is initia" initia" eeriment of "ighting "ighting gas !ischa !ischarge rge "ams from o5er B mi"es away wire"ess"y away wire"ess"y was a succes success. s. >is i!ea came from the notio notion n that earth itse"f is a con!uct con!uctor or that can carry a charge throughout the entire surface. ;"though his i!ea of a wor"! system of $%& cou"! ne5er be roer"y fun!e! his initia" research sarke! the scientific wor"! into a who"e new theory of ower generation. $hi"e &es"aJ &es"aJss eeriments were not creating e"ectricity e"ectricity but just transferring it his i!eas can be a"ie! to so"5e our energy crisis. >is eeriments sarke! new i!eas such as a"ications in5o"5ing microwa5es "asers resonance an! so"ar ce""s. ,ach a"ication has its resecti5e !rawbacks but a"so has the otentia" to ai! this "anet in its !ying nee! for an a"ternati5e to creating ower. &ransmission without wires- a rea"ity  &ransmission

 ,fficient  Dow maintenance cost. *ut high initia" cost  *etter than con5entiona" wire! transfer  ,nergy crisis can be !ecrease!  Dow "oss  In near future wor"! wi"" be com"ete"y wire"ess


RE#ERENCE 1. Bush, Stephen F. F. (2014). (2014). Smart
3. :ew Scientist@$ire"ess charging for e"ectric 5ehic"es hits the roa! 4. Shinoh"r", -"oi (2014). $ire"ess %ower &ransfer 5ia Ra!iowa5es. John Wiley & Sons. pp. i/ /iii. IS*: 111881 . B. opin"th, shwin (ugust 2013). ;"" ;bout &ransferring &ransferring %ower $ire"ess"y (%+F). lectro (%+F). lectronics nics #or ou ou *ine. F F nterprises nterprises %t. 5t!.6 5t!.6 727 . Retrie5e! 1 2anuary 01B .`!ea! "ink . 9i"n:i";
S"ono, !w"r!; -eu$"n, 'ich"el =. (2014). $earab"e $earab"e Sensors@ ?un!amenta"s Im"ementation an! ;"ications. lseier. pp. 273277.IS*: 014181.

8. Shinohara Shinoh ara 014 $ire"ess %ower %o wer &ransfer 5ia Ra!i owa5es  . E .

>"ltche, St"ni$ir S.; B"io", len" -.; Jorge, 5uis =. (+ece$?er 2012). ,"ectromagnetic ?ie"! as the $ire"ess &ransorter of ,nergy (%+F).F"ct" @niersit"tis Ser. lectric"l ngineering. Ser?i"6 @niersity o# -iA. "# (3)6 11181. 11181.!oi610.8/?6,,1031E17. 10.8/?6,,1031E17. Retrie5e! Retrie5e! 1B ecember 014.

-oe$?er 2012). $ire"ess recharging@ %u""ing the "ug on e"ectric cars . BB we?site. we?site. *ritish 10. , Steen (20 -oe$?er *roa!casting or. Retrie5e! or. Retrie5e! 10 ecember014 . ,terna" "ink in ub"isherQ +he" +he"

11. 9o$"r, nur"!h"; upt", Sunil (July 2012). $ire"ess ower &ransmission@ ;"ications an! omonents. Cntern"tion"l Journ"l o# ngineering E8-0181. ngineering =ese"rch =ese"rch & 9echnolo 9echnology. gy. $ (7). ISS: E8-0181. Retrie5e!  :o5ember 014. 1. short mi!range an! "ong range are !efine! be"ow 13. ole$"n, hristopher (2004). ;n Intro!uction to Ra!io ?re)uency ,ngineerin. "$?ri!ge @niersity %ress. %ress. pp. 13. IS*: 1134B304.


Su$e!h"; Sh"hni", F"rh"!; F"rh"!; hosh, rin!"$ rin!"$ (2014). %"ug In ,"ectric 7ehic"es 14. =":""run", Su$e!h"; 7ehic"es in Smart
1B. g?iny", Johnson C. C. (2012). $ire"ess %ower &ransfer . =ier %u?lishers. pp. %u?lishers. pp. 12. IS*: 8E333. 1. ;gbin ;gbinya ya +01 $ire"ess %ower %o wer &ransfer  . 1-1


Wireless Power Transmission Doc

Recommend Documents