VOCABULARY CARDS AND GRAMMATICAL FORMS SUMMARY for
WHEELOCK’S LATIN by
Richard A. LaFleur University of Georgia and
Brad Tillery North Oconee High School in Oconee County, Georgia This package contains two convenient study-aids: vocabulary cards and a summary of grammatical forms for use with the best-selling introductory Latin textbook, Wheelock’s Latin. The form summaries, including paradigms for noun and adjective declensions, pronouns, adverbs, numerals, and regular and irregular verb conjugations, are reproduced from Wheelock’s Latin for handy reference. The vocabulary cards are arranged in the same order as in Wheelock’s Latin, chapter by chapter, and because they are electronic, you won’t lose any cards or have to carry around a card-box. Each card contains, on one side, the full Latin vocabulary entry (with macrons, accents, and complete principal parts for verbs and nominative and genitive forms for nouns) and, on the other side, the English meanings given in Wheelock plus a selection of derivatives and cognates. The cards are numbered consecutively from 1–877, and an alphabetical list including these numbers is also provided for cross-reference. Cards for the chapter you are currently studying, as well as for any other words you have not yet mastered, should be carried with you everywhere, on your iPod (or other media player) or laptop. Always learn and practice vocabulary by pronouncing the words ALOUD, with careful attention to long vowels and accents; and, remembering that repetitio est mater memoriae, you should review and test yourself with these cards every day. Wheelock’s Latin, copyright by Martha Wheelock, Deborah Wheelock Taylor, and Richard A. LaFleur. “WHEELOCK’S” is a trademark of Martha Wheelock and Deborah Wheelock Taylor. Wheelock’s Latin, by Frederic M. Wheelock and revised by Richard A. LaFleur, is available through your local bookstore or online at www.harpercollins.com
WHEELOCK’S LATIN IS BETTER THAN EVER! Wheelock’s Latin, 6th Edition, Revised: a comprehensive introductory course, based on ancient authors, with self-tutorial exercises and key, extensive vocabularies and supplementary readings, numerous illustrations and maps, online audio and Teacher’s Guide, in paperback and hardcover. Also available: Workbook for Wheelock’s Latin and the intermediate textbook Wheelock’s Latin Reader . HarperCollins Publishers, 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022; www.harpercollins.com and www.wheelockslatin.com
Bolchazy-Carducci Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. Wauconda, Illinois USA
www.bolchazy.com • www.wheelockslatin.com • eclassics.ning.com
Editor Laurie Haight Keenan Technical Editor Andrew Reinhard
Vocabulary Cards and Grammatical Forms Summary for Wheelock’s Latin
Richard A. LaFleur and Brad Tillery
©Copyright 2005, 2008 by Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. All right reserved
Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. 1570 Baskin Road Mundelein, Illinois 60060 USA www.bolchazy.com
ISBN 978-0-86516-557-1
A lphabetical LListing of V ocabulary For Wheelock's LLatin, Chapters 1-40 Each vocabulary entry is followed by its card number. Cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals appear at the end of this list.
B (ab)
300
animus
96
cadP
265
cPnsul
234
dFnique
624
abeP
803
annus
252
caecus
379
cPnsVmP
653
dFsJderP
389
absFns
797
ante
277
caelum
98
contemnP
777
deus
121
accFdP
774
antepPnP
754
Caesar
254
contendP
633
dexter
443
accipiP
527
antJquus
40
candidus
718
contineP
467
dJcP
227
Bcer
362
appellP
302
capiP
226
contrB
425
diFs
474
acerbus
260
apud
668
caput
233
contundP
778
difficilis
365
Bcriter
699
aqua
285
careP
445
cPpia
167
digitus
660
ad
177
arbitror
732
carmen
143
cPpiae
168
dignitBs
816
adeP
804
arbor
815
carpP
775
cornV
431
dignus
621
adferP
674
argVmentum 410
CarthBgP
516
corpus
145
dJligFns
576
adiuvP
93
arma
597
cBrus
241
cPtJdiF
772
dJligP
281
admittP
385
ars
286
casa
451
crBs
110
discFdP
447
adulFscFns
251
arx
494
causa
452
crFdP
544
discipula
135
adulFscentia 95
as
658
causB
453
creP
266
discipulus
122
adversus
729
A sia
253
cFdP
609
crFscP
734
discP
184
aedificium
837
asper
464
celer
364
culpa
99
dissimilis
577
aequus
482
at
423
celeriter
698
culpP
117
diV
262
aes
855
A thFnae
788
cFna
553
cum (prep.)
224
diV (comp.)
709
aestBs
749
atque (ac)
465
cFnP
116
cum (conj.)
667
dJves
684
aetBs
357
auctor
411
cernP
490
cupiditBs
214
dJvitiae
267
ager
51
audeP
164
certus
420
cupJdP
769
dP
11
agP
181
audiP
225
cFterJ
639
cupidus
842
doceP
185
agricola
52
audJtor
358
CicerP
166
cupiP
387
doctus
273
Bit
543
auris
287
cito
383
cVr
403
doleP
671
aliJ...aliJ
200
aut
381
cJvis
288
cVra
74
dolor
817
aliquis
503
aut...aut
382
cJvitBs
144
cVrP
779
domJ
790
alius
199
autem
245
clBrus
401
currP
303
domina
857
alP
280
auxilium
659
clFmentia
359
cursus
598
dominus
856
alter
201
avBrus
62
coepJ
386
custPdia
681
domP
792
amBbP tF
8
BvertP
514
cPgitP
9
dF
65
domum
791
ambulP
847
bBsium
71
cognPscP
651
dea
120
domus
789
amJca
53
beBtus
222
cPgP
776
dFbeP
10
dPnum
75
amJcitia
213
bellum
72
committP
316
dFcernP
780
dormiP
672
amJcus (n.)
53
bellus
85
commVnis
442
dFdicP
610
dubitP
654
amJcus (adj.) 240
bene
246
comprehendP 652
dFfendP
446
dVcP
186
BmittP
264
bene (cp.)
703
condP
632
dehinc
541
dulcis
366
amP
7
beneficium
412
cPnferP
675
deinde
404
dum
176
amor
142
bibP
650
coniVrBtJ
430
dFlectBtiP
573
dummodo
687
anima
726
bonus
86
cPnor
733
dFlectP
427
dVrus
622
animal
284
bonus (cp.)
590
cPnservP
18
dFleP
388
dux
495
animJ
97
brevis
363
cPnsilium
73
dFmPnstrP
183
FducP
507
egeP
611
fidFlis
537
homP
146
invJtP
572
loca
192
ego
236
fidFs
476
honor
638
ipse
270
locJ
193
Fgredior
735
fJlia
55
hPra
215
Jra
27
locus
191
elephantus
661
fJlius
56
hortor
737
JrBtus
753
longF
694
enim
210
fJnFs
456
hostFs
397
is
238
longus
371
eP
802
fJnis
455
hostis
396
iste
198
loquor
738
equus
496
fJP
782
hVmBnus
87
ita
625
lVdus
398
ergB
829
fJrmus
823
humilis
579
Italia
307
lVna
599
FripiP
491
flVmen
394
humus
793
itaque
315
lVx
557
errP
12
fluP
405
iaceP
545
iter
794
magister
77
est
50
for
874
iaciP
318
iterum
466
magistra
77
et
45
forJs
801
iam
426
iubeP
468
magnanimus 505
et...et
46
fPrma
25
iBnua
750
iVcundus
370
magnopere
706
etiam
247
fortasse
773
ibi
137
iVdex
415
magnus
41
etsJ
828
fortis
368
Jdem
239
iVdicium
416
magnus (cp.) 591
ex (F)
178
fortiter
697
idPneus
799
iungP
282
maior
580
excipiP
528
fortVna
26
igitur
107
iVs
289
maiPrFs
581
exeP
805
fortVnBtus
274
ignis
477
iVstus
864
male
704
exercitus
682
forum
554
ignPscP
756
iuvP
93
mBlP
688
exigP
781
foveP
755
ille
197
labor
147
malus
88
exitium
76
frBter
169
immortBlis
422
labPrP
469
malus(cp.)
592
expellP
531
frVctus
432
immPtus
800
lacrima
858
maneP
118
experior
848
fugiP
229
impediP
831
LatJnus
485
manus
434
expleP
612
fVrtim
644
imperBtor
518
laudP
13
mare
290
explicP
872
gaudeP
508
imperium
519
laus
170
mBter
255
expPnP
655
geminus
538
imperP
757
lFctor
770
mF
1
exsilium
662
gFns
457
in (+abl.)
66
lFctrJx
770
medica
256
exspectP
317
genV
433
in (+acc.)
211
legP
406
medicus
256
fBbula
517
genus
395
incertus
484
levis
380
mediocris
666
facile
702
gerP
187
incipiP
390
lFx
555
medius
486
facilis
367
glPria
100
ineP
806
libellus
377
memoria
308
faciP
228
gracilis
578
JnfJrmus
824
libenter
830
mFns
360
factum
268
Graecia
414
ingenium
616
lJber
103
mFnsa
558
fBma
24
Graecus (adj.)
127
ingFns
369
liber
124
mFnsa secunda 559
familia
413
Graecus (n.)
128
initium
710
lJberBlis
843
merus
719
fateor
736
grBtiBs agere 182
iniVria
838
lJberF
695
mFta
859
fatJgP
873
grBtus
798
inquit
492
lJberP
428
metuP
832
fBtum
615
gravis
421
Jnsidiae
123
lJbertBs
171
metus
435
fFlJciter
700
habeP
69
Jnsula
498
libP
849
meus
42
fFlJx
483
hasta
497
intellegP
248
licet
811
mJles
500
fFmina
54
herJ
111
inter
314
lJmen
556
minuP
656
fenestra
454
heu
722
interficiP
810
lingua
535
mJrBbilis
825
ferP
673
hic
196
inveniP
231
littera
148
mJror
758
ferPx
536
hJc
542
invideP
679
litterae
149
misceP
407
ferrum
475
hodiF
67
invidia
663
lJtus
499
miser
313
mittP
249
neque...neque 244
PrBtiP
820
plFnus
130
quandP
112
modus
478
nesciP
547
PrBtor
501
poena
32
quantus
640
moenia
617
neuter
202
PrnP
852
poenBs dare
33
quBrF
139
mPlior
739
nihil
PrP
784
poFta
34
quasi
846
molliP
634
nimis
212
Ps
293
pPnP
588
-que
134
moneP
14
nimium
212
Psculum
619
populus
58
queror
833
mPns
436
nisi
424
ostendP
509
porta
35
quJ (pron.)
378
monumentum 860
noceP
759
Ptium
82
possum
140
quJ (adj.)
419
mora
78
nPlP
689
pBr
685
post
162
quid
2
morbus
194
nPmen
152
parcP
761
posteB
526
quJdam (adj.) 563
mPrFs
151
nPn
4
parFns
601
postrFmum
870
quJdam (pron.) 562
morior
740
nPn sPlum...
205
pBreP
762
potFns
373
quidem
626
mors
291
nPnne
867
parP
429
prae
569
quJn
871
mortBlis
402
noster
104
pars
294
praebeP
691
quis (indef.)
717
mortuus
604
novus
161
parum
707
praemium
752
quis (int.)
418
mPs
150
nox
560
parvus
89
praestP
613
quisque
271
moveP
408
nVbFs
292
parvus (cp.)
594
praeter
866
quisquis
504
mox
645
nVbP
760
patefaciP
549
premP
511
quod
242
mulier
839
nVllus
203
pateP
690
prJmP
646
quondam
487
multum
705
num
868
pater
257
prJmus 345 & 582
quoniam
223
multus
43
numerus
57
patientia
258
prJnceps (adj.) 606
quoque
384
multus (cp.)
593
numquam
179
patior
742
prJnceps (n.) 605
quot
583
mundus
458
nunc
138
patria
29
prJncipium
259
rapiP
470
mVtP
304
nVntiP
548
paucJ
63
prior
595
ratiP
172
nam
276
nVper
263
pauper
686
prJstinus
826
re- (red-)
524
nBrrP
532
P
48
paupertBs
683
prius
708
recipiP
529
nBscor
741
obeP
807
pBx
153
prP
261
recitP
393
nBsus
861
oblectP
783
pectus
751
probitBs
399
recognPscP
834
nBta
618
occBsiP
600
pecVnia
30
probP
589
recreP
785
nBtVra
216
occidP
680
pellP
530
proficJscor
743
recVsP
724
nauta
28
oculus
80
per
278
prohibeP
449
redeP
809
nBvigP
391
PdJ
448
peregrJnor
812
prPmittP
692
referP
678
nBvis
459
odium
818
pereP
808
prPnVntiP
450
rFgJna
154
nF
608
offerP
677
perfugium
520
propter
109
regP
376
-ne
108
officium
81
perJculum
83
prPtinus
489
relinquP
471
nF...quidem
627
Plim
279
pernoctP
853
pudJcus
564
remaneP
118
nec
243
omnJnP
869
perpetuus
129
puella
36
remedium
84
nec...nec
244
omnis
372
persuBdeP
763
puer
59
remissiP
727
necesse
844
opFs
712
pFs
821
pugnP
635
repente
647
necP
165
opJnor
875
petP
510
pulcher
105
reperiP
876
neglegP
392
oportet
850
philosopha
713
pulchrF
696
requiFscP
813
negP
546
opprimP
512
philosophia
31
putP
550
requJrP
786
nFmP
235
oppugnP
851
philosophus
713
quaerP
533
rFs
479
nepPs
574
ops
711
placeP
764
quam (adv.)
375
rFs pVblica
480
neque
243
opus
819
plFbs
714
quam (conj.) 570
respondeP
636
3 & 79
revertP
515
sequor
746
suscipiP
552
Vnus
208
vJvP
232
rFx
155
serFnP
787
suspendP
835
urbBnus
568
vJvus
643
rJdeP
534
serva
521
suus
275
urbs
297
vocP
23
rJdiculus
642
serviP
766
SyrBcVsae
796
Vsque
670
volP
693
rogP
657
servitVs
439
taceP
614
ut (+indic.)
525
voluptBs
221
R Pma
295
servP
17
tBlis
730
ut (+subjunct.) 607
vPx
728
R PmBnus
64
servus
521
tam
629
uter
209
vulgus
463
rosa
37
sJ
6
tam...quam
629
Vtilis
587
vulnus
523
rVmor
664
sJ quandP
113
tamquam
630
Vtor
748
vultus
863
rVs
795
sJc
628
tamen
180
utrum...an
649
rVsticor
744
sJdus
620
tangP
473
uxor
158
Cardinal Numerals
sacerdPs
502
signum
269
tantum
571
vae
731
I – XXV
saepe
5
similis
584
tantus
623
valF
21
centum
310
sBl
715
sine
49
tantus..quantus 641
valeP
20
mJlia
312
salVs
460
sinister
444
tF
102
-ve
721
mJlle
311
salvF
16
sPl
575
tempestBs
309
vFndP
836
salveP
15
sPlBcium
522
tempus
156
veniP
230
Ordinal Numerals
salvus
131
soleP
814
teneP
305
ventus
841
prJmus - duodecimus
sBnus
106
sPlus
204
terra
157
verbum
101
sapiFns
539
somnus
561
terreP
19
vereor
877
sapienter
701
soror
174
timeP
319
vFritBs
219
sapientia
60
spectP
747
timor
218
vFrP
631
abl.
ablative
sapiP
765
speculum
716
tolerP
141
versus
441
acc.
accusative
satiP
70
spFrP
551
tollP
493
vertP
513
adj.
adjective
satis
114
spFs
481
tot
865
vFrus
92
adv.
adverb
sator
822
spJritus
440
tPtus
206
vesper
603
conj.
conjunction
satura
361
stFlla
602
trBdP
725
vester
133
cp.
comparison
saxum
862
stP
283
trahP
189
vetus
845
indef.
indefinite
scelus
417
studeP
767
trBns
301
via
220
indic.
indicative
scientia
400
studium
195
trBnseP
854
vJcJna
462
inter.
interrogative
sciP
472
stultus (adj.) 90
trBnsitus
840
vJcJnus
462
n.
noun
scrJbP
188
stultus (n.)
91
trJstis
565
victPria
175
prep.
preposition
scrJptor
173
suBvis
720
TrPia
461
videP
22
subjunct. subjunctive
sF cPnferre
676
sub
163
tV
237
videor
409
secundus
132
subitP
723
tum
115
vincP
190
sed
47
sublJmis
827
turba
296
vinculum
771
sedeP
745
subrJdeP
768
turpis
567
vJnum
665
semel
669
suJ
272
tuus
44
vir
61
semper
68
sum
94
tyrannus
125
vJrFs
299
senBtus
437
superbus
565
ubi
136
virgP
159
senectVs
217
superJ
586
Vllus
207
virtVs
160
senex
374
superP
119
ultimus
540
vJs
298
sFnsus
438
superus
585
ultrB
488
vJta
39
sententia
38
superus (cp.) 596
umquam
506
vitium
126
sentiP
250
surgP
unde
648
vJtP
306
637
320 – 344
345-356 A bbreviations
SUMMARY OF FORMS FOR WHEELOCK’S LATIN
NOUNS—DECLENSIONS First
Second
porta, -ae f., gate Sg. N. port-a G. port-ae D. port-ae A. port-am Ab. port-a¯
amı¯cus, -ı¯ m., friend
puer, -ı¯ m., boy
ager, -grı¯ m., field
do¯num, -ı¯ n., gift
re¯x, re¯gis m., king
corpus, -oris n., body
amı¯c-us1 amı¯c-ı¯ amı¯c-o¯ amı¯c-um amı¯c-o¯
puer puer-ı¯ puer-o¯ puer-um puer-o¯
ager agr-ı¯ agr-o¯ agr-um agr-o¯
do¯n-um do¯n-ı¯ do¯n-o¯ do¯n-um do¯n-o¯
re¯x re¯g-is re¯g-ı¯ re¯g-em re¯g-e
corpus corpor-is corpor-ı¯ corpus corpor-e
amı¯c-ı¯ amı¯c-o¯rum amı¯c-ı¯s amı¯c-o¯s amı¯c-ı¯s
puer-ı¯ puer-o¯rum puer-ı¯s puer-o¯s puer-ı¯s
agr-ı¯ agr-o ¯ rum agr-ı¯s agr-o¯s agr-ı¯s
do¯n-a do¯n-o¯rum do¯n-ı¯s do¯n-a do¯n-ı¯s
re¯g-e¯s re¯g-um re¯g-ibus re¯g-e¯s re¯g-ibus
corpor-a corpor-um corpor-ibus corpor-a corpor-ibus
Pl. N. G. D. A. Ab.
port-ae port-a¯rum port-ı¯s port-a¯s port-ı¯s
Third
Third (I-Stems)
Fourth
Fifth
cı¯vis, -is m., citizen Sg. N. cı¯v-is G. cı¯v-is D. cı¯v-ı¯ A. cı¯v-em Ab. cı¯v-e
urbs, -is f., city
mare, -is n., sea
fru¯ctus, -u¯s m., fruit
cornu¯,-u¯s n., horn
die¯s, -e¯¯ı m., day
urb-s urb-is urb-ı¯ urb-em urb-e
mar-e mar-is mar-ı¯ mar-e mar-ı¯
fru¯ct-us fru¯ct-u¯s fru¯ct-uı¯ fru¯ct-um fru¯ct-u¯
corn-u¯ corn-u¯s corn-u¯ corn-u¯ corn-u¯
di-e¯s di-e¯¯ı di-e¯¯ı di-em di-e¯
Pl. N. G. D. A. Ab.
urb-e¯s urb-ium urb-ibus urb-e¯s urb-ibus
mar-ia mar-ium mar-ibus mar-ia mar-ibus
fru¯ct-u¯s fru¯ct-uum fru¯ct-ibus fru¯ct-u¯s fru¯ct-ibus
corn-ua corn-uum corn-ibus corn-ua corn-ibus
di-e¯s di-e¯rum di-e¯bus di-e¯s di-e¯bus
cı¯v-e¯s cı¯v-ium cı¯v-ibus cı¯v-e¯s cı¯v-ibus
Vı¯s is irregular: Sg., N., vı¯s, G. (vı¯s), D. (vı¯), A. vim. Ab. vı¯; Pl., N. vı¯re¯s, G. vı¯rium, D. vı¯ribus, A. vı¯re¯s, Ab. vı¯ribus.
1
The vocative singular of nouns like amı¯cus and of masculine adjectives like magnus ends in -e. The vocative singular of f ¯ılius and of names in -ius ends in a single -ı¯ (f ¯ılı¯, Vergilı¯); the vocative singular of the
masculine adjective meus is mı¯; the vocative singular of masculine adjectives in -ius ends in -ie (e¯gregius; e¯gregie). Otherwise, the vocative has the same form as the nominative in all declensions.
2
WHEELOCK’S LATIN
ADJECTIVES—DECLENSIONS Adjs. in -us, -a, -um F. Singular
M.
N. G. D. A. Ab.
magnus magnı¯ magno¯ magnum magno¯
magna magnae magnae magnam magna¯
First and Second Declensions Adjs. in -er, -era, -erum; -er, -ra, -rum N. M. F. N. Singular2
magnum magnı¯ magno¯ magnum magno¯
lı¯ber lı¯berı¯ lı¯bero¯ lı¯berum lı¯bero¯
Plural
N. G. D. A. Ab.
magnı¯ magno¯rum magnı¯s magno¯s magnı¯s
magnae magna¯rum magnı¯s magna¯s magnı¯s
magna magno¯rum magnı¯s magna magnı¯s
pulcher pulchrı¯ pulchro¯ pulchrum pulchro¯
Two endings fortis, forte brave M. & F. N. Sg. N. fortis G. fortis fortı¯ D. A. fortem Ab. fortı¯
a¯cer a¯cris a¯cris a¯crı¯ a¯crem a¯crı¯
a¯cre
a¯cre¯s a¯crium a¯cribus a¯cres4 a¯cribus
a¯cria
forte
Pl. N. forte¯s fortia G. fortium D. fortibus A. forte¯s4 fortia Ab. fortibus
2
lı¯berum lı¯berı¯ lı¯bero¯ lı¯berum lı¯bero¯
Singular2
Third Declension Three endings One Ending a¯cer, a¯cris, a¯cre pote¯ns3 keen, severe powerful M. & F. N. M. & F.
forte
lı¯bera lı¯berae lı¯berae lı¯beram lı¯bera¯
a¯cre
a¯cria
The plural follows the pattern of the singular except that it has the plural endings. 3 Present participles follow the declension of pote¯ns except that they have -e in the ablative singular
N.
pulchra pulchrae pulchrae pulchram pulchra¯
pulchrum pulchrı¯ pulchro¯ pulchrum pulchro¯
Comparatives5 fortior, fortius braver M. & F. N.
pote¯ns pote¯ns potentis potentı¯ potentem pote¯ns potentı¯
fortior fortius fortio¯ris fortio¯rı¯ fortio¯rem fortius fortio¯re
potente¯s potentia potentium potentibus potente¯s4 potentia potentibus
fortio¯re¯s fortio¯ra fortio¯rum fortio¯ribus fortio¯re¯s fortio¯ra fortio¯ribus
when used as genuine participles. 4 For -ı¯s (acc. pl.) see Ch. 16. 5 For irregular plu¯ s see Ch. 27.
GRAMMATICAL FORMS
PRONOUNS Demonstrative
hic, this M.
F.
Sg. N. G. D. A. Ab.
hic huius huic hunc ho¯c
Pl. N. G. D. A. Ab.
hı¯ ho¯rum hı¯s ho¯s hı¯s
Relative quı¯, who, which M.
F.
Sg. N. G. D. A. Ab.
quı¯ cuius cui quem quo ¯
Pl. N. G. D. A. Ab.
quı¯ quo ¯ rum quibus quo ¯s quibus
6
N.
ille, that M.
F.
N.
haec huius huic hanc ha¯c
hoc huius huic hoc ho¯c
ille illı¯us illı¯ illum illo¯
illa illı¯us illı¯ illam illa¯
illud illı¯us illı¯ illud illo¯
hae ha¯rum hı¯s ha¯s hı¯s
haec ho¯rum hı¯s haec hı¯s
illı¯ illo¯rum illı¯s illo¯s illı¯s
illae illa¯rum illı¯s illa¯s illı¯s
illa illo¯rum illı¯s illa illı¯s
N.
Interrogative6 quis, who? M. & F. N.
Intensive ipse, himself, etc. M. F.
N.
quae cuius cui quam qua¯
quod cuius cui quod quo ¯
quis cuius cui quem quo ¯
ipse ipsı¯us ipsı¯ ipsum ipso¯
ipsa ipsı¯us ipsı¯ ipsam ipsa¯
ipsum ipsı¯us ipsı¯ ipsum ipso¯
quae qua¯rum quibus qua¯s quibus
quae quo¯rum quibus quae quibus
ipsı¯ ipso¯rum ipsı¯s ipso¯s ipsı¯s
ipsae ipsa¯rum ipsı¯s ipsa¯s ipsı¯s
ipsa ipso¯rum ipsı¯s ipsa ipsı¯s
quid cuius cui quid quo ¯
(Plural is same as that of relative.)
The interrogative adjective quı¯? quae? quod? meaning what? which? what kind of? has the same declension as that of the relative pronoun.
3
4
WHEELOCK’S LATIN
PRONOUNS Demonstrative
is, this, that, he, she, it M. F.
N.
idem, the same M.
F.
N.
Sg. N. G. D. A. Ab.
is eius eı¯ eum eo¯
ea eius eı¯ eam ea¯
id eius eı¯ id eo¯
¯ıdem eiusdem eı¯dem eundem eo¯dem
eadem eiusdem eı¯dem eandem ea¯dem
idem eiusdem eı¯dem idem eo¯dem
Pl. N. G. D. A. Ab.
eı¯, iı¯ eo¯rum eı¯s, iı¯s eo¯s eı¯s
eae ea¯rum eı¯s, iı¯s ea¯s eı¯s
ea eo¯rum eı¯s, iı¯s ea eı¯s
eı¯dem, ¯ıdem eo¯rundem eı¯sdem7 eo¯sdem eı¯sdem
eaedem ea¯rundem eı¯sdem ea¯sdem eı¯sdem
eadem eo¯rundem eı¯sdem eadem eı¯sdem
Irregular Adjectives8 so¯lus, alone, only M. F.
N.
ego, I
tu¯, you
Reflexive9 suı¯, himself, herself, itself
Sg. N. G. D. A. Ab.
so¯la so¯lı¯us so¯lı¯ so¯lam so¯la¯
so¯lum so¯lı¯us so¯lı¯ so¯lum so¯lo¯
ego meı¯ mihi me¯ me¯
tu¯ tuı¯ tibi te¯ te¯
——— suı¯10 sibi se¯11 se¯11
Pl. N. so¯lı¯
so¯lae
so¯la
so¯la¯rum
so¯lo¯rum
so¯lı¯s so¯la¯s so¯lı¯s
so¯lı¯s so¯la so¯lı¯s
vo ¯s vestrum vestrı¯ vo ¯ bı¯s vo ¯s vo ¯ bı¯s
———
G.
no¯s nostrum nostrı¯ no¯bı¯s no¯s no¯bı¯s
so¯lus so¯lı¯us so¯lı¯ so¯lum so¯lo¯
so¯lo¯rum
D. so¯lı¯s A. so¯lo¯s Ab. so¯lı¯s
7
Personal9
Also ¯ısdem. Similarly u¯nus, to¯tus, u¯llus, nu¯llus, alius, alter, uter, neuter (see Ch. 9). 9 All forms of the pronouns of the first and second persons except the nom. sg. and the nom. pl. may 8
suı¯ sibi se¯11 se¯11
also be used as reflexive pronouns. 10 These forms are reflexive only. The nonreflexive forms of the third person are supplied by is, ea, id (see Chs. 11, 13). 11 The form se¯se¯ is also frequently found.
GRAMMATICAL FORMS
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Regular longus, -a, -um (long ) fortis, -e (brave) fe¯lı¯x, gen. fe¯lı¯cis, (happy) sapie¯ns, gen. sapientis (wise) facilis, -e (easy) lı¯ber, -era, -erum ( free) pulcher, -chra, -chrum (beautiful ) a¯cer, a¯cris, a¯cre (keen)
longior, -ius fortior, -ius fe¯lı¯cior, -ius sapientior, -ius facilior, -ius lı¯berior, -ius pulchrior, -ius a¯crior, -ius
longissimus, -a, -um fortissimus, -a, -um fe¯lı¯cissimus, -a, -um sapientissimus, -a, -um facillimus, -a, -um lı¯berrimus, -a, -um pulcherrimus, -a, -um a¯cerrimus, -a, -um
Irregular bonus, -a, -um ( good ) magnus, -a, -um (large) malus, -a, -um (bad ) multus, -a, -um (much) parvus, -a, -um (small ) (prae, pro¯) superus, -a, -um (that above)
melior, -ius maior, -ius peior, -ius —, plu¯s minor, minus prior, -ius ( former) superior, -ius
optimus, -a, -um maximus, -a, -um pessimus, -a, -um plu¯rimus, -a, -um minimus, -a, -um prı¯mus, -a, -um summus (supre¯mus), -a, -um
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Regular longe¯ ( far) fortiter (bravely) fe¯lı¯citer (happily) sapienter (wisely) facile (easily) lı¯bere¯ ( freely) pulchre¯ (beautifully) a¯criter (keenly)
longius fortius fe¯lı¯cius sapientius facilius lı¯berius pulchrius a¯crius
longissime¯ fortissime¯ fe¯lı¯cissime¯ sapientissime¯ facillime¯ lı¯berrime¯ pulcherrime¯ a¯cerrime¯
Irregular bene (well ) magnopere ( greatly) male (badly) multum (much) parum (little) (prae, pro¯) diu¯ (a long time)
melius magis peius plu¯s minus prius (before) diu¯tius
optime¯ maxime¯ pessime¯ plu¯rimum minime¯ prı¯mum; prı¯mo¯ diu¯tissime¯
5
6
WHEELOCK’S LATIN
NUMERALS Cardinals
Ordinals
Roman Numerals
1. u¯nus, -a, -um 2. duo, duae, duo 3. tre¯s, tria 4. quattuor 5. quı¯nque 6. sex 7. septem 8. octo¯ 9. novem 10. decem 11. u¯ndecim 12. duodecim 13. tredecim 14. quattuordecim 15. quı¯ndecim 16. se¯decim 17. septendecim 18. duode¯vı¯gintı¯ 19. u¯nde¯vı¯gintı¯ 20. vı¯gintı¯ 21. vı¯gintı¯ u¯nus, u¯nus et vı¯gintı¯ 30. trı¯ginta¯ 40. quadra¯ginta¯ 50. quı¯nqua¯ginta¯ 60. sexa¯ginta¯ 70. septua¯ginta¯ 80. octo¯ginta¯ 90. no¯na¯ginta¯ 100. centum 101. centum u¯nus 200. ducentı¯, -ae, -a 300. trecentı¯ 400. quadringentı¯ 500. quı¯ngentı¯ 600. sescentı¯ 700. septingentı¯ 800. octingentı¯ 900. no¯ngentı¯ 1000. mı¯lle 2000. duo mı¯lia
prı¯mus, -a, -um secundus, alter tertius qua¯rtus quı¯ntus sextus septimus octa¯vus no¯nus decimus u¯ndecimus duodecimus tertius decimus qua¯rtus decimus quı¯ntus decimus sextus decimus septimus decimus duode¯vı¯ce¯simus u¯nde¯vı¯ce¯simus vı¯ce¯simus vı¯ce¯ simus prı¯mus trı¯ce¯simus quadra¯ge¯simus quı¯nqua¯ge¯simus sexa¯ge¯simus septua¯ge¯simus octo¯ge¯simus no¯na¯ge¯simus cente¯simus cente¯simus prı¯mus duocente¯simus trecente¯simus quadringente¯simus quı¯ngente¯simus sescente¯simus septingente¯simus octingente¯simus no¯ngente¯simus mı¯lle¯simus bis mı¯lle¯simus
I II III IIII; IV V VI VII VIII VIIII; IX X XI XII XIII XIIII; XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XVIIII; XIX XX XXI XXX XXXX, XL L LX LXX LXXX LXXXX; XC C CI CC CCC CCCC D DC DCC DCCC DCCCC M MM
Declension of Numerals
For the declension of u¯nus see Ch. 9 or so¯lus above. For duo, tre¯s, and mı¯lle see Ch. 15. The forms from trecentı¯ through no¯ngentı¯ are declined in the plural like ducentı¯, -ae, -a. The ordinals are declined like prı¯mus, -a, -um. The other forms are indeclinable.
GRAMMATICAL FORMS
CONJUGATIONS 1–4 Principal Parts
1st: laudo¯ 2nd: moneo¯ 3rd: ago¯ 4th: audio¯ 3rd (-io¯): capio¯
lauda¯re mone¯re agere audı¯re capere
lauda¯vı¯ monuı¯ e¯gı¯ audı¯vı¯ ce¯pı¯
lauda¯tum monitum a¯ctum audı¯tum captum
Indicative Active Present laudo¯ lauda¯s laudat lauda¯mus lauda¯tis laudant
moneo¯ mone¯s monet mone¯mus mone¯tis monent
ago ¯ agis agit agimus agitis agunt
audio¯ audı¯s audit audı¯mus audı¯tis audiunt
capio¯ capis capit capimus capitis capiunt
Imperfect lauda¯bam lauda¯ba¯s lauda¯bat lauda¯ba¯mus lauda¯ba¯tis lauda¯bant
mone¯bam mone¯ba¯s mone¯bat mone¯ba¯mus mone¯ba¯tis mone¯bant
age¯bam age¯ba¯s age¯bat age¯ba¯mus age¯ba¯tis age¯bant
audie¯bam audie¯ba¯s audie¯bat audie¯ba¯mus audie¯ba¯tis audie¯bant
capie¯bam capie¯ba¯s capie¯bat capie¯ba¯mus capie¯ba¯tis capie¯bant
Future lauda¯bo¯ lauda¯bis lauda¯bit lauda¯bimus lauda¯bitis lauda¯bunt
mone¯bo¯ mone¯bis mone¯bit mone¯bimus mone¯bitis mone¯bunt
agam age¯s aget age¯mus age¯tis agent
audiam audie¯s audiet audie¯mus audie¯tis audient
capiam capie¯s capiet capie¯mus capie¯tis capient
Perfect lauda¯vı¯ lauda¯vistı¯ lauda¯vit lauda¯vimus lauda¯vistis lauda¯ve¯runt
monuı¯ monuistı¯ monuit monuimus monuistis monue¯runt
e¯gı¯ e¯gistı¯ e¯git e¯gimus e¯gistis e¯ge¯runt
audı¯vı¯ audı¯vistı¯ audı¯vit audı¯vimus audı¯vistis audı¯ve¯runt
ce¯pı¯ ce¯pistı¯ ce¯pit ce¯pimus ce¯pistis ce¯pe¯runt
Pluperfect lauda¯veram lauda¯vera¯s lauda¯verat lauda¯vera¯mus lauda¯vera¯tis lauda¯verant
monueram monuera¯s monuerat monuera¯mus monuera¯tis monuerant
e¯geram e¯gera¯s e¯gerat e¯gera¯mus e¯gera¯tis e¯gerant
audı¯veram audı¯vera¯s audı¯verat audı¯vera¯mus audı¯vera¯tis audı¯verant
ce¯peram ce¯pera¯s ce¯perat ce¯pera¯mus ce¯pera¯tis ce¯perant
Future Perfect lauda¯vero¯ lauda¯veris lauda¯verit lauda¯verimus lauda¯veritis lauda¯verint
monuero¯ monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis monuerint
e¯gero¯ e¯geris e¯gerit e¯gerimus e¯geritis e¯gerint
audı¯vero¯ audı¯veris audı¯verit audı¯verimus audı¯veritis audı¯verint
ce¯pero¯ ce¯peris ce¯perit ce¯perimus ce¯peritis ce¯perint
7
8
WHEELOCK’S LATIN
Subjunctive Active Present laudem laude¯s laudet laude¯mus laude¯tis laudent
moneam monea¯s moneat monea¯mus monea¯tis moneant
agam aga¯s agat aga¯mus aga¯tis agant
audiam audia¯s audiat audia¯mus audia¯tis audiant
capiam capia¯s capiat capia¯mus capia¯tis capiant
Imperfect lauda¯rem lauda¯re¯s lauda¯ret lauda¯re¯mus lauda¯re¯tis lauda¯rent
mone¯rem mone¯re¯s mone¯ret mone¯re¯mus mone¯re¯tis mone¯rent
agerem agere¯s ageret agere¯mus agere¯tis agerent
audı¯rem audı¯re¯s audı¯ret audı¯re¯mus audı¯re¯tis audı¯rent
caperem capere¯s caperet capere¯mus capere¯tis caperent
Perfect lauda¯verim lauda¯verı¯s lauda¯verit lauda¯verı¯mus lauda¯verı¯tis lauda¯verint
monuerim monuerı¯s monuerit monuerı¯mus monuerı¯tis monuerint
e¯gerim e¯gerı¯s e¯gerit e¯gerı¯mus e¯gerı¯tis e¯gerint
audı¯verim audı¯verı¯s audı¯verit audı¯verı¯mus audı¯verı¯tis audı¯verint
ce¯perim ce¯perı¯s ce¯perit ce¯perı¯mus ce¯perı¯tis ce¯perint
Pluperfect lauda¯vissem lauda¯visse¯s lauda¯visset lauda¯visse¯mus lauda¯visse¯tis lauda¯vissent
monuissem monuisse¯s monuisset monuisse¯mus monuisse¯tis monuissent
e¯gissem e¯gisse¯s e¯gisset e¯gisse¯mus e¯gisse¯tis e¯gissent
audı¯vissem audı¯visse¯s audı¯visset audı¯visse¯mus audı¯visse¯tis audı¯vissent
ce¯pissem ce¯pisse¯s ce¯pisset ce¯pisse¯mus ce¯pisse¯tis ce¯pissent
audı¯ audı¯te
cape capite
Present Imperative Active
lauda¯ lauda¯te
mone¯ mone¯te
age agite Indicative Passive
Present laudor lauda¯ris(-re) lauda¯tur lauda¯mur lauda¯minı¯ laudantur
moneor mone¯ris(-re) mone¯tur mone¯mur mone¯minı¯ monentur
agor ageris(-re) agitur agimur agiminı¯ aguntur
audior audı¯ris(-re) audı¯tur audı¯mur audı¯minı¯ audiuntur
capior caperis(-re) capitur capimur capiminı¯ capiuntur
Imperfect lauda¯bar lauda¯ba¯ris(-re) lauda¯ba¯tur lauda¯ba¯mur lauda¯ba¯minı¯ lauda¯bantur
mone¯bar mone¯ba¯ris(-re) mone¯ba¯tur mone¯ba¯mur mone¯ba¯minı¯ mone¯bantur
age¯bar age¯ba¯ris(-re) age¯ba¯tur age¯ba¯mur age¯ba¯minı¯ age¯bantur
audie¯bar audie¯ba¯ris(-re) audie¯ba¯tur audie¯ba¯mur audie¯ba¯minı¯ audie¯bantur
capie¯bar capie¯ba¯ris(-re) capie¯ba¯tur capie¯ba¯mur capie¯ba¯minı¯ capie¯bantur
GRAMMATICAL FORMS
Future lauda¯bor lauda¯beris(-re) lauda¯bitur lauda¯bimur lauda¯biminı¯ lauda¯buntur
mone¯bor mone¯beris(-re) mone¯bitur mone¯bimur mone¯biminı¯ mone¯buntur
agar age¯ris(-re) age¯tur age¯mur age¯minı¯ agentur
audiar audie¯ris(-re) audie¯tur audie¯mur audie¯minı¯ audientur
capiar capie¯ris(-re) capie¯tur capie¯mur capie¯minı¯ capientur
Perfect lauda¯tus12 sum lauda¯tus es lauda¯tus est lauda¯tı¯ sumus lauda¯tı¯ estis lauda¯tı¯ sunt
monitus sum monitus es monitus est monitı¯ sumus monitı¯ estis monitı¯ sunt
a¯ctus sum a¯ctus es a¯ctus est a¯ctı¯ sumus a¯ctı¯ estis a¯ctı¯ sunt
audı¯tus sum audı¯tus es audı¯tus est audı¯tı¯ sumus audı¯tı¯ estis audı¯tı¯ sunt
captus sum captus es captus est captı¯ sumus captı¯ estis captı¯ sunt
Pluperfect lauda¯tus eram lauda¯tus era¯s lauda¯tus erat lauda¯tı¯ era¯mus lauda¯tı¯ era¯tis lauda¯tı¯ erant
monitus eram monitus era¯s monitus erat monitı¯ era¯mus monitı¯ era¯tis monitı¯ erant
a¯ctus eram a¯ctus era¯s a¯ctus erat a¯ctı¯ era¯mus a¯ctı¯ era¯tis a¯ctı¯ erant
audı¯tus eram audı¯tus era¯s audı¯tus erat audı¯tı¯ era¯mus audı¯tı¯ era¯tis audı¯tı¯ erant
captus eram captus era¯s captus erat captı¯ era¯mus captı¯ era¯tis captı¯ erant
Future Perfect lauda¯tus ero¯ lauda¯tus eris lauda¯tus erit lauda¯tı¯ erimus lauda¯tı¯ eritis lauda¯tı¯ erunt
monitus ero¯ monitus eris monitus erit monitı¯ erimus monitı¯ eritis monitı¯ erunt
a¯ctus ero¯ a¯ctus eris a¯ctus erit a¯ctı¯ erimus a¯ctı¯ eritis a¯ctı¯ erunt
audı¯tus ero¯ audı¯tus eris audı¯tus erit audı¯tı¯ erimus audı¯tı¯ eritis audı¯tı¯ erunt
captus ero¯ captus eris captus erit captı¯ erimus captı¯ eritis captı¯ erunt
Subjunctive Passive Present lauder laude¯ris(-re) laude¯tur laude¯mur laude¯minı¯ laudentur
monear monea¯ris(-re) monea¯tur monea¯mur monea¯minı¯ moneantur
agar aga¯ris(-re) aga¯tur aga¯mur aga¯minı¯ agantur
audiar audia¯ris(-re) audia¯tur audia¯mur audia¯minı¯ audiantur
capiar capia¯ris(-re) capia¯tur capia¯mur capia¯minı¯ capiantur
Imperfect lauda¯rer lauda¯re¯ris(-re) lauda¯re¯tur lauda¯re¯mur lauda¯re¯minı¯ lauda¯rentur
mone¯rer mone¯re¯ris(-re) mone¯re¯tur mone¯re¯mur mone¯re¯minı¯ mone¯rentur
agerer agere¯ris(-re) agere¯tur agere¯mur agere¯minı¯ agerentur
audı¯rer audı¯re¯ris(-re) audı¯re¯tur audı¯re¯mur audı¯re¯minı¯ audı¯rentur
caperer capere¯ris(-re) capere¯tur capere¯mur capere¯minı¯ caperentur
12
The participles lauda¯tus (-a, -um), monitus (-a, -um), etc., are used as predicate adjectives, and so their endings vary to agree with the subject.
9
10
WHEELOCK’S LATIN
Perfect lauda¯tus sim lauda¯tus sı¯s lauda¯tus sit lauda¯tı¯ sı¯mus lauda¯tı¯ sı¯tis lauda¯tı¯ sint
monitus sim monitus sı¯s monitus sit monitı¯ sı¯mus monitı¯ sı¯tis monitı¯ sint
a¯ctus sim a¯ctus sı¯s a¯ctus sit a¯ctı¯ sı¯mus a¯ctı¯ sı¯tis a¯ctı¯ sint
audı¯tus sim audı¯tus sı¯s audı¯tus sit audı¯tı¯ sı¯mus audı¯tı¯ sı¯tis audı¯tı¯ sint
captus sim captus sı¯s captus sit captı¯ sı¯mus captı¯ sı¯tis captı¯ sint
Pluperfect lauda¯tus essem lauda¯tus esse¯s lauda¯tus esset lauda¯tı¯ esse¯mus lauda¯tı¯ esse¯tis lauda¯tı¯ essent
monitus essem monitus esse¯s monitus esset monitı¯ esse¯mus monitı¯ esse¯tis monitı¯ essent
a¯ctus essem a¯ctus esse¯s a¯ctus esset a¯ctı¯ esse¯mus a¯ctı¯ esse¯tis a¯ctı¯ essent
audı¯tus essem audı¯tus esse¯s audı¯tus esset audı¯tı¯ esse¯mus audı¯tı¯ esse¯tis audı¯tı¯ essent
captus essem captus esse¯s captus esset captı¯ esse¯mus captı¯ esse¯tis captı¯ essent
Present Imperative Passive
In classical Latin, passive form imperatives are found chiefly in deponent verbs (for forms, see Ch. 34). Participles Active Pres. lauda¯ns Fut. lauda¯tu¯rus
mone¯ns monitu¯rus
age¯ns a¯ctu¯rus
audie¯ns audı¯tu¯rus
capie¯ns captu¯rus
Passive Perf. lauda¯tus Fut. laudandus
monitus monendus
a¯ctus agendus
audı¯tus audiendus
captus capiendus
Infinitives Active Pres. lauda¯re Perf. lauda¯visse Fut. lauda¯tu¯rus esse
mone¯re monuisse monitu¯rus esse
agere e¯gisse a¯ctu¯rus esse
audı¯re audı¯visse audı¯tu¯rus esse
capere ce¯pisse captu ¯ rus esse
Passive Pres. lauda¯rı¯ Perf. lauda¯tus esse Fut. lauda¯tum ¯ırı¯
mone¯rı¯ monitus esse monitum ¯ırı¯
agı¯ a¯ctus esse a¯ctum ¯ırı¯
audı¯rı¯ audı¯tus esse audı¯tum ¯ırı¯
capı¯ captus esse captum ¯ırı¯
DEPONENT VERBS Principal Parts
1st Conj.: 2nd Conj.: 3rd Conj.: 4th Conj.: 3rd (-io¯):
hortor fateor sequor mo¯lior patior
horta¯rı¯ fate¯rı¯ sequı¯ mo¯lı¯rı¯ patı¯
horta¯tus sum (urge) fassus sum (confess) secu¯tus sum ( follow) mo¯lı¯tus sum (work at) passus sum (su ff er)
GRAMMATICAL FORMS
11
Indicative Present hortor horta¯ris(-re) horta¯tur horta¯mur horta¯minı¯ hortantur
fateor fate¯ris(-re) fate¯tur fate¯mur fate¯minı¯ fatentur
sequor sequeris(-re) sequitur sequimur sequiminı¯ sequuntur
mo¯lior mo ¯ lı¯ris(-re) mo¯lı¯tur mo¯lı¯mur mo¯lı¯minı¯ mo¯liuntur
patior pateris(-re) patitur patimur patiminı¯ patiuntur
Imperfect horta¯bar horta¯ba¯ris(-re) horta¯ba¯tur horta¯ba¯mur horta¯ba¯minı¯ horta¯bantur
fate¯bar fate¯ba¯ris(-re) fate¯ba¯tur fate¯ba¯mur fate¯ba¯minı¯ fate¯bantur
seque¯bar seque¯ba¯ris(-re) seque¯ba¯tur seque¯ba¯mur seque¯ba¯minı¯ seque¯bantur
mo¯lie¯bar mo¯lie¯ba¯ris(-re) mo¯lie¯ba¯tur mo¯lie¯ba¯mur mo¯lie¯ba¯minı¯ mo¯lie¯bantur
patie¯bar patie¯ba¯ris(-re) patie¯ba¯tur patie¯ba¯mur patie¯ba¯minı¯ patie¯bantur
Future horta¯bor horta¯beris(-re) horta¯bitur horta¯bimur horta¯biminı¯ horta¯buntur
fate¯bor fate¯beris(-re) fate¯bitur fate¯bimur fate¯biminı¯ fate¯buntur
sequar seque¯ris(-re) seque¯tur seque¯mur seque¯minı¯ sequentur
mo¯liar mo¯lie¯ris(-re) mo¯lie¯tur mo¯lie¯mur mo¯lie¯minı¯ mo¯lientur
patiar patie¯ris(-re) patie¯tur patie¯mur patie¯minı¯ patientur
Perfect horta¯tus sum horta¯tus es horta¯tus est horta¯tı¯ sumus horta¯tı¯ estis horta¯tı¯ sunt
fassus sum fassus es fassus est fassı¯ sumus fassı¯ estis fassı¯ sunt
secu¯tus sum secu ¯ tus es secu ¯ tus est secu¯tı¯ sumus secu¯tı¯ estis secu¯tı¯ sunt
mo¯lı¯tus sum mo¯lı¯tus es mo¯lı¯tus est mo¯lı¯tı¯ sumus mo¯lı¯tı¯ estis mo¯lı¯tı¯ sunt
passus sum passus es passus est passı¯ sumus passı¯ estis passı¯ sunt
Pluperfect horta¯tus eram horta¯tus era¯s horta¯tus erat horta¯tı¯ era¯mus horta¯tı¯ era¯tis horta¯tı¯ erant
fassus eram fassus era¯s fassus erat fassı¯ era¯mus fassı¯ era¯tis fassı¯ erant
secu¯tus eram secu¯tus era¯s secu ¯ tus erat secu¯tı¯ era¯mus secu¯tı¯ era¯tis secu¯tı¯ erant
mo¯lı¯tus eram mo¯lı¯tus era¯s mo¯lı¯tus erat mo¯lı¯tı¯ era¯mus mo¯lı¯tı¯ era¯tis mo¯lı¯tı¯ erant
passus eram passus era¯s passus erat passı¯ era¯mus passı¯ era¯tis passı¯ erant
Future Perfect horta¯tus ero¯ horta¯tus eris horta¯tus erit horta¯tı¯ erimus horta¯tı¯ eritis horta¯tı¯ erunt
fassus ero¯ fassus eris fassus erit fassı¯ erimus fassı¯ eritis fassı¯ erunt
secu¯tus ero¯ secu ¯ tus eris secu ¯ tus erit secu¯tı¯ erimus secu¯tı¯ eritis secu¯tı¯ erunt
mo¯lı¯tus ero¯ mo¯lı¯tus eris mo¯lı¯tus erit mo¯lı¯tı¯ erimus mo¯lı¯tı¯ eritis mo¯lı¯tı¯ erunt
passus ero¯ passus eris passus erit passı¯ erimus passı¯ eritis passı¯ erunt
mo ¯ liar mo¯lia¯ris(-re) mo¯lia¯tur mo¯lia¯mur mo¯lia¯minı¯ mo ¯ liantur
patiar patia¯ris(-re) patia¯tur patia¯mur patia¯minı¯ patiantur
Subjunctive Present horter horte¯ris(-re) horte¯tur horte¯mur horte¯minı¯ hortentur
fatear fatea¯ris(-re) fatea¯tur fatea¯mur fatea¯minı¯ fateantur
sequar sequa¯ris(-re) sequa¯tur sequa¯mur sequa¯minı¯ sequantur
12
WHEELOCK’S LATIN
Imperfect horta¯rer horta¯re¯ris(-re) horta¯re¯tur horta¯re¯mur horta¯re¯minı¯ horta¯rentur
fate¯rer fate¯re¯ris(-re) fate¯re¯tur fate¯re¯mur fate¯re¯minı¯ fate¯rentur
sequerer sequere¯ris(-re) sequere¯tur sequere¯mur sequere¯minı¯ sequerentur
mo¯lı¯rer mo¯lı¯re¯ris(-re) mo¯lı¯re¯tur mo¯lı¯re¯mur mo¯lı¯re¯minı¯ mo ¯ lı¯rentur
paterer patere¯ris(-re) patere¯tur patere¯mur patere¯minı¯ paterentur
Perfect horta¯tus sim horta¯tus sı¯s horta¯tus sit horta¯tı¯ sı¯mus horta¯tı¯ sı¯tis horta¯tı¯ sint
fassus sim fassus sı¯s fassus sit fassı¯ sı¯mus fassı¯ sı¯tis fassı¯ sint
secu¯tus sim secu¯tus sı¯s secu¯tus sit secu¯tı¯ sı¯mus secu¯tı¯ sı¯tis secu¯tı¯ sint
mo¯lı¯tus sim mo¯lı¯tus sı¯s mo¯lı¯tus sit mo¯lı¯tı¯ sı¯mus mo¯lı¯tı¯ sı¯tis mo¯lı¯tı¯ sint
passus sim passus sı¯s passus sit passı¯ sı¯mus passı¯ sı¯tis passı¯ sint
Pluperfect horta¯tus essem horta¯tus esse¯s horta¯tus esset horta¯tı¯ esse¯mus horta¯tı¯ esse¯tis horta¯tı¯ essent
fassus essem fassus esse¯s fassus esset fassı¯ esse¯mus fassı¯ esse¯tis fassı¯ essent
secu ¯ tus essem secu¯tus esse¯s secu ¯ tus esset secu¯tı¯ esse¯mus secu¯tı¯ esse¯tis secu¯tı¯ essent
mo¯lı¯tus essem mo¯lı¯tus esse¯s mo¯lı¯tus esset mo¯lı¯tı¯ esse¯mus mo¯lı¯tı¯ esse¯tis mo¯lı¯tı¯ essent
passus essem passus esse¯s passus esset passı¯ esse¯mus passı¯ esse¯tis passı¯ essent
mo¯lı¯re mo¯lı¯minı¯
patere patiminı¯
mo¯lie¯ns mo¯lı¯tus mo¯lı¯tu¯rus mo¯liendus
patie¯ns passus passu¯rus patiendus
mo¯lı¯rı¯ mo¯lı¯tus esse mo¯lı¯tu¯rus esse
patı¯ passus esse passu ¯ rus esse
Present Imperative
horta¯re horta¯minı¯
fate¯re fate¯minı¯
sequere sequiminı¯ Participles
Pres. Perf. Fut. Ger.
horta¯ns horta¯tus horta¯tu¯rus hortandus
fate¯ns fassus fassu¯rus fatendus
seque¯ns secu ¯ tus secu¯tu¯rus sequendus Infinitives
Pres. horta¯rı¯ Perf. horta¯tus esse Fut. horta¯tu¯rus esse
fate¯rı¯ fassus esse fassu ¯ rus esse
sequı¯ secu ¯ tus esse secu ¯ tu¯rus esse
IRREGULAR VERBS Principal Parts
sum possum volo¯ no¯lo¯ ma¯lo¯ eo¯
esse posse velle no¯lle ma¯lle ¯ıre
fuı¯ potuı¯ voluı¯ no¯luı¯ ma¯luı¯ iı¯
futu¯rum
itum
(be) (be able, can) (wish, be willing ) (not to wish, be unwilling ) ( prefer) ( go)
GRAMMATICAL FORMS
Indicative13 Present sum es est sumus estis sunt
possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt
volo¯ vı¯s vult volumus vultis volunt
no¯lo¯ no¯n vı¯s no¯n vult no¯lumus no¯n vultis no¯lunt
ma¯lo¯ ma¯vı¯s ma¯vult ma¯lumus ma¯vultis ma¯lunt
eo¯ ¯ıs it ¯ımus ¯ıtis eunt
Imperfect eram era¯s erat era¯mus era¯tis erant
poteram potera¯s poterat potera¯mus potera¯tis poterant
vole¯bam vole¯ba¯s vole¯bat vole¯ba¯mus vole¯ba¯tis vole¯bant
no¯le¯bam no¯le¯ba¯s no¯le¯bat no¯le¯ba¯mus no¯le¯ba¯tis no¯le¯bant
ma¯le¯bam ma¯le¯ba¯s ma¯le¯bat ma¯le¯ba¯mus ma¯le¯ba¯tis ma¯le¯bant
¯ıbam ¯ıba¯s ¯ıbat ¯ıba¯mus ¯ıba¯tis ¯ıbant
Future ero ¯ eris erit erimus eritis erunt
potero ¯ poteris poterit poterimus poteritis poterunt
volam vole¯s volet vole¯mus vole¯tis volent
no¯lam no¯le¯s no¯let no¯le¯mus no¯le¯tis no¯lent
ma¯lam ma¯le¯s ma¯let ma¯le¯mus ma¯le¯tis ma¯lent
¯ıbo¯ ¯ıbis ¯ıbit ¯ıbimus ¯ıbitis ¯ıbunt
Perfect fuı¯ fuistı¯ fuit fuimus fuistis fue¯runt
potuı¯ potuistı¯ potuit potuimus potuistis potue¯runt
voluı¯ voluistı¯ voluit voluimus voluistis volue¯runt
no¯luı¯ no¯luistı¯ no¯luit no¯ luimus no¯luistis no¯lue¯runt
ma¯luı¯ ma¯luistı¯ ma¯luit ma¯luimus ma¯luistis ma¯lue¯runt
iı¯ ¯ıstı¯ iit iimus ¯ıstis ie¯runt
Pluperfect fueram fuera¯s etc.
potueram potuera¯s etc.
volueram voluera¯s etc.
no¯lueram no¯luera¯s etc.
ma¯lueram ma¯luera¯s etc.
ieram iera¯s etc.
Future Perfect fuero ¯ fueris etc.
potuero ¯ potueris etc.
voluero¯ volueris etc.
no¯luero¯ no¯lueris etc.
ma¯luero¯ ma¯lueris etc.
iero¯ ieris etc.
ma¯lim ma¯lı¯s ma¯lit ma¯lı¯mus ma¯lı¯tis ma¯lint
eam ea¯s eat ea¯mus ea¯tis eant
Subjunctive Present sim sı¯s sit sı¯mus sı¯tis sint
13
possim possı¯s possit possı¯mus possı¯tis possint
velim velı¯s velit velı¯mus velı¯tis velint
Note that the verbs in this list have no passive voice (except for the idiomatic impersonal passive of eo¯, which is not used in this book).
no¯ lim no¯lı¯s no¯lit no¯lı¯mus no¯lı¯tis no¯lint
13
14
WHEELOCK’S LATIN
Imperfect essem esse¯s esset esse¯mus esse¯tis essent
possem posse¯s posset posse¯mus posse¯tis possent
vellem velle¯s vellet velle¯mus velle¯tis vellent
no¯llem no¯lle¯s no¯llet no¯lle¯mus no¯lle¯tis no¯llent
ma¯llem ma¯lle¯s ma¯llet ma¯lle¯mus ma¯lle¯tis ma¯llent
¯ırem ¯ıre¯s ¯ıret ¯ıre¯mus ¯ıre¯tis ¯ırent
Perfect fuerim fuerı¯s fuerit fuerı¯mus fuerı¯tis fuerint
potuerim potuerı¯s potuerit potuerı¯mus potuerı¯tis potuerint
voluerim voluerı¯s voluerit voluerı¯mus voluerı¯tis voluerint
no¯luerim no¯luerı¯s no¯luerit no¯luerı¯mus no¯luerı¯tis no¯luerint
ma¯luerim ma¯luerı¯s ma¯luerit ma¯luerı¯mus ma¯luerı¯tis ma¯luerint
ierim ierı¯s ierit ierı¯mus ierı¯tis ierint
Pluperfect fuissem fuisse¯s fuisset fuisse¯mus fuisse¯tis fuissent
potuissem potuisse¯s potuisset potuisse¯mus potuisse¯tis potuissent
voluissem voluisse¯s voluisset voluisse¯mus voluisse¯tis voluissent
no¯luissem no¯luisse¯s no¯luisset no¯luisse¯mus no¯luisse¯tis no¯luissent
ma¯luissem ma¯luisse¯s ma¯luisset ma¯luisse¯mus ma¯luisse¯tis ma¯luissent
¯ıssem ¯ısse¯s ¯ısset ¯ısse¯mus ¯ısse¯tis ¯ıssent
Present Imperative es este
——— ———
——— ———
no¯lı¯ no¯lı¯te
——— ———
¯ı ¯ıte
——— ——— ——— ———
ie¯ns ( gen. euntis) itum itu¯rus eundus
ma¯lle ma¯luisse ———
¯ıre ¯ısse itu ¯ rus esse
Participles
Pres. Perf. Fut. Ger.
——— ——— futu¯rus ———
pote¯ns ——— ——— ———
vole¯ns ——— ——— ———
no¯le¯ns ——— ——— ——— Infinitives
Pr. Pf. Fu.
esse fuisse futu¯rus esse or fore
posse potuisse ———
velle voluisse ———
no¯lle no¯luisse ———
IRREGULAR: fero¯, ferre, tulı¯, la¯tum, to bear, carry Indicative Present Act.
Pass.
Imperfect Act.
Pass.
Future Act.
Pass.
fero¯ fers fert ferimus fertis ferunt
feror ferris(-re) fertur ferimur feriminı¯ feruntur
fere¯bam fere¯ba¯s fere¯bat fere¯ba¯mus fere¯ba¯tis fere¯bant
fere¯bar fere¯ba¯ris(-re) fere¯ba¯tur fere¯ba¯mur fere¯ba¯minı¯ fere¯bantur
feram fere¯s feret fere¯mus fere¯tis ferent
ferar fere¯ris(-re) fere¯tur fere¯mur fere¯minı¯ ferentur
GRAMMATICAL FORMS
Perfect Act.
tulı¯ tulistı¯ tulit etc.
Pass.
Pluperfect Act.
la¯tus sum la¯tus es la¯tus est etc.
tuleram tulera¯s tulerat etc.
15
Pass.
Future Perfect Act.
Pass.
la¯tus eram la¯tus era¯s la¯tus erat etc.
tulero¯ tuleris tulerit etc.
la¯tus ero¯ la¯tus eris la¯tus erit etc.
Perfect Act.
Pass.
tulerim tulerı¯s tulerit etc.
la¯tus sim la¯tus sı¯s la¯tus sit etc.
Pluperfect tulissem tulisse¯s tulisset etc.
la¯tus essem la¯tus esse¯s la¯tus esset etc. Pass.
ferrı¯ la¯tus esse la¯tum ¯ırı¯
Subjunctive Present Act.
feram fera¯s ferat fera¯mus fera¯tis ferant
Pass.
Imperfect Act.
Pass.
ferar fera¯ris(-re) fera¯tur fera¯mur fera¯minı¯ ferantur
ferrem ferre¯s ferret ferre¯mus ferre¯tis ferrent
ferrer ferre¯ris(-re) ferre¯tur ferre¯mur ferre¯minı¯ ferrentur
Pres. Imper. Act.
Pass.
fer ferte
——— ———
Participles Act.
Pass.
Infinitives Act.
Pres. fere¯ns Perf. ——— Fut. la¯tu¯rus
——— la¯tus ferendus
ferre tulisse la¯tu¯rus esse
IRREGULAR: fı¯o¯, fierı¯, factus sum, to happen, become; be made, be done Indicative Pres.
Impf.
Fut.
Perf.
Pluperf.
Fut. Perf.
f ¯ıo¯ f ¯ıs fit f ¯ımus f ¯ıtis f ¯ıunt
f ¯ıe¯bam f ¯ıe¯ba¯s f ¯ıe¯bat f ¯ıe¯ba¯mus f ¯ıe¯ba¯tis f ¯ıe¯bant
f ¯ıam f ¯ıe¯s f ¯ıet f ¯ıe¯mus f ¯ıe¯tis f ¯ıent
factus sum factus es factus est factı¯ sumus factı¯ estis factı¯ sunt
factus eram factus era¯s factus erat factı¯ era¯mus factı¯ era¯tis factı¯ erant
factus ero ¯ factus eris factus erit factı¯ erimus factı¯ eritis factı¯ erunt
Subjunctive Pres.
Impf.
Perf.
Pluperf.
f ¯ıam f ¯ıa¯s f ¯ıat f ¯ıa¯mus f ¯ıa¯tis f ¯ıant
fierem fiere¯s fieret fiere¯mus fiere¯tis fierent
factus sim factus sı¯s factus sit factı¯ sı¯mus factı¯ sı¯tis factı¯ sint
factus essem factus esse¯s factus esset factı¯ esse¯mus factı¯ esse¯tis factı¯ essent
Part. Pres. ——— Perf. factus Fut. faciendus
Inf. fierı¯ factus esse factum ¯ırı¯
Imperative:
f ¯ı, f ¯ıte
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Richard A. LaFleur and Brad Tillery A quick and complete overview of Latin grammar—both forms and usage—on six durably laminated, double-sided cards, three-hole punched for easy insertion into notebooks. Arranged by part of speech, with summaries of all forms and the most common syntax, including case uses and subjunctive clauses. An essential homework/study/review companion to Wheelock’s Latin and all i ntroductory texts, and a handy reference guide for intermediate and more advanced students as well. 6 pages, (2007) Cardstock ISBN 978-0-86516-666-0
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