What is Software? Software define as it is the non-tangib non-tangible le aspect of a computer that is necessary for it to
perform
any
the computer what
function. to
do,
Software the
includes
the programs th that at
configuration
files
where
inst in stru ruct ct important
system in info form rmat atio ion n is st stor ored ed,, an and d us user er fi file les s wh whic ich h ho hold ld th the e en end d re resu sult lt of th the e computers' functions. functions. Often, many different layers of software are combined to perform computing comp uting tasks, examples examples of which inclu include de the transfer transfer of HTML HTML fi files les via TC TCP/P P/P or the operation of a media player running in an operating system.
Soft Softwa warre is a gene genera rall term term for for the the vari variou ous s kind kinds s of program programs s used to operate computer computers s and related devices
QUALITY Denition- “It is dened as the conformance to the
specications of the customer”. “It “It is also also dene dened d as just justi ica cati tion on of requir equirem emen ents ts of the the customer that produces satisfaction to the customer”. Note - Qualit is pschological rather then phsical.
DEFECT Denition!-
“It
is
dened
as
the
deviation
from
requirements”. ERROR Denition- “It is dened as the mistake associated with the
coding"program”. #ence $rror is the root cause for the Defect to %e appeared in the product.
BUG
&onceptuall 'ug is same as defect. 'ut from the point of usage( Defect is used % professional and as well as the Customers. )here as 'ug is used % professionals onl. Latest Denition of Quality:-
Qualit can also %e dened as the presence of requirements or the a%sence of the defects %ut also presence of * VALU* in the product. +he ,alue mentioned in the a%ove passage indicates the user friendliness of that application. +he true value comes from the product if it has func functi tion onal alit ity y as well the usa!ility user-friendliness.
"ow to #ro$uce Quality to Customer%Software ? % "ow to show this &ro$uct is 'ualitati(e?
/ Identicat Identication ion of the 'ugs"0efe 'ugs"0efects. cts. 1 Isolation Isolation of the 0efects. 0efects. 2 Su%jecting these defects defects for 3ectication. 3ectication. 4 $nsuring that the the product product is defect free. free.
5ust 'efore the product is delivered to the customer( the organi6ation wants to do the following steps of procedure to ensure the qualit.
)* +$enticati +$entication on of the Defects Defects!
7ne
has
to
carefull
look
for
the
areas
where
the
requirements requirements are not justied( in terms of defects. ,* +solation +solation of the the $efects $efects!
7nce 7nce the the defe defec cts ar are e ide identi ntie ed( the he have have to %e liste$ ara ate document know nown as Defect out%#oste$ in a separ Prole Document D#D. * Su!.ectin/%Sen$in/
the
$efects
for
th e
(erication!
7nce the D#D is prepared( it will %e sent to the development team for the process of 0i1ation%2ectication* -0efec fect 3ecti ctic catio ation n can can also also %e refe eferred as 3u/ Note-0e 0i1ation. 4* nsure nsure that the &ro$uct &ro$uct is $efect $efect free!
7nce ou send the defects to the development team( these defect defects s ar are e re recti ctied ed and the same is inform informed ed that there are no more $efects. It is the 5ester6s res&onsi!ility to
ensure that the product has no defects at all.
"ence the 5est n/ineer has to ensure the followin/
----8+o ensure the raised defects are rectied. ----8+o ensure that there are no new defects as a result of rectication of the old defect.
TESTING Denition-
“It
is
the
i$entie$(
isolate$(
process su!.ecte$
in
which
for
defects
are
rectication
and
nsure that the &ro$uct is $efect free so as to produce
qualit to the product and hence to the
Customer
Satisfaction”.
"ow the S%W #ro.ects are 7riente$? Deal! signing the project SIGN-IN
Its the process in which %oth the $e(elo&in/ com&any and the client will get into an a/reement( the specic project is
to %e developed within specic !u$/et which is to %e delivered % specic tentati(e $ea$-lines. 879 8ic; o< 9eetin/=:-
It is a rst meeting conducted with in the development compan soon after the project is signed in. What is the a/en$a of 879 or what is the or$er of 879 to !e ta;en?**
/ +he will have meeting for management #ere all the 9anagers: +echnical 9anagers: Qualit team manager i
;irst the will discuss the over view of the project.
ii
<%out &ustomer=ood"'ad
iii
+o select the >roject team
1 teams will %e selected for project De(elo&er 5eam
/ >roject manager is selected in 0ev team 2)
>roject +eam 0evelopers are selected.
Quality 5eam
/ Qualit leaders are selected in Qualit +eam What is the 2ole of #9?
#e is alwas responsi%le for releasing of the #+N
the project development process. +his process is know on as Proect In!t!"t!on Note #+N.
7nce the #+N gets acceptance from the &$7( #ro.ect 9ana/er initiates the project development activities in a
sstematic(
scientic
manner
in
terms
of
Soft#"re
De$elo%ment L!fe C&cle SDLC.
SOFT'ARE DE(ELOP)ENT LIFE CYCLE SDLC=
+he Software 0evelopment @ife &cle includes the following stepsi=
Initial
ii=
iii=
0esign
i(=
&oding
(= (i=
+esting 0eliver
(ii= 9aintenance
i+N+5+AL:-
+his phase has the important task known as 3equirement =athering done % the role 3usiness Analyst
3usiness Analysist following guide lines dened % Qualit
Standards
for
that
organi6ation(
he accomplishes
the
following responsi%ilities ------8&ustomer"Aser Interaction ------8#ighlighting Bew 3equirements that fetch prots for the %usiness ------8&ollect the requirement and prepare the document +he 'usiness
document
is
also
known
as
Bu*!ne**
Document 3DD. 3DD is also ;nown as: a;unction 0esign 0ocument;00 !'usiness 0ocument'0 c'usiness 3equirement 0ocument'30. iiANAL>S+S !-
+his phase focuses upon the following responsi%ilities ---
De*!+n
--- +entative >roject >lan --- Sstem 3equirement
iiiDS+N:-
+his phase( designing of the project is done in following tpes of design practices( a"i/h Le(el Desi/n"LD It is the design in which how man 9odules a single project can %e divided into( can %e determined. It is done % the Chief ArchitectCA. 9o$ule- It is a collection of *like* requirements known as
;unctionalit( on a whole works together and ena%les the product qualit. qualit.
%Low Le(el Desi/nLLD
It is a design practice in which how man Su%-9odules"Anits a single 9odule can %e determined. +he outcome of the 0esign phase is Tecn!c"l De*!+n Document 5DD in which the entire design information is
0ocumented. Chief Architect CA is responsi%le for #igh @evel 0esign
and 5eam Lea$er 5L is responsi%le for @ow @evel 0esign. 5he 5echnical Desi/n Document consists of ------------------------------------------------
i 0escription of the 0esign ii >ictorial 3epresentation 3epresentation 0epiction iii ;low &hart of the 0esign iv 0ata ;low 0iagram 0;0 v ;unctional Specication
i(C7D+N:-
+his phase is meant for implementation of design in-terms of develo developm pment ent of severa severall progra programs ms.. +he progr programm ammers ers take take the responsi%ilit of &odingwriting the programs. In order to develop +eam @ead optimi6ed coding patterns( the the foll follow ow spec speci ic c set set of guid guide e line lines s know known n as &o &odi ding ng
Stand Standar ards ds.. Alti Altima mate tel l(( the the prog program ram les les"d "doc ocum umen ents ts ar are e known as Source Co.e Document*SCD.
(5S5+N:-S+@& Software 5estin/ Lice Cycle
+he process of +esting +esting involves the following following steps! a3usiness Desi/n Document3DD= 2e(iew:
+he +est $ngineer has to review"stud review"stud the '00 in order to know and understand the functionalit of the product so ad to attain pre-requisite for +esting the product. ! #re&aration of the 2e(iew 2e&ort22=:
in
a
specic
document
known
as
2e(iew
2e&ort22=. cSen$in/ 2e(iew 2e&ort to the Author:
Soon after the 3eview 3eport is prepared( it will %e sent to the the auth author or of the the docum documen entt i.e i.e.( .( 3usiness Analyst and o%tain the clarications. +he o%tained clarications are used to ensure complete functional understanding of the product.
$#re&aration of the 5est Cases Document5CD=:
Soon after functional understanding is o%tained( in order to make sure that the testing task is eCective( +est &ase 0ocument is prepared. +est &ase-It is dened as the case"perception"angle with which testing can %e carried on in order to make sure the specic functionalit is proper or not. In other words( +est &ase can also %e dened as the possi%ilit of nding the defect is more. A$(anta/es of 5est Case Document is to &ro(i$e@
i>lanning to the +esting ii$stimation to the +esting iii7rganisa6ation to the +esting activit.
e1ecution 7f 5est Case Document:
7nce the +&0 is prepared( the +$S+ $B=IB$$3 has to wait until specic functionalit is developed and released for testing. 7nce the functionalit is released in terms of eDecuta%le le( the testing can %e carried out % eDecuting the +&0 on the specic functionalit. 5est 1ecution is , ways*.
/. 9anual $Decution
1.
f 3u/ 5rac;in/ or Defect 5rac;in/:
Soon after testing is completed( the +est $ngineer will %e a%le to identif functional areas in which defects are present and list all the defects in a separate document known as D0C5 #270+L D7CU9N50>0 under the process
known as 'A= +3<&?IB=.
/2e&ortin/ 3u/ 2e&ortin/=:
7nce the D0C5 #270+L D7CU9N5 is prepared( it will %e sent to $e(elo&in/ team for process of rectication or Dation.
(iDL+V2> AND 9A+N5A+NANC:
7nce the total application is thoroughl tested and certied( it will %e delivered to the customer in the following was.
9$B+ +$<9 will oCer the +echnical Support under the process of maintenance as per the deal %etween 0evelopment &ompan and &ustomer. In
this
phase(
0evelopment
during
9anager(
the
process
>roject
of
9anager
deliver( and
the
Software
Qualit 9anger pla a vital role. Similarl the 0evelopment
+eam
pla
an
important
role
during
the
process
of
maintenance. Asuall the following documents are delivered to the customer at the time of delivering the product! a&erticate 0ocument !Aser*s =uide " 9anual =uide c0eploment 0ocument Installation =uide $Software 0eliver Bote S)0B
What 5estin/ n/ineer Will Do While De(elo&ment?
0uring testing phase( +est $ngineer carries % eDecuting the +est &ase 0ocument and will prepare 0$;$&+ >37;I@$ 07&A9$B+. )hen development is going on( +est $ngineer will %e involved parallel to carr on 'usiness 0esign 0ocument review( 3eview 3eport preparation( clarications from the 'usiness
5>#S 70 5S5+N
'ased upon how testing is carried on( where testing is carried and % whom testing is carried on( there are two tpes of testing-
i=
Con(entional
5estin/
ii=
Un-
Con(entional 5estin/ i Con(entional 5estin/:
It is the kind in which once the product is developed( the +est $ngineer performs testing " checking on it to see if the requirements are justied. +his process is also known as 6("l!."t!on6.
+he
conventional
process
is
performed
%
the
5est
n/ineer.
iiUn-Con(entional 5estin/:
It is the kind of testing in which testing is performed on the input of the tasks i.e.( documents as well as the process to make sure that output of the task is to %e qualitative. +his process is also is known as 6(er!c"t!on6. +he un-conventional process is performed % Quality Assurance n/ineerQA= ( which includes Initial(
0esign( &oding and +esting. "7W 57 #20729 5S5+N 7N 5" A##L+CA5+7N?
5S5 95"7D7L7>:
0epending upon the perception( what part of the application to %e tested and % whom the testing is carried-on( the +est 9ethodolog denes the following methods of testing. iWhite 3o1 5estin/ ii3lac; 3o1 5estin/ iWhite 3o1 5estin/ % lass 3o1 5estin/%Structural 5estin/ Denition- “It is dened as the method of testing in which
one can perform testing on internal part of the application having internal structural knowledge of it”. Asuall( the >rogram De(elo&ers are involved in )hite 'oD +esting.
++ 3lac; 3o1 5estin/%S;in 5estin/%1ternal #art 5estin/ Denition: It is dened as the method of testing in which
one can perform testing on eDternal part of the application without having the internal Structural ?nowledge>rogram ?nowledge of it”. Usually@ the 5est n/ineers are in(ol(e$ in 3lac; 3o1 5estin/* Note: Bl"c/ Bo0 +esting focuses on the functional part of
an application and hence the +est $ngineer must %e functional eDpert( whereas '!te Bo0 Testing focuses upon program part of an application and program eDpert B
-rey 3o1 5estin/:
Denition- “It is dened as another derived method of
testing in which %oth 'lack 'oD +esting and )hite 'oD +esting
practices
are
com%ined
and
applied
on
the
application” In the =re 'oD +esting( %asicall the test $ngineer( who performs )hite 'oD +esting application( has the Intern"l Structure
1no#le.+e >rogramming knowledge"0esign
knowledge"$nvironmental knowledge. )ith this prole( the +est $ngineer can give suEcient information with which developer can easil locate defect and rectif it quickl in turn saving the time of defect rectication.
LVLS 70 5S5+N
In order to make sure that the testing validation is eCectivel( eEcientl done on the product to ultimatel produce qualit to the product( the solution is adopted interns of Levels of Testing % the industr that takes care of the product at each and ever level while it is %eing developed. +he levels of testing have the following phases! iUnit 5estin/: Denition: “It is dened as the level of testing in which one
can perform testing on unit to check if it is working as per the requirements structural”
It %elongs to )hite 'oD +esting as most of the times at this level programs are made availa%le for testing and usuall the Gr"%!c U*er Interf"ce GUI is not aware. #ence the unit testing is done % the De(elo&ers*
ii9o$ule 5estin/: Denition: “It is dened as the level of testing in which
soon after the units are created to form a 9odule that can %e tested for its correctness to ensure its functionalit as per requirements. Since 9odule is %eing tested at this level it is known as 9o$ule 5estin/ ”. 9odule +esting %elongs to 3lac; 3o1 5estin/( as the =AI is made availa%le at this stage for performing functional testing on it. #ence 9odule +esting is done % the 5est n/ineers.
iii+nte/ration 5estin/: Denition: “It is another level of testing in which once the
modules are created( the need to %e integrated to form an application and if one perform testing on these integrated modules( this testing is known as +nte/ration 5estin/”.
#ur&ose of +nte/ration 5estin/:
i= +o check if the individual right functionalities of the
modules are not eCected. ii= +o check the desired integrated functionalit. (iii= +o check the data Fowing among the modules as per
the data Fow diagrams. ix)
+o check whether the user is a%le to navigate among various modules.2!+ Le$el Inte+r"t!on Te*t!n+ )
A##27AC"S 70 5" +N52A5+7N
0epending upon how the modules are to %e integrated as and when the are developed( there are %asicall three tpes of approaches as descri%ed %elow( i=5o&-to-3ottom
A&&roach
ii=3ottom-U&
A&&roach
iii=San$wich A&&roach
i=5o&-to-3ottom A&&roach:
+his
approach
is
proposed
whenever
there
is
no
intereference of the customer in the sequence of the development of the modules.
)hen *child* modules are integrated with *parents*( there is possi%ilit
that
some
*children*
are
missingnot
et
developed.It eCects the integration %etween rest of the modules. In order to get along with this situation( a small temporar program is emploed in place of missing *child* module( known as 66S5U366*
ii=3ottom-U& A&&roach:
+his approach is usuall proposed when ever cutomers interere in the %eginning and tr to alter the sequence of development.
*children*
in
this
approach.
#ence
direction
of
integration is from %ottom to upward and is known as 'ottom-Ap
iii=San$wich A&&roach:
+his approach is proposed when ever the customer tries to interfere
and
change
the
sequence
of
development
in%etween. +his approach is a com%ination of +op-to-'ottom and 'ottom-Ap approaches. #ence %oth 66S5U3S66 as well as 66D2+V2S66 are possi%le in this approach.
Integration testing %asicall %elongs to '!te Bo0 Tet!n+( alwas done % %oth the developers at the programming level. Specicall can %e termed as Lo# Le$el Te*t!n+. Note- In case the +est $ngineer is involvd in the integration
testing that is nothing %ut 2!+ Le$el Te*t!n+ in which he checks whether he is a%le to navigate various application windows"screens.
i(=System 5estin/: Denition: “It is dened as another level of testing in which
once
the
total
deploedinstalled
application into
the
is
developed(
customer*s
it
is
specied
environment and the whole sstem is formed. If one perform testing on this entire sstem to check the operational and performance a%ilities of it( it is known as Sstem +esting”. Asuall Sstem +esting is said to %e a full pledged testing as it covers =raphic Aser Interface=AI testing( functional testing( load( performance( stress testing( securit testing( etc.( Sstem +esting %elongs to 'lack 'oD +esting and it is o%viousl done % 5est n/ineers.
(=User-Acce&tance 5estin/: Denition: “It is dened as the nal level of testing in which
the total application is tested in the customer*s simulated environment in the presence of the customer in order to ensure
the
acceptance
criteria
is
jussstied
in
the
application”. +he Aser
NV+27N9N5S
0epending upon how the application is %asicall developed into the environment( the environment is classied as the %elow mentioned catagoriesi Stand
i=Stan$-Alone n(ironment: Denition: “It is also known as * 7ne-5ier Architecture6
where there is onl one computer in which all three components of application-#ro/ram Lo/ic#L( 3usiness Lo/ic3L and Data 3aseD3 are placed”.
Since the draw%acks like duplication of information( single usre sstem and non-transperanc factors( the solution was requires interms of Cl!ent Ser$er En$!ronment3
ii=Client Ser(er n(ironment: Denition: “+his $nvironment is also called as 65wo-5ier Architecture6 in which there are two computers connected
with the network. If the #ro/ram Client is deploed into he client while 3usiness Lo/ic and Data 3ase on server machine( it is known as * T2IN CLIENT 66* 7n the other side( if &lient 9achine has %oth #ro/ram Lo/ic and 3usiness Lo/ic( it is known as 6T2IC1 CLIENT 6”*
-#owever( the 0ata 'ase is kept in the server usuall refered to as Data 3ase Ser(er6* -
iii=We! n(ironment:
It is also known as 5hree-5ier Architecture where in three computers( &lient(rogram @ogic resides the Client( 'usiness @ogic resides the A&&lication Ser(er and
the 0ata 'ase resides in Data 3ase Ser(er.
)hen &lient sends the request to
of
response.
)e%
Server
is
another
internal
component of
of
clients
are
Internet
$Dplorer(
Betscape
Bavigator(<7@( 9o6illa etc.( --Some of
i(=Distri!ute$ n(ironment:
It is also known as 6n-5ier Architecture6 where 6n6 num%er of
machines
computers
are
connected
%asicall
to
distri%ute 'usiness @ogic and to distri%ute various services that can process request of the client to send proper repl interms of response to the client.
9athematicall(
A&&lication #ro/arm Lo/ic 3usiness Lo/ic Data
3ase
Accounta!ility
$ver emplo of an organisation has the responsi%ilities to %e accomplished as per the planning. 7nce the emplo"role accomplishes the task( it is his responsi%ilit to inform the same to the superior. Asuall the superior is known as #oint of Contact among the 6#2S6 coleagues aswell as the
+eam mem%ers and point of contact 5eam Lea$ ther will %e alwas co-operation and co-ordination that is eDpected % the organisation for the eCective accomplishment of task aswell as the smooth running of the organisation.
scallation: Denition: “It is dened as the process in which either 6+SSUS6 or 6SL+##AS6 are intimated to the high level
management tolet them know the situation so as to make them interfere to resolve the issue as soon as possi%le for the smooth running of the organisation. Note - $sacallation process must %e accomplished in a
stematic gradual manner which is usuall refered to as levels of $scallation.
5>#S 70 5S5+N
+esting is carried out in the following was(
)ES978 5S5+N: Denition: It is dened as the tpe of testing in which one
can perform initial and overall testing on an application to make sure that all features"o%jects"windows of an application are a(aila!le to carr on detailed testing on them F. “In other words it is the test for a(iala!ility that is conducted in the initial stage in short span of time”. Note G Smoke testing is also referred to Cur*or& Te*t!n+ as
the +est $ngineer pla with the &ursor to check each o%ject is focussed usa%le.
,ESAN+5> 5S5+N: Denition: It is dened as the tpe of initial( overall and
non-detailed testing conducted on an application in an short span of time just to make sure that the application is properchecks if ever feature is availa%le for the detailed testingF. Note
G
Sanit
+esting
is
same
as
Smoke
conce&tionally( whereas the diCer from each other &erce&tionally.
+esting
E22SS+7N 5S5+N: Denition: It is dened as the tpe of tessting in which
one can perform testing on the alread tested funcitonalit just to make sure that it is rened to the &erfection'ug 3egression +esting and also to make sure that the eDisting funcitonalit is un-eCected due to the new functionalit added to it;unctional 3egression +esting. -#ence 3egression +esting can %e classied into two catagories.
i=3u/ 2e/ression 5estin/: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which the +est
$ngineer performs tedting on alread tested functionalit in order to make sure that previousl raised defects are rectied and also to make sure that there are no new defects araised”.
ii=0unctional 2e/ression 5estin/:
Denition: “It is the tpe of 3egression +esting in which one
can test alread teste dfunctionallit when ever new changes"functionalit is added to it just to make sure that the eDisting right functionalit is not aCected due to the new change”.
4E2-5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which one can
perform testing on alread tested functionalit in order to male sure that defects are reproduca%le if at all an( to rule out the $nvironmental issues and to ensure the ro!usness of the application”.
HEAL#"A 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of User Acce&tance 5estin/
that is done on the product as a nal testing within the 0evelopment compan just %efore it is delivered to the customer”. -+he advantage of
IE35A 5S5+N:
Denition: “It is dened as User Acce&tance 5estin/ in
which one can perform testing on an application when it is delivered to the customer( deploed into the Re"l-T!me En$!ronment and is %eing used % Re"l-T!me U*er*”.
-+he disadvantage is that if the defects are encountered the cannot %e rectied immedeatl and must %e following the formalities for
the rectication
which
is usuall
time
consuming. -+he 'eta +esting is alwas usuall done % 5hir$ &arty +est $ngineer known as 3eta 5esters.
JES5A5+C 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which one can
perform testing on the application when it is not %eing eDecuted”. $Dample!- =AI +esting( 0ocument +esting.
KED>NA9+C 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which one can
perform testing on an application when it is %eing eDecuted”. $Dample!- ;unctional +esting
E+NS5ALLA5+7N 5S5+N:
Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which one can deplo
the last module as per the guide lines provided in the De%lo&ment Document and checks whether the module is
successfull deploed into the environment”. De&loyment Document Denition: “It is the document prepared %
Proect
)"n"+er that is sent along with module for testing and
contains the guidelines for deploer for the successful deploment”. Note - Irrespective whether the deploer knows how to
depl the module into the environment( the 0eploment 0ocument has to %e followed as it goes to the customer while deliver.
)MEC79#A5+3+L+5> 5S5+N:
+he diCerence %etween >roduct and >roject is that( if the requirements are from within the development compan and the out come is devfelopment %ased on testing( such out come is known as Pro.uct3
7n the other hand if the requirements are coming from outside customer and if the out come is developed %ased on testing( it is known as Proect . Note - >rojects mut %e deliverd onl to the specic
customers( whereas products are open for all.
Denition: It is the tpe of testing in which usuall the
products are tested on several environments that are tested with various com%inations of the enivronmental components like 'rwsers( 7perating Sstems(
))E97N8> 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which one can
perform a%normal( %eond capacit and more volumes of data related operations intentionall on an application to check the
sta%ilit in spite of the U*er5* a%normal
%ehavior”.
),E#L72A572> 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which initiall the +est
$ngineer will not %e knowing the funcitonalit and eDplore the application to know it while tesitng is carried on simultaneousl”.
It is a tpe of testing in which the +.$ encounters the application
with
out
having
pre-requisite
functional
knowledge. Inevita%l the eDplore the functionalit to know what eDactl it is and then start performing testing on the functionalit. In
other words knowing the functionalit and
testing the functionalit happens simultaneousl. Since +he +$ eDplore the application for functional knowledge while the performing +esting on it this tpe of testing is know as eDplorator testing. )EUSA3+L+5> 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which one can
perform testing on an application to check whether it is Aserfriendl( apart from it has fuctional perfection”. Note G It is to %e noted that for ever prduct apart from
functionalit( it must have usa%ilit so as to %e a%solute qulitative product.
)4E072CD 2272 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of negative testing in which the
+est $ngineer ma give invalid input to the application and checks if the application validates it properli and also to check if the error message displaed is appropriate”.
)HEND-57-ND 5S5+N: Denition: “It is tpe of testing in which the +est $ngineer
usuall performs full pledged transaction and checks if all the environmental components present in the sstem are active
and
operationall
availa%le
to
accomplish
the
transation seccessfull”. In other words( it is an En$!ronment"l Te*t!n+ . $=! &lient Sever( 5S5+N: Acce**"4!l!t& is dened as the eDtension of usa%ilit to the
disa%led"handicapped( apart from normal use. +he AS government has dened the check list under US 2e/ulation Act( OHMK( to provide the accessa%ilit factor
to the software products to the disa%led"handicapped. Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which one can
perform
testing
on
the
application
to
check
if
the
accessa%ilit factor is incorporated in the application apart from the functionalit and usa%ilit”.
)JE9U5A5+7N 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of White !o1 5estin/ in which
original( initial version of a program will undergo several changes and when the changes are incorporated in it generating several versions of it. $ach such changed version
of a program( the program is known as 9utant.Since 9utants are involved in testing it is known as 9utation +esting”.
)KE2L+A3+L+5> 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which products are
tested on the speceed environments with normal aswell as a%normal operations usuall for lon/er $urationssa 4GH1hrs just to ensure if the products are their operational perfection with sta%ilit”.
It is a tpe of testing in which one can perform testing on an application with normal as well as a%normal conditions for longer durations inorder to ensure operational availa%ilit with out an performance degradation. 3elia%ilit testing is also know as soak +esting. )ESCALA3+L+5> 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which the application
is tested with future scenarios increasing the functionlit( num%er of users etc.( just to check whether the application is scala%le without performance degradation and without
redesigning of the architecture and modication of the environment as far”.
,MESCU2+5>5S5+N: Secur!t& is dened as a mechanism that is emploed
against the application to protect the vital information from unauthori6ed access and treating agents like virus. Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which the +est
$ngineer perform various activities of the application and checks if the vital information is secure”. Some of the Securit +esting tpes are i=L7-+N SC2N 5S5+N:
+he +est $ngineer with the @og-inn screen checks if the valid user is a%le to access the vital information whereas the invalid user should not %e a%le to do that. ii=+LLAAL ACCSS W+5" U2L:
+he +est $ngineer tries to cheDk if the we% page can %e accessed straight awa with the U2L without @og-In and ensures the securit. iii=0+2 WALL 5S5+N: F!re#"ll is the means of securit mechanism which is
usuall emploed against servers( the +est $ngineer checks the rewall funcitonalit and ensures it is working as per the
protocol as dened for it( ultimatel ensures securit for the sstem. "euristic 5estin/:-
+his is a tpe of testing in which one can perform testing on an application with speciall >repared check list %ased on the past eDperience to make sure that the application Is working ne in all those areas also. ,)EAD"7C 5S5+N: Denition: “It is the tpe of testing in which random"free
stle testing is performed on an application without using the +est &ase 0ocument unlike formal testing( inorder to cover the uncovered testa%le functional areas in the +est &ase 0ocument and to provide a%solute coverage for the testing”.
and impliment %oth the practices of Bormal +esting and Informal +esting i.e.
W"N D7 >7U S57# 5S5+N?
+esting can %e stopped in the following two tpes(
iSuccessful Stopping iiAnsuccessful Stopping i=SUCCSS0UL S57##+N:
Asuall the +est $ngineer once the satisf with their testing the can stop testing successfull.+he +est $ngineer once the complete formal testing aswell as
7nce the module is developed it will %e sent to the +est $ngineer for the sake of testing. If much of the funcitonalit is not availa%le( it is not usa%le and hence it cannot %e testa%le. Note G #owever the testing is a never ending process as the
ideal perfection cannot %e attained.
"7W
57
CA22>
7N
5S5+N
#27CSS
W+5"
A
S52A5>?
In order to make sure that the product is associated with a%solute qualit( testing 0epartment emploed a sstematic( scientic accomplishment of the testing task interms of Software 5estin/ Life Cycle S5LC=.
- +est >lanning -+est 0esigning " 0evelopment -+est $Decution
-3esult
)=5S5 #LANN+N: a*Why 5est #lannin/?
It is dened as the stratigic document that descri%es how to carr on testing on an application aCectivel(eEcientl with an atmost optimi6ation to ensure qualitative outcome of testing and to make sure that the product is qualitative. c*3y Whom 5estin/ +s Loo;e$ After?
+he Te*t Pl"n Document is prepared either % Quality Lea$ or Quality 9ana/er.
>roject >lan which is prepared % >roject 9anager will %e the Input 0ocument " 'ase 0ocument for
the +est >lan
0ocument. Note
L
5est
Case
Document
is
a
Proect
Le$el
Document whereas the documents like Quality #olicy Document( 5est #rocess Document etc.( are Or+"n!*e. Le$el Document . $*Contents 7f 5est #lan?
+he +est >lan +emplate contains the following elds so as that the specic information can %e given to them depending upon the project( -7%jective " Scope of the +est >lan -lanning -Scheduling -+est Strateg -+est 0elivera%les -+esting +erminolog and 0efect 9etriD denition -lan -0etails of
,=5S5 DS+N+N%5S5 DVL7#9N5 :
+his
phase
is
meant
for
preparation
of
5est
Case
Document 5CD. +he importance of +est &ase 0ocument is
that it provides the following for the testing eCort i>lanning the +esting
5em&late for 5est Case Document: -5est 7!.ecti(e % Sco&e:
+his eld contains the areas of the functionalities that are tested with the help of the +est &ase 0ocument.
+his eld contains the information of the situation in which the testing can %e done. In other words( it descri%es the situation in which the +est &ase 0ocument can %e e6ecuted to test the specic functionalit. -5est #roce$ure:
+he testing can %e done on an specic funcitonalit in three was.
to %e tested with U+ testin/( #ositi(e testin/ and
Ne/ati(e testin/ with the help of =AI test cases( positive
test cases and negative test cases respectivel. #ence this strateg is adopted as a +est >rocedure in almost all the organisations to test an functionalit. -5est Cases:
+he +est $ngineer can derive the num%er of =AI +est &ases( >ositive +est &ases and num%er of Begative +est &ases wuth the
help
of
functional
knowledge
of
an
application(
guidelines for writing test cases( techniques that are used for creating the test cases etc.( and format the entire test cases in a ta%ular fomat under the classication of =AI( >ositive Begative respectivel. -5est Data:
It is dened as a set of sample data which is used where ever specic test cases are eDucted to test specic functionalit of an application. Asuall this test data will %e made availa%le in the +est &ase 0ocument interms of the 0ata +a%les. Note G +he +est 0ata +a%les are made availa%le in the +est
&ase 0ocument through the #perlinks provided in the +est &ase itself for eas reference and access.
=5S5 CU5+7N:
+his phase is meant for eDecuting " implimenting the test design. In other words the +est &ase 0ocument prepared in
the the prvi prvious ous phas phase e is eDecut ecuted ed in this this phas phase. e. )hil )hile e +est est $Decution the +est $ngineer does the following activities -Im -Impli plimenta entattion ion " $Dec $Decut utio ion n of the +est est &a &ase ses s on the the application window -7%servation of the responses of the application -Bot -Bot
just just
o%se o%serv rvat atio ion( n(
%ut %ut
recor ecordi ding ng"d "doc ocum umen enti ting ng
the the
o%servations.
4=2SUL5 ANAL>S+S:
Soon Soon afte afterr test est eDecut ecutio ion n and the the o%s o%ser erva vati tion on of the responses of the application( the +est $ngineer will conclude the test results under the process known as
2esult
Analysis. In this process the eDpected value matched( the
test result is concluded as
66#ASS66 S66
and if the are
mism mismat atch ched ed the the re resul sultt is 660A+L66* #ence the test result is alwas interms of either pass or fail.
1&ecte$ Value:
“It is dened as the eDpected %ehavior of an application. In othe otherr wor ord ds it is the the %ehav ehaviiour our that that an appl applic icat atiion is supposed to have as a s per the requirements”. requirements”.
Actual Value:
“It is dened as actual %ehaviour of an application( in other words
it
is
the
%ehaviour
actuall
eDecuted
%
the
application”.
H=3U 52AC8+N:
Soon Soon aft after the the result sult anal anals sis is(( all all the el eld case ases ar are e considered to %e the 663US66. +hese 'ugs are to %e tracked in
a
seperate
document
known
as
Defe Defect ct
#ro #role le
0ocumentD#D. #ence 0>0 is outcome of the 'ug +racking phase.
I=2#725+N:
In this phase( the 0>0 prepared in the previous phase will %e sent"reported to the development team % the +est $ngineer for the purpose of Defect
rfequired( inorder to let them know the status of testing and sta%ilit of functionalit.
5est Case Desi/n Document 9o$el:
+est&as +est&as +est&ase +est&ase $Dpect riorit 3eferen eM
0escripti ed
al
on
,alu
,alue
lt
t
ce
e
5est Case Num!er:
It is an unique Id for the test case inorder to refer"access it easil( whenever the situation denies. 5est Case Descri&tion:
+his eld descri%es the activities that are to %e carried on while testing is done. Asuall the test cases must %e drafted interms of instructions rather than statements. 1&ecte$ Value:
It is an eDpected %ehaviour that should %e detailed in this section ( which is usuall eDtracted from requirements. Note G Asuall %e adopted %efore testing. Actual Value:
It is the actual %ehaviour of an application that can %e o%served and recorded in this eld while testing. 2esult:
0epending upon matching or dismatching %etween the $Dpected ,alue and
Se(erity:
+his eld eDplains how impotant test case is. #riority:
0epending on Severit it denes the sequence of eDecution of the test cases when there is a tight schedule. 2eference:
+his eld contains the information of usuall 'usiness 0esign 0ocuments for each and ever test case indicating when the test case is genuine"legal.
2esult Analysis:
>ass or ;ail depending upon the $Dpected ,alue and
+he defects in the program are identied.
2e&ortin/:
+he failed test cases are considered to %e *'A=S* and these 'ugs must %e tracked into the 0efect >role 0ocument with the help of template which has the following elds in it -0efect Bum%er -Severit -0efect 0escription ->riorit -0efect Su%mitter -Steps to %e reproduced -0ata Su%mission -role 0ocument is prepared with multiple records of defect information. Defect:
$ver defect is maitained with unique Id for the sake of unique reference and eas access. +his unique Id is known as 0efect Bum%er. Defect Descri&tion:
)ith respect to log-in screen discused a%ove with the com%ination of valid Aser Bame and a %lank >assword( the sstem allowed the user to the home page which is not supposed to. Defect Su!mitter:
It is nothing %ut the +est $ngineer*s name who is involved in testing and who raised the defect. Defect Su!mission:
0ate on which defect is raised is noted here. 'ased on this date( a report can %e generated in which one can view the num%er of defects date wise. 9o$ule Name:
Bame of the module on which testing is performed and defect is raised. Ste&s 5o 3e 2e&ro$uce$:
+hese are nothing %ut guidelines prepared % +est $ngineer for each and ever defect that can %e helpful for developer or anone to locate ( inother words reproduce the same defect. Assi/ne$-to:
+his eld is lled with the respective developers name against each and ever defect( usuall % >roject 9anager under the rpocess known as Defect Assi/nment.
>rojectBameN9oduleBameN0ocumentBameN,ersionBo =mailN9em%ersN+&0N/. =mailN9em%ersN+&0N/.
Version Num!er:
)MP)M crore@ ,M --- ,M crore
,ersion is dened as an instance for creation. If it is a rst instance of creation it will %e alwas acknowledged as ,ersion M /. and if it is modied " added with something new( it will %e further recognised as ,ersio M 1.. #ence various versions are formed whenever something new is added to the previous version. ,ersion num%ers can %e associated with the products aswell as the documents. )hile products can have decimal version num%ering sstem depending upon the volume of the new funcitonalit added( whereas documents are maintained with integer num%ering sstem. 3uil$ Num!er:
In the process of testing and defect rectication done % the testing team and development team man a times( a developed software is released for the sake of testing. +he software in each such release is known as 63U+LD6 and each
release is identied with a unique num%er known as 'uild Bum%er. N75 G It is alwas a %est practise to continue %uild
num%ers irrespective of the new versions for the proper test metriD. Se(erity:
Severit is %asicall dened as the eDpression which indicates the degree of seriousness of the defect. Inorder to eDpress the degree of seriousness( the severit has %een classied into the following catagories( i;atal ii9ajor iii9inor ivSuggestion i= 0atal Defects : If at all the defects are associated with
navigational %lockages and non-availa%ilit of important features"o%jects"application windows are known as ;atal 0efects. $Dample!- 44 >age not ;ound $rror( O Internal Server $rror etc.( ;atal 0efect is %eing termed as 'locker( Show Stopper % various companies %ased upon their standards. ii= 9a.or Defects : If the defects are associated with wrong
functinalitieswrong funcitonalies such defects are known as 9ajor 0efects. $Dample!-
)rong
Implimentation etc.(
&alculations(
)rong
'usiness
3ule
iii=9inor Defects : In case the defects are associated with
inconsistenc( alignments( spelling issues and look P feel issues( such defects are known as 9inor 0efects. +hese defects are also known as Cosmetic Defects. Spelling
mistakes( inproper
alignment of
the o%jects(
inconsitenc among the o%jectssi6es"shapes and also of the font tpe"si6e"stle. @ook and feel issues9icroSoft Standards are not followed and Aniversal Standards are not followed. i(=Su//estion : Strictl speaking( suggestion is not a
defect. Infact it is a note given % testers to the developers inorder to add value for the application. $Dample!- Suggestion for the modication of $rror 9essages( Suggestion
for
the
implimentation
of
9icroSoft
=AI
standards"Aniversal Standards.
52+A 95+N:
)henever
an
am%itious
"controversial
situation
arises
%etween testers or developers( the 5ria/e 5eam will %e interacting with them conducting a special meeting to resolve the issue( this meeting is known as 95+N.
52+A
#riority:
It is dened as an eDpression that denes the sequence for the defects to %e rectied. In other words it is dened as a message or note % +est $ngineer to indicate what are the defects to %e considred rst( neDt( lat for the process of rectication. In oerder to dene the sequence for various severities( priorit has %een classied into the following catagories( i&ritical ii#igh iii9edium iv@ow which are % default will %e alwas associated with ;atal( 9ajor( 9inor and Suggestion respectivel.
In case defects are associated with out of scope situation though the are fatal( the will %e given least priorit as the do not come under immediate deliver with respect to deadlines. Case ii= : Low Se(erity an$ "i/h #riority
Sometimes though the issues are of minor"suggestions( the are considered to %e high prioritised defects as the are associated with implicit requirements of the customer which matters a lot from the point of customer satisfaction.
S5A5US 70 D0C5
wiceversa
in
the
processof
testing
and
defect
rectication( as it is crossing several milestones( each time it attains specic state which can %e eDpressed with specic eDpression known as 6S5A5US6 . >recisel defect will have multiple stages known as * 3U L+0-C>CL6@ which has the following statuses of defect(
a=NW%7#N:
)hen ever a defect is raised % the +est $ngineer for the rst time( he will alwasgive the status as 6New%7&en6 indicating is raised afresh( is not et dealt with developer.
!=0+D 072 2C5+0+CA5+7N:
7nce the developer accepts the defect( he will rectif it and once the defect is rectied( he will give the status to the defect as 60i1e$ 0or Verication6( indicating the defect is rectied and read for verication.
c=CL7SD:
7nce the ;iDed for ,erication is sent to +est $ngineer( on verication( if the +est $ngineer realised that the defect is reall rectied % the developer( he will assign the status as 6Close$6( indicating that this defect is not at all present in
the product.
$=2-7#N:
7n verication the +est $ngineer realises that the defect is not reall rectied properl( he will alwas assign the status as 62e-7&en6( indicating that the defect is still there in the product inspite of developers eCort for rectifing it.
e="7LD:
)hen ever the defect is raised( that is associated with alck of information( usuall such defects are not accepted % the developers.It is %ecause with eDisting information( one can neither call it as defect nor not a defect. In this situation the developer assigns the status known as 6"ol$6.
f=AS #2 DS+N:
In case the hast implimentation of the requirements without the intimation of +est $ngineer there is alwas a possi%ilit that the $Dpected ,alue will not match the
known
as
6As
#er
Desi/n6 (
indicating
the
understand
the
functionalit is as per the requirements.
/=5S526S 2272:
In
case
the
+est
$ngineer
does
not
requirement properl( hter is a possi%ilit of creating wrong test case to perform wrong testing and there % result is wrong defect. +hese wrog defects are not accepted % the developer and he will assign a status known as 65ester6s rror6( indicating testing is not done properl.
3U 2#725+N:
a=3uil$ 2elase #rocess:
Soon after the developers develop the Source &odeS& it will %e checked into the Common 2e&ositoryit is the
common storage place which can %e shared % >roject +eam mem%ers= so that the +est $ngineer can download the same interms of a 63U+LD6 for the process of testing. +his downloading process is called 6Chec;-7ut6.Asuall( when the 'uild is checked-in it will alwas %e associated with a tag name of the %uild is to identif the %uild uniquel( given as per the conventions of the compan. +his is how the 'uild in othert words( Co$e 3ase is released to the +esting +eam along with all required necessar documents such as De&loyment Document etc.(
If it is a &lient Server application( 66 form is released and if it is a )e% Server application( 6U2L6 will %e supplied to the +est $ngineer for testing.
!=3U 3ASD 2#725+N #27CSS:
0epending upon the wa the 'ugs are reported in an organisation( it has %een classied into three following three catagories which are evolved pronologicall( over a period of time.
i=Classic !u/ re&otin/ #rocess:
In this process the +est $ngineers create individual 0efect >role 0ocument that are sent to the Qualit @ead for the process
of
consolidation.
sump"com%ine
all
defects(
+he
Qualit
elimination
of
consolidates duplication(
ensuarance of information( evaluation of information etc( into a single document which is sent to the >roject 9anager through an $-mail as an attachment. +he >roject 9anager recieves the 0efect >role 0ocument and accoplishes the defect assignment and sends the same to individual developers for them to carr on the defect rectication process. Disa$(anta/es%Draw!ac;s:
-Bo securit for defect information -&onsolidation process( is a tedious process for the Qualit @ead -Bo provision for development team to look onto the status of the testing and defect information( while the testing is carried on
ii=2e&ository 3ase$ 3u/ 2e&ortin/ #rocess:
In order to provide securit for the defect information( &ommon 3epositor is introduced in an organisaton which plas important role in the 'ug 3eporting >rocess.
individual
0>0s
are
collected
%
Qualit
@ead(
consolidated into a single document and will not %e sent as an attachment with an $-mail %ut is kept in the &ommon 3epositor. +he same is intimated to >roject 9anager through an $-mail( eventuall >roject 9anager logs into it(
access it and performs defect assignment and the document is distri%uted among developers for rectication. )ith this the scurit is maintained leaving rest of the draw%acks un-addressed.
c=5ool 3ase$ 3u/ 2e&ortin/ #rocess:
In order to make the %ug reporting process more eCective and nullif all the a%ove mentioned draw%acks( this process has %een introduced in which %ug tracking tool plas a vital role. 0s %ut the enter all the defects into the &ommon 0>0 template provided % %ug tracker which is made
availa%le
in
the
&ommon
3epositor.
#ence
consolidation is done automaticall and also the >roject 9anager
can
accomplish
defect
assignment
process
simultaneousl. Bot onl that( the developers will %e a%le to look into defect information while testing is carried on simultaneousl. #ence this process is considered eCective and optimised since all the draw%acks are nullied.
UN+5 ++ G QUAL+5> S5ANDA2DS
Qu"l!t& St"n."r.*:
Qualit Standards are dened as the guide lines for an organisation inorder to guide each and ever task that is accomplished in an organisation to ensure that the task is completed eCectivel( eEcientl with an atmost optimi6ation to produce qualitative outcome( ultimatel to ensure qualit product in the end.
A.oc Proce**:
In case an organisation is said to %e following its own guidelines( these guidelines are known as rocess.
Asuall the qualit standards are prepared % the team of eDperts after careful evaluation and customisation to the present trends of the industr. #ence it is not prepared % individuals( %ut % the group of eDperts. $ver Qualit Standard will have its own respective place of origin.
A**e*ment Proce** of "n Or+"n!*"t!on:
+he organisation usuall gets the certication provided it followed the respective guidelines and must %e in the prole of matching
with
the
criteria
that is
considered
for
certication. 7nce the organisation attains this prole( the invite A**e*ment Te"m )em4er A59 for the sake of assesment and evaluation.
signal comes( the organisation will %e issued certicate which inturn provides recognition in the market which can %e treated as a vital factor for the suvival.
Qu"l!t& A**u"r"nce6QA7 Im%lement"t!on:
Qualit
implementation means( implementation of the
sstem in such a wa the respective roles involved in respective tasks must accomplish then % following the guidelines dened % the Qualit Standards. In case Qualit
implementation
is
%iasedpartial
implementation there is ever possi%ilit for re-engineering that eventuall aCects the cost. #ence it is alwas a %etter practise for an organisation to follow Qualit Standards and to implement monitor and evaluation sstem for each and ever phase of S0@& for qulitative project development.
5>#S 70 QUAL+5> S5ANDA2DS
+here are various tpes of Qualit Standards availa%le in the market to guide the organisation so as to produce qualit products( out of which the following are considered to %e most wanted and widel used qualit standards.
i=+S7 Stan$ar$s MM):,MMM= +S7 +nternational 7rganisation for Standardisation MM) Qualit num%er or Serial Bum%er indicating the tpe
of organisation with specic o%jectives and responsi%ilities ,MMM Rear in which the standards has %een introduced
"istory of +S7 Stan$ar$s:
0uring
'ritish
regiem(
the
started
encouraging
the
industries to produce qualit products. Inorder to make them qualit product the started giving a set of guidelines. )ith these guidelines the qualit production was possi%le and the 'ritish =overnment started impoting the qualit porducts. $ventuall the guidelines used % the industries has %ecome IS7 Standards that are followed % the organisations toda in the market. #ence IS7 Standards are considered to %e $uropean Standards as the are originated from $urope.
5>#S 70 QUAL+5> S5ANDA2DS
+here are various tpes of qualit standards in the market to guide the organisation so as to produce qualit products( out of which the following are considered to %e most wanted and widel used qualit standards. iIS7 Standards ii&99 @evels iiiSiD Sigma Standards
)* +S7 Stan$ar$s:MM):,MMM= +S7 K +nternational 7rganisation for Standardisation MM) G Qualit num%er ot Serial num%er indicating the tpe
of
the
organisation
with
specec
o%jectives
and
responsi%ilities ,MMM G Rear in ehich the standards has %een introduced
2!*tor& of ISO St"n."r.*
0uring
'ritish
regiem(
the
started
encouraging
the
industries to produce qualit products. In order to make them
qualit
products(
the
started
giving
a
set
of
guidelines. )ith these guidelines the qualit production was possi%le and the 'ritish =overnment started importing the qualit products. $ventuall( the guidelines used % the industries has %ecome IS7 Standards that are followed % the organisations toda in the market. #ence IS7 Standards
are considered to %e $uropean Standards as the are originated from $urope.
T&%e* of ISO St"n."r.*:
0epending upon the o%jectives( responsi%ilities and the activities that are happened in an organi6ation( the following tpes of IS7 Standards 6re classied. +he are i.
IS7 ! ii IS7 ! / iiiIS7 ! 1 iv IS7 ! 2 v IS7 ! 4
i=+S7:MMM
In casew a set of new *9$BA* like( non- detailed guidelines are followed % usuall start-up comp6nies or immetured companies
inorder
to
regularise
their
activities(
such
guidelines are said to %e falling under IS7! standards and the organisations if at all the are to %e certied( the will %e as certied as IS7! &ompanies.
ii=+S7:MM)
+his tpe of standards has %een drned with a set of guidelines that are capa%le of guiding the activities like plannin"designing(
production"development(
testing(
marketing ( service and maintanace to ensure productivit in the work to assure qualit product in the end. +hese
guidelines are usuall detailed once for guiding the the organisation in an aCective wa. In case such full pledged organisations are to %e certied( the are certied with IS7!/.
iii=+S7:MM,
+his standard is dened with a set of guidelines that are capa%le of guiding almost all activities that of IS7!/ aDcept “plannning*. ;or planning these organisations seek the help of IS7!/ companies. Such companies fall under the categor IS7!1 and %e certied accordingl.
i(=+S7:MM
It is dened with a set of guidelines that are capa%le of guiding the organisations where in there are onl +esting and Qualit
categor
IS7!2
and
can
e%
certied
with
accordingl.
(=+S7:MM4
+his standard is dened with guidelines that are used for guiding the organisations with eDclusive responsi%ilities like 3esearch
P
0evelopment
and
continual
improvements"renments.
Such
3esearch
oriented
organisations are certied as IS7!4 companies.
IS7 standards in in a nutshellprecisel( -IS7 standards are dened interms of diCerent tpes whereas each tpe is unique and isolated from each other that is the reason wh a single organisation can have multiple IS7 certications . -+hese standards are applica%le for %oth I+ and Bon-I+ industries -7n evaluation of the organisations( the coformation of the compan proles is done with the process known as *&ertication*.
,* C99 Le(els: )"tur!t& of C))
&99 standard is highl matured in guiding the organisations in such a wa that it guides the smallest tasks with the appropriate process to ensure proper accomplishment of the task and consequentl to assure qualit production. *>rocess* is dened as the frame work that can guide amllest task to %e accomplished eCectivel( eEcientl with an atmost optimisation to produce qualitative outcome.
2!*tor& of C))
< group of Aniversti students in Anited States formed an organisation S+ Software n/ineerin/ +nstitute and did research on maturit of the organisations( ultimatel developed a ve level model known as C99 Ca&a!ility 9aturity 9o$el. #ence this model sometimes refered to
as S+-C99..
Le(els of C99:
i=+nitial Le(el:
+his level of &99 is dened with the following guidelines onorder to guide initial( tart-up and immetured organisations inorder to rene and regularise their activities -&ompanies can follow their own guidelines -+hese companies must have a strong team +hough the are allowed to follow their own guidelines if the team is strong( it ensures proper accoplishment of the task. Such organisations fall under Intial @evel and are assesed as &99-/ companies. ii=2e&eata!le Le(el:
+his level of &99 denes the following guidelines to ensure ever task that is accoplished is proper and also the
important tasks are done productivel and prota%l without re-investment of resources like time( mone and eCort. -$ver task must %e guided properl with appropriate set of instructions -+he ke processes must %e repeata%le Such organisations fall under 3epeatavle @evel and are assesed as &99-1 companies.
iii=Dene$ Le(el:
+his level is dened with the following guidelines( a7%jective $vidence$ver task must have a goal or purpose and the evidence is alwas associated with result of the task. %
with
a
specic
guidelines
without
an
reservation. c
are
happening
interms
of
documentation.
0ocumentation has the advantage that one can assess the past or present from it and %e productive and optimi6ed for the future.
+he organisations which follow the a%ove guidelines fall under the categor dened and %e assesed as &99-2 level companies.
i(=9ana/e$ Le(el:
+his level denes the guidelines for 69etrics6 apart from guidelines for all the optimi6ed procedures that happen in the previous levels. 952+CS G is considered to %e the science of measurement
and is dened as quantication of the o%jective criteria. It %asicall measures"quanties a specic task to have clarit over it to evaluate if the task os prota%le and productive so as to ensure qualit production in the end. In case an organisation follows 9etrics that will come under 9anaged @evel and %e assesed with &99-4.
(=7&timie$ Le(el:
+his level is dened with the guidelines for 3esearch and 0evelopment(and continual improvement activities apart from all the rest of the activities that are happening in an organisation. Such companies fall under 7ptimi6ed level and are assesed as &99-O companies.
C99i G @evel companies not onl focus on qualitative
Software
production
%ut
also
the
ensure
qualitative
#ardware for doing it. )here 6i6 stands for Integration.
C99# or #C99 G +his level companies focus upon the
factor #7#L. +he think that if the people are happ( the do productive work which inturn porvides qualit to the product. #ence( usuall lots of %enets are provided for people in such organisations.
<%out &99 in a But-shell( -&99 standards are dened interms of various levels a single organisation cannot have multiple assesments of &99 -
*S+ S+9A S5ANDA2DS:
>recisel( nature of SiD Sigma can %e understood interms of the following factors(
i=9ulti&le Cycles of #ro$uction:
SiD Sigma implementation is associated with repeatative multiple ccles of production. +his repeatative porduction though its costl aCair( is performed for sake of renement of the process so as to produce the a%solute qualitative product in the end.
ii=ra&h #a/e$ +m&lementation:
this
process
is
also
known
to
%e
as
=raph
>aged"=raph 7rientation Implementaiton. ;rom the =raph( the following points are o%served( a7ne can understand the level of qualit maintained at a specic levelof production. %7ne can understand when to stop production with respect to +reshold value.
S!0-S!+m" L!fe C&cle8
In order to implement SiD Sigma process aCectivel in an organisation( usuall it adopts a scientic procedure known as SiD Sigma @ife &cle which has the following phases in it. iDene ii9easure iii Analse iv+mprove vVerif
i=Dene:
Initiall %efore production( in this phase one will dene the targets for production. In other words( the %ench marks and eDpected results are dened in this phase. 7nce the targets are dened( the initial production ccle %egins.
ii=9easure:
+his phase is meant for meauring the products. In other words( the production that is happened in the 0ene phase must %e carefullchecked for the dened requirements if the are reall jistied in the product. 7nce measurement is done( one can realise that the product is deviated with respect to some requirements.
iii=Analyse:
+his phase is meant for analsing the deviation occured. In other words( one can nd out root causes for deviation to happen in the production.
i(=+m&ro(e:
7nce the production is done with rened process( one has to verif the latest production for the following aspects. i.
+o check if the rened process has to got an eCect interms of renement of the production
ii.
+o check of the product justies the %asic requirements
production
continues( renement
is increased
simultaneousl( the grph is modied in such a wa that the two legs of graph trvel towards each other. )hen graph is spanned over siD units on T-aDis( one can stop the production without an hesitation as the equivalent qualit is .H2J( which is almost /J. Since graph stands over siD units for /J( known as SiD Sigma =raph and the standards are reCered to as SiD Sigma Standards.
SiD Sigma equivalent in Software production is 2.4 0>970efects >er 9illion
7ppurtunities.
In other
words( onl 2.4 defects must %e present with one million oppurtunities"possi%ilities of testin the product. #ence practicall which is equal to J defect free( in other words( /J qualit.
A$(anta/es of Quality Stan$ar$s: a=5rans&erancy:-
!=Desci&line:
+he qualit stndards followed in the industr will insist the specic roles to do the specic assigned tasks onl as per the schedule without an slippages. #ence( descipline can %e understood interms of specic tasks accomplished % specic roles within the specic deadlines. #ence qualit standards in a wa esta%lish descipline in the organisation.
c=Customer Satisfaction an$ Customer Com&laints:
)ith
the
trasperanc
and descipline
increase
in
the
organisation( the end result will %e alwas qualitative which needness to sa gives satisfaction to the customer. )ith increased customer satisfaction the tendenc of complaints from customer is drasticall reduced.
$=(ery Sta/e /ets 7&timie$:
+he qualit standards makes each and ever stage " milestone optimi6ed. In other words the alwas tr to reduce the input for the task interms of eCort( mone and time.
achieved
to
the
%est
with
qualit
standards
implementation. e=2e-n/ineerin/:
'ecause of qualit standards right from the %eginning( all the phases are guided propel there is a less possi%ilit for re-doing the work. #ence the re-engineering is drasticall reduced as a result of qualit standards.
Te*t En+!neer5* C"r"cter!*t!c*:
/.Qualit oriented mind setup 1.+est-to-'reak attitude 2.+actful and diplomatic nature
4.9ust have good &ommunication skills and 0rafting skills O.9ust %e creative and must have the a%ilit to ensure the applicationintruture U.If having programming knowledge( it is a plus( %ut not a mandator.
#owever
must
have
+nternal
Structural
8 nowledgeIS? i.e.( 0esign and $nvironmental
H.9ust have good judgement skills iSeverit and >riorit 5udgement ii5udgement call 9u.+ement C"ll G It is dened as an attitude of %eing
initiative to start the work without an%od telling for the good of the organisation especiall to sa the resources like time( mone and eCort. Such nature of the role is appreciated and encouraged % the industr and ultimatel it will %e acknowledged that inturn helps the role to grow in the organisation on all aspects.
'"&* of Te*t!n+:
+esting can %e carried out in the following two was depending upon how it is carred over(
i=9anual 5estin/:
It is dened as the wa of testing in which one can carr on the tasks of S0@& like +est >lanning( +est 0esign( +est
$Decution( 3esult
1. 9ore time consuming 2. 9ore tedious process 4.
ii=Automate$ 5estin/:
It is another wa of testing in which the draw%acks of 9anual +esting are addressed and nullied eCectivel( speed and accurac are provided for the eDisting testing sstem. Asuall
1.+ool is a software component and reduces time 2.Bot a tedious process 4.3ende6vousren-de-vuKmeeting point actions are done simultaneousl
O.+ool has resording mechanism and % which testing can %e repeated easil an num%er of times U.Bo chance of human errors( as it is done % the sstemsoftware:hardware
Note G
+esting. In fact 9anual testing is mandator and done rst on application( then onl
Are"* #ere Autom"t!on te*t!n+ c"n 4e A%%l!e. ? a.+he areas where in tedious and compleD tasks are present
and wherever there is scope of time consumption for such activiteis
several
times(
that
is
where
+esting
is
usedRe+re**!on Te*t!n+ c*)henever @oad testing( >erformance testing and Stress
testing is to %e conducted( the
documentation
can
%e
automated
corresponding readmade template
%
providing
the
D!*".$"nt"+e*: a.+he automated tools are quite eDpensive that onl few
companies can aCord to %u it. !.In
order
to
operate
tools
successivel
and
proper
implementation of the tool( perfect eDpertisation is required professionals are required c.If automation is not done properl there is ever risk that it
consumes multiple time 6ones of manual testing time $.It has a limitation that it cannot cover all the aspects of an
application from the point of testingseveral tools are to %e purchased for several features to %e tested which is a costl aCair
UN+5 +++ - 529+N7L7>
)* Defect #ro$uct: Denition: In case in an product there is a non-
conformancone or more requirements are not dened and if the are functionall 7?though some requirements are not justied( functionalit is not aCected these products are referred to as Defect Pro.uct*:.
0efect >roducts are used % customers as the functionalit is availa%le
though
the
are
non-conformanced
to
the
requirements.
,* Defecti(e #ro$ucts: Denition: +he products in which non-conformanc is
present and the presence of defect is so severe that the functionalit is aCected( such products are known as Defect!$e Pro.uct*.
&ustomers will never use the 0efective >roducts.
* Quality AssuaranceQA=: Denition: “It is the process in which 3oles and their
resposi%ilities are guided aswell as monitored inorder to make sure that the responsi%ilities"tasks are accomplished as per the guidelines provided % Qualit Standards( to ensure proper accoplishment and to assure qualit in the end”.
4* Quality Control: Denition: “It is dened as the process in which audits and
inspections are performed on the 3oles( 0epartments and their responsi%ilities to segregate %ad process from the good one( ultimatel to cotrol qualit of the product”.
Note - +esting is a validation process that checks the
product. Qualit &ontrol is also the process of checking that is connected with product aswell as process. #ence +esting %elongs to Qualit &ontrol rather than Qualit
H* +ns&ection: Denition: “It is the process of checking conducted on the
3oles( departments and responsi%ilities without an prior intimation”. Inspection process ma question the 3oles for which the 3oles must su%mit the answers interms of several details. Inspection
process
ultimatel
prepares
an
In*%ect!on
Re%ort that can %e su%mitted to the high level management
to let them know the status.
I*Au$its: Denition: “It is also a process of checking conducted on
3oles and 0epartments with prior intimation well in advance ao that the respective 3oles are read with the reqired information”. Asuall
I*)* +nternal Au$its:
Denition: It is the tpe of
&ontrol professionals and the Au.!t Re%ort prepared % them us sent to the high level management”.
I*,* 1ternal Au$its: Denition: “It is the tpe of
professionals to evaluate the status of the compan and the Au.!t Re%ort* usuall uused for eDternal puposes like
certication etc.(”.
J* #rocess Violation: Denition: “It is dened as an act of violation"dis-o%eing
the process guidelines dened % the Qualit Standards for the organisation”.
K* Non-Conformancy 2aise$NC2=: Denition: “It is dened as a penalit for the 3oles who are
found violating the process”. It is not advisa%le for an 3ole to get B&3s in his *tenure*.
* Correcti(e Action:
Denition: “It is the process in which mistakes that are
associated with the process are repaired"corrected”. )M* #re(enti(e Ation: Denition: “It is the process in which due to irrepaira%le
mistakes(
the
3oles
who
are
involved
in
respective
responsi%ilities are cosidered for qualit process oriented training sessions to give them awareness and the education not to repeat such mistakes in future”.
))* Sli&&a/e: Denition: “It is dened as the eDtra time that is consumed
% a specic task when compared to the plan time”. 9athematicall( Sli&&a/e Actual 5ime - #lan 5ime provided A5 E #5
Slippage has a >ositive value.
),* Software Conrmation 9ana/ementSC9=: Denition: “It is %asicall a mechanism or a process that
can manage the requirement changes that keep coming from the customer for the implementation”. Software
&onguration
9anagement
is
administered with the help of the following factors(
eCectivel
),*)Chan/e Control: Denition:
“It
is
the
process
in
which
the
change
requirements that are implemented in the product will also %e updated and documented in the respective documents”. In other words( when ever a product is modied( the modied information has to %e reFected in the respective documents. +he purpose of &hange &ontrol is to ensure that the documents are in snc with the product at an point of time. ),*,Version Control: Denition: “It is the process in which naming convention
and
version
num%ers
are
dened
for
the
change
documents”. +he purpose of ,ersion &ontrol is to maitain the changed information chronologicall and sstematicall so that an version document can %e identied and access them easil and quickl.
)* 9an/ement 2e&resentati(e 9ana/ement929=:
Denition: “It is %asicall a meeting in which usuall #ead
7f 7perations"77 will address the emploees to discuss the status of the compan”. +he following things are discussed in the 9anagement 3epresentative 9eeting( a =rowth rate of the compan %oth in stregth and
technolog. ! ;inancial status of the compan c >rojects that are in *pipeline* $ Internal
)4* #erio$ic #ro.ect 9eetin/##9=: Denition: “+his is %asicall a meeting conducted with
#ead 7f 7perations"77
and >roject
team with
an
intension to discuss the status of the project and is conducted periodicall and hence known as
Per!o.!c
Proect )eet!n+”.
+he following things are discussed in the >eriodic >roject 9eeting##9(
a +he percentage cmpletion and percentage incopletion of
the project ! +he details of the responsi%ilities accomplished( 3oles
involved and the scheduling c +he Slippages if at all an and the causes for it $ +he total num%er of defects raised in the cae of testing
and defect metrics e #3 and technical issues f Individual achievements acknoledgement
)H* #erio$ic #ro.ect 9ana/ement##9=: Denition: “It is deined as a document %asicall prepared
% Qualit @ead on %ehalf of +esting team or % >roject 9anager on %ehalf of 0evelopment team with all the project status information like responsi%ilities( roles involved( task schedule details( slippage"variants information and the productivit details( and is sent to 6"776 well in advance to let him know the status of the project”.
)I* 9atri1: Denition: “It is %asicall dened as the process in which if
at all an am%iquit"controvers comes with respect to an point of information( the 3ole must %e a%le to trace %ack to
all the relevant %ase documents to show the proof with them since it is traced %ack to the *parent documents*”. 9atriD is also reCered to as 6Cross 2eference 9atri16 In other words( the main purpose of the matriD is to ensure snc with respect to the information and is made availa%le in the same wa in several documents.
)J* 3ench 9ar;: Denition: “It is dened as the standards against which
things are compared in the process of determination of the qualit”.
)K* #roto 5y&e: Denition: “It is dened as the rapidl developed model of
the project that is prepared in the initial stages itself to demonstrate to the customer”( for the following purposes( a+o nalise"free6e the requirements ! +o show that this is how it will look like in the
futurepreview
c+o win condence and credi%ilit of the customer
)* 2elease: Denition: “It is the process in which the development
module is sent to the testing department for the sake of testing and this process is known as Rele"*e”.
,M* Deli(ery: Denition: “7nce the product is tested( it will %e certied
and is sent to the customer for the sake of testing. +his sending process is known as Del!$er& ”. ,)* Software 2elease NoteS2N=: Denition: “It is %asicall a document prepared % >roject
9anager and is sent to the testing department along with the module release”. +he Software 3elease Bote contains known issues( useful information for testing and test data. Note G +est 0ata %aicall has to %e prepared % the +est
$ngineer and sometimes it ma %e provided % Software Qualit 9anager " >roject 9anager or even % the &ustomer.
,,* Software Deli(ery NoteSDN=:
Denition: “It is %asicall a document prepared % Qualit
@ead and is sent from testing department to customer along with the product delivered”. +he Software 0eliver Bote contains known issues and some useful information for the usage of the product.
,* 2e(iew: Denition: “It is dened as the process in which dependimg
upon the 3ole involved and the o%jective with which it is carried on( either 6stu$y6 or 6chec;in/6 usuall happens on the documents”.
,4* 2e(iew 2e&ort: Denition: “It is %asicall a document prepared % the
reviewer+est $ngineer as an outcaome of the 3eview process”. +he 3eview 3eport document contains either the set of questions for which clarications are required or the review comments and suggestions like dos and nos depending upon the role involved and the o%jective with which the review is done.
,H* #eer 2e(iew:
Denition: “It is dened as the process in which the authors
eDchange their documents for the sake of review in order to rene the documents ultimatel”.
,I* Wal; 5hrou/h: Denition: “It is the process in which documents or the
accomplished work will undergo a %rief stud”. In other words( one can walk through the documents inorder to have a overall idea a%out the information present in the documents. ,J* Co$e Wal; 5hrou/h: Denition: “It is dened as the process in which Souce
&ode 0ocument is checked for coding standards if the are reall justied in the document”.
,K* Co$e 2e(iew: Denition: “It is the process in which a logic of the Source
&ode
0ocument(
program
parameters
like
conditions(
%ranching and preparative parameters are checked”.
,* Co$e 7&timisation:
Denition: “It is the process in which the num%er of lines of
code and the compleDit of code are decreased inorder to increase the performance tramendousl”. +his process is reCered to as 60ine 5unin/6 .
M* Chan/e 2e'uest: Denition: “It is an oEcial " formal procedure in which the
proposed changes with respect to requirements are sent % the customers to the development team”.
)* +m&act Analysis: Denition: “It is the process of analsis done % the >roject
9anager to determine the impact on the alread developed project in case the proposed &hange 3equest is accepted and implemented at the point of time”. If the impact is more over the threshold value( the &hange 3equest is mostl not accepted at the point of time and if the impact is lesser than the threshold value( the &hange 3equest can %e accepted.
,* Wor; Aroun$: Denition: “It is dened as an alternative solution for an
role whose work Fow is o%structed due to some reason
inorder to keep going further and complete the work some how”.
* "ar$ Co$in/: Denition: “It is dened as the presence of constant values
in the program that takes awa the dnamic nature of it and allows the program to eDhi%it alwas a constant nature inspite of the dnamic inputs”. +he +est $ngineer must %e sensitive towards #ard &oding issues and make sure that these defects are rectied as soon as possi%le as the are usuall considered as ;atal 0efects.
4* Share #oint % Visual Source S&aceVSS= % Control Version SyatemCVS=:
+hese are the tools which are frequentl used % the organisations for the following two purposes( -As a Common 2e&ository
+hese tools are capa%le of creating the storage place for the project information thaat can %e commonl shared among the project team mem%ers. +hese tools will provide a sstematic software stucture that allows the user to create several folders inorder to keep the respective information. -As Software Co/uration 9ana/ement 5oolsSC9=:
+hese
tools
are
used
for
implementing
S&9
tool
automaticall in such a wa that when ever modication happens( unique version num%ers are created for the documents for eas and quick reference.
H* Chec;-+n: Denition: “It is the process in which the authors soon after
creation of documents( the are uploaded to the &ommon 3epositor so as to make them availa%le for the relevant project team mem%ers”.
I* Chec;-7ut: Denition: “It is the process in which the author downloads
the documentsremoves from &ommon 3epositor and moves the same to the local machine for the sake of modication”.
J* 3aseline: Denition: “It is dened as the process in which the author
eDplicitl intimate all other relevant users through some notation indicating the preparation of the documentation is completed and the information in the document is nali6ed”.
K* #u!lishe$: Denition: “It is the process in which the %ase lined
documents are oEciall made availa%le for the relevant users so that the can make use of the information for their further use”.
* DemoDemonstration=: Denition: “It is a short form of 0emonstration( in which
some information or the developed functionalities are eDhi%ited
for
the
sake
of
understanding
as
well
as
acceptance”. +hese 0emos are %asicall conducted in two was.+he are(
*) +nternal Demo:
In this process( the information will %e displaed to project team mem%ers as a knowledge sharing process in order to %e productive for the upcoming project activities.
*, 1ternal Demo:
+hese
are
usuall
conducted
in
order
to
displa
to
customer*s representative"customer for the sake of the acceptance and conformation.
4M*#atch:
)hen ever the relevant %uild is o%served as untesta%le due to the non-availa%ilit of most functionalit( it will %e rejected %ack to the development team. +he developers repair the %uild in such a wa that the untesta%le %uild is made testa%le. #ence the process in which the untesta%le %uild is made testa%le in a short span of time is known as a 6#atch6 .
'uild with a >atch is usuall released to the testing department with the same %uild num%er. BBBBB