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General Steps: 1. Determine loading/draw a FBD 2. Select a temporary weld contour or weld shape 3. Determine Geometric properties [A, I, J] a. Need the throat height [h] b. Throat height should be less than half base material thickness 4. Identify critical points: find maximum secondary shear and max total she ar. 5. Select the electrode material 6. Find the allowable stress for the appropriate code 7. Find the static safety factor 8. Find the alternating and midrange stress 9. Find the material properties: Sse, Ssu, Ssy 10. Select the fatigue Criterion 11. Iterate as needed Determine Loading/Select Weld Shape: Different loading scenarios: Force that passes through the centroid of the weld (Direct Force or Axial Force): - Primary shear only, evenly distributed
Force that does not pass through the weld centroid (Direct Force and a Torsion/Moment): Torsion/Moment): - Primary shear that is evenly distributed - Secondary shear that varies depending on distance from the centroid. Stress is perpendicular to the line from the centroid to that point.
Torsion: the bending moment causes the weld to undergo torsion.
Bending: the bending moment causes the weld to also bend.
Determine Loading/Select Weld Shape continued: Different loading scenarios continued: Torsion Only: - Secondary shear only, uniform throughout entire weld
Geometric Properties: See tables 9-1 or 9-2
J
0.707 h J u
Geometric Properties continued: See tables 9-1 or 9-2
I
0.707 h I u
Calculate the loads and stresses: Primary Shear:
'
F
1.414 F
0.707 hl
hl
;
'
F
A
Divide by number of weld areas sharing this shear
Note: you must use the unit I’s and J’s (Iu and/or Ju)to find the I and J that you are interested in. You should go back to the previous section if you have no idea how to find that.
Secondary Shear [Torsion]: M
''
where r
F r Mr
Tr
J
distance from force to centroid
where r distance from centroid to point of interest
J
Secondary Shear [Moment]: M
''
F r Mr
where r
distance from force to centroid
where r distance from centroid to point of interest
I
Weld Materials: - If you cannot find the weld mater ial, assume that it has the base materials hot rolled properties. - Otherwise, use table 9-3.
Weld Code Allowable Stress: - Check table 9-4, unless told otherwise. Ge nerally, we only care about shear. If gross exam problem, select otherwise.
Static Safety Factor: - Vectorially sum all stresses:
'total
'
1
2
2
'
2
...
max
'
2
''total
'' 1
2
2
''
2
...
2
''
Note that you will likely only have one primary and one se condary shear. If you have multiple, and they act in the same direction as each other, you can add them algebraically. - Check the safety factor: n
allow
max
allow
'
2
2
''
Determine Alternating and Midrange Stresses: - Use your Fizzer prowess to figure out what alternates/changes/cycles and what rem ains constant. - Vectorially sum all the alternating stresses together and vectorially sum all the midrange stresses together. - Realistically, you will only have one midrange, and maybe one or two alternating that you have to deal with. - Find Kfs and multiply both your midrange and alternating stresses with it. (K fs from table 9-5)
m
K fs
2 2 m|1 m|2
...
a
K fs
2 2 a|1 a |2
...
Find Material Properties: - Use Table A-20 to find base mater ial properties - Use your Marin Factors to get values for Sse
S se
ka kb kc kd kek f
0.5Sut
For table, see next page. For easy, one stop shop for all yo ur Marin Factors, Shigley’s 338-339.
Select Failure Criterion: - Pick something. - One stop shop is again Shigley’s 339. - If you’re desperate, see the next page.
Find Material Properties: Table A-20
Find Material Properties: Failure Criterion:
Iterate as needed: Read: Pete has been mean. Pray before continuing.