Web Technology Notes

WEB TECHNOLOGY First Edition

M. Thangavel B.E. (CSE) M.E. (CSE)

With the guidance of, R. Sujatha B.Tech (IT), M.E. (CSE)

Dedicated to, M.E. Students, Computer Science and Engineering Department, J.J. College of Engineering & Technology, Ammapettai, Poolangulathupatti (Post), Tiruchirappalli - 620 009, Tamil Nadu, India.

SYLLABUS

UNIT I

FUNDAMENTALS

Introduction – Network Concepts – Web Concepts – Internet Addresses – Retrieving Data with URL – HTML – DHTML Cascading Style Sheets – Scripting Languages Javascript – VBscript.

UNIT II

COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE

Common Gateway Interface Programming CGI Scripts – HTML Forms – Custom Database Query Scripts – Server Side Includes – Server Security Issues – XML.

UNIT III

JAVA PROGRAMMING

Java Fundamentals Classes – Inheritance – Packages – Interfaces – Exceptions Handling – Multi threading – Applets.

UNIT IV

SERVER SIDE PROGRAMMING

Server Side Programming – Active Server Pages – Java Server Pages – Java Servlets. Servlet Container – Exceptions – Sessions and Session Tracking – Using Servlet

Context

–

Dynamic

Content

Generation

–

Servlet

Chaining

and

Communications.

UNIT V

APPLICATIONS

Simple applications – Internet Commerce – Database connectivity – Online databases – EDI Applications in Business – Plug–ins – Firewalls.

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -. ***' / + G ,0 -,0- , - ,- , ;< % <- , ;<

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0 !< ;<87< ;<7H< ;< I:/<0- ,0-, 0- , ;< <- , ;<

0 !< ;<87< ;<7H< ;<" /<0- ,0-, 0- , ;< <- , ;<

0 !< ;<87< ;<7H< ;<' /<0- ,0-, 0- , ;< <- , ;<

0 !< ;<87< ;<7H< ;<( /<0- ,0-, 0- , ;< <- , ;<

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=00 <-? ,0-,0 - , -, ;<

=005 <-*5",0-,0 - , -, ;<

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< ;<+ <0- , ;< < ;< <0- , -,-( 9 ,0-

,-/9, ;<+ <- % ,0-,0- ,0 -,0 -,0 -

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< ;<+ <0-

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#$ U . +#< #$<93HH$L V #$ U W;L ## O4HH$;;H$U T;3L ;2 L

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+ #$ U #+ I ;;< " <$U + I ; .4 L L V 00. + 00 9 #+ I $ + I ;

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -" J ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 # " $ U # " $U 00 9 00+ : . #< <$ ; " L . #< <$ ; L V 00 <<9 00 . #< <$ ; L V 00- ,0 - ,0- , - ,3-" J =,03- , ;< .< ;< < ; < = L = < ; <( .<0-

<

, ;<<- ,2(+ - ,2 - , ;< # +$<- , +;<<-,0 - , +;
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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -)%J ,0 -,0- , - ,3-)%J ,03- ,2J 9- ,2 3;+39 4;+49- ,2 - , + ;< = L =347L

=4HL

=%# ;R""JJJJ$<- ,3 ;< =" 9<- AG "?IJ N'. E!, 0-%)/Z ( ,03-,0 +-, ;< < ;<6HH< ;<4HH< ;<. N I

<0- ,0 -,0 -

A

5

9 4 = ' + +

;

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -) . ,0 - , ;< : 0<- U = L % =R????AAL : = V ,0 - ,0-, - , ;<<- , - , - ,0 - , -N ,0 - ,0 - , - , -, ;<!< ; < + <0-,0 - , -, ;<!< ;< = < ;< + <0- ,0 - ,0 -

(6

, - , -1 ,0 - , -.+ ,0 - ,0 - , - , -, ;<!< ;< =: < ;<: + <0- ,0 - , -, ;<!< ;< = + < ;< + + <0- ,0 - ,0 - ,0 -,0 -,0 -

(

7

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -J ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + ? ;HL #$ U . +#< ?#$<97HH$L V ?#$ U (: (: ; <? =
=47L =3HL =# ;H9 ; $<-? =H,03-,0 -,0 -

((

'%$#- 1- $'(&'# %$#- ; 1

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -AJ ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 #$ U #<<$ ; G

+L #<<$ ; G

4+L #<<$ ; +L V 00- ,0 -,0-, - , + ;< < ;< = L

=HL =HL =# ;49 ;3HH9 ;H$<- , ;< < ;
=HL % =R""JJ""< ;<3<- , - , - #H3HH$=,0 - , -, ;< : < ;< G

< F;<5<: ;<5<+;<3HH<0-,0 - ,0 - , -

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -NJ ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + .:;3L + ;3L + ?; L + A ;X
(:

.:WWL V U #<<$ ; .:L V # .:;;3$U ?;2?L WWL #<<$ ; . # A X O8Y938$L V # .:;;3H$U ?;2?L V V 00- ,0 -,0- , ;< % =RHHAAAA<- ,3-NJ =,03- , ;<< ;< = L

=4HHL =3HHL =7L =# ; 9 ;7$L F=4<- N (: ,0- , ;<3< ;< % =R""JJ""<- , -

(<

, -" #':$,0 - , -, ;<" < ;< : < F;<8< : ;<8<+;
<+;
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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -G J ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + .:;3L + ? ;HL + ?;HL + L G #$ U . #< <$ ; #<J <$? +L . #< <$ ; #<J <$ +L

(A

. #< <$; #<J <$AG:%L V ?#$ U ; . +#< ?#$<97$L V ?#$ U #<J <$ +; .:L #<J <$? +; # ? O58H$L # .:;;57[[ .:;;H$ ?;2?L . #< <$ ; #?S .:WW= .:$L # .:;;H$ . #< <$ ; ## ? W;67$O58H$L V 00- ,0 -,0-, - , ;<J < ;<<- , ;<3< ;< % =R""JJ""<-

26

, -G ,0 - , - , -? =,0 - , -, ;H<- ,0 - , +;<357<- ,0 - , +;<3DH<- ,0 - , +;<447<-

,0 - , +;<4MH<-

,0 - , +;<537<- +

,0 - ,0 -,0 - ,0 -, - , - =,0 - , -, ;< < F;<5< ;< : < : ;<5<+;
<+;
2

, ;<4<- , ;<

<+;< < %;< ?#$L<0- , ;<

<+;< < %;< . +# $L<0-,0 - ,0 -,0 -,0 - , + ;< .< ;< = L =HL

=5HHL =HL = # ;H9 ;H9 ;H$L % = L<- , ;< < ;< < ;<<0- ,0 +-,0 -,0 -

2(

C

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -*+J ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + +/;HL #$ U . +#<+#$<97$L V +#$ U +/WWL #<+<$;+/L

22

V 00- ,0 -,0- , ;< #$L<- , ;< < ;< = L = L

=5HL =37L =+#;H9 ;39;H9 ;3H$L F=4<- ' + : ,0-,0 -,0 -

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -" ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- + ?; L + ;HL + + ;4L #$ U #< <$"#H9 9 D9 0495H9477937H947797H937$L #< <$"# 9 9D94HH95H937H9477947797H937$L #< <$"# 049 9694HH93HH94779477937H97H97H$L . +#< #$<93HH$L V #$ U WWL ## O5H$;;H$

28

?;2?L ## O3H$;;H$ + T;3L #?$U #< <$+ #H9393959H$L #< <$+ #39393959H$L #< <$+ #49+ 9H959H$L VU #< <$+ #H9393959H$L #< <$+ #39393959H$L #< <$+ #49+ 9H959H$L VV ,0 -,0- , ;< % =RHHHHHH< ;< #$<- , ;< < ;< < ;< = L = L

=47L =47< ;

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, - ( ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 #$ U : . #< ( <$#$L : . + ;<
' ?'& >$% $&'# 3 ' " >$% ' 22/ + 9 '%'>''&/ '$$; 2/

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=7HL =7HL =5HHL = ( # ;6$L F :=3< ;
25

, ;< 3< ;<D!< ;< G# $< ;< = L

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -46?'()( ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + ; X
<9 < G <9<' F G <9 <"% A <9<"% ?<9 <? +<9 < .<9< <9 < ' F .<9< ' F <9 <

?<9<

<9 < ?<9< <9 <G ' F <9<G <9 <
76

WWL # .$U 3 F.:;4L 3 + ;<+
=3HL =3HL =5HHLF :=3L+ =+ L = +( # ;49 ;H$< ;< G# $< ;
=3HL =3HL =5HHLF :=3L+ =+ L = +( # ;49 ;H$< ;< G# $< ;<.<0- , + ;< ? < ;< = L =MHL

=DH<-( H=G:.,0 +- ,0 - ,0 -

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72

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -. ? G ,0 - ,2( ! A +1 - ,2 (/AA)- ,2 + - ,2- , ! ;<" < ;<".?=555"MG"668HJ33?HG"H6HHDH"MH77AD5<- , ;
77

, ;< #$< %;< #$<- ,3-1'()" ( ,03- ,5-" % + ,05- ,-, -" =,0 - , ;< .< ;< =< ;HH<- ,0-, 0- , ;< < ;< % =L =DDDDDDL F=5H <-" ,0-,0-,0 -,0 -

'#>@(& ' @ ; = ) 1 88 (%%'$ = "; (%%'$ ' @ ' 21

F #>@(& 1 - & ?.C - %$ &

78

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -? ,0 - , ! ;<" < ;<".?=555"MG"668HJ33?HG"H6HHDH"MH77AD5<- , ;
7:

+ ;" L #$ U 3( ; NG (: L V +# ($ U # ($U < <= )+J #$L #$L %L 00. 9+ < + <= )+/ + #$L # GJ$ )+ #$L #$L %L 00. 9+ <: <= )+: #$L # IJ$ )+J #$L #$L %L < <= )+ #$L #$L %L V V 00- ,0 - , ;< : 0<- U % =%% L = L = V ,0 - ,0-

7<

, ;< % = %%% <- ,3 ;< = %< ;<3( <- 1'()" ( ,03- , ;< = L

=4HHL =4MHL = +L : = L % = %L =3H<- , -" =,0 - , ;< < ;< =< ;
<+;
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75

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -G ,0 - , ! ;<.< ;<".?=555"MG"668HJ33?HG"H6HHDH"MH77AD5<- , ;
7A

;< = +L

=67:<0-, 0- , ;<

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<+;< < %;<+#P P$L<0- ,0 -,0 -

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -? G ( ,0 - , ! ;<" < ;<".?=555"MG"668HJ33?HG"H6HHDH"MH77AD5<- , ;
86

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8

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -? G J ,0 - , ! ; L : = L =L = V U =LV U =LV ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + L #9 $ U # $ ;<
8(

/ ; WL / #$L V (: ;<" =
82

, ;< < ;< = L % =%% <-" =,0- ,0 - , - , - , -( , 0- #, %;< #P( P9 $<- A ,0- , %;< #P( P9 $<- ? ,0-$ ,0 - , -A , 0- #, %;< #PA P9 $<- A ,0- , %;< #PA P9 $<- ? ,0-$ ,0 - , -" , 0- #, %;< #P" P9 $<- A ,0- , %;< #P" P9 $<- ? ,0-$ ,0 - , -I , 0- #, %;< #PI P9 $<- A ,0- , %;< #PI P9 $<- ? ,0-$ ,0 - , -(, 0- #, %;< #P(P9 $<- A ,0- , %;< #P(P9 $<- ? ,0-$ ,0 - ,0 - ,0 - , - , -, ;<( < %; < # (: 9P( P$<-,0-

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -. ,0 -,0- , - ,-( : + ,0-

8<

,2(

- ,2 - ,2 - , ;< F=4H <-( : ,- F,0- 9% 4H ,0- , ;< F=4H L =RHHHH

<- ( : ,- F,0- ,- ,0- 9% 4H ,0- ,0 - ,0 -

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , - ,0 - ,2 -

85

, ;< : 0<- U % =RDHHH

L = V 3U = 9 V U F=36 V U = V ,0 -,0- , - ,2

- ,3;< <-? KA 9.,03- ,-? KA 9. * * * " ( + E+9 "WW9 G 9"9. * * * 9 ! (,0- ,3-" ,03- ,;< <-(P ,-J 3HHH ,0-9+ 9 F ,0-,0 -,0 -

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V U = L = V U

=M7:V U : = L

=37:V ,0 - ,0- , - ,3- ,-),0-=,03- ,- , -) %,0 - , -G ,- , -* ,0 - , - ,0 - , -* ,0 - ,0- ,0 - , - ,0 - , -/ ,0 - , -/ FF,- ,0-,0 - ,0- ,-,;<< ;<

=00 <- N N ,0-,0- ,0 -,0 -

:

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V U = L = L % =R

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , - % I: ,0 - , % ;< < ;< : 0< ;< <0- ,0- , - ,3- ,-),0-=,03- ,- , -) %,0 - , -G ,- , -* ,0 - , - ,0 - , -* ,0 - ,0- ,0 - , - ,0 - , -/ ,0 - , -/ FF,- ,0-,0 - ,0- ,- , ;<

=00 <-N N ,0- ,0- ,0 - ,0 -

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=H:LF :=3< ;
=7H:L F :=5L F=4H L<-/ (: ,0- ,-, ;< < ;< = L =47:L

=3HH:LF :=4< ; < <0-,0- ,0 - ,0 -

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=3:V

U = +L

=3:V

U = +L =3:V ,0 - ,0- , - ,-( : ,;< <- ,0-,0- ,-( : ,;< <- ,0-,0- ,-( : ,;<

<-

,0-,0- ,-( : ,;<

<-

,0-,0- ,0 - ,0 -

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -G% .,0 - , ;< : 0<- U % = # $L % =

L % = L %

= :LV U F=3D L =R77DDL : =3L = 9 LV %U = LV ,0 - ,0- , - ,- ( : % 9 % %

,;< %<-? KA 9.,0-

9 F ,0- ,0 - ,0 -

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -J (: A J I ,0 - , ;< : 0<- +U % =R

L

=7L F=37L =7HOV U : =! LV ,0 -

:A

,0- , - , + ;< : = <- ? KA 9.,0 +- , + ;< = L =7L : = <- " ( / ,0 +- ,-? KA 9. F F F 9. 0* * * ! ? KA 9. * * * " ( + E+9 "WW9 G 9"9. * * * 9 ! (,0- , + ;< = L =7L : = <- / (: %,0 +- ,-(P J 3HHH 9+ 9 F ( / '9? KA 9 . : %9 %9 +"?) " " 9 * * * , ;< = <-' : ' : ,0-,0- ,0 - ,0 -

<6

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -G ,0 - , ;< : 0<- U % =R

V +U : = L

=3L =7V %U = %V U = V U = V +U = +V U = V U = V U = V U = V ,0 - ,0- , - , +;< % +<-( : ,0 +- , +;< +<-( : ,0 +- , +;< +<-( : ,0 +- ,;< <-A ,0- ,;< <- A % ,0- ,0 - ,0 -

<

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V +U : = L

=5L =7HOL = +L

=47OL =5V ,0 - ,0- , - , + ;< = <- ,0 +-

<(

, + ;< , + ;< , + ;< , + ;< , + ;< ,0 - ,0 -

= <-? ,0 +- = +<-N + ,0 +- = <- ,0 +- = <-. ,0 +- = <- ,0 +-

A ?

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -"A+ / ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + 900 " 900 900 + + 900+ L00 00. F /

;HL00 " ;3L00 00/ / # " ,;3H$U003H 00 ; #
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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -"A+ / = ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + " 900 900 + 900 + 900+ L00 00. F ;HL00 " ;HL00 00/ 00 ; #
A8

; . # $L V 00( # " 2;H$U + ; 0 " L 00 + : #<,3-"+

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -/ / ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + L ;7L #<,5-/ ,05-<$L #$L00 7 00 7 #<, 0-

. " &,

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -" " ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + ;3L00 F # ,;M$U00 #<, ;]< F=
AA

' + (#& / + L00 ;3L00 F 3 ' 1

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , -" " ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 00. F 9 00 00 #+ ;3L ,;MLWW $ #<, ;]< F=
(66

' ?# [

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,- , - I+. 4 3HH,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + ;HL #+ ;4L ,;3HHL W;4$ W; L #<( +
, :;<

=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -" ". ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + 9 ;3HHHH9 ;H7L #<, ;]<3]< ;]<3HHO]<-<$L #<, -" ". ,0 -<$L #<, -, -, ;]<

]<-@ ,0 -<$L #<, ;]<

]<-A ,0 -<$L #<,0 -,0 -<$L #+ ;3L ,;3HLWW $U ; T) #3HW 9 $L # <, -, -, -< W W <,0 -, -< W ) # T 3HH$03HHW<,0 -,0 -<$L V #<,0 -,0 -<$L 00- ,0 -,0-, -,0 -,0 -

(62

7 " , ' '? '?0% &, %-'&( , :;<

=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, - 1'() J ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + 900 & (900 (900 + . ; 900 + (L00 ; #< =]
$<9<3<$L # $U <3<= (;<,-
(67

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=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, - 0 ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 + ;3L U #<,
D ! ' ' >+

1 -' ?# $#0-' %-'&( 1

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1

>+ %-'&( '(#&' 1 -'?# $#0-'

1 ) -' $#0-' (#&' 1 ) ?# 1

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, :;<

=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, - % ,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 =U00 #+ ;3L ,;3HLWW $U #+ ;3L,;7LWW$U # ;;7$ % L00! %

(65

#
' (#&' 1 $ % -' ?# $#0-' ' 1 $-'?# $#0-'%

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(6A

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(

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(2

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(<

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((6

# ,;3$00 3L T # 3$L V 00- ,0 -,0-, -,0 -,0 -

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1'() J J #$ U + +; . # J +$L ;<" J
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I =
+ I #$ U T;4L #<, 0-+ I =
((5

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/ #$ U + ; J +L 00A + 00 + 00 + ; #9 . # $$L

(26

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/ #$ U + ; J +L J +;
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(2A

+ ;9D498D$W 9D48D,0-<$ #<,-P
!35 , :;<

=005 03>>>0: <- ,-, -+ + )9 ")9,0 - , ;< : 0!+ <- ,2 +

;< !% +:F !%
/ #$ U J +;

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/ #$<0-, 0-,0- ,-J : , ;< < ;< : < F;<7<0- , 0- : , ;< < ;< : < F;<7<0- , 0-J :34 : , ;< 34< ;< : < F;<7<0- , 0- :34 : , ;< 34< ;< : < F;<7<0-,0- ,0 - ,0 - ,0 -

!37 2'&&'&'%$>&''>%&'% , :;<

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(7

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/ #$ U + ;J + #<<$L J +; ! #<]<$L J +; J + #H93H$L V 00- ,0 - ,0- , - , ;<J < ;<<- ,-I , 0- , ;< < ;< : < F;<6H<0- , ;< G

< ;<

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(72

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(77

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(82

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(87

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(88

# ,- , - G / ,0 - , ;< : 0+ <- ,2 I: PJ +A + P J ) # 99 $ . , ( ; I. . , ( ; I. ) ; P + IJ I+#$ . )4;H( ")G:#K< +<$ I ")G:#K< <$ I. I G

b" %#$ ? 39 49 59 P"+ 3;"#? J #H$ : G:3$ 4;"#? J #H$ : G:4$ 5;"#? J #H$ : G:5$ ;) # 39 49 5$ "I+# $ I - ,0 - ,0- , - , ;<<-I , ;< : <;< : G:3< F;<7< +;
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(85

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: PN P ; # / $ J %;H G# $ P"%

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(:8

UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE

WEB TECHNOLOGY

UNIT – II COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE 2.1

COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE (CGI) When you are dealing with Web pages, you will often hear people talk about CGI

or CGI scripts without ever explaining exactly what that is. Essentially, CGI is the connection (or interface) between a form on a Web page and the Web server. Web pages cannot interact directly with the reader. In fact, until JavaScript came along, Web pages had no way of interpreting reader reaction except through interaction with the server they were running on. This interaction is done through scripts and programs that use common gateway interface to create interactive programs on your Web pages. If you are creating a Web site and want a CGI application to get control, you specify the name of the application in the uniform resource locator (URL) that you code in an HTML file. This URL can be specified as part of the FORMS tags if you are creating a form. For example, you might code:
and the server at "mybiz.com" would pass control to the CGI application called "formprog.pl" to record the entered data and return a confirmation message. (The ".pl" indicates a program written in PERL but other languages could have been used.)

A.1

SOME THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT CGI CGI is not the program itself CGI is simply the interface between the Web page

or browser and the Web server that runs the program.

Thangavel Murugan

2.1


WEB TECHNOLOGY

You must have CGI access to run programs on your Web page many of the less expensive and free hosting providers do not allow CGI access on their servers. Contact your hosting provider for more information. Any program or script that will run on your Web server, can be used as a CGI program Most people use Perl to write their CGI scripts, but other languages include C and C++, Tcl, and UNIX shell scripts.

A.2

USES OF CGI SCRIPTS Some of the most interesting uses of CGI are to create Web documents that

depend on user interaction. There are scripts to take readers to random pages on the site, create pages specific to them based on form input, and generate pages based on databases of information. CGI scripts are used to resolve form data, put that data in to databases, send the data out as an email message, respond to the form entry with email or another Web page, and much more. CGI scripts also are used for behind the scenes interaction with Web readers. They can set and read cookies, get and tabulate information such as browser and operating system, calculate hit counts, and monitor Web traffic.

A.3

WHY USE CGI? Many of the uses of CGI can be duplicated by newer technology such as

JavaScript and ActiveX. The primary benefit to using CGI rather than browser based scripting is that you can be sure that all of your readers (with very few exceptions) will be able to use the program. Java, JavaScript, and ActiveX can all be turned off within the browser, and many browsers simply don't support them. Thangavel Murugan

2.2


WEB TECHNOLOGY

Also, it is becoming more common for company firewalls to disallow these technologies to work in their system (often for security or bandwidth reasons). Because CGI scripts are run on the external Web server, they are not limited by browser or firewall limitations.

A.4

WHY NOT USE CGI? The biggest drawback to CGI Scripts is that they can put a lot of load on a Web

server. Poorly written programs can fall into endless loops tying up server processor time. The Web browser will time out (usually after around 5 minutes), but often the server will continue to run the program until a system administrator comes in and shuts off the faulty script. The browser based scripting tools mentioned above have the advantage of running off the reader's computer. They use the processor locally rather than on the Web server itself, and so are less intense on the Web server.

2.2

PROGRAMMING CGI SCRIPTS

B.1

CGI AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB By providing a standard interface, the Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

specification enables developers to use a variety of programming tools. CGI programs are the magic behind processing forms, looking up records in a database, sending email, building on-the-fly pages, and dozens of other tasks.

Without CGI and its other server-side cousins, such as Active Server Pages or Java servlets, your Web site can have no memory that spans multiple users and multiple hits and can’t function dynamically without serious programming. With server-side processing, all the functionality that depends on having such persistent data becomes possible. Thangavel Murugan

2.3


WEB TECHNOLOGY

CGI is a set of rules that governs how an HTTP server and another program running on a Web server communicate. Strictly speaking, CGI defines a way for the Web server and the CGI program to “talk.” The CGI program can be in any of quite a few programming languages—this enables programmers to use whatever languages they prefer when writing their code.

The CGI program does not communicate with the browser directly. The browser talks with the server, the server talks with the CGI program, and the server talks back to the browser. After a server has responded to a request from a browser, it breaks the HTTP connection it has with the browser. If you click a hypertext link in the document you get back, your browser goes through the whole routine again. Each time you contact the server, it’s as if you had never been there before, and each request yields a single document. This is called a stateless connection. Most browsers keep a local copy of recently accessed documents in a block of memory or disk space called the browser’s cache. When the browser notices that it’s about to request something already in the cache, it supplies the information from the cache rather than contact the server again. This greatly reduces network traffic and allows you to see the page much more rapidly.

B.2

BEYOND XHTML WITH CGI When you invoke a URL that points to a CGI program, the HTTP server starts

the program. The server then sends back the program’s output as if it were the contents of an XHTML file.

A CGI program can read and write data files (a Web server can only read them) and produce different results each time you run it. This is how page counters work. Each time the page counter is called, it finds the previous count from information stored on the server (usually in a file), increments it by one, and creates either a text- or image-based representation of the new count as its output. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

Thus, you can use a CGI program to dynamically create XHTML code at the time it is requested, rather than having all your content in static files that are the same each time they are served.

B.3

HOW CGI WORKS A CGI script is a program, and most CGI programs are straightforward and

written in C or Perl, two popular programming languages. int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { printf(“Content-type: text/html\n\n”); printf(“Hello, World!\n”); return (0); } Hello World CGI Script in C

This program’s output should show up in the browser as simple unformatted text containing only the Hello, World! Line. The following program adds a few XHTML tags to its output to send an actual XHTML document to the browser. int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { printf(“Content-type: text/html\n\n”); printf(“\n”); printf(“\n”); printf(“Hello, World!\n”); printf(“\n”); printf(“\n”); printf(“
Hello, World!
\n”); printf(“\n”); printf(“\n”); return (0); } Hello World CGI Script in C with Basic XHTML Output Added

Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

A CGI Hello, World! Example in Perl is as simple as or perhaps even simpler than one in C. Following Program shows a basic Perl script that sends Hello, World! to your browser. #!/usr/bin/perl print (“Content-type: text/html\n\n”); print (“Hello, World!\n”); Hello World CGI Script in Perl

Following Program shows a slightly longer Perl script for an XHTML version of Hello, World!. #!/usr/bin/perl print >>END_of_HTML; Content-type: text/html Hello World in Perl
Hello, World!
END_of_HTML Hello World CGI Script in Perl with Basic XHTML Output Added

Some of the most interesting CGI scripts work with an XHTML form. They gather input from the user and send custom XHTML—or data in another MIME-type format—back through the server to the browser. # Determine where the data is (query string or STDIN) if ($ENV{‘REQUEST_METHOD’} eq ‘POST’) { read(STDIN, $buffer, $ENV{‘CONTENT_LENGTH’}); } if ($ENV{‘REQUEST_METHOD’} eq ‘GET’) { $buffer = $ENV{‘QUERY_STRING’}; Thangavel Murugan

2.6


WEB TECHNOLOGY

} # Break up the name-value pairs and build an associative array # containing the submitted data @pairs = split(/&/, $buffer); foreach $pair (@pairs) { ($name, $value) = split(/=/, $pair); $value =~ tr/+/ /; $value =~ s/%([a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9])/pack(“C”, hex($1))/eg; $contents{$name} = $value; } Perl Code That Parses Input from the Submission of a Form

The following are sample XHTML and Perl scripts that together enable you to type your name into a text-type element inside an XHTML element, and then, instead of telling the world hello, it tells you hello.

Set up for Hello, YOU!
Enter your name, up to 20 letters:

An XHTML Form That Passes Your Name to a CGI Program

After looking at a few CGI programs, you’re ready to learn more about how they access information from the browser. Before the server launches the script, it prepares several environment variables representing the current state of the server that is invoking the script.

Thangavel Murugan

2.7


WEB TECHNOLOGY

The environment variables given to a script are exactly like normal environment variables, except that you can’t set them from the command line. They’re created onthe-fly and last only until that particular script is finished. Each script gets its own unique set of variables. In fact, a busy server often has many scripts executing at once, each with its own environment.

A CGI script picks up the environment variables and reads STDIN as appropriate. It then does whatever it was designed to do and writes its output to STDOUT.

The MIME codes that the server sends to the browser let the browser know what kind of file is about to come across the network. Because this information always precedes the file itself, it’s usually called a header. The server can’t send a header for information generated on-the fly by a script because the script could send audio, graphics, plain text, XHTML, or any one of hundreds of other types. Therefore, the script is responsible for sending the header.

The broad steps of the CGI process, simplified for clarity: 1) Your browser shows the XHTML document containing a form. 2) You enter data into the form as needed and then click the Submit button. 3) Optionally, a client-side script validates what you entered and only submits the data if it’s in an appropriate format. 4) The browser decodes the URL from the
element’s action attribute and contacts the server. 5) Your browser requests that the script specified in the action attribute be invoked.

6) The server translates the URL into a path and filename. 7) The server discerns that the URL points to a program instead of a static file. 8) The server prepares the environment and launches the script. 9) The script executes and reads the environment variables and STDIN. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

10) The script sends the proper MIME headers to STDOUT for the forthcoming content. 11) The script sends the rest of its output to STDOUT and terminates. 12) The server notices that the script has finished and closes the connection to your browser. 13) Your browser displays the output from the script.

B.4

WHERE CGI SCRIPTS LIVE Like any other file on a server, CGI scripts must live somewhere. Depending on

your server, CGI scripts might have to live in one special directory.

Typically—whether required by the server or not—Webmasters put all the scripts in one place. This directory is usually part of the Web server’s tree, often just one level beneath the Web server’s root. By far, the most common directory name is cgibin, a tradition started by the earliest servers that supported CGI.

Suppose your UNIX Web server is installed so that the fully qualified pathname is /usr/bin/https/webroot. The cgi-bin directory would then be /usr/bin/https/webroot/ cgi-bin. That’s where you, as Webmaster, put the script files. From the Web server’s point of view, /usr/bin/https/webroot is the directory tree’s root. So if a file in that directory is named index.html, you would refer to that file with an /index.html URL. A script called myscript.pl in the cgi-bin directory would be referred to as /cgi-bin/myscript.pl.

B.5

CGI SERVER REQUIREMENTS CGI scripts, by their very nature, place an extra burden on the Web server.

They’re separate programs, which means the server process must spawn a new task for every CGI script that’s executed. The overhead of spawning a task and waiting for it to complete is usually minimal, but the task itself uses system resources—memory and disk—and also consumes processor time slices. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

A popular site can easily garner dozens of hits almost simultaneously. If the server tries to satisfy all of them, and each one takes up memory, disk, and processor time, you can quickly bog your server down so far that it becomes worthless.

In addition, consider the matter of file contention. Not only are the various processes (CGI scripts, the server itself, and whatever else you might be running) vying for processor time and memory, they might be trying to access the same files.

A guestbook script, for example, might be displaying the guestbook to three browsers while updating it with the input from a fourth. (Nothing exists to keep the multiple scripts running from being the same script multiple times.)

The mechanisms for ensuring a file is available—locking it while writing and releasing it when done—all take time: operating system time and simple computation time. Making a script foolproof this way also makes the script bigger and more complex, which means longer load times and longer execution times.

Windows NT The best present you can buy your Windows NT machine is more memory. Although a Windows NT Server can technically run with less memory, it doesn’t shine until it has at least 128MB.

If you give your server 128MB of fast RAM, a generous swap file, and a fast disk, it can handle a dozen simultaneous CGI scripts without sweating or producing a noticeable delay in response.

UNIX UNIX machines are usually content with significantly less RAM than Windows NT computers, for a number of reasons. First, most of the programs, including the operating system and all its drivers, are smaller. Second, it’s unusual, if not impossible, to use an X Windows program as a CGI script. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

This means that the resources required are fewer, although with the prices of processor speed, drive, and memory megabytes falling, the difference in hardware cost is not that great. Maintenance and requisite system knowledge, however, are far greater. If you give your UNIX computer 64MB of RAM and a reasonably fast hard disk, it will run quickly and efficiently for any reasonable number of hits. (Of course, you might not want to skimp on RAM when memory prices are low.) Database queries will slow it down, the same as they would if the program weren’t CGI. Due to UNIX’s multiuser architecture, the number of logged-on sessions (and what they’re doing) can significantly affect performance.

B.6

CGI SCRIPT STRUCTURE GET and POST are the two most common request methods. The request method

tells your script how it was invoked; based on that information, the script can decide how to act. The request method is passed to your script using the environment variable (see “Standard CGI Environment Variables” later in this chapter) called, appropriately enough, REQUEST_METHOD.

GET is a request for data, the same method used for obtaining static documents. The GET method sends request information as parameters tacked onto the end of the URL. These parameters are passed to your CGI program in the environment variable QUERY_STRING. If your script is called myprog.exe, for example, and if you invoke it from a link with the form Click here the REQUEST_METHOD will be the string GET, and the QUERY_STRING will contain lname=blow&fname=joe.

A POST operation occurs when the browser sends data from a fill-in form to the server. With POST, the QUERY_STRING might or might not be blank, depending on your server. The data from a POSTed query gets passed from the server to the script using STDIN. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

The basic structure of a CGI application is straightforward: initialization, processing, output, and termination.

A script follows these steps in this order: 1) The program begins. 2) The program calls do-initialize. 3) The program calls do-process. 4) The program calls do-output. 5) The program ends.

Initialization The first thing your script must do when it starts is determine its input, environment, and state. Basic operating-system environment information can be obtained the usual way: from the system Registry in Windows NT, from standard environment variables in UNIX, from .ini files in Windows, and so forth.

Everything must be initialized from scratch, as follows: Determine how the script was invoked. Typically, this involves reading the environment variable REQUEST_METHOD and parsing it for the word GET or the word POST. Retrieve the input data. If the method was GET, you must obtain, parse, and decode the QUERYSTRING environment variable. If the method was POST, you must check QUERYSTRING and also parse STDIN.

Processing After initializing its environment by reading and parsing its input, the script is ready to get to work. During initialization, the parameters are known (or can be discovered), and the tasks are more or less the same for every script.

The processing phase, however, is the heart of your script, and what you do here depends almost entirely on the script’s objectives. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

1. Process the input data. Processing the data means, generally, transforming it somehow. In classical data-processing terminology, this is called the transform step because in batch-oriented processing, the program reads a record, applies some rule to it (transforming it), and then writes it back out.

2. Output the results. In a simple CGI script, the output is usually an HTTP header and some XHTML. More complex scripts might output graphics, graphics mixed with text, or all the information necessary to call the script again with some additional information. A common and rather elegant technique is to call a script once using GET, which can be done from a standard element.

output header “content-type: text/html\n” output required blank line to terminate header “\n” output “” output “Variable Report” output “” output “
Variable Report
” output “
” for each variable known output “
” output variable-name output “=” output variable-value loop until all variables printed output “
” output “” output “” A Pseudocode Script to Show Variables Gathered During Initialization

Termination Termination is nothing more than cleaning up after yourself and quitting. If you’ve locked any files, you must release them before letting the program end. If you’ve allocated memory, semaphores, or other objects, you must free them.

Thangavel Murugan

2.13

UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE B.7

WEB TECHNOLOGY

PLANNING YOUR SCRIPT

How to plan a script from the ground up: 1. Take your time defining the program’s task. Think it through thoroughly. Write it down and trace the program logic. When you’re satisfied that you understand the input, output, and the transform process you’ll have to do, proceed. 2. A finished program don’t forget to document your code as you write it. 3. Test. Use every browser known to mankind and every sort of input you can think of. 4. Document the program as a whole.

Step 1, of course, is this section’s topic, so we’ll look at that process in more depth: 1. If your script will handle form variables, plan out each one: its name, expected length, and data type. 2. Distinguish between system-level parameters that affect how your program operates and user-level parameters that provide instance-specific information.

3. If you lock files, use the least-restrictive lock required. If you’re only reading a data file, lock out writes while you’re reading and release the file immediately afterward. If you’re updating a record, lock just that one record (or byte range). 4. If you’re using a GUI language (for example, Visual Basic) for your CGI script, don’t let untrapped errors result in a message box onscreen. This is a server application; chances are excellent that no one will be around to notice and clear the error, and your application will hang until the next time an administrator chances by.

5. Try to encapsulate private data and processing. Your routines should have a defined input and output: one door in, one door out, and you know who’s going through the door. How your routines accomplish their tasks isn’t any of the calling routine’s business. This is called the black box approach. What happens inside the box can’t be seen from the outside and has no effect on it. Thangavel Murugan

2.14

UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE B.8

WEB TECHNOLOGY

STANDARD CGI ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES Each server implements the majority of them consistently, but variations,

exceptions, and additions exist. In general, you’re more likely to find a new, otherwise undocumented variable omitted rather than a documented variable. The only way to be sure, however, is to check your server’s documentation.

The following environment variables are set each time the server launches an instance of your script and are private and specific to that instance: 1) CONTENT_LENGTH—If the request includes data using the POST method, this variable is set to the length of valid data supplied in bytes through STDIN. 2) CONTENT_TYPE—If the request includes data, this variable specifies the type of data as a MIME header; for example, application/x-www-formurlencoded. 3) GATEWAY_INTERFACE—Provides the version number of the CGI interface supported by the server in the format CGI/version-number; for example, CGI/1.1.

4) HTTP_ACCEPT—Provides a comma-delimited list of MIME types that are acceptable to the client browser; for example, image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, and */*. This list actually comes from the browser itself; the server just passes it on to the CGI script.

5) QUERY_STRING—Shows any extra information supplied by the client, tacked onto the end of a URL and separated from the script name with a question

mark;

for

example,

http://www.yourcompany.com/hello.html?

name=joe&id=45 yields a QUERY_STRING of name=joe&id=45. 6) SERVER_NAME—Your Web server’s host name, alias, or IP address. It’s reliable for use in generating URLs that refer to your server at runtime; for example, www.yourcompany.com. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

7) SERVER_PORT—The port number for this connection; for example, 80. 8) SERVER_PROTOCOL—The name/version of the protocol used by this request; for example, HTTP/1.0. 9) SERVER_SOFTWARE—The name/version of the HTTP server that launched your script, for example, HTTPS/1.1.

B.9

CGI SCRIPT PORTABILITY CGI programmers face two portability issues: platform independence and server

independence. Platform independence is the capability of the code to run without modification on a hardware platform or operating system different from the one for which it was written. Server independence is the capability of the code to run without modification on another server using the same operating system.

Platform Independence The best way to keep your CGI script portable is to use a commonly available language and avoid platform-specific code. Platform independence isn’t the only criterion to consider when selecting a CGI platform. The speed of coding, the ease of maintenance, and the capability to perform the chosen task should also be considered.

Certain types of operations aren’t portable. If you develop for 16-bit Windows, for instance, you’ll have great difficulty finding equivalents on other platforms for the VBX and DLL functions you use. If you develop for 32-bit Windows NT, you’ll find that all your asynchronous Winsock calls are meaningless in a UNIX environment. If your shell script does a system () call to launch grep and pipe the output back to your program, you’ll find nothing remotely similar in the Windows NT environment unless you add a Windows NT version of grep to the system. And AppleScript is good only on Macintoshes.

Server Independence Server independence is fairly easy to achieve, but for some reason, it seems to be a stumbling block to beginning script writers. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

To be server independent, your script must run without modification on any server using the same operating system. Only server-independent programs can be useful as shareware or freeware, and without a doubt, server independence is a requirement for commercial software. The following are some other rules of server independence that, although obvious once stated, nevertheless get overlooked time and time again: v Don’t assume your environment v Don’t assume privileges v Don’t assume consistency of CGI variables v Don’t assume version-specific information v Don’t assume LAN or WAN configurations v Don’t assume the availability of system objects

CGI Libraries CGI libraries, two possibilities exist: First, you can use libraries of code you develop and want to reuse in other projects. Second, you can avail yourself of publicly available libraries of programs, routines, and information.

Personal Libraries When you have a basic main() function written, it will probably serve for every CGI program you ever write. This is also true for generic routines, such as querying a database, parsing input, and reporting runtime errors.

How you manage your personal library depends on the programming language you use. With C and assembler, you can precompile code into actual .Lib files, with which you can then link your programs. Although possible, this likely is overkill for CGI, and it doesn’t work for interpreted languages, such as Perl and Visual Basic. The advantage of using compiled libraries is that you don’t have to recompile all your programs when you make a change to code in the library. If the library is loaded at runtime (a DLL), you don’t need to change anything. If the library is linked statically, all you need do is relink. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

Another solution is to maintain separate source files and include them with each project. You might have a single, fairly large file that contains the most common routines, but put seldom used routines in files of their own. Keeping the files in source format adds a little overhead at compile time but not enough to worry about, especially when compared to the time savings you gain by writing the code only once. The disadvantage of this approach is that when you change your library code, you must recompile all your programs to take advantage of the change.

Well-designed and well-documented programs provide the basis for new programs. If you’re careful to isolate the program-specific parts into subroutines, you can leverage an entire program’s structure for your next project.

Public Libraries The Internet is rich with public-domain sample code, libraries, and precompiled programs. The following is a list of some of the best sites on the Internet with a brief description of what you’ll find at each site. This list is far from exhaustive.

http://www.w3.org/CGI/ — The W3C standards organization CGI site. W3C is always worth a periodic visit. http://www.iserver.com/cgi/library.html —This is Internet Servers Inc.’s wonderful CGI library. Among the treasures here, you’ll find samples of image maps, building a Web index, server-push animation, and a guest book. ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Web/httpd/Unixncsa_httpd/cgi

—NSCA’s

CGI

Archive. http://www.cgi-resources.com/ —The CGI Resource Index is another good CGI site. http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/ —The Perl Language Home Page’s list of Perl FAQs. Check out the rest of the site while you’re there. http://www.w3.org/Security/Faq/www-security-faq.html—Frequently asked questions about CGI security issues. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

B.10 THE FUTURE OF CGI SCRIPTING Most servers will stay compatible with existing standards, so you won’t have to worry about your scripts not working.

FastCGI FastCGI, created by Open Market Inc., extends the capabilities of CGI while removing the overhead associated with executing CGI scripts. Much like CGI, FastCGI is a non-proprietary system in which scripts run continuously in the background, handling requests as needed.

Like CGI, FastCGI is language independent. You can create scripts in the language that you are most comfortable with. Scripts created with FastCGI run separately from the Web server maintaining the security associated with CGI.

Java Servlets Java Servlets were created to eliminate the problems that currently exist when using Java as CGI applications. Normally server-side Java applications require the use and overhead of the Java Virtual Machine. Each time a server-side Java application runs, the virtual machine needs to be loaded as well. Also, server-side Java applications have difficulty accessing environmental variables, which are commonly used in CGI scripting.

Java servlets reduce these problems. Sun Microsystems has developed a platform that includes an API that enables Java applications to act as CGI applications. Of course, your applications are not limited to serving requests from the Web; they can access existing sockets, protocols created by the developer, or both.

Created applications that use the Java Server API are commonly known as servlets. Servlets are server-side applets. The difference between server-side applets and client-side applets, however, is that servlets do not use a user interface like that associated with client-side Java applets. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

Servlets extend the traditional functionality of Web servers. Even so, servlets are not confined to the world of the Web. When a connection is made to the servlet, the servlet can create a connection between a client-side applet and a servlet, which communicate using a custom protocol with a new connection.

You can run servlets continuously in the background or dynamically load them in a running server (if the server allows this function). You can also execute them either from a local disk or from the network. The servlet API was designed so that servlets can run in conjunction with other types of servers as long as those servers can be accessed via the Net.

Server-Side JavaScript Just as Java has been used to run on the server side, Netscape, using LiveWire, has created an environment to do the same thing with JavaScript. JavaScript as a server-side application can be used to extend the capabilities of the server.

By using JavaScript, the Web server can do more without calling external programs. This makes it easier for Web developers to add features to their pages where the browser is used in conjunction with the application running on the server while reducing the load on the Web server.

Netscape maintains a substantial amount of documentation on using server-side JavaScript

at

its

DevEdge

site.

The

URL

is

http://developer.netscape.com/

tech/javascript/index.html?content=/tech/javascript/ssjs/ssjs.html.

Active Server Pages When Microsoft announced it was getting into the Web server business, no one was terribly surprised to learn that they intended to incorporate a variant of Visual Basic or that they wanted everyone else to incorporate Visual Basic, too.

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

VBScript, similar to a subset of Visual Basic, has been useful on the Internet Explorer browser, especially with ActiveX controls. Server-side VBScript is an integral part of Microsoft’s Active Server Page (ASP) technology built in to Internet Information Server.

ASP scripts enable you to issue commands to the Internet Server Applications Programming Interface (ISAPI) that is part of Microsoft’s Internet Information Server (IIS). ISAPI is a collection of programming “hooks” that help you do common server-side tasks such as opening a connection to a data source or writing data to a text file.

ASPs relieve you of many of the burdens of traditional CGI programming and allow you to go almost immediately to writing code for the processing you want to happen.

2.3

HTML FORMS

C.1

FORMS AND CGI As the Web becomes more interactive, the need for interface components to

gather data from users is greater than ever. Fortunately, this was anticipated in earlier versions of HTML and resulted in the introduction of the form elements.

Forms are the visible or front-end portions of interactive pages. Users enter information into form fields or controls—user interface elements that are similar to those found on Windows and Macintosh operating systems—and click a button to submit the data. The browser then packages the data, opens an HTTP connection, and sends the data to a server.

Web servers are programs that know how to distribute Web pages. They are not programmed to process data from every possible form, so the best they can do is hand off the form data to a program that does know what to do with it. This handoff occurs with the help of the common gateway interface or CGI—a set of standards by which HTTP servers communicate with external programs. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

The program that processes the form data is called a CGI script or a CGI program. The script or program performs manipulations of the data and composes a response—typically an XHTML page. The response page is handed back to the server (via CGI), which in turn passes it along to the browser that initiated the request.

C.2

CREATING FORMS HTML’s form support is simple and robust. A handful of HTML elements create

the most popular controls of modern graphical interfaces, including text windows, check boxes and radio buttons, pull-down menus, and push buttons. Composing HTML forms might sound complex, but you need to master surprisingly few elements to do it. All form-related elements occur within the element. It is possible to have more than one form in an HTML document, but you must be careful not to nest the elements that define them. Each HTML form has three main components: the form header, one or more named input fields, and one or more action buttons.

The Element The form header and the opening tag are actually one and the same. The element takes the six attributes. The action attribute is required in every element.

Attributes of the Element Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

action is set equal to the URL of the processing script so the browser knows where to send the form data after it is entered (the HTTP server) and which program on the server should be invoked to process the form data. Without it, the browser has no idea where the form data should go. A full action URL has the following form: protocol://server/path/script_file. You can also use a relative URL if you are calling a script on the same server.

method specifies the HTTP method to use when passing the data to the script and can be set to values of get or post. When you’re using the get method, the browser appends the form data to the end of the URL of the processing script as a query string. The post method sends the form data to the server in a separate HTTP transaction. method is not a mandatory attribute of the element. In the absence of a specified method, the browser uses the get method.

Netscape introduced the enctype attribute for the purpose of providing a filename to be uploaded as form input. The default value of enctype is application/xwww-form-urlencoded, and this is usually sufficient for most form submissions. If you are uploading a file as part of the form submission, however, you need to set enctype= ”multipart/form-data” for the upload to work properly.

As an example of these three element attributes, examine the following HTML:

Please enter the name of the GIF file containing your logo:

The form header of this short form instructs the server to process the form data using the program named logo_upload.cgi. Form data is passed using the post method, and the browser knows that it has to upload a file because of the enctype attribute. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

Newer
element attributes in HTML 4.0 include target, which is used to direct the response from the processing script to a particular frame; accept, which denotes the MIME types of files that the server processing the form can handle correctly (this is useful when a user is submitting a set of files to the server because you can then check to make sure that all the submitted files are of an acceptable MIME type); and accept-charset, which specifies the character sets the server understands.

Incorporating these attributes, the previous code might look like this: Please enter the name of the GIF file containing your logo:

The euc-jp value for the accept-charset attribute suggests the use of a Japanese character set to the server that processes the form.

The
element can also take two event handlers: onsubmit and onreset. This gives you the capability to execute some script code when the form is submitted or reset, respectively. If you write a JavaScript function that validates the data a user enters into a form, for example, you could invoke the script using an event handler as follows:

Named Input Fields The named input fields typically compose the bulk of a form. The fields appear as standard GUI controls, such as text boxes, check boxes, radio buttons, and menus. You assign each field a unique name that eventually becomes the variable name used in the processing script. Thangavel Murugan

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WEB TECHNOLOGY

You can use different GUI controls to enter information into forms. The controls for named input fields appear in Table.

Types of Named Input Fields

The Element The element handles the majority of named input fields. is a standalone element that, thanks to the many values of its type attribute, can place most of the fields you need on your forms. also takes other attributes depending on which type is in use.

Text and Password Fields Text and password fields are simple data entry fields. The only difference between them is that text typed into a password field appears onscreen as asterisks (*).

A text or password field is produced by the XHTML shown here (attributes in square brackets are optional):

The name attribute is mandatory because it provides a unique identifier for the data entered into the field.

Thangavel Murugan

2.25


WEB TECHNOLOGY

The optional value attribute enables you to place some default text in the field, rather than have it initially appear blank. This capability is useful if a majority of users will enter a certain text string into the field. In such cases, you can use value to put the text into the field, thereby saving most users the effort of typing it.

The optional size attribute gives you control over how many characters wide the field should be. The default size is typically about 20 characters, although this number can vary from browser to browser. maxlength is also optional and enables you to specify the maximum number of characters that can be entered into the field.

@ Password HTML Code to Produce Text and Password Fields

Thangavel Murugan

2.26


WEB TECHNOLOGY

Check Boxes Check boxes are used to provide users with several choices from which they can select as many as they want. An element that is used to produce a check box option has the following syntax:

Each check box option is created by its own element and should have its own unique name. If you give multiple check box options the same name, the associated values are all passed under that name, and it might present some programming challenges when creating the processing script.

The value attribute specifies what data is sent to the server if the corresponding check box is chosen. This information is transparent to the user. The optional checked attribute preselects a commonly selected check box when the form is rendered on the browser screen. Investing Basics
Financial Planning
Stocks
Mutual Funds
Bonds
Futures
Getting Help
Online/Internet Investing
Scams
HTML Code to Produce Check Boxes Thangavel Murugan

2.27


WEB TECHNOLOGY

Radio Buttons Radio buttons are also used to present users with a set of choices, but they can choose only one. When you set up options with a radio button format, make sure the options are mutually exclusive so a user doesn’t try to select more than one.

The HTML code used to produce a set of three radio button options is as follows: Option 1
Option 2
Option 3
...
The value and checked attributes work the same as they do for check boxes, although you should have only one preselected radio button option. A fundamental difference with a set of radio button options is that they all have the same name. This is permissible because the user can select only one of the options.

What subject do you teach? Business
Economics
Family/Consumer Science
Math
Social Studies
Other (Please specify)
HTML Code to Produce Radio Buttons Thangavel Murugan

2.28


WEB TECHNOLOGY

Hidden Fields Hidden fields are not meant for data input. You can send information to the server about a form without displaying that information anywhere on the form itself. The general format for including hidden fields is as follows:

One possible use of hidden fields is to enable a single general script to process data from different forms. The script needs to know which form is sending the data, and a hidden field can provide this information without requiring anything on the part of the user.

Files You can upload an entire file to a server by using a form. The first step is to include the enctype attribute in the
element. enctype should be set to multipart/form-data to accomplish the file upload.

To enter a filename in a field, the user needs the element with type set equal to file: What file would you like to submit: ...

Being able to send an entire file is useful when submitting a document produced by another program—for example, an Excel spreadsheet, a resume in Word format, or a compiled executable file.

Multiple-Line Text Windows Text and password boxes are used for simple, one-line input fields. You can create multiline text windows that function in much the same way by using the element. Thangavel Murugan 2.29 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY The HTML syntax for a text window is as follows: <textarea name=”name” rows=”rows” cols=”columns”> Default_window_text

The name attribute gives the text window a unique identifier, the same as it does with the variations on the element. The required rows and cols attributes enable you to specify the dimensions of the text window as it appears on the browser screen. The text that appears within the element shows up in the input window by default. To type in something else, users must delete the default text and enter their own text. Cover letter, brief message, or career objective. <textarea rows=”5” cols=”30” name=”letter”>
Technical skills — for example: hardware or software, languages, etc.

Key non-technical skills — for example: bilingual, supervisory, leadership, etc.

HTML Code to Produce a Multiline Text Window

In addition to name, rows, and cols, the element also supports the following attributes: v Disabled—using the disabled attribute disallows the user from typing anything into the text window. This is similar to a field being “grayed out” in the Windows or Macintosh operating system environment. Thangavel Murugan 2.30 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY v Readonly —The readonly attribute enables you to display text in the text window, but the user cannot modify or delete the text. v Tabindex —tabindex specifies the text window’s position in the form’s tabbing order. v Accesskey —You can set up a shortcut key to bring the user to the text window by using the accesskey attribute. Menus The final technique for creating a named input field is to use the <select> element to produce pull-down or scrollable option menus. The HTML code used to create a general menu is as follows: <form ...> <select name=”name” [size=”size”] [multiple=”multiple”]> <option [selected=”selected”]>Option 1</option> <option [selected=”selected”]>Option 2</option> <option [selected=”selected”]>Option 3</option> ... <option [selected=”selected”]>Option n</option> </select> .... </form> In the <select> element, the name attribute again gives the input field a unique identifier. The optional size attribute enables you to specify how many options should be displayed when the menu renders on the browser screen. If you have more options than you have space, you can access them either by using a pull-down window or by scrolling through the window with scrollbars. If you want to let users choose more than one menu option, include the multiple attribute. When multiple is used, users can choose multiple options by holding down the Ctrl key and clicking the options they want. Thangavel Murugan 2.31 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Each option in the menu is specified inside its own <option> element. If you want an option to be preselected, include the select attribute in the appropriate <option> element. The value passed to the server is the menu item that follows the <option> element unless you supply an alternative using the value attribute. For example: <form ...> <select name=”state” multiple=”multiple”> <option value=”NY”>New York</option> <option value=”DC”>Washington, DC</option> <option value=”FL”>Florida</option> ... </select> ... </form> In the preceding menu, the user clicks a state name, but it is the state’s twoletter abbreviation that passes to the server. One other element related to the <select> element is <optgroup>. <optgroup> enables you to create logical groups of menu options. You specify the name to associate with the option group by using the label attribute of the <optgroup> element. Grouping related menu options can be invaluable in a long list of options in which it can be difficult for the user to keep track of them all. Consider, for example, the following list of Web server configuration options: <select name=”server_options” multiple=”multiple”> <option>Windows NT 4.0</option> <option>Solaris 2.6</option> <option>Netscape Enterprise Server</option> <option>Apache</option> <option>Microsoft IIS</option> <option>Firewall server</option> <option>Pre-production test server</option> <option>Emergency backup server</option></select> Thangavel Murugan 2.32 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Many options are in the list, but they are something of a mixed bag—a collection of operating systems, HTTP servers, and other support computers. You can use the <optgroup> element to logically group these options into a more intelligible list: <select name=”server_options” multiple=”multiple”> <optgroup label=”Operating Systems”> <option>Windows NT 4.0</option> <option>Solaris 2.6</option> </optgroup> <optgroup label=”HTTP Servers”> <option>Netscape Enterprise Server</option> <option>Apache</option> <option>Microsoft IIS</option> </optgroup> <optgroup label=”Other Servers”> <option>Firewall server</option> <option>Pre-production test server</option> <option>Emergency backup server</option> </optgroup> </select> Action Buttons The handy <input /> element provides an easy way of creating the form action buttons you see in many of the preceding figures. Action buttons can be of two types: Submit and Reset. Clicking a Submit button instructs the browser to package the form data and send it to the server. Clicking a Reset button clears out any data entered into the form and sets all the named input fields back to their default values. Regular Submit and Reset Buttons Any form you compose should have a Submit button so that users can submit the data they enter. The one exception to this rule is a form containing only one input field. For such a form, pressing Enter automatically submits the data. Reset buttons are technically not necessary but are usually provided as a user courtesy. Thangavel Murugan 2.33 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY To create Submit or Reset buttons, use the <input /> element as follows: <input type=”submit” value=”Submit Data” /> <input type=”reset” value=”Clear Data” /> Use the value attribute to specify the text that appears on the button. You should set value to a text string that concisely describes the function of the button. If value is not specified, the button text is “Submit” for Submit buttons and “Reset” for Reset buttons. Using Images as Submit Buttons You can create a custom image to be a Submit button for your forms, and you can set up the image so that clicking it instructs the browser to submit the form data. To do this, you set type equal to image in your <input /> element, and you provide the URL of the image you want to use with the src attribute: <input type=”image” src=”images/submit_button.gif” /> My e-mail address is <input name=”email” type=”text” size=”30” maxlength=”64” /> Do you have an Amazon.com password? <input type=”radio” name=”action” value=”continue” /> No, I am a new customer. <input type=”radio” name=”action” value=”sign-in checked” /> Yes, I have a password: <input type=”hidden” name=”next-page” value=”misc/login/flex-register-secure.html” /> Thangavel Murugan 2.34 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY <input name=”password” type=”password” size=”10” maxlength=”20” /> <input type=”image” src=”images/submit_button.gif” /> HTML Code to Produce an Image-Based Submit Button Scripted Buttons A relatively new variant on action buttons is the scripted button—one that executes a client-side script when clicked. To create a scripted button, you still use the <input/> element, but with type set equal to button. The value attribute still specifies what text should appear on the face of the button. By default, a button created in this way has no behavior associated with it. To make the button do something when clicked, you need to include the onclick event handler. You set onclick equal to a name of a script that has presumably been set up using the <script> element earlier in the document. Thus, the code to produce a fully defined scripted button might look like this: <input type=”button” value=”Check data” onclick=”checkdata()” /> The <button> Element The <button> element was introduced to allow for action buttons with better presentation features. The first thing to note about the <button> element is that it is a container element. What goes inside the <button> element has everything to do with how the button looks onscreen. If only text is between the elements, that text appears on the face of the button. If an <img /> element is between them, the image is used as the button. <button> takes the type attribute, which can be set to submit, reset, or button. Each of these options produces a button similar to the ones you get by using the <input /> element with the same type values, but subtle differences exist in how the buttons appear onscreen. Thangavel Murugan 2.35 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY This is particularly so in the case of image-based buttons, which are rendered three dimensionally (with a drop shadow) and which move down when clicked and up when released. <button> can take the name and value attributes as well. You need to assign a name to a button when it is a Submit button in a set of more than one. The value attribute gets passed to the server when the button is clicked. C.3 LABELING INPUT FIELDS The HTML4.0 <label> element formalizes the relationship between the prompting text (the label) and the form field it is paired with. <label> takes the for attribute, where for is set equal to the id attribute value of the associated form field. In the example <label for=”Zip”>Enter your 9-digit ZIP code: </label> <input type=”text” name=”ZipCode” id=”Zip” /> the prompting text “Enter your 9-digit ZIP code:” composes the label. Note how the label is associated with the subsequent field with the matching for and id attributes. How a label is rendered varies from browser to browser, so you should continue to place labels and their associated form fields in tables for proper alignment. Thus, the preceding example is better done as <form ...> <table> <tr> <td><label for=”Zip”>Enter your 9-digit ZIP code: </label></td> <td><input type=”text” name=”ZipCode” id=”Zip” /></td> </tr> </table> ... </form> Thangavel Murugan 2.36 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Although labels might not seem to do much for you, they’re important to include for visually impaired users who use speech-based browsers. In this case, the browser knows to treat the label as prompting text for a form field, and it instructs the user accordingly. Additionally, you can associate an access key with your form field label by using the accesskey attribute. accesskey is set equal to a single letter from the user’s keyboard. After it is set up, users can use the accesskey keystroke to go directly to the associated form field (an action called giving focus to the field) and fill it in. Expanding the previous password example to include an access key yields the following: <form ...> <table> <tr> <td> <label for=”Zip” accesskey=”Z”>Enter your 9-digit ZIP code: </label> </td> <td><input type=”text” name=”ZipCode” id=”Zip”/></td> </tr> </table> ... </form> The accesskey attribute in the <label> element associates the letter Z with the form field label. Thus, whenever Windows users type Alt+Z or Macintosh users type Cmd+Z, they give focus to the Password field, which means that the cursor moves there and enables the user to type in a Zip code. C.4 GROUPING RELATED FIELDS Two other HTML form elements that recognize the use of nonvisual browsers are the <fieldset> and <legend> elements. <fieldset> enables you to group related form fields together in a logical group, and <legend> enables you to assign descriptive text to the group of fields. Thangavel Murugan 2.37 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Neither of these might seem necessary on a standard visual browser, but for a visually impaired user with a speech-based browser, these extra features make a form much more usable. <fieldset> is a container element that does not have any attributes. To create a logical grouping of fields, you place the elements that create the fields inside a <fieldset> element. Each logical <fieldset> grouping can have a <legend> element associated with it. The text inside the <legend> element captions the grouping. If you are validating against the Transitional or Frameset DTD, you can use the align attribute in the <legend> element to align the legend text with respect to the grouped fields. Possible values for align in this case are top, bottom, left, and right. <legend> can also take the accesskey attribute so that you can set up an access key for the form field grouping. As an example of how <fieldset> and <legend> work together, consider the following example: <form ...> <fieldset> <legend align=”left”>Shipping Address</legend> <table> <tr> <td colspan=”2”>Address:</td> <td colspan=”4”><input type=”text” name=”SH_ADDR” /></td> </tr> <tr> <td>City:</td> <td><input type=”text” name=”SH_CITY” /></td> <td>State:</td> <td><input type=”text” name=”SH_STATE” /></td> <td>Zip:</td> <td><input type=”text” name=”SH_ZIP” /></td> </tr> </table> Thangavel Murugan 2.38 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY </fieldset> <fieldset> <legend align=”left”>Billing Address</legend> <table> <tr> <td colspan=”2”>Address:</td> <td colspan=”4”><input type=”text” name=”BL_ADDR” /></td> </tr> <tr> <td>City:</td> <td><input type=”text” name=”BL_CITY” /></td> <td>State:</td> <td><input type=”text” name=”BL_STATE” /></td> <td>Zip:</td> <td><input type=”text” name=”BL_ZIP” /></td> </tr> </table> </fieldset> ... </form> In the preceding code, the form fields are grouped into two logical groups: shipping address fields and billing address fields. On a visual browser, the legend text Shipping Address and Billing Address appears above each logical grouping. C.5 DISABLED AND READ-ONLY FIELDS Many of the HTML 4.0 form elements accept attributes that render the fields they produce as disabled—meaning the field is grayed out—or as read only, which means that the text that initially appears in the field cannot be changed. The disabled attribute takes care of disabling a field and can be used with the following elements: <input /> <label> <select> <option> <textarea> <button> Thangavel Murugan 2.39 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY The readonly attribute works only for the <input /> element with type set to text or password and the <textarea> element because these are the only elements that can be prepopulated with text. In these cases, the text is presented only for the user’s information, not so that it can be changed. C.6 FORM FIELD EVENT HANDLERS The W3C has also added a number of scripting event handlers to work with many of the form elements to facilitate the execution of script code while a user fills out a form. These event handlers include v onfocus v onblur v onselect v onchange Two of the most widely usable event handlers are onfocus and onblur. Recall that a field receives focus when you’ve tabbed to it or clicked it to make it active. At the moment a field receives focus, you can choose to execute a script by setting the onfocus attribute of the corresponding form field element equal to the name of a script defined in the document. When you tab out of a form field that has focus, the field is said to blur. You can execute a script when a blur event occurs by setting onblur equal to the name of the script you want to run. onfocus and onblur can be used with the following HTML form elements: v <button> v <input /> v <label> v <select> v <textarea> Thangavel Murugan 2.40 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Additionally, the <input />, <select>, and <textarea> elements can take the onselect and onchange event handlers that launch scripts when the field is selected or changed. All these form event handlers are useful for invoking JavaScript functions that validate the data in the form field. C.7 PASSING FORM DATA After a user enters form data and clicks a Submit button, the browser does two things. First, it encodes the form data into a single string. Then it sends the encoded string to the server by either the get or post HTTP method. The next two sections close out the chapter by providing details on each of these steps. URL Encoding When a user clicks the Submit button on a form, the browser gathers all the form data and assembles it into a string of name=value pairs, each separated by an ampersand (&) character. This process is called encoding. It is done to package the data into one string that is sent to the server. Consider the following HTML code: <form action=”http://www.server.com/cgi-bin/process_it.cgi” method=”post”> Favorite color: <input type=”text” name=”Color” /> Favorite movie: <input type=”text” name=”Movie” /> <input type=”submit” /> </form> If a user’s favorite color is green and his favorite movie is Fargo, his browser creates the following data string and sends it to the CGI script: Color=green&Movie=Fargo If the get method is used instead of post, the same string is appended to the URL of the processing script, producing the following encoded URL: http://www.server.com/cgi-bin/process_it.cgi?Color=green&Movie=Fargo A question mark (?) separates the script URL from the encoded data string. The data you see to the right of the question mark is called the query string. Thangavel Murugan 2.41 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Further encoding occurs with data that is more complex than a single word. Such encoding replaces spaces with the plus character (+) and translates any other possibly troublesome character (control characters, ampersand, equal sign, some punctuation, and so on) to a percent sign, followed by its hexadecimal equivalent. Thus, the following string: I love XHTML! becomes I+love+XHTML%21 HTTP Methods You have two ways to read the form data submitted to a CGI script, depending on the method the form used. The type of method the form used—either get or post—is stored in an environment variable called REQUEST_METHOD and, based on that, the data should be read in one of the following ways: If the data is sent by the get method, the input stream is stored in an environment variable called QUERY_STRING. As noted previously, this input stream usually is limited to about 1KB of data. This is why get is losing popularity to the more flexible post. If the data is submitted by the post method, the input string waits on the server’s input device, with the available number of bytes stored in the environment variable CONTENT_LENGTH. post accepts data of any length, although it is not yet very common for form submissions to be that large. 2.4 CUSTOM DATABASE QUERY SCRIPTS D.1 UNDERSTANDING DATABASE DESIGN Three kinds of databases: flat file, DBM, and relational. The three methods used here require little or no money to use and build. Nearly everyone can work with databases, and most database applications—free or commercial—operate on the same basic principles. The most difficult and daunting task is how to go about designing your database to store and retrieve information. Thangavel Murugan 2.42 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE D.2 WEB TECHNOLOGY WHY ACCESS A DATABASE? Most likely, your organization already has an existing database in which it has stored information about its products, its customers, and other aspects of business life. You might want to allow your customers to see some of this information, or you might even want to make the information in the database available to your workers stationed away from the office. If so, you would have to create XHTML documents that contain all this information several times, which can be a tedious task if you’re part of a large organization. Integrating the Web with your databases can save you tremendous amounts of time in the long run, especially when it comes to maintaining that information. As long as you keep your database current, all your Web pages will be current as well. Another good reason to use the World Wide Web to access your database is that any Web browser that supports forms can access information from the database—no matter which platform is being used. This enables you to create gateways to your databases that you or your co-workers can access from anywhere. D.3 DATABASE ACCESS LIMITATIONS Consider the following sequence of events: 1. Person one accesses the database for editing. 2. Next, person two comes along and does the same thing. 3. Person one makes changes and saves that information to the database. 4. Person two saves information as well, possibly writing over what person one just saved. 5. A short time later, person one is wondering what happened to his or her data. The browser and the server communicate via HTTP, which is a stateless protocol. Except in certain instances with certain products, the browser makes a request, the server processes the query and sends the result back to the browser, and the connection is closed. This creates a problem with databases because a connection to a database is usually constant. Thangavel Murugan 2.43 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Normally, someone accesses the database, which keeps a connection open, locking a record if any editing is performed, and closes the connection only when the person is finished. Accessing a database doesn’t work the same way when you’re using a CGI script. Two ways exist to handle the overwriting problem described previously. The first method involves keeping track of all entries with a time stamp. This enables both entries to be maintained by the database, without the possibility of either person’s entry being overwritten. Another solution is to only provide information from the database and not allow someone on the Web to edit, remove, or insert information to the database. Although this limits some of the possibilities for having the database on the Web, it also alleviates some of the security problems. D.4 CREATING AND USING FLAT FILE DATABASES Flat file databases are about the easiest databases you can create. To create a small ASCII text database, you need nothing more than a language with which to program and a text editor. A flat file database consists mainly of lines of text, in which each line is its own entry. If you have more than one field for each record, the records are usually separated by a delimiter. No special technique is used to index the database. Therefore, flat file databases usually are relatively small (about 1,000–2,000 records). The larger the database, the longer it takes to perform queries to it. In a flat file database, each record is contained on its own line. The number of fields in each record is completely up to you, but some sort of delimiter usually separates them. Often commas or tabs are used to delimit a record. Adding Information In a flat file database, nothing exists to check and ensure that the data you are receiving is the data that you are expecting. Thangavel Murugan 2.44 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY As stated previously, you must check to ensure that the new information doesn’t contain the delimiter you are using. When writing your script, you will also have to ensure that you are getting what you need. If you are expecting a name, then you might want to ensure that you are not receiving an email address. A database is only as good as the information contained in it. Incorrect information can create problems. Adding information to a flat file database is easy, no matter which programming language you use. The basic idea is that you want to append a new record to the end of the database. Rarely do you find that you have to place a new record somewhere in the middle of the database. If you would like to display your listing in a numerical or alphabetical order, you can easily sort the contents of the database any time you read from the database. Removing Information Although adding information is crucial to any database application, so is the capability to remove any old information from the database. No matter which programming language is used, removing information is relatively easy. The basic idea is to read the database into an array and then print the database back out to the file, excluding the records that you do not want to keep. open(FILE, “database.txt”); @lines = <FILE>; close(FILE); open(FILE, “>database.txt”); foreach $line (@lines) { print FILE “$line” unless $line =~ /$remove_key/i; } close(FILE); Searching Through a Database and Removing a Record Browsing the Database Now that you have the capability to add and remove entries to the database, you need to create a script that enables you to display the contents of your database. Thangavel Murugan 2.45 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY If the database is expected to be small, the easiest thing to do is to display all entries, formatting each record as you deem fit. With Perl, you read the database into an array and then print each line. Each field is provided within the record by using a comma as the delimiter. open(FILE, “database.txt”); @lines = <FILE>; close(FILE); foreach $line (@lines) { $line =~ s/\n//g; ($name, $address, $city, $state) = split(/,/, $line); print “$name - $address - $city - $state \n”; } undef $lines; Printing the Contents of a Flat File Database D.5 DBM DATABASES DBM is a set of library routines that manages data files consisting of key and value pairs. The DBM routines control how users enter and retrieve information from the database. Although it isn’t the most powerful mechanism for storing information, using DBM is a faster method of retrieving information than using a flat file. Because most UNIX sites use one of the DBM libraries, the tools you need to store your information to a DBM database are readily available. A list follows of some of the most popular DBM libraries available: v DBM—DBM stores the database in two files. The first has the extension .Pag and contains the bitmap. The second, which has the extension .Dir, contains the data. v NDBM—NDBM is much like DBM with a few additional features; it was written to provide better storage and retrieval methods. Thangavel Murugan 2.46 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Also, NDBM enables you to open many databases, unlike DBM, in which you are allowed to have only one database open within your script. Like DBM, NDBM stores its information in two files using the extensions .Pag and .Dir. v SDBM—SDBM comes with the Perl archive, which has been ported to many platforms. Therefore, you can use DBM databases as long as a version of Perl exists for your computer. SDBM was written to match the functions provided with NDBM, so portability of code shouldn’t be a problem. Perl is available on just about all popular platforms. v GDBM—GDBM is the GNU version of the DBM family of database routines. GDBM also enables you to cache data, reducing the time that it takes to write to the database. The database has no size limit; its size depends completely on your system’s resources. GDBM database files have the extension .Db. Unlike DBM and NDBM, both of which use two files, GDBM uses only one file. v Berkeley db—The Berkeley db expands on the original DBM routines significantly. The Berkeley db uses hashed tables the same as the other DBM databases, but the library also can create databases based on a sorted balanced binary tree (BTREE) and store information with a record line number (RECNO). The method that you use depends completely on how you want to store and retrieve the information from a database. Berkeley db creates only one file, which has no extension. Writing to a DBM Database DBM databases store information using a key and a value. The contents of each key cannot be repeated, although the value can. Therefore, treat the contents of each key the same. Because the key cannot be duplicated, you want to figure out which information that you want to store would be unique. Thangavel Murugan 2.47 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY For the value, you can store either one field or multiple fields using a delimiter, such as those used when accessing a flat file database. Using the email address as the key, you could store the name, work phone, and home phone in the value. The following is an example: use AnyDBM_File; $database=tie(%db, ‘NDBM_File’, “database”, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666); $db{‘jdoe@yourcompany.com’} = “Jane Doe,555-5555,555-6666”; untie %db; undef $database; Reading from a DBM Database To retrieve information from a database, all you have to do is create a loop that reads the contents of the database and separates the value of each key at the colon. In your script, the following starts the loop that accomplishes this: while (($key,$value)= each(%db)) { Within the loop, the value of each key is split and assigned to the array part. When that is done, you can format the result in any manner you choose. use AnyDBM_File; $database=tie(%db, ‘NDBM_File’, “database”, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666); while (($key,$value)= each(%db)) { ($name, $work_phone, $home_phone) = split(/,/, $value); print “Name: $name\n”; print “Email: $key\n”; print “Work Phone: $work_phone\n”; print “Home Phone: $home_phone\n”; } untie %db; undef $database; Reading Records and Displaying Content from a DBM Database Searching a DBM Database If your database starts to get large, it’s convenient to provide a means by which visitors to your site can search for a specific keyword. Thangavel Murugan 2.48 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Performing a search works much the same as displaying the whole database, except that rather than immediately displaying each entry, you check it first to see whether it matches the keyword entered by the visitor. If the keyword matches the key, you print the line; otherwise, you skip ahead and check the next entry. $database=tie(%db, ‘NDBM_File’, “database”, O_READ, 0660); while (($key,$value)= each(%db)) { if ($key =~ /$query/i) { ($name, $work_phone, $home_phone) = split(/,/, $value); print “Name: $name\n”; print “Email: $email\n”; print “Work Phone: $work_phone\n”; print “Home Phone: $home_phone\n”; } } Matching Fields and Queries Limits Information Returned to the Visitor D.6 RELATIONAL DATABASES Most relational database servers consist of a set of programs that manage large amounts of data, offering a rich set of query commands that help manage the power behind the database server. These programs control the storage, retrieval, and organization of the information within the database. This information can be changed, updated, or removed after the support programs or scripts are in place. Unlike DBM databases, relational databases don’t link records together physically like the DBM database does by using a key/value pair. Instead, they provide a field in which information can be matched, and the results can be sent back to the person performing the query, as if the database were organized that way. Relational databases store information in tables. A table is similar to a smaller database that sits inside the main database. Each table can usually be linked with the information in other tables to provide a result to a query. Thangavel Murugan 2.49 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY A relational database stores certain information in one or more tables; this information can later be extracted with one query. Introduction to Database Design Relational databases consist of tables, which then break down into records (looking horizontally across the table) and fields (looking vertically down the table). The tables hold all information that is stored in the database, and each table contains one or more records. A record contains one or more fields, grouping the fields for a specific entry. A field is given a specific data type, which specifies what kind of information is to be stored in that field. For example, a field might contain a date, a number, a set of characters, and so on. As stated, each table consists of columns and rows. The columns identify the data by a name, and the rows store information relevant to that name. Take a look at the following example: Name Extension Email Jane Doe 8756 jdoe@yourcompany.com Fred Smith 4683 fsmith@yourcompany.com Thangavel Murugan 2.50 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY The column heads give a name to each item below them. Information within a table is stored in much the same way. If you add more tables to the database, you could have something that looks like the following: Name PayRate Jane Doe $3,500/month Fred Smith $2,800/month You could have department information as well: Name Department Tardy Record Jane Doe IT 1 Fred Smith Personnel 3 With this information, you can perform a query to get a complete look at an individual. When designing a database, you need to decide which tables you require and which data each table will contain. You also need to decide how each table will work with other tables. You need to decide which bits (entities) of information you want to store and how this information is related to other entities. The usual technique, when designing a database, is to draw a graphical display of the database. This drawing is called an Entity-Relationship (E-R) diagram. The purpose of having relational databases is to limit the amount of repetitive information contained in the database. After someone’s address is entered in one table, for example, you should never have to provide an address in any other table. Making SQL Queries Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language that provides a user interface to relational database management systems (RDBMS). Thangavel Murugan 2.51 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Originally developed by IBM in the 1970s, SQL is the de facto standard for storing and retrieving information for relational databases, as well as being an ISO and ANSI standard. SQL’s purpose is to provide a language, easily understandable by humans, that interfaces with relational databases. When adding, removing, and retrieving information from SQL databases, you perform what is called a query. A query is a command that is sent to the database, telling the database engine what to do to manipulate the contents of a database. One example of a query is provided here using the select command. The select command enables you to specifically define which information you want retrieved from the database. You can be as broad or as specific as you want when retrieving information from the database. select * from personal where Name=’Jane Doe’ D.7 DEBUGGING DATABASE APPLICATIONS One of the biggest problems when dealing with databases on the Web is trying to fix any problems that might occur when you are writing your script. You can have problems because of a bug in your script or because of an improper query. The best way to see whether the problem lies within your script is to create a copy of the script that includes dummy variables—variables that contain information as if a visitor actually entered something into a form. Using the previous scripts, for example, you can create a set of variables that mimics information that a visitor might have entered: $contents{‘fname’} = “John”; $contents{‘lname’} = “Doe”; After you have the dummy variables set, you can execute your script using the command line % /usr/bin/perl phone.pl Thangavel Murugan 2.52 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE 2.5 WEB TECHNOLOGY SERVER-SIDE INCLUDES A Web server normally doesn’t look at the contents of the files that it passes along to browsers. It checks security—that is, it makes sure that the caller has the right to see the contents of the files—but otherwise it just hands over the file. A Web page is often more than one document. The most common addition is an inline graphic or two, plus a background graphic. When a browser first receives a page, it scans the page, determines whether more parts exist, and sends out requests for the remaining parts. This scanning and interpretation process is called parsing, and it normally happens on the client’s side of the connection. Under certain circumstances, though, you can instruct the server to parse the document before it ever gets to the client. Instead of blindly handing over the document without knowing the contents, the server can interpret the document first. When this parsing occurs on the server’s side of the connection, the process is called a server-side include (SSI). Why include? The first use of server-side parsing was to allow files to be included along with the one being referenced. Programmers love abbreviations, and SSI was established quickly. Changing the term later, when other capabilities also became popular, seemed pointless. SSI can do more than include files. You can use special commands to include the current date and time. Other commands let you report the size of a file or the date that a file was last modified. Yet another command lets you execute a subprogram (similar to CGI) and incorporate its output right into the flow of the text. E.1 SSI SPECIFICATION Unfortunately, no formal set of specifications for SSI applies to all HTTP servers. NCSA SSI documentation is available at http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs/ tutorials/includes.html, but the syntax and usage given apply only to NCSA-style Web servers, such as the Apache Web server. Thangavel Murugan 2.53 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Even so, most Web servers follow the basic rules outlined by NCSA, and usually there are only minor variances from the basic rules. E.2 CONFIGURING SSI Configuring SSI to work on NCSA or Apache remains a common stumbling block. Other servers are a little easier to use. In addition to the NCSA site previously given, the following is one of the better sites for configuration information; it relates to the popular Apache server: http://www.apache.org/docs/mod/mod_include.html. On most servers, SSI must be “turned on” before it will work. By default, SSI is not enabled. This is for your protection because mismanaged SSI can be a huge security risk. In an NCSA or Apache (UNIX) environment, you enable SSI by editing the configuration files. You must have administrative privileges on the server to edit these files, although you can probably look at them with ordinary user privileges. You must change the following directives to enable SSI on NCSA or Apache servers: The Options directive—Used to enable SSI for particular directories. Edit access.conf and add Includes to the Options lines for the directories in which you want SSI to work. If a line reads Options All, SSI is already enabled for that directory. If it reads anything else, you must add Includes to the list of privileges on that line. The AddType directive—Used to designate the MIME type for SSI files. For example, use this line to enable parsing for all files ending with .shtml: AddType text/x-server-parsed-html .shtml This information is normally stored in srm.conf. Also use this line if you want to allow the exec command to work: AddType application/x-httpd-cgi .cgi Thangavel Murugan 2.54 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Enabling SSI on Windows NT machines is usually a matter of naming your XHTML files correctly and clicking a check box somewhere in the Configuration dialog box. Process Software’s Purveyor server uses .htp as the default filename extension for parsed files. Most other servers emulate NCSA and use .shtml instead. However, changing the extension is usually simple. Hunt up the MIME Types dialog box and add a MIME type of text/ x-server-parsed for whichever filename extension you want. E.3 USING SSI IN XHTML Now that your server (or talked your system administrator into doing it for you), you’re ready to learn how to use SSI. What you’ve done already is by far the hardest part. From here on, you simply need to find the syntax in your particular server’s documentation and try things out. Having embedded commands makes it easy to implement SSI while still making the XHTML portable. A server that doesn’t understand SSI passes the commands to the browser, and the browser ignores them because they’re formatted as comments. A server that does understand SSI, however, does not pass the commands to the browser. Instead, the server parses the XHTML code from the top down, executing each comment-embedded command and replacing the comment with the output of the command. XHTML Comment Syntax Because anything not tagged in XHTML is considered displayable text, comments must be tagged like any other element. Elements are always marked with angle brackets—the less than sign (<) and greater-than sign (>)—and a keyword, which may be as short as a single letter. For example, the familiar line break element, , is empty, so no closing tag is necessary. Thangavel Murugan 2.55 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE Nonempty elements, such as <a WEB TECHNOLOGY href=”...”>...</a>, enclose displayable information, or “content,” between the opening and closing tags. The comment tag is empty and is of this form:  Turning Comments into Commands What happens to comments when SSI is enabled? The server looks for comments and examines the text inside them for commands. The server distinguishes comments that are really SSI commands from comments that are just comments by following a simple convention: Inside the comment, all SSI commands start with a pound sign (#). Therefore, all SSI commands begin with ). E.4 COMMON SSI COMMANDS You can use SSI commands for a variety of tasks, including inserting (echoing) a value into the document, running a program, inserting the contents of a file into the document, setting the way file sizes appear, inserting the hit count or a file size into the document, and more. The following sections provide step-by-step examples of SSI commands in action. echo The following is the syntax for echo: The current date is  This syntax expands to something like the following when executed by an NCSA or Apache server: The current date is 30 Nov 2000 17:05:13 GMT-6 Thangavel Murugan 2.56 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY The command is echo, the parameter is var (short for variable), and the value is DATE_LOCAL, which is a variable defined by the NCSA server that represents the local time on the server. When the server processes this line, it sees that the command requires it to echo (print) something. The echo command takes only one parameter, the keyword var, which is followed by a value specifying which variable you want to be echoed. Most servers let you echo at least one subset of the standard CGI variables, if not all of them. You can usually find some special variables that are available only to SSI. DATE_LOCAL is one of them. Again on the NCSA or Apache server, you can change the time format using the SSI config command, as follows:  Substitute a valid time format string for “format string” in the preceding example. The syntax of the format string is compatible with the string that you pass to the UNIX strftime() system call. include The include command typically takes one of two parameters, file or virtual, with a single parameter specifying which file to include. Using the file attribute, the included file must be something relative to, but not above, the current directory. Thus, ../ is disallowed, as is any absolute path, even if the httpd server process would normally have access there. The virtual attribute enables you to include any file relative to the document root. For example, /otherdir/file.html can be included as long as the Web server can access the file. Thangavel Murugan 2.57 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY A typical use for the include command is a closing tag line at the bottom of a page. Let’s say that you’re working in the directory /home/susan, and you create a simple text file called email.html: Click <a href=”mailto:susan@susan.com” rel="nofollow">here</a> to send me email. Next, you create index.shtml, which is the default page for /home/susan, as follows: <html> <head><title>Susan’s Home Page</title></head> <body> <h1>Susan’s Home Page</h1> Hi, I’m Susan.  See you later! </body> </html> exec exec is a very powerful and almost infinitely flexible command. An SSI exec is very much like regular CGI call in that it spawns a subprocess and lets it open files, provide output, and do just about anything else that an executable can do. The exec command typically takes one attribute—most frequently called cgi, but also exe, script, and cmd on various servers. Some servers let you specify two different ways to execute programs. For example,  White-space is Preserved in XML HTML truncates multiple white-space characters to one single white-space: HTML: Hello Output: Hello Tove Tove With XML, the white-space in a document is not truncated. Thangavel Murugan 2.85 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY XML Stores New Line as LF In Windows applications, a new line is normally stored as a pair of characters: carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF). In Unix applications, a new line is normally stored as an LF character. Macintosh applications also use an LF to store a new line. XML stores a new line as LF. F.6 XML ELEMENTS What is an XML Element? An XML element is everything from (including) the element's start tag to (including) the element's end tag. An element can contain: other elements text attributes or a mix of all of the above... <bookstore> <book category="CHILDREN"> <title>Harry Potter</title> <author rel="nofollow">J K. Rowling</author> <year>2005</year> <price>29.99</price> </book> <book category="WEB"> <title>Learning XML</title> <author rel="nofollow">Erik T. Ray</author> <year>2003</year> <price>39.95</price> </book> </bookstore> Thangavel Murugan 2.86 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY XML Naming Rules XML elements must follow these naming rules: Names can contain letters, numbers, and other characters Names cannot start with a number or punctuation character Names cannot start with the letters xml (or XML, or Xml, etc) Names cannot contain spaces Any name can be used, no words are reserved. XML Elements are Extensible XML elements can be extended to carry more information. Look at the following XML example: <note> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body> </note> Let's imagine that we created an application that extracted the <to>, <from>, and <body> elements from the XML document to produce this output: Imagine that the author of the XML document added some extra information to it: <note> <date>2008-01-10</date> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body> </note> Thangavel Murugan 2.87 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Should the application break or crash? Ø No. The application should still be able to find the <to>, <from>, and <body> elements in the XML document and produce the same output. Ø One of the beauties of XML, is that it can be extended without breaking applications. F.7 XML ATTRIBUTES In HTML, attributes provide additional information about elements: <img src="computer.gif"> <a href="demo.asp" rel="nofollow"> Attributes often provide information that is not a part of the data. In the example below, the file type is irrelevant to the data, but can be important to the software that wants to manipulate the element: <file type="gif">computer.gif</file> XML Attributes Must be Quoted Attribute values must always be quoted. Either single or double quotes can be used. For a person's sex, the person element can be written like this: <person sex="female"> or like this: <person sex='female'> Thangavel Murugan 2.88 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY If the attribute value itself contains double quotes you can use single quotes, like in this example: <gangster name='George "Shotgun" Ziegler'> or you can use character entities: <gangster name="George "Shotgun" Ziegler"> XML Elements vs. Attributes Take a look at these examples: <person sex="female"> <firstname>Anna</firstname> <lastname>Smith</lastname> </person> <person> <sex>female</sex> <firstname>Anna</firstname> <lastname>Smith</lastname> </person> In the first example sex is an attribute. In the last, sex is an element. Both examples provide the same information. There are no rules about when to use attributes or when to use elements. Attributes are handy in HTML. In XML my advice is to avoid them. Use elements instead. Thangavel Murugan 2.89 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY My Favorite Way The following three XML documents contain exactly the same information: A date attribute is used in the first example: <note date="10/01/2008"> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body> </note> A date element is used in the second example: <note> <date>10/01/2008</date> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body> </note> An expanded date element is used in the third: (THIS IS MY FAVORITE): <note> <date> <day>10</day> <month>01</month> <year>2008</year> </date> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body> </note> Thangavel Murugan 2.90 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY Avoid XML Attributes? Some of the problems with using attributes are: attributes cannot contain multiple values (elements can) attributes cannot contain tree structures (elements can) attributes are not easily expandable (for future changes) Attributes are difficult to read and maintain. Use elements for data. Use attributes for information that is not relevant to the data. Don't end up like this: <note day="10" month="01" year="2008" to="Tove" from="Jani" heading="Reminder" body="Don't forget me this weekend!"> </note> XML Attributes for Metadata Sometimes ID references are assigned to elements. These IDs can be used to identify XML elements in much the same way as the id attribute in HTML. This example demonstrates this: <messages> <note id="501"> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body> </note> <note id="502"> <to>Jani</to> <from>Tove</from> <heading>Re: Reminder</heading> Thangavel Murugan 2.91 UNIT 2: COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE WEB TECHNOLOGY <body>I will not</body> </note> </messages> The id attributes above are for identifying the different notes. It is not a part of the note itself. What I'm trying to say here is that metadata (data about data) should be stored as attributes, and the data itself should be stored as elements. ***END*** Thangavel Murugan 2.92 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS CGI What is CGI ? The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a set of standards that define how information is exchanged between the web server and a custom script. The CGI specs are currently maintained by the NCSA and NCSA defines CGI is as follows: The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a standard for external gateway programs to interface with information servers such as HTTP servers. The current version is CGI/1.1 and CGI/1.2 is under progress. Web Browsing To understand the concept of CGI, lets see what happens when we click a hyper link to browse a particular web page or URL. Your browser contacts the HTTP web server and demand for the URL ie. filename. Web Server will parse the URL and will look for the filename in if it finds that file then sends back to the browser otherwise sends an error message indicating that you have requested a wrong file. Web browser takes response from web server and displays either the received file or error message. However, it is possible to set up the HTTP server so that whenever a file in a certain directory is requested that file is not sent back; instead it is executed as a program, and whatever that program outputs is sent back for your browser to display. This function is called the Common Gateway Interface or CGI and the programs are called CGI scripts. These CGI programs can be a PERL Script, Shell Script, C or C++ program etc. Thangavel Murugan 1 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS CGI Architecture Diagram Advantages of CGI: There are various advantages of CGI: Simplicity. CGI provides a simple way of running programs on the server when a request is received and it is conceptually easy to understand the underlying process. Process Isolation. Since CGI applications run in separate processes, buggy applications will not crash the Web server or access the server's private internal state. Portability. CGI is an open standard. CGI is not tied to any particular (such as single- or multi-threaded) server architecture. CGIs are far more portable over other alternatives such as server extension APIs. Language Independency. CGI applications can be written in nearly any language. Support. CGI is a proven technology, and some form of CGI has been implemented on almost every Web server on a variety of platforms. There are many CGI scripts available for free for a variety of applications: as user-friendly front-ends to databases, search engines, scientific analysis tools, traditional inventory systems, gateways to network services such as gopher or whois. Evolvability. CGI is alive and well, and as pointed out in Webmaster's Domain: Is CGI Dead?, work towards CGI 1.2 specification is in progress. Thangavel Murugan 2 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS CGI Security Issues The first step towards tackling the CGI security issues requires finding the origins of the problems. This in turn requires identification of all the different components involved in the entire CGI communication process. (Note that not all of these are involved in all cases.) They are: 1. The User. A person including an intruder (such as a hacker, masquerader, counterfeiter, an eavesdropper) or a program (such as a virus). 2. HTML form or searchable index. 3. HTTP and CGI protocols. 4. The CGI script. 5. Compiler/interpreter that runs the CGI script (which depends on the language the script is written in). 6. External data (that comes from the user in 1. above). 7. External programs that the script calls. 8. Client-side techniques, such as JavaScript, used in conjunction with the CGI. 9. The Web browser. 10. The Web server. Figure 1 presents a schematic of the CGI communication between the Web client and server. Here are some remarks on the effect of the above components. The main sources of CGI security problems are 2, 4, 6, 7 and 10, which result in insecure data, insecure code, or insecure server. 6 can pose a major security problem when it comes in contact with 7. It is possible that 3, 5 or 7 themselves could lead to security problems. Discussion of that is beyond the scope of this article. 8 and 9 are client-side technologies and don't really have a direct relationship with the CGI security issue. 8, however, can affect 6. This article is primarily targeted towards developers who write CGI scripts; however, we have also provided a section for those who use pre-built CGI scripts for their purposes. Thangavel Murugan 3 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS Figure 1. CGI Communication between the Web Client and Server. CGI scripts can present security holes in two ways: 1. They may intentionally or unintentionally leak information about the host system that can result in a break in. 2. Scripts that process remote user input, such as the contents of a form or a "searchable index" command, may be vulnerable to attacks in which the remote user tricks them into executing commands. Security holes present in CGI scripts on Web sites can be exploited for various frivolous purposes, including the following: Critical files, particularly those which contain sensitive information (such as passwords), are stolen, modified or erased by unauthorized users. Content is sold to a competitor. Information about the host machine is obtained which will allow unauthorized users to have access to the system. Commands are executed on the server host machine, allowing unauthorized users to modify the system. The site is used to launch attacks against other sites. General Considerations Thangavel Murugan 4 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS There are some general design considerations that can be followed to avoid CGI security problems: CGI Security Policy. As mentioned in Chapter 13 of the book Web Security and Commerce, security is defined by policy. According to The World Wide Web Security FAQ, "... the single most important step you can take to increase your site's security is to create a written security policy." The same idea can be applied to the case of CGI security. The security policy should succinctly lay out your organization's policies with regard to different practices, which include: o Directory on the server being used for CGI scripts. o Programs being used to generate user passwords. o Steps to be taken in the event of a break-in, including the contact person(s). Race Condition. A race condition is a situation where between your two actions, an attacker can race in and change something to make the script to behave inappropriately. For example, there can be a race between testing whether a file exists and opening it for writing. Moral:Beware of race conditions. Always set your script's environment variable. Error Checking. Use "-w" and "use strict." Moral: Use Perl's error checking features for all CGI scripts. Informaton is Power. Keep abreast of security announcements, bug fixes and patches. For example, you can subscribe to CERT or CIAC mailing lists. Subscription to the Usenet newsgroup comp.infosystems.www.cgi and the ones in the comp.security.* hierarchy, can also be useful. Only the Truth, and Nothing but the Truth. The scripts themselves should be designed and inspected to ensure that they perform only the desired task. The scripts should be run in a restricted environment. If these scripts are subverted to perform something unexpected, the damage they do will be limited. Small is Beautiful. Make critical parts of the script as small and as simple as possible. Thangavel Murugan 5 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS Test, Test, Test! Test the script thoroughly before using them on the Web server. Try to sabotage the script in any and all ways that you can think of. If you can, probably somebody else can too. Pass the word, Not! It is a general practice (independent of any Web technology) that "good" passwords should be used. Good passwords are those that are a combination of alphanumeric characters which do not have any correlation to the user's personal information and can not be found in dictionaries. When things go wrong. Prevention is better than cure but then security is about being prepared for the worst scenario. You should make regular backups and keep the backup device itself in (at least) a physically safe location. The Devil is in the Details. You should log your scripts' actions by creating and checking your log files regularly. Report any error to a dedicated log file (separate from a server log file). If you are deploying Apache as the Web server, you can use the CGI::Carp module for error handling. To trap all/most Perl runtime errors and send the output to the client instead of Apache's error log, add this line to your script: use CGI::Carp qw(fatalsToBrowser); Round and round we (shouldn't) go. A bug in the script can put it into an infinite loop. Set (reasonable) time-outs on the real time used by the script while it is running and set (reasonable) time limits on the CPU time used by the script while it is running. Design is the Key. Design the script carefully before you start actual coding. List all errors that might occur, environment in which the script will run, and the I/O behaviour. Have the CGI scripts check all the arguments provided by the user. Check arguments passed to operating system functions, check return conditions from system calls, check the length of every argument and filter them. Use full pathnames for any filename arguments, for both commands and data files. Do not create files in a world-writable directories. Thangavel Murugan 6 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS CGI Environment Variables All the CGI program will have access to the following environment variables. These variables play an important role while writing any CGI program. Variable Name Description HTTP_COOKIE Return the set cookies in the form of key & value pair. The User-Agent request-header field contains information HTTP_USER_AGENT about the user agent originating the request. Its name of the web browser. PATH_INFO REMOTE_ADDR The path for the CGI script. The IP address of the remote host making the request. This can be useful for logging or for authentication purpose. The fully qualified name of the host making the request. If REMOTE_HOST this information is not available then REMOTE_ADDR can be used to get IR address. REQUEST_METHOD The method used to make the request. The most common methods are GET and POST. SCRIPT_FILENAME The full path to the CGI script. SCRIPT_NAME The name of the CGI script. Thangavel Murugan 7 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS Passing Information using GET method: Below is hello_get.cgi script to handle input given by web browser. #!/usr/bin/perl local ($buffer, @pairs, $pair, $name, $value, %FORM); # Read in text $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/; if ($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} eq "GET") { $buffer = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'}; } # Split information into name/value pairs @pairs = split(/&/, $buffer); foreach $pair (@pairs) { ($name, $value) = split(/=/, $pair); $value =~ tr/+/ /; $value =~ s/%(..)/pack("C", hex($1))/eg; $FORM{$name} = $value; } $first_name = $FORM{first_name}; $last_name = $FORM{last_name}; print "Content-type:text/html\r\n\r\n"; print "<html>"; print "<head>"; print "<title>Hello - Second CGI Program</title>"; print "</head>"; print "<body>"; print "<h2>Hello $first_name $last_name - Second CGI Program</h2>"; print "</body>"; print "</html>"; 1; Simple FORM Example: GET Method Thangavel Murugan 8 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS Here is a simple example which passes two values using HTML FORM and submit button. We are going to use same CGI script hello_get.cgi to handle this imput. <FORM action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="GET"> First Name: <input type="text" name="first_name"> Last Name: <input type="text" name="last_name"> <input type="submit" value="Submit"> </FORM> Passing Information using POST method: Below is hello_post.cgi script to handle input given by web browser. This script will handle GET as well as POST method. #!/usr/bin/perl local ($buffer, @pairs, $pair, $name, $value, %FORM); # Read in text $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/; if ($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} eq "POST") { read(STDIN, $buffer, $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}); }else { $buffer = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'}; } # Split information into name/value pairs @pairs = split(/&/, $buffer); foreach $pair (@pairs) { ($name, $value) = split(/=/, $pair); $value =~ tr/+/ /; $value =~ s/%(..)/pack("C", hex($1))/eg; $FORM{$name} = $value; } $first_name = $FORM{first_name}; Thangavel Murugan 9 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS $last_name = $FORM{last_name}; print "Content-type:text/html\r\n\r\n"; print "<html>"; print "<head>"; print "<title>Hello - Second CGI Program</title>"; print "</head>"; print "<body>"; print "<h2>Hello $first_name $last_name - Second CGI Program</h2>"; print "</body>"; print "</html>"; 1; Let us take again same examle as above, which passes two values using HTML FORM and submit button. We are going to use CGI script hello_post.cgi to handle this imput. <FORM action="/cgi-bin/hello_post.cgi" method="POST"> First Name: <input type="text" name="first_name"> Last Name: <input type="text" name="last_name"> <input type="submit" value="Submit"> </FORM> Sending Email using CGI #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; use CGI; use Email::Valid; my $query = new CGI; # it is important to check the validity of the email address # supplied by the user both to catch genuine (mis-)typing errors # but also to avoid exploitation by malicious users who could # pass arbitrary strings to sendmail through the "send_to" # CGI parameter - including whole email messages Thangavel Murugan 10 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS unless (Email::Valid->address($query->param('send_to'))) { print $query->header; print "You supplied an invalid email address."; exit; } my $sendmail = "/usr/sbin/sendmail -t"; my $reply_to = "Reply-to: foo\@bar.org\n"; my $subject = "Subject: Confirmation of your submission\n"; my $content = "Thanks for your submission."; my $to = $query->param('send_to')."\n"; my $file = "subscribers.txt"; unless ($to) { print $query->header; print "Please fill in your email and try again"; } open (FILE, ">>$file") or die "Cannot open $file: $!"; print $to,"\n"; close(FILE); my $send_to = "To: ".$query->param('send_to'); open(SENDMAIL, "|$sendmail") or die "Cannot open $sendmail: $!"; print SENDMAIL $reply_to; print SENDMAIL $subject; print SENDMAIL $send_to; print SENDMAIL "Content-type: text/plain\n\n"; print SENDMAIL $content; close(SENDMAIL); print $query->header; print "Confirmation of your submission will be emailed to you."; HTML Form: <FORM method="POST" action="http://perlfect.com/cgi-perlfect/cgimail.pl"> <INPUT type="text" name="send_to"> <INPUT type="submit"> </FORM> Thangavel Murugan 11 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS XSL XSL stands for EXtensible Stylesheet Language. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) started to develop XSL because there was a need for an XML-based Stylesheet Language. CSS = Style Sheets for HTML HTML uses predefined tags, and the meaning of each tag is well understood. The <table> tag in HTML defines a table - and a browser knows how to display it. Adding styles to HTML elements are simple. Telling a browser to display an element in a special font or color, is easy with CSS. XSL = Style Sheets for XML Ø XML does not use predefined tags (we can use any tag-names we like), and therefore the meaning of each tag is not well understood. Ø A <table> tag could mean an HTML table, a piece of furniture, or something else - and a browserdoes not know how to display it. Ø XSL describes how the XML document should be displayed! XSL - More Than a Style Sheet Language XSL consists of three parts: XSLT - a language for transforming XML documents XPath - a language for navigating in XML documents XSL-FO - a language for formatting XML documents Thangavel Murugan 12 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS What is XSLT? XSLT stands for XSL Transformations XSLT is the most important part of XSL XSLT transforms an XML document into another XML document XSLT uses XPath to navigate in XML documents XSLT is a W3C Recommendation XSLT = XSL Transformations v XSLT is the most important part of XSL. v XSLT is used to transform an XML document into another XML document, or another type of document that is recognized by a browser, like HTML and XHTML. Normally XSLT does this by transforming each XML element into an (X)HTML element. v With XSLT you can add/remove elements and attributes to or from the output file. You can also rearrange and sort elements, perform tests and make decisions about which elements to hide and display, and a lot more. v A common way to describe the transformation process is to say that XSLT transforms an XML source-tree into an XML result-tree. XSLT Uses XPath XSLT uses XPath to find information in an XML document. XPath is used to navigate through elements and attributes in XML documents. XSLT Browsers All major browsers have support for XML and XSLT. Mozilla Firefox Firefox supports XML, XSLT, and XPath from version 3. Thangavel Murugan 13 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS Internet Explorer Internet Explorer supports XML, XSLT, and XPath from version 6. Internet Explorer 5 is NOT compatible with the official W3C XSL Recommendation. Google Chrome Chrome supports XML, XSLT, and XPath from version 1. Opera Opera supports XML, XSLT, and XPath from version 9. Opera 8 supports only XML + CSS. Apple Safari Safari supports XML and XSLT from version 3. Correct Style Sheet Declaration The root element that declares the document to be an XSL style sheet is <xsl:stylesheet> or <xsl:transform>. Note: <xsl:stylesheet> and <xsl:transform> are completely synonymous and either can be used! The correct way to declare an XSL style sheet according to the W3C XSLT Recommendation is: <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> or: Thangavel Murugan 14 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS <xsl:transform version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> To get access to the XSLT elements, attributes and features we must declare the XSLT namespace at the top of the document. The xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" points to the official W3C XSLT namespace. If you use this namespace, you must also include the attribute version="1.0". Link the XSL Style Sheet to the XML Document Add the XSL style sheet reference to your XML document ("cdcatalog.xml"): <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="cdcatalog.xsl"?> <catalog> <cd> <title>Empire Burlesque</title> <artist rel="nofollow">Bob Dylan</artist> <country>USA</country> <company>Columbia</company> <price>10.90</price> <year>1985</year> </cd> . . </catalog> If you have an XSLT compliant browser it will nicely transform your XML into XHTML. Thangavel Murugan 15 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS cdcatalog.xsl  <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"> <xsl:template match="/"> <html> <body> <h2>My CD Collection</h2> <table border="1"> <tr bgcolor="#9acd32"> <th>Title</th> <th>Artist</th> </tr> <xsl:for-each select="catalog/cd"> <tr> <td> <xsl:value-of select="title"/> </td> <td> <xsl:value-of select="artist"/> </td> </tr> </xsl:for-each> </table> </body> </html> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet> Thangavel Murugan 16 ! "" # • • ! # ! 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To access an application that is deployed on the server, the client invokes the session bean's methods. The session bean performs work for its client, shielding the client from complexity by executing business tasks inside the server. As its name suggests, a session bean is similar to an interactive session. A session bean is not shared--it may have just one client, in the same way that an interactive session may have just one user. Like an interactive session, a session bean is not persistent. (That is, its data is not saved to a database.) When the client terminates, its session bean appears to terminate and is no longer associated with the client. State Management Modes There are two types of session beans: stateful and stateless. Stateful Session Beans The state of an object consists of the values of its instance variables. In a stateful session bean, the instance variables represent the state of a unique client-bean session. Because the client interacts ("talks") with its bean, this state is often called the conversational state. The state is retained for the duration of the client-bean session. If the client removes the bean or terminates, the session ends and the state disappears. This transient nature of the state is not a problem, however, because when the conversation between the client and the bean ends there is no need to retain the state. Thangavel Murugan 1 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS Stateless Session Beans A stateless session bean does not maintain a conversational state for a particular client. When a client invokes the method of a stateless bean, the bean's instance variables may contain a state, but only for the duration of the invocation. When the method is finished, the state is no longer retained. Except during method invocation, all instances of a stateless bean are equivalent, allowing the EJB container to assign an instance to any client. Because stateless session beans can support multiple clients, they can offer better scalability for applications that require large numbers of clients. Typically, an application requires fewer stateless session beans than stateful session beans to support the same number of clients. At times, the EJB container may write a stateful session bean to secondary storage. However, stateless session beans are never written to secondary storage. Therefore, stateless beans may offer better performance than stateful beans. When to Use Session Beans In general, you should use a session bean if the following circumstances hold: At any given time, only one client has access to the bean instance. The state of the bean is not persistent, existing only for a short period of time (perhaps a few hours). Stateful session beans are appropriate if any of the following conditions are true: The bean's state represents the interaction between the bean and a specific client. The bean needs to hold information about the client across method invocations. The bean mediates between the client and the other components of the application, presenting a simplified view to the client. Thangavel Murugan 2 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS Behind the scenes, the bean manages the work flow of several enterprise beans. For an example, see the AccountControllerEJB session bean . To improve performance, you might choose a stateless session bean if it has any of these traits: The bean's state has no data for a specific client. In a single method invocation, the bean performs a generic task for all clients. For example, you might use a stateless session bean to send an e-mail that confirms an online order. The bean fetches from a database a set of read-only data that is often used by clients. Such a bean, for example, could retrieve the table rows that represent the products that are on sale this month. Example: The CartBean Example The CartBean session bean represents a shopping cart in an online bookstore. The bean's client can add a book to the cart, remove a book, or retrieve the cart's contents. To construct CartBean, you need the following code: Session bean class (CartBean) Home interface (CartHome) Remote interface (Cart) All session beans require a session bean class. All enterprise beans that permit remote access must have a home and a remote interface. To meet the needs of a specific application, an enterprise bean may also need some helper classes. The CartBean session bean uses two helper classes (BookException andIdVerifier) which are discussed in the section Helper Classes. The source code for this example is in the <INSTALL>/j2eetutorial14/examples/ejb/cart/ directory. Thangavel Murugan 3 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS Session Bean Class The session bean class for this example is called CartBean. Like any session bean, the CartBean class must meet these requirements: It implements the SessionBean interface. The class is defined as public. The class cannot be defined as abstract or final. It implements one or more ejbCreate methods. It implements the business methods. It contains a public constructor with no parameters. It must not define the finalize method. The source code for the CartBean class follows. import java.util.*; import javax.ejb.*; public class CartBean implements SessionBean { String customerName; String customerId; Vector contents; public void ejbCreate(String person) throws CreateException { if (person == null) { throw new CreateException("Null person not allowed."); } else { customerName = person; } customerId = "0"; contents = new Vector(); } Thangavel Murugan 4 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS public void ejbCreate(String person, String id) throws CreateException { if (person == null) { throw new CreateException("Null person not allowed."); } else { customerName = person; } IdVerifier idChecker = new IdVerifier(); if (idChecker.validate(id)) { customerId = id; } else { throw new CreateException("Invalid id: "+ id); } contents = new Vector(); } public void addBook(String title) { contents.addElement(title); } public void removeBook(String title) throws BookException { boolean result = contents.removeElement(title); if (result == false) { throw new BookException(title + "not in cart."); } } public Vector getContents() { return contents; } public CartBean() {} public void ejbRemove() {} public void ejbActivate() {} public void ejbPassivate() {} public void setSessionContext(SessionContext sc) {} } Thangavel Murugan 5 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS The SessionBean Interface The Session Bean interface extends the Enterprise Bean interface, which in turn extends the Serializable interface. The SessionBean interface declares theejbRemove, ejbActivate, ejbPassivate, and setSessionContext methods. The CartBean class doesn't use these methods, but it must implement them because they're declared in the SessionBean interface. Consequently, these methods are empty in the CartBean class. Later sections explain when you might use these methods. The ejbCreate Methods Because an enterprise bean runs inside an EJB container, a client cannot directly instantiate the bean. Only the EJB container can instantiate an enterprise bean. During instantiation, the example program performs the following steps. 1. The client invokes a create method on the home object: Cart shoppingCart = home.create("Duke DeEarl","123"); 2. The EJB container instantiates the enterprise bean. 3. The EJB container invokes the appropriate ejbCreate method in CartBean: public void ejbCreate(String person, String id) throws CreateException { if (person == null) { throw new CreateException("Null person not allowed."); } else { customerName = person; } IdVerifier idChecker = new IdVerifier(); if (idChecker.validate(id)) { customerId = id; } else { Thangavel Murugan 6 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS throw new CreateException("Invalid id: "+ id); } contents = new Vector(); } Typically, an ejbCreate method initializes the state of the enterprise bean. The preceding ejbCreate method, for example, initializes the customerName and customerId variables by using the arguments passed by the create method. An enterprise bean must have one or more ejbCreate methods. The signatures of the methods must meet the following requirements: The access control modifier must be public. The return type must be void. If the bean allows remote access, the arguments must be legal types for the Java Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI) API. The modifier cannot be static or final. The throws clause can include the javax.ejb.CreateException and other exceptions that are specific to your application. The ejbCreate method usually throws aCreateException if an input parameter is invalid. Business Methods The primary purpose of a session bean is to run business tasks for the client. The client invokes business methods on the remote object reference that is returned by the create method. From the client's perspective, the business methods appear to run locally, but they actually run remotely in the session bean. The following code snippet shows how the CartClient program invokes the business methods: Cart shoppingCart = home.create("Duke DeEarl", "123"); ... shoppingCart.addBook("The Martian Chronicles"); shoppingCart.removeBook("Alice In Wonderland"); Thangavel Murugan 7 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS bookList = shoppingCart.getContents(); The CartBean class implements the business methods in the following code: public void addBook(String title) { contents.addElement(title); } public void removeBook(String title) throws BookException { boolean result = contents.removeElement(title); if (result == false) { throw new BookException(title + "not in cart."); } } public Vector getContents() { return contents; } The signature of a business method must conform to these rules: The method name must not conflict with one defined by the EJB architecture. For example, you cannot call a business method ejbCreate or ejbActivate. The access control modifier must be public. If the bean allows remote access, the arguments and return types must be legal types for the Java RMI API. The modifier must not be static or final. The throws clause can include exceptions that you define for your application. The removeBook method, for example, throws the BookException if the book is not in the cart. Thangavel Murugan 8 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS To indicate a system-level problem, such as the inability to connect to a database, a business method should throw the javax.ejb.EJBException. When a business method throws an EJBException, the container wraps it in a RemoteException, which is caught by the client. The container will not wrap application exceptions such as BookException. Because EJBException is a subclass of RuntimeException, you do not need to include it in the throws clause of the business method. Home Interface A home interface extends the javax.ejb.EJBHome interface. For a session bean, the purpose of the home interface is to define the create methods that a remote client can invoke. The CartClient program, for example, invokes this create method: Cart shoppingCart = home.create("Duke DeEarl", "123"); Every create method in the home interface corresponds to an ejbCreate method in the bean class. The signatures of the ejbCreate methods in the CartBeanclass follow: public void ejbCreate(String person) throws CreateException ... public void ejbCreate(String person, String id) throws CreateException Compare the ejbCreate signatures with those of the create methods in the CartHome interface: import java.io.Serializable; import java.rmi.RemoteException; import javax.ejb.CreateException; import javax.ejb.EJBHome; public interface CartHome extends EJBHome { Cart create(String person) throws Thangavel Murugan 9 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS RemoteException, CreateException; Cart create(String person, String id) throws RemoteException, CreateException; } The signatures of the ejbCreate and create methods are similar, but they differ in important ways. The rules for defining the signatures of the create methods of a home interface follow. The number and types of arguments in a create method must match those of its corresponding ejbCreate method. The arguments and return type of the create method must be valid RMI types. A create method returns the remote interface type of the enterprise bean. (But an ejbCreate method returns void.) The throws clause of the create method must include the java.rmi.RemoteException and the javax.ejb.CreateException. Remote Interface The remote interface, which extends javax.ejb.EJBObject, defines the business methods that a remote client can invoke. Here is the source code for the Cartremote interface: import java.util.*; import javax.ejb.EJBObject; import java.rmi.RemoteException; public interface Cart extends EJBObject { public void addBook(String title) throws RemoteException; public void removeBook(String title) throws BookException, RemoteException; public Vector getContents() throws RemoteException; } Thangavel Murugan 10 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS The method definitions in a remote interface must follow these rules: Each method in the remote interface must match a method implemented in the enterprise bean class. The signatures of the methods in the remote interface must be identical to the signatures of the corresponding methods in the enterprise bean class. The arguments and return values must be valid RMI types. The throws clause must include the java.rmi.RemoteException. Helper Classes The CartBean session bean has two helper classes: BookException and IdVerifier. The BookException is thrown by the removeBook method, and theIdVerifier validates the customerId in one of the ejbCreate methods. Helper classes must reside in the EJB JAR file that contains the enterprise bean class. Building the CartBean Example Now you are ready to compile the remote interface (Cart.java), the home interface (CartHome.java), the enterprise bean class (CartBean.java), the client class (CartClient.java), and the helper classes (BookException.java and IdVerifier.java). 1. In a terminal window, go to this directory: <INSTALL>/j2eetutorial14/examples/ejb/cart/ 2. Type the following command: asant build Creating the Application In this section, you'll create a J2EE application named CartApp, storing it in the file CartApp.ear. 1. In deploytool, select File New Application. 2. Click Browse. Thangavel Murugan 11 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS 3. In the file chooser, navigate to <INSTALL>/j2eetutorial14/examples/ejb/cart/. 4. In the File Name field, enter CartApp. 5. Click New Application. 6. Click OK. 7. Verify that the CartApp.ear file resides in <INSTALL>/j2eetutorial14/examples/ejb/cart/. Packaging the Enterprise Bean 1. In deploytool, select File New Enterprise Bean. 2. In the EJB JAR screen: a. Select Create New JAR Module in Application. b. In the Create New JAR Module in Application field, select CartApp. c. In the JAR Name field, enter CartJAR. d. Click Choose Module File. e. Click Edit Contents. f. Locate the <INSTALL>/j2eetutorial14/examples/ejb/cart/build/ directory. g. Select BookException.class, Cart.class, CartBean.class, CartHome.class, and IdVerifier.class. h. Click Add. i. Click OK. j. Click Next. 3. In the General screen: a. In the Enterprise Bean Class field, select CartBean. b. In the Enterprise Bean Name field, enter CartBean. c. In the Enterprise Bean Type field, select Stateful Session. d. In the Remote Home Interface field, select CartHome. e. In the Remote Interface field, select Cart. f. Click Next. 4. Click Finish. Packaging the Application Client Thangavel Murugan 12 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS To package an application client component, you run the New Application Client wizard of deploytool. During this process the wizard performs the following tasks. Creates the application client's deployment descriptor Puts the deployment descriptor and client files into a JAR file Adds the JAR file to the application's CartApp.ear file To start the New Application Client wizard, select File New Application Client. The wizard displays the following dialog boxes. 1. Introduction dialog box a. Read the explanatory text for an overview of the wizard's features. b. Click Next. 2. JAR File Contents dialog box a. Select the button labeled Create New AppClient Module in Application. b. In the combo box below this button, select CartApp. c. In the AppClient Display Name field, enter CartClient. d. Click Edit Contents. e. In the tree under Available Files, locate the <INSTALL>/j2eetutorial14/examples/ejb/cart/build directory. f. Select CartClient.class. g. Click Add. h. Click OK. i. Click Next. 3. General dialog box a. In the Main Class combo box, select CartClient. b. Click Next. c. Click Finish. Specifying the Application Client's Enterprise Bean Reference Thangavel Murugan 13 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS When it invokes the lookup method, the CartClient refers to the home of an enterprise bean: Object objref = initial.lookup("java:comp/env/ejb/SimpleCart"); You specify this reference as follows. 1. In the tree, select CartClient. 2. Select the EJB Ref's tab. 3. Click Add. 4. In the Coded Name field, enter ejb/SimpleCart. 5. In the EJB Type field, select Session. 6. In the Interfaces field, select Remote. 7. In the Home Interface field, enter CartHome. 8. In the Local/Remote Interface field, enter Cart. 9. In the JNDI Name field, select CartBean. 10. Click OK. Deploying the Enterprise Application Now that the J2EE application contains the components, it is ready for deployment. 1. Select CartApp. 2. Select Tools Deploy. 3. Under Connection Settings, enter the user name and password for the Application Server. 4. Under Application Client Stub Directory, check Return Client Jar. 5. In the field below the checkbox enter <INSTALL>/j2eetutorial14/ examples/ejb/cart/. 6. Click OK. 7. In the Distribute Module dialog box, click Close when the deployment completes. 8. Verify the deployment. Thangavel Murugan 14 WEB TECHNOLOGY UNIT 4 – ADDITIONAL TOPICS a. In the tree, expand the Servers node and select the host that is running the Application Server. b. In the Deployed Objects table, make sure that CartApp is listed and that its status is Running. c. Verify that CartAppClient.jar is in <INSTALL> /j2eetutorial14/ examples/ ejb/ cart/. Running the Application Client To run the application client, perform the following steps. 1. In a terminal window, go to the <INSTALL>/j2eetutorial14/ examples/ejb/cart/ directory. 2. Type the following command: appclient -client CartAppClient.jar 3. In the terminal window, the client displays these lines: The Martian Chronicles 2001 A Space Odyssey The Left Hand of Darkness Caught a BookException: Alice in Wonderland not in cart. Thangavel Murugan 15 !" #$ #$ ! " # $%&! ' ( ) # # # * # # # %%&'&() + # # !# ,- ' # . # # *&) ¾ ( ) ' 0 0 1 2 ¾ + ) 2 ¾ ) 2 ¾ ( # ¾ # ( # % # & '# ! + ,-'.) ( ) # # 2 " # 2 " # ' # # 1 ! # / #/ 010 &2 (,) ''))&-&&3 % ) ( (4& 4" * 4" 55 # 6 4" . (4&# &&2-&&3(& ',&5-) 7 . $%& # # $ # &&&2&55%-&&3 # 8"# # # 9 &2)3& &( # 3 2 4 $; # 9+ # # $ # < . "; ";# ( # ) 8 # 1 # =# #6 7" + # ) > # 7 ) ";! " 7 # ? #/ 0 0 ' (&' '(44 '# !'(44# !'(44 ' (44 '# ' # # # # #' (&'5& '8+29 # : % ( ( ( ? # # '(44 ' !'(44 '! 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