W Antenna Feeder Design Guide 20061020 a 3.1

Product name

Confidentiality level

WCDMA RNP

For internal use only

Product version Total 57 pages 3.

W!Antenna!feeder Design "uide #For internal use only$

Prepared %y

C&eng Tang%ai and 'iu (&iyou

Date

Revie,ed %y %y

-ie (&i%in /u /u Wensu 0ao 1ian2ing Wan iang Wu (&ong and 4ong (aiguo

Date

Revie,ed %y

0ao 1ian2ing

Date

Approved %y

Date

/ua,ei Tec&nologies Co. td. All Rig&ts Reserved

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W!Antenna!feeder Design "uide


Revision Records Date

Version

Description

Author

)**+!*3!)

3.**

5nitial transmittal.

C&eng Tang%ai

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3.*

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6ptimi7ed flo, c&arts.



Clarified t&e o%8ectives for designing pro8ect antenna!feeder and site antenna!feeder.

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Added cases a%out designing pro8ect antenna! feeder9 removed t&e case of designing R:T antenna.



Modified some parts.

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3.*)

3.*3

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3.



C&anged t&e document name to W-Antenna feeder Design Guide. Guide.

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Furt&er optimi7ed t&e flo, c&art for designing pro8ect antenna!feeder antenna!feeder..

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Modified t&e principia for antenna selection in different scenarios.



Com%ined t&e sections of pro8ect antenna 'iu (&iyou selection and site antenna selection9 optimi7ed t&e structure of t&e ,&ole document.

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Moved t&e section of R:T antenna to t&e appendi;.

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Moved t&e section of splitting cell to t&e appendi;.

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Added t&e introduction to t&e %asic =no,ledge 'iu (&iyou a%out antennas in t&e appendi;.

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4upplemented t&e part ,it& isolation of s&ared antenna!feeder

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Removed t&e case of designing pro8ect antenna!feeder

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Modified t&e principia of antenna selection in #dense$ ur%an area.

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'iu (&iyou

'iu (&iyou

'iu (&iyou

Modified t&e principia for using TMAs

/ua,ei Proprietary. No 4preading Wit&out Permission.

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Table of Contents 1 Introduction

9

2 Flow for Antenna-feeder Desin

11

! Antenna-feeder Desin

1!

3. Detailed Flo, for Antenna!feeder Antenna!feeder Design

3

3.) Antenna 4election

?

3.). Antenna 4election in Different Different 4cenarios

?

3.).) Principia for Antenna 4election

@

3.3 Reasons and Met&ods for 4&ared antenna and feeder Design

)<

3.< Principia for 4election of 4&ared Antenna Antenna

)>

3.? Feeder Design

)@

3.+ TMA Design

)@

3.+. Principia for sing TMAs

)@

3.+.) Typical TMA 4pecifications

)B

3.> Design of 6t&er RF Device

3

3.>. 4olution to 5nterference from 4&ared antenna and feeder

3

3.>.) 4olution to 5nterference from Four!port!s&ared Four!port!s&ared Antenna

3)

3.>.3 4olution to 5nterference from T,o!port!s&ared T,o!port!s&ared Antenna

33

3.>.< 4pecifications of Typical RF Device

33

" Case of #election of Dual $and #hared Antenna

!%

5 #u&&ar'

!(

% Appendi)

!9

+. Main 4pecifications of Antenna

3B

+.. Wor= and

<*

+..) Antenna "ain

<*

+..3 Antenna Pattern

<

+..< eam,idt&

<)

+..? Front!to!rear Ratio

<)

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+..+ (ero Point Filling

<3

+..> pper 4ide o%e 4uppression

<3

+..@ Relation et,een eam,idt& and "ain

<3

+..B Polari7ation Mode

<+

+..* Do,n Tilt

<+

+.. 4WR

<>

+..) Port 5solation

<>

+..3 Po,er Capacity

<@

+..< 5nput Port of Antenna

<@

+..? Passive 5ntermodulation #P5M$

<@

+..+ Dimensions and Weig&t of Antenna

<@

+..> Wind oad

+..@ Wor= Temperature and /umidity

+..B ig&tning Protection

+..)* T&ree!proof Capa%ility

+.) Camouflaged Antenna 4c&eme for 4ites

+.). Customi7ed Camouflage

?*

+.).) 6utloo= Camouflage

?

+.).3 Antenna Camouflage in 4pecial :nvironment

?)

+.3 R:T Antenna

?3

+.3. Functions of Common Parts in :lectrical Tilting Antennas Antennas

?3

+.3.) sage of EAT/R:5N >< B@B R:T Antenna

??

+.< Typical Typical Design of 4pliting Cell

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*ist of Tables Tables Table !-1 Detailed re2uirements on antenna selection in different scenarios

?

Table !-2 Typical feeder specifications

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Table !-! Typical specifications of WCDMA TMA

3*

Table !-" Re2uired isolation %et,een WCDMA net,or= and ot&er systems #t&e receiver sensitivity declines %y less t&an *. d$

3)

Table !-5 Re2uired isolation %et,een WCDMA net,or= and ot&er systems #t&e receiver sensitivity declines %y less t&an *.@ d$

3)

Table "-1 4pecifications of original "4MB** antenna ,it& t&ese of "4MB** antenna after så dual %and antenna in a trial office office 3+ Table "-2 Case of replacing t,o "4MB** antennas ,it& a dual %and antenna

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*ist of Fiures Fiure 1-1 T&e antenna!feeder su%!system

B

Fiure 2-1 Flo, for antenna!feeder design



Fiure !-1 Detailed flo, for antenna!feeder design

<

Fiure !-2 ariation ariation of &ori7ontal pattern ,it& different do,n tilts

)*

Fiure !-! Different impact on t&e rear lo%e due to different do,n tilt modes

)*

Fiure !-" Pattern of @!s&aped omnidirectional antenna

)3

Fiure !-5 Pattern of &eart!s&aped omnidirectional antenna

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Fiure !-% Four!port antenna s&ared %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or=

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Fiure !-7 T,o!port antenna s&ared %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or=

)?

Fiure !-( 4&ared port %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or=

)+

Fiure !-9 4&ared antenna and feeder %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= net,or= and "4M net,or=

)+

Fiure !-1+ 4tructure of a TMA

3*

Fiure !-11 4ignal flo, of 4TMA

3

Fiure !-12 4pecifications of "P filter

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Fiure !-1! 4pecifications of AllgonB)@

3?

Fiure %-1 Relation %et,een di and dd

<

Fiure %-2 /ori7ontal and vertical patterns of directional antenna

<)

Fiure %-! Relation among t&e antenna gain vertical %eam,idt& and &ori7ontal %eam,idt&

Fiure %-" 6utloo= of customi7ed camouflaged antennas

?

Fiure %-5 T&e %ottom c&art of antenna

?

Fiure %-% Painting camouflage

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Fiure %-7 Flat panel antennas camouflaged %y advertising %oard and road sign

?3

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Fiure %-( 4tructure of a T

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Fiure %-9 Connectors of EAT/R:5N >< B@B R:T antenna

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Fiure %-1+ Ad8usting EAT/R:5N >< B@B R:T antenna manually

?+

Fiure %-11 5nstalling RC of EAT/R:5N >< B@B R:T antenna

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Fiure %-12 4plitting cell ,&en WCDMA and "4M systems do not s&are antenna and feeder

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Fiure %-1! 4plitting cell ,&en WCDMA and "4M systems s&are antenna and feeder

?@

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,-Antenna-feeder Desin uide .e' words antenna!feeder design antenna antenna selection feeder TMA RF device s&ared antenna

and feeder

Abstract  T&e outdoor antenna!feeder design includes pro8ect antenna!feeder design and site antenna!

feeder design. T&is document descri%es t&e flo, for designing antenna!feeder. 5n addition it provides a case a%out antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design.

Acron'&s and abbre/iations Acron'&s and abbre/iations

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Full spellin

RN6

Radio Net,or= 6ptimi7ation

RNP

Radio Net,or= Planning

A54"

Antenna 5nterface 4tandards "roup

"4M

"lo%al 4ystem of Mo%ile Communication

RC

Remote Control nit

R:T

Remote :lectrical Tilting

RF

Radio Fre2uency

R1

Re8ection Filter

RR

Remote RF nit

4T

4mart ias!Tee

4TMA

4mart TMA

TMA

To,er Mounted Amplifier

4WR

oltage 4tanding Wave Ratio

WCDMA

Wide%and Code division multiple Access

FN:

Fi;ed Net,or= :lement

/C

/y%rid Coupler

CC

Cross!%and Coupler


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1

Introduction

An antenna!feeder su%!system comprises t&e follo,ing device 

Antenna



Feeder



1umper



TMA

Figure . s&o,s t&e antenna!feeder antenna!feeder su%!system.

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Fiure 101 T&e antenna!feeder su%!system

T&e antenna!feeder system functions as a c&annel for transmitting and receiving RF signals detailed as %elo, 

Transmit t&e RF signals modulated %y t&e Node.



Receive t&e signals transmitted %y :.

5n WCDMA net,or= construction t&e antenna!feeder design includes t&ree stages as %elo, 

Pro8ect antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design. 5t is a general design due to incomplete information %efore %idding.



4ite antenna!feeder design. design. 5t is a detailed design ,it& t&e survey information of eac& site after %idding. At t&is stage engineers may modify previous pro8ect antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design according to actual situation.



Antenna!feeder Antenna!feeder design in simulation of planning.

T&is document discusses t&e detailed process of antenna!feeder design to guide engineers in antenna!feeder design of RNP. T&is document includes seven c&apters as %elo,

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

C&apter  5ntroduction



C&apter ) Flo, for Antenna!feeder Design



C&apter 3 Antenna!feeder Antenna!feeder Design



C&apter < Case of 4election of Dual and 4&ared Antenna Antenna



C&apter ? 4ummary


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


C&apter + Appendi;

2

Flow for Antenna-feeder Desin

Figure .) s&o,s t&e flo, for antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design.

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Fiure 102 Flo, for antenna!feeder design

5f a traditional mo%ile communication operator &as a "4M net,or= and re2uires co! located sites ,it& WCDMA net,or= t&e M5 to %e collected a%out antenna!feeder is mainly t&e antenna configuration type of e;isting "4M sites #t&e FN: c&art of antenna and model of parts$. T&e A T&e A Supply Capability Report Report for Antennas in Stock Stock  %ased on t&e re2uirements on antenna selection contains t&e antennas recommended %y /ua,ei and t&e replacement information and ot&er re2uirements on antennas. T&is report released %y /uo 0ue 0ue comes out periodically. 4ome operators provide detailed re2uirements on antenna!feeder design in releasing %idding documents ,&ic& ,&ic& s&all %e considered considered in pro8ect antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design. T&e pro8ect antenna!feeder design is according to t&e %asic information a%out an operator and t&e operatorGs %idding document in M5 li%rary as ,ell as A as A Supply released %y RNP Dept. /ua,ei. T&e pro8ect Capability Report for Antennas in Stock released antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design includes overall re2uirements on antenna!feeder design suc& as antenna feeder feeder and TMA selection even s&ared antenna and feeder solution sometimes.

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T&e site antenna!feeder design is purposeful according to t&e survey information of eac& site. 0ou s&all refer to t&e latest A Supply Capability Report Report for Antennas in Stock Stock in site antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design. 5n simulation antenna!feeder design t&e engineers ad8ust t&e model of antenna do,n tilt and a7imut& of antenna according to actual simulation conditions so t&at t&e simulation result meets t&e net,or= inde;es. 0ou 0ou s&all refer to t&e latest A latest A Supply Capability Report for Antennas in Stock in in site antenna!feeder design.

3

3.1

Antenna-feeder Desin

Detailed Flow for Antenna-feeder Antenna-feeder Desin Figure .3 s&o,s detailed flo, for antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design.

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Fiure 10! Detailed flo, for antenna!feeder design

efore WCDMA antenna specifications specifications are determined t&e operatorGs %idding document is input into pro8ect antenna!feeder design ,&ile t&e site survey report is input into site antenna!feeder antenna!feeder design. T&e traditional operators ,it& a "4M net,or= s&all consider ,&et&er to use s&ared antenna and feeder %et,een "4M and WCDMA

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net,or=s. 5f an operator &as no "4M net,or= it does not n eed to consider t&e pro%lem. efore site antenna!feeder design is complete engineers s&all input related design parameters input input Engineering Engineering Parameter Parameter Table Table for for late installation and maintenance. W&et&er to use ot&er RF device li=e filter and diple;er is also involved in designing s&ared antenna and feeder. For t&e met&od of splitting cell used in some regions refer to t&e appendi;. T&e follo,ing sections ,ill e;plain t&e previous flo, c&at.

3.2

Antenna #election For t&e ma8or tec&nical specifications of antenna see t&e appendi;.

3.2.1

Antenna #election in Different #cenarios Table !01 Detailed re2uirements on antenna selection in different scenarios

#cenario

#ector Confiuration

eco&&ended #election

Code for Antennas

5n a lo, %and #
Dense ur%an and ur%an

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5n a &ig& %and #>** M/7 @** M/7 B** M/7 and )*** M/7$ net,or= use t&e @ di H
BB*)?? )>**)@< BB*) )>**)@+ )>**)3+

5f it is difficult to access a site or to ad8ust t&e do,n tilt on a site use t&e R:T directional antenna ,it& a do,n tilt of *IJ*I #t&e ranges of do,n tilt for t&e antennas ,it& different gains are different$. 5f it is e;pensive to use R:T directional antenna you can use preset electrical do,n tilt directional antenna. T&e do,n tilt of antenna depends on t&e site survey information. Confirm t&is in planning. T&e preset do,n tilt is usually )I or +I. 5n addition t&e antenna pole s&all &ave an ad8ustment range of *IJ?I.


BB*<@?B )>**)>@ BB*<@?B)  and so on

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According to site configuration use t&e antenna ,it& t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& of +*IJ+?I or B*I. T&e net,or= of regular cells use +?I antenna9 ot&er,ise use t&e .3 m antenna ,it& t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& of B*I. 5ts vertical %eam,idt& is >I.

4u%ur%an

5f t&e neig&%oring Nodes are densely distri%uted t&e principia for antenna antenna selection are similar similar ,it& t&at in ur%an areas. T&ere are fe, Nodes around ,it& small potential of e;pansion e;pansion t&e principia for antenna. antenna.

3 sectors

)>**)@B BB*<@?B< and so on

T&e preset R:T antenna is seldom used. 5f you use it t&e do,n tilt ,ill %e very small. T&e selection depends on t&e site distance and t&e antenna selection in ur%an and rural areas. se t&e vertical polari7ation antenna ,it& space diversity. se t&e > di antenna ,it& a &ori7ontal %eam,idt& of B*I and a vertical %eam,idt& of +I. 5n special landform areas use t&e lo%e antenna matc&ing t&e landform for coverage. For e;ample use )*I &eart!s&aped antenna omnidirectional antenna in a %asin and @!s&aped antenna.

3 sectors

se t&e mec&anical do,n tilt mode. For convenient maintenance and draug&t!proofing you can use t&e antenna ,it& an ad8usta%le electrical do,n tilt of *IJ*I on t&e site on a &ig& mountain.

Rural

)>**? and so on

W&en t&e antenna &eig&t is a%ove <** m and t&e near end s&all %e covered t&e feature of 7ero point filling s&all %e selected. 5t is a vertical polari7ation antenna ,it& space diversity. 6mnidirectional

W&en t&e &eig&t of omnidirectional antenna ,it& a gain of  di is a%ove )** m and t&e near end s&all %e covered t&e feature of 7ero point filling s&all %e selected. se t&e vertical polari7ation directional antenna ,it& a &ig& gain of )J)) di and ,it& a vertical %eam,idt& of >I.

/ig&,ay

) sectors W&en t&e antenna &eig&t is a%ove ?* m and t&e near end s&all %e covered t&e feature of 7ero point filling s&all %e selected.

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BB*<<<>* and so on

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6mnidirectional


se t&e &ig&!gain @!s&aped antenna. W&en t&ere is a small to,n ,it& a small num%er of su%scri%ers at a side of &ig&,ay use t&e )*IJ))*I omnidirectional &eart! s&aped antenna. T&e gain of @!s&aped antenna is < di ,&ile t&at of &eart!s&aped antenna is ) di. se t&e vertical polari7ation antenna ,it& space diversity. T&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& is B*I. T&e gain is ?J@ di.

) or 3 sectors Mountainous area

T&e preset do,n tilt depends on t&e relative &eig&t %et,een antenna &eig&t and t&e &eig&t of t&e area to %e covered t&e distance and t&e landform. 6mnidirectional

4ea surface desert and grassland

W&en constructing a site to cover su%montane area on a mountain use t&e ad8usta%le or preset electrical antenna of 7ero point filling.

Directional

T&e gain is  di. T&e preset do,n tilt depends on t&e relative &eig&t %et,een antenna &eig&t and t&e &eig&t of t&e area to %e covered t&e distance and t&e landform. se t&e &ig&!gain vertical polari7ation antenna ,it& a vertical %eam,idt& of +I and a &ori7ontal %eam,idt& of I. se t&e &ig&!gain antenna #a%ove @ di$. se t&e antenna ,it& of feature of 7ero point filling.

Tunnel

5f t&e tunnel is s&orter t&an ) =m mount *J) di 0agiKlogarit&m periodKflat panel antenna inside t&e entrance of tunnel to cover t&e tunnel. 5f t&e tunnel is longer t&an ) =m use lea=age ca%le to cover it. Due to t&e construction principia of antenna t&e gain vertical %eam,idt& and &ori7ontal %eam,idt& are interactive. For e;ample if t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& is +?I t&e gain of antenna cannot %e B di or a%ove. e a,are of t&is upon proposing re2uests. 5f you &ave to use some antennas %ut t&eir descriptions are not availa%le in t&e latest A Supply Capability Report for Antennas in Stock  you can su%mit a tec&nical proposal as a case.

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3.2.2


rincipia for Antenna #election

rincipia for #electin olari3ation 4ode T&e follo,ing paragrap&s compare t&e vertical polari7ation antenna ,it& t&e vertical dual polari7ation antenna. 

5n terms of transmitting a vertical : can easily matc& vertical polari7ation signal so a vertical polari7ation antenna is %etter in coverage t&an ot&er non! vertical polari7ation antenna especially in open mountainous areas plain and rural areas. As proved %y tests in t&ese areas t&e coverage %y vertical polari7ation antenna antenna is %etter t&an vertical vertical dual polari7ation. /o,ever /o,ever in ur%an areas t&e %uildings are densely located so t&e polari7ation direction c&anges after numerous reflections on t&e surface of %uildings penetration into metal o%8ect inside and outside %uildings and t&e metal o;ide film glass. As a result t&ere is no difference difference %et,een vertical polari7ation and H


5n terms of receiving t&e vertical polari7ation antenna reali7es receiver diversity ,it& t,o antennas ,&ile t&e dual polari7ation antenna reali7es receiver diversity ,it& only one antenna so t&e polari7ation antenna needs more installation space. 5n addition t&e maintenance of polari7ation is &eavier t&an t&at of dual polari7ation antenna. antenna. T&e gain of space diversity and t&e t&e gain of polari7ation polari7ation diversity are of little difference. difference.



5n terms of si7e t&e oscillators of different polari7ation direction in t&e dual polari7ation antenna antenna &ave enoug& large large isolation t&oug& t&ey overlap overlap ,it& eac& ot&er so t&e dual polari7ation antenna is not larger t&an polari7ation antenna.

T&e follo,ing selections are recommended 

5n dense ur%an and ur%an areas use t&e H


5n less prosperous ur%an areas and large to,ns also use t&e H


5n su%ur%an areas rural areas and &ig&,ay use t&e vertical polari7ation antenna %y priority. priority.

rincipia for #electin Down Tilt 4ode .

Compar Comparing ing mec mec&an &anica icall do,n do,n tilt tilt ,it& ,it& electr electrica icall do,n do,n tilt tilt T&e do,n tilt of antenna lo%e includes t&ree modes mec&anical do,n tilt preset electrical do,n tilt and ad8usta%le electrical do,n tilt #R:T antenna$. W&en ad8usting t&e do,n tilt of R:T antenna an engineer c&anges t&e p&ase of antenna oscillator ,it& electrical signal and c&ange t&e field strengt& of synt&etic component so t&at t&e radiation direction of antenna deviates from 7ero degree. At t&e process t&e antenna remains in t&e same location. T&e field strengt& of

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eac& direction of antenna increases or decreases simultaneously so t&at t&e radiation pattern of antenna c&anges a little and t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& is irrelevant to t&e do,n tilt. W&en c&anging t&e do,n tilt of mec&anical antenna engineers need to ad8ust t&e support %e&ind t&e antenna so t&e antenna moves. W&en t&e do,n tilt is large t&e coverage distance in t&e direction of main lo%e c&anges o%viously o%viously %ut t&e signal vertical to t&e main lo%e c&anges little. As a result t&e radiation pattern of antenna distorts s&arply and t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& increases as t&e do,n tilt increases. T&e principia for preset electrical do,n tilt are similar to t&at of electrical do,n tilt %ut t&e preset do,n tilt is fi;ed #you can ad8ust mec&anical do,n tilt$. 5n terms of cost t&e R:T antenna is t&e most e;pansive t&e preset R:T antenna t&e second and t&e mec&anical do,n tilt antenna t&e c&eapest. T&e R:T antenna &as some advantages as %elo, ,&en t&e do,n tilt is large t&e coverage distance in t&e direction of main lo%e is s&ortened s&arply s&arply and t&e s&ape of radiation pattern c&anges little so t&e interference is reduced. Ad8usting t&e mec&anical do,n tilt results in a distortion of t&e radiation pattern. T&e larger t&e mec&anical do,n tilt is t&e s&arper t&e distortion of &ori7ontal pattern is and t&e more difficult it is to control t&e interference. Figure . s&o,s t&e variation of &ori7ontal pattern ,it& different do,n tilts. 6f course t&e variation is relevant to t&e vertical %eam,idt& of antenna. Fiure 101 ariation of &ori7ontal pattern ,it& different do,n tilts

T&e electrical do,n tilt and electrical do,n tilt &ave different impact from t&e rear lo%e. T&e electrical do,n tilt &elps control t&e impact from t&e %ac= lo%e ,&ile t&e mec&anical do,n tilt leads to greater impact from t&e %ac= lo%e. Figure .) s&o,s .) s&o,s t&e different impact on t&e rear lo%e due to different do,n tilt modes.

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Fiure 102 Different impact on t&e rear lo%e due to different do,n tilt modes

W&en t&e mec&anical do,n tilt is large t&e antenna ,ill transmit signals %y t&e %ac= lo%e to t&e %ac= &ig& %uildings. As a result e;tra interference forms. 5n addition in net,or= optimi7ation management and maintenance ,&en you ,ant to ad8ust t&e do,n tilt of antenna you do not need to po,er off t&e ,&ole antenna! feeder system ,&en using electrical do,n tilt. 5n t&is ,ay you can monitor and control t&e do,n tilt ,it& R:T unit so t&at t&e do,n tilt of antenna is optimal. T&e step for ad8usting electrical do,n tilt is *.I ,&ile t&at for ad8usting mec&anical do,n tilt is I or a%ove. After installing t&e electrical electrical do,n tilt t&e maintenance engineers do not need to clim% to ,&ere t&e antenna is mounted. 5nstead t&e engineers can ad8ust t&e do,n tilt on t&e ground or even remotely ad8ust and monitor t&e do,n tilt of t&e antennas mounted on a &ig& mountain or in a %ac=land. W&en ad8usting mec&anical do,n tilt you need po,er off t&e po,er amplifier of t&e cell so you cannot ad8ust t&e do,n tilt and monitor it simultaneously. T&e do,n tilt of mec&anical do,n tilt antenna is a t&eoretical value calculated %y t&e emulation analy7ing soft,are a little different from t&e actual %est do,n tilt. 5n addition it is difficult to ad8ust mec&anical do,n tilt antennas %ecause maintenance engineers engineers &ave to clime to near t&e antenna for ad8ustment at nig&t. 6nce some antennas are mounted it is rat&er difficult to ad8ust t&em suc& as at t&e top of mountains or special %uildings. T&e R:T antennas needs po,er supply and motor. ).

Compar Comparing ing pres preset et elect electric rical al do,n do,n tilt tilt and and 7ero 7ero point point filli filling ng ot& of t&em can eliminate t&e s&ado, rig&t under t&e to,er due to t&e 7ero point of antenna in different ,ays. sing preset electrical do,n tilt results in s&rin= of coverage range %y t&e main lo%e %ut you can increase t&e ad8usta%le range of do,n tilt in t&e scenarios usually ,it& large do,n tilt. T&e 7ero point filling as a s&aping tec&ni2ue can produce good pattern and t&e upper side load is suppressed so t&e antenna ,ill &ave no impact on ot&er aspects. /o,ever /o,ever you cannot e;tend t&e ad8usta%le range of do,n tilt. No, eac& antenna vendors can e2uip t&eir antennas ,it& t&e features of 7ero point filling and upper side lo%e suppression.

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A ,ide!coverage ,ide!coverage scenario is sensitive to t&e s&ado, rig&t under t&e to,er so you can c&oose t&e antennas ,it& 7ero point filling and upper side lo%e suppression is optional. 3.

Plan Planni ning ng and and opt optim imi7 i7at atio ion n of do,n do,n til tiltt T&e WCDMA net,or= net,or= is sensitive to interference and noise. 5f t&ere are over t&ree signals ,it& close level in an area pilot pollution ,ill &appen and t&e cell capacity ,ill decline. 5n dense u r%an and ur%an areas t&e ad8usta%le range of do,n tilt is re2uired large enoug& to control interference so t&e priority is given to ad8usta%le electrical do,n tilt directional antenna in antenna selection. 5f t&is is impossi%le due to &ig& cost use t&e preset electrical do,n tilt directional antenna. 5n su%ur%an and rural areas coverage is t&e ma8or issue so t&e do,n tilt is usually small and you can use mec&anical do,n tilt directional antenna. 5f some sites are &ig& you can use preset electrical do,n tilt directional antenna. Along Along a long!s&aped area li=e a &ig&,ay use mec&anical do,n tilt directional antenna. 5f you use preset R:T antenna ensure to deduct t&e electrical do,n tilt ,&en setting mec&anical do,n tilt. 5f t&e re2uired do,n tilt is smaller t&an t&e preset do,n tilt you may &ave to configure a mec&anical up tilt.

rincipia for #electin Front-to-rear atio W&en t&e sites are densely located an over large rear lo%e may result in pilot pollution so t&e net,or= 2uality 2uality ,ill decline. 5n ur%an ur%an areas t&e front!to!rear front!to!rear ratio is is re2uired at least e2ual to )? d. 5t can %e lo,er in su%ur%an and rural areas.

rincipia for #electin Antenna #i3e T&e si7e of antennas s&all %e fit enoug& to install. 5n some areas ,it& restricted installation conditions suc& as in a rail,ay tunnel t&e si7e is important %ecause it may decide ,&et&er t&e antenna ,ill %e used. 

T&e si7e is relevant to t&e tec&ni2ues of antenna vendors so ot&er specifications of antenna from different antenna vendors may %e t&e same e;cept t&e si7e.



T&e si7e of antenna is relevant to gain. T&e large t&e gain is t&e more oscillators t&e antenna needs and t&e longer t&e antenna is.

rincipia for #electin I&pedance of Antenna T&e input impedance of com%iner is ?* 6&m. To reduce standing ,ave ratio #4WR$ of antenna t&e c&aracteristic impedance s&all matc& t&e 4WR namely e2ual to ?* 6&m. Antennas usually meet t&e re2uirement. /o,ever you need pay attention to t&e specification upon selection and certification.

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rincipia for #electin Antennas for #pecial #cenarios 5n some scenarios t&e areas to %e covered o%viously differ from t&ose not to %e covered so you can select t&e lo%e matc&ing t&e s&ape and landform of t&ese areas. 4elect t&e s&ape of &ori7ontal pattern of main lo%e of antenna according to t&e follo,ing factors 

Re2uired coverage around t&e Node



ocation of t&e Node



Distri%ution and s&ape of covered areas around

Namely Namely t&e s&ape of antenna antenna lo%e must matc& t&e area area to %e covered. covered. Common lo%es include @!s&aped and &eart!s&aped lo%es. T&ese antennas are developed from omnidirectional antennas. T&e @!s&aped omnidirectional s&aped antenna comprises of an omnidirectional antenna and t,o symmetrical au;iliary reflection metal tu%es. T&e t,o metal tu%es can c&ange t&e &ori7ontal pattern of omnidirectional antenna %y coupling. T&e &ori7ontal pattern is li=e a L. T&e traffic for pure!road coverage #referring #referring to t&e coverage coverage of important level road in unin&a%ited areas$ is lo, so t&e 6 site configuration is usually used to reduce t&e num%er of Nodes and to cut construction cost. T&erefore t&e @!s&aped antenna fits pure!road coverage ,ell. T&e site location is important for using t&e antenna. T&e e;tending direction s&ould matc& t&e antenna pattern as s&o,n in Figure .. ..

Fiure 101 Pattern of @!s&aped omnidirectional antenna

5n rural areas many to,ns are located at one side of a road so you can cover t&ese to,ns ,it& &eart!s&aped omnidirectional antenna ,&en performing road coverage. 5mprove t&e antenna gain to a%out 3 di in t&e direction of road and to,ns so t&at t&e coverage of to,ns and road is stronger.

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Fiure 102 Pattern of &eart!s&aped omnidirectional antenna

3.3

easons and 4ethods for f or #hared antenna and feeder Desin To save cost and tac=le pro%lems in actual construction engineer s&all consider s&ared antenna and feeder %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and ot&er systems. T&e WCDMA net,or= s&ares t&e antenna!feeder system ,it& ot&er net,or=s due to t&e follo,ing reasons 

T&e o,ner for%ids mounting ne, pole antenna or feeder.



T&ere is no space for mounting ne, antenna or feeder due to restricted installation space feeder ,indo, and ca%ling rac=.



Mounting ne, antenna ,ill affect t&e vision effect.



T&is can save cost.

T&ere are t&ree modes of så antenna and feeder ,it& ot&er systems 

4&ared antenna only



4&ared feeder only



4&ared antenna and feeder

Furt&er more t&e WCDMA net,or= s&ares t&e antenna ,it& ot&er systems in t,o modes

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

Four ports s&ared



T,o ports s&ared


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Figure .3 Figure .< .<  and Figure .? s&o, .? s&o, t&ree typical solutions of så antenna and feeder %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and ot&er systems.

Fiure 10! Four!port antenna s&ared %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or=

Fiure 10" T,o!port antenna s&ared %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or=

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Fiure 105 4&ared port %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or=

Fiure 10% 4&ared antenna and feeder %et,een t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or=

5n designing s&ared antenna and feeder solution to reduce t&e comple;ity of s&are antenna and feeder you are recommended to use t&e d ual %and antenna ,it& four ports in antenna selection.

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3.4


rincipia for #election of #hared Antenna W&en t&e WCDMA net,or= s&ares antenna and feeder ,it& t&e "4M net,or= you can follo, t&e principia as %elo, 

T&e lengt& s&all %e a%out .3 m. 4elect four ports for dual %and and si; ports for tri%and.



T&e electrical do,n tilt of "4M s&all differ from t&at of WCDMA so you s&all configure t&em to different values.



Pay attention to t&e si7e of s&ared antenna. 5f t&e antenna is *.> m long t&e WCDMA gain gain s&all %e ? di DC4 gain ? di and "4M gain ) di. 5f t&e antenna is .3 m long t&ey s&all %e @ di @ di and ? di respectively.

0ou must focus on t&e follo,ing specifications of s&ared antenna and feeder 

Wor= %and t&e ,or= %and must matc& t&e "4M and WCDMA ,or= %and.



Port isolation t&e isolation of antenna ports must %e over 3* d.



"ain t&e antenna gain must %e close to t&e gain of original "4M antenna. 4econdly 4econdly you s&all consider ,&et&er t&e antenna can meet t&e re2uirements from WCDMA net,or=.



eam,idt& t&e follo,ing factors must %e close to t&ose of original "4M antenna %efore meeting t&e t&e re2uirement from from t&e WCDMA net,or=





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

/ori7ontal %eam,idt&



ertical %eam,idt&



/ori7ontal pattern



ertical pattern

Polari7ation mode use t&e antennas ,it& same polari7ation mode. T&ere are a small num%er of polari7ation antennas in "4M net,or=s %ut t&e ma8ority of dual %and antennas in t&e t&e mar=et are

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3.5


Feeder Desin 5f t&e feeder is s&orter t&an ?* m use t&e >K@GG feeder. feeder. 6t&er,ise use t&e ?K
Table %01 Typical feeder specifications

Model

3.6

Attenuation #dK**m$ and Fre2uency #M/7$

4WR

Curve Radius #m$

B**

)***

)**

))**

DF?!?*A#>K@$

!

+.

+.)B

+.<+

.?

*.)?

DF+!?*#?K<$

!

<.<3

<.?+

<.+B

.?

*.3@

RF>K@!?*

?.B)

+.*

!

+.<+

.?

*.)?

RFK<!?*

<.<<

<.?@

!

<.@+

.?

*.3?

T4A Desin

3.6.1

rincipia for sin T4As T&e follo,ing principia for using TMAs in various scenarios cater ,&en t&e RRs are mounted far a,ay from macro Node.

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

T&e site distance is s&ort in dense ur%an and ur%an areas so t&e uplin= coverage is strong enoug&. 5t is recommended not to use TMAs. 5f t&e operator re2uires covering t&e indoor areas ,it& outdoor Node ,it&out any restriction on cost use TMAs. 5f t&e feeder loss is larger t&an 3 d in dense ur%an and ur%an areas use TMAs. W&en t&e TMAs are used in dense ur%an and ur%an areas t&e do,nlin= insertion loss of TMAs s&all %e smaller t&an *.< d .



5n t&e areas ,it& uplin= restricted suc& as rural area su%ur%an area sea surface mountainous area desert and grassland it is recommended to use TMAs.



5f t&e ,or= environment is %ad do not use TMAs. For e;ample if t&e am%ient temperature may e;ceed t&e allo,ed ,or= range #usually J<* IC to O+?IC$ do not use TMAs.



W&en t&e feeder loss is larger t&an + d t&e improvement of uplin= sensitivity %y using )< d #gain$ TMAs is a%out  d &ig&er t&an t&at %y using ) d TMAs.


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5n t&is situation it is recommended to use )< d TMAs. 6t&er,ise use ) d TMAs. 

5t is recommended to use single TMA to matc& polari7ation antenna and dual TMAs to matc& dual polari7ation antenna.

T&e follo,ing principia for using TMAs in various scenarios are recommended ,&en RRs are mounted near t&e antenna 

T&e site distance is s&ort in dense ur%an and ur%an areas so t&e uplin= coverage is strong enoug&. 5t is recommended not to use TMAs. 5f t&e operator re2uires covering t&e indoor areas ,it& outdoor Node use TMAs. W&en t&e TMAs are used in dense ur%an and ur%an areas t&e do,nlin= insertion loss of TMAs s&all %e smaller t&an *.< d.



5n t&e areas ,it& uplin= restricted suc& as rural area su%ur%an area sea surface mountainous area desert and grassland it is recommended to use TMAs.



5f t&e ,or= environment is %ad do not use TMAs. For e;ample if t&e am%ient temperature may e;ceed t&e allo,ed ,or= range #usually J<* IC to O+?IC$ do not use TMAs.





W&en RRs are mounted near t&e antenna t&e improvement of uplin= sensitivity %y using )< d #gain$ TMAs is nearly t&e same as t&at %y using ) d TMAs. 5n t&is situation it is not recommended to use )< d TMAs. 5t is recommended to use single TMA to matc& polari7ation antenna and dual TMAs to matc& dual polari7ation antenna.

T&e previous principia are common for using TMAs in various scenarios. Determine ,&et&er to use TMAs according to t&e actual antenna!feeder design and t&e operatorGs re2uirements.

3.6.2

T'pical T4A #pecifications #pecifica tions Figure .> s&o, t&e structure of a TMA.

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Fiure 107 4tructure of a TMA

A TMA comprises of a T; c&annel and an R; c&annel. T&e T; c&annel comprises of a T; filter. T&e R; c&annel comprises comprises of an R; filter  lo, noise amplifier #NA ,&en ,or=ing normally$ or %y!pat& #,&en NA ,or=s a%normally$ and an R; filter A. T&e RF transmission signal and t&e DC input to NA are comes from t&e T4 port. W&erein t&e RF transmission signal travels t&roug& t&e T; c&annel and is output to t&e antenna %y t&e ANT port. T&e DC travels from anot&er port of 5A4 T:: to NA unit. T&e signal received %y t&e antenna is input to ANT port and amplified %y t&e R; c&annel. Ta%le >. lists >. lists t&e typical specifications of WCDMA TMA.

Table 701 Typical specifications specifi cations of WCDMA WC DMA TMA

No.

4pecification

alue



T; insertion loss

 *.+ d #typical value is *.? d$

)

R; gain

) d #typical value is ) d$

3

R; noise figure

 ).* d #typical value is .> d$

<

5nser nserti tion on loss loss of %y!p y!pat& at& of of R; R; c&a c&ann nneel

 ). ).? d d #ty #typi pica call va value lue is is . .? d$ d$

W&en using R:T antenna use t&e smart TMA #4TMA$ simultaneously. simultaneously. T&e smart TMA &as an A54" port. Namely an 4T is em%edded into a common TMA #for 4T information see t&e appendi; R:T appendi; R:T Antenna$. Antenna$. T&e 4TMA can can translate t&e 66E signal from t&e feeder to R4<@? signal and t&en output t&e R4<@? signal to RC. 5t can translate t&e R4<@? signal from RC to 66E signal and t&en output it to feeder. feeder. T&e 4TMA can supply RC ,it& t&e DC po,er from feeder. W&en connecting an 4TMA do connect t&e Node* port of 4TMA to t&e main reception port not t&e diversity reception port. For t&e T43@): connect t&e

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Node* port of 4TMA to t&e T-KR-A port on t&e ca%inet top. For For RRs connect t&e Node* port of 4TMA to t&e T-KR-A port of RRs.

Fiure 10( 4ignal flo, of 4TMA

3.7

Desin of 6ther F De/ice

3.7.1

#olution to Interference fro& #hared antenna and feeder T&e interference from s&ared antenna and feeder %y t,o systems forms ,&en t&e signal #spurious emission or intermodulation$ of t&e Node of one system is received %y t&e antenna of t&e t&e ot&er system. T&e non!ideal features and %road%and noise of fre2uency mi;er mi;er filter and po,er amplifier in t&e transmitter produces a%undant out%and useless signals ,&ic& is called spurious emission. W&en t&e spurious emission is transmitted out %y t&e antenna it %ecomes interference interference to t&e receiver receiver of t&e ot&er system. T&ere are non!linear parts and units in t&e transmitter suc& as t&e po,er amplifier. amplifier. W&en a strong signal is reflected %ac= to t&e transmitter %y t&e output port it toget&er ,it& t&e transmitted signal produces intermodulation. T&e intermodulation signal and useful signal are transmitted %y t&e antenna and t&ey ,ill produce interference interference ,it&

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t&e receiver. receiver. 6r ,&en t,o or more strong signals of different fre2uencies are reflected %y some metal t&e intermodulation intermodulation occurs due to t&e non!linearity of metal. metal. Analy7e t&e intra!RAT intra!RAT isolation according to t&e protocols or t&e actual RF inde;es of e2uipment. Ta%le @. lists @. lists t&e re2uired isolation %et,een WCDMA net,or= and ot&er systems ,&en t&e receiver sensitivity declines %y less t&an *. d.

Table (01 Re2uired isolation %et,een WCDMA net,or= and ot&er systems #t&e receiver sensitivity declines %y less t&an *. d$ 6ther #'ste&s

Value in rotocol d$8

Acceptable /alue d$8

"4MB**

B)

+*

DC4@**

B)

+*

lists t&e re2uired isolation %et,een WCDMA net,or= net,or= and ot&er systems ,&en t&e receiver sensitivity declines %y less t&an *.@ d.

Table (02 Re2uired isolation %et,een WCDMA net,or= and ot&er systems #t&e receiver sensitivity declines %y less t&an *.@ d$ 6ther #'ste&s

Value in rotocol d$8

Acceptable /alue d$8

"4MB**

@3

<*

DC4@**

@3

<*

Actually Actually t&e RF values of eac& vendor are %etter t&an t&e value in protocol so t&e needed isolation %et,een WCDMA and ot&er systems in actual net,or=s is smaller t&an t&e value in protocol. T&e RF values of different vendorsG Node are different so t&e isolation depends on t&e value of t&e e;isting e2uipment provided %y t&e operator #or according to actual test$.

3.7.2

#olution to Interference fro& Four-port-shared Antenna T&e four!port antenna &as an isolation of 3* d. 5f t&e isolation e;ceeds t&is value you can solve t&e pro%lem %y adding a filter at t&e receiver of WCDMA net,or= or t&e transmitter of ot&er systems. Customi7e t&e filter according to actual re2uirement. 5f t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or= s&are a four!port antenna and t&e re2uired isolation %et,een t&em is assumed to +* d you need add a filter at t&e WCDMA receiver to improve isolation. T&e isolation of filter at t&e "4M ,or= %and is e2ual to +* d minus 3* d namely 3* d. 0ou can c&oose t&e R1 of t&e vendor "P. For R1 see t&e section 3.>.3. 3.>.3.

)**>!*

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3.7.3


#olution to Interference fro& Two-port-shared Antenna T&e solution to interference from t,o!port!s&ared t,o!port!s&ared antenna lies in a diple;er. T&e detailed specifications of diple;er depend on t&e isolation. 5f t&e WCDMA net,or= and "4M net,or= s&are a four!port antenna and t&e re2uired isolation %et,een t&em is assumed to +* d t&e "4M isolation of diple;er must e;ceed +* d. 0ou can c&oose AllgonB)@ diple;er. For details see 3.>.<. 3.>.<.

3.7.4

#pecifications of T'pical F De/ice 0ou may use diple;ers and filters in så antenna and feeder %et,een t&e WCDMA and "4M net,or=s. 5n actual construction c&oose t&e device %y communicating ,it& t&e operator according to t&e actual need and t&e re2uired isolation %et,een t,o net,or=s. Figure .B s&o,s t&e specifications of "P filter.

Fiure 109 4pecifications of "P filter

Figure .* s&o,s t&e specifications of AllgonB)@.

)**>!*

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Fiure 101+ 4pecifications of AllgonB)@

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4


Case of #election of Dual $and #hared Antenna

Ta%le *. compares t&e specifications of original "4MB** antenna ,it& t&ese of "4MB** antenna after så dual %and antenna in a trial office.

Table 1+01 4pecifications of original "4MB** antenna ,it& t&ese of "4MB** antenna after så dual %and antenna in a trial office

"4M Antenna

Dual and Antenna Eat&rein ><))+?

Allgon >)>.*<

"4MB** %and

WCDMA %and

and #M/7$

@)
@)
>*J)>*

Polari7ation mode

O
O
O
/ori7ontal %eam,idt& #I$

+?

+?

+?

ertical %eam,idt& #I$

3

B

?

pper lo%e suppression

Q<



"ain #di$

?.?

+

@.?

Front!to!rear ratio #d$

Q3*

Q)>

Q)>

Cross polari7ation isolation

Q)*

Q*

Q*

:lectrical do,n tilt #I$

*

*J*

*J+

5ntra!RAT isolation #d$

Q3*

Q3*

Q3*

5nter!RAT isolation #d$

!

Q
Q
5mpedance #6&m$

?*

?*

?*

4WR

!

.?

.?

4pecification

)**>!*

Page 3< of ?>



Ma;imum input po,er #,$

?**

)?*

)**

5ntermodulation #dc );<3dm carrier$

!

!?*

!?*

Dimensions #mm$

3)*#/$

B+S)+)S3B

B+S)+)S3B

Weig&t #=g$

+

)3

)3

5n antenna selection consider t&e re2uirements from %ot& "4MB** and WCDMA net,or=s. Pay attention to t&at t&ere are a fe, types of dual %and antennas so some features of t&e selected dual %and antenna cannot %e fully met. For e;ample t&e vertical %eam,idt& of t&e original "4MB** antenna and t&e dual %and antenna is greatly different. Due to purc&ase and maintenance cost you must reduce t&e types of dual %and antennas and replace several "4MB** antennas of little difference difference ,it& one or more dual %and antenna as possi%le. For e;ample Ta%le *.) s&o,s a case of replacing t,o "4MB** antennas ,it& a dual %and antenna.

Table 1+02 Case of replacing t,o "4MB** antennas ,it& a dual %and antenna

)**>!*
4pecification

"4M Antenna Allgon >)>.*<

"4M Antenna Allgon >)>.*3

Dual and Antenna Eat&rein ><))+? #"4MB** and$

pper lo%e suppression

Q<

Q>


"ain #di$

?.?

?

+

:lectrical do,n tilt #I$

*

*J>

*J*

6t&er specifications

T&e same as Ta%le *.. *..




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5

#u&&ar'

T&is guide details t&e flo, of antenna!feeder design including t&e follo,ing aspects 

Antenna selection



Feeder design



TMA design



Design of ot&er RF device in s&ared antenna and feeder %et,een "4M and WCDMA net,or=s.

At t&e end t&e guide provides a case of antenna selection a%out s&ared antenna!feeder %et,een t&e WCDMA and "4M net,or=s. net,or=s. T&is guide is intended to outdoor antenna!feeder design. For t&e indoor antenna!feeder design see W-ndoor W-ndoor Co!erage Design Guide. Guide. T&e replacement and c&ange of antenna type do,n tilt a7imut& according to simulation process and result are involved in simulation antenna!feeder design. T&ey mains concerns simulation tools. T&ey are similar ,it& t&e principia for pro8ect antenna and site antenna design so t&is guide neglects t&is part.

)**>!*

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6

6.1

Appendi)

4ain #pecifications of Antenna T&e tec&nical specifications of antenna include

)**>!*


Wor= %and % and



"ain



Polari7ation mode



eam,idt&



Preset do,n tilt



Do,n tilt mode



Ad8usta%le range of do,n tilt



Front!to!rear ratio



4ide lo%e suppression ratio



(ero point filling



:c&o loss



Po,er capacity



5mpedance



T&ird order intermodulation


Page 3> of ?>



T&e tec&nical specifications of antenna include

6.1.1



Dimensions



Weig&t



5nput ports



Wind load

,or $and 5t is t&e FDD ,or= %and of WCDMA system.

China and :urope T&e ,or= %and in C&ina and :urope is B)*JB@* M/7 in uplin= and )*J)>* M/7 in do,nlin=.

;orth A&erica T&e ,or= %and in Nort& America is @?*JB* M/7 in uplin= and B3*JBB* M/7 in do,nlin=.

6.1.2

Antenna ain T&e antenna is a passive device. 5t cannot strengt& t&e signal to %e transmitted itself. 5t concentrates t&e po,er to a direction %y c&anging t&e com%ination of oscillators and c&anging t&e feeder mode. "ain is a =ey inde; for antenna standing for t&e capa%ility of concentrating t&e po,er to a direction. T&ere are usually t,o units for antenna gain di and dd. T&eir relations are as %elo,

* d"d

=

).? d"i



di t&e capa%ility of concentrating po,er %y actual directional antenna #including omnidirectional$ compared ,it& t&e isotropic antenna. T&e i in di means isotropic.



dd t&e capa%ility of concentrating po,er %y actual directional antenna #including omnidirectional$ compared ,it& &alf!,ave dipole antenna. T&e d in in dd means dipole.

Figure . s&o,s t&e relation %et,een di and dd.

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Fiure 101 Relation %et,een di and dd

T&e antenna gain is relevant to t&e num%er of oscillator units & ori7ontal and vertical %eam,idt&.

6.1.3

Antenna attern T&e pattern is t&e electromagnetic field of antenna radiation distri%uted %y coordinate along fi;ed distance. 

5f t&e pattern is represented %y radiation field strengt& it is called field strengt& pattern.



5f t&e pattern is represented %y po,er density it is called po,er pattern.



5f t&e pattern is represented %y p&ase it is called p&ase pattern.

5n mo%ile communication t&e po,er pattern is t&e most common. T&e antenna pattern is a cu%ic figure usually represented %y t,o patterns vertical to eac& ot&er in a main plane. T&is is t&e surface pattern. T&e surface pattern includes vertical pattern and &ori7ontal pattern. T&ere are also omnidirectional antenna pattern and directional antenna pattern. T&ere are ot&er special directional antennas suc& as &eart!s&aped antenna and @!s&aped antenna. T&e directionality of antenna lies in t&e ran=ing of oscillators and t&e variety of feeder p&ase similar to t&e interferometric interferometric effect effect of optics in principium. principium. As As a result t&e po,er in some directions directions is strengt&ened ,&ile ,&ile t&e po,er in some directions directions is ,ea=ened. T&e lo%es of various s&apes and 7ero points form. T&e lo%e ,it& t&e &ig&est

)**>!*

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po,er is t&e main lo%e. lo%e. T&e lo%es near near t&e main lo%e ,it& t&e second &ig&est po,er are t&e first side lo%des. T&e second side lo%es are t&ose ,it& t&e t&ird &ig&est po,er. T&e T&e directional antenna produces a rear rear lo%e. Figure .) s&o,s t&e &ori7ontal and vertical patterns of directional antenna.

Fiure 102 /ori7ontal and vertical patterns of directional antenna

6.1.4

$ea&width T&e %eam,idt& is also called t&e &alf po,er %eam,idt& including &ori7ontal %eam,idt& and vertical vertical %eam,idt&. T&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& %eam,idt& and vertical %eam,idt& %eam,idt& is t&e %eam,idt& %et,een t,o points ,it& a po,er difference difference of ?*U #3 d$ in t&e ma;imum radiation po,er. T&e common &ori7ontal %eam,idt& of Node antennas includes 3+*I B*I +?I +*I and 33I. T&e common vertical %eam,idt& of Node antennas includes +.?I >I *I 3I and +I.

6.1.5

Front-to-rear atio 5t is t&e ratio of signal radiation strengt& of main lo%e to t&at of rear lo%e t&e difference difference %et,een t&e level of side lo%e and t&e ma;imum %eam in t&e range of rear @*IH3*I a positive value. T&e front!to!rear ratio of common antennas is %et,een @ d and
)**>!*

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6.1.6


(

)

# d" =

)* � lg ( $U *  **U )

5f t&e 7ero point filling is *U namely namely - V * t&e 0 e2uals to # =

6.1.7

)* � lg ( *U **U )

= -)*

dC

pper #ide *obe #uppression 5n a cellular net,or= to improve t&e efficiency of fre2uency reuse and reduce t&e intra!fre2uency intra!fre2uency interference ,it& neig&%or cells for s&aped!%eam antenna you need lo,er t&e upper side lo%e t&at radiates neig&%or cells and improve t&e DK ratio #t&e ratio of strengt& of useful signal to t&at of interference signal$. T&e level of t&e first upper side lo%e compared ,it& main lo%e s&all %e smaller t&an J@ d. T&is is invalid to t&e antennas of macro cell Node.

6.1.8

elation $etween $ea&width and ain T&e antenna concentrates po,er. po,er. 5t strengt&ens t&e po,er of a direction ,&ile reducing t&e po,er of ot&er directions. 0ou 0ou can usually reduce t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& to strengt&en t&e po,er of a direction. W&en t&e antenna gain is fi;ed t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& is in inverse proportion to t&e vertical vertical %eam,idt& ,it& t&eir relation relation as %elo, Ga

�* � lg � 3)<** ( q � b ) �

W&erein 





)**>!*
"a t&e antenna gain in t&e unit of di. %  t&e vertical %eam,idt& in t&e unit of di. &  t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& in t&e unit o f di.


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According to t&e previous formula if you &ave =no,n t&e antenna gain and &ori7ontal you can calculate t&e vertical %eam,idt&. For e;ample for an omnidirectional antenna t&e gain is  di t&e &ori7ontal %eam,idt& is 3+*I so t&e vertical %eam,idt& %eam,idt& is calculated as %elo, %elo,

b =

3)<** 3+* � *

.

=

>.?o

Due to t&e deficiency of design and manufacturing process t&e actual vertical %eam,idt& of omnidirectional omnidirectional antenna is usually usually smaller t&an t&e calculated calculated result. T&e less difference %et,een t&e t,o %eam,idt& t&e %etter t&e antenna is designed. Figure .3 s&o,s t&e relation among t&e antenna gain vertical %eam,idt& and &ori7ontal %eam,idt& of an oscillator antenna.

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Fiure 10! Relation among t&e antenna gain vertical %eam,idt& and &ori7ontal %eam,id %eam,idt& t&

According to Figure .3 .3 ,&en t&e antenna gain is lo, t&e vertical %eam,idt& and &ori7ontal %eam,idt& are usually large. W&en t&e antenna gain is &ig& t&e vertical %eam,idt& and &ori7ontal &ori7ontal %eam,idt& are are usually small. 5n addition t&e antenna gain depends on t&e num%er of oscillators. T&e more t&e oscillators are t&e &ig&er t&e gain is and t&e larger t&e aperture of antenna #t&e effective receiving receiving area$ is. For an omnidirectional antenna if t&e antenna gain increases %y 3 d t&e antenna lengt& ,ill dou%le. T&erefore t&e antenna gain is usually ,it&in  di.

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Page <3 of ?>


6.1.9


olari3ation 4ode T&e polari7ation is a radiation feature for indicating t&e vector special direction of field strengt& of electromagnetic ,ave. 5f unspecified t&e spatial direction of electric field vector usually serves as t&e polari7ation direction of electromagnetic ,ave. T&e spatial direction of electric field vector is t&e direction of ma;imum radiation %y antenna. T&e electromagnetic ,ave of ,&ic& t&e spatial direction of electric filed vector =eeps fi;ed any time is t&e linear polari7ation ,ave. Wit& t&e ground as a reference reference t&e polari7ation of ,&ic& ,&ic& t&e direction of electric electric field vector is parallel to ground is t&e &ori7ontal polari7ation ,ave and polari7ation of ,&ic& t&e direction of electric field vector is vertical to ground is t&e &ori7ontal polari7ation ,ave. T&e spatial direction of electric field vector is not al,ays fi;ed. 

5f t&e endpoint trace of electric field vector forms a circle t&e polari7ation ,ave is circular polari7ation ,ave.



5f t&e endpoint trace of electric field vector forms an ellipse t&e polari7ation ,ave is elliptical polari7ation ,ave.

T&e elliptical polari7ation ,ave and circular polari7ation ,ave &ave polari7ation direction. T&e electromagnetic ,ave of different %ands caters for different polari7ation modes for propagation. T&e T&e mo%ile communication systems systems usually c&oose vertical vertical polari7ation ,&ile t&e %roadcasting systems usually c&oose &ori7ontal polari7ation. T&e elliptical polari7ation usually applies applies for satellite communication. communication. T&e polari7ation modes of WCDMA antennas include t&e polari7ation and dual polari7ation and t&ey t&ey are all linear polari7ation. polari7ation. T&e WCDMA polari7ation antenna uses vertical polari7ation. T&e dual polari7ation antenna reduces t&e impact from multi!pat& attenuation and improves t&e 2uality of signals received %y t&e Node %y using polari7ation diversity. T&e dual polari7ation antenna in WCDMA net,or=s usually use H
6.1.10

Down Tilt T&e do,n tilt of antenna is an important means t&at you can en&ance t&e signal level of serving cell and reduce t&e interference ,it& ot&er cells. T&e common do,n tilt modes include mec&anical do,n tilt preset electrical do,n tilt and ad8usta%le electrical do,n tilt #R:T antenna$ as %elo, 

)**>!*
Mec&anical do,n tilt you ad8ust t&e mec&anical do,n tilt %y lo,ering t&e support.


Page << of ?>





:lectrical do,n tilt you ad8ust t&e electrical do,n tilt %y ad8usting t&e p&ase of oscillators. After After t&e preset electrical do,n tilt is sold out of t&e factory factory t&e do,n tilt cannot %e ad8usted. T&e ad8usta%le electrical do,n tilt is ad8usta%le.

0ou can ad8ust t&e mec&anical do,n tilt and electrical do,n tilt simultaneously.

6.1.11

V#, 5n mo%ile communication systems t&e 4WR of antenna is .? at most. Assume t&at 

(A input impedance of antenna



(* nominal c&aracteristic impedance #usually e2uals to ?* 6&m in WCDMA antennas$

4o t&e reflection coefficient is calculated as %elo,

G =

' A - ' * ' A + ' *

(SWR =

+

G

-

G

0ou can also represent t&e matc&ing c&aracter of port ,it& ec&o loss as %elo, R.).# d"$ =

)* � lg lg

G

5f t&e 4WR is .? t&e R is 3.B@ d. W&en t&e input impedance of antenna is une2ual to c&aracteristic impedance impedance t&e generated reflected ,ave and incident ,ave form standing ,ave after overlapping on t&e feeder. feeder. T&e ratio of t&e ma;imum ad8acent voltage of standing ,ave to t&e minimum ad8acent voltage of standing ,ave is t&e voltage standing ,ave ratio #4WR$. 5f t&e 4WR is over large t&e communication distance ,ill %e s&ortened and t&e reflected po,er ,ill return t&e transmitter. As a result t&e po,er amplifier may %e %urnt and t&e communication system ,ill ,or= a%normally. a%normally.

6.1.12

ort Isolation For multi!port antennas suc& as dual polari7ation antenna and dual %and dual polari7ation antenna antenna t&e isolation must e;ceed e;ceed 3* d ,&en t&e R; port port is t&e T; port.

)**>!*

Page


6.1.13


ower Capacit' 5t is t&e average po,er capacity. capacity. T&e antenna comprises of coupling parts suc& as matc&ing %alancing and p&ase s&ift so it can %ear a limited po,er. po,er. 5f t&e po,er of a carrier is )* W and a port of t&e antenna can support four carriers at most t&e ma;imum input po,er of antenna is @* W. t&erefore t&erefore t&e po,er capacity per port s&all e;ceed ?* W #in a +?IC am%ient temperature$.

6.1.14

Input ort of Antenna Antenna To improve t&e relia%ility of passive intermodulation and RF connection t&e input port of antenna is >K+ D5N!Female. efore t&e antenna is used t&ere s&all %e a protective cap over t&e port to avoid generating o;ide or a%sor%ing impurity.

6.1.15

assi/e Inter&odulation I48 T&e passive intermodulation is caused %y non!linearity of t&e part ,&en t&e passive parts li=e connectors connectors feeders antennas antennas and filters ,or= ,or= under &ig& po,er of multi! carrier. carrier. T&e passive parts are usually considered linear %ut t&ey may &ave non! linearity to some degree under &ig& po,er due to t&e follo,ing factors 

T&e contact %et,een different metals



T&e contact %et,een t&e same metal ,it& roug& surface



5ncompact connection



Magnetic o%8ects

T&e intermodulation product interferes ,it& communication systems and especially t&e intermodulation products in t&e receiver %and &ave severe impact on t&e receiving performance of of system. As a result t&ere are strict re2uirements re2uirements on t&e intermodulation feature of passive parts li=e connectors ca%le and antennas as %elo,

6.1.16



Passive intermodulation inde; of connects  J?* dc



Passive intermodulation inde; of ca%le  J>* dc



Passive intermodulation inde; of antenna  J?* dc

Di&ensions and ,eiht of Antenna To facilitate storage transport installation and safety safety t&e antenna is re2uired to &ave a si7e as small as possi%le and a ,eig&t as lig&t as possi%le ,&en all t&e electrical specifications are met.

)**>!*

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T&e operators &ave more and more strict re2uirements on t&e dimensions ,eig&t and outloo= of antenna so you must focus on %ot& t&e tec&nical and non!tec&nical specifications upon antenna selection. 5n ur%an areas t&e antenna of Node s&all %e lig&t small and %eautiful. 5n su%ur%an and rural areas t&ere is no suc& restriction.

6.1.17

,ind *oad T&e antennas are usually mounted on &ig& %uildings or to,ers. 5n t&e littoral areas t&e ,ind is strong ,it& &ig& speed so t&e antennas are re2uired to ,or= normally under a ,ind speed of 3+ mKs and to =eep complete under a ,ind speed of ?? mKs. T&e antenna can usually resist strong ,ind. 5n some ,indy areas t&e antennas are damaged due to unsta%le to,er and pole so you s&all c&oose t&e antennas ,it& small surface area.

6.1.18

,or Te&perature Te&perature and =u&idit' T&e antenna of Node s&all ,or= in a temperature of J<*IC to O+?IC and a &umidity of * to **U.

6.1.19

*ihtnin rotection A direct DC connection of eac& RF input ports of antenna to t&e ground is re2uired.

6.1.20

Three-proof Capabilit' T&e antenna of Node must capa%le of damp!proof salt mist!proof and leaf mold! proof. For an omnidirectional omnidirectional antenna it can can also %e installed %ottom up and meet t&e t&ree!proof capacity.

6.2

Ca&ouflaed Antenna #che&e for #ites A camouflaged camouflaged antenna is %eautiful &idden and according ,it& tec&nical re2uirements. T&e camouflaged camouflaged antenna aims to =eep consistent ,it& t&e environment and to avoid %eing noticed so t&at t&e mo%ile communication pro8ect proceeds smoot&ly. smoot&ly. T&e camouflaged antenna applies for ur%an site construction and coverage solutions for top grade residence area. T&ere are no fi;ed modes and met&ods for antenna camouflage. T&e antenna camouflage c&anges to fle;i%le forms in different scenarios. T&e antenna camouflage camouflage aims to &idden it in t&e environment. 0ou 0ou can c&oose proper %eautification modes

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according to t&e environment for actual installation. T&e follo,ing paragrap&s focus on some antenna camouflage sc&emes. T&e antenna camouflage includes t&e follo,ing types

6.2.1



Customi7ed camouflage



6utloo= camouflage



Camouflage in special environment

Custo&i3ed Ca&ouflae 4ome vendors provide special antennas #suc& as cluster antenna$ and t&ese antennas usually include t&e t&ree!side electrical tilting d irectional antenna. T&e customi7ed camouflaged antennas are various in s&apes. T&e application of t&is camouflage is narro, narro, %ecause t&e customi7ed antenna is e;pensive as s&o,n in Figure .<. .<.

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Fiure 10" 6utloo= of customi7ed camouflaged antennas

Fiure 105 T&e %ottom c&art of antenna

6.2.2

6utloo Ca&ouflae For outloo= camouflage according to t&e special installation position of antenna you need design a sc&eme t&at t&e installed antenna accords ,it& t&e environment and residents can seldom identify t&e antenna. Paint t&e antenna ,it& an am%ient color so t&at t&e residents ta=e it as ornament of environment as s&o,n in Figure .+. .+.

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Fiure 10% Painting camouflage

6.2.3

Antenna Ca&ouflae in #pecial :n/iron&ent Residents are sensitive to antennas in some special scenarios suc& as part community and indoor areas. :specially in a community t&e residents re8ect installing antennas on t&e roof. 0ou can camouflage antennas ,it& t&e previous met&ods. 5n addition you can use t&e follo,ing met&ods. 5n communities or on streets you can use t&e flat panel antenna as t&e advertising %oard and road sign s&o,n in Figure .>.

Fiure 107 Flat panel antennas camouflaged %y advertising %oard and road sign

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6.3


:T Antenna

6.3.1

Functions of Co&&on arts in :lectrical Tiltin Antennas

C RC is t&e driving motor and controlling unit of R:T antennas. 5t receives and carries out t&e controlling commands from Node. 5t controls t&e step motor to ad8ust t&e ad8usta%le p&ase s&ifter t&roug& driving mec&anism. 5n t&is ,ay it c&anges t&e do,n tilt. T&e controlling port of RC is R4<@? port. T&e connection %et,een RC and antenna is mec&anical not electrical.

#$T 4T supplies AC po,er and controlling commands to RC t&roug& feeder. 5t translates t&e controlling commands modulated %y 66E #6n!6ff!Eeying$ #6n!6ff!Eeying$ from t&e feeder feeder and t&en transmits t&e R4<@? signal to RC. 5t also translates t&e R4<@? signal from RC to 66E signal and t&en transmits t&e 66E signal to t&e feeder. T&e AC current from t&e feeder are provided to RC t&roug& 4T. W&en installing 4T you can directly connect it to t&e antenna connector only #D5N female connect$ not t&e feeder connector. 0ou can connect 4T to t&e main reception only only not t&e diversity reception. For t&e T43@): 4T connects to t&e T-KR-A port on t&e ca%inet top. top. For RRs 4T connects connects to t&e T-KR-A T-KR-A port.

$T T is passive. 5t couples AC current or 66E signal to t&e feeder. feeder. 5t only on ly serves RRs. T&e T43@): contains ias Tee so it does not need T. W&en t&e RR uses TMA or R:T R:T far a,ay from t&e antennas #more t&an )* m$ and ,&en >K@GG or ?K
0ou can directly connect T to t&e D5N female connector of feeder not on t&e connector of RR.

Figure . s&o,s t&e structure of a T.

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Fiure 101 4tructure of a T

6.3.2

sae of .AT=:I; 7"1 9(9 :T Antenna

Connector Description Fiure 101 Connectors of EAT/R:5N >< B@B R:T antenna

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4anual Ad>ust&ent Fiure 101 Ad8usting EAT/R:5N >< B@B R:T antenna manually

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Installin C Fiure 101 5nstalling RC of EAT/R:5N >< B@B R:T antenna

6.4

T'pical Desin of #plitin Cell T&e splitting cell referred &ere is splitting a cell to several sectors for coverage. W&en splitting cell only in t&e WCDMA net,or= you can split a cellGs signal into t,o sectorsG signal ,it& /C. W&en t&e WCDMA net,or= s&ares antenna and feeder ,it& t&e "4M net,or= you can com%ine t&e WCDMA and "4M signals and t&en split a cellGs signal into t,o sectorsG signal. W&et&er to split cell depends on t&e result of site survey and t&e operatorGs re2uirements.

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Fiure 102 4plitting cell ,&en WCDMA and "4M systems do not s&are antenna and feeder

Fiure 10! 4plitting cell ,&en WCDMA and "4M systems s&are antenna and feeder

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Reference )**>!*

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X WCDMA RNP Antenna Type 4election "uidance!)**<*>+!A!.*.

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W Antenna Feeder Design Guide 20061020 a 3.1

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