Abstract The Vacuum Triode Amplifier (VTA) invented by Floyd Sweet consists of two ferrite magnets and two to four coreless wire coils. It is self powered in the preferred configuration and produces in excess of one KW of 120 VRMS 60 HZ power in the form of energy that resembles electricity. This energy is referred to as negative energy. The VTA development history, its anti-gravity characteristics, negative energy proper- ties, and some of the personalities involved are discussed.
FLOYD SWEET'S VTA UNIT by Walt Rosenthal
This is a story of Floyd Sweet's trials and tribulations involving a mystery wrapped in an enigma. God revealed to Floyd sufficient information to build a machine to provide energy that resembles electricity. However, God did not provide solutions to the frustrating string of problems that would surface in converting the idea into a working device. There are several people in this story that have provided help and some who have hindered. When Tom Bearden met Floyd, the device Floyd had developed was producing a few watts of alternating current at 28 volts. Tom saw in Floyd's device the physical embodiment of a principle he had theorized many years before. Tom had never designed or constructed a physical device to access this elusive energy source. Tom's name for the extraction process is 'Four Wave Phase
Conjugate Mixing'. The energy source is the intense non-cohered energy that is thought to be present everywhere in the universe. Various researchers through the years have given this energy different names, such as "Zero Point Energy", "Gravity Field Energy", "Radiant Energy", and others. Tom Bearden gave Floyd's device the name "Vacuum Triode Amplifier" or VTA. The machine provides a small amount of its output fed back to the equivalent of a grid which gates or coheres a large amount of energy which appears at the device output terminal as something that resembles electricity! Negative Electricity. This energy can be utilized by devices designed to convert electricity to light, heat, or mechanical work or anything else for which normal electricity is used. The properties of this energy, although superficially resembling the 120 VRMS 60 HZ power we normally use, are unique and sufficiently different from conventional electricity, so that it should be classified as an entirely new energy form. It will require careful extended study by a wide range of people in order to document its properties in the manner scientists have done with conventional electricity. Tom Bearden refers to this energy as negative energy, and he states that negative time must be utilized. In negative time according to Bearden, gravity is a repulsive force. Floyd's experiments demonstrated that the VTA loses weight in proportion to the amount of generated "Negative Energy". This was carefully documented by Floyd on a kitchen scale. The machine weight was observed decreasing with increased load in a quite orderly fashion until a point was suddenly reached when Floyd heard an immense sound, as if he were at the center of a giant whirlwind but without actual air movement. The sound was heard by his wife Rose in another room of their apartment and was heard by others outside the apartment. The experience was very frightening and the experiment has not been repeated. Some observers of the light emanating from ordinary 120 volt 100 watt incandescent bulbs powered by the VTA claim the light is different, softer, than normal incandescent light. The VTA magnets and coils when powering loads of over a kilowatt become cold and temperatures of 20 degrees Fahrenheit below ambient have been observed. Similar reports of below ambient temperature of energy machine components have been reported by other inventors, such as John Bedini and John R.R. Searl. When the VTA output wires had been accidentally shortened, first an extremely brilliant flash occurred. When the wires involved were examined shortly afterward, they were found covered with frost. Unfortunately this also caused the VTA magnet to fracture and the machine ceased operating. In one instance the
machine operation ceased during a local earthquake. The physical shacking was not believed to be sufficiently severe to disrupt the machine magnet/coil relative placement or physical shock to the magnet such as a hammer blow might impart. The best speculation is that the machine was affected by the intense electromagnetic pulse known to originate from earthquakes. Conventional instruments used to measure volts, amps, or watts appear to correlate machine output as coupled to loads, but only up to approximately 1 KW; above that value they may indicate zero or some other value not related to the known actual load. Floyd's attempts to use conventional electrical design formulas relating number of coil turns, amp turns on drive coils, and any other parameter to predict observed outputs have all resulted in failures with calculations. Empirical formulas based on actual tests have been documented. Observation of machine output voltage of approximately 120 VRMS while the load was changed in 100 watt increments from 100 watts to 1000 watts has shown no observable output voltage change, which suggests an extremely low internal equivalent impedance. The 20 gauge magnet wire in the output coils consisting of several hundred turns has significant DC resistance which is not correlated with the unvarying output terminal voltage at different loads. It is speculated that this energy does not travel within the copper wire or its passage through the copper wire does not generate a voltage drop- a most useful feature when transferring energy from one place to another. One frustrating aspect of the VTA has been its failures, evidenced by the output voltage slowly decaying to zero over a few seconds or minutes. There also has been spontaneous in- stances of the voltage rising above 120 VRMS as observed by the increased lamp load bank brightness. The volt meters, ammeter, and power meter did not correlate with the brightness change except when the machine would the fail to produce any power. Many times the VTA was normally left on powering a lamp load bank 24 hours a day. During a period of time when it appeared to be functioning properly all day long, Floyd got up at 3:00 AM to go to the bathroom. As he walked past the room where the VTA was located, he noticed that the lights appeared dim. He measured the voltage at 70 VRMS. Being tired at the moment, he returned to bed. The next morning when he rose, the voltage was back to the normal 120 VRMS and stayed there all day. The next night Floyd got up at 4:30 AM. The voltage was measured at 85 VRMS. Floyd returned to bed. The voltage was normal the entire next day. A possible clue to this anomaly has appeared in an article by E.W. Silvertooth title 'Motion Through The Ether' where Silver- tooth describes a dual path laser interferometer experiment that conclusively demonstrated the presence of an ether that flows through our portion of the universe at greater than the speed of
light with its vector in the direction of the constellation Leo. Floyd's VTA may be orientation sensitive to this ether velocity vector. The VTA consists of two 4" X 6" X .5" grade 5 or grade 8 ferrite magnets spaced 3 inches apart in the attractive orientation, with the output and drive coils in between. The output coils are wound with 20 gage magnet wire. Their axis is parallel to the magnetic lines of force between the two magnets. The two drive (or excitation) coil axes are positioned at 90 degrees to the output coil axis. The VTA excitation coils may be driven by the VTA output voltage or a separate sine wave oscillator source. The "SECRET" to the machine is the process that "conditions" the magnets. This conditioning process determines the output frequency and also prepares the machine for operation. The same machine could be just as well "told" to output 50 HZ or 400 HZ. The conditioning technique is so novel, it is doubtful anyone would ever guess how it is done. Oscilloscope observation of the VTA output voltage waveform shows an apparently perfect sine wave that is not phase locked to the local 60 HZ power line voltage. The VTA can be started by momentary connection of a 9 volt battery to the drive coils when the machine is operated in the self-powered mode. The operation is stopped by momentary interruption of power to the power coils. The VTA "likes" to always see a minimum load of 25 watts. Electrical shock to humans from the VTA may be more damaging than contact with a 120 VRMS 60 HZ conventional powerline volt- age. Floyd has accidentally had VTA current pass from his thumb to his smallest finger. It appears to freeze the flesh and was extremely painful for at least two weeks. The mechanism by which negative energy makes copper conductors cold but will also heat light bulb filaments is not understood. Tom Bearden has coined the term "Gravito Stiction" for this process and has described how he believes it works. On the human side of the VTA development, some incidents are worth telling. Two people from Australia, who claimed they wanted to help Floyd, stole his note book and promptly asked John Bedini for help in replicating the VTA based on the notebook contents. John recognized the notebook as belonging to Floyd and promptly asked them to leave. However, the notebook was never recovered. Floyd has received many death threats over the phone, and some threats face to face. A well dressed gentleman in a expensive suit, tie, hat, and hundred dollar shoes approached Floyd on the sidewalk of the street where he lives and
introduced himself as Cecil Brown. He showed him a picture of Floyd inside his apartment. Cecil then told him that he represented a conglomerate that did not want Floyd's device to appear in the world at this time. He further stated that sometimes unfortunate things happen to people who do not comply with the wishes of others. He then retrieved the picture and departed. Incidences like this do impart significant concern in Floyd's mind! One real unsung hero of the human side of this story is Al Margolin, who for many years has provided test equipment, fabrication help, and transportation for Floyd and Rose whenever needed, and it was needed many times. Floyd's long time friend and former employer Bill Lawry has provided living and project expenses and fabrication help when needed. The reliable conditioning of the magnets in a manner that assures long time operation is the Achilles heel of this device. With the help of enough of the right people this device may change our world and open a new field of physics! This adventure of course is an on going and the final goal of powering the world with the VTA is still a long ways off.
Vacuum Triode Amplifier by Floyd Sweet Since April the 30th 1987 Floyd Sweet has had a device to annul our dependence on fossil fuels. Like most of the R and D principles mentioned mentioned in this section, Floyd sweet's device can also be categorized in the energy suppression section.
Floyd Sweet - Solid-State Magnet Pioneer
"There is suppression launched against any free-energy inventor who succeeds or is very close to succeeding." - Ret. Lt. Col. Thomas Bearden. The late Floyd "Sparky" Sweet created a breakthrough magnetic solid-state energy generator. For complex reasons, he did not develop his device into a commercially viable product. However, as a magnetics specialist with a distinguished industrial career, Sweet was not a man whose technical claims could be easily dismissed by critics. Sweet's story is important for three reasons. First, creditable witnesses saw his invention convert the invisible energy of space into useable amounts of electric power without fuel, batteries, or connection to an outlet. Second, he was subjected to the same kinds of harassment that the inventors we met in Part I had to face, including threats on his life. Third, and most important, Sweet's research has inspired the work of other space-energy inventors, some of whom may well produce a useful stationary-magnet device. FLOYD SWEET AND MAGNETS Floyd Sweet (1912-1995) grew up in Connecticut, Connecticut, in an a n era when w hen radios were home-built home-built crystal sets. At the age of nine, his intense interest in how things work was directed into building and disassembling radios and other electrical apparatus, such as a small Tesla coil (see Chapter 2) energized by a Model T spark plug. When Sweet was eighteen, a family friend helped him find work at the nearby General Electric plant while he went to college. He got the nickname "Sparky" after he Disconnected some wires one day, which resulted in an instrument exploding in a spectacular spray of sparks. Despite this incident, his empl employ oyer erss were were plea please sed d with with his his work work espe especi cial ally ly his his intui intuitiv tivee gif gift for comin coming g up with with answ answers ers to electrical problems. 1
Sweet stayed with GE after completing his education. He worked in the company's Schenectady, New York, research and development center from 1957 to 1962 a dream job in which he could use a well equipped laboratory to follow his hunches on intriguing magnetics projects. That line of research fascinated him. In 1969, he obtained a master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. By the mid-1970s, Sweet and his wife, Rose, had moved to the Los Angeles area to enjo y semiretirement. Besides serving as one of GE's preferred consultants, Sweet designed electric equipment for other customers. Floyd Sweet was more than a professional scientist who worked with magnets. He had a passion for magnetism, and for the concept that the entire universe is permeated with a magnetic field. Once he fully retired in the early 1980s, he would have happily spent many hours each day building a device that could tap into the energy of that magnetic field. But Rose fell ill, and was an invalid for the last seven years of her life. This demanded Floyd's attention and forced him to dip into their savings. He also had to cope with his own ill health, including a period of near blindness. Despite these problems, he worked on his device when not preparing meals and tending to his wife's needs. SWEET'S VACUUM TRIODE AMPLIFIER: DEFYING CONVENTION For decades, new-energy researchers talked about the possibility of treating a magnet so that its magnetic field would continuously shake or vibrate. On rare occasions, Sweet saw this effect, called selfoscillation, occur in electric transformers. He felt it could be coaxed into doing something useful, such as producing energy. Sweet thought that if he could find the precise way to shake or disturb a magnet's force field, the field would continue to shake by itself. It would be similar to striking a bell and having the bell keep on ringing. As usual, Sweet-who said his ideas, came to him in dreams turned for inspiration to his expertise in magnets. He knew magnets could be used to produce electricity, as we learned in Chapter 4, and wanted to see if he could get power out of a magnet by something other than the standard induction process. That process involves either moving a magnet past a wire coil a coil of conductive wire, such as copper or moving moving a coil through the field field o f a magnet. magnet. This changing changing magneti magneticc field field causes an electri electricc current current to flow in the copper wire. What Sweet wanted to do was to keep the magnet still and just shake its magnetic field. This shaking, in turn, would create an electric current. One new-energy researcher compares self-oscillation to a leaf on a tree waving in a gentle breeze. While the breeze itself isn't moving back and forth, it sets the leaf into that kind of motion. Sweet thought that if space energy, discussed in Chapter 4, could be captured to serve as the breeze, then the magnetic fiel field d woul would d serv servee as the the leaf leaf.. Swee Sweett woul would d just just have have to supp supply ly a smal smalll amoun amountt of ener energy gy to set set the the magnetic field in motion, and space energy would keep it moving. By 1985, he had come up with a set of specially conditioned magnets, wound with wires. To test his device, Sweet discharged a current into the wire coil around the magnet. As a result, the coil disturbed the magnet's field. It was as if Sweet had snapped the magnet's Held out of position to set it in motion. Sweet then connected a twelve-volt lightbulb the size used in flashlights to the coil. If the device was producing electricity, electr icity, the bulb would light. The T he results were more than Sweet expected. A surge of power came out of the coil and there was a bright bright flash from the bulb which had received so much power t hat it melted. Years later, Sweet remembered that Rose had seen the flash and called out, "What did you blow up now?"
2
The inventor was baffled by the dazzling flash of light why so much energy ? He returned to his workbench to make further models. Needing a theory to explain his startling discovery, he remembered hearing about Thomas Bearden, retired Army officer and nuclear physicist, and John Bedini, an electronics expert, on a local radio show. Sweet called Bedini, who arranged for Bearden to visit Sweet. Bearden saw the curious device pull nearly six watts of electric power out of the air with only a tiny fracti fraction on of a watt going into the machine. machine. Bearden Bearden ran tests to his his heart's heart's content, content, and was delighted delighted to see a little unit embodying the unorthodox concepts that he had written about over the years, the concepts behind space energy. He called Sweet's assembly of magnets and wire coils the Vacuum Triode Amplifier (VTA). Bearden decided that the device was serving as a gate through which energy from space was being herded into a electric circuit. The most amazing amazing aspect of o f Sweet's Sweet's device was that it put out so much much more power than it took in. How much more? In a 1988 model, Sweet found that 330 microwatts 330 one-millionths of a watt of input power made it possible for the VTA's wire coils to put out more than 500 watts of usable energy, or about one and a half million t imes the input power. The VTA's Special Effects and Difficult Development
The VTA turned out to have some very odd effects, but Bearden's research background prepared him for that. So in 1987, Bearden asked Sweet to perform an antigravity experiment. Bearden calcu1ated that the six-pound machine would levitate when about 1,500 watts of power were drawn out of it, but that the magnets might explode at about the same power level. He warned Sweet to limit the output to no more than 1,000 watts. A VTA would be placed on a scale so that its weight could be carefully monitored while it was hooked up to a box of light bulb sockets. Screwing bulbs into the sockets would draw off the power. About a week later, Sweet excitedly read off results over the phone to Bearden who was home in Alabama as Sweet screwed in ten 100-watt bulbs, one at a time. The device gradually lost weight until it was was down down to 90 perc percen entt of its origi origina nall weig weight ht.. For saf safety reas reasons ons,, Swee Sweett and and Bear Bearden den stop stoppe ped d the the experiment before the device could begin to hover or fly. Why did the VTA lose weight? According to Bearden's theory, gravity becomes a pushing force rather than a pulling force under certain conditions. Bearden also says that space energy has a pressure, referred to as energy density. If the pressure above an object is decreased while the pressure under the object is increased, the object will be drawn upwards. The VTA may have changed the energy density by drawing on space energy. The technology could sometimes do spooky things. Walter Rosenthal of California, a test engineer who has helped many struggling inventors test their devices, recalls an incident that Sweet had told him about. The incident occurred while Sweet was trying to document his antigravity experiment: "The machine's weight was observed [to be] decreasing with an increased load [of lighibulbs], in a quiet orderly fashion, until a point was suddenly reached when Floyd Floyd heard an immense sound, sound, as if he were at the c enter of a giant whirlwind but without actual air movement. The sound was heard by Rose in another room of their apartment and by others outside the apartment." This experience has been confirmed by a Canadian space-energy researcher, who heard a similar whirlwind whirlwind sound during one of his experiments. experiments. Another unusual unusual effect of Sweet's VTA was the fact that it produced cold, instead of the heat usually generated by electric equipment. The inside of the VTA was as much much as twenty twenty degrees cooler cooler than the surroun surrounding ding air. The greater the load load put on the device, device, the cooler it became. When VTA wires were accidentally shorted out, they flashed with a brilliant burst of light, and were found to be covered with frost. 3
One One time, time, a brief brief contact contact with with the equipmen equipmentt froze froze some of Sweet's Sweet's flesh, causing causing him pain for ab out two weeks afterward.Sweet discovered other interesting effects. But development of the VTA was slowed by trouble with materials and processes, and by financial entanglements. Sweet had to find magnets that could hold the self-oscillation effect. That required magnets with force fields that didn't vary much across the face of the magnet. Also, standard mathematical calculations didn't work with the VTA. In 1991, Sweet produced a math theory for the VTA an engineering design model that showed how factors such as the number number of o f turns of wire in the co ils ils affected the de vice's vice's behavior. Producing Producing this theory t heory was an important important step. Without Without it, other researchers would not reproduce Sweet's work. Someti Sometim mes it was was diff diffic icul ultt for Swee Sweett to repr reprodu oduce ce his his own own work work.. As with with firs firstt model odels of any any new technology, the VTAs he built were very unreliable. For example, at times their output went down at night and picked up again during the day. Sometimes, they just plain stopped working for no apparent reason. But when the VTA worked, the power it put out for its size was unprecedented. Sweet Challenges the Laws of Physics
Bearden contributed to the theory that explained Sweet's invention. Much of the theory that Bearden used to explain how the VTA worked came from advances in the field of phase conjugate optics, a specialized study of light used by laser scientists and weapons researchers. Using information from this field, Bearden said that the VTA was able to amplify the space energy it took in. The science establishment requires that an invention be explained by accepted laws of physics, and so much output from so little input seems to violate those laws, which do not allow for such a thing. However, Sweet and Bearden recognized that these laws apply to ordinary, or closed systems, systems in which you cannot get more energy out than what you put in. Because the VTA allowed energy to flow in from the vacuum of space, it was not operating in a closed system, but in an open one. (See Chapter 1 for a disc discus ussi sion on of clos closed ed vers versus us open open syst system ems. s.)) A VTA VTA opera operati tin ng in the the flow flow of spac spacee ener energy gy is like like a windmill operating in the wind. Both receive excess energy from an outside source. But since neither operates m a closed system, neither violates the laws of physics. In 1991, a paper by Sweet and Bearden was read at a formal gathering of conventional engineers and physicists in Boston. Neither Bearden nor Sweet were able to attend Bearden was called away on business, and Sweet was recuperating from heart surgery. Walter Rosenthal went instead. The paper said that the VTA had the signs of being a true negentropy device, or a device that was able to turn random space energy into usable electricity electricity (see Chapter 4). How did this work? It helps to think of a handful of marbles on a tabletop. You can either roll them all in one direction, or you can scatter them in all directions. If you scatter the marbles into a reflector, the reflector will roll them back to you in an orderly fashion. Although the language they used was quite technical, what Sweet and Bearden basically said is that the VTA was able to take energy "marbles" and keep rolling them back and forth, building energy as they went along. After Bearden's paper was read, Walter Rosenthal stood up and startled the audience of skeptical engineers: "I have personally seen Floyd Sweet's machine operating. It was running… those small motors you saw in the video. It was jump-started with a ninevolt battery. There was no other electrical input required... There was no connection to the power line whatsoever." And, no, there were no moving parts. Although most of the audience aud ience listened po litely, it was too much for one engineering eng ineering professor. pr ofessor. He stalked out of the room, saying, "To present such a remark at an engineering conference is the height of irresponsibility! It violates virtually every conceivable concept known to engineers." 4
SWEET IS THREATENED Could activity at the Sweet home been secretly watched by strangers? Sweet told the story of a time in the late 1980s when a man accosted him as Sweet was leaving a supermarket. Sweet remembered the man's man's expensive expensive-look -lookin ing g shoes, shoes, and the fact fact that he was immaculatel immaculately y dressed. dressed. But in the stress stress of the moment, Sweet couldn't focus on much else. What made the inventor nervous was the photograph that the man held, a photograph showing Sweet at work on his tabletop-model VTA in the supposed privacy of Sweet's own home. In what Sweet said was a remarkably clear photo, he was sitting in the dining room on the second story of the apartment building where he lived with Rose. "He "He wal walked me all all the the way way to my buil buildi ding ng,, telli telling ng me what what woul ould happen appen to me if I didn' didn'tt stop stop my research," Sweet recalled. "How they took that picture through my window, I'll never know." As Sweet remembered it, the man claimed to be connected with a conglomerate that did not want the VTA to come onto the market at that time. He told Sweet, "It is not beyond possibilities to take you out of the way." Sweet said that afterward he called the FBI in Los Angeles. He believed that two agents staked out his house house for a couple couple of weeks, but that nothing nothing came of it. Around Around the time of the photo incident, incident, Sweet Sweet was getting telephone calls and death threats from strangers. He said there were "people calling at all hours. The police put a tap on my line and over a six-month period, over 480 calls came in from all parts of the United States. But they were from pay stations." Thus, the police could never find the callers. Early in the VTA's development, someone broke into Sweet's apartment and stole his notes. He then began to code c ode his notes. not es. Sweet temporarily stopped sto pped work on o n his invention, invent ion, out of concern for his ill wife. w ife. "They must have known I stopped; they didn't torment me any more." FOLLOWING IN SWEET'S FOOTSTEPS On July 5, 1995, Floyd Sweet suffered a fatal heart attack at the age of eighty-three. A couple of weeks before his death, deat h, Sweet said that the automotive industry was testing t esting his power unit for use in cars, and that they had a unit running for 5,000 hours. He said he was dealing with people at General Motors, but no one has been able to confirm Sweet's claims. The VTA itself is bogged down in legal problems. But Tom Bearden, who put much of his own time and money into the project, hopes that the VTA can be resurrected so that the world will realize what a pioneer Floyd Flo yd Sweet was. And despite t he confusion confusio n surrounding Sweet's Swe et's affairs at the time t ime of his death, other researchers are continuing this line of research. Confusion and Secrecy
The automotive industry may not have been the only potential investor that Sweet was dealing with. At the time of his death, there was some confusion concerning the rights to Sweet's hardware and papers, held by Sweet's second wife, Violet. Bearden says that Sweet signed a number of agreements with a number of backers, and that some of these people have claimed rights to the invention. At least two of these investors say they want Sweet's Sweet's laboratory equipment, equipment, inventions, and technical papers to go into into a proposed Floyd Sweet Museum so that t hat other researchers could study stud y the technology. techno logy. Walter Rosenthal Rosentha l is trying to help all parties work towards an agreement.
5
Despite Bearden's urging, Sweet never had the VTA certified by independent testing. "He feared that his life would be snuffed out immediately if he even attempted such a thing," Bearden says. Sweet also frustrated his fellow researchers by keeping secret his most important process how he conditioned the magnets that are at the heart of the VTA. Did he pump the magnets with powerful electromagnetic pulses to shak shakee up thei theirr inter interna nall stru struccture? ture? He refus refused ed to give give deta detail ils, s, and and sai said it wasn wasn't 't likel likely y that that other other researchers would learn his secrets: "The odds against them finding out is like trying to open a safe with 100 dials set from zero to a hundred, without knowing the combination." Sweet not only feared for his life, but once said he feared that if he described how he made his device work, unscrupulous people would build models without giving him his due. He was also concerned about what would happen if the VTA was widely sold everywhere at once, replacing many other electric devices. "If it all came out at once, the stock market would collapses'' he said. "The government doesn't want it." To be fair to Sweet, I would point out that he is not the only inventor who has been uncomfortable in disclosing key aspects of his work. Other Researchers and the VTA
Other inventors are trying to carry on Sweet's work. The VTA is well-known on computer bulletin boards that list "free energy" as a topic of discussion. discussio n. Experimenters scramble for details of how the device was built. One researcher who has claimed some success is Don Watson, a self-educated inventor from Texas. Watson Wa tson says he has has buil built a worki working ng devi device ce simila similarr to Swee Sweet's t's VTA, VTA, whic which h he works works on at night night after after working during the day as a telephone systems installer. In Somerset, England, electronics expert Michael Watson (no relation to Don) built a replica of Sweet's VTA, but claimed no success in the experiment. Despite that, he says, "In my opinion the inventor of the VTA, Floyd Sweet, has made a scientific discovery of [the] greatest importance." Watson thinks that attempts to reproduce Sweet's results may run into problems because the type of magnets Sweet used are no longer available. But he says, "The important point about the VTA is that a form of magnetic instability exists that can act as a significant energy source." When this fledgling space-energy science reaches maturity, what could the VTA do for the lives of the rest of us? Bearden speculates that the new physics will change our lives in undreamed-of ways: "By mastering, controlling, and gating the vast, incredible energy of the seething vacuum [of space], we can power our automobiles, flying machines, and technology inexhaustibly. Further, it can be done absolutely cleanly; there are no noxious chemical pollutants. With practical antigravity, ships can be developed to cross the solar system as readily as one crosses the ocean today.... The inexhaustible vacuum fills every system, everywhere, to overflowing." Despite the difficulties that Sweet ran into in his attempts to perfect his invention, he helped science take a leap into the future. It perhaps could have leaped further if he had cooperated more freely with other researchers in the last decade of his life, and if he had been tidier in his business dealings. But Sparky Sweet deserves praise for charting a new course. Many engineers possess the capacity to ressurect this technology, and it is Panacea's goal to assimilate all into a resourced backed environment in the Panacea proposed granted research and development center to study and perfect Floyd sweets technology.
6
Vacuum Triode Amplifier Drawing and Schema
The Dynamics of Orthogonal Coil Conditioning of VTA Magnets By Barry Beasley: September 2001 In an attempt to ease the task of replicating the VTA work of the late Floyd Sweet, I decided that as a first step, a better understanding of the dynamics of the orthogonal conditioning process was desirable. The Past To begin to understand the thought processes employed by the late Floyd Sweet, it is necessary to review the past, in particular the area of magnetics research carried out over last 40 years or so, in related subjects. Transductors (Variable Inductors) Transductors are generally considered to be a forgotten technology. The general concept is simple, namely the means of altering the inductance of a cored coil and therefore the ability of the magnetic material to support flux, by virtue of DC bias field applied either to a parallel or orthogonal winding. This is how transductors operate.. For that portion of the material whose magnetic poles are parallel with the DC bias field, the flux moves along the hysteresis curve towards saturation. As the flux approaches saturation, the permeability of the material decreases but the AC component of the flux becomes nonsymmetrical, which is how saturable cores are used for frequency multipliers. For that portion of the material whose magnetic poles are 90 degrees to the DC bias field, the poles become progressively saturated, causing the hysteresis curve to shear, or rather flatten, which causes the permeability to decrease. The AC component of the flux remains symmetrical. Some Transductor Terms… Incremental Current: The DC bias current flowing through the inductor which causes an inductance drop of 5% from the initial zero DC bias inductance value. This current level indicates where the inductance can be expected to drop significantly if the DC bias current is increased further. This applies mostly to ferrite cores in lieu of powdered iron. Powdered iron cores exhibit "soft" saturation characteristics. This means their inductance drop from higher DC levels is much more gradual than ferrite cores. The rate at which the inductance will drop is also a function of the core shape, i.e. air gap. Saturation Current: The DC bias current flowing through the inductor which causes the inductance to drop by a specified amount from the initial zero DC bias inductance value. Common specified inductance drop percentages include 10% and 20%. It is useful to use the 10% inductance drop value for ferrite cores and 20% for powdered iron cores in energy storage applications. The cause of the inductance to drop due to the DC bias current is related to the magnetic properties of the core. The core, and some of the space around the core, can only store a given amount of magnetic ~ density. Beyond the maximum flux density point, the permeability of the core is reduced. Thus, the inductance is caused to drop. Core saturation does not apply to 'aircore' inductors. The Dynamics of Orthogonal Coil Conditioning of VTA Magnets
1
Normal Permeability: The ratio of the normal induction to the corresponding magnetizing force. In the cgs system, the flux density in a vacuum is numerically equal to the magnetizing force and, consequently, the magnetic permeability is numerically equal to the ratio of the flux density to the magnetizing force. Thus: µ= B/H Note: In a non-isotropic (anisotropic) medium the permeability is a function of the orientation of the medium, since, in general, the magnetizing force and the magnetic flux are not parallel. Incremental Permeability: The ratio of change in magnetic flux density to change in magnetic field (magnetizing force). µinc = (1/µo)DB/DH (1/µo)DB/DH in MKSA MKSA units µinc = DB/DH in CGS units The magnetic field variations are small or “incremental” and can be in addition to a steady (DC) bias field. For magnetic powder core data, “permeability” is incremental permeability unless otherwise noted. Because of the distributed air gap in powder cores, the initial permeability and incremental permeability, without bias, are essentially the same. With small parallel bias, µinc decreases with increasing orthogonal bias. At higher parallel bias, µinc increases from an initial value to a peak value and then decreases. Behaviour of magnetic material under an AC exciting field while simultaneously under the action of a DC bias field may be mathematically modelled. In this the permeability along the direction of the field
µ( H0 , H a ) =
H a is:
µ(0 H a ) ,
2
H 1 + H 0
a
where H o is the orthogonal field strength and that is measured.
H a is
the applied field strength along the direction
Initial Permeability: The limit of incremental permeability as a changing unbiased magnetizing force approaches zero. Note: Because of the distributed gap in powder cores, the initial permeability and incremental permeability without bias are essentially the same.
Orthogonal magnetization in soft magnetic material: Some of the effects of orthogonal magnetization in soft magnetic material are described in the U.S. patent No 4,210,859 titled Inductive Device Having Orthogonal Windings, Meretsky et al July 1, 1980. I decided to replicate one of the hardware configurations necessary to observe the effects described in the above mentioned patent. A design utilising a ferrite pot core was chosen for ease of manufacture and repeatability, the main aim being to achieve flux levels that would partially saturate the core material, so better to observe the changes of permeability when orthogonal fields were applied.
The Dynamics of Orthogonal Coil Conditioning of VTA Magnets
2
Fig 1. Pot Core With Two Sets of Orthogonal Windings Fig1 shows a 30mm diameter pot core, wound with two sets of windings on the enclosed bobbin, designated ‘B’ windings and two sets of windings at 90 degrees though the center hole and around the outside of the core designated ‘A’ windings. During all of the tests the applied signal is 40V Pk-Pk @20KHz (approx), unless otherwise noted. Input and output windings consist of 30 turns 1mm wire. In the initial setup, DC is applied to both orthogonal windings from two isolated and de-coupled sources. As the DC windings have only 30 turns of 1mm wire, to achieve partial saturation, 2A was applied. With more turns on the winding, current could be reduced. DC has to be applied to both orthogonal windings for any appreciable coupling of the input signal to the output. Typically electrostatic coupling is less than 2%.
Fig 2. Test Set-Up Fig 2 shows the test set-up. The DC to each orthogonal winding is supplied via two 22 ohm current limiting resistors mounted on the large heat-sink. The DC lines are also de-coupled with inductors at the respective power supplies, to ensure that any AC signal that may be present on the windings, is not cross coupled in any way. The input ‘B’ winding and output ‘A’ winding amplitudes are monitored on the scope.
The Dynamics of Orthogonal Coil Conditioning of VTA Magnets
3
Fig 3. No A No A & No B DC Field. Field. 40Vp-p 40Vp-p In 20mVp-p 20mVp-p Out Fig 3 shows the small amplitude residual electrostatic coupling present between the orthogonal input (top trace) and output (bottom trace) windings.
Fig 4. Plus A & No B DC Field. 40Vp-p In 20mVp-p Out Fig 4 shows only a very small amplitude signal at the output (bottom trace), with only the ‘A’ DC field (60A/T) present.
Fig 5. No A & Plus B DC Field. 40Vp-p In 500mVp-p Out
The Dynamics of Orthogonal Coil Conditioning of VTA Magnets
4
Fig 5 shows a slightly larger but still small amplitude signal at the output (bottom trace), with only the ‘B’ DC field (60A/T) (60A/T) present.
Fig 6. Plus A & Plus B DC Field. 40Vp-p In 38Vp-p Out Fig 6 shows the coupling of almost all the input signal (top trace) to the output winding (bottom trace), when both ‘A’ & ‘B’ fields (60A/T) are applied. This is quite remarkable and appears to contradict conventional theory that orthogonal fields do not couple. Most engineer’s are not aware of the Meretsky patent and I have found that those that I have directed towards the patent, are noticeably silent after reading it. The output level is proportional to the DC bias through both ‘A’ and ‘B’ windings, although the ‘B’ winding has greater amplitude control for the same range of DC.
Fig 7. Plus B DC field, field, ‘A’ Field Provided by Permanent Magnets Fig 7 shows 500mV of output from the ‘A’ winding, with the ‘A’ field provided by external magnets (bottom trace). In this case because of the construction of the pot core, it is not possible to apply the flux from the magnets into the circular ‘A’ winding plane, however enough flux was coupled in a radial direction to illustrate that permanent magnets could provide the biasing field substituting the DC field supplied via the orthogonal coils. The distortion to the wave form is caused by the uneven distribution of flux from the magnet.
The Dynamics of Orthogonal Coil Conditioning of VTA Magnets
5
Fig 8. 2KHz Half Sine Wave Coupled to Orthogonal Coil Fig 8 shows a half sine wave applied to a ‘B’ winding (top trace). It is not necessary to apply DC st nd bias to the second second ‘B’ winding, because as the half sine wave only traverses the 1 & 2 quadrants, the signal effectively provides it’s own bias to allow the half sine wave to couple to the ‘A’ winding. The second ‘A’ winding still needs a DC bias to allow coupling. Note that the signal induced in the ‘A’ winding is in anti-phase (bottom trace). If a second half sine wave is applied to an ‘A’ winding, once again with no DC bias on the second ‘A’ winding, this signal is also cross-coupled to the ‘B’ winding. If the A & B windings have the same polarity then the signal undergoes partial cancellation due to both cross coupled components being anti-phase to the applied signal. If one winding polarity is reversed then the signal is reinforced as then the cross-coupled components will be in phase with the applied signal. Due to the architecture of the pot core, it is not possible to apply a third orthogonal field however, from the data presented in the Meretsky patent, it is clear that a block core will support sup port three orthogonal fields, and a the third field may be used to modulate the other two, assuming a DC bias field is present in the third plane. Conclusion: Contrary to popular belief, it is possible to couple signals between orthogonal coils as demonstrated in this document. The exact mechanism of coupling is still unknown, but it is likely to be a second second order effect i.e. permeability modulation. The next logical step is to try and verify if any of the effects observable in soft magnetic material described above , were observable in hard magnetic material. In the meantime, some postulation follows..
Orthogonal magnetization in hard (permanent) magnetic material: Anisotrop Anisotropy: y: In a non-isotropic (anisotropic) permanent magnetic materials the permeability is a function of the orientation of the material, therefore resistance resistan ce to magnetization in directions orthogonal to the easy axis may be extremely high. For example, the coercive force required to completely magnetize a particular ceramic ferrite in the preferred direction is about 10,000 G. The same material when exposed to a field of 20,000 G in an orthogonal direction may not effect it at all and some materials reportedly require 100,000 G to magnetize it in that direction. It is postulated that this changes when simultaneous magnetization of the material in two or three orthogonal planes occurs. The applied magnetizing force in one plane alters the permeability of the magnetic material in the orthogonal planes, therefore when a magnetizing The Dynamics of Orthogonal Coil Conditioning of VTA Magnets
6
force is applied to two orthogonal planes, the flux levels generated are much higher in each plane respectively, for a given magnetizing force, compared to the same magnetizing force applied in one plane. The ferrite pot core setup demonstrates that the two applied half sine waves add constructively if the phase of one winding is reversed. In the case of a block anisotropic magnet that is magnetized through the easy axis, the remanence provides the bias field, required for the 60Hz sine wave to modulate the two orthogonal planes which at the same time have magnetizing pulses (half sine waves) applied via coils. It is postulated that permeability of the other two planes is modulated during the magnetization pulse period, by the 60Hz sine wave. Timing is important because the conditions where all three fields couple, is only present during the magnetization pulse period, after which the bias field provided by the remanence remanence in the anisotropic anisotropi c plane disappears or is highly modified by the orthogonal magnetization. A full cycle of the 60Hz sine wave has to be completed during the magnetization pulse, as this is the only time it can influence the orthogonal fields. Sweet found that the 60Hz sine wave peak (voltage) or zero crossing (current), has to coincide with the start of the magnetizing pulse. The application of the three signals simultaneously, allows the formation of a highly stressed three dimensional domain pattern related to the 60Hz signal applied waveform. It is this pattern that we know can be stimulated by a small external ‘tickler’ signal at the ‘programmed’ frequency, to produce large flux variations external to the magnetic block. This is the point at which over unity becomes possible. I hope this document will prove to be stimulating and help sponsor further activity within the group. I believe the research now needs to be extended to determine why and how certain magnetic materials will support domain patterns.
The Dynamics of Orthogonal Coil Conditioning of VTA Magnets
7
Floyd Sweet’s Space Quanta Modulator by Chris Sykes – hyiq.org Some facts are known about the Space Quanta Modulator or better known as Floyd Sweet’s VTA (Vacuum Triode Amplifier). The VTA has been hidden behind a myriad of lies of lies and deception with one story varying from the other and sometimes varying considerably between the involved parties. This makes the study of a of a device like this nearly impossible if one if one were to go on the stories told by those individuals alone. Weather those parties were knowingly telling Miss‐Truths is unlikely. If they If they did, it was possibly to protect their loved ones. The VTA, of Floyd of Floyd “Sparky” Sweet has been, for the last 100+ years, without a doubt, the best known and best documented Free Energy Machine to this day. Thanks to the advent of Video of Video Footage and detective work a great deal of information of information can be compiled.
Permanent Magnet Permanent Magnet “Conditioning” “Conditioning” Lets discuss Permanent Magnet Conditioning, where the Field of the of the Permanent Magnet is continuously waving and doing work. This is the free, no input Permanent Magnet "Conditioning" talked about in the original reports of the of the VTA. It is very likely that “Permanent Magnet Conditioning” is False. Floyd did NOT condition his Permanent Magnets to make the VTA work, as mentioned above. It is simply not true at all. For anyone that still believes that Permanent Magnet “Conditioning” was the Achilles Heal of this of this device, you should stop reading this paper now and go back to what you were doing.... These people will not have studied the facts closely enough to see through the mist of lies of lies and deception to see the truth even if it if it did lie right before their eyes. For the Sceptics, lets really think hard about this, think of the of the Permanent Magnets Flux and the Flux paths. If Permanent If Permanent Magnet Conditioning were true (imagine just (imagine just for a minute), the only possible movements of Magnetic of Magnetic flux will be 90 degrees to the originating axis, this will only hinder their very movement’s and the movement’s would stop entirely due to the forces involved. EG: Breaking of the of the Field Lines between the two Permanent Magnets. Remember these are opposing poles (North facing South in attraction mode) and the Permanent Magnets Flux from each Permanent Magnet must move in opposite directions. There is no evidence they were magically “Conditioned”. In‐Fact, the opposite is true, there is more evidence that the Permanent Magnets were not "Conditioned" in the above mentioned way at all. It
is very easy to destroy the field of a of a Permanent Magnet if the if the Magnetic Field B is banged around by Capacitor Pulses. Experiment, take two magnets, North and South Poles facing, and hold them 2 inches apart. Roll one magnet to the left (90 Degrees from the originating axis) as if there if there is a hinge in the middle of the of the Magnet and then do the same with the other magnet, but in the opposite direction (opposed 90 Degrees) so the flux has separated. Notice the big forces involved in separating these Magnets even at this distance. For the Permanent Magnets Flux to be moving freely in this configuration is absurd and impossible. The Flux Attraction is far to strong for this to happen in this configuration.
Capacitive Discharges in close proximity to a Permanent Permanent Magnet. Magnet. We know Floyd Did look at changing the Field of a of a Permanent Magnet, there is strong evidence for this everywhere we look. This may or may not have been to set the Permanent Magnets of the of the VTA in any sort of state. of state. This could be an entirely separate side project of Floyds of Floyds and nothing to do with the VTA. To Discharge a Capacitive Pulse into a low resistance coil can, and does, modify the Magnetic field if the if the pulse is strong enough. This is well known. A strong possibility is, if Floyd if Floyd did use Capacitive pulses in the "Building" of the of the VTA, then it was likely to knock the field off centre. off centre. To shift the "Equator" or Bloch Wall of the of the Permanent Magnet so it was off set off set to the Permanent Magnet by a degree off 0 off 0 Degrees. If the If the Flux Sweeping Principal was used and not the Flux Shifting Principal then this procedure would make sense. If Magnetic If Magnetic Flux were to sweep across the Coils in between the Permanent Magnets then the sweep must come from an angle other than 0 Degrees. This is quite a good possibility in the later Geometry's of the of the VTA progression as the coils at 90 Degrees would aid in the movement of the of the Flux. It is important to note: If the If the Flux Sweeping principal was used then there is supporting evidence that no Core Material was used, supporting Walter Rosenthal's comments below.
Known and Provable Facts: 1. Number One and most important, the Geometry. Fig 1 – Known Geometry of the of the VTA.
The geometry is clearly seen here. If the If the Permanent Magnets Flux were moving, there would be no on or off, if would if would always be ON. Only a hard Switch could turn the VTA on or off. The Geometry is linked to the Schematic in Fig 2. The authenticity of this of this schematic has not been validated. All sources deny its validity. Walter Rosenthal released the second Schematic in Fig 3 that closely resembles Fig 2. Fig 2 – Possible Schematic.
Fig 3 – Schematic by Walter Rosenthal.
2. The Fact that Floyd was able to start the VTA with only a flick of the of the switch by the HP 201 CR Oscillator is important. The R (in HP 201CR) stands for Rack Mount. 201C came in two models, Standalone and Rack Mount. The Oscillator, when switched on, could only have delivered, three Watts, possibly a bit more in the on pulse, maybe up to five Watts. This is important to keep in mind when looking into all the facts. It is also supportive of starting of starting the VTA with a Battery. (This is speculation listed in the speculation section). The Following Picture is of the of the HP 201C but is not the Rack Mount Version. (Please note, these models are the same except for the enclosure.)
Fig 4 – The HP 201 C Oscillator:
3. In the Video, Floyd Sweet’s Secrets, published and for Sale on the Tom Bearden Web Site, it is seen that the VTA was started and was running at 62Hz. A few seconds later, and after the camera panned and a shadow was seen in the back ground, the VTA was then running at 60Hz. This supports the speculation that the VTA could be run at 60 or 400Hz. 4. Floyd had at least five versions of the of the VTA before he died on July 5th, 1995 at age of 83 of 83 years old, of a of a heart attack. Here I list the Versions that I know of in of in the order I believe they were built. Fig 5 – Early 6 Watt VTA. (Notice the Sponge under the VTA which must have been a noise Dampening Sponge). The Wave Generator is a Square Wave Generator. Model HP 211A.
Fig 6 – Generation 2 (500 Watt ‐ Fairly Well documented version)
Fig 7 – Generation 3 (Battery can be seen here indicating that a Battery may have been used to start the VTA).
Fig 8 – Generation 4 (Likely to be one of the of the Self Powered Self Powered Versions – Versions – Possibly 1000 Watt)
Fig 9 – Generation 5 (Likely to be one of the of the Self Powered Self Powered Versions – Versions – Possibly 5000 Watt)
Seen clearly in the last several versions is the basic geometry. Floyd stuck with this geometry in the later versions of the of the device. It can only be speculated in the early devices that the geometry was the same or similar. 5. Permanent Magnets were used in the Device. In all versions except Generation 1, the 6 Watt Model, Floyd had permanent Magnets one top and one on the bottom. It has been written in several places that the Permanent Magnets were Barium Ferrite, with the dimensions of 4” x 6” x 1”. In many cases the Magnets did look to be bigger in length and width but thinner. I could go as far to say more like 6” x 8” x ½”. In the Above Picture, where a ruler is sitting beside the VTA, if the if the ruler was a 30cm ruler then the Magnet would be approximately 200mm long. It’s hard to say for sure though. We just We just know the Magnets were used. 6. We know the approximate dimensions and shape of the of the structure. This part is obvious but also important. 7. We know there were Wires coming from the device. In many cases there were more Wires than one would generally expect however. Fig 10 ‐ Wires from the VTA.
One may expect two or even four Wires coming out of a of a Device like this but there appears to be up to seven wires coming out of the of the device here in this picture. Why so many? 8. I believe this is also very important, there must have been some sort of Magnetic of Magnetic Flux Movement. Floyd talks about the “Motionally Induced E‐Field” in his paper, “Nothing Is Something”. It took me a long time to work out what the Motionally Induced E‐Field was and how it was so different from conventional understanding of what of what was really happening. It turns out it is very simple. A transformer has a motional E‐Field with the varying (Increasing and Decreasing Magnetic Field of the of the Primary winding) the Toroidal Transformer has the same Motional E‐Field, this is pointed out in the above mentioned Paper also. Any Magnetic Field B that moves with respect to time has an associated E‐Field, or a better way to put this is that a Moving B Field, creates an E‐Field. The following link explains this very well. http://www.hyiq.org/Library/Downloads/George I. Cohn ‐ Electromagnetic Induction.pdf The best way to see these effects in operation is in the Flux Gate Magnetometer. We induce a movement in the External Magnetic Field B, the movement of this of this field gives us an Electrical output associated with the strength of this of this field. The Flux Gate Magnetometer has been around for over a hundred Years. The standard Flux Gate Magnetometer is not an over unity machine. It is uncanny that the VTA and Flux Gate Compass have a lot in common. 9. The output from the VTA was a sine wave, 60 Hz and at 120vrms.
Reasonable Speculations.
VTA Speculations could go on for a long time, just time, just the best ones will be discussed here. Speculations that can be tied back to some hard evidence like the evidence above. 1. I believe one of the of the most important speculations is the one by Walt Rosenthal: “The VTA "likes" to always see a minimum load of 25 of 25 watts.” Let’s ask ourselves why this would be, but first let’s see speculation 2. 2. Also from Walt Rosenthal: “The VTA can be started by momentary connection of a of a 9 volt battery to the drive coils when the machine is operated in the self ‐powered mode. The operation is stopped by momentary interruption of power of power to the power coils.” This helps us understand why speculation one may be so important. 3. It is well known that Floyd Sweet was a Transformer Expert. “Sweet saw this effect, called self ‐oscillation, occur in electric transformers”. Ok, he saw this effect happen? This sounds like a very interesting effect and one that would be very beneficial to know about. 4. Output from the VTA was Negative Energy and positive energy mixed. In Tom Bearden’s report, he says you can’t have Negative and Positive Energy running on the same transmission line as they cancel each other out. In Walt Rosenthal’s report he says it was a mix. Only Experiment can prove or disprove this. 5. Flux Movement in the desired configuration. We know we have something that is not in the standard range of Faradays of Faradays set of equations. of equations. So how and what needs to be done to get this effect. Very little is known about this phenomena but we do know others have done it before also. Lester J Hendershot is the best example of Geometry of Geometry and output with the similar types of situations of situations being met. We can speculate here that the B Field may be moving in one of two of two ways. Either like Hendershot did, a type of self of self oscillating oscillating transformer effect, EG: Floyd was moving Flux in a Core material thus the Motionally Induced E‐Field via Flux Shifting, or there was Flux Sweeping effect across the coils which will also see the same Motionally Induced E‐Field. We can try experiments to see what does seem to give us the best effects. 1: Take a coil, no core, around 200 turns, now tie the ends together and short the coil entirely, take a big Neo Magnet and sweep the Magnet Past the stationary coil, insuring you are still holding both Permanent Magnet and the Shorted Coil. You can feel a very strong effect when the voltage is turned to current and the coil is imposed by Lenz’s Law. The coil generates a Field in opposition to the Permanent Magnets Flux Moving past the Coil. 2: Build yourself a yourself a very simple Flux Gate Magnetometer and test this. This is a transforming effect on the permanent Magnets Flux. We can see there does seem to be more energy there than Faradays Law predicts in most cases. Information can be found on my website for this device. This device uses the BH Hysteresis curve to enable an output.
Was it it Magic? Magic? Floyd Sweet was a very bright man. He was not a magician, he was not pulling a slight of hand. of hand. Floyd Sparky Sweet did have a Magnetic Device that produced Electricity like many other devices before him. This device is not at all a one of a of a kind, its not the only device ever to give an output in a similar geometry and with the same basic concepts involved. The VTA was not a magical device that is way beyond the power of the of the average mind to comprehend.
Are There Other Devices Like The VTA? Yes. Yes there are. There is not just not just one there are many: 1. Daniel McFarland Cook – Cook – Improvement in Induction Coils. US Patent – Patent – 119,825 2. Lester Hendershot – Hendershot – Fuelless Generator. (This is the most similar device to the VTA I can find) 3.
Edd Leedskalnin’s Perpetual Motion Holder.
4. Even Tom Bearden’s MEG resembles the VTA’s geometry in some ways. Even though these machines are similar to the VTA, this does depend on the facts about the core material.
The Mysterious Force at at Right Right Angles Angles to B and V. In the “Nothing is Something” Paper, it is mentioned about this Force at right angles to both B and V. Here is the Quote: “The true phenomenon taking place has little been thought of as of as involving the production of a of a spatially distributed electric field. We can see that the model's origins likely arose from the operation called ``flux cutting'', a most deceiving and misleading term. A better term, ``time varying flux modulation'', does not imply any separation of lines of lines of flux. of flux. Truly, lines of flux of flux are always in closure upon themselves and are mathematically expressed as line integrals. It is fallacious to use the term ``cutting'', which implies time varying separation which does not in fact ever occur. A motionally induced E‐field is actually created within the space occupied by the moving magnetic flux described above. This field is present therein, whether or not a conductor is present in the space. In terms of a of a definition we can say that, when magnetic flux of vector of vector intensity B moved across a region of space of space with vector velocity V, electromagnetically induced electric field vector B x V appears in the space at right angles to both B and V. Therefore, E = B x V. It is this field that is related to gravity, it is virtually unshieldable. This field may be called the Motional E‐field.”
We know that if Magnetic if Magnetic Flux is passed perpendicular to a conductor that an EMF is induced in the conductor. Experiment has shown this to be true. In‐fact the closer to a right angle the Magnetic Flux is, to the conductor the better the effect. I have shown an experiment about this and the results speak for themselves. So mysterious? maybe not. This means that there is a type of induction of induction going on, its a standard theory of movement of movement of Magnetic of Magnetic Flux past a stationary Conductor. All in all this is still a confusing and deceiving situation for the VTA until we know more about the actual internal workings.
Messages from the Wise. John Bedini, we all know, worked very closely with Floyd Sweet. John has said very little over the years about the technical aspect of working of working with Floyd Sweet. Although he has said very little, what he has said has been very good and also be verified in other areas. John is considered by many as the planets guru on Free Energy today. John has said three statements that need to be taken into account very seriously:
1. “I worked with Floyd Sweet in the early days before Bearden and Walt R came along, I gave him old TV sets to watch the cycloids on for his first machine. I know what I have seen because I wound the coils for his box. Kron sent Sweet to get a masters in mathematics at GE. Sweet was a real electromagnetic engineer, by the book he knew Kron's math backwards and forwards. He threw the book at me a few times. Bearden presented him with the Vacuum Triode analogy and the math for it. I also knew the process of his of his box, there were no magnetic bubbles, no magic magnets, and no special conditioners that will make the box work, but there was a special process of which of which Sweet's own son did not know, he was an EE and could not understand how it worked. I know because I was there helping him at night. My old boss gave him the test equipment to use. Walt R built the circuits for Sweet but I don't think Floyd Sweet told him the process. That's why I put the negative resistance papers here. The only problem is the box was unstable under certain conditions, shock, shorts, and other things. He kicked me out when I showed him the monopole and the G‐ Field charging batteries with no real current. I was to close to making it work every time. I was told later he thought I was going to build his box. I kept that secret and studied negative effects in semiconductor lattice with inductive loads instead only because I was trained in semiconductors at TRW right out of school. of school. I found what I was looking for, and I hope you do too.” 2. “That is why nobody can make it, Sweet device also Magnetic Amplifier.” 3. “Now I'm going to say something I should not. Floyd Sweet was privileged to work with the Germans after WW2. He pulled this trick on me with the VTA except I caught him and was booted out he only made it look like he condition the magnets . The Germans already had developed, kept away from the people rotating mag amps and Sweet worked on them. ( He was an electromagnetic expert in this field) It was funny to me when I would go over to Sweet's place with the coils I wound for him and when I would leave it would be working the
next day. I asked him to remove the 100 watt power Amplifier and he refused so I left then was asked to never return by Tom Bearden, Tom did not know as I never told him. Tom even brought one over to me to test away from Floyd's house where it was working before Tom left to have it tested. Floyd went nuts when Tom told him he was testing this at my shop. It did not work. So whatever GE had knowledge of , of , Floyd knew How, but I can make this machine work either way.” I believe John was taking a bit of a of a risk talking about the VTA like this, I am sure if anyone if anyone has been visited by the MIB’s it would have been John. It only deepens my respect for John knowing that he really is trying to get the truth out there. These three statements above I believe very important in the quest for truth and for anyone to have a real chance of rebuilding of rebuilding the VTA.
Flux Sweeping Principal vs. Flux Shifting Principal. These principals are very different principals. Both work on totally different principals, thus the name difference. Flux Shifting works on a Core Material and uses the hysteresis curve for its output. Flux Sweeping works on Magnetic Flux Sweeping past a conductor, (Experiment proves Right Angles is Best), generally this is best from 0 degree's to at least 90 degrees for best results. Both Flux Sweeping and Flux Shifting are good candidates. Flux Sweeping is a better candidate for some reasons and Flux Shifting is a better candidate for other reasons. In Fig 1. there is no visual evidence for a Core Material in the Power Coils. There is visual evidence that the Side Coils may have had Cores in the coils. This is the big question at the moment, to Core the Coils or not to Core the Coils? Bad joke, Bad joke, that's enough of that of that now. Lets visualise, and say for a minute the construction of the of the VTA had Permanent Magnets with the Flux knocked off axis off axis by say 45 degrees in each Permanent Magnet. So one Field points toward the East and the other field points toward the west. We bring the Magnets together, two inches apart, the attraction of the of the fields will align the flux to a good degree, bending the Flux back to a 0 Degree state. We now introduce our coils, "Power" and side "Drive" coils. They are wired in such a way, that the coils actually drive the flux, both weather they are "Power" or "Drive" coils, each set of Coils of Coils working in unison. The more power generated, the more the coils keep the Flux Moving. The Coils actually make the Flux Move. Now that's a concept, with simple feed forward and feed backs in a bunch of coils. Ok, it is also possible that this is the way it works the other way, with the Flux Shifting method.
The Lost Lost Technology Technology of of Magnetic Magnetic Amplifiers. Amplifiers. Magnetic Amplifiers are very much a technology that should have been much more dominant in history and should be more popular today. There is much to Magnetic Amplifiers. Magnetic Amplifiers and Saturable Reactors are very similar and often people use the names meaning the
same devices. They can be different devices however. Saturable reactors are very similar to Magnetic Amplifiers but generally Magnetic Amplifiers incorporate one or more rectifier(s) in the circuit. Other than a rectifier, they are basically the same devices. It is important to note that the Ampere Turns on the input side must equal the Ampere Turns on the output for maximum efficiency. This is a very interesting necessary fact of the of the Magnetic Amplifier. Magnetic Amplifiers, very good read: http://www.themeasuringsystemofthegods.com/magnetic%20amplifiers.pdf The following are snippets from this document: Fig 11 – 11 – Snippet 1, Germans and Magnetic Amplifiers:
Fig 12 – 12 – Snippet 2, Magnetic Amplifiers Schematic:
It is interesting to note that Floyds Gains were in the millions also. Fig 13 – 13 – Snippet 3, Magnetic Amplifier Windings and isolation:
Fig 14 – 14 – Snippet 4, Germans and Magnetic Amplifiers: And typically these are the devices mentioned above:
A Rotating Magnetic Amplifier is an Amplidyne. This is a Picture of an of an Amplidyne: Fig 15 – 15 – A Rotating Magnetic Amplifier (Amplidyne)
Fig 16 – 16 – A Rotating Magnetic Amplifier (Look at the Tag, General Electric)
Ok, I hear you, “Isn’t that who Floyd Worked for? General Electric?” Yeah, he did. Fig 17 ‐ The Circuit of the of the Amplidyne:
Ref from Ref from Wikipedia. An amplidyne is an electromechanical amplifier invented during World War II by Ernst Alexanderson. It is usually an AC motor driving a DC generator with modifications to increase the power gain available. A small electrical signal can control the position of a of a large motor using this approach.
How an an Amplidyne Amplidyne Works An amplidyne is a special type of motor of motor‐generator which uses regeneration to increase its gain. Energy comes from the motor, and the power output is controlled by changing the field current of the generator. In a typical generator the load brushes are positioned perpendicular to the magnetic field flux. To convert a generator to an amplidyne you connect what would be the load brushes together and take the output from another set of brushes of brushes that are parallel with the field. The perpendicular brushes are now called the 'quadrature' brushes. This simple change can increase the gain by a factor of 10,000 of 10,000 or more. Historically, amplidynes were one of the of the first amplifiers to generate very high power (tens of kilowatts), allowing precise feedback control of heavy of heavy machinery. Vacuum tubes of reasonable of reasonable size were unable to deliver enough power to control large motors, but vacuum tube circuits driving the input of an of an amplidyne could be used to boost small signals up to the power needed to drive large motors. Early (WWII era) gun tracking and radar systems used this approach. Amplidynes are now obsolete technology. Modern electronic devices for controlling power in the kilowatt include MOSFET and IGBT devices. IMPORTANT TO NOTE: IF the VTA was a Magnetic Amplifier, there needs to be a core in the Coils. The Magnetic Amplifier and the Saturable Reactor work on Core Material Hysteresis. The Core must move through the BH Curve or not move through the BH Curve depending on the Excitation field. If the VTA had no core in the power coils then it was not a Magnetic Amplifier.
The Unknowns... There are still many secrets to the VTA of Floyd of Floyd Sparky Sweet. We still don’t know for sure if there if there was a core in the Coils. It was stated by Walter Rosenthal that there was not, and the coils, in the VTA were coreless. I quote: “The Vacuum Triode Amplifier (VTA) invented by Floyd Sweet consists of two of two ferrite magnets and two to four coreless wire coils.” If the If the VTA worked like a Magnetic Amplifier, then there must have been a core in the device and it must have been highly Magnetic. Do we really know the VTA’s Weight? We were told the VTA weighed approximately six pounds. Six Pounds is 2.72155422 kilograms. If this If this is the case and the VTA did weigh six pounds, we have some very light weight material in the construction of the of the Vacuum Triode Amplifier. Just one Ferrite Permanent Magnet, measuring 4” x 6”x ½”, weighs in excess of 1.6 of 1.6 Kg by it’s self. This is a standard, from the factory, 4 x 6 x ½ Ferrite Magnet. This means if the if the VTA weighed six pounds and Floyds Magnets were similar weight to each one of my of my Magnets then it left ‐0.4 Kg’s for the Coils. Ah... Problem!!! This information is unlikely to be accurate.
Summary.
It is easy today, to show that a device can show solid state generation of energy. of energy. It is easily done in many devices and configurations. The problem currently is how to get the gains to self run self run and still light 500 Watts of light of light bulbs. We are all willing to learn, but the problem is at what cost? Should we have to spend half our half our lives and all our savings on trying to “Save the Planet”? Yes we should, and we should be supported by the masses. If we If we don’t succeed then our Children and our Children’s Children are in for a bleak miserable future, if a if a future at all. I know in my own mind, if I if I don’t try and if I if I don’t succeed then I have failed. The Earth is telling us right now that it is not happy. Dooms day predictions seem to be happening all around us at the moment, Quakes, Floods, Fires, Volcanoes, Birds Falling Dead from the Sky, Fish dying by the thousands and much more. Lets change this world and make Mother Earth Happy to have us live here.
The Sweet VTA (SQM) Details By Mike Watson
Compiled By William S. Alek INTALEK, INC. CONTACT:
[email protected]
From: "Mike Watson"
Date: Tue Feb 26, 2002 11:54 am Subject: Re: [Sweet-VTA] Re: New to the Board Re Sweet Guy, Sorry for the delay the file bounced due to attachments being too big. I am not under any non-disclosure non-disclosure agreement. I am attaching information in Sweet's own hand on the construction of the coils. He sent this as a fax in 1992. He had discovered that bifilar windings were not necessary provided the magnet were conditioned in a "multipolar" layer-like fashion. What this means is that each conditioning impulse squeezes squeezes the field into the magnet so that if you looked at it from the side with this magnet viewing paper; in Sweet's words it looks like plywood, that is alternate sandwiched N-S poles as layers. This requires a dextrous impulsing of the magnet slowly compressing the field. When it is ready the surface flux density is only about 100 gauss, most of the field is interiorised into the body of the magnet. I found this very difficult. I never saw his conditioning machine but I assume it used flat pankcake coils. About 18 months ago Graham Gunderson Gunderson reported reported a sort of storage storage effect in magnets by conditioning them over a long period. The magnet suddenly released its stored energy and burnt out a lamp bulb he had as a load. It seems similar to the magnetic compression used by Sweet. I have not seen anything from Graham for some time. Perhaps he has got somewhere.... You notice Sweet's reference in the attachment to demonstrating video-wise this effect. This refers to the famous (infamous?) use of an old colour TV set. The method is at the end of the ' 87 Bearden video. Sweet holds a magnet against the tube face. The shadow mask becomes magnetised of course. The TV displays the field in colour but the picture follows the H field not the B field, so a bar magnet gives a figure of eight image. Sweet attributes a lot to this image, and this is what makes me wonder about him, he never once thought of it as a useless artefact of the TV tube. When I tried it I could not get the same image and told him so. He was perplexed. Shortly after I realised that he might have been using a trinitron tube whereas mine was the triple dot sort so I looked for a scrap TV with a trinitron tube and sure enough I got the same picture as Sweet. To me it looks pretty but means nothing. Right or wrong the VTA was built on what his TV tube showed him. So you hear of Sweet talking about the neutral point between two opposite magnetic poles, this is what the trinitron shows, fortuitously fortuitously it shows more or less the H component. Sweet was scientifically scientifically pretty literate and spend years designing and testing power transformers so he knew about these things. His whole approach was to switch off all this knowledge and work as though the magnetic charge really existed. I have rambled on a bit, but the attachments might be useful. Mike Watson
Space Quanta Modulator Clean Propulsion Power Now! Automotive Propulsion Tomorrow By Floyd A. Sweet. Ph.D. Document restored by hyiq.org
The days of the rotating electrical energy producing machine, the alternator, are about over. A static version of the Space Flux Alternator is on the drawing board. A working prototype, a 10 kW, 3-phase, 240 V machine, excited by low power oscillatory means is planned. It's expected isolated feed-back techniques will provide closed loop source of low level oscillator power, thus eliminating a 100% duty cycle battery. A concept of a unique uniqu e type of electric motor with efficiency approaching unity is in the realm of possibility, soon replacing the primitive pr imitive energy hogging series type motor. With innovative state-of-the-art controls, by means of phase shift techniques and phantom poles, (induced) by superimposed polarized rotating field operating at 400 Hz fundamental frequency with sub-harmonics providing many poles. Slow speed hi-h torque and smooth acceleration to maximum high speed, high horsepower lower torque provided by induced 2, 4, 6 poles, 8, 10, 12 pole intermediate speed, medium hp, medium torque, and 14, 16, 18 pole slow speed high torque. A slip cycle effect provides smooth transition as poles change either in the negative or positive direction. A foot pedal the same as the gas pedal on contemporary cars completely controls acceleration or deceleration. No cooling system is required, and it is estimated the motor would weigh no more than 150 lb. to produce 150 hp at 80 mph.
The Space-Quanta Modulated Mark 1 Static Alternator
Laboratory experiments dealing with magnetic fields support t he concept that magnetic flux may be modulated by low level oscillatory means. However there is no lateral movement of flux. Rather, what happens is that the individual packets of quanta are polarized by the initiating and sustaining coherent force the field of the primary magnets or in special cases, electromagnets. As the low level oscillatory frequency (modulating frequency) from the oscillators pass through zero reversing polarity during
.
The quanta, being polarized, flip
in synchronism with the modulating frequency, presenting a change in flux polarity varying with time determined by the period of the oscillator frequency. Stationary field and stationary stator coils are featured in the machine. Except for a possible low level 60 Hz hum, the alternator is noise-less. There are no bearings or moving parts. The single phase machine is obviously simple electrically and mechanically to build. The three phase machine may consist of one integral unit or three single phase units mechanically integral, but electrically isolated and interfaced by interconnection. At this point in time it appears that three separate oscillators are needed but special electronics may provide multiplexing techniques whereby only one oscillator will be needed. In as much as multiplexing techniques are out of my field, consultation with a multiplexing electronics specialist will be necessary. Frequency Stability: It is essential for compatible interfacing to existing 60 Hz power system grids that the oscillator output frequency must not vary more than that of the power system. If the frequency does vary more than minimum fluctuations, then a "hunting condition" exists. Such an asynchronous condition would "trip out" affected parts of a system, causing power outages, until the system frequency could be stabilized. Consultation with an electric power engineer may be needed to determine a means of utilizing the power grid system frequency to "sync" the low level oscillator frequency to that of the grid. And may be able to contribute an optimized design for the mechanical architecture for the machine. A team effort is surely the way to go.
My guess is that in order to sustain a sinusoidal output wave form, the modulated quanta field will need to be switched electronically in a complete circle configuration to be compatible for paralleling operation with existing sine wave systems. As you can see, there is more lab work to be done on the non-rotating machine. Probably three months to verify the ideas in mind.
The Space Quanta Modulator: How it Works
First a time varying magnetic flux must be produced. This must be caused to vary in sync with three modulating signals displaced in time phase 120 electrical degrees. The magnets producing coherent quantizing of the incoherent quanta packets comprising the surrounding space field, providing a continuous stream of energy from an infinite source. As the time varying flux of a period of 1/400 or 2.5 milliseconds sweeps over the stationary armature coils, voltage is induced defined by Faraday's law. Very low power is needed to modulate the quanta, which is in a coherent state under the influence of the residual effects of energy initially consumed in the so-called magnetization process. This energy is steady state and is actually orientated space quanta, which is not a property of the magnet, but initiated by the initial magnetizing force. The architectural configuration of the windings and their relationship to the magnets will be best understood by observing the construction of a prototype. The defining equations are similar to those of the dynamic Space Flux Coupled alternator. A working prototype should be ready about Easter. As you know the first prototype will be a 6-pole, single phase, 7 ½ - 10 kW machine. The data in the folder applies to a 3 phase machine. The underlying principles are the same. The 3 phase windings are conventional. For a 6 pole machine there would be 6 magnets per phase, totalling 18, and there would be 6 coil groups per phase at 2 coils per group, also totalling 18 groups. The area of a pole-phase group would approximately equal the area of one magnet. There would be 36 individual coils arranged in a lap configuration. The number of turns per coil is determined by Faraday's law as quantized by Neumann. Stranded wire is used for ease of winding. This wire is specially insulated, and over this insulation is wound a current feedback winding spirally traversing the total length of the coil conductor. Also a voltage winding of
considerably smaller wire and more turns is also wound axially, traversing the total length of the coil conductor. The respective leads are brought out to terminals, and to these terminals is connected the output of the current and voltage sensing transformers. We now have, when the current and voltage windings are excited, another set of fields virtually in quadrature with the fields (alternating) initiated by the load current flowing in the power phase coils. The current and voltage initiating fields are in such a direction to either accelerate or decelerate the rate of flow of charges depending on the applied polarity and voltage amplitude. As polarity may be maintained constant , that polarity of acceleration should be chosen so charges move at faster rates, lowering copper duty factor, and at the same time opening the gates wider so more coherent field entities may enter for The conversion process. It’s obvious; we have a self-regulating machine whose inherent magnetic proper ties will provide energy conversion conservation to the Nth degree.
Magnetic Resonance By Floyd A. Sweet. Ph.D. Document restored by hyiq.org
Electrons revolve about the nucleus of an atom and spin around their axis. In addition, the nucleus has a spin of its own. All of these moving charges have associated magnetic fields (magnetic moments), and magnetic resonance is concerned with the interactions of some of the fields with each other, and with at least two external magnetic fields applied to the atom. Consider an electron circulating about the nucleus. The electron has angular motion and is a charged particle held in orbit by the oppositely charged nucleus. Applying Kepler’s law (the radius vector of the particle sweeps out equal areas in equal times) and that
, is conserved and quantized, (L = orbital quantum number, and h = Planks constant/2 ). The area swept out in one period, t, is: ∫ ⁄ Finding the equivalent magnetic dipole moment, , produced by a closed current loop, I, to
angular momentum,
be:
And eh/2m is defined as the Bohr magneton, .
Eq. (1)
Consider the electron spin about its own axis. The derivation of the spin moment similar to the above produces and electron spin mo ment of two Bohr magnetons. Dirac’s relativistic quantum theory of the electron and many experiments give the correct value of one Bohr magneton, for which the spin quantum number of the ele ctron is The total angular momentum angular momentum of the electron,
⁄.
, is found by adding vectorially the orbital and spin
And the total magnetic moment becomes:
and , which can be thought of as precessing about , contribute to the average magnetic moment, vectorally adding the moments gives:
give:
[ ] ] . Using a more rigorous wavemechanics wave mechanics approach, is replaced by S(S + 1), etc, to
Eq. (2)
where
g = Lande`-g factor and for an atom on the ground state, L = 0, S = J, and g becomes equal to 2. If we add the nuclear spin and its magnetic moment to this, the vector problem would become overwhelmingly complex. There is a simpler way which will be evident later, but for simplicity now, we will just add the t he external magnetic field H. Just as a spinning top will precess in the intergalactic space field surrounding the earth, so will the magnetic moment vector of the electron precess in the magnetic field. The torque in the electron case being produced by the interactions of the dipole and the external field. Equating the time rate of change of angular momentum to the torque on the dipole, one can derive the precessional frequency in complete analogy to the top’s behaviour. The
precessional frequency can be derived from an energy standpoint and will give more insight. The potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field is
if we confine ourselves to an atom in the ground state then J = S and S = being either parallel or antiparallel with the external field.
⁄, the spin
The magnetic moment is defined as positive or negative according to the condition of parallelism or antiparallelism, respectively. Thus, the energy difference between the two possible electron spin states can be equated to and:
where is the frequency of precession
( ⁄)( ) ( ⁄) Eq. (3) Electromagnetic radiation at freq, with the correct polarization will be absorbed
by dipoles in the lower state, making transitions to to the higher state.
Electron spin resonance is a technique used in the lab for measuring this splitting using radio freq, technology —Fib. 1 (b) Since the nucleus carries a charge, its angular spin
does produce a nuclear magnetic moment. A nuclear magneton,
, is defined the same as
the Bohr magneton, except the mass of the electron is replaced by the mass of the proton.
) is alsodefined where I is the spin of the nucleus. The proton’s magnetic moment is 2.7935 nuclear magnetons while the neutron’s moment is -1.9135 .
A nuclear g – factor (
The + or – sign refers to the condition of weather the angular momentum vector has the same or opposite directions as the magnetic moment.
A nucleus with spin I, will have QI + 1 possible orientations in a magnetic field and 2J + 1 energy levels. For simplicity, consider a hydrogen atom in a molecule. The nucleus is a proton with a spin of
⁄ and its magnetic moment is either parrallel or antiparrallel to the
field this produces energy levels as shown in Fig. 1(c), Fig. 1(b) electron spin moment in a magnetic field.
Referring to the Jensen machine stated: natural magnetic resonance freq = 2.80GHz the nuclear magnetic resonance of a free electron when charges in magnetic states are induced by magnetic field the changes in states causes a condition called electron paramagnetic resonance, or EPR. The EPR of a free electron is 2.80 H MC. Where H is in gauss. This should be the initial state of the defining mathematical format. Dealing with Resonance at High Power Levels. Resonance frequencies may be maintained quite constant at high power levels so long as the load remains constant. We are all familiar with AM and FM propagation, where in the case as AM, the voltage amplitude varies, and with FM, the frequency is modulated. However, the output power sees a constant load impedance, that of the matched antenna system. If this changes, the input to the antenna is mismatched, and standing waves are generated resulting in a loss of power. The frequency is a forced response and remains constant. Power is lost and efficiency becomes less and less, depending on the degree of mismatch. Let’s assume the Jensen amplifying transformer is in a resonating
condition. Its output is connected to a transmission line which is X number of miles long. Without any customer load at all, power will be required to change the line. This will present capacitive reactance,
⁄ . The power factor cos angle will be leading,
though negligible on short systems. The effect must be reckoned with on multiple grid long systems operating above 60 KV. What we have is a capacitor and the effects are evident as line impedance. Another parameter is varying power factor due to changing inductive loads. Taken together this forms a complex impedance load continually varying and this is what the “Jensen” machine will “see” when connected to power distributing network grids. Such
a resonant machine will never n ever sustain resonance as shown in the sketch. The circuit consists of a capacitor in series with an inductor and this is a series resonant circuit of minimum impedance and maximum current. Theoretically, the current limiting is effected by series resistance in the circuit including the resistance of the inductor,
⁄ √ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ as and cancel.
Resonance freq,
As load power factor and complex impedances continually vary, reflected impedance in the secondaries reflect back into the primary and then reflect back to the resonant network, L and C, which fall out of resonance and the machine’s output falls virtually to zero.
For this machine to work, some means would have to b e formulated to instantaneously vary the frequency to match varying load impedances. Surely a most challenging task. First, the capacitor should be removed and the inductor designed with sufficient distributed capacitance to prove integral LC. Then calculate what frequency will resonate the R.C.L. network. This will not cure the impedance problem, but will provide a more stable experimental set-up. The concept has merit but if pursued further R & D should be in the 60 Hz power frequency area.
_________________ _________________________ _____________ _____ /
⁄
⁄
/
_________/ _________/
/
\
/
\
/
\________________________________
/ /
_______/ \
\ \
_______________________________ \
/ \
⁄
/ \___________/
⁄
\ \
\_______________________________
(a)
⁄
(b)
(c)
⁄
Cosmic Rays, Natural Magnetic Fields, Coherent Quanta Energy and Aurora Borealis By Floyd A. Sweet Ph.D. Document Restored by - hyiq.org
Cosmic Rays are of two classes, Primary and secondary, according to scientific speculation. The primary rays, scientists postulate, consist for the most part of charged particles of extraterrestrial origin, while the secondary rays are the products resulting from collisions of the primary rays with atmospheric molecules. Nothing could be more distant from the truth. Cosmic rays are truly high energy particles coherently orientated quanta of energy, permeating all space approaching infinity. The orientating force is the magnetic field of force resulting from the auroral e lectric current, or so-called electro-jet, which actually encircles the Earth with a south terminal at the North Pole. The north and south magnetic poles are a property of the earth’s, only as a result of induction properties of the universal space fiel d interacting with the earth’s ferromagnetic properties. The universal space magnetic field is an orientated entity, extending through all space approaching infinity. It is a closed loop of an infinite number of abstract and dimensionless N & S ploes strung together as an infinite number of pearls on a cord of infinite length. It extends through an x, y, z, axis thus filling all three-dimensional space with fundamental quanta packets of coherent potential energy. This is distinct from the incoherent quanta referred to previously. The coherent space field is of insufficient of insufficient magnetizing force to have very much polarising effect on the incoherent entities. As the length of the closed magnetic path approaches infinity, the magnetic potential drop per unit length of one light year, or 5.8829 x miles is possibly less then H = oresteads. This would have little effect on an equal unit length of incoherent quanta energy packets. The question arises then, where is the source and pole terminals of this field? If we are to believe the universe is expanding at the speed of light, then we must deduce, this field must be lengthening and the poles must be located at opposite points on the expanding bubble. From magnetic theory, lines of flux weaken as they lengthen but the same time tend to shorten and strengthen. If this is true then the field strength re mains virtually constant, if the fluctuations linear and proportional. Let us examine the earth’s so called magnetic field and that of any other celestial body in space anywhere, for the moment disregarding magneto-hydrodynamic activity in space. First, the earth is not a magnet on its own account and the source is not the molten iron core, as magnetic effects can not exist or be generated in a thermal environment. Heat destroys the integrating process of fundamental magnets, due to Curie limits. Then why are we able to detect the field surrounding the earth?
The answer to this is: the earth is situated in space and due to its ferromagnetic properties, certain minerals offer less reluctance and greater permeability to the space field than
proximity space. Thus the flux density per unit area is greater than the density per unit area of proximity space, and a weak magnetic field is induced in compatible parts of the earth. It is indeed weak and in measured in gammas, , where one = Gauss. The Magnetic field surrounding the sun is another matter. Although probably due to magneto-hydrodynamic activity, there is also the thought that the radiant heat of the sun is attempting to destroy the proximity space magnetic field. In opposing this, the space field becomes enormously strong, so intense that it is easily detectable, and thought to be the sun’s magnetic field. One can not say heat destroys magnetism and in the same breath say the sun is a magnet and generates its own magnetic field. The Aurora Borealis: some interesting papers are available on the subject, including the publication in the 2/4/86 New York Times by Walter Sullivan. The effect which I call the “Gossamer Effect” due to whispy cloud-like appearance, which easily produced in the electrical lab on a small scale. The phenomena may be described as vastly diffused, charged particles, probably irons, in a state of incandescent nebulosity, under the influence of a magnetic field. The shimmering and pleat-like structure appears to be a form of modulation from an unknown source. As little is known about the phenomena, a wide avenue of further research will reveal much more. Some very strange effects were produced by the writer and another researcher. During an experiment with vector video displayed cycloids, a highly magnetically amplified charged particles exhibiting bipolar, but predominantly negative charge, were d isplayed on an ordinary color picture tube. Merely for effect the colors were modulated by external low frequency square wave generators. At the start, the color modulating generators were activated, producing the expected effect, and when the generators were turned off, naturally the color modulation ceased. After several days of observation of all the displayed effects, the system and all the instrumentation, except the color modulating generators, was accidentally turned on. The display came on with all colors modulating at a frequency of 300 hz, and to our surprise, the modulation maintained a constant 300 hz. Puzzled by this, the generators were turned on and failed to have any effect on the colors at all until tuned to 300 hz, at which point the generators took control and the frequency could be varied over a normal spectrum. Returning the generator’s frequency to 300 hz immediately followed by turning off the power resulted in the continuation of the constant 300 hz frequency from an unknown source. At this point the puzzle has not been solved, but well be investigated further as time permits.
Flaws in the “Ecklin Theory” by Floyd A. Sweet Document restored by hyiq.org
Ecklin speaks of “spin flipping” of the electron. This thought is a misconception due to the overwhelming force associated with the axial spin of the electron that maintains it’s Free State in the orbit about the nucleus’ positively charged proton. Ecklin means, as I believe he implies in his concept of “spin flipping”, instantaneous reversal of the spin direction. If this is what happens, then the electron must come to a complete stop on its axis during ∆ before reversing rotational direction. The electron is supported by mass, though infinitesimally small to our senses, extremely large relative to the diameter and charge on the particle.
What would happen during period of ∆ ∆ ? The electron’s inertal mass = , an infinitesimally short time relitive relitive to t o our sense of time, but to the time frame frame of inner inner space, the world of t he electron’s ∆ may appear to be an eternity. If the spin velocity of the electron was reduced to Zero, Zero, the free elec electron tronss woul would proba probabl blee fall out of orbit orbit toward towardss the nucle nucleus, us, whic which h is the predominating mass with the atom. Ecklin is confusing charged particles with molecules which are reversing in direction in the ferromagnetic circuit in synchronism with frequency, lagging behind the current producing the flux. The molecular friction of the molecules against one another produces the loss called “hysteresis loss” in the magnetic circuit, which presents itself as heat.
The ball, paper clip and magnet is not a new phenomenon. It is well known in electrical labs and has little to do with the case at hand. It is useful in calculating magnetic circuits where the cross sectional area is not constant and in determining flux density of a small area. I might suggest that the flux-switch alternator is better suited to high frequency, small, low dutyfactor space vehicle applications. As a unity N Machine at standard power frequencies, its application is next to useless.
Inter-Galactic Space Travel By Floyd A. Sweet. Ph.D. Document restored by hyiq.org
The present rocket propulsion technology is more primitive than the jungle drum and smoke signal to the communication technology. Not only is the rocket technology archaic it is fraught with danger to space travellers as the recent tragedy bears out. This technology should be applied to making better skyrockets for fireworks displays. The present and future efforts should be applied to the development of a magnetic antigravity machine then develop a technology that will by magnetic means ride on the existing intergalactic space field at velocities many times that of the speed of light.
Gravitation is a physical effect produced by the curvature of a four-dimensional space-time continuum. The effect tells space how to curve and matter how to move within the influence of gravity waves produced by a mass of matter warping near space.
The generalisation of Newton’s gravitational potential is the metric tensor in
terms of which the four-dimensional distance, and hence the geometry of space-time, is determined:
The curvature of space-time is defined in terms of a four index tensor
the curvature
tensor. The vanishing of the curvature tensor means no real gravitational field is present. The field equations are ten linear combinations of the curvature components which are of the second order in the derivatives of the metric tensor and are a generalisation of Poisson’s
equation: where gravitational potential which determines the field through a gradient
and gravitational field and the magnitude for a spherical earth: of the force on mass, M, at point, P, is F = MG. Strangely, this Newtonian theory a ssumes a gravitational field fills all space, the force acting on any mass is determined by the field in its proximity and the field exists at any point (P) even in the absence of mass, M. This postulate, with all due respect to Newton, is self-contradictory and relates to Einstein theory very vaguely. However, in general, will satisfy Poisson’s equation:
Where = density of matter. The potential energy of mass, , in the field is expressed in terms of in the Newtonian concept the field has no independent dynamical behaviour as does the electromagnetic waves, at any time (t) the Newtonian gravitational field is determined by mass configuration at that instant and does not depend on previous history or state of motion. Thus, if the Sun should vanish, the Earths gravitational forces would also vanish. Yet, Newtonian theory implies the gravitational field fills all space, surely the Sun only a medium star and only of importance to a relatively insignificant solar system on the rim of the Milky Way galaxy in fact the solar system could entirely vanish with less significance to the Galaxy than a pail of sand taken from the Sahara Desert. What Newton’s postulate should say: The Universal space field (gravitational) should vanish then, gravitational forces of all matter in all space would vanish. In abstract mathematical format, such a property as Newton’s postulate implies,
may be thought of in terms of o f an infinite velocity of propagation for the gravitational field, letting the velocity of light become infinite in Maxwell’s equations eliminating all dynamical behaviour for the electromagnetic frequency. In this case, there could be no radio, or TV — Einstein’s special theory of relativity is based on the velocity of light in a vacuum being the
maximum velocity for transmission of energy in our three-dimensional awareness and fourdimensional cosmos. It is evident Newton’s theory needs modifying.
The Quantum Viewpoint: The gravitational interaction among elementary particles is down by a factor of from the electromagnetic or strong nuclear interactions. Thus, we cannot expect to see the quantum effects at the level of ordinary experiments. The gravitational field equations are complicated by nonlinear nature. However, from linear approximation the quantised field may be expected to be a spin 2 boson field due to its connection with geometry of space-time, the field is a line among all particles and all interactions. Einstein states—as an object approaches the speed of light, its inertial mass approaches infinity, as we do not possess infinite power then an object cannot surpass the speed of light or even reach it. This is relative to a three-dimensional frame of reference.
But, as an object approaches the speed of light it proceeds to lose one dimension, at the speed of light the object would be two-dimensional with zero mass, the passage of time, as we sense it, stops. Now, space that exists beyond the speed-of-light barrier is solid and matter is massless and passes through solid space. Then, if three-dimensional space as we conceive is expanding, and a massless two-dimensionless entity has entered solid space existing in another time frame in which all matter is two-dimensional at zero mass, then an interchange of state exists whereby energy has converted to mass. Thus Einstein’s is valid and :
()( )(
)
Thus, on the far side of the speed of light, the energy is converted to mass. Mass becomes now dimensionless energy. The limiting velocity of energy through solid mass is mass itself and absolute velocity is . Thus, intergalactic travel is possible withinthe relitive time frame and a point in space could be reached in of the time of lightwould take to reach it. People would age relative to their environmental time frame. First man must conquer gravity. Then the means of magnetic propulsion will fall into place. Navigation is something else which will evolve with time and new technologies. Starting here the latter part of this though was inspired by Gene Hamblin’s idea that
the Universe is collapsing and time is eternal. On this basis the Universe will collapse forever towards negative infinity but will never reach it. Credit for this part of the idea should go to Gene Hamblin.
The Space-Flux Coupled Alternator: An Abstract Approach to Abstract Phenomena. By Floyd A. Sweet. Ph.D. Document restored by hyiq.org
The reader of this concept of an infinite source of infinite energy should try not to think in terms of so called rational concepts of scientists of the past or present. When dealing with magnetic phenomena; keep in mind, things are not what they may appear to be. A rash statement will be made here that surely will offend many members of the scientific community: A magnetic field consisting of so called abstract lines of force or flux, contrary to popular belief is not a property of an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, any more than water is a property of the pipe it flows through. It is a property of a universal space field consisting of incoherent individual packets of energy, magnetic in nature. These packets or quanta, are magnetic ash, a spin-off of the Big Bang some 15-20 billion years ago. All space is permeated by these dimensionless quanta as related to our three dimensional space. However, these bits of energy are not absolute fundamental particles of matter, but do reflect force on all other particles of matter within a field of influence. Thus the very recent discovery of a flaw in Galileo’s work regarding the acceleration of falling bodies is explained. The challenging of both Galileo’s and Einstein’s concepts is based on the existence of a fifth force recently discovered to
exist. This force is called “ hypercharge”, it is described as weak and local, weak due to incoherency, local due to the primitive state of the art in dealing with abstracts outside the realm of three dimensional entities. Science is trying to measure things in other dimensions with three dimensional rulers, an impossible task. One has only to observe the behaviour of matter in outer space to understand what’s going on in inner space. One is a mirror of the other – one approaching negative infinity, the other positive infinity. Neither will ever reach r each the respective infinities, therefore the ultimate f undamental particle will never be isolated. Neither will the expanding universe reach positive infinity. Infinity is as far away from the farthest galaxy as it is from us. Why the field of a magnet is not the property of t he magnet: First the electromagnet – it takes power from a source to initiate and bring to steady state the field of the magnet. Once t he field is stabilised and the exciting current is no longer changing, no further power is needed from the source. The only power required is that needed to support the losses due to the ohmic resistance of the conductor comprising the coil of the magnet. This loss appears as heat. Now we have a magnetic field, a potential source of energy in existence without support of the source of power to the coil. True, the moving charges through the copper conductor are accompanied by a magnetic field, also true this field requires no power from the source. As stated, the only power is that supporting the losses. Then the field due to the moving charges is not a property of the current drawn from the source but a property of incoherent energy quanta in the
surrounding space interacting coherently with fields produced by moving charges on the electrons in motion through the coil. Current is deemed as a quantity or number of charged particles moving from to in time t, or as the charge transferred in one second by a current of one ampere. The coulomb is the charge on 6.24 x electrons. Electric fields are due to the presence of charges. Magnetic field effects are due to the motion of charges. Current is the net rate of flow of positive charges. This is a scalar quantity. In the specific case of positive charges moving to the right and negative charges to the left, the eff ect of both actions is positive charge moving to the right. Current to the right is: . Negative electrons flowing to the left contribute to the current flowing to the right. Voltage: The energy transfer capability of flow of electric electric charge is determined determined by the potential difference or voltage through which the charge moves. A charge of 1 coulomb receives of delivers an energy of one joule or watt-second in moving through a voltage of 1 volt or . Electric field strength: The “field” is a convenient concept in calculating electric and magnetic forces. Around a charge we visualise a region of influence called an “electric field”. The electric field
strength, a vector, is defined by magnitude magnitude and direction of the force on a unit positive charge in the field. In vector notation
where could be measured in newtons per coulomb. Bearing in
mind, however, the definition of energy and voltage. Note: force/charge = force x distance/charge x distance = energy/charge x distance = voltage / distance. The electric field strength in newtons newtons per coulomb is just equal and opposite the voltage gradient or
Magnetic Flux Density: As defined by accepted, accepted, derived and in some cases postulated postulated assumptions of the behaviour of an abstract entity. Around a moving charge we visualise a region o f influence called a “magnetic field”. In a bar magnet the current consists of spinning electrons in the atoms of
the iron. The effect of the current on the spinning electrons of an un-magnetised piece of iron results in the familiar force of attraction. The intensity of the magnetic effect is determined by the magnetic flux density, a vector defined by the direction and magnitude of the force exerted on a moving charge in the field. In vector notation:
. A force of 1 newton, is experienced by a charge of 1 coulomb, moving with a velocity (u) of 1 meter per second, normal to a magnetic flux density of 1 tesla (1 tesla = 10,000 ga uss). Magnetic flux: Magnetic fields were first described in terms of lines of force, or flux. There are convenient abstractions which can be visualised in the familiar iron filing patterns. Magnetic flux in
∫ . Flux density may be considered a derived unit and expressed in: . In this
webers is a total quantity obtained by integrating magnetic flux density over an area by paper, the tesla is used as the primary unit. Power and energy: energy:
As the writer will be expected to predict, power and energy transformations in
terms of current and voltage outputs of the space-flux-coupled alternator, the following defining equations of instantaneous power and total energy are in order:
and and instantaneous power ∫ . ∫
and total energy is
Note: This writer does not agree ag ree in respect to method regarding Mi llikan’s oil drop experiment
determining charge of a single electron. A flaw in the derivation will af fect a change in the concept. Underlying Principals of the “Space Flux Coupled Alternator”. Neodymium-Iron Boron permanent magnets of extremely high energy product are arranged on a rotating field structure. Two such field structures are assembled on a common shaft. The stationary armature windings are arranged using modular construction between the field structures. The magnets are positioned on the shaft so a N pole is opposite to a S pole in attraction mode. The cross flux is very intense, and the source of this flux is not a property of the magnet itself but a property of the space field. There for, the energy product of the magnets is not the limiting factor o f the machines output, but is only the limiting factor on the influencing coherent force on the incoherent quanta comprising the universal space field. Thus the Gauss- orsteads or energy product level determines “how much” of the existing incoherent quanta are influenced into a coherent energy state. If the universal space field did not exist, even fundamental magnets would not exist, and the motion of fundamental particles would not produce a magnetic field. Electrical energy as we know it would not exist. The source of all energy exists in space. A natural magnet was not magnetised by any source on earth. The power of the universe controls all. When the rotor magnet assembly is driven by a prime mover the rotating magnetic field sweeps over the conductors comprising the coils in the stationary armature, sometimes called the stator. As the direction of the flux reverses during
, the induced
output waveform is sinusoidal. The induced voltage in the winding obeys Faraday’s law as quantified by Neumann . This is average value and must be multiplied by 1.11 form factor RMS effective volts. Another feature of the Space Flux Coupled machine is that the load current is sensed simultaneously with the output voltage. This power product is feed back coupled to the ampere turn product of the stator windings, as the machine sees all loads at unity power factor. Changing power factor loads has no effect on voltage regulation and there is zero loss due to reactive loads. This is due to the fact there is no ferromagnetic flux path, as the stator contains no iron. Thus there is zero eddy current and hysteresis loss as far as the stator assembly is concerned. The load current flowing in the stator coils will have some effect on the close proximity field magnets, but the field produced by the moving charged through the coils is small relative to the exciting fields. Its doubtful induction coupling of the stator to the magnets will have very much effect. Now let us consider the losses. Copper or
losses remain but may be minimized by using wire
of larger than usual cross-sectional area. There will be some bearing friction loss unless magnetic bearings are employed. There is windage loss, which may be minimised by good configuration co nfiguration architecture. How does the Space Flux Coupled Coupled Alternator appear to operate beyond beyond unity? An approximate analogy, not by any means perfect, is as follows:
Picture a side-wheel paddle steam boat making its way down stream in the same direction as a fairly strong tidal flow. Assume the steam engine to be highly efficient, say 80%. Now assume the engine to be working at this efficiency and that the tidal energy integrates with that of the engine in propelling the ship. The acceleration i ncreases to a point where the horsepower increases beyond that equivalent energy consumed by the engine. If one were not aware of the tidal flow energy integrated with that of the consumed energy, one would conclude the engine efficiency was greater than unity. This is hypothetical. As the momentum of the tide relates only to the mass of the steamboat’s displacement of the medium, water. Actually if the forward momentum of the tide was
able to relate only to the paddle wheel the forward or positive force would tend to force the wheel to turn in the opposite of negative direction. Then in the hypothetical case, the force of the tide on the mass of the ship would equal the force acting on the paddle wheel and the ship would be motionless. In order to move in the forward direction, the engine would need to overcome the negative force of the tide on the wheel. Little engine hp would be needed, as it would integrate with the positive flow of the tide, acting on the displacement mass of the ship. The above is not achievable in practice, as the only way the tide could relate to the paddle wheel in such a manner, the mass of the ship would have to be completely out of the water and only the wheel within the flow of the tide would turn, as the momentum of the flow of the tide would not be in effect. This is reactive power – no work is done. The wheel turns but the ship is motionless. Conversely, if this were a possibility, then a ship moving against a strong tide, would be able to traverse a river without either engine of sail, by means of the force of a moving mass of water against the wheel paddles. As stated, the force of the mass of water flowing against the displacement mass of the ship predominantly opposes the positive motion of the ship. The analogy though far from perfect, suggests that if one were not aware of the visible force acting on the movement of the ship, at times, assuming all parameters were measurable, the indication might be that the engine was capable of greater than unity efficiency. In the case of the Space Flux Coupled machine, there is no visible entity. It’s abstract. A steady state coherent force is present when brought under the influence of the t he electromagnetic controllable forces. It returns to an incoherent state when the initiating magnetic forces are absent (except in the case of a permanent magnet). The feedback loop: loop: Previously mentioned, mentioned, you will more clearly see how the loop functions at the the time you see the physical construction of the stationary armature of stator assembly. The underlying principal (forget Millilkan’s experiment) has been deri ved in that magnetic effects vary on the square
of the current. As the load on the machine increases, the volt-ampere product increases. The rate of flow of charges increases. Quantum mechanics state not all electrons in copper are free to carry charges. Then it’s time to set the wheels in motion to free them from binding magnetic forces. Once this is done, conductivity will improve and resistance decrease as we are dealing only with electrons. Copper will not change to another metal as atoms which are mostly empty space would have many electrons to spare anyway. To free f ree enough electrons to effect conversion would require magnetic forces approaching infinity. An illustration will help to clarify how the feedback principal counters the magnetic force binding the electrons in orbits, restraining them from motion as charged as particles in the form of an electric current.
Assume a load on the machine draws a measured current of 1.0A at a terminal voltage of 240 V. At a power factor of unity, the current and voltage are in phase. The power output is in watts and
)( √ ()( )( )( )) watts. The current is sensed by conventional current transformers having a 1:1 ratio, rectified by a three phase full wave bridge. This D.C. output is applied to a current winding closely coupled to the power-phase windings, but isolated to a degree that prevents transformer action from including voltage in the D.C. winding. This winding produces a magnetic field that varies in intensity as the square of the load current on a 1:1 isolation ratio. This is the same magnitude as the load current peak value. The D.C. flux varies as the square of the current and not sinusoidally as does the voltage and current of the power phase windings, with proper capacitors across the D.C. control voltage. The D.C. flux remains constant sustaining a co nstant flux during . The flux produced by the moving charges comprising the load current goes through zero, thus the complimentary flux, that is integrated with the coherent flux, aiding the cross flux between the attracting magnets. Thus the system is self-regulating. As the load current increases, the complimentary flux adds to the cross flux. The voltage output remains constant. The primary limiting factor is the cross sectional area of the phase winding conductor. Function of the voltage feedback:
To provide provide a means of capturing more incoherent incoherent quanta to
complement the existing integrated flux densities and
or energy product. More feedback in the
form of volt-ampere product at a cos of = 1 or unity of watts in the form of D.C. potential. This is obtained by potential transformers sensing the output terminal volts as this is vir tually constant. The transformers are needed for isolation and for providing a much lower voltage that is rectified by a 3 phase full wave bridge and applied to a special potential winding in the stator assembly. How both the current and potential windings ar e assembled into the stator winding assembly is proprietary. The current and potential windings require relatively little power, and are applied in such a manner that rate of flow of moving charges may be accelerated beyond . Thus the duty factor of the copper changes. ⁄
Losses diminish and more charges drawn from the now coherent space field flow at a faster rate as current to the load. This means as more current is required by varying loads more feedback magnetomotive forces free more electrons from binding forces complimented by potential magnetic forces of the orientated, coherent space field. Thus a conductor that formerly had a temperature rise above ambient labelled as a factor of 10 would now operate at a temperature of 1.0. Thus the same gauge wire would carry 10 times more current at the same temperature. Even better results may be forthcoming. The energy conversion conservation is fantastic. On a separate sheet will appear a derived equation of long series of partial differentials that dispute many textbook expressions defining fields produced by moving charges. The equation is simplified to a point that may be understood by most rational people.
