VSL STRAND POST-TENSIONING SYSTEMS
2 Flat Duct Coupler
PT-Plus® Flat Duct
Grout Connection
Wedges
Grout Vent
Trumpet
Protection Cap
Strands
Anchorage Body
CONCRETE 20/25 MPa
Local Zone Reinforcement
Spacing
Recess
Unit
P
r
ØR
S
U
W
X
Ymin
A
B
6-2
35
6
12
10
120
200
240
160
175
115
C
6-3
40
6
12
0
140
270
310
180
215
115
95
6-4
40
7
12
10
160
320
360
200
235
120
115
6-5
35
8
12
15
180
360
400
220
265
120
130
80
Unit
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
6-2
175
170
80
75
55
60
25
41
140
M10
40
All dimensions in [mm]
6-3
215
210
95
90
55
60
25
58
170
M10
40
Strand Ap = 150mm , f pk = 1860N/mm (GUTS), Fpk = 279kN
For calculation of minimum edge distance refer to 4.4.1
6-4
235
230
115
110
60
60
25
76
180
M10
40
Concrete: minimum required strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube in N/mm2 at s tr es si ng
r = n umb er o f t ur ns , i nc l. l en gt h f or a nc ho ri ng o f r ei nf or ce me nt b ar
6-5
265
260
130
125
60
60
25
94
200
M10
40
L oc al zo ne re in fo rc em en t b en t a nd an ch or ed in ac co rd an ce wi th BS EN 19 92
X = a nc ho ra ge sp ac in g
R ei nf or ce me nt , ed ge di st an ce a nd ce nt er sp ac in g m ay be mo di fi ed , c on ta ct VS L
Y min = min. allowable slab thickness
Notes All dimensions in [mm]
Notes 2
Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement yf = 500N/mm2 2
For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp. 2
System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm or Ap = 150 mm
2
System can be used with corrugated steel duct or PT-Plus duct Page T 7
Page T 8
2 PT-Plus® Flat Duct
Flat Duct Coupler Grout Connection
Wedges
Grout Vent
Trumpet
Protection Cap
Strands
Anchorage Body
CONCRETE 20/25 MPa
Local Zone Reinforcement
Spacing
Recess
Unit
P
r
ØR
S
U
W
X
Ymin
A
B
6-2
35
6
12
10
120
200
240
160
175
115
C 80
6-3
40
6
12
0
140
270
310
180
215
115
95
6-4
40
7
12
10
160
320
360
200
235
120
115
6-5
35
8
12
15
180
360
400
220
265
120
130
Unit
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
6-2
175
170
80
75
55
60
25
41
140
M10
40
All dimensions in [mm]
6-3
215
210
95
90
55
60
25
58
170
M10
40
Strand Ap = 150mm , f pk = 1860N/mm (GUTS), Fpk = 279kN
6-4
235
230
115
110
60
60
25
76
180
M10
40
Concrete: minimum required strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube in N/mm at s tr es si ng
6-5
265
260
130
125
60
60
25
94
200
M10
40
L oc al zo ne re in fo rc em en t b en t a nd an ch or ed in ac co rd an ce wi th BS EN 19 92
X = a nc ho ra ge sp ac in g
R ei nf or ce me nt , ed ge di st an ce a nd ce nt er sp ac in g m ay be mo di fi ed , c on ta ct VS L
Y min = min. allowable slab thickness
Notes Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement yf = 500N/mm2
2
2
For calculation of minimum edge distance refer to 4.4.1 2
Notes All dimensions in [mm]
r = n umb er o f t ur ns , i nc l. l en gt h f or a nc ho ri ng o f r ei nf or ce me nt b ar
For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp. 2
System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm or Ap = 150 mm
2
System can be used with corrugated steel duct or PT-Plus duct
Page T 7
Page T 8
2
2 OPTION LONGITUDINAL STIRRUPS
CONCRETE 20/25 MPa Local Zone Reinforcement
CONCRETE 20/25 MPa
Local Zone Reinforcement Unit
P
r
ØR
S
U
Spacing W
X
Ymin
A
Spacing
Recess
Recess
Unit
n
ØR
S
t x ØT
Umin
U
V
W
Z
A
B
C
B
C
4
10
25
2 x 10
110
120
140
180
-
X2) 210
Y
6-2
160
175
115
80
4
12
30
2 x 12
130
150
140
220
-
270
180
215
115
95
6-2
35
6
12
80
6-3
6-3
40
6
12
0
140
270
310
180
215
115
95
6-4
4
12
40
4 x 12
150
180
140
180
280
320
200
235
120
115
6-4
40
7
12
10
160
320
360
200
235
120
115
6-5
4
16
40
4 x 12
170
200
160
190
310
350
220
265
120
130
6-5
35
8
12
15
180
360
400
220
265
120
130
10
120
200
240
160
175
115
Notes Notes
All dimension in [mm] 2
Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement f y = 460N/mm 2
All dimensions in [mm]
Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement yf = 460N/mm
1) Depending on slab thickness and required concrete cover U min U U max
Strand Ap = 150mm2, f pk = 1770N/mm2 (GUTS), Fpk = 265kN
For calculation of minimum edge distance refer to 4.4.1
2 ) X = a nc ho ra ge sp ac in g. Mi ni mu m e dg e d is ta nc e: X/ 2 + co nc re te co ve r
t = n um be r o f p ai rs of st ir ru ps
2 Concrete: minimum required strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube in N/mm at s tr es si ng
r = n umb er o f t ur ns , i nc l. l en gt h f or an ch or in g of r ei nf or ce me nt b ar
3) transverse bars to be anchored acc. to general detailing rules
Y min = min. allowable slab thickness
L oc al zo ne r ei nf or ce me nt be nt a nd a nc ho re d in a cc or da nc e wi th BS EN 19 92
X = an ch or ag e s pa ci ng
Strand A p = 150mm 2, f pk = 1770N/mm2 (GUTS), Fpk = 265,5kN
R ei nf or ce me nt , e dg e di st an ce a nd c en te r sp ac in g m ay b e m od if ie d, c on ta ct VS L
Y min = min. allowable slab thickness
Concrete: minimum required strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube in N/mm2 at stressing
For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp.
n = number of transverse bars
For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp. Local zone reinforcement bent and anchored in accordance with BS EN 1992 Reinforcement, edge distance and center spacing may be modified, contact VSL
Page T 9
Page T 10
2
2 OPTION LONGITUDINAL STIRRUPS
CONCRETE 20/25 MPa Local Zone Reinforcement
CONCRETE 20/25 MPa
Local Zone Reinforcement
Spacing
Recess
Unit
n
ØR
S
t x ØT
Umin
U
2 x 10
110
Spacing V
W
Z
120
140
180
-
X2) 210
Y
Recess A
B
C
175
115
80
Unit
P
r
ØR
S
U
W
X
Ymin
A
B
C
6-2
4
10
25
6-2
35
6
12
10
120
200
240
160
175
115
80
6-3
4
12
30
2 x 12
130
150
140
-
270
180
215
115
6-3
40
6
12
0
140
270
310
180
215
115
95
6-4
4
12
40
4 x 12
150
180
140
180
280
320
200
235
120
115
6-5
4
16
40
4 x 12
170
200
160
190
310
350
220
265
120
130
6-4
40
7
12
10
160
320
360
200
235
120
115
6-5
35
8
12
15
180
360
400
220
265
120
130
220
160
95
Notes Notes
Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement f y = 460N/mm 2
All dimension in [mm] 2
All dimensions in [mm]
Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement yf = 460N/mm
1) Depending on slab thickness and required concrete cover U min U U max
Strand Ap = 150mm2, f pk = 1770N/mm2 (GUTS), Fpk = 265kN
For calculation of minimum edge distance refer to 4.4.1
2 ) X = a nc ho ra ge sp ac in g. Mi ni mu m e dg e d is ta nc e: X/ 2 + co nc re te co ve r
t = n um be r o f p ai rs of st ir ru ps
2 Concrete: minimum required strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube in N/mm at s tr es si ng
r = n umb er o f t ur ns , i nc l. l en gt h f or an ch or in g of r ei nf or ce me nt b ar
3) transverse bars to be anchored acc. to general detailing rules
Y min = min. allowable slab thickness
L oc al zo ne r ei nf or ce me nt be nt a nd a nc ho re d in a cc or da nc e wi th BS EN 19 92
X = an ch or ag e s pa ci ng
Strand A p = 150mm , f pk = 1770N/mm (GUTS), Fpk = 265,5kN
R ei nf or ce me nt , e dg e di st an ce a nd c en te r sp ac in g m ay b e m od if ie d, c on ta ct VS L
Y min = min. allowable slab thickness
Concrete: minimum required strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube in N/mm2 at stressing
For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp.
2
n = number of transverse bars
2
For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp. Local zone reinforcement bent and anchored in accordance with BS EN 1992 Reinforcement, edge distance and center spacing may be modified, contact VSL
Page T 9
Page T 10
ANCHORAGE TYPE S 6-1 PLUS
2
Grout Connection
Protection Cap
PT-Plus® Duct
Encapsulated Anchorage Body
Strand
Wedge
CONCRETE 20/25 MPa
Local Zone Reinforcement
Spacing
Recess
Unit
P
r
ØR
S
U
W
X
Ymin
A
B
C
6-2
35
6
12
10
120
200
240
160
175
115
80
6-3
40
6
12
0
140
270
310
180
215
115
95
6-4
40
7
12
10
160
320
360
200
235
120
115
6-5
35
8
12
15
180
360
400
220
265
120
130
Unit
A
B
C
D
ØE
F
6-1
122
94
70
90
22/25
32
Notes Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement yf = 390N/mm2
All dimensions in [mm] Strand Ap = 150mm2, f pk = 1770N/mm2 (GUTS), Fpk = 265kN
For calculation of minimum edge distance refer to 4.4.1 2
Concrete: minimum required strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube in N/mm at s tr es si ng
r = n umb er o f t ur ns , i nc l. l en gt h f or a nc ho ri ng o f r ei nf or ce me nt b ar
L oc al zo ne re in fo rc em en t b en t a nd an ch or ed in ac co rd an ce wi th BS EN 19 92
X = an ch or ag e s pa ci ng
R ei nf or ce me nt , ed ge d is ta nc e an d ce nt er s pa ci ng ma y be mo di fi ed , co nt ac t VS L
Y min = min. allowable slab thickness
Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm2 or Ap = 150 mm2
For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp.
Page T 11
Page T 12
ANCHORAGE TYPE S 6-1 PLUS
2
Grout Connection
Protection Cap
PT-Plus® Duct
Encapsulated Anchorage Body
Strand
Wedge
CONCRETE 20/25 MPa
Local Zone Reinforcement
Spacing
Recess
Unit
P
r
ØR
S
U
W
X
Ymin
A
B
C
6-2
35
6
12
10
120
200
240
160
175
115
80
6-3
40
6
12
0
140
270
310
180
215
115
95
6-4
40
7
12
10
160
320
360
200
235
120
115
6-5
35
8
12
15
180
360
400
220
265
120
130
Unit
A
B
C
D
ØE
F
6-1
122
94
70
90
22/25
32
Notes All dimensions in [mm]
Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement yf = 390N/mm2
Strand Ap = 150mm2, f pk = 1770N/mm2 (GUTS), Fpk = 265kN
For calculation of minimum edge distance refer to 4.4.1
Concrete: minimum required strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube in N/mm2 at s tr es si ng
r = n umb er o f t ur ns , i nc l. l en gt h f or a nc ho ri ng o f r ei nf or ce me nt b ar
L oc al zo ne re in fo rc em en t b en t a nd an ch or ed in ac co rd an ce wi th BS EN 19 92
X = an ch or ag e s pa ci ng
R ei nf or ce me nt , ed ge d is ta nc e an d ce nt er s pa ci ng ma y be mo di fi ed , co nt ac t VS L
Y min = min. allowable slab thickness
Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm2 or Ap = 150 mm2
For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp.
Page T 11
Page T 12
2
PE sheated strand and waxed / greased
Protection Cap
Heat Shrink Sleeve
Sleeve
Encapsulated Anchorage Body Strand
Wedge
Unit
A
B
C
D
ØE
F
6-1
122
94
70
300
19
32
Notes
Notes All dimensions in [mm] 2
System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm or Ap = 150 mm
2
Nom. strand breaking load
Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement
Fpk = 260.4 / 265.5kN
All dimension in [mm] Min. required concrete strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube =16/20 MPa at stressing For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp. X= anchorage spacing. X1= min spacing between l ast and first anchorage of grouped anchorages
Page T 13
Page T 14
2
PE sheated strand and waxed / greased
Protection Cap
Heat Shrink Sleeve
Sleeve
Encapsulated Anchorage Body Strand
Wedge
Unit 6-1
A
B
122
94
C 70
D 300
ØE 19
F
32
Notes
Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm 2 or Ap = 150 mm 2
Nom. strand breaking load
Min. yield strength for local zone reinforcement
Fpk = 260.4 / 265.5kN
All dimension in [mm] Min. required concrete strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube =16/20 MPa at stressing For max. tendon force and temporary over stressing refer to 4.1 and 4.2.8 resp. X= anchorage spacing. X1= min spacing between l ast and first anchorage of grouped anchorages
Page T 13
Page T 14
PT- Plus® Duct
Grout Connection Grout Connection Compression Fittings
End-Piece with Clip
Tension Ring
PT-Plus® Duct
End-Piece with Clip Strands
Strands
Spacer Bar Crimped Strand Tails Bulb
Anchor Plate
Retainer Plate
Nom. strand breaking load Fpk = 260.4 / 265,5 / 279kN
Unit
A
B
C
6-1
90
90
1250
6-2
190
90
1250
6-3
290
90
1250
6-4
390
90
1250
6-5
490
90
1250
Min. concrete strength at stressing
Max. tendon force after lock-off
20 / 25 fc,cyl / fc,cube in MPa
80% of Fpk
Unit
A
B
C
6-2
180
70
280
6-3
230
80
330
6-4
260
100
430
6-5
310
110
430
No m. s tr an d b re ak in g lo ad
Notes
Fpk = 260.4 / 265.5 / 279kN
All dimensions in [mm] 2
System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm or Ap = 150 mm
Mi n. c on cr et e s tr en gt h a t s tr es sin g 20 / 25 fc,cyl / fc,cube in MPa
2
System can be used with corrugated steel duct or with PT-Plus duct
Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm 2 or Ap = 150 mm 2 System can be used with corrugated steel duct or with PT-Plus duct
Page T 15
Page T 16
PT- Plus® Duct
Grout Connection Grout Connection Compression Fittings
End-Piece with Clip
Tension Ring
PT-Plus® Duct
End-Piece with Clip Strands
Strands
Spacer Bar Crimped Strand Tails Bulb
Anchor Plate
Retainer Plate
Nom. strand breaking load Fpk = 260.4 / 265,5 / 279kN
Unit
A
B
C
6-1
90
90
1250
6-2
190
90
1250
6-3
290
90
1250
6-4
390
90
1250
6-5
490
90
1250
Min. concrete strength at stressing
Max. tendon force after lock-off
20 / 25 fc,cyl / fc,cube in MPa
80% of Fpk
Unit
A
B
C
6-2
180
70
280
6-3
230
80
330
6-4
260
100
430
6-5
310
110
430
No m. s tr an d b re ak in g lo ad
Notes
Fpk = 260.4 / 265.5 / 279kN
All dimensions in [mm]
Mi n. c on cr et e s tr en gt h a t s tr es sin g 20 / 25 fc,cyl / fc,cube in MPa
System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm2 or Ap = 150 mm 2 System can be used with corrugated steel duct or with PT-Plus duct
Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm 2 or Ap = 150 mm 2 System can be used with corrugated steel duct or with PT-Plus duct
Page T 15
Page T 16
COUPLER TYPE K
Grout Connection
Recess in Structural Concrete
Trumpet K
Retainer Plates
Steel Band
Tension Ring
Compresion Fitting
Duct Tension Ring
Coupling Head K Strands Coupling Head Tension Ring
Duct Duct
Unit
A
B
C
ØD
ØF
E
6-3
430
160
210
150
76
118
6-4
440
160
220
160
83
118
6-7
560
160
320
190
95
128
6-12
660
160
420
240
121
128
6-15
770
160
530
270
133
128
6-19
770
160
530
280
146
128
6-22
910
160
630
310
159
128
Unit
A
B
C
D
F
G
H
6-27
980
180
690
350
168
150
6-2
140
70
90
65
450
620
180
6-31
970
180
660
360
178
150
6-4
170
80
100
70
900
1130
210
6-37
1200
200
870
400
203
168
6-6
210
100
140
90
1000
1320
250
6-12
300
160
160
100
1350
1910
340
6-22
400
190
250
145
1500
2290
440
Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm2 or Ap = 150 mm 2
Notes All dimensions in [mm] 2
System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm or Ap = 150 mm
2
System can be used with corrugated steel duct or with PT-Plus duct movement of coupling head due to tendon extensions
L:
System can be used with Type GC or E bearing plate System can be used with corrugated steel duct or PT-Plus duct
Page T 29
Page T 30
COUPLER TYPE K
Grout Connection
Recess in Structural Concrete
Trumpet K
Retainer Plates
Steel Band
Tension Ring
Compresion Fitting
Duct Tension Ring
Coupling Head K Strands Coupling Head Tension Ring
Duct Duct
Unit
A
B
C
ØD
ØF
E
6-3
430
160
210
150
76
118
6-4
440
160
220
160
83
118
6-7
560
160
320
190
95
128
6-12
660
160
420
240
121
128
6-15
770
160
530
270
133
128
6-19
770
160
530
280
146
128
6-22
910
160
630
310
159
128
Unit
A
B
C
D
F
G
H
6-27
980
180
690
350
168
150
6-2
140
70
90
65
450
620
180
6-31
970
180
660
360
178
150
6-4
6-37
1200
200
870
400
203
168
170
80
100
70
900
1130
210
6-6
210
100
140
90
1000
1320
250
6-12
300
160
160
100
1350
1910
340
6-22
400
190
250
145
1500
2290
440
Notes All dimensions in [mm] Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm2 or Ap = 150 mm 2
System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm2 or Ap = 150 mm 2 System can be used with corrugated steel duct or with PT-Plus duct movement of coupling head due to tendon extensions
L:
System can be used with Type GC or E bearing plate System can be used with corrugated steel duct or PT-Plus duct
Page T 29
Page T 30
DEAD END ANCHORAGE TYPE L
2
Duct
Required cross-sectional area of hairpin bars if anchorage is an intermediate anchorage (~ 1/4 of 2 x Po anchored behind tendon at ~ 50% · fy ):
Smooth Steel or Smooth HDPE Pipe
Unit 6-2
Grout Connection Grout Connection
For strands with F pk = 260.4 / 265.5 kN ØA ØB R min internal/external internal/external 50/55 45/50 600
6-3
50/55
6-4
55/60
45/50 50/55
600 600
For strands with F pk = 279 kN ØA ØB internal/external internal/external 50/55 45/50 50/55 55/60
45/50 50/55
R min 600
As.n = P o. As
[mm2]
cross-sectional area of one hairpin bar
n
[-]
number of hairpin bars
Po
[kN]
Prestressing force in the tendon
fAext
[mm]
External diameter of duct
T
[mm]
Concrete thickness
X
[mm]
Required anchoring length according to applicable standard
fy
[N/mm2]
Yield strength of hairpin bars: m in. 390 N/m m2
Min. required concrete strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube =23/28 MPa at time of stressing Concrete cover to ducts shall not be less than the external diameter of the ducts
600 650
6-7
75/82
60/67
750
75/82
60/67
850
6-12
90/97
80/87
1000
90/97
80/87
1100
6-19
110/117
95/102
1300
110/117
95/102
1400
6-22
110/117
95/102
1500
120/127
110/117
1500
Arrangement of multiple L anchorages depending on available concrete thickness
Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm 2 or Ap = 150 mm 2 System can be used with c orrugated steel duct or with PT-Plus duct For larger units contact VSL
T3·ØA ext
Page T 33
T4·ØA ext
T4·ØA ext
Page T 34
DEAD END ANCHORAGE TYPE L
2
Duct
Required cross-sectional area of hairpin bars if anchorage is an intermediate anchorage (~ 1/4 of 2 x Po anchored behind tendon at ~ 50% · fy ):
Smooth Steel or Smooth HDPE Pipe
Grout Connection Grout Connection
As.n = P o. As
[mm2]
cross-sectional area of one hairpin bar
n
[-]
number of hairpin bars
Po
Unit 6-2
For strands with F pk = 260.4 / 265.5 kN ØA ØB R min internal/external internal/external 50/55 45/50 600
For strands with F pk = 279 kN ØA ØB internal/external internal/external 50/55 45/50
R min 600
6-3
50/55
45/50
600
50/55
45/50
600
6-4
55/60
50/55
600
55/60
50/55
650
6-7
75/82
60/67
750
75/82
60/67
850
6-12
90/97
80/87
1000
90/97
80/87
1100
6-19
110/117
95/102
1300
110/117
95/102
1400
6-22
110/117
95/102
1500
120/127
110/117
1500
[kN]
Prestressing force in the tendon
fAext
[mm]
External diameter of duct
T
[mm]
Concrete thickness
X
[mm]
Required anchoring length according to applicable standard
fy
[N/mm2]
Yield strength of hairpin bars: m in. 390 N/m m2
Min. required concrete strength f c, cylinder / f c, cube =23/28 MPa at time of stressing Concrete cover to ducts shall not be less than the external diameter of the ducts
Arrangement of multiple L anchorages depending on available concrete thickness
Notes All dimensions in [mm] System applicable to strands with Ap = 140 mm 2 or Ap = 150 mm 2 System can be used with c orrugated steel duct or with PT-Plus duct For larger units contact VSL
T3·ØA ext
Page T 33
T4·ØA ext
T4·ØA ext
Page T 34
Strand projection
Data Sheet No XXX Page T 57
Page T 58
Strand projection
Data Sheet No XXX Page T 57
Page T 58
VSL LOCATIONS
SWITZERLAND
MALAYSIA
* JOHANNESBURG
SUBINGEN SAINT LEGIER
KUALA LUMPUR
TUNISIA
TURKEY
TUNIS
* ANKARA
UNITED KINGDOM
SOUTH AFRICA HEADQUARTERS VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD.
ARGENTINA BUENOS AIRES
BRAZIL SAO PAULO
CANADA TORONTO
CHILE SANTIAGO
AUSTRIA * WIEN
CZECH REPUBLIC PRAGUE
FRANCE
LUTON
SINGAPORE
TAIWAN TAIPEI
SULTANATE OF OMAN
BANGKOK
MUSCAT
GERMANY
SINGAPORE
THAILAND
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
NETHERLANDS
MANDALUYONG CITY
* LABÈGE BERLIN
PHILIPPINES
DUBAI, UAE
VIETNAM HANOI HO CHI MINH CITY
DOHA, QATAR
NEW SOUTH WALES
