vol-4-1-paper

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Y%S nqoaO j¾I 2557 - wei< l,dmh

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mKavqldN rdcdNsfIalh 01' Wkaudo Ñ;%djf.a wK ,o Þish
20' fõomdr.; jQ" fndfyda iïm;a we;a;d jQ mKavq, kï n%dyauK f;fï olaIsK ÈYdfõ mKavq, kï .%dufha jdih lf
41' l=ußhf.a msh f;fï tneõ wid ish¨ ñksiqka tù h' Tjqyq f.dia l,y fldg" l=uref.a Nghka úiska ;¾ckh lrk ,oafoa wdmiq meñ‚fhda h' 42' tys bÈl< kqjr tA fya;=fjka zl,y k.rZ kï úh' tA wid wehf.a fidfydhqrka mia fokd hqo jÈkq ms‚i meñ‚fhda h' 43' mKavq, nuqKq mq;a pkaø f;fï tA ish,a,ka keiqfõ h' Tjqka hqo l< N+ñh zf,ajdlvZ kï ,eî h' 44' blaì;s j mKavqldNh l=ur f;fï .x.dfjka tf;r j fÞ¿.,g .sfha h' 45' tys i;r wjqreoaola jdih lf
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f.!;u nqÿrcqkaf.a ioyï idu ikafoaYh /f.k'''

oïil m;=rejd Æ ñ.Þh jkaokd lruq''''æ ;:d.;hka jykafia tl,ayS fufia mjikafka h'

ish,a, ue~Æfhñ" ±l" ±k .;af;ñ ;u Èú úuid ,enqfhñ wjfndaOh .=rejrfhla fkd olskfa kñ ud yg jk f,dfõ wkq;; a r iïud iïnqÿ fjñ il, flf,ia .sks ksjfq jñ isy,s e,a oïil lrld,kakg liS rgg wúÿ w÷r ;=< ksokd f,da i; wud fnrh y~jd oï wud rih

i, .hdfõ je,s;, u;ska fkarxcrd fldu,sh ksfid,aufka .,d niskakS h' f,dj my< jQ W;a;Í;r uqksjrhdKka jykafiaf.a iuj;g lsisÿ .eyegla fkd jkakg" fidnd oyu ksy~ .súiqulg tla ù isáhs' iqmika fjila i| u~, nei .sh wyia l=fiys flfuka flfuka msÍ wd fmdfidka i|j; ne;sfhka Èÿ,kakS h' f.!;u wry;a iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia j weh fï olskafka m
tA woyi o ÿgq iyïm;S n%yaurdchd ;:d.;hka jykafia bÈßfha my< ù fufia mjikafka h'

.=rejrfhl= ke;sj ys÷u ksielj ud wìnjkd wfhl=ka msÿfjd;a ;=kfa ,dj úuid ne¨j o olskga iïnqÿ kqjKg iu lsifs jl= ke;s

hfula ijka hq. we;s kï wikq ie±ye;shka yg yer we; wu; mskja ;a nUqfka ud ,o oyï fkd foikakg is;f= õ th fjfyi

ÿllS fhfylS fkd yelS f,djlS

oyï foikakg uqks rc is; fkd kefukafka wfka iñ÷fka fï f,dj jekiS hkafka flf,ia w,am jQ f,da jeishka fuys bkafka oyï wid tA wh wjfndaOh .kafka flf,ia iys; jQ whf.a oyï msÍ we;S f,dj fj; uqki s rKh yer irKla fjk ke;S ure mrÞ ch.;a uqk÷s ks fu;a is; we;S fnÞ,ñka isß ioyï jäkq uekú ks;S túg ;:d.;hdKka jykafia wisßu;a nqÿ weiska f,dj úksúo olsk fial'

fk¿ï ú,ls fï f,dalh fk¿ï u,ska ;sfí fk¿ï Wv kEú;a l<,a ufâ ;j;a fk¿ï msìfokakg ysre foig u olsï oyï ,en iqmfs mk fk¿ï úf,l

msÍ tÍ yeÍ isÍ

tA fudfydf;a ;:d.;hka jykafia iyïm;S n%yaurdchdf.a wdrdOkdj ms
ukd u h oajdrh wud Èh ksid u h

túg ;:d.;hka jykafia tA werhqu ms
fufia jÞrd Wkajykafia úuid n,kafka m
b;d ÿlsks isß ioyï ud ±l flf,iaj,ska ±fjkd f,dj tys M, Wvq.x msyk s d fuoyï uÕ .; wúÿ w÷r msß f,dj th fkd olskq

iqmika bßhõ orkd mskja ;a Tn ljfrl=f.a oyula reÑfldg ljqreka Tnf.a .=refoú f,i jev ld Wfoid meúÈ ù o lsj uek

fï is;=ú,a, ÿgq iyïm;S n%yaurdchd ;:d.hka jykafiag oK kjd jkaokd lrñka fufia mejiSh'

iq.; ;sf,da.=re iïnqÿ wm uqks t j. tfia u h iujk wh fuys ìysjqK" ìysjk nqÿjre lrkd .=re fldg oyu u mqo fokq uek

rcqfka fkd jqfKa f,isfka ysñ i÷fka

.;af;a ke;af;a hq;fa ;a we;af;a

Nj; isá; fjfi; Nj;

uu fuu iu uu jQfhó hó mqnoq ó foó

fmdfidka i| nei f.dia l,dfjka l,djg fudaÿ ù wd wei< i|j; ;:d.; › j;u~f,a ksu, fid÷re nj olsñka kuialdr lrkakg ierfikakS h' ñka jir 2602lg fmr WÞ jQ tA wei< i| fl;rï kï mskn a r o@ laf,aY Þyfhka fjdar jQ ;mia rlsñka isáh § tA w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.fhkaj;a fkd ,o úuqla;shla iqj myiqfjka flfia ,nkak o hehs i,ld .;a miaj. ;jqika ;uka fj; jäkd tA wiydh uqksjrhdKka jykafiaj uydkSh whqßka ms
miaj. ;jqika uqk÷s j tys ms<.s kafka /iafok i|mdfka yeu fok jev bkafka Èiafok iïnqÿ nKmo ijKg jkafka fÞia ÿre lr,k oïil fï me;sfrkafka wud oï fnrh jhñka iq.; ;:d.;hdKka jykafia oïil m%j¾:kh lr m;=rejd Æ" wd¾h Y%djl iÕ rejk f,dj my< ù jÞ
lïmd lrjñka iyiaiS - oif,dalOd;+ foiq fial wm iïnqÿka - oïila foiqï tA nrKeia mqf¾ wi, jQ - ñ.Þh jkfha tA OïufÉ;sh W;=ï - isrñka j¢ï uï lõ igyk

Wÿ,d moaudj;S

ñ.Þfha wei< if|a /ia uqj fmdõjka fk;a úoyd n,d .iaje,aj, u,a msm,s d iqj| h
úysfokjd isákjd yukjd wefikjd tkjd úysfokjd wikjd ,efnkjd i|mdfka t
idÿæ idÿææ idÿæææ mQckSh lsßn;af.dv ØKdkkao iajdóka jykafia úiska rÑ; mska u;=fjk jkaokd lD;sfhka fuu meÈfm< Wmqgd .kakd ,§'

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^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

ySxue‚fl wïud

wd¾h i;Hh kï wld,sl jQ;a ikd;k jQ;a úYaj i;Hhg tfrysj weh lòjqre nekaod h' kuqÿ''' tA ish,a, wef.a fofk;a wNsuqfõ § u wo .rd jeà we;' wjik weh o .rd jeà we;' wd¾h O¾uhg tfrys j f.dia ch.;af;da ljryq o@

kshg jeys fmdo jefÜ' ySxue‚fl wïud tkg" È.g jeù ;snQ fldKavh yev h' o;a fld| lel=¿ fuks' iqfoda iqÿ h' iu mshlre h' /,s ke;' ,m le
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´kjg;a jeä h' .fï ´kEu wjia:djl uq,a ;ek f.k lghq;= lf
f.d;d l¿ fli iDcq flrE .; fid÷re rE isß tod ug úh yeß yeÍ neÆfjda h ud foi''''' iqÿ h ysi fli l=ÿ h fï .; wn, ÿn,j ÿ.| úysfok Tjqyq fkd n,;s" n,ñ uu th crdfjka neg lEj wreuh'''''' hk" o;a Èr Èrd hk" yu /,s jeà hk ld,hla Wmkakd jQ i;ajhkag Wreu h' wm%sh foa
fuu ,smsh .ek Tfí woyia wmg SMS lrkak 071 555 66 66

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ukfia we;sjk úúO udhdjka y`ÿkd.kak

uyr whg ;sfhk m%Yakhla ;uhs" Ndjkd lrf.k hoa§ iudêhla jeãf.k tkfldg lïue,s ys;s,d ukisldrh w;ayßkjd' tA úÈyg ukisldrh w;ayeßhdu ys; yexf.kjd' tA lshkafka Bg miafia isÿfjk foa fuhd okafka kE' is; lvdf.k jefgkafk;a kE" kSjrKhla lsh,d fydhkak;a nE' kuq;a fudllao jqfKa lsh,d thd okafka kE' tfyu mehla folla yß b¢hs' tfyu b|,d Ndjkdfjka keÕsákjd' Bg miafia neßfj,dj;a fldfyka yß weyqfKd;a z´l ;uhs ud¾.M,hZ lsh,d thd ;j;a /jfgkjd' fudlo fuhd álla Ndjkd lrf.k hoa§ ys; tlÕ fjkjd' tlÕ fj,d Bg miafia iudêhla jf.a tkjd' Bg miafia uql=;a okafka kE' kuq;a fuhd okafka kE ys; fïlg wdYd lrkjd lsh,d' fï .ek yßhg fkd oek ysáfhd;a Bg miafia tAl È.ska È.g u mqreoaog hkjd' mqreoaog .sh .uka fuhd Ndjkd lr,d zuf.a ys; wry;aM,hg m;afõjd''æZ lsh,d wêIaGdk lf
Ndjkd Wmfoia ÿkakfka' tA fjkfldg ,l=Kagl NoaÈh iajdóka jykafia wry;ajhg m;afj,d' tA;a idßmq;a; uyry;ka jykafia Wmfoia fokjd' tA fj,dfõ nqÿrcdKka jykafiag Wodkhla my< fjkjd —fuhd wry;ajhg m;ajqK flfkla' fuhdg Wmfoia fokak fohla kE''˜ lsh,d' t;fldg wmg fmakjd" tA ú.%yh yßhg u lrkak mq¿jka nqÿrcdKka jykafiag muKhs' idßmq;a; uyry;ka jykafia m%{dfjka wf.%aIajr hs' kuq;a nqÿ kqjK ldgj;a kEfka' tA lshkafka wdihdkqih [dKh" bkaøshmfrdamßh;a; [dKh msysgkafka nqÿflfkl=g muK hs' tAjdhska ;uhs nqÿrcdKka jykafia wks;a flkdf.a ;sfhk wl=i,a hgfjkak" l=i,a u;=fjkak jqjukd lrk yßu jpkh foaYkd lrkafka' tAl f,dalfha fjk lsisflfkl=g nE' fldfydug;a j¾;udkfha ljqreyß flfkla fï O¾u ud¾.fha hkjd kï thdg fï iïnkaOfhka hï hï wlr;eínj,g m;aùï" fkd u`. hEï" /jàï" uq
iudêh jeãfï § ;ukaf.a ixidßl mqKH úmdl biau;= fjk wjia:dj,a ;sfhkjd' tfyu fjkafka iif¾ mqreÿ lrmq fohl wkqidrfhka' tA jf.a wh;a ug yïnfj,d ;sfhkjd' iuyr wh Ndjkd jvkak mgka .;a;g miafia thd t;ek fkfjhs jvkafka" ;ukaf.a biairyd ;j flfkla bkakjd fmakjd' thd ;=
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jf.a u lshkjd" —uu wij,a iajdóka jykafia <Õg;a .shd' tA iajdóka jykafia;a fï úÈyg lsõjd˜ lsh,d' b;ska uu lshkjd —Thd ´l fydhkak tmd' Thd ;=< hï m%{djla ienE f,i jeä,d ;sfhkjd kï tA m%{djg ydkshla fjkafka kE' kuq;a ienE f,i fkd jeã ukfia yg.kak iajNdjh Èyd n,,d Tn tAlg ,l=Kla od.;af;d;a" tA ,l=K wms ,jd iïu; lr.kak yeÿfjd;a Thdg fkd oekS u flf,ia yg.kak mq¿jka˜ lsh,d' fudlo j¾;udkfha wmg i;shg" iudêhg" ùßhg ;sfhk f,dl=u ndOdj ;uhs zm%udohZ' wms lshuq flfkla Ndjkdj i|yd ùßhla" W;aidyhla .kakjd' tA W;aidyh ;=< l=i,hl=;a jvkjd' tA ksid iudêhl=;a we;s fjkjd' tA jf.a u úo¾Ykd yeáhg Th fmdâvla kqj‚ka fufkys;a lrkjd' tA úÈyg fufkys lroaÈ;a wr mrK iudêhg u ys;;a jefgkjd' îudêhg ysf;a ;sfhk ne£u ksid& fufyu fjoa§ fuhd ys;kak mq¿jka zyd'' uu oeka fidajdka fj,d bkafka''Z lsh,d' fidajdka fj,d bkafka lsh,d ys;=jg miafia thd ys;kjd zoeka" uu i;r wmdfhka w;añÈ,d'' oeka ug ;sfhkafka wd;au y;hsZ lsh,d' thd tA ,l=Kq ál;a Tlafldu od.kakjd' kuq;a Bg miafia thd okafku kE" thd wdfhu;a mrK f,dalhg u jefgkjd' fudlo" thd Bg miafia wjOdkfhka bkafka kEfka' wjfndaO jqKd lsh,d is;Su ;=< wjOdkh w;ayßkjd' tAl fï jf.a' iuyr wjia:dj hqoaOfhka Èk,;a mrÈk wh bkakjd' tA lshkafka iuyr wjia:dj, Tkak hqoaO lrkjd' hqoaO lr,d i;=rd m,jd yer,d ch wrf.k bkakjd' yenehs thd bkafka i;=rd wdfhu;a myr fohs lshk wjOdkfhka f;drjhs' thd wjOdkh w;ayer ch meka ìî bkakjd' kuq;a thd okafku kE" i;=rd weú,a,d myrfok l,a' tA jf.a wka;sug ;ukag fjk foa ;ukaj;a okafka kE' b;ska tA ksid úfYaIfhka O¾u ud¾.fha hoa§ yeu ;siafia u ;shd. kak ´k tlla ;uhs ksy;udkSlu' fudlo O¾uh fmdâvla bf.k .;a;d lsh,d" tfyu ke;akï Ndjkdj fmdâvla l
u;= ineòs''' zkfuda nqoaOdhZ iÔù ioyï l;sldj; weiqßka ilia jk ,smsfmf
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^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

iem ,nk u`. fï f,dalfha Wmka ish¨ i;ajfhda u iem ú|skakg leu;shs' ÿla ú|skag wlue;shs' kuq;a iem leu;s jQ mu‚ka u" ÿlg wlue;s jQ mu‚ka u wmg iem Wodlr.kag mq¿jkalula ,efnkafka kE' tA i|yd wmg tA iemh Wodlr .kak wdldrh .ek fyd| jegySula ;sfhkag ´k' fï i|yd ;uhs wmg Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia foaYkd fldg jod< O¾uh jqjukd fjkafk'

ikrdur ysñ oïila foiqfõ bism;fka ñ.Þ jk wrfKa

Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia fï f,dalfha ÿl iïmQ¾Kfhka u ÿre lr, tA ÿl iïmQ¾Kfhka u ksreoaO lr, mßmQ¾K jQ iemhg m;a jqKd' Bg miafi Wkajykafia foúhka ñksiqka iys; fï f,dalfha ish¨ i;ajhka Wfoid tA O¾uh lshd ÿkak' tA lshd ÿkak fohg ;uhs ioaO¾uh lsh, lshkafka' hï flfkla tA W;=ï ioaO¾uh wy, tA flfrys ys; myojdf.k tA ioaO¾uh fyd¢ka ord .;af;d;a" wkak thdg;a mq¿jkalu ,efnkjd iemj;a Ôú;hla Wmojd .kag' hï flfkla fï ÿlska ksoyia fjkag leu;s kï mßmQ¾K jQ iemh ;ukaf. Ôú;h ;=
mQckSh kdj,msáfha wßhjxY iajdóka jykafia

f.!;u ikafoaYh uq
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g ;siakj jirlg by; §" tkï nqoaO j¾I 2518 wei< ui mqka fmdfydh Èk uykqjr isß o<Þ jykafia wìhi uy u¿fõ § il, ,laÈj fndÿ ie±ye;shkaf.a is;a nqÿ ne;sfhka rxckh lrjñka wisßu;a joka fm
—O¾u pl%h m%j¾;kh lsÍu iòyd uu liSrg nrKeia mqrhg hkafkñ' wúoHd wkaOldrfhka jeiS .sh f,dalfhys i;ajhka Wfoid wud oï fnrh jhkafkñ'˜ fufia f,dal i;ajhka flfrys uyd lreKdfjka hq;= j miaj. uyKqka Wfoid meje;ajQ m%:u O¾u foaYkdj jQ Oïuplal mj;a;k iQ;%fha isg mkaid
—ikrdur ysñ oïila foiqfõ bism;fka ñ.Þ jk wrfKa miaj. uyKqka isõiia oyuls iqrUqka mri;= idOq'''' idOq''' y~keÕ=fõ idOq''' idOq''' idOq'''

yuqfõ foiqfõ ie¨fõ

iir l;r ÿla i;r wmd .sks ioyï Èh jeis oïila mej;=u idOq'''' idOq'''' idOq''''

is÷fKa ksjqfKa jegqfKa foiqfKa

flf,ia u,ska f,dj ksjka fodrg ux wú÷ w÷r ÿre uqks÷ ke‚ka f,dj È¨fKa idOq'''' idOq'''' idOq''''—

ñÿfKa werefKa flrefKa

.S;fha m%drïNlia:dhS .dhk fldgfia rdj kxjk zbism;fka ñ.Þ jk wrfKaZ hk joka kÕk èjksh jQ l,S ñksiqka foúhka iys; uq¿úYajh u W;=ï nqÿ jokska iekyS ksù w¨;a Ôjk m%fndaOhla wdiajdoh ,enQ nj wÕjkakls' iuia; nqoaO foaYkdj u yl=
i;H O¾u foaYkdj miaj. uyKqka Wfoid meje;a jqj o th oioyila f,dal Od;=j, foúhka w;rg me;sr .sh whqre ziqrUqka mri;= ie¨fõZ hk f;jokska .uH fjhs' bism;fka ñ.Þfhka jk .eng .,d .sh m
zme;=ï nf,ka fokakd wdfõ l;=ka ieug kdhl ìïnd b;ska iir weúÈkafka ke; f.diska nqÿj tkl,a isgmka

fmaù foaù foaù foaùZ

.sys f.hska msgj f.diska j,g je§" ih jirla ÿIalr l%shdj, fhfoñka i;H .fõIKfha kshe
—i;r wmd .sks ksjqfKa ioyï Èh jeis jegqfKa˜ i;r wmd .sks ksù .sfha ioyï jeis jeàfuks' oïilamej;=ï iQ;%h foaYkd lsÍu ioyï jeisÈh weoye,Sula f,I momnò ksuehQ iqks¨ka Wml,amkh lsÍu idl,Hfhka w¾:dkaú; h' ta ioyï jeis Èfhka ksù .sfha foúhka" ñksiqka muKla fkd j uq¿ uy;a i;aj j¾.hd we;=¿ il, f,dal Od;=j u h' .S;fha wjidkfhafh § we;s wka;rd .S LKavfhka th ukdj ikd: fjhs'

—flf,ia u,ska f,dj ñÿfKa ksjka fodrg ux werefKa˜

Oïuplal mj;a;k iQ;%h foaYkd lsÍfuka il, f,dal Od;=fõ u flf
iqNdú; .S;hl riú÷u

ohdmd, chfk;a;s

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foajdfrdayK mQcd

jd.%h f;la wdf,dalh m;=rejd,ñka .Kavïn jDlaI uQ,fha § hul uyd m%d;syd¾h jod< Nd.Hj;a jQ wry;a jQ iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia — fmr nqÿjrhka jykafia,d hul uyd fm
m~qmq,a wiqk nqÿrcqkg mqo fohs

uy;a W;aij Y%Sfhka nqÿmshdKka jykafia jvujd f.k meñK mdKavqlïn, ffY,dikh ms
ckhd nqÿmshdKka j fidh;s tA jk úg i¾j{hka jykafia rejka ilaukska w;=reokaj foõf,dj

jevuùfuka nqÿrÿka fkd fmkSfuka ;sia yh fhdÿkla isidrd isá msßig iQ¾h ÈjHrdchd ke;s jqKdla fuka o pkaø ÈjHrdchd ke;s jqKdla fuka o f,dalh u wkaOldr jqKdla fuka o ±kqkdy' túg i;ajfhda —wfyda wmf.a nqÿrcdfKda Ñ;a;l+g m¾j;hg .shdfoda''''' ffl,dil+g m¾j;hg .shdfoda''''' nqÿrcdKka jykafia kï ;u úfõlhg b;du;a leu;s jqK fial' fï id uyd msßila ueo fï wdldr fm
foújre i;aldr lr;s tA ;=ka udih uq¿,af,a u uq.,ka uy ry;ka jykafia /iaj isá msßig O¾uh foaYkd l< fial' ck;dj wik ,o m%Yakj,g ms
tlsfkld flfrys wdfldaI mßNjhla fyda Tjqfkdjqkag wm%ikak jpkhlska fyda wffu;%S ne,aulska fyda lsis u flfkla jrola fkd l
mskl uysu fï w;r nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;=ka f,djg kexjQ m%§mhla fia È,sys È,syS mdKavqlïn, ffY,dikfhys ioaO¾u ,S,dfjka jev isák fial' tl,ays ñksia f,dj § is,aj;a NsCIQka jykafia kulg tla n;a yekaola muK ms
weiqr - mQcdj,sh ieliqu

udfk,a fmdäue‚fla

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mother has a tremendous love towards her children no matter how they become to be. She takes that love even to her last breath when she gets old and sick and close to her death. When seeing such a mother becomes grievously ill, a child would also feel sad about their mother's status. As birth brings decay, sickness, and death to all the beings no matter how powerful they are, everyone feels sad and helpless when someone they love becomes ill and when they see them suffer. According to the Supreme Buddha's teachings, we know that this is not the only life that we had to go through such a pain. The Supreme Buddha taught us that the amount of tears we have shed in our past lives seeing our mother getting sick or dying is larger than the amount of water in the ocean. It is in fact the same for all beings since birth brings decay, sickness, and finally the death. This is the noble truth of suffering, which is revealed to us in the Noble Dhamma found by the Supreme Buddha. Not just the noble truth of suffering, but also the noble truths of cause of suffering, cessation of suffering, and the path leading to the cessation of suffering are shown in the Noble Dhamma. Following this noble path, taught by the Supreme Buddha, when a disciple attains the noble bliss of freedom from suffering he is known as an Arahanth who is the greatest individual of the Noble Sangha. In Thera Gatha, Arahanth Mānhava Thero says, “After seeing a decayed old person, a suffering sick person, and a dead person who spent his lifespan, I freed myself from the sensual pleasures and household life.” This is the remarkable nature of the Noble Sangha. When all other ordinary people become sad, cry, suffer, pray for good health or freedom from death, or sometimes try to ignore the decay, suffering, and death, it just takes only a moment for these great disciples to see the truths disclosed by the Supreme Buddha. The disciple monks had sharp minds and wisdom to see the truth of this life. Moreover Arahanth Channa Thero says, “There's an extraordinary taste in the Dhamma preached by the Supreme Buddha with His noble mind. It's invaluable. I disciplined myself according to that Dhamma. I only had the intention

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of attaining the wisdom of the Four Noble Truths. Our great teacher, the Supreme Buddha, shows this Dhamma with a remarkable talent.” The noble monks greatly valued and honored each noble word that was generated in the astounding mind of the Supreme Buddha. They listened to the Noble Teachings of the Supreme Buddha, store it in their minds, tried hard to practice it, and see it through their lives, “It is indeed wholesome to listen to the Dhamma. It is indeed better to practice that listened Dhamma. Living a life without any desire is indeed good. It is also wholesome to contemplate on the Dhamma that's been heard. Welcoming the Dhamma reverently is indeed wholesome”. This is a stanza preached by Arahanth Kumāputtha Thero. There are many groups of people in this world. There are groups based on religion, politics, or various beliefs. Some people become well known according to some deeds they perform based on these beliefs, but same principles or deeds can betray them in a tragic way leading to their own downfall after sometime. However, the noble disciples of the Supreme Buddha are different from the ordinary people. They are supreme to all beings in the world. They have reached the most superior status. If anyone develops confidence or a pleasant mind towards the noble Arahaths, their reward is indeed superior as their confidence is towards the most superior individuals in the universe. The Supreme Buddha explained the qualities of an Arahanth in these stanzas. Sukhino vata arahanto - tanhā tesam na vijjati asmi,māno samucchinno - moha,jālam padālitam Happy indeed are the Arahats! – all three types of cravings are not found in them. They have cut off the conceit “I am,” - broken through the net of delusion. Anejam te anuppattā - cittam tesam anāvilam loke anupalittā te - brahma,bhūtā anāsavā They have reached the unshakable Nibbana their minds are without any disturbance, Unsullied by the world are they - become perfect, free from defilement. Pañcakkhandhe pariññāya - satta saddhamma,gocarā pasamsiyā sappurisā - puttā buddhassa orasā Having fully understood the five aggregates – they are of seven good qualities These praiseworthy true individuals - are the sons of the Buddha. Satta,ratana,sampannā - tīsu sikkhāsu sikkhitā anuvicaranti mahā,vīrā - pahīna,bhaya,bheravā Endowed with the seven jewels - trained in the three trainings,

The great heroes wander about - having abandoned fear and trembling. Dasahamgehi sampannā - Mahā,nāgā samāhitā ete kho setthā lokasmim - tanhā tesam na vijjati Endowed with the ten factors - are like great tuskers, mentally concentrated They are indeed superior in the world - there is no craving in them. Asekhañānam uppannam - antimoyam samussayo yo sāro brahmacariyassa - tasmim aparapaccayā The wisdom has arisen in them - this is the last body to be borne, The heart of the holy life - is in him, and live independent of others Vidhāsu na vikampanti - vippamuttā punabbhavā danta,bhūmim anuppattā - te loke vijitāvino They tremble not at discrimination - released from rebirth, Having reached the ground of the tamed - they are conquerors in the world. Uddham tiriyam apācīnam - nandī tesam na vijjati nadanti te sīhanādam - buddhā loke anuttarā'ti Above, across, below – there is no craving in them, Roaring their lion-roar – ‘the Buddhas are supreme in the world!’ As the Supreme Buddha explains the qualities of the most superior individuals in the universe, He goes on to teach us the qualities of the great Sangha with a great compassion towards us, so that… The Supreme Buddha taught us the qualities of the great Sangha with a great compassion towards us, so that we could gain merits by thinking and chanting these qualities, and follow such life patterns and free ourselves from suffering by adding those qualities to our lives as well. The noble Sangha discipline their lives in virtue, concentration, and wisdom in order to eradicate desire, hatred, and ignorance, hence the noble Sangha is “Supatipanna”. They have entered into the noble Eight-fold Path, the straight path, to free from suffering with great effort and mindfulness and therefore they are known as “Ujupatipanna”. The Noble Sangha is disciplining in order to realize the Four Noble Truths. This is why the Noble Sangha is called “Gnāyapatipanna”. The Noble Sangha spread the Noble Dhamma with great compassion towards both deities and humans. Because the Noble Sangha spread the Dhamma around the world with a great respect, they are also known as “Sāmichipatipanna”. There are four pairs of disciples, eight as individuals based on the path and what they have achieved –Stream enterer, Sotapanna – once returner, Sakadăgămii – non-returner, Anăgămii and the Arahath. All these noble Sangha are suitable to accept Siwpasa [robes (clothing), alms, accommodation (house, hermitage, or huts), and medicine] that are brought from far and offered to them. This is why the great Sangha is known as “Aahunheyya”. Moreover, the Sangha is suitable to be offered with the Siwpasa when they are guests. The Noble Sangha is therefore called “Pāhunheyya”. The Noble Sangha is also called “Dakkhinheyya” because any offering to them bring great merits to the giver. Both humans and deities worship the Noble Sangha because they are suitable for their homage and thus known as “Anjalikaranhiiya”. The Noble Sangha is the foremost group of people that can bring merits for all deities and humans of the world. If one either honors, worships, or offers something to the Noble Sangha with devotion, that person will get the foremost merits that one could get by any offering or veneration to a group of people. That is why the Noble Sangha is called the “Anuttaran Pugngnakkhettan Lōkassāti”. Let us use this rare opportunity to learn about these great individuals and build confidence towards them. Let us be fortunate to remember the great qualities of the Noble Sangha, venerate them whole heartedly and gain merits to follow their footsteps.

By Chinthaka Silva

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uydfï> mqj;a i`.rdj 41" Y%S úchdrdu mgqu." kqf.af.dv Tel :- 071 555 66 66 | 011 437 37 47 Fax :- 011 280 39 97 [email protected] - www.mahamegha.lk www.facebook.com/mahamegha .re wkqYdil;ajh

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Ndr; iQßhnKavdr

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W;=ï ksjka uÕ iS, úY=oaêh we;slr .ksuq mQckSh kdj,msáfha wßhjxY iajdñka jykafia ms ljqre;a l,n, fkd ù Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia fmkajd ÿka úÈyg fyd¢ka O¾uh bf.k .kag uykais fjkag ´ke' tA úÈyg O¾uh bf.k .kak flkd iemhg m;afjkjd u hs' tAl j
i;=fgka bkak flkd iqj myiqfjka jdih lrkjd' iqjmyiqfjka jdih lrk flkd iqj myiqfjka u ;uhs tA ud¾.h mqreÿ lrkafka' t;fldg thd wmyiqjg m;afjkafka kE' tA ksid ksjka uÕ .ek fyd|g bf.k .kak' fyd|g bf.k .kak flkd tA Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia f.!rjfhka weiqre lrk flfkla njg m;a fjkjd' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia f.!rjfhka weiqre lrk flkdg mq¿jkalu ,efnkjd msßksjkamdkag' msßksjkamdkag mq¿jka flkdg ish¨ ÿflka ksoyia ùfï Nd.Hh Wodfjkjd' msßksjka mEfuka ish¨ ÿla wjika fj,d hkjd' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a Y%djlhkaghs tA msßksjka mEfï Nd.Hh Wod fjkafk' yenehs fï foaj,a wdjg .shdg isoaO fjkafk kï kE' tA lshkafk hï flfkla msßksjkamdkag kï thd [dK o¾Ykh msßisÿ lr.kag ´k' [dK o¾Ykh msßisÿ lr.kag kï mámod [dK o¾Ykh msßisÿ lr.kag ´k' mámod [dK o¾Yk úiqoaêh we;slr .kag kï u.a.du.a. [dKo¾Yk úiqoaêh we;slr .kag ´k' u.a.du.a. [dKo¾Yk úiqoaêh we;s lr.kag kï lxLdú;rK úiqoaêh we;slr .kag ´k' lxLdú;rK úiqoaêh we;slr .kag kï ÈÜÀ úiqoaêh we;s lr.kag ´k' ÈÜÀ úiqoaêh we;slr .kag kï Ñ;a; úiqoaêh we;s lr.kag ´k' Ñ;a; úiqoaêh we;s lr.kag kï iS, úiqoaêh we;slr.kag ´k' t;fldg iS, úiqoaêh we;s ùulska f;drj Ñ;a; úiqoaêh we;s jkafka kE' Ñ;a; úiqoaêh we;s ùulska f;drj ÈÜÀ úiqoaêh we;s jkafka kE' ÈÜÀ úiqoaêh we;s ùulska f;drj lxLdú;rK úiqoaêh we;s jkafka kE' lxLdú;rK úiqoaêh we;s ùulska f;drj u.a.du.a. [dKo¾Yk úiqoaêh we;s jkafka kE' u.a.du.a. [dKo¾Yk úiqoaêh we;s ùulska f;drj mámod [dKo¾Yk úiqoaêh we;s jkafka kE' mámod [dKo¾Yk úiqoaêh we;s ùulska f;drj [dKo¾Yk úiqoaêh we;s jkafka kE' [dKo¾Yk úiqoaêh we;s ùulska f;drj msßksjka mEula isÿjkafka kE' msßksjka mEulska f;drj ish¨ ÿlska ksoyia ùula isÿ jkafka kE' ish¨ ÿlska ksoyia ùulska f;drj crd urK lshk fï uQ,sl w¾nqofhka ksoyia ùula fjkafk;a kE' tfykï wms tA Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a Y%djlhka úÈhg lghq;= lrkag leu;s kï crd urK lshk ÿflka ksoyia fjkag leu;s fjkag ´k'

crd urK ÿflka ksoyia fjkag leu;s flkd tA ksjka uÕ .ek fyd| jegySula we;s lr .kag ´k' tfia ksjka uÕ .ek jegySula we;s lr.;a; flkd tA ksjka ufÕa wdrïNfha b|ka mqreÿ lr.kag ´ke' tfykï tA ksjka uÕ fld;kska o mgka .kafk@ iS,h msßisÿ lr .ekSfukqhs' tA ksid wms crd urK ÿflka ksoyia fjkag leu;s kï tA ksjka uf.a wdrïNh fyd¢ka mqreÿ lr .ekSug leu;s fjkag ´k' tA i|yd u uy;a fia jEhï lrkag ´k' ksjka uf.a wdrïNh msßisÿ lr .;a; flkdg hï l,l tA ksjka uÕ wjika lr .kag mq¿jkalu ;sfhkjd' fï O¾ufha ;sfhk iqúfYaI;ajh ;uhs tA ksjka uf.a wdrïNhg meñKs flkd tA uÕ wjidkh lrd hkjd u hs' tAl fï O¾ufha ;sfhk w;sYh iqúfYaIS njla' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia úiska fmkajd ÿka O¾ufha ú;r u hs tAl ;sfhkafk' tA O¾ufha wdrïNhg meñ‚ flkdg tA O¾uh wjidkh lrd ÈhqKq lsÍfï Nd.Hh fï f,dfõ ldgj;a j
wdidfjka mqreÿ lr .kag wm ljqre;a leu;sfjkag ´ke' wkak tA .=K O¾u ál ál wfma Ôúf;ag mqreÿ lr .;af;d;a wm ;=< iS,h ÈhqKq fjkjd' iS,h msßisÿ fohla njg m;afjkjd' iS,h mßmQ¾K njg m;afjkjd' iS,h mßmQ¾K fjkjd lshkafka iS,h msßfykafka ke;s fohla njg m;afjkjd' kej; j;djla is,a ìfòkafka ke;s iajNdjhg ÿiais,a njg m;a fkd fjk iajNdjhg m;afjkjd lshk tlhs' tAlhs iS,h msßisÿ fjkjd lshkafk' t;fldg kej; j;djla thd ÿiaiS, Ndjhg m;afjkafka kE' tAl isoaO fjkafka kE' tAl isoaO lrkag ldgj;a nE' thdf. Ôú;fhka tA ÿiaiS, Ndjh ksreoaOfj,d bjrhs' tAlhs iS, úiqoaêh lsh, lshkafka' t;fldg tA iS, úiqoaêhg meñŒu ms‚i wms úiska mqreÿlr .;hq;= fndfyda .=KO¾u ;sfhkjd' tA .=KO¾u ish,a,la u mqreÿlr .kafka ke;sj iS,h msßisÿ lr.kag nE' tA úÈyg iS,h msßisÿlr .ekSug jqjukd lrk .=KO¾u mqreÿlr .ekSu ms‚i Wmldr jk mßirh f.dvkef. kafka l,HdKñ;% weiqf¾ msßila iuÕ tlg jdih lsÍu ;=
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mska lkaola mqrd .kakg is; myod uvqlkafoa fjfyr kuÈuq isß o
13

W;a;u jdu › oka; Od;+ka jykafia jvdys`ÿjd mqo i;aldr l
olakg we;' jdy,alv isg bÈßhg wä foiShlg;a jvd ÿr fm;a u. fomi .,a jegj,a wo;a oelsh yels h' th jeà we;af;a m%Óud>rhla f,i ie,lsh yels p;=ri%dldr f.dvke.s,a,la fj; h' Bg hdnoj u Wfmdai:d.drhl kgUqka olakg we;' tod ohd jykafia,dg iqj myiqj ie,iSu ms‚i u ks¾udKh jQjdg iel ke;' mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska 1974 jif¾ § fuys lekSï wdrïN fldg we;;a flá l,lska tu lghq;= kj;d,kakg ;%ia;jd§ka iu;a úh' úydr ìfï ;eka ;ekaj, wo;a olakg ,efnk i|lv myKa" uqr.,a" ksy~j mjikafka j;auka lekSïj,g yiq fkd jQ biõ ;=< ;j;a iqúi,a w;S;hla ieÕù we;s nj fkd fõ o@ fï ms
Th u~qj lshkafk uKavmh lshk tlfk' b;ska o.sß úydrh' oj¾K rc;=udf. ldf,fk fï isÿùu fjkafka''' b;ska fyauud,d l=ußh yd oka; l=ure fj;ska o.sß úydrh fyj;a fuu úydrfha jev isá iajdóka jykafia,d o
fndfydu ñksiaiq fï .ï ìï od, .shd' wms .ula .ula .dfk .syska ñksiaiqkag ffO¾hh ÿkakd' .ïj,g .yoaÈ ta ñksiaiq fï úydrhg f.k,a, wdrlaId lkdhl l=re÷f.dv r;kidr iajdókajykafia" mßfõKdêm;s uqjweg.u iqukidr iajdóka jykafia jeks ix> mS;Dka jykafia,df.a jHdhduh w¾:j;a jkafka o túg h'

mqKH pdßld ,smsfm< ms
pdßld igyk

iqo¾Yk Y%S úfÊisxy

14


uu''' lKaKdäh ;=
^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

m lsh, lshkafka i;r uyd Od;=kaf.ka yeÈ, ;sfhk foaj,aj,ghs' tA ú;rla fkd fõ rEm lshkafka —remam;S;s fLda NslaLfõ ;iaud rEmka;s jqÉp;s˜ keiS jekiS hk ksid rEm lsh,d lshk nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia myod ÿkakd' wia‌iq;jd mq:qÊ‌cfkda wßhdkx woia‌idù wßhOï‌uia‌i wfldaúfoda wßhOï‌fï wúkSf;da ima‌mqßidkx woia‌idù ima‌mqßiOï‌uia‌i wfldaúfoda ima‌mqßiOï‌fï wúkSf;da rEmx w;a‌;f;da iukqmia‌i;s —fï f,dalfhys mD:.ackfhla bkakjd'

Tyq wd¾hka jykafia,d fkd olsk flfkla' wd¾h O¾uhg wolaI flfkla' wd¾h O¾ufhys fkd yslauqK flfkla' i;amqreIhka jykafia,d fkd olsk flfkla' i;amqreI O¾uhg wolaI flfkla' i;amqreI O¾ufhys fkd yslauqKq flfkla' tA ksid Tyq î;r uyd Od;=kaf.ka yg .kakd jQ& rEmh wd;auhla jYfhka uq
kuq;a Tyqf.a tA rEmh úmßKduhg m;afjkjd' fjkia fj,d hkjd' zt;fldg Tyqf.a tA rEmh úmßKduhg m;afj,d" fjkia fj,d hEu ksid uu oeka fjkia fjkjd uu f,v fjkjd''' uu jhig hkjd''' uu uefrkjd'''Z hhs is;d fidal" je
miq ish,a, wjidkhs' tA ksid bkaklï ld,d î,d kg,d .h,d iEu iemla u ú|f.k urdf.k" fydrdf.k fyda i;=áka isàu l< hq;= hehs l,amkd lrkjd' Tyq ur‚ka u;= lsisjla keyehs hk zWÉfþo oDIaÀhgZ m;a fjkjd' fï ksid ksh; ñ:Hd oDIaÀhg m;a fjkjd' tneúka Tyq ur‚ka u;= lsisj;a ke;s kï Ôj;a jk ld,fha l=ula l<;a l=ula lSj;a l=ula is;=j;a fudflda hehs is;d m%udoh ;=< .e,S hkjd' uiqrelu ;=< .s,S hkjd' fï ksid ;uka isákafka wkjfndaOhla ;=
ú[a[dKh meje;ajqjfyd;a tA jf.a fj,djl thd uefrkjd kï fukak fïl isoaO fjkjd' tlaflda thd ksrfha WmÈkjd' tlaflda ;sßika f,dalfha WmÈkjd' lkska Yíohla wy, rd. iys; j ú[a[dKh meje;ajqjfyd;a tA jf.a fj,djl thd uefrkjd kï fukak fïl isoaO fjkjd' tlaflda thd ksrfha WmÈkjd' tlaflda ;sßika f,dalfha WmÈkjd' kdifhka .| iqj| wd>%dKh lr, rd. iys; j ú[a[dKh meje;ajqjfyd;a tA jf.a fj,djl thd uefrkjd kï fukak fïl isoaO fjkjd' tlaflda thd ksrfha WmÈkjd' tlaflda ;sßika f,dalfha WmÈkjd'

15 fjks msgqjg''''

f.!;u nqÿrcqkaf.a ioyï idu ikafoaYh /f.k''' 14 fjks msgqfjka''''

Èfjka ri úò rd. iys; j ú[a[dKh meje;ajqjfyd;a tA jf.a fj,djl thd uefrkjd kï fukak fïl isoaO fjkjd' tlaflda thd ksrfha WmÈkjd' tlaflda ;sßika f,dalfha WmÈkjd' lhg ±fkk myig rd. iys; j ú[a[dKh meje;ajqjfyd;a tA jf.a fj,djl thd uefrkjdkï fukak fïl isoao fjkjd' tlaflda thd ksrfha WmÈkjd' tlaflda ;sßika f,dalfha WmÈkjd' ukig isf;k wruqKqj,g rd. iys; j ú[a[dKh meje;ajqjfyd;a tA jf.a fj,djl thd uefrkjd kï fukak fïl isoaO fjkjd' tlaflda thd ksrfha WmÈkjd' tlaflda ;sßika f,dalfha WmÈkjd'˜ fufia bkaøsh wixjrfhka hqla; mqoa.,hd lfhka" jpkfhka" isf;ka ÿisßf;ys fhfok nj wx.=;a;r ksldfha zwúÊcd iQ;%fhaZ § nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska foaYkd fldg jodd;h 2' fidrlu 3' jerÈ ldu fiajkh jÖ ÿIapß;h 1' fndre lSu 2' fla
rEmh Od;= jYfhka ne,Su uqyqK jYfhka fmkqK foa'''''' mGú" wdfmda" f;afcd iy jdfhda jYfhka fn¥ úg fï foaj,a fldgia 4la muKla nj fmfka' fï Od;= y;frka yg.;a rEm WmdodkialkaOh wdydr m%;Hfhka kej; kej; fjkia fõ' fuh úuish hq;= hs' túg''' uqyqK hkq uuhs''' rEmh hkq uu fõ'''' hk wd;au i[a[dj ke;sù hhs' fuys oS Ndjkdkqfhda.shd úiska isÿlf
uf.a wd;auh fkd fõ' wkqka hehs i,lk" hï rEmhla weoao" tA ish¨ rEm i;r uyd Od;+ka ksid yg.;a fyhska o" jyd fjkia ù hk fyhska o" wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs tA ish¨ rEm uu fkd fõ' uf.a fkd fõ uf.a wd;auh fkd fõ' f.dfrdaiq hehs i,lk" hï rEmhla weoao" tA ish¨ rEm i;r uyd Od;+ka ksid yg.;a fyhska o" jyd fjkia ù hk fyhska o" wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs tA ish¨ rEm uu fkd fõ' uf.a fkd fõ uf.a wd;auh fkd fõ' ishqï hehs i,lk" hï rEmhla weoao" tA ish¨ rEm i;r uyd Od;+ka ksid yg.;a fyhska o" jyd fjkia ù hk fyhska o" wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs tA ish¨ rEm uu fkd fõ' uf.a fkd fõ uf.a wd;auh fkd fõ' hym;a hehs i,lk" hï rEmhla weoao" tA ish¨ rEm i;r uyd Od;+ka ksid yg.;a fyhska o" jyd fjkia ù hk fyhska o" wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs tA ish¨ rEm uu fkd fõ' uf.a fkd fõ uf.a wd;auh fkd fõ' whym;a hehs i,lk" hï rEmhla weoao" tA ish¨ rEm i;r uyd Od;+ka ksid yg.;a fyhska o" jyd fjkia ù hk fyhska o" wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs tA ish¨ rEm uu fkd fõ' uf.a fkd fõ uf.a wd;auh fkd fõ' ÿr ;sfnkakd jQ" hï rEmhla weoao" tA ish¨ rEm i;r uyd Od;+ka ksid yg.;a fyhska o" jyd fjkia ù hk fyhska o" wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs tA ish¨ rEm uu fkd fõ uf.a fkd fõ uf.a wd;auh fkd fõ' <Õ ;sfnkakd jQ" hï rEmhla weoao" tA ish¨ rEm i;r uyd Od;+ka ksid yg.;a fyhska o" jyd fjkia ù hk fyhska o" wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs wks;Hh hs tA ish¨ rEm uu fkd fõ uf.a fkd fõ uf.a wd;auh fkdfõ' fufia fï rEm WmdodkialkaOh wks;H ksid úmßKdu O¾uhg m;a jk ksid fï fjkia ùu u hs cd;s" crd" jHdê" urK" m%shhkaf.ka fjkaùu" wm%sh foa iu. tla ùu" leu;s foa fkd ,eî hdu iy fidal je
miai Ñ;a;l;x ìïnx - wreldhx iuqiais;x wd;=rx nyqixlmamx - hiai k;aÓ Oqjx À;s ±kaj;a fyd¢ka n,d.kak' ,iaikg irif.k ysáhg fïl ;sfhkafk uia jeÈÉp wegiels,a,la' f,v ÿla f.dvla' w{dk ckhd fï YÍrh .ek fndfyda ukyr is;=ú,s is;=jg" fïfl ks;H fohla kE' iaÓr fohla kE' mj;sk fohla kE' mßðKaKñox rEmx - frda.ksâVx mNx.=rx NsÊc;s mQ;sikafoafyda - urKka;x ys Ôú;x i;r uyd Od;+kaf.ka yg.;a fï rEmh crd - Ô¾K fj,d wjika fjkjd' frda.j,g l+vqjla jf.a' jyd ì£ hkjd' fodrgq kjhlska wiQÑ je.sfrkjd' fï Ôú;h ì¢,d urKfhka wjika fjkjd' hdksZudks wm;a:dks - w,dmQfkaj idrfoa ldfmda;ldks wÜÀks - ;dks Èiajdk ld r;s mdhk ldf, lv,d od,d" tA tA ;ek úislrmq ,nqln,a jf.a fï ysialn,a ;sfhkafk' fï ñkS weg w¿ fldfnhshkaf.a mdghs' fïjd ±l ±l fudk ldu r;shla o@ wÜÀkx k.rx l;x - uxif,days;f,amkx h;a: crd p uÉpq p - udfkda ulafLda p ýsf;da fï YÍrh wegj,ska f.dvk.,d" uia f,aj,ska wdf,am lr,d wgj,d ;sfhk k.rhla jf.a' crdjg;a" urKhg;a m;afjkafk;a fï YÍrh u hs' wyxldrlu we;sfjkafk;a fï YÍrhg u hs' .=Kul=lu we;s fjkafk;a fï YÍrhg u hs'

weiqr ( Oïu moh - crd j.a.h

2012

1966

15

rEm WmdÞkialkaOh ms
ixjdo igyk iy fm<.eiau m
úYajkd;a foajm%sh

16


^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

fmd;a.=,l úmru

fY%aIaG;ajh fidhd hEu

f,dalfha fndfyda fokd iem i;=g m;d fkdfhl=;a foa miqmi Wu;=fjka yUd h;s' iuyr úg tA fjkqfjka uq¿ Ôú; ld,h u .;ù yudr h' kuq;a wdmiq yeÍ neÆ úg tA fndfyda foa ;=< .; hq;a;la ke;' tA fndfyda fokd ñhefokafka ysia w;sks' crd urK Wreu fldg .;a Ôú;hla weiqre lrñka u crdurK O¾uhg u hg;a foaj,a miqmi yUd hk wirK Ôú; crd urKh úiska u .s, oud we;' yeuodu;a isÿ ù we;af;a ÿl ;=< u isrùu muKla u h' f,dj l,ska l,g my< jkakd jQ úi,a m%{djlska fyì uyd mqKHjka; W;a;u mqreIhka fï iajNdjh blaujd .sh máfida;.dó jQ ud¾.hl ish Ôú;h fufyhjhs' wmf.a Ydia;D jQ isoaOd¾: f.!;u uqksrcdKka jykafia o fY%aIaG;ajh fidhd uydNskslauka l< fial' Wkajykafiag ish,a, wNsNjd .sh tA fY%aIaG;ajh uqK .eiq‚' th ish¨ ÿla blaujd .sh ;ekls' crd urKhg whs;s ke;s iod;ksl iekiSu we;s ;ekls' tA W;=ï wjfndaOfhka ;=kaf,djla wdf,dalj;a j .sfha h' wm uyd fndai;dKka jykafiaf.a tA úuqla;s pdßldfõ wdYap¾hj;a jQ isoaêoduhka ms fj;ska Tng ;s
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nqÿ jokg mK ÿka h;sjrhdfKda

17

uäfya m[aØiSy uykdysñ ß,l f.!;u nqÿ iiqk Ñrd;a ld,hla /l .ekSu ms‚i ;u Ôú;h u lem l< mskaj;a NslaIQka jykafia,d .ek wm fndfyda l;dnia lr we;' tA iqfmaI, YslaIdldó h;sjrhka jykafia,df.a oyug - úkhg wkql+, Ôjk rgdj ;=
ìug we;=<;a jQ Èk isg uäfya m[aØiSy hk kñka y÷kajk ,§' Wkajykafia t;eka isg ienE nqoaO mq;%hka jykafia kula lghq;= lrk wdldrhg Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a O¾uh uekúka yÞrñka" ;u Ôú;hg O¾uh . f,dal Ydik fiajhg moku ilia ùu fufia isß jðrdrduhg meñŒfuka isÿ jQ nj lsj yels h' 1933 jif¾ § uäfya idufKar ysñfhda me,Efka .x.drdu úydria:dk Wol=lafÄm iSudud,lfha § isß f¾j; kdysñhkaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka yd me,Efka jðr×k" fmd,aj;af;a Oïu;s,l yd wyx.u mKaä; m[aØf,dal úh;a ysñjrekaf.a l¾u jdlHfha wdpd¾h;ajfhka WmiïmÞ N+ñhg m;ajQy' meúÈ jQ Þ isg Wmimka jk ;=re;a Wkajykafiag ;u mshd yd weiqrla fkd ;sì‚' kuq;a WmiïmÞ mqKH l¾ufha § ;u mshdKkaj f;rejka irK .sh nqoaOY%djlfhla njg m;alrùfï jdikdj uäfya m[aØiSy ysñmdKka yg ,eì‚' O¾u×kh yd foaYk Yla;sh ÈhqKq lr.ksñka udysñmdKka WmiïmÞfjka miq m
h' nqreufha mej;s cÜG ix>dhkdfõ mGul Y=oaê lñgqjg 1954 § f;aÍ m;ajQ Wkajykafia tu jif¾ u nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl uKav,fha idudðlfhl= jYfhka o lghq;= liNdj msysgqùug uQ,sl jQ Wkajykafia 1966 § WmiNdm;s Oqrhg o 1987 iNdm;s Oqrhg o 1992 W;a;Í;r uyd kdhl Oqrhg o m;a jQy' w;smQcH uydkdhl iajdñmdohdKka jykafiaf.a f,da iiqka fiajdfõ w;sYhska u jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla iksgqyka jkafka 1958 § uyr.u isß jðr×k O¾udh;kh ^NslaIq wNHdi uOHia:dkh& wdrïN lsÍu;a iuÕ h' iqfmaI, YslaIdldó NslaIQka jykafia,d mqyqKq lsÍu" nqÿ oyu wOHhkh lsÍu yd mqyqKq lsÍu" fn!oaO Ôú;h .; lsÍug .syshka mqyqKq lsÍu yd rg O¾uoaùmhla lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu hk mrud¾: y;rg tys uq,a ;ek ,enq‚' kdysñhka l=, orejka uyK lsÍfï § l=, fNaoh yd ksldh fNaoh fkd ie,l+y' fï ish,a, yereKq úg Wkajykafia ix> iuÕsh yd cd;sl iuÕsh Wfoid o wd¾Ól iudÔh yd wd.ñl ;;a;ajhka kÕd isgqùu i|yd úúOdldrfhka ueÈy;a jQy' cd;sl .eg¨ úIfhys tä;rj y~ ke.+ Wkajykafia ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh úi£u i|yd tl, meje;ajQ i¾jmd¾Isl iuq¿j i|yd ;ukajykafiaf.a o ksfhdackh ,nd ÿkay' Wkajykafia mqj;am;a uÕska o O¾u foaYkd uÕska o fuu iudc i;aldrh bgqlrkq ,enqjd ñi iDcqj u foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g ueÈy;a fkd jQy' j¾Ifha iEu Èkhl u b;d wúfõlSj jevisá uykdysñmdfKda fld;rï jevrdcldÍ ueoafoa jqj o ;ud yuqjg tk ieug u ldre‚l WmfoaYd;aul jpk lsym s hlska fyda ix.%y lrkakg wu;l fkd l
oYl i;lg jeä ld,hla uq¿,af,a iajlSh NslaIQ Ôú;fhka f,djg isÿl< wkQmu hq. fufyjrg Wmydr ±laùu i|yd wkqrdOmqr nqoaO Y%djl O¾umSGfhka m%jpK úYdro iïudkh o fmardfo‚h iriúfhka wdpd¾h Wmdêh o fn!oaO yd mdiNdfjka ;%smsgl jd.SYajrdpd¾h iïudkh o Wkajykafia fj; msßkud we;' 1971 § mE,shf.dv úYaj úoHd, msßfjk uÕska wm uyd kdysñhka jykafiaf.a fiajh Wfoid nqoaO Ydik YsfrdauŒ kï iïudk Wmdêhla o msßkuk ,§' wuoHm jHdmdrh fjkqfjka wm uyd kdysñhka isÿl< Ôú; ld,Sk fiajdj w.hkq jia 1966 j¾Ih i|yd wdishd yd wuoHm idu ;Hd.h msßkuk ,§' iïnqoaO Ydikhg;a" ,dxlSh ck;djg;a" nqÿkq f,djg" O¾u idys;Hg yd isxy, NdIdjg;a wkQmu jQ" úYsIag fiajdjla isÿlrñka jevisá w;smQcH uydkdhl iajdómdohka jykafia 91 jk úfhys §" tkï 2003 iema;eïn¾ ui 8 jk Èk ish¨ ixialdr O¾uhkaf.a wks;H;djh m< lrñka isyskqj‚ka hq;=j wmj;a jQ fial' f.da, idufKar kuf.a is,aj;a nj" nqoaêu;a nj yd §ma;su;a wkd.;h úksúo ÿgq Y%S f¾j; kdysñmdfKda meúÈ ìug meñK udi yhlska m[aØiSy idufKar ku nïn,msáfha jðrdrdudêm;sj jev isá me,Efka isß jðr×k ysñhka fj; hjk ,§' Wkajykafia isÿ lrkakg fhÿk §¾> f,dal Ydik fiajhg moku ilia ùu fufia isß jðrdrduhg meñŒfuka isÿ jQ nj lsj yels h'

pß;dmodk igyk

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^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

is; myojd .ksuq mskaj;=fka" mskaj;a orejfka" fï O¾ufhka wms biafi,a,d u .kak ´k foa ;uhs meye§u' meye§u ke;sùfï w¾nqo ;uhs yeu ;eku ;sfhkafka' meye§u we;s fjkak kï" nqoaO foaYkdfõ ;sfhk mßmQ¾K;ajh olskak kï" tA foaYkdj iïmQ¾Kfhka u wms ±k.kak ´k' ux lshkakï tAlg fyd| WodyrKhla' iqN lsh, ;reKfhla wdkkao iajdóka jykafiag ;ukaf.a ksjig jäkak lsh, lsõjd' ^nqÿrcdKka jykafia t;fldg msßksjkamd,d& b;ska wdkkao iajdóka jykafia jeähd' thd wykjd" —iajdókS" wdkkaohka jykai" Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia jevisáoa§ ks;r ks;r fï iudchg m%ldY lf
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õ úukl isßfhka úYd,d uykqjr w,xlD; úh' úYd,dfõ wïnjfkdaoHdkh fidnd fi!kao¾hfhka fYdaNudk h' wrefKdaoh;a iu`. u isfhd;=kaf.a ñysß .S y`v ys;g we;s lrkafka wuq;=u iqkaor;ajhls' w;=m;ßka
ld,h f.ù .sfha h' Nø fh!jk úhg md ;enQ wïnmd,S ukd rEimqjlska hqla; jQjd h' weh w;sYhska u iqkaor reje;a;shla úh' uq¿ úYd,d uykqjr u wïnmd,shf.a reúka uk fudaykhg m;aúh' foõ úuklska ñysng ÈjH wmairdjla mßoafoka weh w;sYhska u iqkaor jQjd h' ;ks rkska l< rka rejla fuks' úYd,dfõ ukfudaykSh jQ fï reje;a;sh ms
fuf,iska wry;a NsËq‚hlg wdfl%daY mßNj lsÍfuka weh úYd, mdm l¾uhla /ialr .;a;d h' tA ksid u ksrfha bmso fndfyda l,la w;sYhska u lgql ÿla úkaÞ h' wd;auNdj mkaishhla u fji`.kla jkakg wehg isÿ úh' fï Njfh;a wehg th Wreu úh' t;eka mgka weh ;uka i;= lr.kakg l,flda,dy, l< rcjre" l=udrjre" isgqjre" fkdfhla ;rd;srïj, isá mqreIhka" ;reKhka wef.a myi ,nd. kakg lyjkq ish oyia .Kka jeh lrñka wE fidhd meñ‚hy' wE fjkqfjka jeh l< hq;= lyjkq m%udKh Èfkka Èk jeä l< kuqÿ weh fj; meñ‚ msßfiys wvqjla kï fkd jq‚' fkdfnda l,lska u wïnmd,sh úi,amqr úiQ Okj;a u ldka;dj njg m;a jQjd h' úYd,d uykqjr wef.a reúka ;j ;j;a iqkaor úh' Èkla ìïìidr rc;=ud fndfyda ;E.sfNda. /f.k wïnmd,sh neyeolskakg meñ‚fha h' wef.a fiaúldjla meñK rcq meñ‚ nj ±kajQjd h' —iajdñ Èh‚hks" wfma uyrc;=ud Tn;=ñh neyeolskakg meñK isákjd' Tn;=ñh ±l.kakg leue;af;kqhs bkafka˜ —wd''' fudlla'''@ uyrc;=ud'''@ ug woyd .kak;a nE˜ wehg mqÿudldr m%S;shla we;s úh' ú.iska u levm; <Õg f.dia ;u rej foi lsysmúgla u n,kakg úh' weh È.= ks,ajka fk;a iÕ< ìug fhduq lrf.k i|¨ ;,fhka nei ìïìidr rcq foig .uka lroa§ rcqg weh ÈiajQfha ñysng iqr,shla mßoafoks' ysi jid isá isks÷ fia,h uòla újr l< wïnmd,sh" ks,ajka fk;= hq., úysÞ f.k ìïìidr ksß÷ka foi ne¨jd h' r;ajka fof;d,a w;ßka fld| lel=¿ jka oika fmkajd u| isky mEjd h' rcq weh ±lafuka u mskd .sfha h' ìïìidr rcqf.a fk;a ;udg u woyd.; fkd yels úh' fu;=jla fkd ÿgq iaj¾K j¾K yxiskshla n÷ jQ rej ±l rcq wukaÞkkaohg m;aúh' —wjirhs" foajhka jykai" Tn jykafiaf.a meñŒu ug fudk ;rï i;=gla o@˜ —wd''' Tn o fï uq¿ rg u l;dfjk iqkaoÍ@ we;a;g u wïnmd,S kqU yß u ,iaikhs fka' yß u iqkaorhs fka' Ñ;%,;d

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ïnqÿ YS% foayh wdÞykh l< miq ,,dg Od;+ka jykafia" ol=Kq yd jï wl= Od;=ka jykafia,d iy i;r o<Þ jykafia,d yereKq fldg wjfYaI ish¨ Od;=ka jykafia,d l=vd l=vd len,sj,g fn§ fjka jQ nj Od;= úia;rfha lshefjkjd' i;r o<Þ jykafia f,i y÷kajkafka Wvq wekafoa iy há wekafoa jï iy ol=Kq jYfhka msysá rokl o;a i;rhs' ;:d.; YS% foayh ±fjk Ñ;lfhka Roaêu;a jQ ry;ka jykafia,d fokula úiska i¾j{ Od;+ka jykafia,d fokula bj;a lr .kakg fhÿKd' ñhq.=K uyd iEfha ksOkaj wo o foõ nUqkaf.a jkaokdudkhg md;% jk .%SjdiaÓ Od;=ka jykafiaj ;:d.; YS% foayh ±fjk Ñ;lfhka .kq ,enqfõ idßmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a YsIH jQ Roaêu;a irN+ uy ry;ka jykafia' fixlv., o<Þ ueÿfrys iqÿuqÿ nqÿ / ia úysÿjñka Ôjudkj jev fjfikd jdu YS% oka; Od;=ka jykafiaj tA wdldrfhka u .kq ,enqfõ fÄu uy ry;ka jykafia' Wkajykafia jdu YS% o<Þ jykafiaj /f.k ld,sx. foaYhg jevu fldg jÞ
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mqo mQcd meje;aùu ms‚i Od;+ka jykafiaj Ndr lKaGhka úiska lshQ fla,dï nia weiSfuka fldamjqK rcq Ñ;%hdk kï jqK iduka; rcqg wK l
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› o<Þ jykafia tfjf,a uy fmd
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21

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n;a fjkqjg lDóka lkak mqreÿ fjkak - f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkfhka m‚jqvhla (FAO - 2013) W.% fjñka mj;sk f,dal wdydr w¾nqoh yuqfõ f,dal n,j;=ka ksre;a;r h' f,dj u jekiQ yß; úma,jh fjkqfjka y`vke.+ úYaùh úoaj;=ka" úh;=ka" nqoaêu;=ka weáflfy,a .s,sk ,o W.=vqjkaf.a ;;a;ajhg m;a j we;' fulS w¾nqohg Tjqkaf.a
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uydfï> jd¾Isl Þhl;ajh mdi,g" mqia;ld,hg" úydria:dkhg" msßfjkg" m%cd Yd,djg ishÆ fmdÿ ia:dkj,g fuka u Tfí /lshd ia:dkhg we;=¿ wOHdmk yÞrk ishÆ isiq orejka fjkqfjka iykÞhS wju ñ,lg'''

,smskh ( uydfï>" 41 - Y%S úchdrdu mgqu.

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kqf.af.dv 10250

uydfï> ±ka Tfí k.rfha;a kqf.af.dv fnd/,a, ud,fò .ïmy fydrK nÿr,sh

- 0715556666 - 0774747161 - 0112413025 - 0723289650 - 0344943924 - 0719937165

22 jk msgqfjka'''' fuu f;dr;=re flf¾ wjOdkfhka n,kak' uqrex.d wm ie,ls,a,lska j.d lrkafka ke;' fndfyda úh
wkqrdOmqr - 0724552199 .,akEj - 0254928154 ;Uq;af;a.u - 0715327855 fmdf
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- 0814950182 - 0718392747 - 0773618297 - 0664928484 - 0374942744

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fmd,a.yfj, nKavdrfj, r;akmqr n,xf.dv .d,a, ud;r

- 0374942747 - 0715478663 - 0719267868 - 0454927712 - 0914941574 - 0713440042

mßir idOlj,g wm wksis n,mEula fkd lrk ;dla l,a mu‚' tu mßir idOl y÷kdf.k wdrlaId lr.ekSu Tnf.a hq;=luls' Tnf.a fuka u Tnf.a wkd.; mrmqr fjkqfjka o ;SrK .ekSug fmr h
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Tfí oyï .eg¨j mQckSh lsßn;af.dv [dKdkkao iajdóka jykafia iu`.ska

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² mskaj;a iajdóka jykai" Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia foiQ O¾uh l=ulaoehs ieflúka meyeÈ,s l< yels o@ îajdlaLdf;da N.j;d Oïfuda& Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a O¾uh ukdfldg foiQ fohla' îkaÈÜÀflda& fï Ôú;fha ±lsh yels fohla' ^wld,sflda& l,a fkd hjd úmdl fok fohla' ^tAysmiaisflda& ´kEu flfkl=g úuid n,kakehs lsj yels újD; fohla' ^´mkhsflda& ;ud ;=
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úiska úYsIag jQ m%{dfjka hq;=j Tng foaYkd lf
flfrys fkd fi,afjk meye§u we;sfjkjd' tA jf.a u Wkajykafia jod< Y%S ioaO¾uh flfrys fkd fi,afjk meye§u we;sfjkjd' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a Y%djl ix>r;akh flfrys fkd fi,afjk meye§u we;sfjkjd' ixhq;a; ksldfha miafjks fldgfia oÜGín iQ;%fha fï úÈyg i|yka fjkjd' ^l;a: p NslaLfõ ioaêkaøshx oÜGínx@ p;=iq fida;dm;a;swxf.aiq& uyfKks" Y%oaOd bkaøsh ±lal hq;af;a fldfya o@ tkï fida;dm;a;s wx. i;r ;=< h' tA wkqj wmg fmkS hkjd kshu Y%oaOdj we;sfjkafka fida;dmkak jQ flfkl= ;=< nj' tA Y%oaOdj ;uhs f;rejka flfrys we;s fkd fi,afjk m%idoh;a" is,amo /lSu;a' ² mskaj;a iajdóka jykai" wm fldhs;rï mõ isÿl<;a fï fudfydf;a isg mxp YS,h iqrlS kï wmd.; fkd fõ o@ ixhq;a; ksldfha ixLOu lshk iQ;% foaYkdfõ i|yka fjkjd ks.KaGkd:mq;a; lshk m%ldYhla' tA ;uhs hfula nyq, nyq, jYfhka m%dK>d;d§ wl=i,a lrkjd kï tA fya;=fjka wmd.; fjkjd lsh,d' ojila nqÿrcdKka jykafiag ks.KaG Y%djlfhla uqK .eyqKq wjia:djl Th lreK .ek úuikjd' b;ska Tyq fï úÈyg msd; lrkjd kï" fidrlï lrkjd kï" jerÈ ldu fiajkfha fhfokjd kï" fndre lshkjd kï" u;ameka u;aøjH mdkh lrkjd kï" hfula fï foaj,a nyq, nyq, jYfhka lrkjd tA fya;=fjka wmd.; fjkjd lsh,d' tA fj,dfjÈ nqÿrcdKka jykafia ms,s;=re fokjd Th ;¾lh ksjerÈ kï lsis flfkla wmd.; fjkafka keye lshd' tAlg fya;=j úuiQ úg nqÿrcdKka jykafia jodd; l< wfhla wksjd¾hfhka u wmd.; fjkjd hehs oDIaá.;sl ùula ;=
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l YS%fhka úrdcudkj jev fjfik ;:d.; jdu › oka; Od;+ka jykafia Wfoid wfkalúO mQfcdamydr meje;afjk W;a;u wei< udihhs fï f.ù hkafka' › i¾j{ Od;+ka jykafia,d w;ßka fndfyda m%d;syd¾hhka mdkakg iu;a jQ jdu › oka; Od;+ka jykafia fï fy< fndÿ rgg uyd wdYS¾jdohla fjñka ueo uykqjr o<Þ ueÿf¾ úrdcudk j iqjfia jev fjfikjd' o<Þ m%d;syd¾hhka .ek lshoaÈ wmg jeäfhka u wykak ,eì,d ;sfhkafka oUÈõ ;,fha o<Þ jykafia jev isáh § mE fm
jykafiaf.a iïnqÿ n, uysuh fudk ;rï kï wisßu;a o@Z lshk tl fldhsldg jqK;a ysf;kjd' Èkh 1921 fjila udifha 12 fjksÞ' bx.%Sis md,khg hg;a jQ fy<Èj tl, w.%dKavqldr Oqrh bis¨fõ zjduiaZ kï bx.%Sis cd;slhd' Tyq kej;S isáfha uykqjr laùkaia fydag,fha' tÞ W;=ï iïnqÿ f;uÕ=, ieufrk fjila mqka fmdfyda Èkhla' Ôjudkj jev fjfik i¾j{ Od;+ka jykafia mqo fokakg u,a" myka" iqj| ÿï wdÈ mQcdNdKav /.;a fndÿ ck;dj iqÿj;ska ieriS" je, fkd leã o<Þ mqog .uka lrkjd' nqÿ oyu hkq jkpdÍ ñksiqka woyk ñ:Hdjla lsh,d ys;df.k ysgmq tA iqÿ cd;slhdg fï oiqkska we;s jqfKa buy;a fldamhla' mç rc;=ud o<Þ jykafia j ls‚ysrhl ;,d úkdY lrkakg is;+ wdldrfhka u fï w.%dKavqldrjrhd;a wK fldg isáhd l=¿f.ähla yd ls‚ysrhla f.k lïu,alrefjl= o<Þ ud
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^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

kaj;=ks" ;:d.; wry;a iïud iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia kula ;uka jykafiaf.a m%{dj fï f,dalhg újr lrkafka iir ÿlska ksoyia ùu ms‚i hs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska fï ixidr ÿflka ksoyia ùu ms‚i jeäh hq;= ud¾.h mßmQ¾Kj fy
Ndú; lsÍu nyq, jYfhka jeãu fuf;ßka tf;rg hdu ms‚i mj;skafka h'˜

ixidr ÿl kï jQ fuf;ßka ksjk kï jQ tf;rg hdu ms‚i mj;skakd jQ fï b¾êmdo i;r fudkjd o@ Pkaoiudê mOdkixLdr iukakd.; b¾êmdoh hs' Ñ;a;iudê mOdkixLdr iukakd.; b¾êmdo hhs' úßhiudê mOdkixLdr iukakd.; b¾êmdoh hs' ùuxidiudê mOdkixLdr iukakd.; b¾êmdoh hs' b¾êmdo lshkafk l=ula o@ lshd wm úuid ne,sh hq;= hs' b¾êh;a" b¾êmdoh;a" b¾êmdo Ndjkdj;a" b¾êmdo Ndjkd. dñkS mámÞj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia Ndjkd iQ;%fha § foaYkd fldg jÞ
—tl YÍrhlska tjeks f.dvla YÍr ujhs' tu YÍr kej;;a tl YÍrhla lrhs' wyfia .uka lrkakdla fuka ì;a;s yryd" m%dldr yryd" m¾j; yryd tAjdg fkd .efgñka .uka lrhs' Èfhka u;=fjñka lsñfokakd fia fmdf
mskaj;a uyfKks" hï ud¾.hla" hï ms
b¾êmdo O¾u jeãu h' b¾êmdo Ndjkd.dñkS mámÞj hkq wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h h'˜

iïnqÿ ukfia Wmkakd jQ fï b¾êmdo ksidfjka nqÿrcdKka jykafia wkka; b¾êúO [dKfhka hq;= jqKd' uy;a jQ b¾ê m%d;syd¾hhka ±laùug iu;a jqKd' w;S;fha fyda j¾;udkfha fyda wkd.;fha fyda jdih lrk Y%uKhka o n%dyauKhka o uy;a b¾ê we;a;ka" uy;a wdkqNdj we;a;ka jkafka kï tA fï i;r b¾êmdo jevQ neúka nyq, jYfhka jevQ neúka h hkak nqÿrcdKka jykafia fy
,±hs ud yg fmr fkd weiQúrE oyï wei my< úh' kqjK my< úh" m%×j my< úh" úoHdj my< úh' wdf,dalh my< úh'˜ b¾ê m%;s,dNh ms‚i;a ixidrh kï fuf;ßka ksjk kï tf;rg jeãu ms‚i;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska b¾êmdo O¾uhka mKjd jÞ
kï" nyq, jYfhka jvhs kï" th tAldka;fhka u wjfndaOfhka l,lsÍu ms‚i" rd.h ÿre lsÍu ms‚i" we,au ksreoaO lsÍu ms‚i" ixis£u ms‚i" úfYaI wjfndAOh ms‚i" wd¾h i;Hh wjfndaOh ms‚i" ksjk ms‚i fya;= fjhs'˜

ixhq;a; ksldfha b¾êmdo ixhqla;fha i|yka jk Pkao iQ;%fha i|yka jk wdldrhg b¾êmdo O¾uhka y;r .ek wms ms
fufia Pkaoh;a" Pkaoiudêh;a" mOkaixialdr;a fj;a o" fuh Pkaoiudê mOdkixLdr iukakd.; boaêmdoh hs' hulg ùßhla we;s lr.kakjd lshk woyi wm fyd¢ka okakjd' fufia wry;ajhg m;aùu ms‚i we;s lr.kakd jQ ùßh úßh b¾êmdo hs' ud¾.M,djfndaOhg m;a ùug we;s lr.kakd ùßh uq,l a rf.k we;s lr.kakd iudêh" isf;a tlÕnj úßhiudêh hs' úßh b¾êmdoh jvk mqo. a ,hd kQmka mdmS wl=i,a oyï kQmoùu ms‚i;a" Wmka mdmS wl=i,a oyï m%ydKh lr.ekSu ms‚i;a" kQmka l=i,a oyï Wmojd.ekSu ms‚i;a" Wmka l=i,a oyï jeãu ms‚i;a leue;a; we;slr .kshs" jEhï lrhs" ùßh wrUhs" is; ±äfldg .kshs' m%Oka ùßh jvhs' fuh mOdkixialdr jeãu hss' fufia ùßh;a" úßhiudêh;a" mOkaixialdr jeãu;a fj;a o" fuh úßhiudê mOdkixLdr iukakd.; b¾êmdoh hs' B<Õg Ñ;a; b¾êmdo lshkafka wry;ajhg m;a ùug we;s lr.kakd jQ wêIaGdkhghs' wry;ajhg m;a ùug we;s lr.kakd jQ wêIaGdkh uq,alrf.k we;s lr.kakd jQ iudêh" isf;a tlÕ nj Ñ;a;iudêh hs' Ñ;a; b¾êmdo jvk mqoa.,hd kQmka mdmS wl=i,a oyï kQmoùu ms‚i;a" Wmka mdmS wl=i,a oyï m%ydKh lr.ekSu ms‚i;a" kQmka l=i,a oyï Wmojd.ekSu ms‚i;a" Wmka l=i,a oyï jeãu ms‚i;a leue;a; we;slr .kshs" jEhï lrhs" ùßh wrUhs" is; ±äfldg .kshs' mOka ùßh jvhs' fuh mOdkixialdr jeãu hss' fufia is;;a" Ñ;a; iudêh;a" mOka ixialdr jeãu;a fj;a o" fuh Ñ;a;iudê mOdkixLdr iukakd.; b¾êmdoh hs' ùuxid hkafkys woyi kqj‚ka úuiSu hs' wry;ajhg m;aùu ms‚i kqj‚ka úuiSu ùuxid b¾êmdoh hs' wry;ajhg m;a ùu ms‚i kqj‚ka úuiSu uq,alrf.k we;s lr.kakd jQ iudêh" isf;a tlÕnj ùuxidiudêh hs' ùuxid b¾êmdoh jvk mqoa.,hd kQmka mdmS wl=i,a oyï kQmoùu ms‚i;a" Wmka mdmS wl=i,a oyï m%ydKh lr.ekSu ms‚i;a" kQmka l=i,a oyï Wmojd.ekSu ms‚i;a" Wmka l=i,a oyï jeãu ms‚i;a leue;a; we;slr. kshs" jEhï lrhs" ùßh wrUhs" is; ±äfldg .kshs' mOka ùßh jvhs' fuh mOdkixialdr jeãuhss' fufia kqj‚ka úuiSu;a" ùuxidiudêh;a" m%Okaixialdr

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jeãu;a fj;a o" fuh ùuxidiudê m%OdkixLdr iukakd.; b¾êmdoh hs' Èkla ;:d.;hka jykafia úYd,d uykqjr pdmd, kï ffp;Hhg jevu fldg jÞ
f.da;ul iEh is;al¿ h' i;a;ïn iEh iEh is;al¿ h' nyqmq;a; iEh is;al¿ h' idrkaoo iEh is;al¿ h' pdmd, iEh is;al¿ h' mskaj;a wdkkao" hï flfkla úiska fï i;r b¾êmdo jvk ,oafoa kï" nyq, j jvk ,oafoa kï" hdkdjla fuka mqreÿ lrk ,oafoa kï" wruqKla f,i mj;ajk ,oafoa kï" isf;ys msysgqjdf.k isák ,oafoa kï" mqreÿ mqyqKq lrk ,oafoa kï" b;d fyd¢ka wrUk ,oafoa kï Tyqg leu;s kï wdhqI l,amhla fyda Bg jeä l,la fyda jdih l< yels jkafka h' mskaj;a wdkkao" ;:d.;hka jykafia úiska i;r b¾êmdo O¾uhka jvk ,oafoa h" nyq, jYfhka jvk ,oafoa h' hdkhla fuka mqreÿ lrk ,oafoa h' wruqKla f,i mj;ajk ,oafoa h' isf;ys msysgqjdf.k isák ,oafoa h' mqreÿ mqyqKq lrk ,oafoa h' b;d fyd¢ka wrUk ,oafoa h' b¢ka mskaj;a wdkkao" leu;s jkafka kï ;:d.;hka jykafiag wdhqI l,amhla fyda Bg jeä l,la jdih l< yels jkafka h'˜

fufia lshoa§;a wdkkao iajdókajykafia úiska nqÿrcdKka jykafiag wdhqI l,amhla jev jik fialajdæ hs wdrdOkd lrkakg fkd yels jqKd' udrhd úiska uçk ,o is;a we;s j jdih l
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tA wud ksjk lrd hkjd' ldu iemhg jiÕ fj,d m%udo fjk ;eke;a;dg ,efnkafka wdfh wdfhu urKh ú;rhs' wm%ud§ j O¾ufha yeisfrk Woúh wurŒh fjkjd' m%udo fjÉp Woúh Ôj;a jqK;a u
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29

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^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&


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mQckSh lsßn;af.dv [dKdkkao iajdóka jykafia

mg fï f,dalfha yeufohla u lefvkjd" ìf|kjd" úkdY fjkjd fmakjd' kuq;a fï foaj,a fldÉpr fmKqqk;a wmg yeu;siafia u ysf;kjd" fï f,dalfha hïlsis meje;aula ;sfhkjd h lsh,d' ta úÈfya ye`.Sula wmg ;sfhkjd' ta meje;aula ;sfhkjd lshk ye`.Su msámiafia ;sfhkafka ks;Hhs" iemhs" wd;auhs lshk woyi' wmg fïl yßhg u f;areï fíreï lr.kak Wmldr fjkafka nqÿrcdKka jykafia fmkajd §mq O¾uh hs' ixL; - fya;=M, oyñka yg.;a;= foa''' wks;H .ek l;d lroaÈ nqÿrcdKka jykafia fmkajkjd wks;H fjkak fya;= jqKq foa .ek' wks;H fjkak fya;= jqKq fohla ;sfhk ksid ;uhs" hula wks;H fjkafka' Wkajykafia wks;Hh foag mdúÉÑ lrmq fmdÿ jpkhla ;sfhkjd' tal ;uhs zixL;Z' ixL;h lshkafka fya;=M, oyñka ilia jqKq foa' Wkajykafia jod
lrkak mq¿jka' tal;a bjrhs' fjkia fjñka mej;Sul=;a isyslrkak mq¿jka' tal;a bjrhs' wkd.;h wkd.;hg;a Wkajykafia jpkhla mdúÉÑ l
ld,hlg whs;s kE lshk tfla f;areu fïlhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia fmkajd §,d ;sfhkafka fufyuhs' ÔïuÁ;s& tal f,dal oyula' Ôïukshdu;x& tal O¾uhg wod< tla;rd l%uhla' uu tal f;areï lr,d fokakï fufyu' iEu ld,hlg u j,x.=hs''' óg wjqreÿ fldaáhlg biairfj,d ú£ula we;sjqfKa l=ula m%;Hfhka o@ iam¾Y m%;Hfhka' ^Miai mÉÉhd fõokd& wo;a zMiai mÉphd fõokdZ' fyg;a zMiai mÉphd fõokdZ' ú£ula we;sfjkafka iam¾Y m%;Hfhka' ta fy
fmdä ldf,a wdi lrmq foag ±ka wdi o@ mqxÑ ldf, wms" ±ka fu;k we;s fmdä ldf,a je,sn;a Whmq wh' wmg u;lhs" wms fmdä lv ±ïud fmdä ldf,a' gh¾ .yf.k .shd' fnda, .eyqjd' kuq;a ±ka kE' ta wdYdj bjrhs' ±ka fï wh;a tfyufka fka' uu okakjd pQá .eyekq
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^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

85 jirla imqrk › ,xld .=jka úÿ,sfha

fmdfyda od O¾u foaYkdj fn!oaO jevigyka mqkreohg fya;= jkakg úh' fuh Wkajykafiaf.a úYdroNdjh yd ukd ffp;isl yslaóu fudkjg lshdmdkakls' Wkajykafia fmkajd ÿka mßÈ foaYlhdfKda iukaúh hq;= wx. i;r kï"

—wr isxy, fn!oaO l;d mj;ajk whf. l;d fndfydu fyd|hs lsh,d f.dvla wh lshkjd' tA wh uqK.efykak uu;a i;=gqhs' jhska álla iQÞkï lr,d fmdä idohl=;a iQÞkï lrkak' uu leu;shs th;a tlal álla l;d lrkak'˜ —uy;auhd" tA mQcl W;=uka jhska fndkafka keye'˜ —Tõ' tAl we;a;' iuyre jhskaj,g i;=gq keye' tfykï ier îula iQÞkï lrkak' úials''' n%ekaä''' tAjd fyd|hsfk'˜ —kE''' kE''' tA W;=uka fldfydugj;a u;afjk lsis fohla fndkafka keye'˜ —wya''' tfyu o@ tfykï f;a álla ,Eia;s lrkak'˜

wÈka jir oYl wglg;a fmr f.ù .sh Èkhl ì%;dkH cd;l tia' tka' f.dâ*%s uy;d yd jevigyka ksIamdol uy;aufhl= w;r isÿjQ fonils' tia' tka' f.dâ*%s hkq toji zl,ïnq f¾äfhdaZ f,iska mej;s" fuoji YS% ,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dfjys m%:u .=jkaúÿ,s iNdm;sjrhd hs' .=jkaúÿ,sh Tiafia nqÿ iñ÷kaf.a oyï il m;=rejkakg mQfrda.dó fjñka isÿl< wm%;sy; lemùul u,a M, .ekaùula f,iska 1928 wfm%a,a ui 01 Þ nïn,msáfha jðrdudêm;sj jev úiQ w;smQcH me,EfKa isß jðr×k kdhl iajdóka jykafia m
² ksjig meñfKk jeo.;a wuq;a;d zuf.a ksjig meñK ud yd l;d lrk jeo.;a wd.ka;=lfhlaZ hk yeÕSu wikakd ;=< cks; l< yels úh hq;=hs' ² jeo.;a wuq;a;d l;d lrk NdIdj w.ka;=lhdf.a y~" uqÿ fudf
y¾I fyajdjiï

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33


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34


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ngysr bxðfkarejka uú; l< fy
f,dal Wreuhka w;rg tla jQ

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ol=Kq bka§h wdl%u‚lhkag tfrysj l|jqre n¢kd iufha ieÕù isá ;j;a tla iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla jk fuh W!j fj,a,iafia tjlg mej;s wNsryia Wux ud¾. moaO;sfha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls' fuu f,ka úydrh háka Èfjkd Wu. tl, jÜg.dñŒ wNh l=ureka úiska iqrlaIs;j .uka ìuka hdu i|yd nyq,j Ndú;d lrk ,oaols' ,xldj tlafiai;a lsÍfuka wk;=rej rcq úiska fuu úydrh jeäÈhqKq lrk ,o nj ie,fla' kuq;a tl, fuh jkfha yqfol,d úydrhla jQjd ñil m%isoaO udj;la fï yryd fkd ;snq‚' fuu rc udj; ms
35 fjks msgqjg'''

f.!;u nqÿrcqkaf.a ioyï idu ikafoaYh /f.k''' 34 fjks msgqfjka'''' fndaf.dv md,u oekg f,dalfha we;s ,Sj,ska muKla ks¾udKh lrk ,o" wog;a iqrlaIs;j mj;sk f,dj me/‚;u md,u o fjhs' th È.ska wä 54la muK jk w;r wä 5 1$2la muK m<,lska hq;= h' oekg fï yd iudk md,ula uOHu úhÜkdufha we;' fuh cmkqka úiska ks¾ñ; nj ie,fla' oejuh ks¾udK fndfyduhla iys; frdaufha iy iaúÜi¾,ka;fha o fujka md,ï lsysmhla olakg ,efnk uq;a tA ish,a, miq ld,Skj f.dvkÕk ,o tAjd fõ' fuys we;s ;j;a úfYaI;ajhla jkafka md,ug jy,la o fhdod ;sîuhs' wä 08la muK Wi j ;kd we;s fuh ,dxlSh ks¾udK Ys,amfha ÿ¾,N fuka u úYsIag Ndú;hls' md,fï mshiai w.kd leghulska o iukaú;j ks¾udKh fldg we;s w;r fhdod we;s zfm;s W¿Z tys w,xldr nj ;Sj% lrhs' mshiai jfÜg o leghï fhdod we;' tAjd uykqjr hq.hg kElï lshk w;r fomi leghï lrk ,o .rdÈ jeg hq., 11 lska iukaú; fõ' fï ish¨ ldrKd w;ßka iqúfYaIS u lreK jkafka fuu md,u i|yd tlÿ hlv weKhla fyda Ndú;d fkd lsÍuhs' fuh fy< ,S jvqjdf.a ks¾udK fl!I,Hh iy mßir ys;ldóNdjh fudkjdg ms
;sfí' md,u ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd Bg u|la Tífnys jQ kdrx., l÷ uqÿkska ,nd.;a fldia" l=Uqla" l¿jr" ñ,a, iy ó hk oej j¾. 5 fhdodf.k we;s nj lshefõ' kdrx., l÷ uÿkska lemQ oefõ tAl weú;a ¨Kq.,af,a flf;a oefõ msfkka my< jqKd h fndaf.dvg oefõ úIaKq iuka foúfhda msysgjmq oefõ fuh fuu m%foaYfha m%p,s; ck lúhls' Y%S úIaKq iy iquk iuka foú wkqyiska kdrx., l÷ uqÿkska fï i|yd oej ,enqKq wdldrh ms
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35 lsisÿ wjOdkhla fyda ixrlaIKhg lsisÿ mshjrla f.k fkd ue;s njg úydrjdiS iajdñka jykafia,d iy .ï jeishka i|yka lrhs' tfia u Tjqka wjidkfha ;j;a .eg¨jla wm yuqfõ ;enQy' tkï ixialD;sl ;%sfldaKfha ;=ka udhsfuka Tífnys jQ fujka úYsIag fm!rd‚l Wreuhka rlskafka ljqreka o@ ljod o@ hkak h' Bg ms
fuu ,smsh .ek Tfí woyia wmg SMS lrkak - 071 555 66 66 Wreuhl igyk

tA' fla' î' Wvq.ïm<

ierháfhka fkdu ÿgq f,dj - oyï weiska ±l .kakg f,dj m%:u isxy, Y%jH iÕrdj

fuu O¾u Þkuh W;=ï fufyjr iu.ska tlajkak Tn;a'''

071 555 66 66 - [email protected]

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^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

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fmdfydi;a mjq,l Èh‚h uydfoajka i;disjï iy wdkkaoï i;disjï hqj< ;u l=vd Èh‚hka y;r fokd iuÕ fld
l¾lI újdy w;aoelSu újdy ù jirlska jeäuy,a Èh‚h ,enqK;a f.or wdrjq,a fkd ;snqKq ojila fkd jqKq ;rï h' tksid jfrl weh l=vd orejd o /f.k ¨Kqú, ;u foudmshka úiQ úYd, fmd,aj;a;l msysá ksjig .sfha újdy Ôú;h ;s;a; ùu ksid h' ys; ñ;=rkaf.a fuka u foudmshkaf.a o ueoy;a ùfuka mjq, kej; tla lrk ,o w;r kqjrt
wkshï in|;d ;;a;ajh ;j;a krl w;g yerefka bfjdaka iaàjkaika keue;s rEu;a ;reK ldka;djl iu. i;disjï wkshï in|;djla f.dvk.d .ekSu ksid h' jfrl bfjdaka bkaÈhdjg .sh w;r weh flfrys wd,fhka Wu;=j isá i;disjï bkaÈhdjg f.dia weh wdmiq ,xldjg lekaod f.keú;a ;u ñ;=frl=f.a iud. ul /lshdjl fhoù h' bka fkd iEyqKq bfjdaka tx.,ka;hg .shd h' ta iu. u jdf.a i;disjï hqj< o tx.,ka;hg .sh w;r jeä l,la fkd f.dia ;u ieñhdf.a ryia iïnkaOh ksid we;sjq l,lsÍfuka i;disjï uy;añh ieñhd tx.,ka;fha isáh § wdmiq Èjhskg meñ‚hd h' oeä l,lsÍfuka miq jQ wehf.a m%uqL ld¾hh jQfha i;disjï iu. jQ újdyh úiqrejd yeÍu i|yd Èlalido kvqjla meñ‚
Tyq ;u ìßhf.ka Èlalido úh hq;= nj bfjdaka wjOdrKh lr ;snq‚' flfia jqj o i;disjï ;u ìßhf.ka Èlalido ùug lsisfia;a leue;a;la fkd oelajQfha tfia jqjfyd;a ffjjdyl foam< wysñ ùfuka ;ud kslful= jk nj okakd ksid h' t ksid Tyqg jqjukd jQfha ìßhka fofokd u iu. úiSug h' Tlaf;dan¾ 2od olajd Tyq ìßh iu. nïn,msáh ksjfia isáh uq;a iu.shla fkd jQ fyhska ñ;=frl=f.a ksjfia kjd;ekg .sfha h' ;u ñ;=rka leáj o jßka jr nïn,msáhg f.dia ìßh kïujd f.k Èlalidoh bj;a lrjd .ekSug i;disjï fkd .;a W;aidyhla ke;' flfia jqj;a i;disjï uy;añhf.a is; fjkia lsßug Tjqkg fkd yels úh'

Èlalido NS;sh úfYaI m‚jqvlrefjl= ud¾. fhka Widúh Èlalido kvqfõ is;dis i;disjï fj; Ndr fok ,oafoa Tlaf;dan¾ 8 fjksod h' is;dish;a w;ska f.k tÈk u iji 2'00g i;disjï nïn,msáh ksjig .sfha kej; o Èlalidoh b,a,d wia lr.ekSug ìßh fm
orejkaf.a jev Tlaf;dan¾ 9od WoEik wjÈ jq wdkkaoka i;disjï uy;añh iqmqreÿ f,i jeäuy,a Èh‚hka fofokd iqodkï fldg zlaúlafIdaiaZ l=,S r: fiajdjg ÿrl:kfhka l;d fldg l=,S r:hla f.kajd f.k fmdäydñ keu;s fiaúldj iu. mdi,g heù h' l=vd orejka fofokd ñÿf,a fi,a,ï lsÍug heõfõ ;ju;a ksÈhk ieñhdf.a kskaog Tjqka ndOdjla jk ksid h' wjÈ jQ i;disjï ;u ìßh iuÕ wdrïN l< iqyo idlÉPdj wjika jQfha w~ onrhlsks'

ñkSurejd ljqo@ w;a È. lñihlska" l,siulska iy im;a;= fcdavqjlska ieriqKq i;disjï fõ.fhka my; ud,hg nei

.;af;a ;u ksjfia bjqï msyqï lsÍug w¨f;ka fiajhg .kq ,enq ú,shï yuq ùug h' miqj kvq úNd.fha wdKavqfõ idlaIslrefjl= f,i idlaIs ÿka ú,shï lshd isáfha —fld,af,da'''" fkdakd Èlalido kvqjla od,d' ux taflka mr§ù' WU nh fjkafka ke;=j ud tlal jfrka thdj urkak˜ hhs i;disjï ;udg w~ .eiQ njhs' ;udg th lrkakg neß nj lshd f.oßka msgù hdu i|yd jev l< ld,hg mä fok f,i;a b,a,d we;' kvqfõ § ú,shï idlaIs ÿka wdldrhg i;disjï ;ud fmd
38 fjks msgqjg'''

lïm, igyk

kS;S{ isßmd, úß;uq,a,

38

37 fjks msgqfjka'''' wmrdOhl ;Skaÿj''''

ft;sydisl kvqjla ufyaia;%d;a Widúfha §¾> kvq úNd.hlska miq j fYa%IaGdêlrKhg kvqj fhduq úh' B' t*a' tka' f.a%Ishka kï jq úYsIag .Kfha ì%;dkH cd;sl úksYaphldrjrfhl= iy bx.%SiS l;d lrk úfYaI cQß iNdjla yuqfõ úNd. jQ fuu kvqfõ meñ‚,a, tjlg fid,siag¾ fckrd,a j isá wêkS;s{ ù' tia' m%kdkaÿ uy;d we;=¿ rcfha kS;s{ lKavdhula úiska fufyhúks' i;disjïf.a / ljrKhg fmkS isáfha wdpd¾h fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajd uy;d m%uqL olaI wêkS;s{jre msßils' wêlrK b;sydifha jeo.;a ux i

tfrys j k.d ;snqKq ñkSuereï fpdaokd idOdrK ielhlska f;dr j Tmamq fkd ùu fya;=fjka Tyq ksoyia úh'

;Skaÿfjka miq miqj ì%;dkHg .sh Tyq bfjdaka iaàjkaika újdy lrf.k ;j;a orejka ;sfofkl=f.a msfhl= njg m;a úh' miq lf,l tu újdyh o w;a yer oeuq Tyq ,xldjg kej; meñK ;=kajeks ìßhla o
l¾u úmdlhla o@ Okj;a mjq,l hi biqre ueo Wm; ,nkakg jdikdj ,enqK o wdkkaoï i;disjï uy;añh .; l< oi wjqreÿ újdy ld,h ;=< wehg ,enqKq iem;la ke;' w.;shg .sh ;u ieñhdf.ka ú¢kakg jQ ÿla .eyeg;a" is;a ;ejq,;a ksid weh .; lf
^2013 cQ,s - wf.daia;=&

fuf,dj;a mrf,dj;a wd§kj oeä rd.h;a' oeä oafõIh;a" oeä fudayh;a ksid w.;shg m;a j ur‚ka u;= hkakg ;ekla ke; hk niskafoda i;disjï l< oE .ek lsj yelafla l=ula o@ krUkakkaf.a f,duqoeye .kajk wdl¾IŒh l%slÜ lS%vlfhl= f,i ,nd .;a lS¾;sh" ;reK uoh iy Ôú; uoh w.;shg fhdojd.;a i;disjï i;=gla hhs is;d fuf,dj § ú¢ wfkal ÿla lkaordj ms
nj mila lr .kakg ;rï Nd.Hj;=ka jykafiaf.a O¾ufha yeisfrkakg Tyqg jdikdjla fkd ù h' uyd OkialkaOhla jeh fldg kS;s{hkaf.a olaIlu ksid kS;sfhka mek .kakg Tyqg bv ,enqKd úh yels h' kS;sfha rduqfjka ñÿk;a uq¿ rgu i;disjï foi neÆfõ ;u ìßh idyisl f,i urd oeuq ñkSurefjl= f,ihs' rd.dêl Tyqf.a fkdks;a wdYdjka bka Tíng;a Èj .sfha ;j;a újdy follg whs;sh foñka h' tkhska fuf,dj jYfhka Tyq ú¢ ÿla wmuK h' ;ud l< jro kS;sh bÈßfha jix l<;a ;u yDo idlaIsh yuqfõ jix lsÍug Tyqg fkd yels h' ta ksid ;ud l< jro ;u urK uxplfha § flfia kï jo fokakg we;s o@ jHjydr kS;sfhka .e,ù hkakg Tyqg bvla yod .kakg yels jqK;a ur‚ka u;= w;aú¢kakg jk ìhlre úmdl Tyqg isf;kakgj;a ke;=j we;' oeka Tyq mrf,dj h' wm woyk f,djq;=re oyug wkqj Tyq wo fldys we;s o@ fldmuK kï lgql o~qjïj,g ,la fjñka we;s o@

weiqr( The Queen Vs. Sathaasivam, M (1953) 55 NLR 255

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39

vol-4-1-paper

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