VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 1. Defne Object Oriented Analysis Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) is a method of analysis that examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the problem domain. !. W"at is #eant by Object Oriented Object Oriented means we organize the software as a collection of discrete objects that incorporate both data structure and behavior. $. Write t"e c"aracteristics %& an %bject. dentity! classi"cation! polymorphism! and inheritance. '. W"at is a class A class is a set of objects that share a common structure and a common behavior. (. Na#e t)% ty*es %& %bject dia+ra#. #lass diagram and instance diagram. ,. W"at is an attrib-te i/e e0a#*le. An attribute is a data value held by the objects in a class .$xample% name! age and weight are attributes of &erson class. . W"at is #-lti*le #-lti*le in"eritance 'hen one class inherits its state (attributes) and behavior from more than one super class! it is referred to as multiple inheritances. 2. W"at is dyna#ic bindin+ he process process of determining determining (dynamical (dynamically) ly) at run time time which functions functions to invoe is termed dynamic binding. 3. W"at is static bindin+ he process process of determining determining at compile compile time time which functions functions to invoe invoe is termed static binding. 14. Write t"e &%-r 5-ality #eas-res &%r s%&t)are de/el%*#ent #orrespondence! correctness! veri"cation! and validation. 11. W"at is %bject *ersistence Objects have life time. hey are created and can exist for a period of time. A "le or a database can provide support for objects having a longer life timelonger than the duration of the process for which they were created. his characteristic is called object persistence. 1!. W"at is *%ly#%r*"is# *%ly#%r*"is# i/e an e0a#*le.
&olymorphism means that the same operation may behave di*erently on di*erent classes. $x. +ove operation. (,ehave di*erently on the window class and chess &iece class). 1$. W"at is cardinality #ardinality speci"es how many instances of one class may relate to a single instance of an associated class. 1'. W"at is a &%r#al class %r abstract class -ormal or abstract classes have no instances but de"ne the common behaviors that can be inherited by more speci"c classes. 1(. W"at is a #eta6class A metaclass is a class about a class. hey are normally used to provide instance variables and operations. 1,. Defne Enca*s-lati%n $ncapsulation is the process of compartmentalizing the elements of an abstraction that constitute its structure and behavior. 1. W"at is t"e need %& an Object dia+ra# An object diagram is used to show the existence of objects and their relationships in the logical design of a system. 12. W"at is state %& an %bject he state of an object encompasses all of the properties of the object plus the current values of each of these properties. 13. Write s%#e a**licati%ns %& %bject #%del hey include Air tra/c control! Animation! Avionics! 0atabase! 1obotics etc. !4. Defne 7%nc-rrency. #oncurrency is the property that distinguishes an active object from one that is not active. !1. Na#e t"e t"ree +eneral a**r%ac"es &%r classifcati%n hey are #lassical categorization! #onceptual clustering and &rototype theory. !!. Na#e t"e f/e le/els %& *r%cess #at-rity in OOD hey are nitial! 1epeatable! 0e"ned! +anaged and Optimized. !$. Na#e t"e t)% *r%cess -sed by rady 8OO7H in "is OO s%&t)are de/el%*#ent hey are +acro and +icro development process. !'. Na#e t"e &%-r ste*s in 9icr% de/el%*#ent *r%cess hey are dentify the classes and objects! 2ive semantics to the classes! dentify class and object relationships! dentify class and object interfaces and implementation.
!(. W"at are t"e ste*s &%ll%)ed in #acr% de/el%*#ent *r%cess #onceptualization! analysis and development of the model! 0esign or create the system architecture! evolution or implementation! maintenance. !,. S"%rt n%tes %n O9T &-ncti%nal #%del. O+ functional model uses data3ow diagram that shows the 3ow of data between di*erent processes in a business .0ata 3ow diagrams use four primary symbols. hey are process! data 3ow! data store! external entity. !. Na#es t"e dia+ra#s %& 8%%c" 9et"%d%l%+y. #lass diagram! object diagram! state transition diagram! module diagram! process diagram! interaction diagram. !2. Na#e t"e #%dels in %bject%ry. 4se case model! domain object model! analysis object model! implementation model! test model. !3. W"at is -nifed #%delin+ lan+-a+e 4ni"ed modeling language is a language for specifying! conducting! visualizing and documenting the software system and its components. $4. Na#e t"e a/ailable layers %& t"e t"ree layered a**r%ac" t% s%&t)are de/el%*#ent. ,usiness layer! access layer! view (user interface) layer. $1. Write t"e t)% res*%nsibilities %& access layer ranslate 1equest! ranslate result. $!. Write any t)% ad/anta+es %& #%delin+ he main reason for modeling is the reduction of complexity. he cost of the modeling analysis is much lower than the cost of similar experimentation conducted with real time. $$. W"at is Object%ry Objectory! is a method or objectoriented development with the speci"c aim to "t the development of large! realtime systems $'. Defne Static #%del t can be viewed as a snapshot of a system5s parameters at rest or a speci"c point in time. hey are needed to represent the structural or static aspect of a system. $(. Defne Dyna#ic #%del t can be viewed as a collection of procedures or behaviors that taen together re3ect the behavior of a system over time. 0ynamic modeling is the most
useful during the design and implementation phases of the system development. $,. W"at is an ass%ciati%n i/e %ne e0a#*le. An association is the relationship between the classes. $x person and company are the classes! worsfor is the association name. Works_for
$. W"at is a 5-alifer i/e %ne e0a#*le. A quali"er is an association attribute. he quali"er rectangle is part of the association path! not part of the class. 2ive one example. $2. W"at is a #et"%d A method is the implementation of an operation for a class. $3. W"at is a -se case 4se cases are scenarios for understanding system requirements. A use case is an interaction between users and a system. '4. Na#e t"e t"ree ty*es %& relati%ns"i*s in a -se case dia+ra#. #ommunication! 4ses! extends. '1. Write t"e t)% ty*es %& I#*le#entati%n dia+ra# #omponent diagram! deployment diagram. '!. W"at is an acti/ity An activity is a set of operations that is executing during the entire period an object is in a state. '$. Write t"e +-idelines &%r *re*arin+ t"e D%c-#entati%n. #ommon cover! 6787 rule! -amiliar vocabulary! mae the document as short as possible! organize the document. ,an Account &erson #ompany &erson ''. Na#e t"e ty*es %& relati%ns"i*s a#%n+ t"e %bjects. Association! supersub structure! aggregation. '(. Write t"e +-idelines &%r identi&yin+ t"e ass%ciati%ns A dependency between two or more classes may be association A reference from one class to another is an association. ',. Na#e t"e t)% *r%*erties %& a *art %& relati%ns"i*. ransitivity! Anti symmetry. '. Write t"e -idelines &%r identi&yin+ *art %& relati%ns"i*. Assembly! container! collection member '2. Defne :r%t%ty*e A prototype is a version of a software product developed in the early stages of the product5s life cycle for speci"c! experimental purposes. A prototype
enables you to fully understand how easy or di/cult it will be to implement some of the features of the system. '3. Defne *attern #inin+ he process of looing for patterns to document is called pattern mining 9ome times called reverse architecture. (4. Defne anti6*atterns An antipattern represents a worst practice while a pattern represents a best &ractice. Antipatterns come in two varieties. hose describing a bad solution to a problem that resulted in a bad situation and hose describing how to get out of a bad situation. (1. Defne *atterns te#*late $very pattern must be expressed in the form of a rule which is called as a emplate. t should establish a relationship between a context! a system of forces which arises in the context! and a con"guration. (!. Defne *r%t%6*atterns f something appears to have all the requisite pattern components! it should not be considered a pattern until it has been veri"ed to be a recurring phenomenon .A protopattern is the :pattern in waiting; which is not yet nown t% rec-r. ($. Na#e t"e t)% cate+%ries %& Q-ality ass-rance testin+. $rror based testing! scenario based testing. ('. Defne deb-++in+. 0ebugging is the process of "nding out where something went wrong and correcting the code to eliminate the errors or bugs that cause unexpected results. ((. Write t"e t)% ty*es %& *at" testin+. 9tatement testing coverage and ,ranch testing coverage. (,. W"at is a #eta6#%del A metamodel is a model of modeling elements. 4+< graphic notations can be used not only to describe the system5s components but also to describe a model itself. (. Defne a ;ra#e)%r< A frame wor is a collection of classes that provide a set of services for a particular domain.
(2. Write t"e di=erences bet)een desi+n *atterns and &ra#e)%r. 0e"ne 9?A@ 9?A stands for 9oftware ?uality Assurance. his is the measure of assuring the quality of the software products. he major activity done here is testing. he assurance process also follows the quality model called the ?A+O0$< (?uality Assurance nstitute +odel). ,4. W"at is V Testin+ B5 testing stands for Beri"cation and Balidation testing. ,1. W"at is a 5-ality ?uality refers to the ability of products to meet the user5s needs and expectations. ,!. Na#e t"e t)% iss-es &%r s%&t)are 5-ality. Balidation or user satisfaction! and veri"cation or quality assurance. ,$. Defne -ser satis&acti%n testin+. 4ser satisfaction testing is the process of quantifying the usability test with some measurable attributes of the test! such as functionality! cost or ease of use. ,'. Defne test *lan. A test plan is developed to detect and identify potential problems before delivering the software to its users. ,(. Write t"e %bjecti/es %& testin+. esting is the process of executing a program with the intent of "nding errors. A good test case is the one that has a high probability of detecting an as yet undiscovered error. A successful test case is the one that detects an as yet undiscovered error. ,,. W"at is cycl%#atic c%#*le0ity #yclomatic complexity is software metric that provides a quantitative measure of the logical complexity of a program. he value computed for cyclomatic complexity de"nes the number of independent paths in the basis set of program. ,. Defne c%r%llary #orollary is a proposition that follows from an axiom or another • • •
proposition that has been proven. ,2. Na#e t"e t)% a0i%#s. AxiomC% he independence axiom. +aintain the independence of components. Axiom8% he information axiom. +inimize the information content of the design. ,3. Defne c%-*lin+. #oupling is a measure of the strength of association established by a connection from one object or software component to another. #oupling is a binary relationship. #oupling deals with interactions between objects or software components. 4. Na#e t"e t)% ty*es %& c%-*lin+ in t"e %bject %riented desi+n. nteraction coupling and inheritance coupling. 1. Defne c%"esi%n. #ohesion means the interactions within a single object or software component. !. Na#e t"e ty*es %& attrib-tes. 9ingle value attribute! +ultiplicity or multivalue attributes! 1eference to another object or instance connection. $. Write t"e synta0 &%r *resentin+ t"e attrib-te t"at )as s-++ested by U9>. visibility name % typeDexpression E initial Dvalue 'here visibility is one of the following F public visibility G protected visibility private visibility typeDexpression type of an attribute nitialDvalue is a language dependent expression for the initial value of a newly created object. '. Write t"e synta0 &%r *resentin+ t"e %*erati%n t"at )as s-++ested by U9> visibility name % (parameterDlist)% return DtypeDexpression 'here visibility is one of the following F public visibility G protected visibility private visibility parameter is a list of parameters. 1eturnDtypeDexpression% is a language Ddependent speci"cation of the mplementation of the value returned by the method. (. W"at is a ;a?ade
-acade classes are the public classes in a pacage for public behavior. ,. Defne D89S A database management system (0,+9) is a program that enables the creation and maintenance of a collection of related data. . W"at is database #%del 0atabase model is a collection of logical constructs used to represent the data structure and data relationships within the database. 2. Na#e t"e t)% cate+%ries %& database #%del #onceptual model and mplementation model. 3. Write t"e si0 cate+%ries &%r t"e li&e ti#e %& data ransient results to the evaluation of expressions! variables involves in procedure activation! global variables and variables that are dynamically allocated! data that exist between the execution of a program! data that exist between the versions of a program! data that outlive a program. 24. W"at is sc"e#a %r #etadata he fundamental characteristic of the database is that the 0,+9 contains not only the data but the complete de"nition of the data formats such as data structures! types and constraints! it manages. his description is nown as the schema or metadata 21. Na#e t"e t"ree ty*es %& data base #%del Hierarchical model! networ model! relational model. 2!. Defne data defniti%n lan+-a+e. 0ata de"nition language (00<) is a language used to describe the structure of and relationships between objects stored in a database .his structure of information are termed as database schema. 2$. Defne data #ani*-lati%n lan+-a+e. 0ata manipulation language (0+<) is a language that allows users to access and manipulate (such as create! save! or destroy) data organization. 2'. W"en t"e transacti%n is said t% c%##it. he transaction is said to commit if all changes can be made successfully to the database. 2(. W"en t"e transacti%n is said t% ab%rt. he transaction is said to abort if all changes to the database can not be made successfully. 2,. W"at is c%nser/ati/e %r *essi#istic *%licy he most conservative way to enforce serialization is to allow a user to
loc all objects or records when they are accessed and to release the locs only after a transaction commits. his approach is nown as conservative or pessimistic policy. 2. Describe client ser/er c%#*-tin+. he client is a process (program) that sends a message to a server process (program) requesting that the server perform a tas (service). 22. Na#e t"e ty*es %& %bject relati%n #a**in+. able class mapping! able Imultiple classes mapping! ablenherited classes mapping! ablesnherited classes mapping. 23. Write t"e need %& #iddle)are. he client is a process (program) that sends a message to a server process (program) requesting that the server perform a tas (service). he ey element of connectivity is the networ operating system (JO9)! also nown as middleware. 34. 9enti%n t"e di=erent &%r#s %& ser/er. -ile server! database server! transaction server! application server. 31. W"at is t"e -se %& a**licati%n )eb ser/er n a twotier architecture! a client tals directly to a server! no intervening server. hreeD tier architecture introduces a server that is application web server between the client and the server to send and receive the messages. 3!. Write t"e c%#*%nents %& client ser/er a**licati%n. 4ser interface! business processing! database processing. 3$. W"at is Object Oriented Database #ana+e#ent syste# Object Oriented 0atabase management system is a marriage of Object Oriented programming and 0atabase management system. 3'. Defne OD87 he Open 0atabase connectivity is an application programming interface that provides solutions to the multidatabase programming interface. 3(. W"at is t"e need %& an Interacti%n dia+ra# An nteraction diagram is used to trace the exception of a scenario in the same context of an object diagram. 3,. W"at is t"e need %& a 7lass dia+ra# A class diagram is used to show the existence of classes and their relationships in the logical view of a system. 3. W"at is 8e"a/i%r %& an %bject ,ehavior is how an object acts and reacts in terms of its state changes and message passing.
32. W"at are t"e c"aracteristic &eat-res %& an Interacti%n dia+ra# hey include the representation of objects with its name and class name. $ach object has a life line. he order of messaging between objects is well de"ned. 33. Defne &%r)ard en+ineerin+ and re/ere en+ineerin+. -orward engineering means creating a relational schema from an existing object model 1everse engineering means creating an object model from an existing relational database layout (schema). 144. W"at is Object re5-est br%