Types of questions questions
Concept based Non-Concept based
Concept based questions include : Conclusion based (Statement and CR) Assumption based (Statement and CR) Inference based (DT/PT and CR)
Types of questions questions
Concept based Non-Concept based
Concept based questions include : Conclusion based (Statement and CR) Assumption based (Statement and CR) Inference based (DT/PT and CR)
Non-conceptt based includes ….. Non-concep Assertions and Reasons Strong Argument and an d Weak Weak Argument Argument Cause
and Effect Course of action Possible conseque consequences nces
Question distribution at a glance Year
Question type
2010
Courses of action, cause and effect, critical reasoning
2009
Courses of action , cause and effect
2008
DT/PT and assumption (statement)
2007
Critical reasoning and possible consequences
2006
DT/PT , assumptions and courses of action
Areas to focus on in Reasoning Areas in which 100 % accuracy possible are : Conclusion based (Statement) Assumption based (Statement) Courses of Action Cause and effect Assertions Border areas Strong and weak argument Tricky areas DT/PT Critical reasoning
Difference between Reasoning and Analysis Rules of reasoning Check
for the validity and not verity of a statement Use all information given to you [never contradict] Always eliminate the options to reach the right answer [these are applicable for all reasoning based questions]
Reasoning basics Premise (fact) : information given/verifiable Assumption : a statement based on a fact to derive the conclusion Conclusion : is a judgment derived from a fact; since the fact is verifiable the judgment is also verifiable Argument : P+A=C Inference : is a judgment derived from a fact; though the fact is verifiable the judgment in not verifiable Explicit : given Implicit : not given
Meaning of the directions…… Read the directions carefully especially in cause and effect question category
Mark 1) when I follows Mark 2) when II follows Mark 4 ) if neither follow Mark 5 ) if both follow
Important one : either I or II means they contradict each other
Conclusion based questions Types : statement and identify the conclusion Statements given can be : facts / judgment/ F+J
Formula To identify the conclusion : ask : ‘What can I clearly understand from this statement?’ Please remember : in these questions there is no difference between a conclusion and an inference
Conclusion based examples Statement : Raman does not want to purchase new machinery, but his problem is that he has partners in his business. Conclusions : Raman wants to run his business with the old machinery Raman’s partners want to buy new machinery Statement : “I want to play opposite Sania,because I want to get a feel of how hard she strikes the ball” said Sachin Conclusions : Sachin likes to play opposite those who hit the ball hard. Sachin has heard that Sania strikes the ball hard.
Conclusion based examples Statement : The last match gave the team the opportunity to realize that the team lacks efficiency in bowling and fielding. Conclusion : The team lost the match because of inefficiency in bowling and fielding Better performance in other departments of the game saved the team from losing the match. Statement : “Had I asked to choose a portfolio,I would have probably chosen the ministry of environment and forest", Home Minister Conclusion : It is easier to handle the environment and forest portfolio rather than the home ministry. The person did not become a home minister by choice
Conclusion based examples Statement : The Dalai Lama’s dream of seeing his homeland free will probably not happen in his lifetime. But whenever it does, it will be said that the Tibetan people got freedom without shedding a drop of Chinese blood. Conclusions : Tibet is under Chinese control The Dalai Lama is very old.
Assumptions Statements given can be : facts / judgment/ F+J Formula : To identify the assumption : Ask : ‘for the above statement to be valid which of the following statements need to be valid?’
Ways of doing this could be : Negate the statements given in the options
Some templates Notice Assumptions could be :
All people will read it At least some would abide by it The desired result would be achieved This problem exists
Eg. A notice in a hospital ‘Keep silence’
Some templates Advertisement Many people would read it Some would respond to it Some could be interested in my product The adv could lead to the sales of my product Advice (should/ought):assumption The person needs advice The person would listen to my advice
Some templates When a person or an organization is blamed : They are responsible for the action When a shock or surprise is expressed : The opposite can be assumed
Assumption examples Statement : ‘Enjoy your challenges’ – an advertisement of a car brand Assumptions : People like to enjoy challenges People will buy the car Statement : What a waste of effort,time and money? After three brilliant issues, you follow up with this issue on Kabas. Assumptions : Money is spent in bringing the issue on Kabas The issue on Kabas is not brilliant Any amount of time can be spent in bringing a brilliant issue.
Assumption examples Statement : “When you are starting a business of your own, giving your 100 % is not enough” Anil told the trainees Assumption : One can do more than 100 % Trainees would give more than 100 % Statement : Stop endorsing cold drinks, they are harmful to health Assumptions : People are suffering from health problems due to consumption of cold drinks Endorsement leads to an increase in consumption of a product
Cause and effect Rules : Both statements have to be read together On its own a statement can either be a cause or an effect Can accept universal truths while solving these questions
Effects can be of two types : Immediate Delayed
Imp : Read the directions carefully
Directions : 2 types
Where the difference between immediate and delayed is not asked
The other set where this difference is questioned. The directions are as follows: A – E /B-C [Immediate] A – C/B-E [Immediate] A-E / B- C [Delayed] A – C/B-E [Delayed] None of these
Immediate/Delayed
Delayed Cause
Immediate Cause
Effect
Cause and Effect Examples Event A : The police are unable to curtail black marketing of tickets for cricket matches. Event B : Cricket is so popular that fans stop doing any work on the day of cricket matches except watching the matches in the stadium. [1] Event A : The price of edible oils has been constantly increasing for the past one year Event B : The Government has decided to release huge quantities of edible oils into the open market [2] Event A : Hero Honda has launched new versions of its two motorcycles Hunk and Splendor. Event B : Bajaj Auto announced the launch of the much awaited Kawasaki Ninja 250 R in India.It is widely acknowledged as the best 250 cc motorcycle in the world. [5]
Cause and Effect Examples Event A : The election commission announced that the elections for the 81 member Jharkand legislative assembly will be held in five phases Event B : The term of the Jharkand assembly is due to expire next month [1] Event A : In a survey it was found that by 2010,the student population in the IIT’s would grow from 40,000 to 1,00,000 Event B : The IIT’s are planning to recruit 10,000 more faculty members by 2020 [2]
Course of Action Things to remember : Actions can be of two types : Immediate Delayed Rules : We accept universal truths Mark the immediate course of action as the answer
Template for Course of Action A
clear and unbiased understanding of the given statement The course of action should enable solve the problem independently Choose an immediate course of action The course of action should pertain directly to the problem The given solution should not result in any problem The given solution should be practical A negative course of action should not be taken
Course of Action examples Statement : The buffer stock of food grains has fallen to 4 weeks, from 12 months in the last five months. Courses of action : 1. The government should immediately procure food grains from farmers 2. The government should reduce the ration supplied through PDS. 3. The government should increase the procurement price [none follows]
Course of Action examples Statement : The competition among corporate hospitals has not done any good to the people. Courses of Action : 1. Permission should be given to open more corporate hospitals 2. The government should review the norms for corporate hospitals so that they take up some social responsibility. 3. All the corporate offices should be closed down
Strong /Weak Argument Def : Strong Argument : a statement that is relevant to the discussion is a strong argument Weak Argument : a statement that is not relevant or related to the discussion is a weak argument Take help of generally accepted facts, past events in solving these questions Please remember : there would generally be a room of ambiguity in the answers to these questions as the term relevant is subjective
Some help in solving these …… Weak argument
Strong Argument
Relevant Reason Example + reason Check verity of the statement
Any ambiguous/irrelevant/simplis tic statement Assertions/negations example
SA/WA examples Statement : Should the government launch an armed offensive against rebels? Yes, the rebels have no faith in the promise made by the government Yes, the rebels are not interested in resolving issues, being rebellious is a way of life for them. Statement : Should India purchase advanced bomber planes from Russia? No, Russian bombers are too expensive No, US also offers bombers of the same technology and standards
Inferences DT : Logical conclusion DF : Contradictory conclusion PT : far-fetched conclusion (possibility) PF : far-fetched conclusion (possibility)
Para Jumbles Ways to tackle Para jumbles Types Introduction (if required) Links : Structure/grammar Content Structure links : Noun-pronoun (number, gender) Conjunctions Parallelism •
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Para Jumbles Contd…… Content links : Idea elaboration Idea example Cause effect Chronology Common word approach Generic to specific •
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