“VEGETABLE SEED INDUSTRY” – prospect and retrospect INTRODUCTION India has taken a bold step towards self sufficiency in food. However, self sufficiency in the true sense can be achieved only when each individual in the country is assured of balanced diet. This created an urgent need for providing health security to our population by supplying nutrition through balanced diet. Indians are predominantly vegetarians and depend on vegetables for bulk of their nutrients and minerals. More recently, the role and usefulness of anti-oxidants present in vegetables in human health has been demonstrated, adding value to this set of crops. Vegetables cultivation has been known to stimulate development because it is labour intensive, earns higher returns and involve extra skills. Development in vegetable production will therefore contribute not only to food and nutritional security but also to poverty alleviation and income generation. Vegetables form the most important component of a balanced diet. India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world next only to China with an estimated production of about 105.0 million tonnes from an area of 6.0 million hectares at an average yield of 16 tonnes per hectare. India shares about 15 % of the world output of vegetables from about 2.8 % of croppped area in the country. However our per capita consumption is quite low. We can grow variety of vegetables all the year round. Varied agro-climatic conditions in India make it possible to grow a wide variety of vegetable crops all the year round in one part of the country or another. India can claim to grow the largest number of vegetable crops compared to any other country of the world and as many as 61 annual and 4 perennial vegetable crops are commercially cultivated. In the post partition period a good infrastructure for vegetable research has been created. At present vegetable research is being carried out at four central institutes, one National Research Centre and 26 State Agricultural Universities. The All India Coordinated Research Programme of the Project Directoreate of Vegetable Research provides facilities for multidisciplinary, area specific research on 23 vegetable crops and provides a national grid for multilocation testing of technologies developed by various institrutions. As a result research on various aspects of major vegetable crops is being undertaken in order to improve existing varieties and standardise production techniques. 1
Vegetables are one of the cheapest source of nutrition and have important role in fighting hunger in this over populated country. More than 50 indigenous and exotic vegetables of temperate and tropical origin are native to India. The history of domestication, adaptation and assimilation of such a large inventory of kinds and varieties point to their interesting link with the waves after waves of early people, natives and even those who migrated from central Asia to make India their home. The history of vegetables is also a welcome reminder that India received so much more from the world than it could possibly give back. The excavations of pre-historic and protohistoric sites provide an authentic historical evidence of cultivation of vegetables such as peas, melons and beans by the people of major civilisation that flourished along Indus River Valley, as far back as 2500 BC. The excavations at Maheshwara and Navadatoli in Madhya Pradesh have further established peoples’ knowledge of vegetables in vedic period (around 1200 BC). Rigveda and Atharva Veda, written during that period, cite medicinal properties of onions and garlic. Jain works, Budhist Sutras and Jatakas exhorted usage of eggplant, cucumber, bottlegourd etc. for general well being (Om Prakash, 1961). Indian National Science Academy (1980) has brought out relevant botanical names of plants mentioned in medical treatise like “Charaka Samhita” dated to be around 600 BC and in the “Sasruta Samhita” of 3rd to 4th Century AD (Ray et al., 1980). Invaders, travellers and traders all contributed in introduction and spread of large number of vegetables used by Indian since long time. Mughals, who invaded in 15th century and ruled until British took over and who were gourmets of good food, included liberal doses of onion and garlic in the recipes for flavouring their culinary delicacies, especially the meat dishes. Colonising traders from Portugal, France, Netherlands, Denmark and Britain brought crops like cabbage and cauliflower, hot pepper, potato, etc. between 14th-17th centuries (Seshadri and Chatterjee, 1966). Interestingly, the ubiquitous Tomato which claims today the largest production came just about 200 years ago. Similarly cauliflower which was introduced by Europeans, not only claims substantial area today but is one crop that has undergone major genetic upheaval within a short period- thanks to voluntary selection by local cultivators, mostly during early part of this century itself. The evolution of a new and distinct class: Indian Cauliflower, is a fascinating story of
2
unlocking its hidden genetic potential by people who did not know much about the intricacies of plant breeding (Swarup and Chatterjee, 1973). The present prominent status of vegetables in overall nutritional security of the country can, thus be attributed to centuries of domestication of indigenous genetic diversity, large number of introductions from far off lands followed by their adaptation, and more recently, value addition through genetic advances. Today, India prides itself as the second largest producer of vegetables in the world. It has maintained a measured growth in production for meeting the growing demands at home and abroad. The projections of requirements during the early decades of next century, however, have to factor not only total population growth (currently 1.8 percent) but also an increasing proportion of middle class with greater nutritional and appetising concerns. It is presumed that by 2025 India will have 1.4 billion people, majority of whom will have relatively higher living standards. To meet this demand, the strategists have set a growth target of 3 percent for the production and accordingly emphasised the need for action to achieve productivity from ever diminishing land resources. The solution lies clearly in the technology that aims at deriving best out of the configurations of genes and environments. Dispensation of technology through genetic package i.e. seed, is the most cost effective strategy. Realising this, though belatedly, government of India liberalised vegetable seed imports by announcing the New Seed Policy, 1988. Tariff barriers were removed through an instrument of duty free Open General Licence (OGL). Thanks to the policy, that the farmers now have a very wide choice of planting materials available anywhere in the world. A global trend of growers’ shift into the fast track of hybrid technology is clearly visible in India too. The hybrids are being adopted for their: (a) greater productivity, (b) extended availability, (c) better adaptability, (d) selective capability. For the seed industry, constantly grappling with the onslaught of pirates, hybrids provide built-in safeguards in pre-programmed parent lines. Encouraged by these fundamentals, seed industry has started investing heavily in hybrid research while remaining an active partner in public institutional effort of an overall variety upgradation. There is a necessity for continuous flow of value added planting materials employing conventional and/ or biotechnological systems in order to match the ever changing needs of consumers and farms. An even greater participation and investment in biotechnological and applied research by both public and private sector is paramount. And, a consistent support3
institutional, legislative and regulatory- has to be in place if the vast potential of the seeds, is to be unfolded. Seeds form the fundamental and crucial input for sustained growth in farm production, often stimulating the use of new methods, machinery and yield-enhancing agro-inputs. The role of the seed sector is not only to ensure adequacy in seed quality but also to ensure varietal diversity. Today, the Indian seed programme boasts one of the biggest seed markets in the world, with annual sales at around US $920 million. Of this, domestic offtake accounts for US $900 million and sales in the global market account for the remaining US $20 million. The New Policy on Seed Development (NPSD), established in 1988 with the objective of augmenting productivity and output quality, stimulated major growth in the industry as it attracted a lot of investment in seed business from major domestic seed companies. Given the growth of the seed sector in recent years, India has the potential to become the foremost player in the seed export business in the developing world with prospective markets in Asia, Africa and South America. Public Sector - Contributions and Strengths Like many agriculturally developed Asian nations, India has sizeable public and private sector seed businesses. Giant public sector players include the National Seeds Corporation (NSC), the State Farms Corporation of India (SFCI) and the thirteen State Seed Corporations (SSCs). NSC was the first public sector organization, established in 1963, and remained virtually the only agency for seed production for around 13 years. Its role extended to several developmental programmes including training, quality control and extension activities in seeds. This was followed by the setting up of the SSCs under two consecutive plan periods, supported by the World Bank, and these largely adopted the role of the NSC in the Indian States. These corporations engage principally in production and marketing of seeds of high yielding and hybrid varieties developed by the public sector. The initial impetus to the vegetable variety development was from public institutes. Several high yielding varieties in many crops were released including some with disease resistances. These institutions continue to develop and release new varieties and hybrids. Popular varieties released by the Institutes are produced and marketed by many small and medium sized companies. These include Arka Anamika in okra, Arka Manik in 4
watermelon, Arka Vikas in tomato, G4 in chillies, Hara Madhu in melons, Arka Komal in beans besides others. The private seed companies have also been benefited as these releases formed the base material for the start of their breeding programs. Okra hybrids developed and sold by private companies today owe their success to releases resistant to YVMV like Arka Anamika, Parbani Kranti and A4. In tomato also, the private industry has successfully used the bacterial wilt resistant lines released from public institutes like IIHR, Bangalore to develop resistant hybrids. Many of the Institutes and Universities have formulated rules by which the seed companies can buy their varieties including parents of hybrids. Biotechnology is an important growing area today with wide applications. The tools of molecular biology can be dovetailed with conventional breeding programmes enabling great advances in crop improvement. Many of the public Institutes have reasonably strong programs in this area. The objectives include marker - assisted selection (MAS), markers for use in purity tests and transgenics. Some of the companies have state of the art laboratories for molecular biology. Projects underway in Institutes and private companies include introduction of Bt gene into brinjal, tomato, cauliflower and chillies for insect resistance as well as engineering TLCV resistance in tomato. It would be important to prove the usefulness of the introduced gene(s) and also demonstrate biosafety aspects. With regulatory agencies in place, testing procedures and schedules worked out, it is expected that transgenics, when developed with the advantages demonstrated, will find favour with the growers. Strong linkages and joint operational projects in areas of molecular biology with public institutes will help medium sized private seed companies to utilize the scientific talent available in public institutes and benefit from costs of research. Government and Seed Industry During the last decade Governments, both central and state, and other related agencies have been supportive and proactive. It can be expected that further removal of controls and restrictions, which impede growth of the industry, will facilitate in making this sector stronger. India is also a signatory to WTO and the barriers for seed trade have been removed. PVP bill has been passed by the Parliament and this is expected to generate more investments in R&D. Government Institutes provide breeders seeds at reasonable prices. Private participation is also 5
welcomed in coordinated trials conducted by ICAR. Above all, removal of seed trade barriers in 1988 has been a milestone. This new seed policy greatly helped import of vegetable seeds. As a further fillip to this industry, under the industrial policy, seed production was declared as a high priority industry in 1991. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION: Legislation and Policy issue At the highest level, government policy is to reduce controls and to make the economic system more transparent in practice however, there is potential proliferation of legislation affecting seed sector. Given the current climate of economic development there is an urgent need for positive relationship between the government and the private sector. in order to fulfill farmer's needs and GOI food production targets set for the year 2005, the existing misapprehensions should disappear to ensure private sector investment in infrastructural improvement and expansion to increase quality seed production. Presently Indian seed industry is governed by the following Acts: - Seed Act 1966 - Seed Rules 1968 - Seed Control Order 1983 - Essential Commodities Act 1955 - Package Commodities order 1975 - Standrads of Weights and Measures Act 1976 - Consumer Protection Act 1986 - Export Regulations and Quarantine - Plants, Fruits and Seeds (Regulation of import into India) Order 1989 - Urban Land Ceiling Act 1976 - State Acts of land acquisition/land use - State Acts for the control/movement of crops and seeds 6
The policy framework hitherto has been regulatory with excessive legislation. Above plethora of legislation covering the seed sector is out of date and restrictive rather than progressive. The multiplicity of Acts, rules and administrative orders have resulted in over regulation of the nascent industry. Private Sector - on a growth phase Although private seed companies such as Poacha and Sutton have been established since the pre-independence era, accelerated growth of the private sector began only after the introduction of the new seed policy in 1988 which ushered in a liberal business climate. Currently there are over 200 private seed companies, together with a few multinational companies, and these tend to focus on low volume, high value crops with the principal effort being placed on creating hybrids for oilseeds, maize, cotton and vegetable crops. The private sector accounts for 70% of the market in terms of market turnover whereas the public sector has the greater share in terms of volume sales. During the seventies, the advantages of hybrid vegetables were successfully demonstrated in growers' fields. In the same period, the vegetable seed industry became more organized. Initially, hybrids in tomato and capsicum made a mark with the growers. Since then, there has been a spurt of activity in the Indian vegetable seed scenario with the hybrid acreage soaring and a number of vegetable seed companies coming into existence. In the transformation of the largely unorganized seed sector to a more organized one, the policies of the Government of India played a significant role. In 1988, the private sector got a huge boost in growth with the removal of restrictions by a Government order liberalizing seed imports through open general license and removing tariff barriers. This move resulted in import of hybrid seeds in cabbage, cauliflower, chillies, etc. besides large quantities of seeds of carrot and beetroot by private seed companies. This Act also encouraged healthy competition in local research efforts leading to release of several hybrids by the private seed industry. Subsequently foreign direct investments flow increased, joint ventures (JVs) were set up and there was import of germplasm. Presently the private seed industry comprises of the following categories: (a) Local companies dealing predominantly with open pollinated varieties (b) Indian companies marketing hybrids sourced from abroad (c) Indian companies developing, producing and marketing hybrids (d) Foreign 7
companies (JVs of subsidiaries) have R&D, production and marketing outfits and (e) Foreign companies marketing their products developed abroad. There has been an increased expenditure in R&D of companies in general. Many of the companies spend between 3 and 6% of the turnover on R&D. Vegetable hybrids - Market segments & Successes Today the hybrid vegetable seed industry in India is estimated to be $40 million. Tomato occupies nearly 20% of this, followed closely by okra and cabbage (Table 1). Among the hybrid seeds sold, almost the entire quantity of cabbage is imported followed by cauliflower (70%). Other major imports include chilli pepper and capsicum hybrid seeds. These are examples of successes in seed trade, stimulating growth of the industry. The area under hybrids in cabbage, tomato and watermelon is estimated to be in excess of 50% of the total area under the respective crops. In chilli pepper and okra the area under hybrids is expanding sharply as indicated by increased hybrids seed sales. Today the estimated quantity of tomato hybrids seeds sold in India is 28 tonnes. India is the second largest user for hybrid tomato seeds after USA. The market is getting more refined in terms of quality and yield expectations and there is a clear demand for perfect hybrids. Dual purpose and processing hybrids (determinate) account for the major market share. The market requirements also include hybrids with resistance to major tropical diseases like bacterial wilt and tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV). TLVC resistant segment is getting to be important, with rapid spread of this disease. Indeterminate hybrids are grown in some places. The harvesting season is extended in these hybrids and the fruits have good transport quality. Hybrids with high yields, high acid fruits have a fairly large share of the market in south. Besides the classes of tomato mentioned, there is a need for hybrids with resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus in south and west, higher levels of resistance to TLCV and cold tolerant hybrids for sowing in October in the north. Cabbage is a popular crop in this subcontinent and hybrids have almost completely replaced open pollinated varieties in most areas. This quantity of cabbage hybrid seeds sold is estimated to be as high as 40 tonnes. Preferences for size and shape vary widely between regions 8
and also between seasons in the same region. In West Bengal the season begins (June/July) with KK cross type, moves to Green express type for August sowing and in the main season, hybrids with very firm heads, weighing two kgs and with good field holding capacity are popular. In Maharashtra, small (1 kg) round firm heads are preferred while in Karnataka, varieties with large semi flat (2.5 kg) heads dominate the market. In general, resistance to black rot and diamond back moth, heat tolerance and good field holding capacity are important requirements. Chilli/ pepper occupies the largest area (0.6 million acres) among the vegetable crops in India. During the last five years there has been a rapid change to hybrids in most states, especially in the largest chillie growing state of Andhra Pradesh. In this crop also there are different market needs with Hybrid Vegetable Sales and Imports Crop All India Sales (Tonnes) Okra 500 Eggplant 15 Tomato 28 Chilli 15 Capsicum 1.0 Cabbage 40 Cauliflower 10 Cucumber 3 Melons 5.5 Watermelons 40 Gourds (total) 30 Total 632.2
Value (US $ million) 8.16 1.84 8.57 5.5 1.02 6.12 3.27 0.42 0.84 3.27 1.44 40.45
Imported Seeds (%) 0 0 2 50 40 100 70 15 20 15 30
Distinct preferences for pungency and colour. While very pungency (>70,000 Schoville Heat Units is the requirement for use in fresh market and as dry powder, medium pungency (30,000 SHU) is required for pickle making and low pungency coupled with attractive deep red colour is another preference. The grower's needs also include resistance to virus complex and anthracnose fruit rot. Hybrids with resistance to viruses have maintained their market share. Better export promotion strategies in this crop will support increased growth and seed sales in this sector. In watermelon too, a popular public bred variety like Arka Manik has been replaced 9
by hybrids. The hybrid market share in this crop is around 40 tonnes. The market prefers early hybrids with large size (12 kg), oval to oblong in shape, very good transportability, internal qualities of color, taste (TSS-13%) and texture. Presently, the hybrid watermelon market is dominated by Jubilee pattern throughout the country. Sugar Baby and Charleston types are also grown in some areas while a small market for icebox type (3-4 kg fruits) exists. Resistances to Fusarium wilt and tospo virus are the major requirements for the future. Okra is a popular Indian vegetable and is estimated that presently 500 tonnes of hybrids seeds are sold annually. Most companies vie for a share of this market, wherein resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) is mandatory. With other viruses like enation leaf curl also showing up, it becomes important to have multiple virus resistant hybrids. New targets may include use of male sterility and resistance to Fusarium wilt. Although melons are grown in most parts of the country, hybrids are mostly restricted to Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan belts. Consistent yields, good fruit and transport quality are critical traits. Netted cantaloupe types are preferred while honeydew, sutured melon and Galia types have some niche market. Resistance to virus complex, Fusarium wilt, better adaptability and shipping qualities will favor wider usage of hybrids. Good quality cauliflower curds are found almost throughout the year, thanks to successful varieties in early, mid and late season groups. In south and west, early and mid season groups are dominated by hybrids. Consistency in curd colour and quality, size and black rot tolerance are prime needs besides suitability to extended sowing periods. Market needs for eggplant are many, depending on fruit colour and shape. Round with purple and white stripes (with & without spines), green long, purple long, green round and large purple oval are major segments in this crop. In traditional Indian vegetables like cucumber and Indian Gourds (bitter gourd, bottle gourd and ridge gourd) also, hybrids are gaining popularity. Hybrids are preferred because they are early, higher yielding and more uniform. In cucumber, the Asiatic type (green to light green 15-18 cm long) is widely grown. Although there is diversity in types of products required in each of these crops, many of the companies are able to meet the needs through their breeding efforts. The farmers are also willing to pay more for hybrids seeds, especially if they have some value addition. Hybrid acceptance in tomato, cauliflower, cabbage and watermelon has been spectacular. Acreage under hybrid okra, chilli pepper, eggplant and melons have shown 10
tremendous increases in the last few years. It is expected that in cucumber and Indian gourds also significant increase in hybrid seed volumes will be seen. Open Pollinated Seed Market - A shift from farmer saved seeds The open pollinated seed market in India is presently estimated to be around $ 118 million. Local and unidentified varieties, referred to as farmer saved seeds, even now occupy large areas. These estimates are as high as 30 to 50% of the total area in chilli pepper, cauliflower and eggplant, 15 to 20% of the area in tomato and okra, and above 60% of the area in melons. In this class of seeds, cucumber ranks first among the crops in seed sales ($ 14.34 million), followed by onion ($ 12.30 million) and okra ($ 9.85 million). Among the imported seeds sold coriander ($ 16.33 million) and carrots ($ 15.99 million) are valued higher than all others. French beans, cluster beans and dolichos beans have significant seeds ales in the beans group. Cauliflower of different maturity groups for north and east markets, radish, cucumbers and all types of gourds have large sales. A number of superior varieties have been developed and released by Universities / Institutes in various states and many of the private companies and Seed Corporations produce and market the seeds of select varieties in significant quantities. There is sufficient room for growth in this seed sector to replace the local seeds although there is shift to hybrids in some of the crops. Open Pollinated Varieties - market size, value & overall seed market size Crop OPV OPV TOTAL (OP + Fis) Qty in Tonnes Value in $ million Value in $ million Brinjal 250 1.531 3.371 Okra 3800 9.846 18.006 Onion 2190 12.296 12.420 Chilli 403 3.701 9.201 Tomato 300 2.437 11.107 Cauliflower 400 3.930 7.200 Cabbage 100 1.186 6.772 French beans 2085 2.126 2.126 Cluster beans 1350 2.154 2.154 Bottlegourd 500 2.093 2.999 Ridgegourd 500 1.681 2.125 11
Spoongegourd Beetroot Dolichos bean Watermelon Muskmelon Cucumber Pumpkin Radish Carrot Capsicum Bittergourd Peas Knolkhol Coriander Total
100 40 500 800 300 1000 50 800 800 25 300 8000 70 8000 32663
1.905 0.8 2.55 2.701 4.286 14.335 0.240 2.43 15.984 0.868 4.300 8.163 0.429 16.327 118.299
1.95 0.8 2.56 5.971 5.126 14.758 0.309 2.43 15.984 2.137 4.757 8.163 0.429 16.327 159.182
Another significant achievement of the private sector in the open pollinated seed segment has been the import and popularization of high yielding multi-cut coriander, Kuroda, and Nantes carrot with better colour and adaptability and beetroot of high colour and good uniformity. Production of quality seeds in self and cross-pollinated crops, capability to import quality seeds of carrot, beetroot and coriander and neat packaging have helped in sustaining the growth of seed sales in this sector. Greater use of improved varieties and reduction in use of saved seed can be expected to result in enhanced yields and therefore better returns for the growers. Vegetable Seed Production India figures among the top three vegetable seed producing countries in Asia requiring hand pollination, others being China and Thailand. In India, commercial seed production for export on a commercial scale was organized during the 70s by two private companies. A number of medium and small sized companies have begun to operate now in this venture covering seed production in most of the solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops for internal market and exports. They include Namdhari Seeds, Mahyco, Indo-American Hybrid Seeds, Golden Seeds, Tropica, Exim, Oriental Biotech, Unicorn Biotech, etc. Custom production for export is mainly for companies in US, Europe and Japan. Vegetable seed export constitutes nearly 70% of total seed 12
exports. It is estimated that seeds valued at $ 63 million have been produced and exported during 2000-01. India is endowed with several advantages making it competitive for production of hybrid vegetable seeds for foreign companies and meeting international seed quality standards. Seed production areas have been identified, developed and seed villages organized on a professional scale. Reasons for India's success in hybrid seed production include availability of skilled labour (pollinators and growers) at inexpensive rates, skilled supervisors and favourable climate for production of major crops like tomato and cucurbits over an extended production season. Systems to import parent seeds and export of hybrid seeds are in place. The Government has been supportive of export-oriented activities. The state of Karnataka produces nearly 90% of the total hybrid vegetable seeds, the major areas being located around Ranebennur in the northern part of the State. Availability of trained labour and guaranteed returns and incentives for quality have helped in setting up of several seed villages. The returns can be as high as three times as that of crops for market purpose from the same area. This has also helped in improving the socio-economic scenario of these regions, including overall prosperity, narrowing down of rural / urban divide and employment generation especially for village women and youth. It is estimated that the total employment generation is over 7,00,000 in this sector. This is one of the most significant achievements of this agricultural activity leading to improved per capita income and quality of life. Hard work and diligence of the farm workers involved have helped in meeting the international seed quality standards, which in turn has led to continued growth of the business. New areas for production are also being added, extending this benefit to other rural areas. India has a major advantage in having a choice of latitudes and altitudes to select appropriate seed production areas. Some of the progressive companies have also set up greenhouses for successful production for difficult-to-produce crops like capsicum. Availability of quality technical expertise, increased production and productivity of hybrid seeds of international standards, reduced risks and maintaining low costs have helped to make custom seed production a viable opportunity for foreign companies in India.
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Global Initiatives: India today has a critical mass and level of growth that it could use not only to cater to the growing domestic requirement but also to make a concerted effort for global trade under provisions of GATT and WTO. Furthermore, India is endowed with second largest area of farmland, and the largest area of irrigated land, in the world and, with its huge germplasm diversity, its seed industry is well placed to serve both domestic and international markets Through intensive research efforts 119 improved varieties in 16 vegetable crops have been released. Of these, nine are F1 hybrids, two are synthetic cauliflower varieties and 24 varieties are resistant to different diseases and insect pests. Some of these varieties have already made significant impact/contribution in revolutionising the production of vegetables in the country. Besides developing new varieties several agro-techniques and plant protection measures against diseases and insect pests have been standardised and recommended. Systematic efforts are also on to achieve self sufficienty in seed production, though the goal is quite far. Several biotic constraints pertaining to non availability and erosion of germplasm and its evaluation, diseases and insect pests, manpower, abiotic factors such as limited availability of funds, physical environmental and soil factors and seasonal problems, socio-economic factors and limitations of infrastructure are limiting vegetable research in India. The priorities of research in years to come have been identified as breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, heterosis breeding, breeding for improvement of nutritional quality and processing, seed technology research, development of technology for growing vegetables in protected environment, use of biotechnology, insecticidal residues and off season vegetable production etc. India has one of the largest agricultural research and development system in the world. Vegetables received considerable attention and developed around 600 improved varieties/ hybrids during the last five decades. The share of hybrids remained inconspicuous as long the government restricted the import of seeds which could be used as basic material for developing improved varieties. The seed import was liberalised in 1988 which gave tremendous boost to private seed industry. Earlier the farmers were sceptic of costly hybrid seeds. But the indigenously developed vegetable hybrids by private companies gave excellent returns with the following advantages:
High productivity boosts farmers pride. 14
Better response to costly inputs
Combination of multiple quantitative and qualitative traits
Uniformity
Increased marketable produce
Hybrids suitable for distant transportation
HYBRID TECHNOLOGY Hybrid vegetable technology has made significant impact in most crops in developed countries. India has not lagged behind in adopting this technology. The estimated area under vegetable hybrids has gone up from 192,100 ha in 1993-94 to 416,013 ha in 1999-2000. Vegetable production increased from an average of 10.5t/ha in 1991-92 to 15.2t/ha in 1999-2000 amounting to an increase of 52%. Figures on area, production and productivity over the last decade (Fig.1) reveal that overall production showed an upward trend while the total area showed an erratic movement and had an increase of only 0.42%. During the corresponding period, there had been a substantial growth in hybrid seed usage in India and this can be directly attributed to the steep increase in total production and productivity. With intensive cultivation using hybrids, the average yields under open field condition in India has been steadily increasing and the yield difference with developed countries is getting narrower. It is not uncommon to see growers achieving yields of 100 tonnes per hectare in tomato, 50 tonnes/ha in watermelon, 70 tonnes/ha in eggplant and 35 tonnes/ha in chilli pepper. The advantages conferred by hybrids include higher yields, increased harvesting period, better adaptability, better transport quality favoring the growers and occasional disease resistance. The consumers are benefited by better quality of hybrids, in terms of eye appeal, keeping quality and the hidden and yet, all-important nutritional value. Realizing the benefits that accrue in terms of productivity and the possibility of enhanced income, hybrid cultivation has become popular in traditional vegetable belts. Besides having high productivity that attracts the farmers to buy the quality seeds. The seed companies have several direct and indirect benefits of marketing F1 hybrid vegetable varieties .
Advanced plant breeding techniques 15
Wide range of pollination systems.
Low seed rate
Built-in protection of hybrids
100% Seed Replacement
Negligible scope of degeneration
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY: Hybrid seed production is a high technology and cost intensive venture. Only well organised seed companies with good scientific manpower and well equipped research facilities can afford hybrid seed production. To produce best quality seeds the seed companies have to select the best suited climatic zones. And since the activity of private seed companies is not restricted to a central facility as that of a government research station, the private companies have out performed the public research system. While the public sector has developed only 29 F1 hybrid varieties with less than 1% share the private sector is marketing more than 1000 hybrid varieties of 14vegetable crops.
Current and future seed Requirements The total requirement of seed is /can be met by country especially when there is no restriction on imports. Distinctness of areas of crop and seed production necessitate high replacements and thereby an active role for the seed trade. Table Seed rate, total requirement and availability Seed rate Seed requirement Seed availability Crops Area(000.ha)2005-06 SRR (%) Kg/ha (tons) (tons) Beans 50.00 260.6 13029.4 8755.8 67.2 Eggplant 0.50 533.5 266.8 169.1 63.4 Cabbage 0.50 274.0 137.0 137.0 100.0 Cauliflower 0.75 306.9 230.2 198.9 86.4 Chillies 0.50 627.3 313.6 262.5 83.7 Carrot 1.50 168.0 252.0 165.1 65.5 Cucumber 2.50 25.0 62.5 45.4 72.6 Gourds 5.00 448.1 2240.3 1646.6 73.5 Melons 2.50 182.0 454.9 405.8 89.2 16
Okra Tomato Onion Peas Radish Others$ Total
12.50 0.35 12.50 75.00 20.00 5.00
391.2 549.5 428.0 257.0 312.0 1150.0
4890.4 192.3 5349.7 19274.2 6240.0 5750.0
4518.7 191.0 4670.3 10273.2 5397.6 4174.5
92.4 99.3 87.3 53.3 86.5 72.6
5652.4 58683.3 $Beet, turnip and many leafy vegetables
41011.3
Av. 79.5
DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS CROP Public sector Private sector Tomato 3 160 Brinjal 8 218 Chilli 2 73 Capsicum 1 31 Cauliflower 1 35 Cabbage 20 Radish 5 Onion 1 6 Okra 2 32 Muskmelon 2 14 W.Melon 2 25 Cucumber 2 10 Gourds 6 80 29 709
Imported 90 12 48 9 45 95 10 6 5 4 15 10 15 364
SHARE OF HYBRIDS Seed replacement in vegetable crops is more than 80% as compared to measly 10% in other food crops (Table 2). It is expected to touch 100% in another two or three years. This has happened because the farmers grow them for immediate marketing and their produce is subjected to competition to decide the prices. Hence the vegetable growers can not compromise with the quality of seeds for the fear of rejection of their produce. They buy the best seeds and frequently try the new products to remain a successful grower. The seed companies in turn get instant response and success if they develop new promising hybrids. ESTIMATED SHARE OF VEGETABLE HYBRIDS CROP
Seed replacement (%)
Tomato
99.3
Share of F1 seeds (%) 2001-02 2005-06 28.0 60.0 17
Brinjal Chilli Capsicum Cauliflower Cabbage Radish Onion Okra Muskmelon W. Melon Cucumber Gourds
63.4 83.7 95 86.4 100 96.5 87.3 92.4 71 89.2 72.6 73.5
17.8 3.0 5.0 4.0 32.0 3.0 nil 6.0 5.0 6.0 3.0 2.0
22.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 50.0 10.0 Nil 25.0 30.0 40.0 35.0 25.0
The impact of vegetable hybrid technology can be seen by the variety and quality of vegetables in the market. It has attracted a large number of marginal farmers around the cities to grow hybrid vegetables. The share of hybrid seed is increasing at a fast pace of 8 to 10% annually in most of the crops. Their large number has contained the prices of vegetables due to competition and yet the farmers are finding it rewarding and a good source of income.
MARKET SHARE OF VEGETABLE HYBRIDS
Private 64%
Imported 33%
Public 3%
18
Share of Vegetable hybrids in seed trade (in t) 78038 ONLY 10 OUT OF 25
IMPORTANT VEGETABLES WORTH 380 CRORES INCLUDING IMPORTED SEED
6877
Total
Available
630
Hybrids
Seed Industry’s transition to Hybrid Varieties India’s Rs five billion seed industry — the backbone of the massive multi-billion fruit and vegetable industry — is undergoing a silent transition to branded varieties, thanks to the fast changing food habits and retail food industry. And at the forefront to take the advantage of the vast potential of this untapped seed segment are the multi national corporations (MNCs). The impact of this is witnessed in the interior regions, where farmers are busy gauging the possible benefits of shifting to the branded, value-added hybrid seeds which give better prices and higher yields in relatively shorter span of their cropping activities. The scenario is fast changing in the seeds market, while the change is seen more in parts of Western Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, South Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, where farmers prefer branded seeds, the Northern and the Eastern regions are yet to shift. Little wonder, therefore, the MNCs are busy drawing the battlelines to take advantage of the untapped potential of the Rs five billion Indian seeds industry. In the forefront are MNCs Syngenta, Indo American Seeds, Monsanto India, Pioneer Seeds. The latest entrant is the USA’s Seminis, claimed to be one of the leader in vegetable and fruits seeds brand enter in the local some $920 million annual seeds sales market.
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Most of the MNCs are willing to invest in technology and offer advanced products while passing the benefits to the farmer in the form of higher yields and the better prices. The changing pattern, in the retail food industry, has prompted the farmers to increase seed replacement rates in India for crops. Around 10-12 per cent of the normal seeds market has already shifted to the hybrid seeds or valued-added seeds. While technological advances have led the release of superior quality seeds that offer many benefits to the farmer, the product has become so complex that special agronomic practices must be followed to maximise its benefit and requires that the farmers are educated about the product requirements by qualified personnel. Such educational efforts among the farmers would help MNCs and hybrid companies yield good rewards. It can be observed that almost all the players in the branded seeds industry have certain specialities in certain locations that generate maximum sales revenues. This is because the companies have been able to concentrate on field activities and communicate product benefits intensively on a limited scale.
India as seed production hub India can become a hub of seed production for South-East Asian region and will also be able to supply African countries. The case for India emerging as a production hub is backed by the fact that the country has built up sufficient expertise and resources in both the private and public domain to become a strong ally in early stage contract research or late stage seed multiplication. An increase in replacement ration could give depth to the industry and it would help increase the size of seed sector and volumes in the mass market segment. Development, higher penetration and renewed focus are anticipated in States including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. Even if the Indian market reaches a point of saturation, the neighbouring markets such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia could become attractive destinations for export of seed for crops, including cotton, sunflower, sorghum, pearl millet and vegetables. Access to these markets could help sustain the growth of Indian seed companies. The seed sector is seen as a major driver of agriculture sector in the country and is expected to realise future growth due to increased seed replacement rate, higher conversion,
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wider use of proprietary hybrids, increased farmer awareness of new methods and introduction of technologically advances products that offer improved biotic and abiotic traits. Seed companies are currently spending around five per cent of their turnover on research and development; the firms were expected to churn out more products with shorter life cycles in the future. This will keep R&D costs a high level. Companies may decide to work in alliance with biotech companies for R&D of new products. The private sector in the seed industry was highly fragmented with an estimated 300 players and the top 10 companies account for 25 per cent of the total volume. An estimated 250 companies operate as trading firms and these generate an average turnover of Rs 5 crore annually. The commercial seed market in the country accounts for 25 per cent of the total market potential and the remaining 75 per cent is dominated by vareital seeds that farmers retain from prominent food and commercial crops. The public sector, led by National Seeds Corporation Ltd and 13 other State seed corporations, supplies high volume and low value seeds of improved varieties of cereals, pulses and oilseeds. This makes ensuring quality and marketing new varieties tough and complex. But the signs of change are all around us. New integrated trans-national players such as Bayer, DuPont, Monsanto, Syngenta, Advanta are shifting the dynamics of trade with new business models that include comprehensive variety development, seed breeding, and marketing systems. Some have set up independent research facilities, which enable them to develop their own new varieties and retain intellectual property rights. The Indian seed industry is already a billion-dollar industry and the eighth largest in the world. It is growing every year by 12%, and that too when only a quarter of all farms are sown with new seeds every year. With more farmers becoming brand and variety conscious, more parks in our neighbourhoods and more veggies on our plates, the potential is mind-boggling. Private Sector - Peep into Future The growers and consumers today have a better and wider choice of products and this has a strong parallel with the activities and offering from the private seed sector. R&D activities have been strengthened and new hybrids with disease resistance and better quality have emerged from private sector, which are rapidly gaining ground. 21
In crops like tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, chilli pepper, melon, watermelon and okra where strong hybrids have emerged and growers have not hesitated to pay more for value added products like disease resistance, seed sales have grown over the years. While there appears to be room for rapid growth in okra, chilli pepper, and cucumber, specialty traits or incorporation of disease resistance genes will be the key for augmenting growth of hybrid seed sales in tomato, melons, watermelons, cauliflower, etc. Eco-friendly hybrids with biotic / a biotic stress tolerance will have big market share and these are expected to perform well in off-seasons also. Products with good transport quality and better shelf life will be preferred by traders and also by consumers. Choice of growers and consumers keep changing and is not consistent over regions. It is important that R&D units reorient on shifting time scales dictated by market compulsions. Super markets in cities bringing in quality vegetables, well packed and presented provide scope for premium quality, unique new products and convenience items (icebox watermelon) as well as novelty items (cherry tomato, colored bell pepper, baby corn, asparagus, lettuce, etc.). Processing industry will have specialized needs in crops like tomato and chilli pepper. Efforts to economize seed production costs will be important. Seed quality and treatment will become key points for growers to make choices and there is a need for upgrading quality control laboratories to meet international standards. Biotechnology products will have scope if clear advantages are demonstrated along with safety aspects to consumers. A right blend of research activities of private and public enterprises is prevailing. Import of cabbage, cauliflower, chilli and capsicum hybrids besides large volumes of open pollinated varieties in carrot, beetroot and coriander exemplifies the successful functioning of international seed trade. Seed associations are ready to take up the cause of the industry, to support effective and efficient seed trade with other countries for imports. Success and continued growth in the private sector will depend on customer needs, development of need-based hybrids, development of efficient and appropriate technologies in frontier areas and germplasm enhancement. The Indian vegetable seed industry has the requisite technological skills and strength to provide the varietal needs of the future.
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INDIAN SEED EXPORTS AND IMPORTS -STATUS & POTENTIAL The Indian Seed Industry was insulated from Global Industry before 1988. There was limited exchange of germplasm lines primarily through the Government bodies and exports were confined to the extent of limited contract seed production. The Industry was dominated by public sector in research as well as marketing. However, prior to economic liberalization, the Govt. of India realized the importance of opening up the seed sector. Accordingly, the new seed policy was announced in 1988 with the main objective of providing the best planting material available anywhere in the world, to the Indian fanners. The policy aimed at liberalizing seed import/ exports and encouraged entry of multinational companies so also formation of foreign collaborations. It also encouraged the research in Private sector, which resulted into availability of large number of superior research products from both public, as well as private sector in the last decade. Even though there has been rapid growth in custom seed production for exports and also import of vegetable seeds: we are still a minor player in the global seed trade. If the vast opportunities are tapped aggressively and systematically, Indian Seed Industry could emerge as a major force in the rapidly expanding global seed trade. GLOBAL SEED INDUSTRY AND INTERNAL COMMERCIAL MARKET The size of the global seed market is estimated to be around 30 billion US$ (i.e. Rs.l,50,000 Cr.). The largest commercial market is USA with US$ 5.7 billion followed by China (US$ 3.0 billion) and Japan (US$ 2.5 billion) and India ranks lOth largest in terms of internal commercial market which is estimated to be around US$600 million. While the markets in developed countries particularly that of Europe and Japan are stagnant, there has been rapid growth in the developing countries’ market on account of shift away from farm saved seed. With the advent of high degree of value addition through biotechnology, the global market is expected to expand to US$ 100 billion within next 10-15 years time. EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES The export opportunities can be classified in two major categories :
Custom Production of Vegetable Seeds (including hybrid vegetables).
Export of branded seeds.
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Custom Production of Vegetable Seeds (including hybrid vegetables): Hybrid vegetable seed production is highly labour intensive. As the competition is going up, most of the major global companies are outsourcing the seed production to the countries having labour cost advantage viz. China, Thailand, Vietnam, Chile, India etc. Several Indian companies have established good reputation over the past 10 years by supplying good quality seed under contract production. We also have experienced and ski1l.ed manpower to take up this activity on large scale. However, our share of US$ 16 million (Rs. 80 crores) is still insignificant (less than 5%) in the global market of around US$ 360 million. If we overcome the other bottlenecks (described in the later part), we should be in a position to command sizeable share in this growing market; Export of branded Seeds: Over the last 15-20 years, Indian Seed Industry has emerged as a vibrant research based industry (in vegetable as well as field crops). Several innovative superior products have been developed for widely varying agro- climatic conditions in the Indian Agriculture. It is reported that Indian germplasm/seeds can adapt very well in the countries falling in the region 30(1 North and 3011 South of the equator. This would cover markets of several developing countries from Central/South America, Africa and Asia. Incidentally, both Africa and Asia are presently the fastest growing markets. Indian Seed Sector with its vast germplasm base and trained manpower would become a strong technology source for such countries. According to one USAID sponsored study, there is a potential to increase Indian exports from the present level of Rs.100 crores by 10 fold to, more than Rs.1000 crores within the next 10 years period. SEED IMPORTS Our imports of seed for commercial sale are confined to few vegetable crops (mostly of F1 hybrid) viz. Cabbage, Cauliflower, Capsicum, Chillies, Musk melon, Water melon, Radish and Carrot. The imports are estimated to be around Rs.50 crores. In these crops, the present coverage under hybrids is ranging between 2% -30%. Thus, there is tremendous scope to increase the imports and widening the coverage under high productivity hybrids. Imports should not be looked down upon as most of these imported world class seed would enable Indian farmers to become competitive in the world markets.
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In this case also, we have to overcome lot of procedural bottlenecks which are described in the next part of the paper. CONSTRAINTS The biggest obstacle to expand our exports have been the Government regulations and procedures that delay and obstruct the seed trade (both import and exports) from India. The following major constraints have been identified: Cumbersome import-export procedures The import/ export of seeds are governed by EXIM policy where seeds are placed in restricted list, requiring prior permit. Further, plant health and quarantine regulations are governed by the Plant, Fruits and Seeds (Regulation of Import in to India) Order, 1989. Even though these regulations are fully justified in the national interest, implementation and interpretation of these regulations is not very practical and productive. Some of the practical problems faced by the Industry are :
It takes more than 15 days for issuing import permit, which does not add any value to quarantine process.
Stock seed imports by courier are not allowed.
Quarantine clearance is taking more than 30 days.
Air freight demurrages are very high.
Delays in Issue of Phytosanitary certificate for exports. ,
The implementing authority needs to take down to earth approach to facilitate seed import/ export. There is a need to simplify the interpretation and implementation rather than making it complex and bureaucratic. . Seed Certification & Testing Standards For international market, key word in seed markets is quality. We have to match the seed standards of developed countries. Similarly for seed testing, ISTA standards should be followed rigidly. We do not have ISTA accredited laboratory in the absence of which we can not get orange certificate which is mandatory requirement for import in many West Asian, Middle East & African countries. Even though most of the seed production activities are highly labour intensive, our seed production costs are higher on account of lower productivity particularly in 25
comparison with China. In China, labour costs are low and labour is also well disciplined leading to high productivity . Lack of sufficient manpower with global exposure and orientation. Long gestation periods and heavy investments deter local Indian Seed Players. Establishing the products in other countries would take several years of testing, evaluation. Brand establishment is also a long drawn process. Seasonal advantage of other countries in Northern hemisphere. Most of our production is confined to Rabi Season, which is posing problems in production logistics. RECOMMENDATIONS A strong national will is the prime necessity to access world seed markets. Both the Industry and the Government need to put its acts together and overcome the various constraints/bottlenecks, hampering the global trade. Industry :
Diversifying seed production in different parts of country .
Bring down seed production costs by improving productivity and disseminating knowledge. Establishing ISTA accredited labs.
One common association to represent industry with APEDA, MoAg, MoComm, Exim Bank etc.
Network with International associations like APSA for trials and evaluation.
Encourage NGO’s to help target farmers establish seed production for exports.
Government :
Special seed export promotion zones with adequate infrastructure for drying, storage, electricity supply at competitive rates, may be established.
Abolishing import permits.
Speedy clearance in quarantine.
Hybrid Seed of oilseeds and fodder crop should not fall in restricted list.
Ministry of Commerce through DGFT may provide single window system for export licences.
Establishment of Export Promotion Council. The seed export may be taken with a 26
mission approach.
Govt. may collect information about global seed demand and pass on the information to Seed Industry. Market research could also be sponsored.
Central Seed Testing Lab should obtain ISTA accrediation.
OECD standards of Seed Certification be implemented.
Institute award for best exports. Current Indian Seed Industry is as matured and vibrant as that of any developed countries
including that of United States of America. India is now well equipped to become a major seed player in the International Seed Trade. All that is required is committed Govt. support and encouragement to this sector and concerted efforts in the Seed Industry on R&D, Quality, Customer focus and Technology front. This can be achieved by conscious efforts by both Govt. and Seed Industry in eliminating the barriers and establishing a transparent system of work.
FUTURE PRIORITIES IN VEGETABLE SEED RESEARCH While significant progress has already been made there are still several problems to be tackled. For this, the following research priorities have been identified. 1) Breeding for resistance to abiotic factors viz. diseases and insect-pests such as:Tomato Brinjal Okra Chillies Onion Cucurbits Cole crops Peas
leaf curl virus, TMV bacterial wilt,phytopthora blight, fruit borer. fruit and shoot borer, bacterial wilt, little leaf. yellow vein mosaic and pod borer virus and pest complex purple blotch, stemphylium (moth and thrips). downy mildew, powdery, CMV, fruit fly. Sclerotinia, Alternaria and soft rot. Powdery mildew 27
Beans Beans
Septoria, mosaic virus and b Septoria, mosaic virus and bruchus
2) Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses eg. salinity, alkalinity, salt tolerance and stress environment e.g. hot set and cold set tomatoes. 3) Heterosis breeding in onion, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, cucurbits, brinjal, and capsicum. 4) Breeding for nutritional and processing qualities in vegetables like tomato, onion, peas and garlic (dehydration). 5) Use of biotechnology for incorporation of resistance to disease/pests/abiotic stresses. 6) Intensification of research on seed production of temperate, tropical and sub-tropical vegetables and intensification of breeders seed production programme. 7) Export oriented research on vegetables like onion, chillies, okra, peas, tomato, brinjal, cucumber, cauliflowr and cabbage. 8) Developing efficient cropping systems. 9) Research on growing vegetables in protected environments. 10) Research on off-season vegetable production and under exploited vegetables. 11) Studies on insecticidal residues.
Conclusion : India is the second largest producer of vegetables, with a total estimated production of 105 mt from 6.8 mha and a growth rate of 3.8%. The present annual requirement of vegetables is estimated to be 125 mt and is expected to be over 150mt by 2010. (NHB, 2006) This leap can be best achieved through proper use of improved varities and hybrid technology in combination with superior management skills. The Indian Seed Industry at present is worth Rs. 500 crores of which around 200 crores is the export market. Private sector is contributing 60% by value and 40 % by volume in organized seed sector. If we see the opportunities, the Indian seed market can cross more than 10,000 crores worth of business in coming 10 years. Considering the huge area in each crop, the potential for quality seed supply is very high. The average yield is much lower in India in most of the crops 28
even compared to the neighbouring countries. The variation in production and plateauing in yield is a major concern for the agricultural policy makers. Quality seeds of improved varities are the most strategic resources for higher and better vegetable yields. Good genetic composition and assured quality seed can only guarantee its response to fertilizers and other inputs in the expected manner. The advancement in genetic improvement and production technology of vegetables is directly related to the development of seed industry in the country. The vegetable seed industry in India had a very modest beginning during the sixties and seventies of the 20th century with handful of companies which were mostly selling imported seeds. An important landmark in the development of Indian seed Industry was the production of hybrid seeds of vegetables for commercial growing. On the lines of the recommendation made by NCA, 1971 the NSP, 1988 allowed that import seeds and germplasm for research purposes. The purpose was to promote developments that would maximize yields and increase farmers income. Presently, by volume of turnover, ratio between the private and public sectors is 60:40. Traditionally, the seed industry was dominated by the public sector, largely due to protectionist attitude of Government. Private sector players were deterred from entering the industry. The industry was characterized by low margins and heavy subsidization. Presently there are about 200-225 private seed companies in India. However there are only a few exclusive vegetable seed companies. Public sector has its strength in improving germplasm by maintaining specific local races and developing high yielding varities and hybrids in some of the crops. To carry out this desirable research deliverable to the farmers in an area where public sector has certain weakness and private sector can certainly hold hand and deliver these research in a much efficient way. Both public and private sector organizations have a definite contribution each to promote in the development of vegetable seed industry and production of vegetables. The role of public sector is mainly catalytic in initiating seed production, quality control, seed certification, notification and registration of varities and other regulatory systems. The private sector with their corporate management skill and scientific and technological expertise have been able to provide the Indian seed industry a strong base to fulfill the challenging task of meeting requirements of quality seeds. Synergism in research between public and private sectors has yielded useful results in many developing countries. 29
The Indian Seed Industry is undergoing wide ranging transformations, which include and increasing role of private seed companies, joint ventures of Indian companies with multinational seed companies with focus on biotechnology, and wide ranging changes in regulatory frameworks, which would affect seed research, marketing and trade in coming years. Joint ventures, partnerships, mergers and acquisition are proliferating in numerous areas of the seed industry between the private and public sectors as well as between national and international companies. The activities targeted in such joint ventures include R&D, production and marketing of hybrid seed. While the reform process initiated in the India seed sector continues to evolve, the private seed companies keenly await further initiatives and relaxations in the Government regulations in seed market. But ahead along with these green patches some grey areas also exists viz. Intellectual property Rights, Farmers and Breeders Rights, lack of skilled and technical personals, open markets marred with mergers and acquisitions. A rich blend of research activities of private and public enterprises is prevailing in India. Import of hybrids and and OPV in cole crops exemplifies the successful/proper functioning of International seed trade. Seed associations are ready to take up the cause of the industry, to support effective and efficient seed trade with other countries for imports. The hybrids of vegetables are not only higher yielding than OP varities but also many of them are early maturing, disease resistant and superior quality. India has a unique opportunity in terms of breeding a range of vegetable crops. Competent breeders capable of developing superior hybrids, backed by strong production capabilities can galvanize the industry towards development of hybrids not only for the Indian subcontinent but also for other Asian and middle-eastern countries. India has a vibrant vegetable seed industry and appears to be on the right track for the bright future.
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State-wise area and production of vegetables States / Area Union 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Territories Andhra Pradesh 222.5 213.3 248.0 Arunachal 20.8 20.5 20.2 Pradesh Assam 237.4 232.0 198.8 Bihar 578.9 609.9 815.0 Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana
104.1 111.0 7.6 232.2 150.4
97.1 43.7 7.0 248.3 163.1
61.1 43.7 7.8 248.3 203.9
(Area: 000’ ha., Production: 000’ t) Production 2004-05 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 258.4
2586.7
2357.9
2882.3
3861.9
20.4
83.9
81.5
80.9
78.8
194.5
2935.2
2464.4
2020.4
816.6
8022.9
8288.5
125.1 43.7 7.8 331.5 207.8
1355.3 747.4 76.0 3278.2 2151.9
1357.2 628.1 68.5 3517.9 2051.8
1958.9 13296. 9 1554.1 626.8 74.7 3515.2 2703.3
13349.1 1266.3 626.8 74.7 4867.9 2980.4 31
Himachal Pradesh Jammu &Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman & Nicobar # Chandigarh# Dadra & Nagar Haveli # Daman & Diu # Lakshadweep# Pondicherry # Total Note : Source :
34.6
44.3
59.3
59.1
639.1
775.7
877.2
1013.5
50.8
24.9
34.7
52.1
728.9
332.9
462.9
843.0
158.5 358.1 114.3 136.4 402.4 10.6 35.7 6.8 26.3 643.4 135.0 99.3 14.2 213.8 31.3 93.8
118.2 354.0 112.7 136.8 405.0 11.6 38.1 4.3 6.7 616.8 138.3 90.3 14.1 166.6 31.6 70.6
110.6 363.3 99.2 164.7 370.0 13.4 32.7 5.7 11.9 655.3 153.0 116.5 16.1 187.1 32.0 41.0
223.6 367.2 107.6 184.4 372.2 13.4 32.7 5.7 11.9 655.9 158.6 124.1 17.0 215.3 32.7 72.8
853.5
819.5
1139.0
1208.5
1165.9
1300.1 3707.9 2547.4 1827.0 4768.9 71.9 338.9 31.9 78.5 7126.2 2319.4 358.3 59.1 4223.3 360.3 507.5 15791. 4 17376. 5
1197.2 4176.9 2602.9 2377.0 4132.1 86.0 270.5 24.0 88.1 8030.9 2588.1 527.6 75.0 4672.7 352.2 447.3 14862. 0 18510. 6
3394.9 4382.9 2490.1 2659.6 4044.4 86.0 270.5 24.0 88.1 8045.6 2677.4 650.2 76.5 6218.3 373.4 951.8
777.9
1736.3 4173.2 2541.9 1817.5 5128.3 66.1 265.9 44.1 286.0 7447.4 2275.6 432.5 60.0 5444.6 353.2 737.3 15044. 840.9 8 18075. 1189.0 3
3.1
3.6
4.0
7.1
15.8
16.3
23.3
30.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
1.1 0.2 54.2 88622. 0
1.1 0.2 63.7 84815. 4
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 71.9 74.7 93165. 101433.5 0
0.1 0.2 3.7 6155.7
0.1 0.2 4.1 6091.8
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 4.4 4.5 6308.9 6755.6
15792.8 18103.2
# Previous year data. Indian Horticulture Database, 2005, National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
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