vajikarana,

PHARMACEUTICAL & EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R IT’S VAJIKARANA EFFECT.

BY

Dr. S. N. GOTUR. B.A.M.S. (GULBARGA UNIRVESITY, GULBARGA, KARNATAKA)

Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati” M.D. [Ayurveda] In

BHAISHAJYA KALPANA GUIDE Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI

CO-GUIDE

Prof. Dr. D. K. MISHRA

M.D (Ay)(GAU)

M.D (Ay)

H.O.D. Rasashastra &Bhaishajya Kalpana

Assistant Professor Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN BHAISHAJYA KALPANA, A.L.N.RAO MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, KOPPA - 577126 CHIKMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA NOVEMBER - 2009

Department of Post Graduate

Memorial A.L.N.Rao Ayurvedic

Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA

Medical College Koppa – 577126 Dist: Chikmagalur Karnataka

DECLARATION

I hereby Declare that this Dissertation Entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a Bonafide and Genuine Research Work Carried Out By Me Under The Guidance Of Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI, Assistant Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Bhaishajya Kalpana, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College P. G. Centre, Koppa.

Date:

Dr. S. N. GOTUR Place: Koppa

P. G. Scholar, Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126

Department of Post Graduate Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA

A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa – 577126 Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (MD) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Guide: Date:

Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI M.D (Ayu)

Place: Koppa

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126



CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D.) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Co-Guide: Date:

Prof. Dr. D. K. Mishra M.D (Ayu)(GAU)

Place: Koppa

H. O. D. Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D.) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

H.O.D Date: Place: Koppa

Dr. Dinesh Kumar Mishra M.D (Ayu) Professor, Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126



ENDORSEMENT

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S. N. Gotur under the guidance of Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI, Assistant Professor, Department of Post Graduate studies in Bhaishajya Kalpana, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College and P.G Centre, Koppa

Date: Place: Koppa

Prof. Dr. Sanjaya K. S. MD (Ayu) Principal A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College. Koppa –577126 Dist: Chikmagalur

COPYRIGHT

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic format for academic/research purpose.

Place:

Dr. S. N. Gotur P. G. Scholar

Date:

Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Impotency is a severe stress that disturbs the physical, psychological and social well being of a person. It may be due to intake of substandard food, consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and anxiety are making the man impotent. Because of this he not only loses the ability to produce healthy progeny, but also ends up in losing his normal course of enjoyment in this connection. It becomes more important for mankind to produce therapeutic drug to regain the positive health. Vajikarana drugs not only help in the recreation, but also in procreation which are indicated in sexually active age. Objectives: In this connection the present drug Kamadhenu Churna has been selected to evaluate Vajikarana action on albino rats. Group one dose is according to classical reference & in Group-2 dose is double the dose of the classical reference•

To evaluate the Vajikara effect of the Kamadhenu Churna on albino-rats in dispensing. a. The dose mentioned as per classics. b. The same formula is dispensed with respect to its dose as double dose of classical reference.

•

To compare the efficacy of these Trial Drugs, in order to evaluate the best one.

•

To do pharmaceutical and physicochemical analysis of the sample of Kamadhenu Churna

Pharmaceutical study: The compound drug was prepared in the Pharmacy attached to the college and analysed for physico-chemical parameters in the Quality Control Laboratory

attached with this college. Then the standard drug is subjected to experimental trials to evaluate the effect of Vajikarana effect by following Beech and Stone 1940. Interpretation: It can be interpreted on the following basis. Predominantly all the dravyas have madhura rasa, snigdha guna & shita virya. Dhatu vruddhikara and balya properties along with vata hara gunas are an additional specialty of this preparation. Increasing the shukra dhatu and oja is possibly on the above said factors. While the drug shall be confidently used on the loss of libido on clinical evaluation since the ushna virya dravya gandhaka is also one of the major ingredients. Therefore the snigdha, madhura sheeta is shukravardhaka, dathuvardhaka, ojavardhaka and ushna veerya aids to nadibalya properties. The more significant values of Kamadhenu churna with double dose possibly is due to the above said characters. Key words: Vajikarana; Impotency; Kamadhenu churna; Stress; Vrishya; Balya; Shukra Dhathu etc

Introduction

INTRODUCTION The art of love is not only meant to give pleasure to man solely, but also to provide women, the maximum pleasure and no doubt it’s an excellent solution for procreation. This also strengthens the married life. Ayurveda though envisages sex strictly for procreation but also indicates as a practice for healthy married life, attainment of, (third aim of life) and as a means for fulfillment of Paralokaishana (Pursuits of salvation). The problem of low sexual desire, erectile this function are pre mature ejaculation which could be because of physiological, psychological or organic cause may disturb the entire rhythm of personal and social life. Impotency is a severe stress that disturbs the physical, physiological and social well being of a person. It may dew to intake of substandard food, consumption food, consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and anxiety making the man impotent. Because of this he not only looses the ability to produce healthy progeny but also ends up in losing his normal course of enjoyment. In this connection, it becomes more important for mankind to procure therapeutic drugs to regain the positive health. Vajikarana drugs not only help in the recreation but also in procreation, which are indicated in sexually active age Since ancient times human societies have searched for effective drugs to enhance sexual activity and desire, legendary aphrodisiac made from rhinoceros horn, the glands of musk deer, sheep or bull testicles, Spanish fly and ginseng have been used throughout the history

1

Introduction

The word aphrodisiac originates from Aphrodite’s, greek goddess of sexual love. Fertility and beauty born from severed genitals of god Uranus and aphrodisiac is defined as any food or drug that arouses and increases pleasure and performance. There are two types of aphrodisiac psycho-physiological stimuli (visual, tactile, olfactory and aural) preparations and internal preparation(food alcoholic drinks drug). As India is known as a holy land and Indians having deep interest in spiritual knowledge, vedas recognize four goals for the complete development of any human being. Dharm

-

concerning moral and ideal needs

Artha

-

concerning material needs

Kama

-

concerning physical needs

Moksha

-

eternal salvation

All these four together considered as the very foundation of life. The time prior to the creation, mind, the primordial substance across thought the power of tapas and the first product of mind was Kama, Sexual desires and love. (Rigveda M. 10, 129, 1-7) The sanskrit term “kama” in a wide sense refers to all the desire of a human being it denotes love as well as lust. One angle of kama refers to sex means to get physical and mental pleasure, the basis of mating, marriage and progeny. In ancient India many treatise were written on kama describing the ways and means of deriving maximum enjoyment from sex the author of these works were munis and rushis. They knew that kama was an instinct and it was not possible to suppress it. They accepted that the correct practice of kama makes both men and woman happy.

2

Introduction

Charaka in his samhita covered the subject of vajjikarana in depth. Vajikarana is the one of eight major specialties of ayurveda. Vajjikarana is a substance which makes a man sexually as strong as horse and is able to copulate for longer period an elephant and as frequently as a sparrow with many female partners. There are various means by which vajikarana could be achieved i.e. ahara (diet), vihara (environment and activities) and aushada (drugs). It involves all the therapeutically and nontherapeutically measures taken to ensure healthy sex life. In all cultures and societies, from the primitive to the most sophisticated, nearly all women and men desire progeny. In many communities progeny is seen as important asset to the family, particularly to those whose life revolves around traditional family values in the rural area. In many cultures progeny represent final proof or virility .if a women in the society fails to get progeny after marriage she is subjected to indignity and will be main accusation because. Failure to becomes pregnant is perceived to the entirely her fault, but 30 percentage of the infertility is caused by male factor related to the problem with sperm defects representing the highest single cause to overcome this problem the present study aimed to find out the efficacy of Kamadhenu churna in term of aphrodisiology as mentioned in Bhaishajya ratnavali to interpret the Same effect of the compound through the parameters like initial arousal period ,peak arousal period , Mounting behavior and Time interval to mount again.

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is an unforgettable moment of contentment on the successful

fulfillment of an ambition and a milestone fostered for long, i.e. the completion of this dissertation work; I bow my head at the feet of the Almighty, whose profound grace is always towards me. This work is a reflection of the rays of mercy emitted from the Almighty.

It is beyond the reach of my language as it is very difficult to find

appropriate vocabulary to express; at this juncture I pay my obeisance to my esteemed Father Mr. Nagappa. M. Gotur and Mother Late. Nagamma, for taking pain and their sacrifice to bring up me to this position.

The Herculean task would have been impossible but the love & affection

of my Dear brother Mr, Chandrashekhar, Dr.Venkatesh and also cannot forget My Sister‐ Mrs. Anasuya, Younger Sister‐ Mrs. Sudha and My Brother in laws, whose tender care and the moral support insulated me from all the petty problems of the day‐to‐day life, helping me to concentrate on my academics.

I am beholden to my family members & lastly my relatives.

It is matter of great pleasure and honour for me to express my gratitude

whole heartedly and with profound respect to my ever respected Guide‐ Dr. B. I. Mathapati, Asst. Prof., and Co‐Guide Prof. Dinesh Kumar Mishra, H.O.D, P.G. Department of Bhaishajya Kalpana for their valuable guidance. Many a time they gave me constant inspiration, encouragement, support and a real parental affection with an inner creative impulse not dominated and fettered by an outside authority to touch this mile stone at this apt time successfully.

I record my sincere and hearty gratitude to Honourable President, Sri

Aroor Ramesh Rao, A.L.N.Rao Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa, for giving me an opportunity to do my P. G. Studies.

I am very thankful to Respected, Principal & Prof.. Sanjaya K. S. M.D.(Ay)

for their kind guidance as and when needed and administrative facilitation during this work. Words fail to express the gravity of my heartfelt thanks to Dr. H. Abdul Kareem, Dr. Milind. Hukkeri, Dr. Sandeep Sarode, Dr. Shubha S,

Dr. Basavaraj. S. Hiremath, Dr. Harikrishna and Dr. Roshy Joseph Lecturers, my mentor for their warm & soothing support within or outside the department and the round the clock guidance through out my research task.

I extend my gratefulness to Prof. M Vidyasagar M.D.(Ay) Ph.D, H.O.D. Dept.

of D.G and Prof. Debajit. Bhattacharya M.D.(Ay), H.O.D Dept. of K.C., for their uncountable‐valuable guidance, timely help during this work.

I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude towards Prof. Dr. B. D.

Mishra M.D.(Ay), Prof. Dr .C.B. Jha M.D. (Ay) BHU, Dr. Vilas Dole M.D.(Ay) Pune, Dr. Unnikrishnan M.D.(Ay) Trivandrum, for their indefatigable guidance which had moulded and enriched my research work of its fulfillment.

I am immensely thankful to Dr. Prashant kumar. Jha. DIM, CIPR, PGDEE, M.Sc., Ph.D

who helped me for confirming the genuineness and purity of crude drugs and helping me in Analysing the Trial Drug Formulation of my dissertation.

I am ever Grateful for to Dr. Suhas shetty for their complete guidance in

statistical work.

I am thankful to Prof. H. R. Pradeep, Prof. P. K. Mishra, Prof. T. K.

Mohanta, Dr. Rashmirekha Mishra, Dr. S. V. Saraganacharya, Dr. Ilanchezhian, Dr. Lakshmikant, and Lecturers Postgraduate studies for their valuable advices in my dissertation.

It was indeed a pleasure to work with and have friendly guidance and

support from my senior colleagues – Dr. Roopesh, Dr. Ram, Dr. Jay, Dr. Vibhu, Dr. Yashoda, Dr. Janni H, Dr. Rachana C, Dr. Avinash Pastore, Dr.Magesh, Dr. Pronab H, Dr. Sushil Shetty for their timely support which smoothened my path.

It is not an easy task to fetch esteem vocabulary to appraise my heartily

gratitude to Dr. Brijesh, Dr. Nagendra, Dr. Pravin Joshi, my junior friends Nataraj T.K, Naveenkumar. J. and well wishers who lent their hand when needed most, without whom my stay at Koppa is unimaginable. Memorable are those moments, which I shared with all my batchmates Dr. Smt. Anuradha and Dr. Noble, Dr. Mahesh, Dr. Prashant, Dr. Dayanand, Dr. Susruth, Dr. Madhu, Dr. Nishababu, Dr. Priyalatha, Dr. Pallavi, Dr. Jaykrishna, Dr. Arunpratap,

Dr. Sarunmohan, Dr. Sreejith and Dr. Mahantesh, ‐ who made life at Koppa wonderful whom I would miss much later.

It is a pleasure for me to remember all my Juniors Dr. Reddy, Dr.

Jagadish, Dr. Kiran, Dr. Shukla Das and Dr. Praffula who have all helped me in every possible way and for their timely contributions which always assured me of the precious support whenever needed.

I am grateful to the staff members of the pharmacy Mr. Mathew, Ms

Ganeshwari, Ms Devayani, Ms. Veda, Ms.Ponnamma for their assistance in practical works.

I am grateful to Librarian Mr. Basheer, Mr.Satish, Mrs.Jyoti, Miss.

Manjula & Miss. Ameena Yasmin helped me in my reference work. And last, but not least, I owe my gratitude to all those Beloved Relatives, lecturers, UG students, all friends and well wishers who directly or indirectly or in one way or the other have inspired, encouraged and helped me to pursue the path of success along my life. Omission of any name in my acknowledgement is unintentional and regretted. Date: November 2009 Place: Koppa

Dr. S. N. Gotur

ABBREVIATIONS A. F. I

-

Ayurvedic Formulary of India

A.H.Chi

-

Astanga Hridaya Chikitsasthana

A.H.Ni

-

Astanga Hridaya nidanasthana

A.H.Sa.

-

Astanga Hridaya sarirasthan

A.H.Su.

-

Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthan

A.H.U

-

Astanga Hridayam Uttarasthan

Ak

-

Amar Kosh

A.S.Chi

-

Astanga Samgraha chikitsasthana

A.S.K(A.xÉ.Mü)

-

Astanga Samgraha kalpasthana

A.S.Ni

-

Astanga Samgraha nidanasthana

A.S.Su

-

Astanga Samgraha sutrasthan

B. P. M.K

-

Bhavaprakash Madhyam Khand

B.P.P.K

-

Bhavaprakash Pratham Khand

Bh.P.Ni.

-

Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

B.R.

-

Bhaishajya Ratnavali

B.S.

-

Bhela Samhita

Ca.S.Chi(cÉ.xÉ.ÍcÉ)

-

Charaka Samhita Chikitsa

Ca.S.K(cÉ.xÉ.Mü)

-

Charaka Samhita Kalpasthan

Ca.S.Ni

-

Charaka Samhita nidana

Ca.S.Sa

-

Charaka Samhita sarira

Ca.S.Su (cÉ.xÉ.xÉÑ)

-

Charaka Samhita Sutrasthan

Ca.S. Vi

-

Charaka Samhita Vimansthan

Dal

-

Dalhana

Eg \ eg

-

Example

Ga. Ni.

-

Gada Nigraha

Gms

-

Grams

H.S

-

Harita Samhita

I. M. P

-

Indian Medicinal Plants

K. S. Khi.(Mü.xÉ.ÎZÉ)

-

Kashyapa Samhita Khilasthan

Ka.Ni. (Mæü.ÌlÉ)

-

Kaiyadeva Nighantu

Kg

-

Kilograms

ml

-

Millilitre

No

-

Number

Pg

-

Page

Ref

-

Reference

Su.S.Chi.

-

Susrutha Samhita Chikitsa

Su.S.Ni.

-

Susrutha Samhita Nidana

Su.S.Sa.

-

Susrutha Samhita Sarira

Su.S.U.

-

Susrutha Samhita Uttara

Sha.S.

-

Sharangadhara Samhita

Sh. S. M. K. (zÉÉ.xÉ.qÉ.ZÉ) -

SharangadharaSamhita madhyamakhanda

Sh.S.Pu (zÉÉ.xÉ.mÉÔ.ZÉ)

-

Sharangadhara

Samhita

Khanda

Sl.No

-

Serial Number

V.S.S

-

Vanga Sena Samhita

WHO

-

World Health Organisation

Y.R.

-

Yoga Ratnakar

%

-

Percentage

Purva

Objectives

OBJECTIVES The objectives of the present study are: 1) To evaluate the Vajikara effect of the Kamadhenu Churna on albino-rats in dispensing. a. The dose mentioned as per classics. b. The same formula is dispensed with respect to its dose as double dose. 2) To analyze the compounds physico-chemically. 3) To compare the efficacy of these Trial Drugs, in order to evaluate the best one. Hypothesis: •

Null Hypothesis: Kamadhenu churna do not have vajeekarana property, when administered internally.

•

Alternate hypothesis: Kamadhenu churna do have vajeekarana property, when administered internally

4

Pharmaceutical Review

PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW Introduction Animals of the same class generally observe the same rules of eating and enjoyments in the world. But as Man has supremacy over his nature/ basic instincts, he is free to have changes. He renders the nature favorable to himself and derives various kinds of advantages using various processes. On the contrary, in many occasions owing to his ignorance, idleness, inclination towards sensual enjoyments and compulsions of unavoidable circumstances, he is harmed by his habits of indulgence. Bhaishajya Kalpana as a science is evident as a map of intellectual reality which briefs the principles of compounding drugs as general outlines applicable within all the limitations of time or place while describing the Science of Ayurveda? The elaboration is typical of “Indian thinking and speaking”. Thus the principles are elucidated contextually i.e. context specific - while dealing a subject which is a characteristic feature of the “Brihattrayee” although later classics show a deviation from this path and start topic specific descriptions. ‘Bhaishajya Kalpana’- more than simply the science of pharmacy which according to Remington is - “The art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug - related information to the public”. That is why Acharya Caraka reiterates that Yuktijna always stands superior. The implementation of the Bhaishajya Kalpana principles is in the form of Samskaras as noted below: AsmÉxrÉÉÌmÉ qÉWûÉjÉïiuÉÇ mÉëpÉÔiÉxrÉÉsmÉMüqÉïiÉÉqÉç | MÑürÉÉïiÉç xÉÇrÉÉåaÉÌuÉzsÉåwÉMüÉsÉxÉÇxMüÉUrÉÑÌ£üÍpÉ: ||

5

Pharmaceutical Review cÉ. xÉ. Mü. 12/48, cÉ¢ümÉÉÍhÉ

Enhancing the utility (pharmaco-dynamic action) of a relatively small quantity/quality of a substance (drug) or decreasing the utility of a relatively large quantity/quality of a substance are possible by Samyoga (combination), Vishlesha (disunion), Kala (time factor), Samskara (various pharmaceutical operations) and Yukti (intelligent planning). The Samskara is considered to be a change or sequence of changes, occurring/ induced which can be physical, chemical or both. The application of powerful concepts and modern techniques to the adopted processes allows obtaining meaningful results and making practical, useful predictions. Thus, an elaborate comprehension of the preparation of the compound drug with respect to the changes during the processes creates a unique opportunity for formulating the new/existing compounds with improved stability and specially selected compositions for superior nutritional, dieting and therapeutic qualities. Thus arises the necessity to study/observe the preparation of a drug with utmost care, comprehend the principles underlying, document the findings for further comparison, corroborate the document with therapeutic efficacy and then formulate the resolutions. Kashaya Kalpana Acharya kasyapa concept regarding kashaya kalpana cÉÔhÉï zÉÏiÉMüwÉÉrÉ¶É xuÉUxÉÉåÅÍpÉwÉuÉxjÉÉ | TüÉhOû: MüsMüxiÉjÉÉ YuÉÉjÉÉå rÉjÉÉuÉ¨ÉÇ ÌlÉoÉÉåkÉ qÉå || (MüÉwrÉmÉ, ÎZÉ.3/34) •

Churna sita kashaya swarasa abhisava(madya kalpana) phanta kalka kwatha.

6

Pharmaceutical Review •

Acharya kasyapa mentioned aushada kalpana (seven kashaya kalpana) 7 in number and included abhisava (madhaya kalpana) and churna kalpana

•

The sequency of these kalpana’s is not according to guru and laghu guna’s1

Acharya Sushruta concept regarding kashaya kalpana ¤ÉÏUÇ UxÉÈ MüsMüqÉjÉÈ MüwÉÉrÉÈ ´É×iÉ¶É vÉÏiÉ¶É iÉjÉæuÉ TüÉhOûqÉç | MüsmÉÉÈ wÉQåûiÉã ZÉsÉÑ pÉãwÉeÉÉlÉÉÇ rÉjÉÉã¨ÉUÇ iÉã sÉbÉuÉÈ mÉëÌS¹ÉÈ || (xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ, xÉÔ.44.91) •

Acharya susrut as mentioned six kalpana’s as follows

•

Ksira,rasa(swarsa), kalka, srta(kwatha), sita ,churna

•

Each preceding one more stronger then it’s succeeding

•

Acharya charaka as not included in churna in abhisava(madhaya kalpana) in pancha vidha kashaya kalpana’s

•

Because it might concidered that churna as a antarghata kalpana(upa kalpana) of kalka and abhisava as a antarghata kalpana of sita kashya2 Swarasa Kalpana

Synonyms: Rasa, Swarasa, Niryasa xuÉÉå UxÉÈ xuÉUxÉÈ mÉëÉå£üÈ | (cÉ.xÉÔ.4) •

The juice expressed from particular substance is called Swarasa3. rÉl§É ÌlÉwmÉÏÌQûiÉÉSè SìuÉrÉÉS UxÉÈ xuÉUxÉ EcrÉiÉã | (cÉ.xÉÔ.4)

•

The juice extracted from a drug pressed by a machine is known as Swarasa (pure juice, native juice or extract)

•

The rasa which is produced by compressing Eg- Iksu, amlaki etc., is called Swarasa, this swarasa can be combined with other samshamana kalpana and administrated for the treatment of different disease4. 7

Pharmaceutical Review xÉ±È xÉqÉÑSèkÉ×iÉÉiÉç ¤ÉÑhhÉÉSè rÉÈ rÉuÉãiÉç mÉOûmÉÏÌQûiÉÉiÉç | xuÉUxÉÈ xÉ xÉqÉÑÌSS¹ . . . . | (A.Wû.Mü.6.9) •

The juice taken out from a fresh green herb well pounded and squeezed through a cloth is kown as swarasa5

rÉÎxqÉlÉç ÌSlÉã xÉqÉÑSèbÉ×iÉÇ iÉÎxqÉ³ÉãuÉ ÌSlÉã mÉë¤ÉÉsrÉ ¤ÉÑhhÉÉÇ mÉOûmÉÏÌQûiÉ¶É rÉSèSìurÉÇ iÉxrÉ UxÉÈ xuÉUxÉÈ | (WåûqÉÉÌSì) •

The green drug should be collected on thae same day. The swarasa can be prepared by washing and pounding them by squeezing and filtaring through a cloth. The liquid which is prouduced is called swarasa6. iÉ§ÉÉ

xÉ±È

xÉqÉÑSèkÉ×iÉÈ

mÉë¤ÉÉÍsÉiÉ¤ÉÑhhÉxrÉ

iÉÉliÉuÉÌlÉwmÉÏÌQûiÉxrÉ ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÈ xuÉUxÉÈ | (A¹ÉXçaÉ

xÉÇaÉëWû

Mü.8.10) •

Immediately after that drug is collected, it should be washed , crushed and squeezed thorough a cloth. This is said to be swarasa or niryasa7. AÉWØûiÉÉ¨Éi¤ÉhÉÉM×ü¹ÉSè SìurÉÉi¤ÉÑhhÉÉiÉç xÉqÉÑ®UãiÉç | uÉx§ÉÌlÉwmÉÏÌQûiÉÉã

rÉÈ

xÉ

UxÉÈ

xuÉUxÉ

EcrÉiÉã

||

(vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉÇ.1.2) •

The juice extracted from a fresh green drug drug by pounding it then squeezing through a cloth, is known as swarasa8.

General procedure of swarasa preparation •

Collect the fresh green wet drug and make them into paste from by pounding. Then extract the juice by squeezing it with a cloth or yantra, thus obtained juice is called swarasa.

8

Pharmaceutical Review Acc. to Sharangadhara, Puta paka swarasa vidhi9-: •

Hence acharya sarangadhara described puta paka vidhi as an alternative method of swarasa. Since the juice out by this method is also considered as swarasa

•

In this procedure the drug will be getting agni samskara, A bolus of mud holding within it the kalka(paste) of drugs put into fire and removed when it

becomes red hot, the thickness of the layer of mud should be two angulas or two angustas, it is better to wrap the paste of drug with leaves of kasmari, vata, jambu etc, the puta paka swarasa should be taken in the dose of one pala to which is added one karsha of honey and the proportion of kalka, Churnas or other liquids if to be added shall be the same as described earlier under swarasa. Some of the examples of puta paka swarasa vidhi are mentioned here under. •

Twak – kutaja twak, Aralu twak etc

•

Patra – Nyagrodha patra, Vasa patra, Amra patra, jambu patra, etc

•

Phala – Pakwa dadima phala, Vibhitaki phala, etc

•

Panchangas – kantakari,etc

•

Mula – Bijapura, Amra, Jambu, Surana kanda, Shunti churana, etc

Matra of puta paka swarasa- One pala Anu kalpana in swarasa abhava cÉÔhÉÉïlÉÉqÉÉRûMüqÉÉRûMüqÉÑSMüxrÉÉWûÉãUÉ§ÉÉÎxjÉiÉÇ qÉ×ÌSiÉmÉÔiÉÇ xuÉUxÉuÉiÉç mÉërÉÉãerÉqÉç | xuÉUxÉÉlÉÉqÉsÉÉpÉã iuÉrÉÇ xuÉUxÉÌuÉÍkÉÈ| (cÉ.ÍcÉ.1.2.12)

9


If wet drugs are not available, then further preparation of swarasa the following special method should be adapted. The powder of the plant drug should be taken the quantity of one adhaka in an earthen pot an to this one adhaka(same quantity ) of water is added and kept for one ahoratri(24 hours)there after it should be squeezed by hand and filter. The liquid that comes out after filtration can be used as swarasa10.

MÑüQûuÉÇ cÉÔÍhÉïiÉÇ SìurÉÇ Í¤ÉmiÉÇ iÉSè Ì²aÉÑhÉã eÉsÉã | AWûÉåUÉ§ÉÉÇ ÎxjÉiÉÇ iÉxqÉÉ°uÉã²É UxÉ E¨ÉqÉÈ || (uÉæ±Mü mÉËU.mÉë) •

One kudava powder of dry drug put in twice its quantity of water, kept over for a day and night, then filtered and obtained liquid is also called swarasa11. AÉSÉrÉ vÉÑwMüSìurÉÇ uÉÉ xuÉUxÉÉlÉÉqÉxÉqpÉuÉã | eÉsÉãÅ¹aÉÑÍhÉiÉã

xÉÉkrÉÇ

mÉÉSÍvÉ¹Ç

cÉ

aÉ×½iÉã

||

(vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ. 1.4) In case of drugs, which are very dry and which do not give out any juice, boiling them in 8 times their quantity of water and reducing to a quarter can be also used as swarasa12. qÉkÉÑ µÉãiÉÉ aÉÑQûÇ ¤ÉÉUÉlÉç eÉÏUMüÇ sÉuÉhÉÇ iÉjÉÉ | bÉ×iÉÇ

iÉæsÉÇ

cÉ

cÉÔhÉÉïSÏlÉç

MüÉãsÉqÉÉ§ÉÉÇ

UxÉã

Í¤ÉmÉãiÉç || (vÉÉ.qÉ.1.6) bÉ×iÉÇ ÍxÉiÉÉÇ aÉÑQûÇ ¤ÉÉæSìÇ MüÉãsÉqÉÉ§ÉÉÇ UxÉã Í¤ÉÌmÉiÉç |

10

Pharmaceutical Review sÉuÉhÉ¤ÉÉUcÉÔhÉÉïÌlÉ rÉÉãarÉqÉÉlÉÉÌlÉ SÉmÉrÉãiÉç || (´ÉÏ rÉÉSuÉ eÉÏ) Prakshepa dravya’s of swarasa •

Madhu(honey) sharkara(sugar) guda(jaggery) kshara(alkali) jiraka lavanga gretha taila(oil)are any powder if required be added should be 1 kola each in quantity (this should be mixed in 2 tola or ½ pala of swarasa13.

•

Ghrita, Sita, Guda and Honey if mentioned should be added in 1 Kola maatra, Lavana, kshara and Churna should be added in Yogya pramana14.

Table No.1- Some of the common Swarasa Kalpana’s with their Amayika Prayoga Sl.No Name of the swarasa

Amayika prayoga

1.

Amruta Swarasa

Prameha

2.

Dhatri Swarasa

Prameha

3.

Vasa Swarasa

Rakta Pitta,Kasa,Ksaya,Kamala

4.

Triphala, Daruharidra , Nimba, Guduchi Kamala Swarasa

5.

Jambu, Amraka, Amlika,Swarasa

Raktatisara

6.

Ardraka Swarasa

Vrsana Vata,Swasa-Kasa,Aruci

7.

Bijapura Swarasa

Parswa Sula,Hrcchula,Vasti Sula

8.

Satvari Swarasa

Pittaja Sula

9.

Kumari Swarasa

Pitta Vrddi,Apaci

10.

Alambusa Swarasa

Apaci,Gandamala,Kamala

11.

Brahmi, Kusmanda, Vaca, Shanka Puspi All Type Of Unmada Swarasa

11


KWATHA KALPANA / KASHAYA KALPANA Kwatha kalpana is one of the ‘Panchavidha’, kashaya kalpana i.e. Swarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Hima and Phanta. The preceding kalpana is heavier than the latter i.e. Swarasa is heavier than Kalka, Kalka is heavier than Kashaya/Kwatha, Kwatha is heavier than Hima and Phanta, Hima and Phanta are lighter than the Kwatha, Kalka and Swarasa15. Nirukti: Kashaya kalpana is made up of two wordsKashaya- ‘Kash Himsayam, Dhatu + Ay pratyay Kashati kantam - To remove Dosha/Rogas from kanta. Kalpana-- Krip samarthye Dhatu+ tyant yuch taap pratyay

Definition16: The invention obtained after heating a dravya in a drava is called as ‘Kwatha’. Kwatha is a type of medicinal preparation in which coarsely powdered drug is boiled in a liquid for a definite time until the liquid is reduced to the desired quantity and the entire matter is squeezed through a thin cloth. The filtrate is discarded and the obtained liquid is used as Kwatha. Synonyms: ´É×iÉ YuÉÉjÉ MüwÉÉrÉ¶É ÌlÉrÉÔïWû: xÉ ÌlÉaÉ±iÉå | - vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 2/2 Shrita, Kwatha, Kashaya and Niryuha words are used synonymously. Kwatha and Kashaya words are commonly used. Importance: The Kwatha is utilized both internally and externally for therapeutic purposes. 12

Pharmaceutical Review Externally - Prakshalana, Gandusha, Kavala etc. Internally - Basti dravya, Pana and Anupana. Apart from this, Kashaya is essential in the preparation of Sneha, Asava, Arista, Ghana, Lehya etc Kalpanas. Like it is mentioned in many ways depends upon types of Kwatha for treatment of various diseases. Different types of Kashayas are mentioned in classics for internal purposes also. Moreover, Kwatha is essential in preparation of other Kalpanas as in the form of main drug or an accompanied for Avaleha Ghrita, Taila etc. preparations and Asava, Arista etc are alcoholic preparations. For these preparations Kwatha should be prepared first.

No special references about Kwatha kalpana are found in the Vedas. In Samhita period, the description and wide usage of Kashaya is found to treat various diseases. Acharya Sharangadhara mentions about the detailed aspect of preparation of Kashaya, the ratio between drava and dravya, prakshepa dravya used etc. Preparation of Kashaya: “uÉ»ûÉæ iÉÑ YuÉÍjÉiÉÇ SìurÉÇ ´ÉÑiÉqÉÉWÒûÍ¶ÉÌMüixÉMüÉ: || - cÉ. xÉÇ. xÉÔ. 4/7 Acharya Charaka mentions about preparation of Kashaya as- the dravya is boiled in a drava for a specific time. But the exact time for boiling is not mentioned. “aÉiÉUxÉåwÉÑ

AÉæwÉkÉåwÉÑ|”

(cÉUMü

xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ

ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉxjÉÉlÉ – 1)

13

Pharmaceutical Review Commenting on it Acharya Chakrapani says “Gatarasheshu Aushadeshu” i.e. the taste of the drug should be completely transferred into the drava and the drug should be tasteless. All the Samhitas later mentions about the preparation of Kashaya, the nature of the drug, ratio between drug and water and about the reduction of drava to obtain the final product. Acharya Sushruta mentions about the preparation of Kashaya in17. The Twak, Patra, Phala, Moola etc. part that is required is dried in sunlight. The drugs suitable for cutting is made into small pieces, drugs that are hard are broken down and pounded. Then the drugs are added to 8 or16 parts water, boiled and reduced to 1/4th. It is then removed from fire18. Acharya Sushruta also says that the bark, leaves,

flowers or roots are added with 4 times water, boiled and reduced to 1/4th19.

Ashtanga samgraha mentions the same principle as said by Acharya Sushruta and adds that the vessel should be made of copper, iron or mud.

Depending upon the hardness and quantity of dravya, the quantity of water is fixed. Mild heat is given during preparation and the mixture is stirred continuously with a spatula to prevent stirred continuously with a spatula to prevent sticking of drug to the vessel. When the water absorbs the active principles of drug and the drug becomes tasteless, the mixture is removed from fire, filtered through a cloth20. mÉÉSÎxjÉiÉÉå pÉuÉåiÉç YuÉÉjÉÉåå rÉÑ£üÉå oÉÀûÎalÉ iÉåeÉxÉÉå | xÉ uÉrÉÉåoÉsÉ xÉqmÉ³Éå aÉÑÂurÉÉkÉÉæ cÉ vÉxrÉiÉå || - MüÉ. xÉÇ. ÎZÉ. 3/42.

14

Pharmaceutical Review Kashyapa samhita mentions to take one part of drug and mixed with 4 or 8 times of water, boil the mixture in mild heat and reduce to 1/4th. Thus obtained product is called as Kwatha. Water ratio: mÉÉlÉÏrÉÇ wÉÉåQûvÉ aÉÑhÉÇ ¤ÉÑhhÉå SìurÉmÉsÉå Í¤ÉmÉåiÉç | qÉ×imÉÉ§Éå YuÉÉjÉrÉåiÉç aÉëÉ½Ç A·qÉÉÇvÉÉuÉvÉåÌwÉiÉqÉç || iÉeeÉsÉÇ mÉÉrÉrÉåiÉç kÉÏqÉÉlÉç MüÉåwhÉÇ qÉ×²ÎalÉ xÉÉÍkÉiÉqÉç | vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 2/1 One pala of coarsely powdered drug is boiled with 16 parts of water in an earthen pot over a mild fire till liquid is reduced to 1/8th of the original quantity. The preparation of a Kashaya properly and to extract the active principles of the drug completely, the drug- water ratio plays an important role. The residual water, after boiling is the Kashaya. The drug- water ratio is chosen based on two criteria: i)

Drug’s consistency

ii)

Drug’s quantity

I. Drug’s consistency: cÉiÉÑaÉÑïhÉÇ qÉ×SÒSìurÉå MüÌPûlÉåÅ·aÉÑhÉÇ eÉsÉqÉç | iÉjÉÉ cÉ qÉkrÉqÉå SìurÉå S±ÉiÉç A·aÉÑhÉÇ mÉrÉ: || AirÉliÉ MüÌPûlÉå SìurÉå lÉÏUÇ wÉÉåQûÍvÉMüÇ qÉiÉqÉç | - vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 9/3 -4.

15

Pharmaceutical Review The raw drugs are grouped into Mridu (soft), Madhyama (medium), Katina (hard) and Atyanta katina (too hard). Based on this, the amount of water is to be added and later reduced. According to Acharya Sarangadhara, the criteria are as follows: Table No.2-Showing amount of Jala depending upon quality of Dravya – S.I.

Nature of drug

Water to be added

Reduction

Example

1

Mridu

4 parts

1/4th

Guduchi,

2

Madhyama

8 parts

1/4th

Aragwada

3

Katina

8 parts

1/4th

Dashamoola

4

Atyanta katina

16 parts

1/4th

Padmaka

The residual part is always 1/4th of the original amount of water added. II. Drug’s quantity: MüwÉÉïÌSiÉ: mÉsÉÇ rÉÉuÉiÉç Í¤ÉmÉåiÉç wÉÉååQûÍvÉMüÇ eÉsÉqÉç | iÉSÕkuÉïÇ MÑüQûuÉÇ rÉÉuÉiÉç pÉuÉåiÉç A·aÉÑhÉÇ mÉrÉ: || mÉëxjÉÉÌSiÉ: Í¤ÉmÉå³ÉÏUÇ ZÉÉUÏ rÉÉuÉccÉiÉÑaÉÑïhÉqÉç ||

- vÉÉÇ.

xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 9/4-5 The water ratio again depends upon the quantity of the material used during the process.

Table No.3-Showing amount of Jala depending upon quantity of Dravya

16

Pharmaceutical Review S.I.No

Quantity of drug

Water to be added

Reduction

1

1karsha-1 pala (12gm-48gm)

16 parts

1/4th

2

1pala-1kudava (48gm-192gm)

8 parts

1/4th

3

1prastha-1khari (746gm-96kg)

4 parts

1/4th

The water quantity should be decided according to the consistency and quantity of the drug. If the amount of water taken is less, the drug may be burnt and if water quantity is more, the active principles will get diluted in the water. According to Acharya Sharangadhara, the residual amount of water after boiling should be 1/4th, whereas Acharya Chakradatta and Acharya Gangadhara mention 1/8th part of water. Types of Kashaya: In the Ayurvedic (Sushruth) classics there is description of 2 types of Kashaya:i)

Shrita Kashaya- The Kashaya prepared by boiling the drugs in water and reducing the amount of water.

ii)

Ashrita Kashaya- The drug is kept in water overnight and squeezed after maceration. Eg. Phanta, Hima. Kalka and Swarasa are grouped under Ashrita Kashaya.

Acharya Harita mentioned 7 types of Kwatha based on its function and method of preparation21. Todarananda has told the same 7 types of Kwatha, according to pharmacological actions.

Table No.4 - Showing types of Kashaya Kalpana according to Acharya Harita. 17

Pharmaceutical Review Sl.No

01

Kwatha

Proportion

type

of reduction

Pachana

1/2

Purpose or usage

Time

of

administration Digestive – for metabolic Nisha – night. transformation of tissue elements.

02

Deepana

1/10

Appetizing – to stimulate Aparaahna the power of digestion

03

Shodhana

1/12

-

afternoon

Purificatory – to eliminate Morning the

waste

products

(Dosha & Mala) 04

Samana

1/8

Palliative - to alleviate the Poorvahna Doshas

05

Tarpana

Equal

Nourishing – to provide Morning nourishment to tissue i.e. Rasa, Rakta etc. Dhatus.

06

Kledana

1/4

Lubricating – to increase Morning the fluidity of the Dhatus

07

Shoshana

1/16

Drying - for absorption of Prabhaate– excessive part of the fluid morning from Dhatus

Table No.5 -Various Kashaya- According to Bhoja22:

18

Pharmaceutical Review S.I.No. Name of Kashaya

% of drug to % of water to Reduction be taken

be added

part

1.

Pana Kashaya

1part

24 palas

1/8th

2.

Gandusha Kashaya

1part

4 parts

1/5th

3.

Paniya Kashaya

1karsha

½ pala

1/4th

4.

Seka Kashaya

1part

4 parts

1/8th

5.

Aschyotana Kashaya

1part

6 parts

1/6th

6.

Vrana

prakshalana 1part

3 parts

1/12th

Kashaya 7.

Mukha Kashaya

1part

8 parts

1/9th

8.

Shodana Kashaya

1part

8 parts

1/3rd

9.

Asthapana Kashaya

1part

6 parts

1/7th

10.

Vamana Kashaya

1part

3 parts

1/2

11.

Virechana Kashaya

1part

6 parts

1/8th

12.

Snana Kashaya

1part

60 parts

1/2

13.

Yavagu Kashaya

1part

64 parts

1/8th

14.

Sneha Kashaya

1part

4 parts

1/4th

19

Pharmaceutical Review Administration of Kwatha: AÉWûÉU

UxÉmÉÉMåü

cÉ

xÉgeÉÉiÉå

Ì²mÉsÉÉåÎlqÉiÉqÉç

|

uÉ×®

uÉæ±ÉåmÉSåvÉålÉ ÌmÉoÉåiYuÉÉjÉÇ xÉÑmÉÉÍcÉiÉqÉç || vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 2/3 According to Acharya Sharangadhara, the Kwatha is to be taken after the proper digestion of ahara rasa and the conversion of ahara rasa into rasa dhatu in 2 pala dose. If the person takes medicine before the digestion of food or vice-versa, it can lead to the manifestation of diseases23. Kashaya should be taken in lukewarm condition. Reboiling of the Kashaya before intake is contraindicated. As the shelf life of Kashaya is low, it should be always prepared fresh from Kwatha choorna. Shamana Kwatha should be taken at early morning in empty stomach. Shodhana Kwatha is to be taken before sunrise while Deepana Kwatha is to be taken during the 3rd prahara. In case of vataja or kaphaja disorder, Kashaya is given lukewarm, whereas in pittaja disorder, Kashaya is given after cooling24. Matra: Acharya Sharangadhara 25

– 2 palas – 1 pala (48ml) –Madhyama Matra.

Acharya Yadavji 26

– 1 pala

Acharya Vangasena and Vrinda Madhava – 4 pala.

20


Table No.6 -Prakshepaka dravyas: Author

Prakshepaka dravya

Acharya 27

Sharangadhara

Madhu

Acharya 28

Sharangadhara

Sarkara

Acharya

Ksheera, Ghrita, Guda,

Sharangadhara29

Taila, Gomutra, Any

Quantity

Vyadhi

1/16thof Kashaya

vataja

1/8th of Kashaya

pittaja

1/4th of Kashaya

kaphaja

1/16thof Kashaya

kaphaja

th

1/8 of Kashaya

pittaja

1/4th of Kashaya

vataja

1karsha each

Drava dravya, Kalka,

_

Churna, Guggulu Acharya

Jiraka, Guggulu, Ksira, one Sana each

Sharangadhara30

Lavana,Silajatu,Hingu,

_

Trikatu Acharya Kashyapa31

Hingu, Saindhava,

1masa each

Guda, Ksheera, Sita

1karsha each

Prakshepa dravyas are added to the Kashaya to increase the palatability and also increase the efficacy of the Kashaya. The classics have mentioned specific amount for prakshepa dravya, which is mentioned below. Prakshepaka dravyas are added to the Kashaya to increase the palatability and also to increase the efficacy of the Kashaya. The classics have mentioned specific amount for Prakshepaka dravya, which is mentioned below:

21


Preparation of Kashaya: Equipments•

Stove (heat source)

•

Vessel

•

Clean, thin cloth

•

Clean vessel for filtration of Kashaya

•

Pincer to hold the vessel.

Method of preparation: •

First well arrangement of all equipments which are required above and take potential drugs for Kwatha preparation.

•

Clean the drugs with water.

•

If the drug is fresh, cut it into small pieces; if dry, and then make a coarse powder of it. In case of very hard drug, make it into small pieces and soak it overnight in water.

•

Then Kashaya dravyas are put into sufficient amount of water and mixed well in a big, wide mouth vessel.

•

Mild heat is given from below, so that complete potency of drug is transferred to the liquid.

•

Lid should not be covered over the vessel.

•

The vessel is removed from the fire, when water is reduced to the required amount after boiling.

•

After slight cooling of vessel, the Kashaya is filtered using a clean cloth to another clean vessel.

•

Kashaya is not prepared of drugs having volatile oil, as volatile oils are destroyed when heated.

22


Test for Kashaya: •

Kashaya dravya should be boiled properly.

•

Desired smell, taste and color should be obtained in Kashaya.

•

Kashaya should not contain suspended particles.

•

Residue of drug should be tasteless.

•

The Kashaya prepared should have accurate measurement (quantity) after boiling and reducing of water.

•

The Kashaya should produce the desired effect against the disease for which it is administered.

Modern concept of Kashaya32: Decoction is the process in which water soluble and heat stable constituents of a drug are extracted and transferred to water (liquid medium). Boiling and reducing the water to the calculated final volume is important to derive the efficacy and benefit from decoction. Uniform mild heat and type of vessel used for boiling the water is also important. Always freshly prepared decoction should be dispensed. At present no decoction is mentioned in Indian or British Pharmacopoeia. Parameters to be followed to standardize Kashaya33. 1. Organoleptic characters

2.Ash value

3. Acid-insoluble content

4.T.L.C and pH

5. Specific gravity

6.Alkaloid content

CHURNA KALPANA The term Churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture of two or more drugs, which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to homogeneity. 23


According to Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Churna is a fine powder of drug or drugs34. AirÉliÉzÉÑwMÇü rÉSìurÉÇ xÉÑÌmÉ¹Ç uÉx§ÉaÉÉÍsÉiÉqÉç | iÉixrÉÉŠÔhÉÇ UeÉ: ¤ÉÉåSxiÉlqÉ§ÉÉ MüzÉïxÉÇÍqÉiÉÉ || zÉÉ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/1 According to Acharya Sharangadhara, churna means, nicely powdered dry drug which is filtered through a cloth. Churna is that which is powdered without any liquid. The churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture of two or more drugs which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to homogeneity. xÉÔ¤qÉcÉÑhÉÏï¢üiÉÇ

cÉÑhÉïÇ

lÉÉlÉÉMüqÉïxÉÑ

rÉÑerÉiÉå

|

aÉëWûhrÉÉqÉÌuÉMüUåwÉÑ uÉëhÉuÉirÉleÉïlÉÉÌSwÉÑ || MüÉ. xÉÇ. ÎZÉ. 3/36 According to Acharya Kasyapa the substance, which is made in to fine powdered form by pulverized is called churna. This churna is used for Grahani roga, Amavikara, Vrana and for the purpose of Anjana etc. Vernacular Names35: •

Sanskrit.

-

Shuska Kalka, Shuska Pista, Ksoda, Raja

•

English.

-

Powder

•

Hindi

-

Churna

•

Kannada.

-

Pudi, Hittu,Churna

•

Latin name

-

Pulver, Pulverata

•

Unani

-

Safuf, Atus, Avadhilana

Synonyms: iÉixrÉÉŠÔhÉÇ UeÉ: ¤ÉÉåSxiÉlqÉ§ÉÉ MüzÉïxÉÇÍqÉiÉÉ || zÉÉ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/1

24

Pharmaceutical Review • Rajah (pulvis) • Kshoda (powder) The sharangadhara samhita was explained synonyms of churna kalpana.

Similarities of churna and kalka kalpana: zÉÑwMüÌmÉ¹: xÉÑ¤qÉiÉÉliÉuÉmÉOûcrÉÑiÉ¶ÉÔhÉï: | iÉxrÉ xÉqÉxiÉSìurÉÉmÉËUirÉÉaÉÉSÉmsÉÑiÉÉåmÉrÉÉåaÉÉŠ MüsMüÉSpÉåS || A .xÉÇ .Mü .8/10 Churna is considered as modified form of kalka kalpana. Because dried form of kalka can be considered as churna and many of the times churna is used to make the kalka. Churna is not different from kalka, because it is not devoid of any part of the drug and used well soaked in fluids. Pharmaceutical processing of kalka and churna has many similar features. In certain conditions, kalka can be prepared with suska dravyas (dry drugs) by making them vastra galita churna and adding drava dravya. The process of pounding is similar for both churna and kalka. Making powder

Churna

Kalka (churna+drava dravya)

Vastra galana Chart No 1. Showing Churna Proces 35

Types of Churna : •

Sthula –Coarse powder – For Hima, Phanta, Kasaya, sieved through No – 20 sieves. 25


Shuksma – Fine powder – for Vati, Lehy, Nasya, sieved through No. 60 sieve.

•

Atyanta shuksma (Vastra Galita) Bhasmas, Anjanas. Sieved through No. 100 sieve (very fire powder).

Praksepaka Dravayas and their quantity: cÉÑhÉåï aÉÑQû: xÉqÉÉå SårÉ: zÉMïüUÉ Ì²aÉÑhÉÉ pÉuÉåiÉç | cÉÑhÉåïwÉÑ pÉÎeÉïiÉÇ ÌWû…Óû SårÉÇ lÉÉåiYsÉåS¢ü°uÉåiÉç || zÉÉ.. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/2 •

Guda

= Equal to that of churna

Sarkara

= Two times of that of churna

•

Hingu

= Quantity which does not cause any Utkledan (Nausea) and

must be used after frying •

Milk, water

Liquids = Ghee, oil, honey etc. – 2 parts

= 4 parts.

Bhavana dravya matra related with churna: SìuÉåhÉ rÉÉuÉiÉÉ xÉqrÉMü cÉÑhÉï xÉuÉïÇ msÉÑiÉÇ pÉuÉåiÉç | pÉÉuÉÉlÉÉrÉÉ: mÉëqÉÉhÉÇ iÉÑ cÉÑhÉåï mÉëÉå£Çü ÍpÉwaÉuÉUæ : || zÉ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/6 The quantity of any liquid which soaks the powder fully well is called bhavanadravya. Process of Preparation: Equipment required

The drugs enumerated in the recipe in clean in well dried state.

A mortar and pestle.

Pulverizers and

A fine sieve or fine cloth.

Ball mills etc.

Disintegrators.

26

Pharmaceutical Review The drugs that are to be used in the preparation should be taken from recently collected material. Drugs, which are aged by prolonged storage or changed in colour, taste, smell and those, which are insect infested, should be positively rejected. However, drugs like embelia fruits, long pepper, coriander seeds, honey, jaggery, and even cow’s ghee are preferred from old stock, which should be unspoilt otherwise.

In general, the aromatics are slightly fried in order to increase or sweeten their aroma. Any extraneous material should be removed from the drugs. The drugs mentioned in the churna yoga are cleaned and dried. They are powdered by pounding in with mortar and pestle and sieved through a thin layer of cloth (Vastragalita). In a prescription where there are a number of ingredients, the best method is to powder the drugs separately, weight the required quantities of the drugs and mix them all together. As some of the drugs contain more fibrous matter than others, this method of powdering and weighing them separately according to yoga, and then mixing them together, is recommended. The reason for separate powdering of different drugs in Churna kalpana is that, different drugs will have different types of consistency as mrdu (soft), madhyama (medium) and kathina (hard). If they mixed and pounded together, first mrdu dravyas get powdered easily, kathina dravyas remains as it is, hence while doing filtration (vastragalitam) variation in the ratio of ingredients mentioned in churna formulae take place and also drugs which contains volatile oil property, may evaporate easily and burnt sometimes, before kathina dravyas get powdered uniformly. 27

Pharmaceutical Review So that, it is advised to powder all drugs of Churna formulae separately, then only they are supposed to be mixed together uniformly to get better therapeutic results from the administered Churna formulae. Swadista virecana churna, lavana bhaskara churna, Hingvastaka churna etc., which are having combination of sugar, salt as a

ingredient should not be formulated during rainy season, because they may get spoiled with in a short period by attracting moisture from atmospheric conditions, it happens because of more hygroscopic nature of ingredients in the recipe. A volatile principle may get volatilized during the milling process. This is due to the more exposed surface area of the crude drug and also to the increase in temperature during grinding. Therefore, drugs like clove, cardamom, caraway or cinnamon are not powdered to a very fine form. When Hingu, Saindhava lavana and similar drugs are to be added they are fried well and powdered so that they do not become moist. Sugar and camphor are powdered separately and added. The Churna should be very fine, amorphous and should be perfectly dry. The fineness of the sieve used should be preferably 80 mesh per square inch or still finer. Finer the powder better is the therapeutic value. Preservation •

Churnas should be packed in air tight containers.

•

The prepared Churna should be stored in tightly stopper glass bot tles.

•

Polythene and foil packing also gives damp proof protection. 28

Pharmaceutical Review Anupana for churna: cÉÑhÉÉïuÉsÉåWûaÉÑÌiÉMüÉsMüÉlÉÉqÉlÉÑmÉlÉMüqÉç

|

uÉÉiÉÌmÉ¨ÉMüTüÉiÉhMåü Ì§ÉukÉåMümÉsÉqÉÉWûUåiÉç || rÉjÉÉ iÉæsÉÇ eÉsÉå Í¤ÉmiÉÇ ¤ÉhÉålÉæuÉ mÉëxÉmÉïuÉ | AlÉÑmÉlÉoÉsÉÉSlaÉå iÉjÉÉ xÉmÉïÌiÉ pÉåwÉeÉqÉç || zÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉ.6/4-5

Anupana (vehicle for the medicine) for Churna (pulvis), Avaleha, Confection, Gutika tablets, Kalka paste should be three, two and one pala respectively for diseases of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Just as oil spreads quickly on water like medicines spread inside the body by the strength of the vehicle. Table No.7 -Showing the various amount of Anupana for churna Drugs

Pala

Doshas

Avaleha

3

Vata

Gutika

2

Pitta

Kalka

1

kapha

Important uses of Churna35: •

Used as main medicament in the treatment of many diseases: Talisadi Churna, Hingastaka Churna, Sankhapuspi Kalka etc.

•

Churnas could be used as adjuvants:o Suvarna Bhasma with Trikatu Churna o Abhraka Bhasma with Talisadi Churna

•

Churnas are used to prepare Vati, Avleha, Arka, Kasaya, Hima, 29

Pharmaceutical Review Phanta, Snehas, Ksirapaka, Asavarista preparations etc. •

Powders are used externally -

For Avadhulana (sprinkling), Lepana in

wounds and skin diseases. Shelf life: qÉÉxÉ²rÉÉiÉç iÉjÉÉ cÉÑhÉï ÌWûlÉÌuÉrÉïiuÉqÉÉmlÉÑrÉÉiÉç | zÉÉ. xÉÇ. mÉëç. ZÉ. 1/51 2 months

General Dose of Churna: 1Karsa- 12gms iÉlqÉÉ§ÉÉ MüwÉïxÉÇÍqÉiÉÉ | | zÉÉ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/1 Churna, Kalka and Gutika matra is one and same, that is one Karsha pramana. If Churna is advised to chew after making paste form with the help of some drava dravya, then that drava dravya is advised to drink after mixing in dravya, than the drava dravya quatity should be four times more than Churna. Advantages of Churna form35: Fixation of the dose is easier when the medicament is in powder form. •

Churnas are more stable than liquids, because chemical reactions take place more rapidly in atmospheric conditions when the drugs are in liquid form.

•

Incompatibility is less in case of Churnas than liquids.

•

The rapid dissolution increases the blood concentration in a shorter time, there by the action is produced in a lesser time.

•

They are more economical compared to other preparations.

•

It is easier to carry the Churnas and tablets than liquids.

Disadvantages of Churna form: •

Drugs which deteriorate on exposure to atmospheric conditions are 30


Not suitable for dispensing in powder forms.

•

Bitter, corrosive and unpalatable drugs cannot be dispensed in Churna form

•

Deliquescent and hygroscopic drugs cannot be dispensed in Churna form.

• Volatile drugs are not suitable for dispensing in Churna form.

31

Drug Review

DRUG REVIEW Drug (Dravya) is one among the Cikitsa Catuspada and is having the next place after the physician. Acharya Caraka says that, he is the best of physicians who knows the science of administration of drugs with due reference to the place and time, and who applies it only after examining each and every patient individually. A drug that is not understood perfectly is comparable to poison, weapons, fire and the thunderbolt, while the perfectly understood drug is comparable to ambrosia. Keeping these points in view the following drug has been selected for the sudy which mainly containsaÉlkÉMüÉqÉsÉÌMücÉÔhÉï kÉÉ§ÉÏUxÉÌuÉpÉÉÌuÉiÉqÉç | xÉmiÉkÉÉ zÉÉsqÉsÉÏiÉÉårÉæÈ zÉMïüUÉqÉkÉÑrÉÉåÎeÉiÉqÉç || sÉÏRèuÉÉ cÉÉlÉÑmÉrÉÈ mÉÉlÉÇ mÉëirÉWÇû MÑüÂiÉå iÉÑ rÉÈ | LiÉålÉÉzÉÏÌiÉuÉwÉÉåïÅÌmÉ zÉiÉkÉÉ UqÉiÉå Îx§ÉrÉÉ || pÉæ.U. 74/42-43 Shuddha Gandhaka Amalaki Churna Amalaki swarasa Shalamali toya

30

Drug Review

AMALAKI1 Botanical name: Embilica officinalis Goertn (Phyllannthus Embilica Linn) Family name

: Euphorbiaceae

Mostly collected in winter season after ripening and in Kashmir in summer, a small or medium sized tree, found both in natural state in mixed deciduous forests of the country ascending to 1300 m on hills; cultivated in gardens, home yards or grown as a road side tree. SYNONYMS Sanskrit

: Amrtaphala, Amalaka, Dhatriphala

Kannada

: Nellikayi, Bela nelli, pottadenollikayi

Assamese

: Amlakhi, Amlakhu, Amlaku

Bengali

: Amla, Dhatri

English

: Emblic Myrobalan

Gujrati

: Ambala, Amala

Hindi

: Amla, Aonla

Kashmiri

: Amli, Embali

Malayalam

: Nellikka

Marathi

: Anvala, Avalkathi

Oriya

: Ainla, Anala

Punjabi

: Aula, amla

Tamil

: Nellikkai, nelli

Telugu

: Usirika

Urdu

: Amla, Amlaj

31

Drug Review

Dose: Fresh amlaki swarasa - 10-20ml Amlaki churna Use full part

- 3-6gms -

fruit pulp/fruit rind

DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic Drug consists of curled pieces of pericarp of dried fruit occuring either as separated single segment; 1-2 cm long or united as 3 or 4 segments; bulk colour grey to black, pieces showing, a broad, highly shrivelled and wrinkled external convex surface to somewhat concave, transversely wrinkled lateral surface, external surface show s a few whitish specks, occasionally some pieces show a portion of stony testa (which should be removed before processing); texture rough, cartilaginous, tough; taste, sour and astringent. b) Microscopic Transverse section of fruit shows epicarp consisting of a single layered epidermis cell appearing tabular and polygonal in surface view; cuticle present; mesocarp cells tangentially elongated parenchymatous and crushed differentiated roughly into peripheral 8 or 9 layers of tangentially elongated smaller cells, rest consisting of mostly 7 isodiametric larger cells with walls showing irregular thickenings; ramified vascular elements occasionally present; stone cells present either isolated or in small groups towards endocarp ; pitted vascular fibres, walls appearing serrated due to the pit canals, leading into lumen. Powder: Fine powder shows epidermis with uniformly thickened straight walled isodiametric parenchyma cells with irregular thickened walls, occasionally short fibres and tracheids.

32

Drug Review

CONSTITUENTS - Ascorbic acid and gallotannins. PROPERTIES AND ACTION Rasa : Madhura,Amla,Katu,Tikta,Kashaya Guna : Laghu, Ruksha Virya : Sheeta Vipaka : Madhura Karma : Cakshushya, Rasayana, Tridoshajit, Vrushya IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS - Cyavanaprasha, Dhatri Lauha, Dhatryadi Ghrta,Triphala Churna THERAPEUTIC USES - Raktapitta, Amlapitta, Premeha, Daha DOSE - 3-6 g of the drug in powder form SHALMALI (Stem Bark)2 Botanical name: Salmalia Malabarica Schott Family name:

Bombocaceae

A deciduous tree attaining a height upto 40 m and a girth upto 6 m or more and distributed throughout the hotter parts of the country upto 1500 m or more. SYNONYMS Sanskrit

: Moca, Picchila, Raktapushpa.

Assam.

: Semul

Mal.

: Mullilavu

Beng.

: Shimul, Simul

Mar.

: Sanvar, Katesavar

Eng.

: Silk-Cotton Tree

Ori.

: --

Guj.

: Shemalo

Punj.

: Simble

Hindi.

: Semal, Semar

Tam.

: Elavam

Kan.

: Kempuburunga

Tel.

: Buruga

Kash.

: ---

Urdu.

: Sembhal 33

Drug Review

DESCRIPTION a) Macroscopic: Bark 0.5-1 cm thick, pale-ashy to silvery-grey externally, brownish internally, external surface rough with vertical and transverse cracks, mucilaginous on chewing; fracture, fibrous. b) Microscopic: Stem bark shows 10-15 layered, transversely elongated, radially arranged, thinwalled, cork cells with a few outer layers having brown coloured contents; rhytidoma present at certain places interrupting the cork; secondary cortex consists of moderately thick-walled, parenchymatous cells containing orange brown contents; stone cells in singles or in groups, thick-walled, oval to irregular, and tangential bands of stone cells having striations with narrow lumen, measuring 13-33 μ in dia., occur throughout the secondary cortex; secondary phloem consists of usual elements traversed by phloem rays, elements in the outer region form tangential bands of ceratenchyma; a number of concentric bands of fibres alternating with groups of sieve elements also present; fibres lignified having narrow lumen and pointed tips; phloem rays numerous and wavy, 1-6 seriate, cells being radially elongated and moderately thick-walled; rosette crystals of calcium oxalate scattered throughout the secondary cortex, phloem parenchyma and ray cells; mucilage canals and tannin cells present in the parenchymatous cells of cortex. Powder - Reddish-brown; shows fragments of cork cells, parenchymatous cells, single or groups of thick-walled, oval to irregular, stone cells having striations with narrow lumen, measuring 13-33 μ in dia., rosette crystals of calcium oxalate, phloem fibres and numerous reddish-brown coloured masses and tannin cells.

34

Drug Review

CONSTITUENTS - Saponins, Tannins and Gums. Seeds yield a fixed oil Resin contains 2.9% mineral matters and tannin. Which also consists of tannic acid and gallic acid. Roots [semal musali] contain starch 71.2 . Sugar 8.2, Protein 1.2, Minaral matter 2.1 Percent. Also Fat Tannin and cellulose in lower percentage roots consist of mucilaginous substance, PROPERTIES AND ACTION Rasa : Madhura, Kashaya Guna : Laghu, Picchila, Snigdha Virya : Sheeta Vipaka : Madhura Karma : Shothahara, Kaphavardhaka, Pittahara, Vatahara, Dahaprashamana, Vrushya Useful Parts - Flower, Khanda, Roots, Gum, Bark, Leaves, Young fruits, Seeds THERAPEUTIC USES - Raktapitta, Vrana, Daha, Yuvanapidika Dose - 5-10 g. (Powder).

GANDHAKA [SULPHUR] In Rasa classics Gandhaka comes under Uparasa varga and is a important dravya next to parada. It is considered as the essential agent in mercurial process and is believed to impart many desirable properties to parada and reduces its toxic effects. Hence the mercurial preparations without gandhaka are considered to be more toxic. It also plays major role in Bhasmikarana process of dhatus. Mythologically it is considered as the Artava of Goddess Parvati.

35

Drug Review

Synonyms: Gandha

Shulbaripu

Gandhapa

Shulbari

Bali

Shama

Sougandha

Pamari

Balivasa.

Durganda

Kushthari

English – Sulphur. Chemical Formula – ‘S’ Gandhaka Shodana: Shodhana removes 2 types of impurities present in it. 1) Shila dosha – Stone powder, Clay 2) Visha dosha– Arsenic etc., Shodhana is carried out by adopting various methods like. 1) Swedana 2) Dravana, Galana 3) Bhavana 4) Kurma Puta – Bhoodara yantra method 5) Damaru yantra etc., Properties3Rasa

:

Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.

Guna

:

Sara

Veerya

:

Ushna

Vipaka

:

Madhura4, Katu

Karma

:

Deepana, Pachana, Rasashoshana, Krimihara, Rasayana, Vishagna, Bala-veerya vardhaka, Kapha Vatahara.

Rogagnata

:

Kandu, Kusta, Twakdosha, Ama dosha, Krimidosha, Pleeharoga, Kshaya, Jwara, Netra roga Visarpa, Dadru etc 36

Drug Review

Dose : 1-8 rakti Modern – Chemical Classification

Occurrence5- Sulphur occurs in native form in the volcanic regions of Sicily, Italy, Japan etc., Small deposits have been found in India, Pakistan. It occurs in the form of 1) Sulphides (ZnS, PbS), Pyrites – (CuFeS2) 2) Sulphates (CaSO4 . 2H2O, BaSO4 etc.,) PROPERTIES.

1. Sulphur has property of allotropism. This property is its important characterisitic physical state is same chemical is same but forms and physical properties are different.

2. Ithas an atomic weight of 32.064 and it s atomic number is 16. 3. Sulphur melts at 120deg c if it is heated slowly and 113degc if it is heated rapidly.It boils at 444.8deg c.

4. At temperature above 150deg c sulphur becomes thick and viscous.Above 250degc.it becomes more fluid again and its colour changes from yellow to Red. IT is dark brown at its boiling point.

5. Sulphur is a very reactive element at 250deg c it ignites with air. As it burns it combines with oxygen to form sulphur-di-oxide (So2) a clourless gas.

6. It is good conductor of heat and electricity. 7. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in carbondisulphide benzene and turpentine.

37

Drug Review

GO GHRITA6 Ghrita is said to the Shresta Sneha because of its property to absorb the property of other drugs when put into it, In ayurveda Go-ghrita is said to be superior out of the ghrita from various sources. Vernacular Name: Sanskrit name

:

Ghrita

English name

:

Ghee

Hindi name

:

Ghee

Kannada name

:

Tuppa

Synonyms

:

Aajya, Havis, Sarpis,

Properties : Rasa

-

Madhura,

Guna

-

Guru, Snigha, Mridu,

Veerya

-

Sheeta,

Vipaka

-

Madhura,

Dosha Karma:

Vatapittahara

Karma: Medya, Rasayana, Vrishya, Chakshushya, Balya, Description: Ghrita is one among the Ajasrika Rasayana, It is Ayuvardaka, Balavardhaka, Vayasthapak, Dhatuposhak, and is suprime in snehana dravyas, By virtue of yogavahitwa, As per its ingredients the medicated ghrita will be attaining properties.

38

Drug Review

Chemical Constituents7: Ghee contains 8% lower saturated fatty acids, Which makes it easily digestible, Due to having 4-5%, linoleic acid an essential fatty acids, it promotes proper growth of human body, Ghee also contains vitamin A B E and K vitamin A and E are anti oxidant and are helpful in preventing oxidative injury to the body, Ghee is lipophilc and this action of ghee facilitates the transportation of ingredients of formulation to target organ and final delivery jnside the cell, because cell membrane is highly lipophilic.

GO DUGDHA8 Vernacular names: •

Sanskrit name

-

Dugdha

•

English name

-

Milk

•

Hindi name

-

Doodh

•

Kannada name

-

Halu

Ksheera, Payas.

Synonyms: Properties: aÉurÉÇ

SÒakÉÇ

ÌuÉzÉåwÉåhÉ

qÉkÉÑUÇ

UxÉmÉÉMürÉÉå:

|

SÉåwÉkÉÉiÉÑqÉsÉx§ÉÉåiÉ: ÌMüÎlŠiYsÉåSMüUÇ aÉÑÂ || zÉÏiÉsÉÇ

xiÉlrÉ

ÌYëiÉxlakÉÇ

uÉÉiÉÌmÉ¨ÉÉx§ÉlÉÉzÉlÉqÉç

|

eÉUÉxÉqÉxiÉUÉåaÉÉhÉÉÇ zÉÉÎliÉ¢üiÉç xÉåÌuÉlÉÉÇ xÉSÉ || - pÉÉ. mÉ. ÌlÉ. SÒ. 7-8. Rasa

-

Madhura

Guna

-

Guru, Snigdha, Mridu

Virya

-

Sheeta

Vipaka

-

Madhura

Doshakarma -

Vatapitta Shamana 39

Drug Review

Karma

-

Medhya, Rasayana, Vrishya, Jeevaniya.

40

Disease Review AYURVEDIC REVIEW ON VAJEEKARANA HISTORICAL REVIEW Historicity and origin of aphrodisiac therapy in the form of quest of virility (Pumshatva) for progeny (Praja) begins from Vedic age, and later it has developed as an indepent branch of ancient science medical science as “Vajikarana Tantra”. Afterwards, the development of phenomenon of sexual life took place in later periods of chronology. There appears mainly Kucumara tantra, which figures in history, as solitary treatise dealing with the major subject of aphrodisiacs related to Vajikaran. Simultaneously Kama Sutra (erotics) or Kama Vijnana (sexology) was gradually took lead in specific direction which had contributive role. Confidentiality and secret nature of sexual behaviour desiring privacy inspired sexual activity for its recognisation Auponisadika, the specific terminology applied in later works particularly in the area of Kama Shastra. Some importamt works on Kama Sastra are generally referred, viz Kama Sutra (Vatsayana), Rati Rahasya (Kokka), Panchasayaka (Jyoutirisvacharya), Anangaranga (Kalyanamalla), Ratiratna Pradipika (Proudhadevaraja),

Kuttanimatam

(Damodar

Gupta),

Kandarapa

Churamani,

Kailikoutuhalam, Ratimanjari (Jaidev), Kamakunjalata (Dwdosharajarsignaha) etc1. Kama inspired the god for creation of universe (Naradiya sutra), which is still continuing, achievement of which depends upon the normal intact sexual apparatus. Kama effects in sexual gratification and better progeny to lead happy life which is perturbed in the absence of the same2.

40

Disease Review

Rug-veda: The word Vajayan hints towards Vajikaran. The important husband of Vatrimati was satisfactorily treated and was able to become fertile. The name of twin physicians Asvinau is indicative horse and horsepower. The unmarried, old aged patient Ghosa was successfully treated to become young and later on to get married. Kali achieved youth and married. Vandana, Kaksivana, Vraddha kali, Vraddha chyavana, Jahnu, Raja mana etc were treated for ageing and achieved youthfulness and progeny. Various means were advocated in Garbhaposhana, Garbhapata, Niyantrana and Govandhyata with treatment. Atharvaveda It has many references related to normal and abnormal sexual functions. Anatomical terms like Vrisana, Sepha, Sisna, Viryavahini nadi etc. are available. The word Mritabhaja (who has lost body heat) is used for Klaibya. Sepha harsini was the drug used to enhance the size of penis like that of horse, improve erection and increase the semen production to make the individual sexually active. Specific mantras to improve erection are available. The word Klaibya, Klibikarana (castration) and impotence because of injury to Viryavahinadi are highlighted. The term Krisata denotes physical impotence or under developed size of genital organs, whereas the word “glayata’’ denotes psychological impotence. Upanishad and Purana Period Prestigious Madhuvaidya and the way of getting prosperous progeny are found in Upanishad period. Woman is Virilific because certain body parts of woman are the seat of erotica. There are twelve factors famous for erotic potency, out of which six are body

41

Disease Review parts of the woman viz. the Kamini katasa (eye movements), the knotting of the hairs, the thighs, the breasts, the umbilical part and the lips. The remaining six factors are environmental such as autumn, the sound of kokila, the full moon light, a lake place, Madhu – Madhava etc. the drugs Shatavari, Ashwagandha, Sriaushada vatamkura, Ashwatha etc. are advised as Yuktivyapsraya Vajikarana therapy, it can be used in the form of powder, with milk, honey etc. and may also be used in the form of varti, lingalepa etc. putrshti yagna, various types of charities, sraddha, pilgrimage to some holy places, story hearing of some progeny and about 15 putrakara or putra prada (male progeny inducing) recipes have been mentioned. Hence it seems that Pauranic advises for Vajikarana are mostly herbal. Mythological texts also show the significance of performing putreshti yagna by emperor Dasharatha to have a son. Testicular transplantation to restore the virility of Indra with mesa vrisana is also found. The death due to excessive indulgence in coitus, in the form of example of Vicitravirya, son of Satyavati is highlighted. Narada’s conversation with Yudhishtira on skills of Vaidyas on 8 branches of medicine points towards Vajikarana as one of the branches well established at that time. Stories of Drupada, Shikhandi, and Yayati are also indicative of prevalence of sexual dysfunctions. In Darshana period references are found regarding kama (passion), marriage–age, sexual conducts, legal aspects of marriage and second marriage according to the circum-stances. The references regarding sexual dysfunctions are rare. Bauddha Period Navanitakam, a famous treatise on therapeutic preparations illustrates numerous Vajikarana yogas, indirectly giving hints to sexual disorders. Lashuna is a useful mentioned drug.

42

Disease Review

Maurya and Gupta Period A reference has been made to Pumsavana karma to change the foetal sex. The famous Chinese traveler Meghasthanes writes so in his book Indica. The golden age of Ayurveda and speciality of sexology, culture and literature in Gupta dynasty brought out significant improvement in this field. Kama sutra was written by concising the Bhabravyas writings by Vatsyayana, the father of ancient sexology. The book which is authentic till today consists of 36 chapters, 67 contexts with 1250 slokas. Pandit Varahamihira in his treatise, Brihat Samhita described many Vajikarna yogas under the heading of Kandarpikam to enhance the sexual potency and fertility. Samhita Period Acarya Caraka has described the characterstics and types of napumsaka, different etiological factors leading to Klaibya viz. katu, lavana, ksara rasa etc. Shukra kshaya, shukra dushti, rasa pradosha, general nidana, specific nidanas, detailed pathogenesis and description of klaibya, its management, details

and allied aspects

for the benefit of svastha purusha from procreational and recreational standpoint are also mentioned. Vrishya and Vajikarana yogas, conduct, ethics and relative descriptions are dealt with in detail. Hence the whole Vajikarana tantra has been stressed and covered in Charaka Samhita. Acharya Sushruta has described Vajikarana tantra in a separate chapter “Ksina Baliya Vajikarana adhyaya”. He defines Vajikarana and elaborates the types of Klaibya with characteristic clinical presentation and therapeutic yogas. Klaibya due to injury to shukravahi nadi, pumsavana karma and psychological factors affecting sexual life have been listed. Napumsaka of 5 types and ejaculatory dysfunctions are also explained.

43

Disease Review

Samgraha Period Acharya Vriddha Vagbhata deals with etiological factors of Klaibya, Shukra kshaya and their management with different yogas in a separate chapter along with various descriptive discussions on the topic Vajikarana. Certain Vrishya yogas are used to treat different types of Shukra dosha and Vandhyatva. Acharya Vagbhata also deals with the branch of Vrisha Tantra, Shukra doshas and its management with different modalities. Significance, scope and necessity of Vajikarana, specially to the “Alpa satva” person has been stressed along with the allied explanations. A note has been made to follow raticharya and to follow the advices of Kama sutra according to Desha, Bala, and Kala etc. Five types of Klaibya are described and separate chapter is devoted to Vajikarana. In Bhela Samhita, 4 types of Klaibya, scattered references on Vajikarana and Vrishya basti specially indicated in Shukra doshas and sexual disorders are found. Acharya Shodala has given many of the Vajikarana yogas and followed the previous classics in the same period. Acharya Sharangadhara followed Acharya Sushruta and classified Napumsaka into 5 types. Vajikara/Vrishya drugs are said to be of 3types. Shukrala and Vajikarana yogas have been mentioned and Shukra Sthambhaka yoga is a contribution of Acharya Sharangadhara. Acharya Bhavamishra describes klaibya as being of 7 subtypes based on Sushruta Samhita and says that in the management of sexual problems, shodhana therapy is to be adopted before Vajikarana for better results in Chikitsa (Bhavaprakasha/vajikarana).

44

Disease Review

Acharya Kalyanamalla’s Anangaranga (16th Century AD) is the most authentic, compact text on sex after Kama sutra of Vatsyayana. It incorporates the classification of woman, generally based on sexual response into 4 types viz. Padmini, Chitrini, Hastini and Ragini. Seasonal sexual capacities, regional sexual ethics, eritic means of woman according to the regions, diet and recipes for Vajikarana are the contributions of the text. In Yogaratnakara, details of etiology, pathogenesis, types and various Vajikarana yogas are available for Klaibya. Vata, Pitta, Rasa, Shukra, Marmaghata, Sahaja and Manas are the factors involved in causation of Klaibya. Surata, Akshamata is Klaibya and to treat the same Vajikarana. Astanga Maithuna has been referred. Bhaishajya Ratnavali has numerous preparations to promote Shukra in addition to Vajikarana and Vrishya yogas. Viryasthambhadhikara is separately dealt with by Vangasena. Madhava Nidana parisista has also dealt with the topic Klaibya and Vajikarana. Basavarajiyam defines Retohintva, Vandya, and Shanda in 15th chapter and treatment from the same is also found. Thus descriptions about Vajikarana are available in the entire span ranging from the Vedas to the present day texts. The terminologies used might have been different but the importance of Vajikarana in maintaining a healthy sexual life was very much understood. Etymology of Vajeekarana: Vajikarana is one of the eight branches of Ayurveda and vividly explained under separate chapter in classical literature of Ayurveda, apart from the scattered references which indicate towards its speciality as an individual medical branch existing in practice in those ancient days. Sexual potency and attitudes vary from 45

Disease Review person to person. Explaining the subject by using similes is the unique approach of Ayurveda. Here the simile of Vaji (stallion) which cohabits vigorously, uninterruptedly for longer duration has been considered to denote the sexual potency and hence the name Vajikarana is used. AuÉÉeÉÏ

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iÉ²ÉeÉÏMüUhÉqÉç | cÉ. xÉ. ÍcÉ. 2/3, cÉ¢ümÉÉÍhÉ. Chakrapani quotes that Vajikarana is a process in which an impotent will soon turn into potent as it is denoted by powerful horse. It is a therapy which enables one to approach women in an unfrustrated manner, endowing him with great strength and robustness, like that of a Stallion, makes one greatly endearing to women, increases ones proportions and strength, causes the seminal secretion even of the aging to remain undiminished and fertile and enables a man to have many and excellent off springs3. Thus it seems that main action of Vajeekarana drugs is to produce Shukra of good quality and quantity so that, the man may cohabit with women like stallion and indulge in sexual activity frequently with exhilaration. Vaja denotes to ‘sexual intercourse’ and Vaji indicates to capability of copulation. Method or process which makes ‘Avaji’ to ‘Vaji’ is known at Vajikarana4. Man who is seeking pleasure should resort to Vajikarana (Virilification) therapy constantly. It bestows contentment (Tusti), nourishment (Pusti), children of good qualities (Apatyam Gunavat), continuity of progeny (Apatyasantanakaram) and great happiness immediately (Sadya Sampraharasanam) 5. Vaja means Shukra (semen) and vaji is indicating for its increasement or encashment6. That (medicine or therapy) by which the man becomes capable of copulating with the woman with great strength likes a horse, by which he becomes

46

Disease Review loved by women and by which the body of the person gets nourished, is known as Vajikarana. It is the best promoter of strength and vigor. Makes person capable of performing excessive sexual intercourse7. Articles which are sweet, unctuous, Jeevana (promoters of life), nourishing and heavy and which cause excitement of the mind-all these are called Aphrodisiac (Vrsya). Childless Man8 A man without children is like a tree which has no shade, bearing flowers of foul smell, and not bearing fruits, not having branches, and standing alone. Objects of Aphrodisiac Therapy9 A person should always seek the intake of aphrodisiacs because, for, he can earn Dharma (righteousness), Artha (wealth), Priti (love) and Yasas (fame) through this therapy alone. A person gets these benefits through his progeny and the aphrodisiac therapy enables him to procreate children (or sons). Application of Vajikarana Therapy10 A person, whose system has not been (previously) cleared (Shodhana) with the proper purifying remedies (emetics and purgatives) should not, in any case, have recourse to such tonics in as much as they fail would fail to produce the wished result, just as the application of a dye to a piece of dirty cloth will prove non-effective. Person who is free from all disease (Niramaya) should first entirely detoxify (Samyak suddha), purify internal body by implying purificatory measures (Pancakarma) and then administer aphrodisiac (Vajikaran yogan) therapy, during the life span from the age of 16 to 70 years, youth to senility. Purification Process before Aphrodisiac Therapy11 The person should be administered Oleation, Purification, Decoction enema, Fubricating enema etc., along with ghee, oil, meat juice, milk, sugar and honey adopting proper procedure; food should be milk, meat soup and boiled rice etc., after

47

Disease Review these therapies, he should be asked to consume Vajikara recipes which give strength to the semen and the offspring. Role of Aphrodisiac Therapy12 For those who are of weak mind, those who are suffering from miseries those and who are afflicted by diseases, Vajikarana (Virilifactory recipes/aphrodisiac recipes) will be described to protect the wasting of their body. Three types of Vajikarana Drugs13 The Vajikarana drugs or remedies are of three kinds viz. (a) Those producing the semen. (b) Those secreting the semen and (c) Those producing as well as secreting the semen. Important aphrodisiacs (vajikara)14 •

Anointing (Abhyanjana)

•

Massaging (Udvarttana)

•

Seka (bathing of body)

•

Gandhasrakcitravastrabharana (using scents, wearing different kinds of beautiful garlands, dress and jewels)

•

Gandharavakavyadi katha pravinah samasvabhava (well versed in music, poetry, storytelling) and vasaga vayasya ( who are obedient attending on him)

•

Dirghika svabhavananta nivista (swimming inside his own house full of lotus)

•

Padmarenumadhumatta vihanga (bees humming intoxicated by the nector of those flowers) Nilasanugirim kutanitambe (soujourn in the green forests on the slopes of mountains).

•

Kananani purakanthagatani

•

Drstisukha vividha tarukati (different species of trees providing happiness to the eyes)

48

Disease Review •

Srotrasukhah kalakokilanadah (pleasant note of the cuckoo gladdening to the ears)

•

Angasikhartuvasena (the climate of the season pleasant to the body)

•

Vibhusacittasukha sakalah oarivarah (all the attendants and others in family providing for happiness of the mind)

•

Tambulmacchamadira (betel chewing, Fish and madira, a specific kind of wine)

•

Kanta kanta nisa sasankanka (beautiful wife on his lap, in the night shining of moonlight)

•

These factors & any other similar things (also which are desired by the mind) & recognized as aphrodisiacs (Yadyacca Kincidistamanaso Vajikaram Tat)

Use of Aphrodisiac before Coitus for Supplementing Dhatuksinatva15 Man who is passionate and craving for sexual enjoyment-lustful or libidinous (Kamukah0kami) should (first of all) select and consume any one of the excellent recipes (Yogan sansevya Vrsyan) and then, he should drink milk (pitva) mixed with sugar (Sasitamathpayah) or cold water Sitalamvambu). In this, when man (kanta) engages himself sexually in coitus (Surata) with woman (Kantha), he never suffers from deficit or abnormalacy of dhatus (Mahadapi na vai Dhatuvaisamyamati) - ever to little extent as a result of sexual intercourse (Katangasangad) with woman. Process Producing Strength16 It is observed that strength of man has no relevance with power of procreation. It is not that all men possessing physical strength are capable of procreating children. There are persons having stout and strong physique.

49

Disease Review Pervasion of semen17 The entire sugarcane plant is pervaded which in juice. Ghee is available in the whole of curd; oil is available in all parts of the sesame seed. Similarly semen pervades the entire body which has the sensation of touch. As water comes out of wet cloth when squeezed, similarly, the semen trickles out from its site during copulation between and the woman, because of sex act (Chesta) and because of passionate attachment (Samkalpa) and physical pressure (Pidana). The semen is ejaculated from the body because of eight factors, namely, excitement, passionate desire, fluidity, sliminess, heaviness, anubhava (atomicity), pravana bhava (the tendency to flow out and the force of vayu. The unmanifested soul which takes different forms in this world manifests itself in the form of semen. Eight kinds of Sexual Act17 There are eight types (and processes stages or aspects) of maithuna (sexual act) described in classical texts in wide perspective of Astanga maithuna as follows: •

Smarana (memorizing or recollecting the sexual object)

•

Kirtana (repetition of sexual object)

•

Keli (physical activities belonging sexual performance)

•

Prekasana (visionary concentration aijuing for seducing sexually)

•

Guhyabhasana (confidential conversation in secrecy with opposite sex).

•

Sankalpa (sexual thought or concentration for sexual urge)

•

Adhyavasaya (different efforts for attracting for sexual relations).

•

Kriyanivrtti (performance of sexual intercourse).

Sex Stimulant Factors18 On the lines of major classical texts e.g. Charaka Samhita and Susruta Sahmita Bhavamisra enumerates various factors which are helpful for inspiring the sexual

50

Disease Review instincts. These factors belong to different kinds of diet or food (ahara) as well as conduct (vihara) such as: •

Different kinds of food regimens ,liquids or drinks;

•

Audible pleasing songs and sweet talks;

•

Pleasant skin touch;

•

Clothes, ornaments etc., pleasing to psycho activation;

•

Use of betel –leaves (Tambula), liquors (Madhira)

•

Fragrance of flowers (puspa sugandhi) and pleasant odours favourite smells,

•

Naturally beautiful garden having descant colourful flowers; and

•

All the activities and thoughts pleasing to minds.

Unwholesome Articles for Aphrodisiacs Administration19 Person who is passionate or lustful (kami), indulging in sexual intercourse (ratiman) and loving women (vanitabhilasi) should restrict (no bhaksayediti) to consume certain dietary or food articles as follow: •

Atyantamusna (Excessive hot)

•

Amla (Sour)

•

Katu

•

Ksara

•

Tikta (Bitter)

•

Saka-patrasaka (Leafy vegetable)

•

Kasaya (Astringent)

•

Lavandhikanca

(salty

articles

Such precautionary consideration in course of aphrodisiac therapy is popular in society (Sanastajana prasiddha). Advantages of Vajeekarana Karma20 Acharya Sushrutha has mainly described three great mottos of Vajeekarana therapy. •

To become lovable between the women by providing sexual contentment.

•

Procreation that is to get a strong, better and genetically good progeny.

•

Enhancement and maintenance of bodily strength.

51

Disease Review

Vajeekarana and vrushya: Acharya Charaka opines that, the method of therapy which improves potentiality for getting the off springs for the continuity of the lineage, treats all type of disorders of Shukra, causes instantaneous sexual excitation, performance like a strong horse and nourishes the tissue elements is called Vajeekarana21. The drugs or the articles which perform the above said functions are called as Vrsya, the substance or factor helpful to increase quantity of Oja in human being22. Vrushya and Vajeekarana are taken as synonyms for each others. While commenting the above, Dalhana stated that Vrsyam Sukrajanakam and Vajeekarana as Shukrapravatakam23. A Vrsya dravyam can act as Vajeekarana also and these words are shown as synonyms, to each other. Vrsya dravyas may act as Vajeekarana also, but all Vajeekara do not possess Vrsya property, because stimulant action on Shukaravaha samsthana is predominant in Vajeekarana dravya, while Vrsya is subjected mainly to increase the sukra in quantitative and qualitative measures. According to Shabda kalpa druma Vrsya is mentioned as “Veerya vridhi karam”24. Bhavaprakasha explains Vrsya as “Shukravridhikara” i.e. the one which increases the quantity and quality of shukra in the human body25. In another sense, Vaji means horse which is a symbol of sexual vigor and vrsa means bull, which is sexually not so potent like horse, but can have multiple orgasms and procreate off springs better than horse. The semen analysis of both these animals reported that, the sperm count of horse is 1, 20,000/ ml while that of bull is 10, 00,000/ ml (Thaddeus and Mann 1981).

52

Disease Review

Hence Vaji may be considered for sexual vigor and Vrsa for procreation. This might be the sense of using both Vaji and Vrsa in classics. In classics, both these Vrsya and Vaji are mentioned synonyms to each other. Vajeekarana is a therapy while the Vrsya is the property (karma) of the drug or substance, which performs. At present time the prime importance is give to control the population by following contraceptive measures. But in this aspect similar importance is being considered for a happy healthy family life. It emphasizes to think over sensitive subject like sexual relationship. This subtle aspect can give rise to many difficulties assaulting the healthy growth of the community. With this regard, the society also needs the sexual vigor and vitality by the help of Aphrodisiac or Vajeekarana dravya, for eliminating the farlacies and fantasies over sexual knowledge and to provide fearless mind and healthy body. Benefits of Vajeekarana26: Vajeekarana is meant for imparting – a happy and successful marital life. Its aims are: •

Giving instantaneous enjoyment

•

Imparting fertility to a man even in

•

Establishing a good lineage and fame.

old age.

•

Improving body strength.

•

Providing multiple progeny.

•

•

Optimizing the nutritional status in

Provide prolonged sexual act and general. giving satisfaction to the spouse.

•

Bringing a state of honour in the society.

53

Disease Review Vajeekarana and its adaptation: The Vajeekarana therapy is only indicated for males omitting the female because the females do have sexual motive forces eight times more than the males. But in contrast to other sciences the equal arousal and interest is needed to fulfill the act in both

sexes, though the active females are passive. Sexual activities were

limited to procreational, attitude in ancient times where the various stimulants are being used by both sexes in recreational attitude right now. Supplementation of hormonal therapy for both in sterility and impotency is being observed today. By quoting “Nithyamatvam” Chakrapani describes it as young males should be considered for Vajeekarana, omitting the adolescents and under nourished or ill developed people. It elucidates the priority attested to procreational sex rather than considering it as recreational as in those periods. In Kshema kutuhala, it is indicated to indulge in sexual activities from 16 years onwards and some observed 20 years for male 16 years for females. Contemporary Classics considered the Balavastha is below 20 years and old age comes after 80 years.

Out of all the theories the maturation for adaptation of

Vajeekarana karma Acharya Sushrutha fixes it up to 25 years for males and 16 years for females27. Acharya Sushrutha falls near to modern viewpoint of thinking, the maturation of the sperms takes place after 25 years to male and the prescribed age for female to marry is 18years. Though the various other factors such as, Desha, Kala, Ahara and seasonal variations may change the maturation levels28. Vajeekarana Dravyas: Multiplication of the living beings, animals or plants for the existence and propagation of the species is a biological phenomenon and is known as reproduction.

54

Disease Review Reproduction or procreation is rather a nature’s compulsion or biological principle or law of nature. Present generation when compared to ancient is addicted to different things like smoking, alcoholism, narcotics, chewing tobaccos and other chemical ingredients like opium, heroin etc. are more subjected to afflict with sexual inadequacies like impotency and sterility of various types. The environmental pollution of sound, water and air exercising upon the natural resources hardly yield various edibles for human kind. Finally the adulteration in food stuffs stands to give rise many diseases, especially using different colours in eatables causing impotency and hence various factors intriguing the sexual apathy. In spite of all Vajeekarana and Vrishya Ahara and Aushada, the fascinating woman of pretty looking is mentioned extreme stimulant as Vajeekarana providing the prior preference on being. It indicates that the mental attitude of decision or Sankalpa is the most important factor of psychological arousal of interest, rather than the administration of any kind of substance into action. When it is speculated into the Vajeekarana and Vrishya dravyas mentioned in the classics, reveals the properties of having Madhura rasa, Madhura Vipaka, Guru, Snigda guna and mainly Sheeta Veerya drugs where with their nutritive values nourishing all the dhatus, may act as bramhana and hence Vrishya etc. But it can also be interpreted as the drug possessing Ushna veerya will stimulate the reserved energies in the body accumulated by the Vrishya ahara and aushada may be considered as Vajeekarana dravyas and the augmenting factors of Sheeta Veerya dravyas as vrishya in properties.

55

Disease Review Classification of Vajeekarana dravyas and Concepts: Acharya Charaka has defined the Vajeekarana as the substance by which the man acquires potency like horse and profound semen formation. This definition denotes two aspects of Vajeekarana, the potency of energy for sexual act, and the formation of semen at the desired level.

Then Acharya Charaka includes the

definition both psychic and somatic aspects of the sexual performances which is concerned not only with psychic satisfaction of the individual but also with the reproductive functions one aspects concerns with Deha (body) and other with Satva (mind). The stimulation is due to energy of the body and mind, which as a result produces the potency. In simple, these two aspects have been said as “Dehabalkara” and “Manobalakara”. The above two categories of Vajeekarana have been also termed respectively as “Shukra vrudhikara” and “Shukra chutikara”. Some scholars also proposed to a third category as “Shukrasrutivrudhikara” which is actually a combination of the above two categories. Acharya Chakrapani while commenting on the definition given by Acharya Charaka quotes a verse mentioning these three categories and himself explains them with examples as follows29: Categories

Example

1. Shukra vrudhikara

Masha etc

2. Shukra srutikar

Samkalpa etc

3. Shukrashruti vrudhikara

Ksheera etc

Acharya Sushrutha also follows the ‘psycho-somatic’ aspects described by Acharya Charaka, but in addition he goes further subdividing the somatic aspect. He has mentioned four types of substance for four deficiencies and abnormalities of Shukra dhatu such as30: -

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Disease Review Table.No.8-Showing the abnormalities of Shukra dhatu’s Abnormalities

Effect Desired

Alpa shukra

Shukra apyayana

Dusta shukra

Shukra prasadana

Vishuska shukra

Shukrapacaya

Ksheena shukra

Shukra janana

Then it is evident that Acharya Sushrutha has been able to develop groups of dravyas for various quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of Shukra dhatu. Dusta shukra is qualitative abnormality for which Acharya Sushrutha has prescribed prasadana dravyas, which are the same as shukra shodhana in charaka. The other three are quantitative deficiencies of Shukra dhatu. Dalhana says that Alpa shukra means genetic deficiency of semen. The other two conditions ksheena and vishuska are gradual stages of shukra kshaya. Acharya Dalhana has also proposed as alternative interpretation based on the age factor. In this way Alpa, ksheena and Vishuska denote the deficiency of semen in adolescence, middle age and old age respectively. Acharya Dalhana, the commentator of Sushruta and Acharya Vagbhatta have classified Vajikarana Dravyas into three groups as: Table. No.9-Showing the classification of Vajikarana dravyas. Shukra janaka

Mamsa, ghreeta, payasa and masha

Shukra Janaka pravarthaka

Godhuma and above all

Shukra pravarthaka

Ucchata, brihati etc Shu

kra Janaka Dravyas are the ones which nourish the Dhatus in sequential pattern right form rasa to Shukra eg. Mamsa, Ghruta, Shatavari, Musali. It is synonymus with Shukravriddhikara of Chakrapani and Shukrala of Acharya Sharangdhara.

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Disease Review •

Shukra Pravartakam - These dravyas possess ushna, tikshna, properties and which initiate the ejaculation of Semen. eg. Akarkarabha, Kasturi, Gunja etc. Chakrapani includes such drugs under Shukrasrutikara.

•

Shukra Janaka Pravartakam - Drugs having both Janaka and Pravartaka properties are known as Shukrajanaka – Pravartaka eg. Bhallataka, Kapikacchu, Ghruta, Godhuma, Masha etc. Chakrapani has described it as Shukrasruti – vriddhikara.

At the end commentator mentions three groups by alternative terms such as •

Dehabalakara

•

Manobalakara

•

Deha-manobalakaara

Godhumadi are only Dehabalakara and Shukra Janakam; Sankalpadi are only Manobalakara with Shukra Pravartaka property and Ghruta Kshiradi are Dehamanobalakara and thus perform Ubhaykara function. This description supports the view that sound sexual health is dependent upon sound state of body and mind. The Vajeekarana dravyas protect the body of the persons indulging in sex and also suffering from complications31. Acharya Sharangdhara studied this subject intensively and as such classified the Vajeekarana dravyas in great details32: Table No. 10- Classification of Vajeekarana dravys in detail. Categories

Examples

Vajeekarana

Nagabala, Kapikachu,Khakasa Tila etc.

Shukrala

Ashwagandha, Musali, Shatavari etc.

Shukrapravarthaka

Stree

Pravarthaka janaka

Dugda, Masha etc

Shukra rechana

Jatiphala, Brihati etc

Shukra Stambhaka

Jatiphala

Shukra shoshana

Haritaki 58

Disease Review

In another version in place of Haritaki as Shoshana, Kalinga has been mentioned as Ksayakari. Two types of Vajeekarana mentioned in ancient texts have been elaborated to seven by Acharya Sharangadhara in his extensive work. Aphrodisiac is an agent, food, drinks or drug, which stimulates sexual desire and power. In another way these agents are divided into four headings: •

Drugs

•

Physical Stimuli

•

Diet

•

Mental Psychic factors

Drugs: are again categorized into five •

Spermatopiotic: which increases in quantity, production and stimulation like Jeevaka, meda,kapikachu and satvari

•

Spermo purifiers: which purify and improve the quantity of semen like kusta, Katphala Tila, Usheera, Kadambha and Samudraphena.

•

Help sexually and in ejaculation: Kupilu, Kasturi, Bhanga, Jatiphala, Dattura, Indragopa, true cantharides, red pepper oysters and hard-boiled eggs.

•

Drugs which help in retention of semen and increase the time of copulation are Bala, Shatavari, Kasturi, Karpoora, Akarakara, Ahiphena and Kapikachu.

•

Drugs which help in sexual arousal alone are Ashwagandha, Satavari, Keshara, Kasturi, Bhanga, Dattura, Akarakara, Lata kasturi and Ahiphena.

• Diets: - Include milk, ghee, butter, meat, eggs, Shukra and alcoholic drinks. • Physical factors: Dressing, touching, kissing, teasing & external stimuli etc. • Mental or psychic factors: - Behaviors, talking, staring and Acharya Charaka was aware that under the influence of Vajeekarana drugs, there are chances of person being indulge in sex indiscriminately.

Therefore he advocates the use of

Vajeekarana to only those who have self-control, who could control their desire and

59

Disease Review that too as object of producing progeny, which was necessary for continuation of the progenitor’s race. Whom to follow: One who is having Avara satva and affiliated with various diseases producing toxemia frequently, should undergo for the Vajeekarana karma after treating the ailments i.e., in convalescent period in order to substitute the loss of Dhatus resulted due to diseases. Second one is for the importance of producing offspring it is essential. It is necessary to adopt purificatory measures of Panchakarma before going to advice for Vajeekarana and the age factors in between 16-70 years are selected, prior and after to this age limit and for unpurified therapy because unhygienic or unclean cloth will not take the dye, as their best as a clean will washed cloth used to be. Diseases occurring for not following Vajeekarana therapy33: If a person indulges in sex performance without using Vajeekarana karma excessively may lead to afflict by various diseases mentioned below: Glani, Kampa, Shithilata, Krishnata, Indriya Shithilata, Shosha, Shwasa, Upadamsha, Jwara, Arsha, Bhagandhara, Rasa and Rakta dhatu ksheenata, Vata roga, Kleebata and Lingabhanga or Dwaja bhanga. Untoward results of today the blood pressure, cardiac problems, diabetics, insomnia, etc are also develop due to the negligence of following Vajeekarana measures and cohabiting excessively.

60

Disease Review REVIEW OF SHUKRA KSHAYA SHUKRA KSHAYA Shukra kshaya comprises of two words i.e Shukra and Kshaya. Kshaya means less diminished, diminution Shukra means semen, seed and seminal fluid (M.W.Dictionary) Thus the Combined meaning of word Shukra kshaya is diminution of semen. In the present Context the Shukra kshaya has been used to describe qualitatative and quantitative diminution of components of Seminal fluid with particular refrence to sperms. Hence Shukra kshaya stands for oligospermia in this context. Shukra, the seventh Dhatu is also considered Sara of all the other Dhatus. The term "Shukra" is derived from the root word "Suk- Soce"," Suca Kleda"

34

which

means “purity”. It also means resplendent, white, shining, radiant etc.35. The other technical meanings of Shukra are bright, fire, the plant Venus, semen, sperm, preceptor of Daityas (Shukracarya), a morbid affliction of the eyes etc. (MWSE Dictionary). SYNONYMS OF SHUKRA: 36 1.

Majja Samudbhava (born out of Majja): Produced from Majja during the evolutionary metamorphosis of Dhatus.

2.

Bijam (Seed): One which has the capacity to induce new growth / generation.

3.

Shukra (ejaculate): Which is ejaculated at the time of coitus.

4.

Ananda Samudbhava (born out of pleasure): That, which is ejaculated at the time of intense pleasure or orgasm.

5.

Rupa Dravya37: That which imparts structure to the Atma.

6.

Pumstva (Fertility): The fertility factor.

7.

Paurusam (Virility): Inherent character of Purusa.

8.

Virya (Potency): By virtue of which action is manifested.

9.

Tejas (Resplendent): That which is shining, bright

61

Disease Review VIRYA: The term "Virya" is derived from the Sanskrit root "Vira Vikrantau" which means 'to be victorious' 38. and mental power

Virya is defined as Saktih, Manah Saktih i.e., physical

39

. Sayanacarya has defined Virya as the Samarthya (capacity /

potency) which bestows offsprings. The various meanings of the word "Virya" have been mentioned as heroism, vigour, valour, power, strength, energy, virility, potency, efficacy, semen, gold40 Sharangadhara used the term 'Virya' to mean emen. While describing the testes, he mentions Virya Vahi Sira41. "Virya" word in the context of sexuality and reproduction means "potency" as has been described by Caraka in the context of Klaibya due to old age42. Rasadi Dhatus too are mentioned implying that Shukra and Virya are different entities. From the foregoing, the term "Virya" can be equated to Psychoneuro- endocrinal factors responsible for manifestation of actions such as desire, erection, ejaculation and orgasm. DEFINITION OF SHUKRA: Shukra is a substance which is responsible for body activities especially regeneration, reproduction metabolism and tends to impart vigour and energy, and part of which comes out of the body in male at the height of sexual act and performs the specific function of reproduction.43 GUNA OF SHUKRA: Spatikabha, (crystal like), Shukla, Snigdha Madhura, Madhugandhi, Taila and Kshaudravat, Guru, Bahu (abundant), Bahala (thick), Picchila (viscous), Anupravana Bhava (atomicity and tendency to move), Soumya (ap pradhana), Sara (moving tendency), Drava (fluid), Avisram (not foul smelling) Avidahi (soothing) and Phalavat (fertilizing and pleasurable). All these are the

62

Disease Review Biophysical and Physico chemical properties of Shukra which clearly resembles the physical properties of the seminal fluid.44 ORIGIN OF SHUKRA: Mahabhautik origin: Shukra is derived from Soma and hence is described as Saumya 45

. Also it has predominance of Jala Mahabhuta among the four Mahabhutas exclusive

of Akasa46 It is Jala Guna Pradhana47 and drugs with Madhura, Snigdha properties bring about an increase in Shukra 48 suggesting the Kaphavargatva of the same. PRODUCTION OF SHUKRA: The production of Shukra can be understood under the terms Janaka and Pravartaka. This classification is justified by the descriptions of Shukrajanaka and Pravartaka drugs of Vrsya category49. Thus, the stages of Sukrotpatti can be summarised as follows: Janana

Stage - A1 - Production of Shukra Dhatu Stage - A2 - Transformation of Shukra into Rupadravya

Pravartana - Stage B - Expulsion of Rupadravya PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SHUKRA: FUNCTIONS OF SHUKA: Besides the prime function of reproduction, Shukra possesses other functions too, which can be grouped as under (1) Sarvadaihika i.e., systemic function (2) Maithunagata i.e., related with sexual act (3) Rupadravyagata i.e., functions related to seminal fluid (1) Sarvadaihika: The Shukradhara Kala is said to pervade the whole body and hence, the Shukra is spread throughout the body just as ghee in milk and jaggery in sugarcane juice50. This Shukra performs certain functions like-

63

Disease Review

Dhairyam: Dalhana describes it as the capacity to fight against any condition 51 and is related to the physical and mental alertness (Apte, 1984). Dehabalam: Dalhana opines that Dehabalam includes both Deha Upacaya i.e., physical fitness (physique) as well as Utsaha i.e., enthusiasm52. Caraka has ascribed Sarira Upacaya and Bala (both Sarira and Manas) to the optimum level of Dhatus53. Ojoposaka: The Ojas - essence of all Dhatus gets nourished by the Shukra Dhatu 54. Thus, the functions of Ojas can be said to be maintained by Sarvadaihika Shukra. (2) Maithunagata: The function of Shukra pertaining to the sexual act is not par independent to the Sarvadaihika Shukra and these are Priti: The love towards opposite sex, a sexual instinct or the desire to co-habit with the opposite sex is an attribute of Shukra55. Dalhana also opines that this Priti is indirectly induced by Ojas under the control of Shukra Dhatu 56. Cyavanam: The word meaning is "to secrete" or "come out” also has been described by Dalhana as timely ejaculation57 which suggests Maithunagata function of Shukra. Harsa: Deriving curiosity and pleasure about repeated sexual acts has been mentioned as a function of Shukra Dhatu58. Chakrapani has opined that the development of sexual thoughts and maintenance of erectile state of penis (Dhvaja Harsa) are special functions of Shukra

59

. Thus, the complex sexual behaviour

including erection, ejaculation and orgasm are due to Shukra through its Maithunagata functions. (3) Rupadravyagata: The function of Reto Dhatu pertaining to Rupadravya renders fulfillment of one of the Purusarthas of life. Bija, a synonym of Shukra can be considered a subtle part of Rupadravya and the function Bijartham can be attributed to the same60 Garbhotpadana, the prime function of Shukra can be considered the Rupadravyagata Karma61.

64

Disease Review The above said systemic and sexual act related functions of Sarvadaihika Shukra can be correlated to the function of androgens especially testosterone. The Rupadravyagata function can be correlated to semen in general and the spermatozoa in specific. UTPATTI OF SHUKRA DHATU:(1) Production of Shukra from Majja Dhatu: From the point of view of Ayurvediya Kriya Sarira, a Shukra stand last among the Sapta Dhatus and is the outcome of evolutive metamorphosis of Majja Dhatu, the 6th and preceding Dhatu62. This metamorphosis is brought about by the action of Shukra Dhatvagni on the essence of Majja. The Vayu and Akasa produce pores, very subtle in the Asthi Dhatu from which the Shukra oozes out just like water from a new earthern pitcher63. This Shukra pervades the whole body, integrity of which is maintained by the Shukradhara Kala. (2) Production of Shukra from Ahara Rasa: The Rasadi Sapta Dhatus are the outcome of successive evolutions, the previous Dhatu being transformed into the latter. The Ahara Rasa or the Anna Rasa forms the substrate for this progressive evolution. Thus, Rasa Dhatu is formed foremost, then Rakta Dhatu, and so on, upto the transformation of Majja into Shukra Dhatu.64. Among the three hypothesis laid for Dhatu formation, the Ksiradadhi Nyaya explains the initial Dhatu formation as such and the rest two viz., Kedarakulya and Khalekapota Nyaya explain the nourishment of Dhatus. (3) Quantity of Shukra: Caraka has mentioned the quantity of Shukra to be 1/2 Anjali 65 whereas Bhela mentioned it as 1 Anjali66. (4) Upadhatu of Shukra: Though Acaryas like Caraka, Susruta and Vagbhata haven't mentioned any Upadhatu for Shukra, Sarngadhara considers Ojas as Upadhatu of Shukra67.

65

Disease Review (5) Shukra Mala: Acaryas Caraka and Susruta have considered Shukra to be the purest form of substance and hence devoid of any Mala just like Svarna. However, some authors and commentators felt the necessity to describe mala of Shukra and hence have named Ojas

68

, Smasru69 Vaktra Snigdhata (sebum on the face), Pidika

(acne) 70 as the Mala of Shukra. SPERMATOGENESIS The process of proliferation and differentiation of germ cells has been termed spermatogenesis, and takes place within the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubules occupy approximately 70% of the testis71. The long seminiferous tubules of the human testis are lined with the single continuous layer of Sertoli cells that are epithelial elements of mesodermal origin organized in a complex helical plan. The germinal cells pack the spaces between Sertoli cells. In the adult testis Sertoli cells do not divide spontaneously. Extensive tight junction along their lateral borders, they joins adjacent Sertoli cells by forming an impermeable blood testis barrier. Sertoli cells divide the tubule into basal and adluminal compartment. Germ cells develop upon the stage of leptatone with the basal compartments. Secondary spermatocytes continue their development into spermatozoa in the abluminal compartment. Because of the blood testis barrier, any factor influencing the latter stages of spermatogenesis must be mediated through the Sertoli cells. Process of Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis can be sub divided into four successive processes. 1) Undifferentiated Spermatogonia - Proliferation process 2) Spermatogonial differentiation 3) Spermatocyte development – Meiosis 4) Spermatoid development - Spermiogenesis and spermiation

66

Disease Review Proliferation or Spermatocytogenesis: In the human testis four Spermatogonial types were recognized viz. A-long, A-dark, A-pale and B. All type “A” Spermatogonia have stem cell role. A-dark and A-pale Spermatogonia are numerous, while A-long occur infrequently, A-dark Spermatogonia are reserve stem cells that don’t contribute to spermatogenesis, whereas the A-pale are active stem cells. Spermatogonial Differentiation: Type “B” Spermatogonia, which are produced, by the A-pale spermatogonia are differentiated cells that ultimately produce preleptotone spermatocytes. Meiosis: The final Spermatogonial division generates preleptotene spermatocytes, which enter a resting phase of 2-6 days, which forms about 16% of the cycle duration. At the end of this period, the preleptotene spermatocytes begin to synthesize DNA for meiosis and enter the long meiotic prophase. It occurs in the basal compartment of the tubule, lent as the cells transform into leptotene spermatocytes, syncytial clusters pass across the tight junction to enter the adluminal compartment. This process is passive on the part of the germ cells and involves the interposition of the slips of Sertoli cells cytoplasm between the spermatocytes and the tubular wall. When the cytoplasmic extension meets, new tight junctions are formed and the existing junction unzips to provide the leptotene spermatocytes to the lumen environment. The tight junction does not depend on the pressure of germ cells. Once the spermatocytes have traversed the tight junction, a unique morphological relationship develops between the pachytene spermatocytes and Sertoli cells which persist until spermiation. Just prior to the 1st meiotic division, primary spermatocytes replicate their DNA and contain twice the normal amount (4N). After 1st meiotic division, each secondary Spermatocyte contain a haploid number of chromosomes, but the total amount of DNA in each daughter spermatocytes in equal

67

Disease Review to that of a normal somatic cell (2N), since each chromosome is in a double structure. During II meiotic division, each double structured chromosome divides, so that each daughter cell (spermatid) containing 23 chromosomes. Spermiogenesis and Spermiation: During the maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa several events occur, including the formation of the acrosome, changes in nuclear morphology, and the formation of the flagellum. Sperm Transport: The released spermatozoa are immotile. They are transported from here to the ampulla of the vas deferens by various methods including contraction of the myoid cells of the seminiferous tubuli, capillary forces and reabsorption of the testicular fluids in the caput epididymis and peristaltic contractory of the smooth muscles of the epididymis of vas deferens.

From seminiferous tubule the

spermatozoa travels to the rete testis and then to epididymis. It takes 10-15 days for the transport of spermatozoa through epididymis during which the final steps of maturation takes place. During ejaculation the semen is released by powerful, short adrenergically mediated contraction of the distal cauda epididymis and vas deferens. A spermatozoon then mixes with the secretion of the ampullary glands, seminal vesicles, prostate etc. SHUKRA V/S SPERM: "Sarira Dhatvatma Shukrabhuto Angat Angat Sambhavati"72. "Shukram Hi Sarvadhatubhyah Param Utpadyate, Param Iti Sara"73. Shukra is the essence of the human body and represents each and every organ. The Shukra as a whole with the subtle Bija impelled by the orgasm is ejaculated from the body (of male) and entering the uterus through the female genital tract finally unites with the ovum or Stri Bija 74. So, it can be concluded that the term Shukra bears contextual similarities to sperm.

68

Disease Review SEMEN: The ultimate outcome of the male sexual act is a complex fluid composed of millions of spermatozoa and the secretions from various glands - seminal vesicles, prostate, Cowper's gland etc., collectively termed the seminal plasma. The bulk of the fluid is formed by secretions from seminal vesicles (about 60%), 30% comes from the prostate and the rest from vas, mucous glands etc. The average pH of semen varies from 7.2-8.0 wherein, the alkaline prostatic fluid tends to neutralise the mild acidity of other fluids. The prostatic fluid imparts the milky appearance, and the fluid from the seminal vesicles and mucous glands gives the semen a mucoid consistency. The clotting enzyme present in the prostatic fluid causes the fibrinogen of seminal vesicle fluid to form a weak coagulum that holds the semen in the deeper areas of the vagina. In the next 15-20 min, the profibrinolysin disintegrates slowly to fibrinolysin which liquefies this coagulum. The sperms remain relatively immotile in the coagulum owing to the high viscosity but, as the coagulum dissolves, the sperms become highly motile. So, any factor impairing liquefaction or which increase the viscosity hinder sperm motility. The sperms are viable in the male genital tract i.e., in the vas for upto 1-2 months but, once they are ejaculated through semen, their maximum life span is limited to 24-48 hrs at body temperature75. Semen also contains plasmin, which has the ability to destroy certain bacteria. Since both the semen and the lower female reproductive tract contain bacteria, the antibiotic activity of seminal plasmin may keep these under check to ensure fertilization 76. SPERM MORPHOLOGY: A matured spermatozoon is about 60 μ in length and consists of a head, midpiece and tail. The head, composed of the nucleus containing the DNA is capped

69

Disease Review by the acrosome consisting of mucopolysaccharidase and acid phosphatase. Below the head, is a very short neck followed by the broad midpiece which encompasses the mitochondrial power-house. The tail consists of the principal piece and end piece and aids in movement. The shape of the spermatozoan helps it to surge forwards relentlessly in the vast female genital tract until it reaches its target. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SHUKRA -RETODUSHTI Shukra in a broad term represents both the semen and the androgens in male reproductive physiology. Two broad terminologies viz. ShukraKshaya and Shukra Dushti described in Ayurvedic texts cover the entire pathological array pertaining to Shukra. Here Shukra kshaya refers to the improper or deficient functioning of the testes in one or both of its aspects viz., synthesis of testosterone and spermatogenesis. This deficient functioning could be primary i.e., congenital or secondary i.e., acquired, depending upon the cause and condition as may be. The conditions AlpaShukra, Shukra kshaya and VisuskaShukra come under the purview of ShukraKshaya77 as suggested indirectly by the treatment mentioned for these conditions. The Astavidha RetoDushti described by Caraka includes Phenila, Tanu, Ruksa, Vivarna, Puti, Picchila, Avasadi and Anya Dhatu Samsrsta. The Astavidha ShukraDushti described in Cikitsa Sthana78 resemble verbatim to that of Sutra Sthana except the terms Asveta and Suska which are in no way different from Vivarna and Ruksa. The 8 types of Reto Dushti described by Susruta are Vatadusta, Pittadusta, Kaphadusta, Sonitadusta (Kunapa), Granthi, Putipuya, Kshaya and Mutra Purisa Gandhi79.

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Disease Review Retodosa (Su Su 1: 7)

Shukra Kshaya (Male hypogonadism)

Shukra Dushti (Abnormal seminal plasma)

Primary

Secondary

→ Vata Dusta

(Congenital)

(Acquired)

→ Pitta Dusta → Kapha Dusta

(Alpa Shukra)

→ Kunapagandhi → Granthibhuta Kshaya (moderately Visuska (Extremely

→ Putipuya

Low levels of

low levels of Shukra)

→ KshayaShukra

Shukra due to

(occurs physiologically

→ Mutrapurisagandhi

Various causes in

in old age due to

Middle age;

Dhatu Kshaya

Physiologically

(Dal on Su Su 1: 7)

also due to Dhatu Kshaya (Dal on Su Su 1: 7) Chart -2 Classification of Retodosha SHUKRA KSHAYA: It is the condition with Shukra Asara Laksana and ShukraKshaya Laksanas 80. The ShukraKshaya Laksanas are Daurbalya (weakness) Mukhasosa (dryness of mouth), Pandutva (Pallor), Sadana (lassitude), Srama (exertion), Klaibya (impotency) Shukra Avisarga (delayed ejaculation / anejaculation), Alpa, Rakta Shukra Darsana (ejaculation less in quantity or admixed with blood), Medhra- Vrsana Vedana (pain in penis and testes)81 ALPA SHUKRA: Dalhana has described this condition as low level of Shukra since birth or below the age of 25 years82. This condition is usually seen in primary hypogonadism

71

Disease Review of male due to chromosomal or congenital causes. Though the level of Shukra is below normal since birth it can be diagnosed only after puberty. This condition may be considered under Adibala and Janmabala Pravrtta Vyadhi. SHUKRA KSHAYA: In this condition, Shukra is moderately decreased, especially in the middle age due to undefined etiology82. In this type, the body growth, pubertal development and level of Shukra may be normal initially until the etiological factors bring about a fall. Here the cause could be Aharajanya (Katu, Kasaya Rasa), Viharajanya, (Abhighata) Vyadhikarsana etc. i.e.,both +endogenous and exogenous causes. Hence, this condition may be considered under Dosabala Pravrtta Vyadhi (humoral), Sanghata bala Pravrtta (traumatic), Daivabala Pravrtta (super natural) or Kalabala Pravrtta (seasonal) Vyadhi. VISUSKA SHUKRA: Extremely low levels of Shukra or the depletion of Shukra that occurs physiologically in old age i.e., after 70 years of age is termed VisuskaShukra. 83. Here right from birth upto the onset of old age the Shukra is supposed to be normal. As per the description it may be considered under Svabhavabala Pravrtta Vyadhi. RETODUSHTI: It can be considered an acquired quantitative and qualitative abnormality in Shukra caused by faulty dietetic, psychological, traumatic factors and chronic debilitating illness

84

, with both subjective and objective manifestations. Due to the

vitiation of Shukra or semen by the morbid Dosa, the individual becomes Kliba (impotent), and there is Aharsana (if at all there is erection there will be failure in peNetration). His progeny will be Rogi (sick), Kliba (impotent), Alpayu (short lived), and Virupa (disfigured). Either there will be no conception, or there is abortion or

72

Disease Review miscarriage. Thus, the vitiation of Shukra not only brings misery to the individual but also to his wife and progeny 85. All these are the subjective manifestations. The objective manifestations are in the form of abnormal semen having characteristics of the vitiated Dosa such as Phenila, Tanu, Ruksa etc.86. This condition may be considered under Dosabala Pravrtta (humoral), Sanghatabala Pravrtta (traumatic), Daivabala Pravrtta (super natural) or Kalabala Pravrtta (seasonal). OLIGOSPERMIA (SHUKRA KSHAYA) Infertility is problem facaed by many couples throughout the World, how ever, it is of great importance in the male dominated society of the third World Countries.In another report (Guyton, 1991) it is started that male infertility is assessed through spermiogram and hormonal profile. According to Amelor (1996) density of less than 20 million ml spermatozoa is Called Oligospermia. NIDANA PANCAKA OF OLIGOSPERMIA (SHUKRA KSHAYA) The etiological factors which may cause oligospermia can be classified as follows: 1. Bijadosa Karanas

4. Manasika Karanas

2. Aharaja Karanas

5. Vaidykrta Karanas

3. Viharaja Karanas

6. Vyadhikarsanajany Karan

GENETIC & CONGENITAL ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR OLIGOSPERMIA •

Specific genetic defect on male sex chromosome87

•

Klinefelter’s Syndrome88

•

XXY Syndrome88

•

Testicular Malposition: (cryptorchidism)88

•

Kallmann’s Syndrome

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Disease Review AHARAJA (DIETETIC FACTORS): In Ayurveda, following dietetic factors are told as Shukravaha Sroto Dushtikara Nidanas: Anasana89, Alpa-Pramitasana (Eka Rasabhyasa)

90

, Visamasana

causes ShukraDushti which ultimately leads to impaired fertility. RuksaTikta-Kasaya-Atilavana-Atiamla-Ksara Sevana91, Atisevana of Lavana Rasa, Katu Rasa (due to its Vipaka Prava) and Kasaya Rasa (due to its Ruksa-Khara-Visada Guna) leads to loss of sexual potency and Shukravahasrotokharata,92 Tikta Rasa leads to Shukraupasosana93 Katu Vipaka is Shukrahara and Amla Vipaka is Shukranasana 94. VIHARAJA NIDANAS: Abrahmacarya95

Shukravega Nigrahaha

Atimaithuna96

Sandyakaranam)100

Vyavaya Sosa97

Temperature

Shukravega Vidharana98

Tobacco

Na Gaccata Maituna99

Dusivisa101

MANASIKA (PSYCHOGENIC) FACTORS: Daurmanasyam Avrsyanam 102 Stri suati prasangaha Sosakaranam103. Cinta (worry), Soka (depression) Bhaya (fear)104,

Aviswa, Krodha (jealous)105,

Abhicara etc…

Vaidykrta (iatrogenic) causative factors of oligospermia: Surgical Procedures Obstruction Irradiation

Chemotherapy Drugs: Ketoconazole Histamine

74

Disease Review VYADHIKARSANAJANYA FACTORS OF OLIGOSPERMIA: Kshaya,106

AIDS

Dhatu Sampradusana107

Chronic renal failure111

Shukrameha108

Cirrhosis of Liver

Lingarsa109

Diabetes mellitus112

Arsa (Sahaja)110

Fever113

Varicocele (Shukravaha Siragranthi) SAMPRAPTI OF OLIGOSPERMIA (SHUKRA KSHAYA) Oligospermia (Shukra kshaya) is a Krchhrasadhya disease

114

of Shukravaha

Srotas, occurs mostly in the middle age which is manifested clinically as “Na ca Garbham Jayate” (infertility). Samprapti of Shukra kshaya (oligospermia) is not mentioned in classics separately. But it is mentioned that vitiation of Vata and Pitta Dosa are responsible for manifestation.115 In classics, there are the general guidelines on the basis of which the Samprapti of any disease can be constructed. In this case there is a clear indication that the disease belongs to the Shukravaha Srotas and predominantly caused by Vata and Pitta Dosa. In Caraka

116

it has been said that the etiological factor affecting the

Dhatus may also disturb the Dosas. This may happen also the vice-versa. The Nidanas may perform the functions like DosaDushti, Kha-vaigunya, Dusya-daurbalya and Agnimandya. This may simultaneously or gradually takes place. In this case of Shukra kshaya, the Vata and Pitta provocation damage the Shukradhatu also, causing Shukradhatu Daurbalya and Shukravaha SrotoDushti. In this disease, most of time Agnimandya is not manifested at all, may be due to being a deepest Dhatu. As

explained

by

Dalhana

while

commenting

on

Susruta117

that

Dosas deplete the Dhatus by their Atmatejas. Here in this case, Dalhana explained 75

Disease Review that Atmatejas is Sosana of the Dhatus by Vata and Tiksna and Usna Guna of Pitta. In the different context, it has been already been explained that the Gunas like Ruksa, Khara, Tiksna and Usna may directly damage the Shukradhatu. Hence, the Shukra kshaya condition the Ruksa and Khara Guna of Vata and Tiksna and Usna Guna of Pitta participates. Certain Nidanas such as Anasana, Pramitasana, Visamasana, consumption of Ruksa-Sita-Katu-Amla Rasa-Usna Bhojana, and Ativyayama, Ati-Atapa Sevana, Ratriprajagara, Atipravartana of Kapha-Shukra-Sonita and Mala, Bhutopaghata, DhatuKshaya, and Ativyavaya, improper and unhealthy sexual practices; certain psychological causes like Bhaya (stress), Soka etc. leads to Prakopana of Vata Dosa in Shukravaha Srotas. Besides this, consumption of Pitta Vardhaka Nidanas such Dusivisa such as pesticides, working in leather factory, lead, parathion, arsenicals; exposure to irradiation, chemotherapy, intake of drugs such as cimetidine, excessive consumption of alcohol (Ruksapana), morphine, excessive smoking (Dhumapana) etc. all these leads to Pittaprakopa. Mithyahara Vihara Sevana leads to vitiation of Vata and Pitta Dosa. At the same time they also cause Dushti of Shukravaha Srotas, 118 which manifests either in the form of Srotosanga and / or Siragranthi of Shukra Dhatu. Vata and Pitta is the main culprit in manifestation of oligospermia (Shukra kshaya). Shukradosa occurs due to Vyana and Apana Vata Prakopa119.

76

Disease Review Table. No.11- Samprapti Ghataka of Shukra kshaya (oligospermia)

Dosa

- Vata (Apanavayu, Vyana Vayu), Pitta

Dusya

- Rasa and Shukra, Mainly Shukradhatu

Agni

- Jatharagni, Shukra-dhatvagni

Ama

- Jatharagnimandya

Udbhavasthana

- Amapakvasaya

Sancarasthana

- Vrsana, Sarvasarira

Vyaktasthana

- Vrsana, Sisna,

Srotas

- Shukravaha

SrotoDushti Prakara

- Sanga

Rogaswabhava

- Krccrasadhya (Cirakari)

Lakshana of Shukra kshaya Lakshana of Shukra kshaya can be divided into two groups viz. related to Shukra Vaha Srotas and those symptoms related to Sharira. Lakshana of Shukra kshaya can manifest due to dysfunction or hypofunctioning of one or other properties of Shukra (Semen and Androgen) 120 DIAGNOSIS OF OLIGOSPERMIA / SHUKRA KSHAYA The basis of the evaluation of infertility should be a complete history, physical examination, and pertinent laboratory tests. Medical history

Semen analysis121

Endocrine evaluation

Upadrava of Shukra kshaya No direct Upadrava has been mentioned for Shukra kshaya. But while dealing with Shukra Kshayajanya Klaibya, it is said that, as Shukra is the end product of Dhatu Parinama, it is said to be the essence (Paramadhama) of food. Its wastage leads to number of serious diseases or even death122. Some Dustha Shukraja Roga has been mentioned in Charaka Samhita, which can be considered as Upadrava. They are Klaibyam, Aharshanam, Roga-grasta, Nachaasya Jayate Garbham, Garbha Patati, Garbha Prasravyatapi, and Apatyam (infertility) 123. 77

Disease Review Previously scientists used to believe that if sperm were damaged, they could not fertilize an egg, therefore only the fittest sperm could carry on the species - some call this the “macho sperm theory”. Research now shows sperm are vulnerable and that even when damaged they may still fertilize an egg. Some toxins may alter the sperm’s chromosome, which carry genetic information. If this happens, the results may range from infertility and miscarriage to stillbirth, birth defects, learning disabilities and even childhood leukemia and kidney cancer. Sadhya Sadhyata Assessment of the Sadhyasadhyata is mandatory before the commencement of treatment. It determines whether the disease is curable or not. Shukra Kshaya being Dwidoshaja is said to be Krichra Sadhaya, Pitta Prakruti Purusha has less Shukra and if he is affected with Shukra Kshaya then the prognosis is still more Kasthasadhya. Prognosis of Oligospermia It usually depends upon the underlying cause i.e. Oligospermia due to major systemic disorders like cirrhosis of liver or renal involvement depends upon the severity of the disease. 1. Oligospermia associated with Varicocele has a very poor prognosis with medical management. Surgical intervention (Varicocelectomy) is very much necessary. 2. Oligospermia due to genetic causes is difficult to manage. 3. Severe Oligospermia i.e. <5 million/ml has a very poor prognosis according to modern science and so they suggest for ART) Assisted Reproductive Technology. 4. Stress induced Oligospermia and Oligospermia due to environment hazards and chemicals often have a good prognosis until and unless the cause is avoided192.

78

Disease Review CHIKITSA OF OLIGOSPERMIA (SHUKRA KSHAYA) Management of oligospermia (Shukra kshaya) can be broadly classified into SAMANYA CIKITSA.

VISESHA CIKITSA

I. SAMANYA CIKITSA- Cikitsa Sutra (Principles) The main line of treatment in Shukra kshaya has been suggested as “Ksine Shukrakari Kriya”.193. As Upacaya is the primary line of treat ment in Shukra kshaya 194

. Vrdhhi Unnati etc are the meanings of the word “Upacaya”. So while treating

Shukra kshaya the physician has to select combination of drugs which boost the Shukradhatu. Properties of Vrsya Dravya (Shukrakara) are having following qualities: Madhura (Rasa), Snigha and Guru (unctuous and heavy quality), Jivana (promotes quality of life), Brmhana (nourishing property). Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhata have dealt with the Chikitsa aspect of Reto Dosha. The Samanya Chikitsa for Reto Dosha are Snehana, Svedana, Vamana, Virechana, Niruha Basti and Anuvasana Basti followed by Uttarabasthi195 which can be adopted for all types of Shukra Dosha including Shukra kshaya. II. VISESHA CIKITSA After Panchakarma procedures (Snehana, Vamana, Virechana and Basti) the Shamanoushadhi are to be administered. The principle treatment in any Dhatu Kshaya is to administer the Dravya, which are having the same qualities of that Dhatu Eg. Mamsa in Mamsakshaya, Shukra in Shukra Kshaya.196 Administration of Shukra such as consuming Nakra Retah.

197

In Sushruta Samhita Vajikara Dravya are particularly recommended for

Shukra Kshaya in Ksheena Baleeya chapter some of them are Vajikara Utharika, Amalaka Yoga, Masha Yoga, and Svayamguptadi Yoga198. Dravya having the properties of Madhura, Sheeta, Snigdha, Picchila such as Kshira, Ghrita, Mushali etc. are very good Shukrala Dravya. Charaka has mentioned Shukrajanaka Gana, 10 Dravya namely Mashaparni, Meda, Shatavari, Kulinga etc199.

79

Pharmaceutical Study PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY Animals of the same class generally observe the same rules of eating and enjoyments in the world. But as Man has supremacy over his nature/ basic instincts, he is free to have changes. He renders the nature favorable to himself and derives various kinds of advantages using various processes. On the contrary, in many occasions owing to his ignorance, idleness, inclination towards sensual enjoyments and compulsions of unavoidable circumstances, he is harmed by his habits of indulgence. Bhaishajya Kalpana as a science is evident as a map of intellectual reality which briefs the principles of compounding drugs as general outlines applicable within all the limitations of time or place while describing the Science of Ayurveda. The elaboration is typical of “Indian thinking and speaking”. Thus the principles are elucidated contextually i.e. context specific - while dealing a subject which is a characteristic feature of the “Brihattrayee” although later classics show a deviation from this path and start topic specific descriptions. ‘Bhaishajya Kalpana ‘- more than simply the science of pharmacy which according to Remington is - “the art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug - related information to the public”. That is why Acharya Caraka reiterates that Yuktijna always stands superior36 . The implementation of the Bhaishajya Kalpana principles is in the form of Samskaras as noted below: AsmÉxrÉÉÌmÉ

qÉWûÉjÉïiuÉÇ

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Pharmaceutical Study Enhancing the utility (pharmaco-dynamic action) of a relatively small quantity/quality of a substance (drug) or decreasing the utility of a relatively large quantity/quality of a substance are possible by Samyoga (combination), Vishlesha (disunion), Kala (time factor), Samskara (various pharmaceutical operations) and Yukti (intelligent planning). The Samskara is considered to be a change or sequence of changes, occurring/ induced which can be physical, chemical or both. The application of powerful concepts and modern techniques to the adopted processes allows obtaining meaningful results and making practical, useful predictions. Thus, an elaborate comprehension of the preparation of the compound drug with respect to the changes during the processes creates a unique opportunity for formulating the new/ existing compounds with improved stability and specially selected compositions for superior nutritional, dieting and therapeutic qualities. Thus arises the necessity to study/ observe the preparation of a drug with utmost care, comprehend the principles underlying, document the findings for further comparison, corroborate the document with therapeutic efficacy and then formulate the resolutions. The raw materials – Gandhaka, dry Amalaki were procured from the jogappa Shanbag Pharmacy Udupi. A humble attempt to practically demonstrate the preparation of

samples of Khamadhenu churna has been performed according to classical

reference with little modification. Practical study was carried out under the supervision of my Guide in Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana Including Drug Research Department of A. L. N. Rao M.A.M.C Pharmacy Koppa. Practical study comprised of:•

Preparation of Churna

•

Preparation of Gandhaka shodhana

81

Pharmaceutical Study •

Preparation of Amalaki swarasa

•

Preparation of shalmali kwatha

PRACTICAL NO.1 Practical name

–

Preparation of Amalaki Churna

Date of starting

-

18-08-08

Date of completion

-

18-08-08

Equipments

-

Khalwa yantra, clean cloth, spoon, tray etc.

-

550gm

Ingredients:

Amalaki Procedure: •

Above mentioned the drugs are to be cleaned and dried, taken in mentioned quantity.

•

Made into powder by pounding in Khalwa yantra.

•

Then filtered with clean thin layered cloth.

Observations: •

The drugs are completely dried.

•

After proper grinding no fibrous material left as residue.

•

Small amount of Churna had been lost during grinding and shifting the materials.

Result: •

Initial individual weight of Churnas

-

550gms each

•

Churna obtained

-

500grams.

•

Total loss

-

50gms. 81

Pharmaceutical Study

PRACTICAL NO.2 Practical name

-

Gandhaka shodhana37.

Reference

-

Rasatarangini-8/8-12

Date of starting

-

20-08-08

Date of completion

-

20-08-08

Equipments

-

Vessels, Clean cloth, Glass rod

Ingredients: •

Gandhaka

-

550 gm

•

Go ghrith

-

1kg

•

Go dugdha

-

3lts

Procedure: •

The Gandhaka is melted along with equal quantity of ghee and this liquified sulphur isn then poured into another vessel containing milk and filtered through a cloth tied over the mouth of tha vessel(then boiled in the same vessel for a while)

•

This process was been repeated for 3 times.

•

Then it is taken out and washed cleanly with water.

•

By this process, the stoney substances remained on the cloth and gandhaka flots on milk like husk, mixed with ghee.

•

And the sulphur remains inside the milk in the solid form

•

In last sulphur boiled with some milk for 1 hour. 82


Observation: •

When Gandhaka, which washed in to hot w water, and dry the sun light

•

The Gandhaka is collected in the bottom of the vessel and it is collected by scraping with a spoon.

•

After shodhana Gandhaka is yellowish colour.

Result:

-

Successful

Character of gandhaka: •

Colour

-

Yellow

•

Taste

-

Madhura

•

Consistency

-

Solid form

•

Initial weight of Gandhaka

-

550gm

•

Gandhaka obtained

-

500grams.

•

Total loss

-

50gm

PRACTICAL NO.3 Name of the practical

–

Preparation of Amalaki swarasa

Date of starting

–

21-08-2008

Date of completion

–

27-08-2008

Apparatus

–

Vessels, Vastra, Khalwa yantra, Grinder.etc

Ingredients: Shuddha gandhaka Bhavana with Amalaki swarasa for 7 days Amalaki churna

83


Table No.12- Amalaki Swarasa Bhavana with 7 Days38 1st day 21-08-2008

6 kg

6hrs bhavana

3lts swarasa

2ndday 22-08-2008

4Kg

51/2hrs bhavana

2lts swarasa

3rd day 23-08-2008

4kg

6hrs bhavana

2lts swarasa

4th day 24-08-2008

4kg

5hrs bhavana

2lts swarasa

5th day 25-08-2008

4kg

7hrs bhavana

2lts swarasa

6th day 26-08-2008

4kg

6hrs bhavana

2lts swarasa

7th day 27-08-2008

4kg

6hrs bhavana

2lts swarasa

Method of preparation; •

Daily amlakai friuts were taken and made into a swarasa and bhavana was given to the mixture of shudda gandaka and Amalaki churna.

Observations: Colour

- Ash colour

Taste

- Madhura PRACTICAL NO.4

Name of Practical:

-

Preparation of Shalmali Niryasa Kwatha.

Reference

-

General method of Kwatha preparation

Date of Starting

-

28/08/2008

Date of Completion

-

03/09/2008

Material required:

-

Stainless steel vessels, Gas stove, clean

84

Pharmaceutical Study cotton cloth, measuring jar, Spatula etc.

Ingredients: •

Shalmali Niryasa

•

Water

-

125 gms. 1 liter.

Procedure: •

Shalmali Niryasa was kept soaked in water for overnight..

•

Water was evaporated slowly and reduced till the quantity became ¼th.

•

It was filtered with clean cotton cloth and filtered liquid was collected as Shalmali kwatha.

Observations: •

Shalmali Niryasa became soft when kept soaked for mandagni

•

During the preparation of kwatha little frothing was observed.

•

It took approximately 6 hours heating to reduce the water to ¼th quantity.

•

The colour of prepared kwatha was dark reddish

Result: •

Final quantity of Shalmali obtained

– 250ml.

•

Colour

– Reddish colour

•

Taste

– Kashaya, Madhura

Precautions: •

Shalmali Niryasa should be taken for Kwatha preparation.

•

Boiling should be done on slow heat.

•

Utensils, vessels and filtering cloth should be clean.

85

Pharmaceutical Study •

Stirring should be carried out time to time.

Table No.13- Shalmali niryasa Bhavana with 7 Days38. 1st day 28-08-2008

125gms

6hrs bhavana

250ml kwatha

2nd day 29-08-2008

125gms

51/2hrs bhavana

250ml kwatha

3rd day 30-08-2008

125gms

6hrs bhavana

250ml kwatha

4th day 31-08-2008

125gms

5hrs bhavana

250ml kwatha

5th day 01-09-2008

125gms

7hrs bhavana

250ml kwatha

6th day 02-09-2008

125gms

6hrs bhavana

250ml kwatha

7th day 03-09-2008

125gms

6hrs bhavana

250ml kwatha

Result: •

Initial individual weight of Churna

•

Amalaki churna

-

500gms

•

Shuddha gandhaka

-

500gms

•

Churna obtained

-

800gms

•

Total loss

-

200gms

86

Analytical Study

ANALYTICAL STUDY Science means systematized and generalized knowledge of any thing, which can be proved by consecutive experimentation, with certain required standard parameters. Analysis in systematic manner is not away from this. It is the need of time for at least those which are directly concerned with the human health. Ayurvedic drugs are one of them. In ancient days, the drugs were prepared by the physician himself, with the help of experienced assistants in their own pharmacies attached to their clinics. Now a days the trend has entirely changed. The demand of Ayurvedic drugs have increased by many folds and availability of raw materials are limited. So, there are chances of production of low quality drugs for the commercial benefits. The quality of final products depends on the raw material used as well as on the pharmaceutical process adopted. The increasing demand for Ayurvedic drugs have made it necessary that some sort of uniformity in the manufacturing of Ayurvedic medicine should be brought out. The need has also been felt for statutory control to ensure standards of Ayurvedic drugs. Chemical analysis of any drug should be known well before experimental and clinical trials. Chemical study ensures not only chemical constituents but also suggests us standards of any preparation. It not only gives standards of the products but indirectly gives suggestions for further advancement if required. For complete development of the drugs for large scale consumption, the standardization is done in three stages including standardization of raw material, standardization of process and standardization of finished product. Among these, stan88

Analytical Study dardization of finished product is most essential from health point of view as these products are given to or used by consumer dierectly. There must be some parameters exposing the uniformity of drugs as well as their status of drugs detailing about the micro-compponents of drugs, so their good and bad effects could be revealed. Keeping these in attention, physic-chemical and chemical testings were done for present work. These studies include following headings as: •

Analysis by organoleptic method

Organoleptic parameters:

Colour

Taste

Odour

Consistency

Table.No.14- Description of Kamadhenu churna Sl,No

Parameters

Kamadhenu Churna

1

Colour

Light ash colour

2

Odour

Odour characterstic

3

Taste

Amla kashaya

4

Consistency

churna

•

Analysis by chemical methods a. Physico-chemical analysis 1. Loss on drying

5. Alcohol soluble extractive

2. Ash value

6. Water soluble ash

3. Acid insoluble ash

7. Total sulphated ash

4. Water soluble etractive

89

Analytical Study

1. Determination of loss on drying at 105°C : The loss on drying was determined by taking, 2 gm accurately weighed sample, in a dried petri dish (tared evaporating dish) and drying in an oven at 105° C till constant weight. The weight after drying was noted and loss on drying was calculated. The percentage was calculated on the basis of air dried sample. 2. Determination of Ash value : The ash value of the sample was determined by incinerating about 3 gm of weighed drug in a tared silica crucible at a temperature of 450° C until free from carbon (up to constant weight). Then cooled and weighed. If a carbon free ash can not be obtained in this way, then charred mass was exhausted with hot water. The residue was collected on an ashless filter paper. Incinerating the residue and filter paper, the filtrate was added, evaporated to dryness and ignited at a temperature not exceeding 450° C. The percentage of ash was calculated with reference to the air-dried sample. 3. Determination of Acid-insoluble ash : The ash obtained in (2), was boiled for five minutes with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited to constant weight. The percentage of acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference to air dried sample. 4. Determination of Water Soluble Extractive : 5 gm of sample was macerated with 100 ml of distilled water in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during first six hours and allowed to stand for eighteen hours. Filtered rapidly, taking precaution against loss of solvent and 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tared flat bottom shallow dish. First 90

Analytical Study

dried over water bath and then at 105° C in hot air oven, to constant weight, and weight was noted down. From the weight of the residue the percentage of watersoluble extractive was calculated with reference to air dried sample. 5. Determination of Alcohol Soluble Extractive : 5 gm of sample was macerated with 100 ml of alcohol of the specified strength (95%) in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during first six hours and allowed to stand for eighteen hours. Taking precaution against loss of solvent, it was filtered and 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tared flat bottom shallow dish and dried at 105° C to constant weight, and weight was noted down. From the weight of the residue the percentage of alcohol soluble extractive was calculated with reference to air dried sample. 6. Determinatin of Water Soluble Ash The ash was boiled for 5 min with 25ml of water and insoluble matter was collected on ashless filter paper and paper was taken in Gooch crucible after washing with hot water. Then it was incinerated at 450° C.wash with hot water and ignite to constant weight at a low temperature subtract the weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the ash.The difference in weight represents the water soluble ash. Calculate the percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the moisture free drug. 7. Total sulphated ash A silica rucible was heated to redness for 10 minutes and then was allowed to coll in dessicator and weighed. Then 2 gm of drug was taken into the crucible and was ignited gently. Now it was moistened with 1ml of sulphuric acid and was heated gently until white fumes were no longer evolved. Then it was incinerated at 8000c ± 250c. 91

Analytical Study

The process was continued until all black particles dissappered. Now again it was weighed and percentage was calculated with reference to the quantity of drug taken. b. Chemical analysis i. Qualitative tests 1. Fehling‘s test: To 1 gm of drug, methanol was added and heated for 1 hour. Then it was added with equal amount of Fehling,s solution A & B was added. The colour was observed in each case. 2. Protein test: 2 gm of drug was taken and was dissolved with methanol. Then it was added drop by drop with equal volume of 10% NaOH + 0.5 CuSO4. The colour was observed. 3. Antraquinine Glycoside (Borntragers test): 2 gm powder of drug was macerated with ether. Then they were filtered and were added with aqueous ammonia. Finally colour in each case was observed. 4. Flavanoid test (Shinoda test): 1gm powder of was extracted with methanol and extract was dissolved in 10%, HCL and then Zinc dust was added. Finally the colour was observed. 5. Alkaloid test: 1gm of drug was moistened with alkaline solution (ammonium hydroxide). It was kept in a stoppered flask for more than 1 hour. Now, it was extracted with any organic solvent (methanol) for three times. Extract was taken in a dish and solvent was evaporated. The residue (left after drying) was tested for presence of alkaloid with Dragendroff’s reagents in presence of few drops of 2N HCl. Then colour was observed. 92

Analytical Study

ii. Quantitative test Total sulphur percentage- Total Sulphur estimation 1 gm of drug was taken in 500 ml beaker and was oxidized with 7 ml of bromine in 10 ml of carbon tetrachloride. Now it was covered with clock glass. It was allowed to stand for 15 minutes with occasional swirling. Then 10 mL of concentrated nitric acid was added down the side of the beaker and was allowed to stand for another 15-20 minutes. Now it was heated just below 100° C on water-bath until the ceasing of all other actions. Then clock-glass was removed and allowed the evaporation of liquid from beaker by placing them in an oven at 95-100°C for 30-60 minutes. Now it was cooled and moistened with 2 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and, after an interval of 3-5 minutes, it was diluted with 50 ml of hot water. The sides of the beaker and the cover-glass with water were also rinsed. Now the contents of the beaker were digested at 100° C for 10 minutes to dissolve al1 soluble salts. The solution was allowed to cool for 5 minutes. Now it was filtered through a Whatman filter paper No. 540. paper, and was collected in an 800 ml beaker. Filter paper was washed thoroughly with hot water. The combined filtrate was diluted 600 ml and 2 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added. The sulphate was precipitated with 5 % solution of barium chloride at a rate not exceeding 5 ml per minute. After addition of all precipitant, it was stirred gently and allowed to settle for overnight. It was again filtered with a No. 540 filter paper and residue was taken in a crucible after5 proper washing with hot water. Then it was incinerated at 850° C to constant weight. Then the percentage of sulphur was calculated from ash. Kamdhenu churna- Sulphur total Percentage: 0.687 93

Analytical Study

iii. Thin Layer Chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) has been established and accepted as one of the most powerful analytical laboratary technique for separation and quantify the chemical constituents of any single or compound drug. For present work solvent system developed was Acetone: Methanol: Acetic Acid: : 5: 3: 2. Anisaldehyde Sulphuric Acid was used spraying reagent. Table. No. 15- Physical characters of Kamadhenu churna Sl. No.

Parameters

Kamadhenu Churna Result

1

Loss on drying % w/w

5.5%

2

Total ash % w/w

7.25%

3

Acid insoluble ash % w/w

2.75%

4

Water soluble extractive % w/w

23.25%

5

Alcohol soluble extractive % w/w

14.25%

6

Water soluble ash % w/w

3.5%

7

Total sulphated ash % w/w

4.5%

94

Analytical Study

Table. No.16- Qualitative analysis of Kamadhenu churna Sl.No

TEST

APPEARANCE

RESULT

1

Felhing’s test

Appearance of brick red colour

+ + +

2

Protien test

_

+

3

Anthraquinone glycoside test

Presence of red colour

+ + +

4

Flavanoid test

No pink colour

_

5

Alkaloid test

Presence of brick red colour

+ + +

TEST FOR THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY Solvent System

: Acetone: Methanol: Acetic Acid: : 5: 3: 2

Spraying Reagent

: Anisaldehyde Sulphuric Acid.

Rf Value0.16 0.24 0.30 0.40 0.53 0.66

95

Experimental Study

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Experimental study was undertaken because in the process of new drug development, experimental study is the first and foremost fundamental step. Man is considered as supreme amongst all living creatures. Since Sushruta period, the lower animals have been useful for experimental and toxicity studies. The animals, which have similarity in structures and function to human body, are to be selected for experimentation. The result of the experiments can be evaluated and later applied in human trials for the betterment of mankind. It is always not possible to produce the same etiopathological events that occur in human i.e. vitiation of dosha, dushya and mala on animals but inducing of pathological conditions like hyperacidity, inflammation, fever etc. and efficacy of trial drugs can be tested on experimental models (animals). Sexual behavior in animals: The sexual behavior of female is linked to the period of estrous that coincides with evaluation and during which the animal is said to be in ‘heat’. The estrous female arouses sexual interest in male by physical changes in her genital region and the production of potent signals conveyed by pheromones. Pheromones are secreted to the outside and scents emanating from them influence the behavior of other animals of the same species. Unlike in females, male’s sexual interest is not cyclic; the male is always ready to copulate, provided there is receptive female available. In effect, then male sexual, behavior is dependent on or controlled by female receptivity, gonadal hormones regulate the sexual receptivity of females secretes both estrogen and 96

Experimental Study progesterone. When the estrogen levels are high relative to progesterone level, the animals are said to be in estrous and become receptive to males. Rodents in estrous respond sexually to all males, which display species-specific sexual patterns. Dogs in estrous, show preference to some males over others. Hormones further influence primate females. Other parameters frequently used to measure sexual activity in rat are the number of intromissions, which precede each ejaculation. The importance of ejaculation from a series of intromission apparently triggers the release of hormones, which are essential to implantation. Still anther measure of sexual activity is the length of time following behavior. This is taken to indicate recovery from sexual fatigue. Much of our knowledge about the sexual behavior comes from the research on rodents like rats, hamster and guinea pigs. Rats are used as experimental subjects for most of the work done in this area. These animals were convenient to study and have predictable, stereotype and gender specific sexual behavior that are under the strong influence of sex hormones. Morphological analysis of rat sexual behaviour: 1) Description of male rat sexual behaviour Copulatory behavior of male rat is characterized by series of mounts with or without vaginal intromission from the rear of the female approximately once in every 30 to 120 seconds, that eventually culminates in lordosis response (A dorso flexion of the spine and deflexion of the tail to one side allowing vaginal access to the male). Typically, the male achieves vaginal penetration on 50-80% of his mounts

97

Experimental Study

intromission patterns can be distinguished behaviorally from mounts without penetration by the presence of deep thrust and springing dismount. 2) Analysis of components of male rat sexual behavior Common measures of copulatory activity have been categorized into several hypothetical regulatory factors. A sexual arousal factor is typically measured by mount and intromission latencies (time from introduction of female to the first mount and intromission) A measure reflecting the copulatory efficiency is the proportion of mount, which gain penile insertion, and is termed intromission ratio or some time ‘hit rate’. A copulatory rate factor is comprised of the intromission interval (mean interval between successive intromission proceeding ejaculation), ejaculatory latency and post ejaculatory interval. Finally, ejaculation behavior is regulated by the intromission count factor, and is measured as the number of intromission proceeding ejaculation. A hypothetical threshold is defined primarily as the number of intromission and latency to ejaculation. In summary, sexual behavior can be analyzed broadly into two major components. Libido and potency. Libido is defined as sexual arousal and is measured in terms of mount and intromission latencies. These measures are confounded by the erectile process (i.e. potency), necessary for successful execution of copulatory patterns. Other tests have been devised which allow some separation of sexual motivation from potency. Sexual arousal can be assessed with mount tests following penile anesthetization, which prevent penile insertion and ejaculation. 98

Experimental Study

3) Component of female rat sexual behavior In females, it is fixed action pattern elicited by the mounting of the male. Acceptance of male is seen by the exhibition of different grades of lordosis by female (figure). A. Marginal lordosis- Spinal flexion is slight head and tail base are slightly elevated. B. Normal lordosis – Spinal flexion is prominent. Head is elevated at an angle of 30° to the floor. Front paws are placed slightly forward and hind legs are straighten as to elevate the tail base. C. Exaggerated lordosis – Spinal flexion is pronounced. Head is elevated at an angle 45° or more to the floor. Limitation of sexual behavior study in animals:Extrapolation of the animal data to human being is a major problem because – 1. It is difficult to measure sexual enjoyment in animals unlike humans. 2. There are number of parameters to be observed. This makes the conclusion difficult. 3. The environment conditions and seasonal changes result in variation in the behavior of the animals, which may affect the study. Experimental procedure: From two weeks before the screening tests until the end of study, the rats were housed individually at 22°C under reversed light and cycle (with light from 11 pm to 11 am) food and water were given. 1. Both the trial drugs are made into suspension with distilled water and administered to male rats in the classical reference dose of 0.216mg/200gm and

99

Experimental Study double dose of the classical reference 0.432mg/200gm of body weight. Control group of animal received only distilled water. 2. Isolated female rats were taken and they were given 2-mcg/kg estrogen 48 hrs before and 500 mcg of progesterone 6 hrs. Before starting of the experiment. 3. After 6 hrs of administration of the progesterone the female rats were observed for estrous stage by observing the vaginal smear of the rat. 4. The female rats, which are estrous stage, were employed in the study. 5. Then the highly receptive female (in estrous stage) was introduced into male’s cage and each male rat was observed for copulatory behavior for 30 min. in red light. Similar procedure is followed for the control groups also. Rats were tested for copulatory behavior. These tests lasted for 30 min. The following parameters were recorded. •

Initial arousal period

•

Mount latency

•

Peak arousal period

•

Ejaculatory reflex

•

Mounting behavior

•

Time interval to mount again

Rat sexual behavior study: According to standard patterns set by Beach and Stone 1940, proceptive and acceptive phases of sexual attitudes are designed in 18 male albino rats. Pre-copulatory and copulatory components are well classified in a proforma before observations are recorded. Under pre-copulatory performances the sexual motivation scale, proceptive signals, extra genital love play and number of attempts for mounting have been recorded. Under copulatory performances number of intromission and number of

100

Experimental Study ejaculatory reflexes and post ejaculatory interval or refracting period is noted by assessing time interval to mount again. Observational component under sexual motivation scale include initial arousal period and peak arousal period. Initial arousal period: Initial arousal period is that when the male turns on or pays attention in number of seconds after the female introduced into the observational cage and starts sending proceptive signals in matting behavior of genital smelling, licking, tale smelling etc. Peak arousal period: Peak arousal period is that when the male paying attention towards female after some time or in few minutes with vigorous try for obtaining a female goes by constant dating, with increased frequency of genital licking, biting and try to mount is being noted as the male peak arousal period. Under proceptive signals by both male and female incorporate in mating dance, particularly to each species. Such as bush back appearance of male and kissing by lifting the legs to approach to face-to-face, tale smelling and female a typical ear wiggling in its estrous period especially. Extra genital love play include grooming each other, love bites etc. Number of mounting: Number of mounts observed in 30 mins. Ejaculatory reflex: Ejaculatory reflex is the number of ejaculation in 30 minutes. Mount latency: Mount latency is defined as the time taken for the first mount from the introduction of the female into the cage containing the male.

101

Experimental Study

SELECTION OF RATS Selection of male rats: Normal adult rats of 90 days age, weighing about 150-200gms are selected and trained for sexual experience. The rats that are sexually active during training period are selected. Then they are divided into three groups. The animal that did not show any sexual interest during training period is considered as inactive. Training of male rats: Males are trained individually with normal adult female rats in estrous cycle in a cage. A male is considered as sexually active when it attempts to mount the female rats, which is introduced into the cage. Only the active males are selected for the experiment. To provide sexual experience each male rat is allow to 30 min exposure to receptive female in estrous cycle. Several days before testing for copulatory performance. The animals are tested three times over a period of 10 days for copulatory behavior. Selection of female rats: Adult female rat of 90 days, weighing about 150-200mgs are selected for experiment and divided into three groups. The rats, which are in oestrous cycle, are selected.

Each

group

consisting

of

6

rats,

they

were

housed

in

a

temperature-controlled room and in a 12hrs. Light and dark cycle. Normal food and water provided. Confirmation of estrous: This was done by vaginal smear method. Vaginal smear was prepared by introducing a drop of distilled water into vagina and collecting it and placing on a 102

Experimental Study clean slide. This was gently covered with clean cover slip after adding a drop of glycerin. Smeared slide was examined microscopically under low power for type of cells. If majority of cells mainly leucocytes, the animal was labeled as in diestrous, presence of large number of nucleated cells indicates the presence of proestrous and estrous was confirmed when 50% or more of the cells are cornified. Plan of study: Group I

-

Treated with sample 1 – classical reference dose

Group II

-

Treated with sample 2 – classical reference double dose

Group III

-

Control group

18 young male albino rats are selected weighed and marked to separate them. They kept individually in separate cages to ovoid even pheramonal contact with the main colony for 10 days. During this period they were placed in a cool and dark place at 22-25° C of room temperature and fed with normal diet and water. Suitable environment is created for albino rat providing good ventilation and change of food and drinking water etc. After that on 11th day the trial drug was administered for 7 consecutive days and for control group distilled water is administered. Then observational readings are compared with control group. Table no. 17- Grouping and drug doses: Sl.No.

Group

Drug

Dose

1

Trial 1

Trial drug 1

0.216mg/200gm body wt.

2

Trial 2

3.

Control

Trail drug 2 Double dose Distilled water

0.432mg/200gm body wt 0.5ml

103

Experimental Study

Dose fixation: The generalized dose for the animals has been calculated based on the conversion formula rat dose/kg.bd.wt. =human dose × 0.018 × 5. All the above preparations were administered according to this formula. Precautions taken: ¾ Males were kept individually but females were kept in groups. ¾ Training of each male rat for 15 min. at a time was done till they elicited sexual behavior. Once the behavior was noticed males were exposed to receptive females. ¾ Initially male animals did not elicit the behavior in the presence of observer, which was overcome by repeated training. ¾ Experiment was conducted in a dark and silent room. ¾ Care was taken to prevent animal jerking movement of mating arena during the practical. ¾ Care was taken to provide sufficient space for animals in the mating arena to chase each other. ¾ Since the urine trials left by one rat may have marked effect on the behavior of his successor, cleaning of the matting arena was done after each trial. Evaluation of aphrodisiac activity: The copulatory behavior is an important parameter for evaluating the aphrodisiac activity of a substance in experimental study.

104

Observation and Results

Observation After subjecting the Albino rats for the experiments following are the observations obtained on various parameters. Table. No.18- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Initial arousal period Group Trial 1 Trial 2 Control

No.of rats Mean S.D 6 18.0 0.993 6 14.2 1.18 6 21.7 1.27 *Score assessed in Seconds

S.E 0.405 0.481 0.518

Graph. No.1- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Initial arousal period

Table. No.19- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Peak arousal period Group Trial 1 Trial 2 Control

No.of rats Mean S.D 6 26.1 1.41 6 24.7 2.27 6 37.7 2.16 *Score assessed in Seconds

S.E 0.575 0.926 0.881

Graph. No.2- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Peak arousal period

105


Table. No.20- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mounting behavior Group Trial 1 Trial 2 Control

No.of rats Mean S.D 6 30.5 0.966 6 28.8 1.83 6 37.5 2.60 *Score assessed in numbers

S.E 0.394 0.746 1.061

Graph. No.3- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mounting behavior

Table. No.21- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Ejaculatory reflux Group Trial 1 Trial 2 Control

No.of rats Mean S.D 6 23.1 1.01 6 22.1 1.77 6 25.1 1.39 *Score assessed in minute

S.E 0.412 0.722 0.567

Graph. No.4- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Ejaculatory reflux

106


Table. No.22- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mount latency Group Trial 1 Trial 2 Control

No.of rats Mean 6 3.08 6 2.48 6 5.92 *Score assessed in minutes

S.D 0.821 0.736 1.01

S.E 0.335 0.300 0.412

Graph. No.5- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mount latency

Table. No.23- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Time interval for mount again Group No.of rats Trial 1 6 Trial 2 6 Control 6 *Score assessed in seconds

Mean 35.9 31.4 66.9

S.D 1.62 1.38 5.31

S.E 0.661 0.563 2.16

Graph. No.6- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Time interval for mount again

107


Comparison in between the groups Table. No.24- Showing the Significance of Initial arousal period Groups Control and Trial 1

T value 5.51

P value P<0.001

Control and Trial 2

10.5

P<0.001

Trial 1 and Trial 2

6.06

P<0.001

Initial arousal period: Initial arousal period showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in all the groups. Table. No.25- Showing The significance of Peak arousal period Groups Control and Trial 1

T value 11.0

P value P<0.001

Control and Trial 2

10.1

P<0.001

Trial 1 and Trial 2

1.25

P>0.2

Peak arousal period: Peak arousal period showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. Table. No.26- Showing The significance of Mounting behavior Groups Control and Trial 1

T value 6.18

P value P<0.001

Control and Trial 2

6.70

P<0.001

Trial 1 and Trial 2

2.01

P<0.05

Mounting behavior: Mounting behavior showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group.

108


Table. No.27- Showing The significance of Ejaculatory reflux Groups Control and Trial 1

T value 2.89

P value P<0.02

Control and Trial 2

3.29

P<0.01

Trial 1 and Trial 2

1.20

P<0.2

Ejaculatory reflex: Ejaculatory reflex showed significant at (P<0.02) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. Table. No.28- Showing The significance of Mount latency Groups Control and Trial 1

T value 5.34

P value P<0.001

Control and Trial 2

6.74

P<0.001

Trial 1 and Trial 2

1.33

P<0.2

Mount latency: Mount latency showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. Table. No.29- Showing The significance of Time interval to mount again Groups Control and Trial 1

T value 13.7

P value P<0.001

Control and Trial 2

15.9

P<0.001

Trial 1 and Trial 2

5.28

P<0.001

Time interval to mount again: Time interval to mount again showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. 109

Discussion

DISCUSSION Since the Evolution of Somewhat higher Species, sexual reproduction and sex come in pivotal position. Life, not only directly but indirectly is also dependent upon this as new races/varieties of animals and plants/crops coming in existence daily. Sex has been a beautiful tool to maintain the population and for keeping any species away from extinction in normal condition. It has been an instrument to bring the world in this stage. This has been in core of all necessities other than food, being primary one. It was the brain of human beings which inspired them to make pleasure and enjoy the sex very much. Osho, a great Indian saint has given the path of salvation through sex saying, ‘Sambhog Se Samadhi Ki Or’. Whatever the logics can be given regarding the subject but it is true to keep the race alive, sex is necessary. It has been in keen of human nature to do new experiment with this beautiful tool to enjoy the sex rather than doing the duty for mainataing the race. Sensing the Pulse of nature, ancient sages who glorified our mother land with their elaborative scientific thoughts, framed the concepts and documented the knowledge added with the time tested herbal formulations to protect the mankind. Thus, the system of Ashtanga Ayurveda was evolved which incorporates Vajeekarana as one among its branches, which implies its weightage. Also non-Ayurvedic erotic texts from 3rd Cent AD, deals with the social, cultural and scientific aspects of sex. Conceptual study Though the terms Vrushya & Vajikarana are used as synonymous, their meanings differ qualitatively & quantitatively in terms of Semen.

110

Discussion

Although, the bull (Vrusha) ejaculates only 4 ml of semen (sperm count is 300,000/µL) during one ejaculate in sexual act in comparison to stallion (Vaji), which ejaculates near about 70 ml (sperm count 60,000/µL) but possesses sperm density more than that of stallion in terms per µL. (Mann Thaddeus, 1981). This indicates that Vajikarana or Vrusya drugs provide the qualitative and quantitative improvement in the seminal parameters. Though sexual activity is a well known biological function, modern medicine is rather reluctant to recognize aphrodisiacs as an authentic discipline. As sexual activity like any other biological activity is bio-chemical in nature, the role of herbs and drugs to effect this function should not be ruled out. The number of plants believed to have sex stimulant activity is actually very large. The term ‘śukra’ have multiple identities in its nature, if the physical, functional and pathological characteristics are concerned. It is sarva sarirastha, explained as ‘tvakastha’ and have specific functions, general body functions, psychological functions and functions related to sexual act. A critical analysis reveals that śukra have structural and functional identity as androgens, semen or spermatozoa; its expulsion is controlled by Apana Vata. The nidanas vitiates the Vata, which gets accumulated in vanksana pradesa resulting in diseases of Semen. Drug Review The drugs and articles which improve libido and quality of semen can be called as Vŗişya. The Vŗişya drugs are classified as Śukra Vriddhikar, Śukra Srutikara and Śukra Vriddhi-Srutikar, (Su.Ci.26/6). Śukra Vriddhikar drugs can be subdivided

111

Discussion

into Śukra janak and Śukra pravartak. Considering these points, the present Kamadhenu churna in single dose and double dose have been selected for the study. Kamadhenu churna contains Gandhaka and Amalaki. The other conventional drugs are Amalaki swarasa and Salamali niryasa kwath for Bhavana while Godugda and Goghrita for Gandhaka-Shodhana. Looking to the guna-karmas of all the drugs, it can be said that all the drugs possess Madhura rasa, Madhura vipaka and Sheeta virya which enhance the quality & quantity of semen. The only solution is to comprehend the things better in multiple dimensions and look into the avenues for trying things better. Hence, the research study on “Pharmaceutical & Experimental Evaluation of Kamadhenu churna w.s.r. to its Vajikara effect” was planned to investigate in the area of increasing the therapeutic efficacy and standardizing the formulation to suit the economy. PRACTICAL STUDY To maintain the quality of the final product one has to concentrate over all the matters, from the collection of raw drugs till the packing and storage. It can be mainly divided in to three main stages Stage 1 –

Collection of raw drugs Test for genuinity Different process of preservation

Stage 2 -

The pharmaceutical procedure

Stage 3 -

Storage and quality control.

112

Discussion

A humble attempt to practically demonstrate the preparation of different doses of Kamadhenu churna has been performed according to classical reference with little modification in doses. As this study is concerned, four main practicals were done namely 1) Gandhaka Shodhana, 2) Preparation of Churnas, 3) Preparation of Swarasa and, 4) Preparation of Kwatha Practical No.1- Preparation of Churnas: Amalaki is taken in a quantity of 550 gms. The total yield was 500gms with a loss of 50gms. Practical No.2- Preparation of Gamdaka shodhana: 500 gms of yellow colored shuddha Gandhaka was obtained out of 550 gms of Asudha Gandhaka with a loss of of 50 gms. Practical No.3- Preparation of Amalaki swarasa: 15 litre of Amalaki swarasa was gained from 30 kg of Amlaki fruits, which was utilized for giving Bhavana to the mixture of Amalaki churna and Gandhaka for duration of seven days. Practical No.4- Preparation of Salamali Niryasa Kwatha 875 gms of Salamali Niryasa was collected, which is an mridu dravya so 4 parts of water was added to it and reduced to 1/4th. After cooling it was used in the preparation of Kamadhenu churna. The aim of preparing Kwatha is to extract the water-soluble active principles of the drug into the water. While preparing Kwatha, lid is not to be closed over the vessel, to113

Discussion

•

Prevent spilling out of the contents from the vessel.

•

Enable the water to evaporate properly.

•

Help in the reduction of water content.

Analytical Study: As a measure towards standardization of finished product, analytical study of the drug was conducted. For the chemical analysis of drug, parameters were segmented in analysis like phyisco-chemical, qualitative and quantitative. The physico-chemical parameters involved the analysis involving the physical and chemical principles. The total ash, and acid insoluble ash were respectively measured as 7.25% and 2.75%. It means the even after the direct involvement of sulphur, total inorganic salts were only 7.27% and out of these only 2.75% were not soluble with 6N HCl. These findings are quite under approach number herbal medicines which denote its safety in terms absence extra inorganic elements. These findings get strength when the percentage of sulphur and sulphated ash were quantitatively calculated as 0.687% and 4.5% in sequence. This is not too high to be excreted if given with combination of diuretic drugs. It is quite apparent from the result that good quantity of sulphur might have changed its form in complex with organic compounds or was lost during the preparation of drugs. Prof. C.B. Jha has mentioned sulphur as Vrishya and Vajeekaran. So, if the formulation contains the permissible quantity of sulphur for the body (as with this drug) and in combination of diuretic drugs or with suggestion of more water intake, this drug acts well for the purpose.

114

Discussion

The high values of water soluble extractives and alcohol extractives like 23.25% and 14.25% refer the better absorption of extractives against the cellmembrane. The qualitative tests for the formulations revealed the presence of reducing sugar, Anthraquinone glycoside and alkaloid in good quantity. Sugar itself is

proved Vrishya and better carrier to bring the active constituents to the molecules needed for desired effect of drug. The alkaloid may trigger the physiology of body to increase the count of sperm and motility by inserting the new life. Anthraquinone glycoside increases the peristaltic movement which is suggested and required phenomenon for any drug which is used as Vrishya and Vajeekaran. Benefits of Physico-chemical analysis – •

When compared to organoleptic analysis, physico-chemical analysis is more reliable, because it is an objective criterion.

•

By repeatedly doing analysis of the finished product, which is manufactured under standard conditions, a standard for preparation of the compound can be set.

•

It is helpful in detection of adulterants and substituents, which when used, would give altered value rather than standard value.

Experimental study: Experimental study was undertaken because in the process of new drug development, experimental study is the first and foremost fundamental step. In the experimental study, 18 healthy albino rats of male sex were selected and grouped into 3.

115

Discussion

The drug is subjected for experimental trials to evaluate its Vajeekarana effect by Beach and stone method 1940. The observations of the experimental are as follows: Initial arousal period: The mean time of Initial arousal period in seconds, observed in individual groups are G1-18.0sec. G2-14.2sec. G3-21.7sec. Peak arousal period: Peak arousal period showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of peak arousal period in seconds observed in individual groups are G1-26.1sec. G2-24.7sec. G3-37.7sec. Mounting behavior: Mounting behavior showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of mounting behavior observed in minutes in individual groups are G1-30.5min. G2-28.8min. G3-37.5min. 116

Discussion

Ejaculatory reflex: Ejaculatory reflex showed significant at (P<0.02) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of Ejaculatory reflex

observed in

minutes in individual groups are G1-23.1min. G2-22.1min. G1-25.1min. Mount latency: Mount latency showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of Mount latency observed in minutes in individual groups are: G1-3.08 min. G2-2.48 min. G3-5.92 min. Time interval to mount again: Time interval to mount again showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of Time interval to mount again observed in seconds in individual groups are: G1-35.9sec. G2-31.4sec. G3-66.9sec.

117

Discussion

From the above results it can be concluded that Trial drug 2 possesses better Vajikara activity in comparison with the Trial drug 1. i.e. Kamadhenu churna adminstered in double dose posses better Vajikara activity in comparison with Kamadhenu churna given in single dose. Table No. 30- PROBABLE MODE OF ACTION:

Dravya

Rasa

Guna

Virya

Vipaka

Karma

Doshaghnata

Amalaki

Madhura,

Laghu,

Amla,

Ruksha

Sheeta Madhura Rasayana, Vrushya.

Tridosha shamaka

katu, tikta, Kashaya Gandhaka

Shalamali Niryasa

Katu,

Sara

Ushna

Madhura Rasyana,

Tikta

Deepan, Pa-

kashaya

chana, Balya

Madhura

Laghu, Picchila,

Sheeta Madhura Vrushya

Vata Pittanashaka

Snigdha

118

Discussion The drugs are utilised for the preparation of Kamadhenu churna are comenly vrusha, Balya and Veerya Vardaka, predominately all the dravyas are having madhurarasa and sheet veerya . At the same time all are having madhura vipaka, Rasayana and Jeevania properties along with vatahara and medhya character with additional specialty of the preparation. The Aim of the experimental study is to increase the sukra dhatu. If the sukra dhatu is increased automatically the increase of oja is possible. The main ingredient Kamadhenu churna is Amalaki which is having Lavana varjita pancha-rasa with sheeta veerya and madhura vipaka is having the characters of rasayana, Vrishya and tridosahara The total sulphur percentage of trial drug is 0.687%. This percentage cannot harm to the body of the human being, so it could be prescribed without fear to the patient for the better results.

119

Conclusion

Conclusion

Conceptual Study: •

The present study is aimed to evaluate the Vajeekara effect of Kamadhenu churna in single and double dose through an experimental study on albino rats following Beech and Stone 1940 method and along with clinical study.

•

Vrushya drugs may have aphrodisiac activity as well as spermtogenic effect.

•

Vrushya drug are those, which can increase sexual vigor and improve seminal quality.

Pharmaceutical Study : •

A humble attempt to practically demonstrate the preparation of Kamadhenu churna has been performed according to the classical reference with little modification.

Analytical Study: •

As a step towards finished product standardization of Kamadhenu churna was subjected to relevant analytical parameters.

Experimental Study: •

In almost all Parameters, the trial drug II and trial drug I show statistically significant result in Experimental Study when compared to control group.

120

Conclusion

Scope for further study •

This formulation might be tried in form of a Capsule.

•

As the trial drug showed significant results it is essential to study the drug in large sample.

•

It is also essential to evaluate the therapeutic action of Kamadhenu churna through clinical trials with various specifications.

121

Summary SUMMARY The present dissertation entitled “Pharmaceutical and Experimental Evaluation of Kamadhenu Churna w.s.r. its Vajikara effect” comprises of VIII chapters. An attempt has been made here to find out an efficacious compound, which had Vajikarana property. This study includes following chapters viz. 1. Introduction,

5. Results

2. Aims and objectives

6. Discussion

3. Review of literature

7. Conclusion

4. Methodology

8. Summary

•

Tables & charts

•

References

•

Bibliography

In the introductory part aims and objectives of Ayurveda, importance of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, necessity for the assortment of this research work, materials and methods and plan of present study has been mentioned in brief. In the 2nd chapter aims and objectives, objectives of the present study were mentioned. Review of literature is dealt in 5 sub headings. 1. Drug review

4. Kwatha Kalpana

2. Disease review

5. Churna Kalpana

3. Swarasa Kalpana

122

Summary

Analytical study – The drugs were analyzed physico chemically to standardize it and results were tabulated in chapter of methodology. Experimental study- The drug is subjected for experimental trials to evaluate its Vajeekarana effect by Beach and stone method 1940. The study includes: Randomized selection of Albino rats, fixation of dose, administration of trial drugs etc. ResultsThe Observations made in the Experimental study were subjected to

Statistical

Analysis - Student’s Unpaired ‘t’ test. The Trial drug 2 possesses better Vajikara activity in comparison with the Trial drug 2 i.e. Kamadhenu Churna with double dose posses better Vajikara activity in comparison with Kamadhenu Churna single dose. In the last the results along with statistical analysis of the results obtained in treatment groups of Kamadhenu Churna in single dose and in double dose are depicted. Discussion•

Highlights the Pharmaceutical, Drug and Disease Review.

•

The Observations made during pharmaceutical, analytical and experimental study are discussed to arrive at proper conclusions.

•

Probable mode of action of the drug & further scope of the study is elucidated here.

Conclusion- Finally, the Essence of this Dissertation is enlightened. Summary - Precise form of this Dissertation.

This is followed by List of Tables & Charts, References and Bibliography.

123

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Acharya Agnivesha; Charaka Samhita, Rev by Charaka and Dradabala, Ayurveda Dipika Commentry by Chakrapanidatta

with Vidyotani Hindi Commentry by

Pandith Kasinath Shastri, 1997, Published by Chaukambha Saskrit Samsthan Varanasi. 2. Acharya Agnivesha, Caraka Samhita redacted by Caraka and Drudabala, with Ayurveda Deepikaa Commentary by Cakrapaanidatta, edited by Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji Acarya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Published by Chaukambha Samskruta Samsthana, 4th edition, 2001. 3. Acharya

Bhavamishra

-

Bhava

Prakasha

Nighantu

-

commented

by

Dr.K.C.Chunekar & Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi.Reprint-2006. 4.

Acharya Bhela Samhita, English translation, commentary and critical notes by KH Krishna Murthy, published by Chaukamba Vishvabharathi, Varanasi, 1st edition 2000, Sharirastana.

5. Acharya Chakrapanidatta, Chakradatta with Vaidayaprabha Hindi commentary by Dr. Indradeva Tripathi, 1997, Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi. 6. Acharya Harita, Harita Samhita, Edited by Ramavalamba Shastry, Varanasi, Prachya Prakashan, 1st edition, 1985. 7. Acharya Kashyapa - Kashyapa Samhitha, English translation by Tewari P.V.Chaukhamba Visvabharati, Varanasi, 1st edition; 1996. 8. Acharya Sharangadhara-

Sharangadhara Samhitha, English translation by

Srikantha Murthy K.R., Chaukhamba Sanskrit sansthan, Varanasi, 6th edition; 2006.

9. Acharya Sushruta - Sushruta Samhita, Edited by V.Y.T. Acharya. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 6th edition; 1997. 10. Acharya Sushruta - Sushruta Samhita, English translation by Kaviraj Kunjalal Bhishagratna, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 2nd edition; 2002. 11. Acharya Sushrutha Samhitha with Dalhanas Nibanda sangraha commentary, published by Chukamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, (Reprint 2004), Nidana Sthana 2:17 12. Acharya Vagbhata – Astanga Hrudaya, Vol II, Nidana Sthana 14/53-56 chapter, English translated by Srikanta Murthy K.R. Chaukhambha Orientalis Varanasi I-Edition 2002. 13. Acharya Vrudha Vagbhata – Astanga Samgraha, English translation by Srikanta Murthy K.R., Chaukhamba orientalia,Varanasi, 1st edition;1992. 14. Amarasimha-Amarkosha, Commentary by Bhanuji Diksita, Chaukhamba

San-

skrit samsthan, Varanasi, 3rd edition, 1997. 15. Anonymous, Yogaratnakara: Vidyotini Hindi commentary by Vaidya Laksmipathi Sastri, Edition, Reprinted 2007, Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi. 16. Apte Shivram Vaman – The Practical Sanskrit - English Dictionary, Motional Banarasidass Publishers Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 4st revised edition; Reprint 1995. 17. Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family planning, 85, 95, 24, Dept. of Health, New Delhi, 1st Vol. 1st edition, 1978. 18. Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vidyotini Hindi Vyakhya by Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series, Varanasi .XIII-Edition.1997. 19. Dr.Seetharam Prasad, Ayurvedline, eighth edition, Bangalore. 20. Guyton A. C. and J.E Hall, Text book of Medical physiology, Bangalore, prism books ( Pvt) Ltd. 9 th edition.

21. Gyanendra Pandey,Vajikarana Tantram, Chaukhamba Sanskrita Bhavana, Varanasi, Ist edition; 2005. 22. Kaiyyadeva - Kaiyyadeva Nighantu, Acharya Priyavrit Sharma and Guruprasad Sharma, with Pathyaprabodhaka, sampadak Chaukhamba Orientalia Varanasi II-Edition 2006. 23. Mahajan b.m.-methods in bio-statistics, jaypee brothers, New Delhi. 24. Monier M.-William – a Sanskrit English Dictionary, Motional Banarasidass Publishers Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 1st edition; 2002. 25. Nagin das Chhanganlal Shah – Compilled, Bharatha Bhaishajya Ratnakara, B. Jain Publishers (P). Ltd., New Delhi; 1928. 26. Narahari pandit - Raja Nighantu - Dravya guna Prakashika Hindi Vyakyopetha, by Dr.Indradev Tripati, Chaukambha Krishna das Academy, Varanasi, IV Edition 2006. 27. Pharmaceutical standards for Ayurvedic formulations CCRAS, Delhi, Revised Edition; 1987-2000. 28. Pharmacopoeial Standards for Ayurvedic formulations, CCRAS, New Delhi, 1987. 29. Pt. Haragovinda Shastri – Amarakosha, Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi. 3rd Edition; 1997. 30. Raja Radha Kantadeva - Shabdha Kalpa Druma, Chaukambha Sanskrit series office, Varanasi, 3rd edition, 1967. 31. Ramachandra Reddy - Bhaishajya Kalpana Vijnanam, Chaukhamba Sanskrita Bhavana, Varanasi, 1Ind edition; 2001.

32. Rogeria A Lobo Daniel R Mish ell, Richard J paulsion Donnashoupe (eds): Mishell text book of infertility, contraception and reproductive endocrinology; Oxford Publications, England; Fourth edn. 33. Siddhinandan Mishra - Bhaishajya Kalpana Vijnana, Chaukhamba Sura Bharati Prakasana, 4th edition; 2001. 34. Sharma P.C., M.B. Yelne, T.J.Dennis - Database On Medicinal Plants, Vol I, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Documentation and Publication Division , New Delhi, Reprint 2005. Vasa P.no 496-509. 35. Shobha.G. Hiremath – Text book of Bhaishajya Kalpana, I. B. H. Prakashana, Bangalore, 1st edition; 2000. 36. Suresh Babu – Research Methodology for Ayurvedic Scholars, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, 1st edition; 2001. 37. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopiea of India – Part-I, Vol.-I, Published by the controller of publications civil lines, 1st edition; 1989. 38. Vaclav Insler and Bruno Lunenfeld, Infertility: Male and Female, Edinburgh, churchill Livingstone, 2nd edition, 1993. 39. Vangasena-Vangasena samhita, Nirmal Saxena, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Varanasi, Vol- I, 1st edition, 2004. 40. Warrier P.K. - Indian Medicinal Plants A Compendium Of 500 Species vol–5` Arya Vaidya shala, Kottakkal, Orient Longman, and Hyderabad.A.P.1995.

CONTENTS PAGE NO. I

INTRODUCTION

1-3

II

OBJECTIVES

4

III

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

IV

A. PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW

5-29

B. DRUG REVIEW

30-39

C. DISEASE REVIEW

40-79

METHODOLOGY A. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

80-87

B. ANALYTICAL STUDY

88-95

C. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

96-104

V

OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS

105-109

VI

DISCUSSION

110-119

VII

CONCLUSION

120-121

VIII SUMMARY TABLES & CHARTS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

122-123

AROOR LAXMINARAYANA RAO MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, KOPPA – 577 126 AFFILIATED TO RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE, GOVT. OF KARNATAKA & CCIM, NEW DELHI

INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL ETHICAL COMMITTEE REGISTRATION. NO. 191/CPCSEA

IAEC Approval No: A.E.B.K. 04/07

Date:

……………

CERTIFICATE This to certify that Dr. S. N. GOTUR, final year PG Scholar of Bhaishajya Kalpana Department had completed his experimental study on Vajikarana activity as a part of her Dissertation work titled, – “Pharmaceutical

and

Experimental

Evaluation

of

Kamadhenu Churna w.s.r. its Vajikara effect”, in the Animal House attached to the P.G. faculty of A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College & P.G Centre.

The animal model used for the experimental study was

Wister strain Albino rats, maintained under standard hygienic conditions, fed with standard, regular diet & sufficient water. Experimentation was carried out on Albino rats by Beech and Stone 1940 method. The observations & Parameters for evaluation were accurately recorded for statistical evaluation. Dr. Hari Venkatesh. K. R.M.D.(Ay)

Scientific Incharge – Animal House

Prof. Sanjaya. K. S. B.Sc., M.D.(Ay) Principal / Chairman, IAEC

QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORIES A.L.N. RAO MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE & PG CENTRE KOPPA, CHIKMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, 577126

Date: 10th November 2009

Reference Number: QC/ST/12/2009

Certificate Analytical Study of

Kamadhenu churna :

Description: Sl. No

Parameters

Kamadhenu Churna

1

Colour

Light ash

2

Odour

characteristic

3

Taste

Sour-astringent

4

Consistency

Churna

Physico-chemical Churna Sl.

analysis

Parameters

of

Kamadhenu

Kamadhenu Churna Result

No. 1

Loss on drying % w/w

5.5%

2

Total ash % w/w

7.25%

3

Acid insoluble ash % w/w

2.75%

4

Water soluble extractive % w/w

23.25%

5

Alcohol soluble extractive % w/w

14.25%

6

Water soluble ash % w/w

3.5%

7

Total sulphated ash % w/w

4.5%

Patron: Honourable Shri Aroor Ramesh Rao Laboratory is not liable to bear any legal action or dispute based on this report

QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORIES A.L.N. RAO MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE & PG CENTRE KOPPA, CHIKMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, 577126

Qualitative analysis of Kamadhenu churna Sl. No

Metabolites

Quantity

1.

Reducing Sugar

Abundant

2.

Protein

Very Low

3.

Anthraquinone glycoside

Moderate

4.

Flavanoid

Not revealed

5.

Alkaloid

Moderate

Quantitative analysis of Kamadhenu churna Percentage of Sulphur

: 0.687

Thin Layer Chromatography Solvent System

: Acetone: Methanol: Acetic Acid:: 5: 3: 2

Spraying Reagent : Anisaldehyde Sulphuric Acid Rf

Rf value 0.16 0.24 0.30 0.40 0.53 0.66

Dr.Prashant Kumar Jha DIM, CIPR, PGDEE, M.Sc., Ph.D

Patron: Honourable Shri Aroor Ramesh Rao Laboratory is not liable to bear any legal action or dispute based on this report

LIST OF TABLES Table No 1

Name of Table Common Swarasa Kalpana’s with their Amayika Prayoga

Page No 11

2

Showing amount of Jala depending upon quality of Dravya

15

3

Showing amount of Jala depending upon quantity of Dravya

16

4

Types of Kashaya Kalpana according to Acharya Harita

17

5

Various Kashaya- According to Bhoja

18

6

Prakshepaka dravyas

20

7

The various amount of Anupana for churna

28

8

Showing the abnormalities of Shukra dhatu’s

57

9

Showing the classification of Vajikarana dravyas

57

10

Classification of Vajeekarana dravys in detail

58

11

Samprapti Ghataka of Shukra kshaya (oligospermia)

77

12

Amalaki Swarasa Bhavana with 7 Days

85

13

Shalmali niryasa Bhavana with 7 Days

87

14

Description of Kamadhenu churna

89

15

Physical characters of Kamadhenu churna

94

16

Qualitative analysis of Kamadhenu churna

95

17

Grouping and drug doses

103

18

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Initial arousal period

105

19

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Peak arousal period

105

20

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mounting behavior

106

21

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Ejaculatory reflux

106

22

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mount latency

107

23

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Time interval for mount again

107

24

Showing the Significance of Initial arousal period

108

25

Showing The significance of Peak arousal period

108

26

Showing The significance of Mounting behavior

108

27

Showing The significance of Ejaculatory reflux

109

28

Showing The significance of Mount latency

109

29

Showing The significance of Time interval to mount again

109

30

Probable Mode Of Action

118

LIST OF CHARTS Chart No

Name of Chart

Page No

1

Showing Churna Process

24

2

Classification of Retodosha

71

LIST OF GRAPHS Graph No.

Name of Graph

Page no

1

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Initial arousal period

105

2

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Peak arousal period

105

3

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mounting behavior

106

4

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Ejaculatory reflux

106

5

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mount latency

107

6

Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Time interval for mount again

107

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Sl. No.

Name of Photograph

1

Showing Raw drugs and Preparation of kamadhenu churna

2

Showing Experimental study

3

Showing T.L.C. of Kamadhenu churna

Photograph. No-1 Asuddha Gandhaka

Ghrita Bharjana

Taking out Gandhaka

Shuddha Gandhaka

Filtering into milk

Wet and Dry forms of Amalaki

Amalaki Swarasa

Shalmali Niryasa

Shalmali Kwatha

Bhavana to Churna

Kamadhenu Capsule

Kamadhenu churna

Photograph. No.2 – Experimental study

Drug Administration

Licking

Kissing

Mounting

Photograph No -3

Reference Disease Review 1.Vaji. Tantra by G. P, prologue, pg.no. XXIII 2.Vaji. Tantra by G. P, prologue, pg.no. XXIII - XXIV. 3.Ayurvedline, pg.no. 39 – 41 4.V. S. S. 40/42 5.B. R. Vaji. 74, 4. 6.A. H. U.40, 1 – 2 (i). 7.B. R. Vaji. 74, 3. 8.A. H. U.40, 2 (ii) - 3. 9.A. H. U.40, 9. 10.Ca. S. Chi. 2/1, 3 – 4(i). 11.Su. S. Chi. 27, 3. 12.A. H. U.40, 7 - 8. 13.A. H. U.40, 5. 14.Vaji. Tantra by G. P.pg .no 6 15. A. H. U.42 - 45. 16. B. R. Vaji. 74,12. 17. Ca. S. Chi 2 – 4, 3. 18.Vaji. Tantra by G. P,. pg .no.10 19. B. P. M.K. 72, 17-19. 20. B. R. Vaji. 74, 23. 21. Su. S. Chi. 26/39 22. Ca.S.Chi. 1/1/9-12,Ca.Chi. 2/4/52 23. Ca.S. Chi. 1/1/5 24. Dal. Su.S.Su. 45/49 25. Shabdakalpadruma (Vrushya) 26. B.P.P.K.214, 217-219. 27. Vaji. Tantra by G. P.no. 8 28. Ca.S.Chi 2nd Chapter-Chakrapani 29. Su.S.Chi.26/6 30. Ca.S.Su.27/24 31. Su.S.Chi.26/6

32. Ca.S. Chi. 2 – 4 / 45. 33. Sh.S.Pu.2/15,16,17 34. B. R. Vaji. 74, 5. 35. Shabdakalpadruma vol.5 36. Apte v, 1975 37.A k 6/2 &62; Shabdakalpadruma Ca ci 2: 4: 49 38.Shabdakalpadruma pg.no. 474 39.Bhagavata purana, 8: 18/5 40.Apte; S E D Part III; M W, S E D p 1006. 41.Sh.S Pu 1/5 42.Ca.S. Chi. 30/178 43.Su. Sa. 4 44.Su. Sa.2/11 45.Su. Sa. 3/ 4 46.Ca.S. Sa. 2/4 47.Su.S. Su 15/10; A. S. 1/ 4 48.Ca.S. Sa. 6/ 6-11 49.Ca.S. Su. 27/ 24; Su Ci 26/ 6; S. S. Pu 2/ 15, 16, 17 50.Biet tin gi chua, vao day coi di http://www.freewebtown.com/nhatquanglan/ index.html 51.Dal on Su.S. Su. 15/4 52.Dal on Su.S. Su. 15/ 7 53.Ca.S. Vi. 8/89 54.C. D on Ca.S. Chi. 15/ 16 ; C. D on Su. Su. 14/ 18 55.Dal on Su.S. Su. 15/7 56.Dal on Su.S. Su. 15/ 24 57.Dal on Su.S. Su. 15/7 58.Dal on Su.S. Su. 15/ 7 59.C .D on Ca.S. Chi 2/4 &48 60.Dal on Su.S. Su. 15/ 7 61.C. D on Ca.S. Chi. 2/4& 49 62.Ca.S. Chi. 15/15; Su. S.Su. 14/101; A. H. Sa. 3/ 62

63.Ca.S. Chi. 15/ 22-25 64.Ca.S. Chi. 15/16; Su.S. Su. 14/10; A .H. Sa. 3/62-63 65.Ca.S. Sa. 7/ 15 66.Bh. S. 7/6 67.Sh.S Pu. 5/16 68.A. H. Sa. 3/ 63 69.A. H. S. 3/ 39; Gaya & Dal on Su.S Sa. 4/ 52 70.Sh.S. Pu. 5/14-18 71.I.M.F. 151-181 72.Ca.S. Sa. 4/7 73.C .D on Ca. S. 4/ 7 74.Ca.S. Sa. 4/7 75.Guyton Physiology, 1999 76.Tortora, 1997 77.Su.S. Su. 1/7 78.Ca.S. Chi. 30/153 79.Su.S. Sa.2/3 80.Ca.S. Su. 17/65; Su. Su. 15/ 9 81.Ca.S. Su. 17/69; Su. Su. 15/9 82.Dal on Su.S. Su. 1/7 83.Dal Su.S. Su. 1/7 84.Ca.S. Chi. 30/135-137 85.Ca.S. Su.28/18-19 86.Ca.S. Chi. 30/142; A. H. S. 2: 3; A. S. S. 1/ 13 87.MIT Tech Talk Vol 40, No. 28, 1996 88.Gedalia F et al, 1993 89.Ca.S. Chi. 2 / 4 & 43, Ca.S. Su. 17/77 90.Ca.S. Su. 17/ 77 91.Ca.S. Chi. 30/ 130, Ca.S. Su. 17/77, Ca.S. Ci. 30/ 164-167 92.Ca.S. Su. 26/42, 43 93.Ca.S. Su. 26/ 5 94.Ca.S. Su. 26/61-62 95.Su.S. Ni. 12/7 96.Ca.S. Chi. 30/ 130, Ca.S. Vi. 5/18, Ca.S. Chi. 2/ 4 & 43, Su.S. Ni. 12/7

97.Su.S. U. 41/ 7 98.Su.S. Ni. 12/ 7 99.Ca.S. Chi. 30/ 130, Ca. Chi. 2/ 4 & 43 100.Ca.S. Su. 25/ 40 101.Su.S. K 3/ 31 102.Ca.S. Su. 25/ 40 103.Ca.S. Su. 25: 40 104.Ca.S. Chi 2 / 4 & 43, Ca.S. Chi. 30/ 130, Ca.S Su. 17 / 77 105.Ca.S. Chi. 30/ 130 106.Ca.S. Chi. 2:/ 4 & 43 107.Ca.S. Chi. 30/130 108.Ca.S. Ni. 4/ 18 109.Su.S. Ni. 2/ 17 110.Ca.S. Chi. 14/8 111.Freeman et al, 1968; Schimtt, 1968; Elstein et al, 1969; Chen et al,1970; Lim and Fang, 1975. 112. A. H. Ni. 10: 22 113.Ca.S. Chi. 3/ 81 114.Su.S Sa. 2/4 115.Su.S. Sa. 2/ 4, A. S. Sa. 1/ 13, A. H. Sa. 1/ 11 116.Ca.S..Vi. 5/ 23 117.Su.S.Su. 15/ 36 118.Ca.S. Vi. 5 / 23 119.Su.S. Ni. 1/ 10 120.Ca.S. Su. 17/69, A.S.Su. 19/10, Su.S. Su. 15/9. 121.WHO, 1993; NAFA, 2002 122.Ca. S.Chi. 30/186 123.Ca.S. Su. 28/18-19 124.www.medical student.com Reference Pharmaceutical review 1. Ka S. 3/34 2. Su. S. Su 44/91 3. Ca. S. Su. 4 4. Ca. S. Su. 4

5. A.H. 6/9 6. A.H. 6/9,Hemadri commentary. 7. A.S.K.8/10 8. S.Sa.Ma.Kha.1/2. 9. S.Sa.Ma.Kha. 10. Ca.Chi.1/2/12. 11. Vai.Pradipika. 12. S.Sa.Ma.Kha1/4. 13. S.Sa.Ma.Kha1/6 14. Shri Yadavaji. 15. Ca.S.Su.4/7 16. Ca.S.Su.4/6 17. Su. S.chi.31/8 18. Su.S.Chi.31/8 19. Su.S.Chi.31/6 20. A.S.K..8 chapter 21. H.S.3/1/43-49 22. Bhaishajya Kalpana by Dr. Damodar Reddy Pg. no.89 23. Sh. S. M. K. 2/3 24. A.S.K.8 Chapter 25. Sh.S.M. K. 2/3 26. Acharya Yadavaji 27. Sh.S.M.K. 7/4-5 28. Sh.S.M.K. 7/4-5 29. Sh.S.M.K. 7/4-5 30. Sh.S.M.K. 7/4-5 31. A.S.K.8 chapter 32. Bhaisajaya Kalpana Vijnanam, by Reddy 1st edition, pg. no. 169 33. Pharmacopoeial

Standards

for

Ayurvedic

Formulations,

CCRAS. 34. A. F. I, Part-I, 1st Edition. 35. Bhaisajaya Kalpana Vijnanam, by Reddy 1st edition, pg.no. 236-252.

36. Ca.S.Su.2/16 37. R.T-8/8-12 38. B.R.74/42-43

Drug review 1. A.P.I, Part-1, Vol-1 2. A.P.I.Part-1, Vol-3 3. Ibid-2/15-16 4. Rasendra chudamani-11/4 5. Textbook of Inorganic chemistry. 6. Bh.P.Ni. Ghrita varga 1-3 sloka 7. http://www.wikihow.com 8. Bh. P.Ni. Dugdha Varga, 1-2 sloka.

vajikarana,

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