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Table of Contents Dedication Preface to to the Eleventh Eleventh Edition Editi on History and and Sponsors S ponsors Disclaimer  Volume  V olume I

Acknowledgments Editorial Contributors Index of Key Words Contact GPSA  Volume  V olume II

1-General Information

16-Hydrocarbon 16 -Hydrocarbon Recovery

2-Product Specifications

17-Fluid Flow and Piping

3-Measurement

18-Water Treating

4-Instrumentation

19-Fractionation and Absorption

5-Relief Systems

20-Dehydration

6-Storage

21-Hydrocarbon Treating

7-Separators and Filters

22-Sulfur Recovery

8-Fired Equipment

23-Physical Properties

9-Heat Exchangers

24-Thermodynamic Properties

10-Aircooled Exchangers

25-Equilibrium Ratio (K) Data

11-Cooling Towers

26-GPSA Member List

12-Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines 13-Compressors and Expanders 14-Refrigeration 15-Prime 15 -Prime Movers M overs

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E NG INE E RI NG D ATA B OOK FPS VERSION  Volume I & II Sections 1-26

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Gas Processors Suppliers Association 6526 Ea st 60th S tr eet Tulsa , Okla homa 74145 P hone: (918) 493-3872 F a x: (918) 493-3875 e-ma il: gpsa @ga sprocessors.com Compiled and edited in co-opera tion w ith t he

Gas Processors Association All Right s R eserved Copyright © 1998 G a s P rocessors Associa tion  Reproduction or translation of any part of this work without permission of the Gas Processors Suppliers Association is prohibited.

Eleventh Edition — FPS 1998

Dedication The Ga s P rocessors Suppliers Associa tion respectively dedicat es this E leventh E dition of the E ngineering Da ta B ook in m emory of Da niel W. Kemp. Da n served as a member of the GP SA Editorial Review B oard t hrough thr ee different publica tions of the E ngineering Da ta B ook (the Ninth, Tenth, a nd 1980 SI Editions) an d w as actively working on this Eleventh E dition a t t he time of his death in 1996. Dan Kemp received his B achelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from P urdue U niversity in 1957. Upon graduation he entered the gas processing industry by joining Cities Service as a plant engineer. He held va rious technical a nd ma na gerial positions with Cities Service, later Occidenta l, and even lat er wit h Trident N G L before going into priva te consult ing. He spent h is career involved in virtua lly every a spect of the ga s processing industry including plant engineering, process design, operations, maintenance, measurement, a nd sa fety; an d w as considered by most t o be a career gas processing technical expert. Throughout h is career he ga ve freely of his technical an d leadership ta lents to industr y groups involved in the na tura l gas business — nota bly GPA and API . He came up through GP A’s ra nks the ha rd w ay by presenting a number of technical papers an d serving in leadership roles along t he wa y. He served as chairma n of Section G, D at a Collection an d P ublicat ion, from 1980 t o 1984; he served on th e Technical C ommit tee fr om 1985 to 1995 an d a s its cha irma n fr om 1986 to 1988. He w a s a lso cha irma n of G PA’s Tas k Force on Odoriza tion a nd co-chairm an of th e indust ry’s J oint Ta sk Force on Odoriza tion. Dan wa s instrumenta l in the industry’s acceptance of ma ss measurement of light liquid hydr oca rbons using t he t urbine met er. His present a tion of the concept in 1967 helped educate the industry on an importa nt t ool which has been adopted by virtua lly the entire gas liquids industry. As chairma n of t he American P etroleum In stitute’s Committee on P etroleum Mea surement, h e helped organ ize and develop an extensive, industr y-wide project to updat e 50yea r-old basic orifice flow coefficient s. This w ork, wh en completed, r esulted in th e adoption of a revised industry sta nda rd on measurement of natura l gas for custody tra nsfer. In 1986, when th e propane industry w as r eeling from law suits and allegations tha t ethyl mercapt an wa s a n ineffective odorizing a gent for propane, he becam e the indust ry’s driving force in forming a n indust ry-wide ta sk force to a ddress th e issue. The ta sk force responded by directing vita l huma n r esponse testing research; by publishing a "R eport of Investigat ions" wh ich becam e a funda menta l tool to respond to ma ny of the earlier accusations; by developing low-cost, a ccura te t est methods for qua ntifying th e a mount of ethyl mercapt an in propane; a nd by initia ting a joint research project t o investigat e potentia l techniques for cylinder surface passivation. In 1991 he wa s honored by his peers by receiving t he gas processing indust ry’s highest honor, the GPA Hanlon Awa rd. Da n w ill be remembered as a w orking leader in the gas processing indust ry a nd one wh o personified the high int egrity of its people. The G a s P rocessors Suppliers Associat ion respectively dedicat es this edition of the E ngineering D a ta B ook in D a n’s memory.

Preface to the Eleventh Edition The Ga s Pr ocessors Su ppliers Associat ion is an orga niza tion of companies w ith s pecialized know ledge of th e supply and service needs of the gas processing and related indust ries. A ma jor service to them is embodied in th e Engineering Da ta B ook, which wa s first published in 1935. Over 135,000 copies of the Nint h a nd Tent h E dition s of the English-unit book were distributed for use throughout the w orld by engineers, operat ing personnel, and students. This Eleventh E dition of the E ngineering Da ta B ook, ava ila ble in tw o versions — FP S an d SI — is an a ttempt to as semble, in a single compila tion, basic design informa tion together with da ta a nd procedures tha t can be used by field a nd plan t engineers to determine operat ing and design para meters. It is also intended as a n a id to design

engineers w ho, in spite of increa sing a vaila bility of computer routines a nd other sophisticated design meth ods, require a general reference work as a guide to accepted engineering practice for estimating, feasibility studies, preliminary design, and for making on-site operating decisions. The loose-leaf forma t of the D a ta B ook permits periodic upda ting t o meet t he chan ging technology of the process industries. G P SA recognizes tha t th e maintena nce of the Da ta B ook is a continuing ta sk. Users’ comments a nd suggestions a re welcome. Any such comment s should be mad e in wr iting t o: G as P rocessors Suppliers Associat ion 6526 E. 60th S t. Tulsa , Okla homa 74145 F a x: (918) 493-3875 e-mail: [email protected]

 A Brief History of the Engineering Data Book and Sponsoring Organizations The GP SA Engineering Dat a B ook wa s first published in 1935 a s a booklet cont aining much a dvertising and a little technical information. In subsequent editions, technical information wa s expan ded and the Dat a B ook gradually became the accepted engineering reference work for the gas processing industry. In a ddition, the Da ta Book has found wide acceptance in the petroleum refining, gas tra nsmission, a nd petrochemical industries.

B oth organ izations underwent na me cha nges in subsequent year s in r esponse to chan ging industry conditions. In 1961, the organiza tions beca me known a s the Nat ura l Ga s P rocessors Associat ion (NGPA) and the Na tural Gas Processors Suppliers Association (NGPSA). In 1974 the na mes changed to th e current Ga s P rocessors Associat ion (GPA) a nd G a s P rocessors Suppliers Associat ion (GPSA).

The Ga s P rocessors Suppliers Associat ion (GP SA) wa s organized in 1928 as t he Na tura l G asoline Supply Men’s Association (NGSMA). Its principal purpose was as a service orga nizat ion t o the parent N at ura l Ga soline Associat ion of Amer ica (NG AA).

Users of the manua l should note tha t num erous references throughout t he book ma y refer t o publications of these organ izations by the na mes in effect a t t he time of the publication.

Disclaimer The G a s P rocessors Suppliers Associa tion ta kes no position as to wh ether any m ethod, a ppara tus, or product mentioned herein is covered by an existing pa tent, nor a s to the va lidity of an y pat ent a lleged to cover any such method, appara tus, or product. Furthermore, the informa tion conta ined in this publicat ion does not gr ant the right by implication or otherwise for ma nufa cture, sa le, or u se in connection w ith a ny meth od, a ppara tus, or product cov-

ered by lett ers patent; nor does it insure a nyone against liability for infringement of letters pat ent. This publicat ion ma y be used by any one desiring t o do so, but n either t he Ga s P rocessors Suppliers Associat ion or an y of its members sh a ll be held responsible or lia ble in an y wa y for loss or dama ge resulting therefrom, or for the violation of any federa l, sta te, or municipal regulat ions with wh ich it ma y conflict.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Eleventh Edition GPSA wishes to acknowledge the work of those individua ls who contributed their talents a nd literally thousands of hours of time to the wr iting, editing, reviewing, a nd a ssembling of the informat ion in t his Eleventh E dition of the E ngineering Dat a B ook. Man y, though not a ll, of those individua ls a re listed in the roster of contr ibutors. G P SA is a lso indebted t o processing a nd service companies th a t made available expert personnel, and for release of technical informa tion for this edition, some of w hich ha s not been published previously. GP SA also acknowledges the outsta nding work a nd dedication of the Editorial Review B oard, which wa s totally responsible for final editing, review, an d ass embly of editorial ma terial for the Eleventh E dition. Review B oard members at the da te of publica tion: Fred G . Russell, Chairma n, Hudson P roducts Corporat ion D.J . Morgan , J ohn M. Cam pbell & Company W.M. Wooda rd, P hillips P etroleum C ompany B rian P rice, Black & Veatch P ritchard

J .M. Kra mer, M.W. Kellogg Compa ny Ari Minkkinen, Institut F ra ncais du Petrole Bob Heigold, Delta C at alyt ic En gineering & Construction, Ltd. Gust avo A. Soto Soto, P DVSA Helge Rivelsrud, Norsk Hydro a.s. Other Editorial Review B oard members who served during compilation of the Eleventh Edition: R.N. Maddox, Oklah oma Sta te Un iversity – Retired Stuar t Ferguson, Shell International G as Lt d. D.W. Kemp, Consulta nt – D eceased GP SA also wishes to a cknowledge the work of Ed Ra per, ELR; S usa n Coman and sta ff, ProType; Tim Anderson a nd sta ff, Antec; Mike J ackson, J ackson Design; and R on Ca nnon, GPA–retired, for their w ork in converting t he charts , graphs, a nd t ext to SI, a nd completion of the ta sk of publishing th e Da ta B ook one hundred percent electronically. The Revised Tenth E dition of the D at a B ook wa s published partia lly electronica lly.

Editorial Contributors — Tenth and Eleventh Editions Fred G. Russell, Chairma n, Hudson P roducts C orp. St a nley Adler, M.W. Kellogg Co. L.R. Albaugh , Arco Oil & Ga s Co. Gilbert J . Aldana , Intevep, S.A. J ack Allen, Vinson Supply Co. Abdulreda Alsaygh, U niversity of Qa tar R.B . Anderson, E xxon Pr oduction & Research C o. Tim Anderson a nd sta ff, Antec J .C. Arnoldi, Stea rns-Roger Corp. Michael Ayers, Hudson E ngineering Corp. Tom Ba con, Dow Ch emical D.L. Ba kas, Stear ns-Roger Corp. Tommy B a ll, Ford, B acon & Da vis, Inc. Hugh Ba nkes, Ba nkes Engineering J ean-Clau de Ba rbier, IFP D.D. Ba ttershell, D.D. B att ershell & Associates Ned Baudat, B & C Associates R.E. B eat y, Amoco P roduction Co. J .L. Berg, Hudson P roducts Corporation Da vid F. Bergman , Amoco W.A. Bobbs, Fluor D ani el, Inc. K.A. Bodine, Stear ns-Roger Corp. William C . Boyer, Oxy Cities Service NGL , Inc. George Briley, Refrigeration Engineering Co. Ron Brunner, GPA Car roll Buster, Ford, Bacon & Da vis, Inc. P aul B uthod, Un iversity of Tulsa Bill Caffey, Koch Hydrocarbon Co. J ohn M. Campbell, J ohn M. Campbell Co. P.R. Campbell, Hudson Engineering Corp. R . E . C a n n o n , G P A, G P S A O.T. Ca rlisle, Mat thew H all E ngineering P e t e r C a r n e l l , I C I K a t a l co Steve Cha lmers, Cooling Pr oducts Pa tsy Cha ppelear, Hudson Engineering Corp. C.C. Ch en, Hudson Engineering Corp. Roger J .J . Chen, Davy McKee International J an K. C iupak, Amoco Production C o. H.A. Clayton, P hillips P etroleum Co. Doug Clower, McDermott Marine E ngineering

Donald J . Cody, Stea rns-Roger C orp. Susan C oman a nd staff, Pr oType Tom Cooley, Kva erner Membra ne Sys tems Richard Cruz, Ben H olt Co. W.L. Da vis, Hudson P roducts Corporat ion Ha rry D eakin, M W Kellogg Co. J a ck Din gma n, Texaco Chemical Co. M .S . D u P a r t , D ow C h e m i ca l Lance Eckel, Oxy Cities Service NGL, Inc. P eter W. Elder, Delta P rojects Lt d. D.G. E lliot, Davy McKee International J am es F. Ely, Colorado School of Mines S.K. Fa n, Mycom, Inc. Gerald L . Farr ar, G.L. Fa rra r & Associates J a mes A. Feldma n, Applied Automa tion, Inc. Stuart Ferguson, Shell International Gas Ltd. Tom Ferguson, The Ra nda ll Corpora tion Vernon O. Fey, St earn s-Roger Corp. R.H.E. Fierens, Rayth eon E ngineers Wayn e A. Fling, Oxy C ities S ervice–Retired A.J . Flynn, Sh ell Oil Co. Fra ncis Foret, Wa rren P etroleum Ken Fr an kenberger, King Tool Company G.D. G aylon, Stearn s-Roger C orp. J .C. Geiger, Cha mplin Petroleum Co. B.A. G eorge, Amoco Production C o. C.L. Gerlovich, Stearns-Roger Corp. P. G ilcrease, St ear ns-Roger C orp./Colorad o School of Mines J ack Gillaspy, Philadelphia Gear Co. Bruce G ilmer, InterNorth, I nc. Sudhir G olikeri, Davy McKee International J .C. G reen, Williams P ipeline R.D. G resham, St earns-Roger C orp. Kenneth R. H all, Texas A&M U niversit y Bob Hamilton, Consulta nt R.L. Ha milton, Stearn s-Roger Corp. Char les Hamm ack, Engineers & Fabricators, Inc. G l e n E . H a n d w e r k , C o n s ul t a n t E.F. Ha rris, Tennessee Ga s P ipeline Co. S.T. Ha rtzog, Hudson En gineering Corp.

Bob Heigold, Delta Ca talytic E ngineering & Construction, Ltd. W.D. H enderson, Sh ell Oil Co. Harvey L. Hensley, Davy McKee-Dresser Engineering Div. J anet D . Herbert, Oxy Cities Service NGL, Inc. J .P. Herr in, J .P. Herrin & Associates J ohn Hersley, Marley Eq uipment Co. R.D. Higgins, Stearns-Roger Corp. T.L. Hillburn , Ph illips Petr oleum Co. Robert J . Hlozek, Union Ca rbide David Holbrook, UOP H o w a r d H ol d er , E l P a s o N a t u r a l G a s C o . Pa trick Holub, Huntsman Corpora tion Bill Homuth, Westinghouse Robert Hubbard, J ohn M. Ca mpbell & Co. J ack T. Hull, Fluor E ngineers & Constr uctors Mike Ja ckson, J ackson Design Arland H. J ohannes, Oklahoma St ate University J ohnny J ohnson, The Pritcha rd Corp. J .V. J ohnson, J r., Mobil Oil Corp. Ken J oslin, Mobil R&D C o. K a t h r i n J u ch , G r a c e G m b H J .E. J unkin, Stearns-Roger Corp. Da n Kemp, Oxy Cities Service NGL , Inc. Wendell Kensell, Aker Omega, Inc. D. K ilgannon, Stear ns-Roger Corp. Berna rd Kouzel, Union Oil Company of Ca lifornia J .M. Kra mer, M.W. Kellogg Company Kevin Kr a mer, College of William & Mar y J oseph Larue, IFP Willard A. Lewis, Amoco Pr oduction C o. R.M. Ligon, B rown & Root, Inc. Ted Levin, Hud son Engi neering Corp. Lar ry Lilly, John M. Ca mpbell & Co. Louis Lloyd, Lufkin Industries Mar k Loring, M W Kellogg Co. Royce Loshbaugh, Mobil R&D Corp. R.N. Maddox, Oklahoma St ate U niversity G.A. Madore, Stearns-Roger Corp. Char les Maitla nd, Perry Ga s Processors William P. Maning, C-E Natco Randy Ma rek, Hudson E ngineering Corp. Herbert D. Mar sh, Crest E ngineering, Inc. J ohn E. Martin, Cant erra Energy Ltd. Sha ron Mason, Pr oType Al Medencorp, Trend Constr uction C o. Wiley B. Megee, Ph illips Petr oleum C o. Yuv Mehr a, Advanced E xtra ction Technologies, Inc. H.M. Merritt, G litsch, Inc. Bill Millard, G eneral Electric Co. Ari Minkkinen, Institut Fra ncais du P etrole D.J . Morgan, J ohn M. Campbell & Co. Ga ry Mori, War ren P etroleum Don Morris, Davy McKee-Dresser Engineering Div. Mahmood Moshfeghian, Shira z U niversity H.W. Mulkins, S tea rns-Roger C orp. M.J . Mulvany, Pioneer Ga s Pr oducts Co. P.M. McCann, Koch Hydrocarbon Co. Russell L. McGa lliar d, Amoco–Retired J .T. McKinney, Process Equ ipment C o. Marv Na tham , Cra wford & Russell, Inc. H. Lee Norris III , Exxon P roduction & Research C o. O.E. Norris, CBI -NaCon, Inc. J ohn Pa lsgrove, Bentley-Nevada Donald P apa, Anderson G reenwood Dav Parnell, Coastal Chemical Co. Susu Pa tel, Petro Ca nada Resources Char les C. Pa tton, C.C. P att on & Associates J erry R. P eebles, Oxy Cities Service NGL , Inc. Glen P etty, Cra wford Enterprises Rob Phillips, Optimized Process Furances, Inc. William P hillips, M W Kellogg C o.

Bob P iehl, Chevron J .G. P ierpoint, Stearns-Roger Corp. F.J . P ocock, B a bcock & Wilcox Verleon H . Port er, Key Engineering, In c. W.A. P otts, E xxon P roduction & Research Co. Michael P revade, Ca lgon Corporat ion Bria n P rice, Bla ck & Veatch P ritchard J . Print z, Stearns-Roger Corp. Ed Raper, ELR Laurance Reid, Laurance Reid Associates, Inc. J .M. Richar ds, Stearn s-Roger C orp. Peter Richardson, Davy McKee-Dresser Engineering Div. C.J . Riley, Stear ns-Roger Corp. Helge Rivelsrud, Norsk Hydro a.s. W.E. Robert, Fish En gineering & Constr uction, Inc. B ill Robinson, Robinson-Utter & Associates Sharon Robinson, Oxy Cities Service NGL, Inc. Ga ry T. Rochelle, Universit y of Texas Gene Rochette, Optimized Process Furnaces Alexandre Rojey, IFP B ill Roof, C-E Nat co C.E . Rose, Wa rren P etroleum Co. Tom Ru ssell, T.H. Rus sell C o. Da na Sa lamone, Contritech Corp. S.R. Salzesen, Ingersoll-Rand Co. D.J . Sam pat, Stear ns-Roger Corp. J ames Scha uls, Tran e Co. Ted H. S cheer, Arco Oil & Ga s Co. Pa ul Schmidt, Fish Engineering & Construction, Inc. Robert S chwart z, J ohn Zink Co. Fred Selleck, Fluor Engineers & Constr uctors Da le Shar pe, B ingham-Willamette Ltd. R.M. Sherman, P eerless Manufacturing Co. J .H. Shieh, Glitsch, Inc. Ala n Silverm an, Mobil R&D C o. C.R. Sivalls, Siva lls, Inc. Bill Sma ll, Phillips Petroleum Co. Dexter Sm ith, Applied Automa tion, Inc. Robert Smit h, OPC E ngineering Gusta vo A. Soto Soto, PDVSA S.T. Sta rk, Ph illips P etroleum Co. Da nny St owe, John M. Ca mpbell & Co. Ellen Stra nge, Norsk Hydro J am es H. Stua rt, Fluor Engineers & Constructors Carl Sutton, GPA M.F. Sutton, GPA, GP SA Ha rry Temple, Applied Automa tion, In c. J .C. Upchurch, Un ion Carbide Corp. Ga ry U tter, Robinson-Ut ter & Associates William R. Valego, Exxon Compan y, U.S.A. Herma n van Herw ijnen, Shell Interna tional (SIP M) Tom Var ad i, Merichem C ompany Robert Veroba, Huntsm an Corporat ion R.E. Vickrey, Vickrey En gineering C o. Andrew War d, Interna tional P rocess Systems J ohn Wat erous, M W Kellogg Co. Tom Welker, Welker E ngin eering J im Westmorelan d, Texaco J eff White, J ohn Zink Co. L. Wielgot, S tear ns-Roger Corp. Dennis Williams, C hapman Engineers, Inc. G. Br ymer Williams, University of Michigan R.T. Williamson, S tea rns-Roger Corp. Arild Wilson, Norsk H ydro William Woodard, P hillips P etroleum Co. Colin Woodwa rd, ICI Kat alco Rich Worsham , Worsham En terprises J esse Wyr ick, Fenix & Scisson, I nc. Lyma n Ya rborough, Amoco Production Co. C.D . Young, St earn s-Roger C orp./Colorado School of Mines

Table of Contents  Volume I General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 1  Product Specifictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2  Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3  Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 4  Relief Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5 Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 6 Separators and Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 7   Fired Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 8  Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 9  Aircooled Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 10 Cooling Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 11  Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines. . . . . . . . Section 12 Compressors and Expanders . . . . . . . . . . Section 13  Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 14  Prime Movers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 15

 Volume II  Hydrocarbon Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 16  Fluid Flow and Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 17  Water Treating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 18  Fractionation and Absorption . . . . . . . . . Section 19  Dehydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 20  Hydrocarbon Treating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 21 Sulfur Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 22  Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 23 Thermodynamic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . Section 24  Equilibrium Ratio (K) Data . . . . . . . . . . . Section 25 GPSA Members List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 26

Index AGA-American Ga s Association, 1-21 AIChE-American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1-21 AISC-American I nstit ute of Steel Constr uction, 1-21 AISI-American I ron & Steel Inst itut e, 1-21 ANSI-American National Sta ndards Institute, 1-21 API Gravity, 1-2 API-American P etroleum Inst itut e, 1-21 ASHRAE-American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-conditioning Engineers, 1-22 ASME-American S ociety of Mecha nical E ngineers, 1-22 ASTM-American Society f or Testin g & Ma ter ial s, 1-22 Absorber, 1-2 Absorption , 1-2, 19-30 Absorption a nd S tripping Fa ctors, 19-31 Ca lculations, 19-30 Strippers, 19-32 Absorption Factor, 1-2 Absorption Oil, 1-2 Acentric Factor, 23-30 Acid Ga s, 1-2, 22-1 Adiabatic Expansion, 1-2 Adsorbent, 1-2 Adsorption, 1-2 Affinity La ws, 12-3 Air Cooled Excha ngers, 10-1 Advantages, 10-1, 10-2 Air Sta tic-P ressure D rop, 10-15 Air-Density Ra tio Cha rt, 10-14 Air Eva porative Coolers, 10-5 Air Film Coefficient, 10-15 Air-Side Control, 10-3 Disadvantages, 10-2 Extern al Recirculat ion, 10-5 Fintube Data, 10-10 Forced Dra ft, 10-2 Friction Factor, 10-11 Head er Design, 10-3 Heat-Transfer Coefficients, 10-9 Induced Dra ft, 10-1 Internal Recirculation, 10-4 Liquid Physical Properties, 10-12 Location, 10-6 LMTD Correction Fa ctors, 10-8

Mechanical Design, 10-1 Pr essure D rop, 10-12 Thermal Design, 10-7 Warm Air Recirculation, 10-4 Air Eva porative C oolers, 10-5 Alkalinity and pH Relationships, 18-1 Amine, 1-2 Amines Dietha nolamine, 21-10 Diglycolamine, 21-11 Diisopropanolamine, 21-11 Formula ted S olvents, 21-11 Freezing P oints, 21-10 Methyldieth an olamine, 21-11 Monoethanola mine, 21-10 Physical Properties, 21-8 Specific Gravity, 21-10 Sterica lly Hin dered, 21-12 Triet ha nola min e, 21-11 Vapor Pr essures, 21-9 Associated Ga s, 1-2 Atmospheric P ressure, 1-2

B-P Mix, 1-3 B S &W, 1-3 Ba rrel, 1-2 Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling (BWRS), 25-7 Benfield Pr ocess, 21-16 Blan ket Ga s, 1-2 Blow Case, 1-3 Blowdown, 1-3, 18-1 Boilaw ay Test, 1-3 Boiler Wat er S ystems, 18-4 Boiler Water Treat ment, 18-9 Boiling P oints, 23-24 P etroleum Fra ctions, 23-26 Bott oms, 1-3 Bour don Tubes, 4-7 Breat hing, 1-3 Bubble Point, 1-3 But an e, Commercial, 1-3, 2-1 Butane, Normal, 1-3 P-H Diagram, 24-32

ii

Vapor-Solid Equilibrium, 20-14

Ca lculations, 22-18 Sulfur Recovery, 22-1 Cobalt Br omide Test, 2-3 Compressibility Ga ses, 23-10 Hydrocarbon Liquid, 3-18, 23-24 Nat ura l Ga s, 23-12—15 Compressibility Fa ctor, 1-3 Compressibility Factors Natura l G as, 23-12 Compression Ra tio, 1-3 Compressors, 13-1 Centr ifugal, 13-20 Performance Calculations, 13-2 Reciprocat ing, 13-2, 13-16 Refrigerat ion C ompressors, 13-30 Types , 13-2 Condensa te, 1-3 Condensers, 9-8 Stea m, 10-6 Control Valves, 4-18 Actuators, 4-19 Bodies, 4-18 Calibration, 4-24 Cavitation, 4-23 Characteristics, 4-20 Failur e, 5-2 Ga s Service, 4-21 Installation, 4-24 Liquid Service, 4-23 Noise Prediction, 4-21 Siz ing, 4-21, 4-23 Troubles hootin g, 4-24 Valve Selection, 4-20 Conv ergence P ressu re, 1-3, 25-1 Conversion Fa ctors, 1-8 Area, 1-9 Ba se Pr essures, 1-11 Ca pacity – Volume, 1-9 Commercial Base Pressure, 1-11 Energy, 1-8 Length , 1-9 Mass, 1-9 Pr essure, 1-9 Velocity, 1-8 Weights P er U nit of Area, 1-9 Cooling Systems Characteristics, 11-9 Cooling Tower s, 11-1 Air P roperti es, 11-11 Atmospher ic Spra y Tower s, 11-14 Blowdown Rate, 11-1 Coil Shed, 11-14 Concentra tion Cycles, 11-13 Dry B ulb/Web Bu lb Da ta , 11-4—8 Forced Draft, 11-13 Hyperbolic Natu ral Dra ft Towers, 11-14 Indu ced Dra ft, 11-14 Mechanical D raft , 11-13 Natural Draft, 11-14 Performance Characteristics, 11-9 Performa nce Nomograph, 11-12 P sychr ometr y, 11-1, 11-3 Range, 11-10 Types, 11-13 Cooling Wat er Syst ems Open Sy stems, 18-12 Copper C orrosion Test, 2-3

CGPA-Canadian Gas Processors Association, 1-22 Ca lorimeter, 1-3 Carbon Dioxide P-H Diagram, 24-25 Vapor-Solid Equilibrium, 20-14 Ca rbon D isulfi de, 22-1, 22-4, 22-6 Ca rbony l S ulfid e, 1-3, 22-1, 22-4, 22-6 Ca rbonyl Sulfide Remova l, 21-21 Casinghead G as, 1-3 Ca ta sol, 21-15 Ca ustic E mbritt lement, 18-1, 18-11 Cent rifuga l Compressors, 13-22 Anti-surge Control, 13-34 Contr ol Systems, 13-33 Crit ical S peeds, 13-36 Ef ficiency, 13-28 Flow Limits, 13-30 Flow R ang e, 13-22 Hea d, 13-22, 13-27 Horsepower, 13-28 Inlet G uide Vanes, 13-34 Int ersta ge Cooling, 13-30 Isent ropic Calculat ion, 13-23 J ournal an d Thrust Bearings, 13-31 Lubrication and Seal-Oil Systems, 13-31 Mechanical Losses, 13-29 P -H Dia gram , 13-29—30 P erforma nce, 13-22, 13-37 Performance Calculations, 13-22 P olytropic Calculat ion, 13-23 P ressu re Contr ol, 13-33—34 Rotor Dy na mics, 13-36 Shaft Seals, 13-31 Speed, 13-29 Troublesh ooting , 13-37 Un bala nce, 13-36 Vibration C ontrol Syst em, 13-35 Volume Cont rol, 13-33—34 Wheels Required, 13-29 Centrifugal Pumps, 12-9 Affinity Law s, 12-9 Alignmen t/Su pports/C ouplings , 12-13 Common Pump Equations, 12-3 Control, 12-11 Differential Head, 12-6 Drivers, 12-11 Inst alla tion/Operation/Maint enan ce, 12-13 Mat erials of Constr uction, 12-13 NPSH, 12-6 Selection G uide, 12-7 Series and Parallel Operation, 12-11 Shaft Seals, 12-13 Suction Specific Speed, 12-6 Tempera tur e rise, 12-11 Theory, 12-9 Troubles a nd Ca uses, 12-12 Ch ar coal Test, 1-3 Chemsw eet, 21-17 Ch illers, 14-22—24 Chromatography, 1-3 Claus Plant Main tena nce, 22-30 Operations, 22-16 Syst ems, 22-9 Cla us P rocess, 1-3

iii

Copper S tr ip Test, 1-3 Cricondenbar, 1-3 Cricondenth erm, 1-3 Crit ical Densit y, 1-4 Critical Pressure, 1-4 Crit ical Temperatur e, 1-4 Cryogenic Plant, 1-4

Peng-Robinson, 25-7 Redlich-Kwong, 25-7 Soave R edlich Kw ong (SRK), 25-7 van der Waa ls, 25-6 Equilibrium Ratios, 25-1 2000 psia Convergence P ressure, 25-11 3000 psia Convergence Pressure, 25-12—24 Calculating Convergence Pressure, 25-2 Ca rbon D ioxide, 25-2 Conv ergence P ressu re, 25-1, 25-9 Correlat ions, 25-4 Flash Calculation, 25-2 Nomenclature, 25-1 Sources of Dat a, 25-3 Ethane P-H Diagram, 24-27 Quality Criteria, 2-2 Vapor-Solid Equilibrium, 20-12 Ethylene P-H Diagram, 24-28 Excha nger Nomenclatur e, 9-15 Exchangers Air C ooled, 10-1 Plate Fin, 9-22 Plate Frame, 9-30 Sh ell an d Tube, 9-2 Expan ders, 13-37 Auxiliary S ystems, 13-43 Ca lculation, 13-40 Contr ol Syst ems, 13-44 Expan der P rocess, 13-39 Field P erformance, 13-45 Lube Oil, 13-44 Mechanical, 13-41 P-H Diagram, 13-41 P ressure-Temperatur e Dia gram , 13-39 Seal G as, 13-44 Shu tdown , 13-44 Solid CO 2 Forma tion Condit ions, 13-41 Thermodynamics, 13-39 Expan sion Factors, 3-15 Expa nsion Turb ine, 1-4 Extr action, 1-4

Deaera tor, 1-4 Debuta nizer, 1-4 Dehydration, 1-4 Dehydr at ion, G as, 1-4, 20-1, 20-22 Gly col S ystems, 20-22 Solid D esiccant , 20-37 Dehydration, Liquid, 20-42 Dematha nized P roduct, 1-4 Demetha nizer, 1-4 Demisters, 7-7 Densit ometers, 3-28 Depropanizer, 1-4 Desiccants, 1-4 Properties, 20-37 Regenerat ion, 20-39 Desulfurization, 1-4 Dew Point, 1-4 Diaphragm Pumps, 12-16 Distillation, 1-4 Doct or Test , 1-4 Dr y B ulb/Web Bu lb Tempera tur e Dat a, 11-4—8 Dry G as, 1-4

EP -Mix (Etha ne-Pr opane Mix), 1-4 Editorial Review B oard, 1-2 Effective Temperature Difference Heat Exchange, 9-2 End Point, 1-4 Engines, Internal Combustion, 15-21 Auxiliaries, 15-26 Bea rings, 15-26 Couplings, 15-27 Diesel, 15-22 Dual-Fuel, 15-22 Four-St roke-Cycle, 15-22 Gear Ratings, 15-27 Gea rs, 15-26 Lubricat ion, 15-27 Performance Rating, 15-22 Spar k Ignit ion, 15-21 Superchar ged, 15-22 Two-Stroke-Cycle, 15-22 Types , 15-21 Vibration, 15-28 En tha lpy, 24-2 Calculation, 24-3, 24-10 Effect of P ressure, 24-9 Hydr ocarbon L iquid, 24-18—19 Hy drocar bon Vapor, 24-11—17 Idea l-Ga s-Sta te, 24-2, 24-5—7 Mixtures, 24-2 Pu re Components, 24-2 Entropy, 24-3 Ca lculation, 24-20 Effect of P ressu re, 24-22—23 Pu re Components, 24-21 Equations of State, 25-6 Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling (BWRS), 25-7

Field Separ at or, 1-4 Filter Separa tors, 7-1, 7-11 Filters, 7-1 Filtra tion, 7-14 Partical Removal, 7-14 Fin ned Tubes, 8-9 Fired Equipment, 8-1 Bur ners, 8-16 Ca bin Direct Fir ed, 8-18 Combustion, 8-12 Conduction, 8-2 Controls, 8-25 Convection, 8-4 Convection Hea ters, 8-28 Direct F ired, 8-18 Dra ft, 8-14 Firetube H eaters, 8-28 Molten Salt Heaters, 8-31 Nomenclature, 8-1 Radian t H eat Dut y, 8-16 Stack Draft, 8-18 Steam Heaters, 8-31

iv

Therm al Eff iciency, 8-14, 8-25, 8-27 Troublesh ooting, 8-32 Wat er Ba th H eaters, 8-29 Flar e Sta cks, 5-19 Low Tempera tu re, 5-20 Smokeless, 5-19 Stack Height, 5-18 Flash Calculation, 25-4 Flash Point, 1-4 Flas h Tan k, 7-1 Flow Ca lculation G uide, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4 Flow Nozzles, 3-30 Flow Recorders, 3-30 Flow Sensors, 4-11 Fluid Densities, 23-16 Compressibility, 23-22 Liquid Densities, 23-22—24 Fluid Flow, 17-1 AGA Equa tions, 17-4 B ernoul i’s Theorem, 17-2 Ca lculations, 17-17 Friction Factors, 17-3, 17-5 Fritz sche’s Formula, 17-15 Liquid Flow, 17-10 Low Pressure Gas Flow, 17-7 Nomenclature, 17-1 Pa nhandle A Equa tion, 17-6 Pa nhandle B E quation, 17-6 Physical Properties, 17-2 Pla nt Piping, 17-7 P ressure D rop, 17-13 Reynolds Number, 17-2 Single P has e Flow, 17-4 Slugging, 17-20 Tw o Ph as e Flow, 17-11 Weymouth Equ at ion, 17-4 Weymouth Formula, 17-8, 17-9 Fluor Solvent, 21-14 Fouling Resistances Heat Exchangers, 9-2 Fra ctionation, 1-4, 19-1 Column Sizing, 19-16 Design, 19-28 Design C onsiderat ions, 19-28 Down comer Design, 19-12 Flood Ca pacit y of Valv e Tra ys, 19-13 Key C omponents, 19-4 Key Parameters, 19-5 Minimum Reflex Rat io, 19-6 Minimum Stages, 19-6 Number of St ages, 19-5—6 Operating Pressure, 19-5 Packed Column Internals, 19-16 P acked Columns , 19-15 Packing Depths, 19-16 Packing Height, 19-16 Reboiler Arran gements, 19-19 Reflux Ratio, 19-5, 19-6 Sizing, 19-9 Tra y E fficiency, 19-14 Trayed Columns, 19-8 Types of Fractionators, 19-2 Va lve Tra y D iam eter, 19-11 Freeze Valv e, 1-4

Research Reports, 1-15 Technica l Publi cat ions, 1-20 G PA/G P SA Technica l Activit ies, 1-1 GP M, 1-5 G as C onsta nt, 1-4, 1-11 Gas Exchangers, 9-18 Gas Filter Capacity, 7-13 Ga s Hydrat e, 1-4 G as I njection, 1-4 Ga s Lift, 1-4 Ga s Measurement, 3-2 G as-Oil Rat io (GOR ), 1-4 Gas Processing, 1-4 Ga s Processing Pla nt, 1-4 Ga s Sa mpling, 3-31 G as Treat ing Ch emicals, 21-8 Freezing P oints, 21-10 Physical Properties, 21-8 Specific Gravity, 21-10 Vapor P ressu re, 21-9 G as-Well G as, 1-4 Gas-Well Liquids, 1-4 G a s k et M a t e r ia l Temperatur e Limit at ions, 9-31 Ga thering System, 1-5 Glycols Boiling P oint, 20-22 Conta ctor Ca pacity, 20-32 Densities, 20-19 Flow Diagram, 20-23 Freezing P oints, 20-23 Heat Ca pacity, 20-20—21 Ph ysical P roperties, 20-22 Thermal Conductivity, 20-21 Viscosity, 20-19—20 Gravity API , 1-10 Ba umé, 1-10 Weight Factors, 1-10 Gra vity Settling, 7-2 Newt on’s La w, 7-3 Separators, 7-3 Stokes’ Law, 7-3 G round Water, 18-1

Head, Acceleration, 12-2 Heat Exchange with Non-Linear Behavior, 9-2 Heat Exchanger Specifications, 9-9 Heat Exchangers, 9-1 Condensers, 9-8 Film Resist an ce, 9-2 Fouling Resist an ce, 9-2 Hairpin Exchangers, 9-19 Heat Tra nsfer C oefficients, 9-6 Heat Tra nsfer Funda menta ls, 9-1 LMTD Cha rt, 9-3—5 Nomenclature, 9-15 Plate Fin Exchangers, 9-22 Pla te Fra me Exchangers, 9-30 Print ed Circuit Heat Exchanger, 9-32 Reboilers, 9-11 Selection of Components, 9-14 Selection G uide, 9-16 Sensible H eat Tran sfer, 9-6 Sh ell an d Tube, 9-2 Specifications, 9-9, 9-25

G PA P ublications, 1-13

v

Tan k Hea ter s, 9-20 Tube Vibra tion , 9-18 Tubing C ha racterist ics, 9-17 Heat Media (Heating Media), 1-5 Hea t Tran sfer Bur ners, 8-16 Combustion, 8-12 Conduction, 8-2 Controls, 8-25 Convect ion, 8-4, 8-28 Direct Fired, 8-18 Dra ft, 8-14 Fired Hea ters, 8-1 Fundamenta ls, 8-1 Heat Losses, 8-12 Hot Oil H eaters, 8-31 Hot Oil S ystem, 8-29 Molten Salt Heaters, 8-31 Radiant, 8-18 Reboilers, 8-32 Stack Draft, 8-23 Therm al Eff iciency, 8-14, 8-25, 8-33 Troublesh ooting, 8-32 Heat Transfer Coefficient, 9-2, 9-6 Heaters Fired Eq uipment, 8-1 Ta nk , 9-20 Heating Value Natura l G as, 23-37 Hea ting Value (Heat of Combustion), 1-5 Heavy Ends, 1-5 Henry’s Constants, 19-32 Hexanes Plus (or Heptanes Plus), 1-5 Hi-Pure P rocess, 21-15 Hydrate, 1-5 Hydrates Format ion, 20-7 Inh ibition, 20-15 Natura l Ga s Systems, 20-9 P redict ion, 20-10, 20-15 Hy dra ulic Turbi nes, 12-17 Hydrocarbon Recovery, 16-1 Absorption Refrigerat ion, 16-7 Ca scade Refrigerat ion, 16-18 CO 2 – Ethane Separation, 16-24 CO 2 Pr ocessing for EOR, 16-22 Cold Res idue R ecycle Pr ocess, 16-15—16 Condensate Stabilization, 16-5 Conventiona l P rocess, 16-12 Cry ogenic Technology, 16-21 Dew Point Control, 16-2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), 16-22—23 Et ha ne Recovery, 16-10, 16-15 Four-Column R ya n/Holm es Pr ocess, 16-26 Fractionation Considerations, 16-17 Ga s C omposition, 16-1 Ga s S ubcooled P rocess (GS P), 16-13—14 Glycol Injection, 16-5 GP M, 16-1 Higher Heat ing Value (HHV), 16-1 J oule-Thompson Eff ect, 16-11 J -T Expa nsion , 16-11 J -T Valve , 16-1, 16-11 Lea n Oil Absorption, 16-7, 16-9 Liquefied Natural Gas Production, 16-17 Low Pressure Retrograde Condensation, 16-3 Low Temperatur e Separ at ion, 16-3

Low Temperatur e Separa tion Un it, 16-4 Mechanical Refrigerat ion, 16-10 Mixed Refrigera nt P rocesses, 16-16—20 New Techn ology, 16-22 Nitrogen Rejection Unit, 16-20—21 Overall P rocess Configuration, 16-25 Pr ecooled Mixed Refrigeran t P rocess, 16-20 Process Alternatives, 16-7, 16-10 Pr ocess Considera tions, 16-7 P ropa ne R ecovery,16-7, 16-10 Recovery E fficiencies,16-6, 16-21 Refrig era ted J -T, 16-12 Refrigerat ed Lean Oil Absorption P rocess, 16-9 Refrigerat ion, 16-4 Resid ue R ecycle, 16-13—14 Retrograde Condensation, 16-3 Separation of CO 2 a n d H 2 S, 16-24 Separation of CO 2 and Metha ne, 16-22 Shr inkage Value, 16-3 Side Dra w R eflux Process, 16-16 Single C olumn NRU , 16-23 Stabilization, 16-6 Straight Refrigeration Process16-5—6 Turboexpa nder, 16-10 Turboexpa nder P rocessing , 16-12 Two C olumn N RU , 16-22 Hydr ocarbon Treat ing, 21-1 Amine Processes, 21-6 Ba tch P rocesses, 21-17 Benfield Pr ocess, 21-16 Ca rbon D ioxide Removal, 21-20 Ca rbonyl Su lfide Removal, 21-21 Catacarb, 21-16 Ca ta sol, 21-15 Caustic Wash, 21-14 Caustic Wash, Liquids, 21-21, 21-22 Chemical Reaction P rocesses, 21-6 Chemistry, 12-7 Chemsw eet, 21-17 Fluor Solvent, 21-14 Ga soline and LP -Ga s, 21-20 Hi-Pure Pr ocess, 21-15 Hot Carbonate, 21-16 Hydr ogen Sulfide Removal, 21-20 Iron C helat e Pr ocesses, 21-18 Iron Sponge, 21-17 Liquids, 21-19 LO-CAT, 21-18 Membrane Separation, 21-19 Mercapta n Treat ing, 21-21 Mercury Removal, 21-18 Merichem , 21-21 Merox Process, 21-21 Molecular Sieve, 21-18—19 Nomenclature, 21-1 Perco Sw eetening, 21-22 Ph ysical S olvents, 21-14 Process Flow, 21-7 P rocess Selection, G ases, 21-4 Pu ra spec, 21-17 Purisol, 21-15 Rectisol, 21-14 Safety Precautions, 21-2 Selexol, 21-14 Sulfa-Check, 21-17 Su lfa -Trea t, 21-17 SulFerox, 21-19

vi

Sulfinol, 21-15 Sulfur Removal, Liqu ids, 21-21 Sw eetening, 21-7 Hydrogen Sulfide Solubility, 22-22 Vapor-Solid Equilibrium, 20-14

Light Ends, 1-5 Light Hydr ocarbons, 1-5, 21-19 Liquid Mea surement, 3-17 Meter P roving, 3-22 Meter Selection an d P erformance, 3-20 Orifice Meters, 3-17 Orifice Sizing, 3-17 Liquid Sampling, 3-31 Liquid-Liquid Separators, 7-1 Retention Times, 7-14 Loadin g Rack, 1-5

Immiscible, 1-5 Inert s, 1-5 Instrumenta tion, 4-1 Analytica l, 4-27 Computer S ystems, 4-26 Concepts, 4-14 Control Modes, 4-15 Controllers, 4-15 Electronic P ower Supplies, 4-6 Nomenclature, 4-1 Sensin g D evices, 4-7 Sy mbols, 4-4—5 Tempera tu re Sensor s, 4-10 Tran smitt ers, 4-13 Insulation Conductivit ies, 8-3 Excha ngers, 9-29 Fired H eaters, 8-24 Hea t F low, 6-13 St orage Fa cilities, 6-11 Ion-Exchange P rocesses Electrodialysis , 18-7 Ions, Anions, Cations Wa ter Treati ng, 18-2 Iron Sponge, 21-17 Iso-Pentane P-H Diagram, 24-33 Iso-But an e, 1-5 P-H Diagram, 24-31 Vapor-Solid Equilibrium, 20-14

Mass Flow Met ers, 3-28 Mass Measurement, 3-27 Mass to Volume Ca lculation, 3-27 Mcf, 1-5 MMcf, 1-5 Measur ement, 3-1 Gas, 3-2 Liquids, 3-17 Stea m, 3-29 Membrane Separation, 21-19 Mercapta n, 1-5 Mercapta n Treat ing, 21-21 Merichem , 21-21 Merox Process, 21-21 Metal Resista nce for Tubes Heat Exchangers, 9-2 Meter P roving Reports, 3-22 Meter Proving Systems, 3-22 Meter Tubes, 3-6 Methane P-H Dia gram , 24-26 Vapor-Solid Equilibrium, 20-12 Mined Ca verns, 6-7 Miscible F lood, 1-5 Mist Extractors, 7-8 Vane Type, 7-10 Molar H eat C apa city, Mcp, 13-5 Molecula r S ieve, 20-37, 21-19 Design, 20-38 Motors, Electric Dri p-P roof, 15-20 Enclosures, 15-20 Indu ction, 15-19 Indu ction Genera tor, 15-21 Selecti on, 15-19 Speed, 15-20 Synchronous, 15-19 Volta ge, 15-20

J acket Water, 1-5 J oule-Thomson E ffect, 1-5

Knockout Dr ums, 5-16

LMTD Ch art , 9-3 LMTD Correction, 9-4—5 LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), 1-5 LO-CAT, 21-18 LP-Gas (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), 1-5 International Specifications, 2-4 Odorizat ion, 2-5 LP-Gas Specifications, P ara meters, 2-1 Moisture Conten t, 2-2 Residue, 2-5 Sulfur Content, 2-3 Vapor P ressure, 2-2 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), 1-5 LRG (Liquefied Refinery Gas), 1-5 LTX Un it (Low Temperatur e Extra ction Un it), 1-5 La ngelier Sca ling I ndex, 18-2, 18-13 Lea d Acetat e Test, 1-5 Lean G as, 1-5 Lean Oil, 1-5 Level Sensors, 4-8 Lift G as, 1-5

NGL (Natura l Ga s Liquids), 1-6 NPSH Correction Factors, 12-6 Natural Gas, 1-2, 1-5 Components, 1-2 Pipeline Qua lity, 2-3 Natura l Ga s Processing Plant , 1-5 Natura l G asoline, 1-5 Specifications, 2-2 Test Meth ods, 2-2 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH), 12-6 Nitrogen P-H Dia gram , 24-24 NO x Control, 8-17

vii

Odorant , 1-6 Oil-Well G as , 1-6 On-Stream Factor, 1-6 Operatin g Fa ctor, 1-6 Orifice F act ors, 3-11—12 Orifice Flan ges, 3-2 Orifice Flow Rate, 3-10, 3-18 Orifice Meter Measurement , 3-2 Gas Orifice Calculations, 3-10 Meter Tube Len gth s, 3-9 P ipe Dia meter Tolera nce, 3-8 Toleran ce for Orifice Diam eters , 3-8 Orifice Plat e Dimensions, 3-7 Orifice Pla tes, 3-6 Orifice S izin g, 3-10, 3-17 Orifice Well test , 3-17 Outa ge, 1-6 Oxygen P-H Dia gram , 24-35

Posit ive Displa cement Meters, 3-20, 4-12 Pr essure Correction Factors for St eel, 3-26 Pressure E ntha lpy Diagra ms, 24-8—9 Pr essure Sensors, 4-7 Prime Movers, 15-1 Electric Motors, 15-19 G as Turbin es, 15-9 Internal Combustion Engines, 15-21 St eam Turbi nes, 15-1 Print ed Circuit Heat Exchangers, 9-32 Pr opane, 1-6 P-H Diagram, 24-29 Specificat ions, 2-1 Vapor-Solid Equilibrium, 20-13 Pr opane, Commercial, 1-6 Specificat ions, 2-1 Pr opane, H D-5, 1-6 Specificat ions, 2-1 Propylene P-H Diagram, 24-30 Psychrometric Chart, 11-3 Pu mp E fficiency, Mechan ical, 12-2 Pump Efficiency, Volumetric, 12-2 Pu mps, 12-1 Centr ifugal, 12-9 Codes, 12-19 Conversion Formu lae, 12-3 Diaphram, 12-16 Reciprocating, 12-14 Speed Control, 12-11 Purisol, 21-15

Pa ckaged U nit, 1-6 P acked C olumn , 1-6, 19-15 Pa rticle Chara cteristics Separators, 7-4 Peak Sha ving, 1-6 P elton Wheel, 12-2 Pentane-Plus, 1-6 Pentane, Normal P-H Dia gram , 24-34 P erco Sweetening, 21-22 Physical Constants, 23-2—9 Physical Properties, 23-1 Acentric Factor, 23-30 Boili ng P oints , 23-24, 23-29 Compressibility, Gases, 23-10, 23-12—15 Compressibility, Liqu ids, 23-24 Computer P rediction, 23-10 Crit ical P roperties, 23-26 Fluid Den sit ies, 23-16—17, 23-19 Liquid Densities, 23-19, 23-22—25 Nomenclature, 23-1 Pseudocritical Pr operties, 23-10 Ps eudocritical Temperatur e, 23-10 Specific G ra vity, 23-18, 23-20—21 Therma l E xpansion, 23-27 Vapor P ressu res, 23-27—28, 23-32 P iggin g, 1-6, 17-21 Pipeline Gas, 1-6 Quality Criteria, 2-3 P iping, 17-22 Design Pr operties, 17-24 Flan ged Fittin g, 17-27 Pipe and Flange Da ta, 17-22 Pr essure-Temperatu re R at ings, 17-27 Steel Flanges, 17-23, 17-25 Tran smission a nd Distr ibution, 17-25—26 Working Pressures, 17-24—25 P itot Tubes, 3-29 Pla te Fin Heat Exchangers, 9-22 Basic Configuration, 9-22 Hardw are, 9-23 Heat Load Curve, 9-26 Sizing, 9-27 Specifications, 9-25 Pla te Frame H eat E xchangers, 9-30 P ool Boiling Cur ve, 9-11

RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure), 1-6 Raw Ga s, 1-6 Raw Mix Liquids, 1-6 Reboilers, 8-20, 8-25 Kettle, 19-22 Reciprocating Compressors, 13-2, 13-16 Bh p P er Million C urve, 13-11—12 Bott le Sizing, 13-19 Ca pacity, 13-6 Ca pacity C ontrol, 13-16 Control Devices, 13-16 Cylind er Design, 13-14 Detailed Calculations, 13-5 Disch ar ge Tempera tur es, 13-8, 13-11 Equivalent Capacity, 13-8 Horsepower, 13-9 Horsepower Required t o Compress Ga ses, 13-4 Intake Pressure, 13-13 Pulsation Control, 13-18 Pulsation Dampeners (Snubbers), 13-19 Rod Load ing, 13-9 Specific Gra vity Correction, 13-13 Troublesh ooting, 13-20 Volumet ric E fficiency, 13-6 Reciprocatin g P umps, 12-14 Acceleration Head, 12-16 Accelera tion H ead F actors, 12-15 Ca lculations, 12-14 Displacement, 12-14 P ulsat ion, 12-16 Suction S ystem, 12-15 Volumet ric E fficiency, 12-15 Recorders , 4-14 Recovery, 1-6

viii

Rectis ol, 21-14 Recycle, 1-6 Redlich-Kwong, 25-7 Reflux, 1-6 Reflux Ra tio, 1-6 Refractories, 8-3 Refrigerants Aqueous Ammonia Syst em, 14-27 Et hy lene, 14-14, 14-18, 14-22 Ethylene Condensing Curves, 14-10, 14-14, 14-18 Lith ium Bromide, Wat er, 14-26 Mixed, 14-21 Physical Properties, 14-9 P ropan e Conden sing C urves , 14-11, 14-15, 14-19 P ropylene C ondens ing C urv es, 14-12, 14-16, 14-20 P roperties, 14-7 P urit y, 14-17 R-22 Condensing Curves, 14-13, 14-17 Refrigerat ion, 14-1 Absorption , 14-25 Aqueous Ammonia Syst em, 14-27 Ca scading, 14-7 Chillers, 14-22, 14-23, 14-24 Compressors, 14-21 Condensa tion, 14-3 Condenser Dut y, 14-7 Cond ensin g Tempera tur e, 14-6 Controls, 14-22 Cy cles, 14-2 Design, 14-13 Eva poration, 14-2 Horsepower, 14-9 Lith ium B romide, Wat er Syst em, 14-26 Mechanical, 14-2 Nomenclature, 14-1 Operating Considerations, 14-13 Single S ta ge, 14-3 St ages, 14-3 Subcooling, 14-7 Syst em Check List , 14-25 Three-St ag e, 14-3 Tw o-St ag e, 14-3 Vacuum Syst ems, 14-13 Relief Systems, 1-6, 5-1 Back Pressure, 5-15 Blocked Discha rge, 5-2 Design, 5-2 Devices, 5-4 Discha rge Piping, 5-14 Fire Exposure, 5-2 Fire S izing, 5-11 Flar es, 5-17 G as or Vapor Relief, 5-7 Knockout Dr ums, 5-16 Liquid Relief, 5-9 Mixed P ha se Relief, 5-10 Nomenclature, 5-1 P iping Design, 5-14 Recommended P ractices, 5-20 Sizing, 5-7 St eam Relief, 5-9 Thermal Relief, 5-10 Tube R upt ure, 5-2 Vessel Protection, 5-3 Relief Valves , 5-1 Back Pressure Sizing, 5-15 Balanced, 5-5

Characteristics, 5-3 Cha tt er, 5-14 Conventiona l, 5-4 Cycling, 5-13 Dischar ge Piping, 5-13 Fire Sizing, 5-11 Ga s or Vapor Relief, 5-7 Installation, 5-13 Liquid Relief, 5-9 Mixed Ph ase R elief, 5-10 Pilot Opera ted, 5-5 Piping , 5-14 Ruptur e Disks, 5-6 Seat Leakage, 5-14 Sizing, 5-7 Stea m Relief, 5-9 Thermal Relief, 5-10 Residue, 1-6 Retrogra de Condensa tion (Vaporiza tion), 1-6 Reynolds Number Factor, 3-13—14 Rich Gas, 1-6 Rich Oil, 1-6 Roots of Flow, 3-31 Rotary Pumps, 12-16 Ryzna r S caling I ndex, 18-2, 18-13

Scf (Stan dar d Cubic Foot), 1-6 SI Termin ology, 1-8 SNG (Synthetic or Substitut e Natura l Ga s), 1-6 Sa mpling, 3-31 Sa tura ted Air Properties, 11-15 Sat urated Compounds, 1-6 Sat urated Liquid, 1-6 Sa tura ted Vapor, 1-6 Scrubber or Knockout, 7-1 Separation Coalescing, 7-3 Newt on’s La w, 7-3 Stokes’ Law, 7-3 Separators, 7-1 Design and Construction, 7-3 Ga s-Liquid, 7-7 Horizonta l, 7-5 Liquid-Liquid, 7-11 Mist Eliminators, 7-8 Pr inciples, 7-1 Spherical, 7-5 Types , 7-1 Verti cal, 7-3 Shell a nd Tube Exchan gers, 9-2 Selection G uide, 9-16 Shrinkage, 1-6 Slug Catcher, 7-1, 17-21 Soave Redlich K wong (SRK ), 25-7 Solid CO 2 Forma tion Cond itions, 13-42 Solution Gas, 1-6 Sonic Velocity, 5-18 Sour Gas, 1-7 Specific Gra vity, 1-7 Hydr ocarbon Mixtur es, 23-21 Petroleum Fractions, 23-18, 23-20 Specific Gravity Factors, 3-3 Splitter, 1-7 Sponge Absorbent, 1-7 Stabilized Condensate, 1-7 St abilizer, 1-7

ix

Sta ge Separation S ystem, 1-7 St eam Coefficient Fa ctors, 3-16 Steam Measurement, 3-29 St ill, 1-7 St orage, 6-1 Atmospher ic, 6-2 Codes, 6-26 High Pressure, 6-2 Installation, 6-14 Insu lat ion, 6-11 Low P ressure, 6-2 Mat erials of Constr uction, 6-10 Medium P ressure, 6-2 Nomenclature, 6-1 Pa rtia l Volumes, 6-18 Pr otective Coatings, 6-11 Refrigerated Storage, 6-7 Site Preparation, 6-14 Underground, 6-2, 6-7 Working Pressures, 6-2 Storage Vessels, 6-5 Strapping, 1-7 Stream Day, 1-7 Stripper, 1-7 St ripping Fa ctor, 1-7 St ripping Medium, 1-7 Sulfinol, 21-15 Sulfur, 1-7 Heat of Vaporiza tion, 22-20 Liquid Viscosity, 22-15 Properties, 22-14 Specifications, 22-30 Vapor P ressu re, 22-19 Viscosity, 22-20 Sulfur Compounds Ent ha lpies, 22-25 Sulfur D ioxide (SO 2), 1-7 Recovery, 22-12 Sulfur Recovery, 22-1 Ca lculation, 22-18 Ca ta lyst C onverter Operat ion, 22-6, 22-9 Cla us P rocess, 22-1 Combustion Operation, 22-4, 22-7 Condenser Operation, 22-5, 22-8 Piping , 22-9 Pr ocess C alculat ions, 22-18 Reheat ing Operation, 22-5, 22-9 Shut down, 22-17 Sta rtup, 22-16 Was te H eat Recovery, 22-5, 22-8 Sulfur Removal, 21-21 Sulfur St orage and H andling, 22-14 Su rfa ce Tension , 23-36 Paraffin Hydrocarbons, 23-40 Surface Water, 18-2 Sw eet G as, 1-7

Tempera tur e Sensors , 4-10 Therm, 1-7 Thermal Conductivity, 23-34 Ca lculation, 23-40 Ga ses, 23-37 Hydrocarbon Gases, 23-37 Liquid Paraffin Hydrocarbons, 23-39 Metals, 9-6 Miscellaneous G ases, 23-37 Natura l and Hydrocarbon G ases, 23-37 P etroleum Fra ctions, 23-39 Therma l E xpansion, 23-25 Thermocouple Tables, 4-12 Therm ocouples, 4-10 Thermodyna mic P roperties, 24-1 Ent ha lpy, 24-2 Entropy, 24-3 Nomenclature, 24-1 Steam, 24-39—42 Wa ter, 24-37, 24-38, 24-39 Therm ometers , 4-11 Therm osyphon Reboilers , 9-13, 19-22 Tra yed C olumn , 1-7, 19-8 Turbi ne Meter s, 3-18, 4-12 Turbine Meter I nsta llat ion, 3-21 Turbines, G as Acoust ics, 15-13 Air Filtra tion, 15-12 Altitude Correction, 15-14 Ambient Tempera tur e Correction, 15-14 Auxiliary S ystems, 15-11 Br ayt on Cycle, 15-11 Combined Cycle, 15-11 Cycles , 15-11 Emissions, 15-15 Exha ust L oss Correction, 15-14 Inlet Loss C orrection, 15-14 Lube S ystems, 15-11 Open C ycle, 15-11 Types , 15-9 Turbines, S team Components, 15-3 Cond ensin g/Non-Conden sing , 15-1 Contr ol Systems, 15-4 Control Valves, 15-3 Eff iciency, 15-5 Exhaust Casings, 15-4 Ext ra ction/Admission , 15-1 Impu lse/Rea ction, 15-1 Nozzles/B lad es, 15-3 Pa rt L oad, 15-5 Single St age, 15-1 Steam Rates, 15-7 Superhea t C orrection Factor, 15-7 Types , 15-1 Turboexpa nder, 1-7 Turboexpa nder s, 13-37

Tail G as C lean -up P rocesses, 22-12, 22-13 Tail G as H an dling, 22-10 Temperatur e Ba se Factors, 3-3 Temperatur e Correction Fa ctors, 1-7 for Mild Steel, 3-34 for Sta inless St eel, 3-34 Tempera tur e Differ ence (Effectiv e) Heat Exchange, 9-12 Tempera tu re Fact ors, 3-3

Ulla ge, 1-7 Unsa tura ted Compounds, 1-7

Valve Freeze Methods, 2-3 Vapor Losses, 6-16 Vapor Pressure, 1-7, 23-32 Hig h Tempera tur e, 23-27 Low Tempera tur e, 23-26

x

Vapor P ressure, G PA, 1-7 Vapor P ressure, G asoline, 1-7 Vapor Recovery, 1-7 Vapor Recovery Systems, 6-17 Vaporiza tion Losses, 6-16 Venturi Meter, 3-38 Viscosity, 23-32 Air, 23-33 G as M ixtu re, 23-33, 23-36 Ga ses, 23-33 Hydrocarbon Gas, 23-31 Hydr ocar bon Liquids, 23-29 Liquids, 23-35 Pa raffin H ydrocarbon G ases, 23-30 P etroleum Fra ctions, 23-34 Pure and Mixed Hydrocarbons, 23-35 Ra tio vs. Pseudoreduced Temperatur e, 23-32 St eam, 23-36 Viscosity-Tempera tu re Cha rt , 23-29 Wa ter, 23-34 Viscosity Relat ionships, 1-12 Volatile Sulfur, 1-7 Volume Correction Factors, 3-19 Vortex Flowmeter, 3-29 Vortex Sh edding F lowmeters, 3-29

Wellhea d, 1-8 Wet G as , 1-8 Wobbe Number, 1-8

Ziegler-Nichols Method Instrumentation, 4-17

Was te H eat Recovery, 8-33, 22-8 Wast ewa ter Treat ment a nd Disposal, 18-15 Wat er Content Ga ses, 20-2 Hydrates, 20-7 Measurement , 20-7 Of Acid G as Mixtures, 20-5 Of Ca rbon D ioxide, 20-5 Of G ases, 20-2 Of Hydrocarbon Gas, 20-4 Of Hyd rogen Sulfide, 20-5 Solubility, 20-3 Solubility in Liquid Hydrocarbons, 20-3 Wat er Trea tin g, 18-1 ABMA and ASME Standards, 18-4 Biological Fouling, 18-14 Boiler B lowdown, 18-4 Ca ustic E mbritt lement, 18-1, 18-11 Chemical Reactions, 18-8 Closed S ystems, 18-15 Corrosion C ontrol, 18-12 Corrosion Mit igat ion, 18-11 Deaera tion (Degasifyin g), 18-7 Foam Contr ol, 18-11 Impurit ies in Wat er, 18-3 Ion-Exch an ge Pr ocesses, 18-5, 18-9 Once-Through Cooling Water Systems, 18-15 Oxygen S cavenging, 18-10 Precipitation Softening, 18-5 Scale Control, 18-11, 18-12 Silica Solubility, 18-6 Sludge Conditionin g, 18-11 Solids (Su spend ed, Diss olved, Tota l), 18-2 Source Waters, 18-1 Water Analysis, 18-2 Wat er C hemistry, 18-4 Wa ter Trea tm ent , 18-1, 18-4 Weathering, 1-7 Weat herin g Test, 1-7 Weight in Air, 1-7

xi