Using Chinese Synonyms

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Using Chinese Synonyms Using Chinese Synonyms is an essential reference book, specifically designed for non-native speakers of Chinese, and for teachers and other language professionals who want a user-friendly guide to the finer nuances of Chinese synonyms. It contains approximately 1700 synonyms in 315 groups. With the particular needs of non-native speakers of Chinese in mind, this invaluable book selects and explains words and phrases in everyday use, allowing students to enhance their knowledge of one of the most important and widely spoken languages in the world. This book assists in the development of fluent, spontaneous and skilful use of Chinese synonyms. g r a c e q i a o z h a n g is Associate Professor in Chinese and Linguistics at Curtin University, Australia. She was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Edinburgh, and has had over twenty-five years’ tertiary experience in teaching Chinese language in Australia, China, New Zealand and the UK. She has published extensively on Chinese language, linguistics and translation, including eight books.

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Using Spanish (second edition) A guide to contemporary usage r . e . b a t c h e l o r and c . j . p o u n t a i n (ISBN 0 521 00481 0 paperback)

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Using Russian (second edition) A guide to contemporary usage d e r e k o f f o r d and n a t a l i a g o g l i t s y n a (ISBN 0 521 54761 X paperback)

Using Italian A guide to contemporary usage j. j. kinder and v . m . s a v i n i (ISBN 0 521 48556 8 paperback)

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Using German Synonyms martin durrell (ISBN 0 521 46552 4 hardback) (ISBN 0 521 46954 6 paperback)

Using Italian Synonyms h o w a r d m o s s and v a n n a m o t t a (ISBN 0 521 47506 6 hardback) (ISBN 0 521 37878 8 paperback)

Using French Synonyms r . e . b a t c h e l o r and m. h. of fo r d (ISBN 0 521 37277 1 hardback) (ISBN 0 521 37878 8 paperback)

Using Russian Synonyms t e r e n c e w a d e and n i j o l e w h i t e (ISBN 0 521 79405 6 paperback)

Using French Vocabulary jea n h. duf fy (ISBN 0 521 57040 9 hardback) (ISBN 0 521 57851 5 paperback)

Using German Vocabulary sarah fagan (ISBN 0 521 79700 4 paperback)

Using Portuguese A guide to contemporary usage an a s ofi a gan ho and t i m o t h y m c g o v e r n

Using Italian Vocabulary marcel danesi

(ISBN 0 521 79663 6 paperback)

Using Spanish Vocabulary r . e . b a t c h e l o r and m i g u e l a . s a n jo s e´

Using Arabic A guide to contemporary usage mahdi alosh (ISBN 0 521 64832 7 paperback)


(ISBN 0 521 00862 X paperback)

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Using Chinese A guide to contemporary usage y v o n n e l i w a l l s and j a n w . w a l l s


(ISBN 978 0 521 78565 5 paperback)


Using Russian Vocabulary terence wade

Using Chinese Synonyms GRACE QIAO ZHANG Curtin University

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521617871 © Grace Zhang 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2010 ISBN-13

978-0-511-77025-8

eBook (NetLibrary)

ISBN-13

978-0-521-61787-1

Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

Acknowledgements

vi

Abbreviations and notes

Pinyin List

vii

1

Pinyin Grouped List Introduction

21

37

Chinese synonyms Bibliography

370

English Index

372

1

v

Acknowledgements

This book has taken six years to complete. I am immensely indebted to GUAN Zhigang, ZHANG Shimin, ZHANG Xiaodan, ZHAO Xiaohua and Margaret Johnson. They played an important role in the later stages of this project, helping to painstakingly proofread drafts of this book. My sincere thanks also go to the anonymous readers, especially the final clearance reader. Their feedback and suggestions were invaluable in shaping design and content, and in bringing this project to completion. ZHANG Shi, MA Rong, GUAN Anne, GONG Qian, REN Wei, FU Yuxian, ZHAO Zhongde, CHENG Yijun, REN Ming, XU Zhichang, Michael Kocken, James Seaford, Alissa Sharples and Lidia Sakarapani also proofread parts of the draft, participated in field testing and helped in many other ways; to them too I am most grateful. I thank Richard Xiao for his expert advice on online resources relevant to the project. To any whom I may have failed to mention, I extend my gratitude. Throughout this project, my commissioning editor at Cambridge University Press, Helen Barton, was extremely supportive, especially when progress became slow. It has been a pleasure working with her. I am also thankful to Elizabeth Davey, Alison Powell, Sarah Green, Ann Mason and Nancy Lawrence, whose assistance and sharp eye for detail were valuable in the later stages of production. My appreciation goes to all the authors and organisations of the relevant dictionaries and online resources I consulted (see Bibliography). I also acknowledge with gratitude the financial assistance provided by Curtin University, in particular the Centre of Advanced Studies for Australia, Asia and the Pacific 2006–2009, the Humanities Publication Grants 2008–2009 and the Research Seeding Grants 2006. Finally, I thank my loving family from the bottom of my heart. My father ZHANG Shimin, mother ZHANG Lanyin, husband GUAN Zhigang and daughter GUAN Anne have my eternal gratitude. Their unconditional love and unwavering support have kept me going with this project.

vi


Abbreviations n. v. adj. adv. aux. num. mw. pr. conj. oft. ph. sb. sth. usu. [] *

noun verb adjective adverb auxiliary number measure word pronoun conjunction often phrase somebody something usually [notes] (used in sample sentences to differentiate notes from English translations) see Note beneath a synonym group

Grammar notes Parts of speech noun: book, man, today, economics, Australia, etc. verb: to eat, to discuss, to enlarge, to think, to begin, etc. adjective: glorious, bad, tall, happy, polite, etc. adverb: very, extremely, somewhat, often, probably, etc. auxiliary word: can, may, will, have to, should, etc. conjunction: and, or, when, while, if, etc. pronoun: I, you, she, they, it, etc.

Syntactic terminology He (subject) quickly (adverbial) finished (predicate) his (attributive) dinner (object).

vii

viii


Layout notes pinyin frame title, part of speech pinyin headword, part of speech *register, **HSK word frequency

English translation English translation and exposition of the headword

sample sentences

*Level of register 3 – formal/ written 2 – neutral 1 – informal/ colloquial 1* – vulgar **Level of HSK word frequency and language difficulty (HSK: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi, the Chinese Proficiency Test, equivalent to TOEFL or IELTS) A – most commonly used and the least difficult, equivalent of HSK jiˇa ( ‘first’) B – more commonly used, equivalent of HSK yˇı ( ‘second’) C – commonly used, equivalent of HSK bˇıng ( ‘third’) D – currently used, equivalent of HSK d¯ıng ( ‘fourth’) N/A – not HSK listed Within each frame title, items are arranged firstly by the level of register, from 3 to 1*, then alphabetically for headwords within each register level. Within the same level of register, order is determined first by • alphabetical order of the initials of the first characters of headwords; then

by • pinyin ordering of the finals; then by • the order of tones (from the first to the fourth); then by • the number of strokes, i.e. characters with fewer strokes precede ones with

more strokes; then by • the order of the beginning stroke: horizontal line (

), then vertical line ( ), then left slash ( ), then dot ( ), then straight stroke with a bending tip ( ).

If the first characters of headwords are the same in every way, the same principle is applied to the next character, and so on. The above also applies to the arrangement of frame titles, less the level of register.

Pinyin initials: b p m f, d t n l, g k h, j q x, zh ch sh r, z c s


ix

Pinyin finals: a o e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong

i ia

u ua uo

u¨

u¨ e

ie uai uei iao iou ian in iang ing iong

uan uen uang ueng

u¨ an u¨ n

1

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 x x x x x

This list is arranged first by alphabetical order of the initials of the first characters of headwords; then by pinyin ordering of the finals; then by the order of tones (from the first to the fourth); then by the number of strokes, i.e. characters with fewer strokes precede ones with more strokes; then by the order of the beginning stroke: horizontal line (а), then vertical line (ј), then left slash (ѯ), then dot (Ѧ), then straight stroke with a bending tip (ҋ).

If the first characters of headwords are the same in every way, the same principle is applied to the next character, and so on.

A

B

ᑞࣙ EƗQJ]K ················ 12 ἂ bàng ····················· 170

ba

bao

ᤄ bá ·························258 ⡨ bà ····························8 ⡨⡨ bàba ······················8

व EƗR ························· 13 व㻡 EƗRIX ··················· 13 व㼩 EƗRJXԁ ················· 13 वਜ਼ EƗRKiQ ················· 14 वᤜ EƗRNXz ················· 14 価┑ EӽRPӽQ ················ 15 ᇍ䍥 EӽRJXu ·················· 15 ‫؍‬ᤱ EӽRFKt ············ 19, 211 ‫؍‬ᆈ EӽRF~Q ················· 19 ‫؍‬㇑ EӽRJXӽQ ················ 19 ‫؍‬ᣔ EӽRK·············· 17, 18

ai ⸞ ӽL ··························· 87 ⡡ ài ·····························1 ⡡ᡤ àidài ······················1 ⡡ྭ àihào ···············1, 338 ⡡ᣔ àihù ·················· 3, 17 ⡡Ӫ àiren ············ 304, 351 ⡡ᜌ jL[Ư ·······················2 ⺽һ àishì ···················116 an ᆹ䶉 ƗQMuQJ ····················4 ᆹᆱ ƗQQtQJ ····················3 ᆹ‫ ޘ‬ƗQTXiQ ···················5 ᆹᗳ ƗQ[ƯQ ··················119 ᤹ àn ····························6 ᤹ᵏ jQTƯ ·······················5 ᤹ᰦ ànshí ·····················5 ᤹➗ ànzhào ···················6 ᳇᳇ àn‫ތ‬àn ··················308

bai ⲭᆇ báizì ···················· 70 Ⲯဃ EӽL[uQJ ················314 ᩶ EӽL ························118 ᤌ bài ························247 ᤌ䇯 EjLIӽQJ ················246 ᤌՊ bàihuì ·················247 ᤌ㿱 bàijiàn ·················247 ban ⨝ᵪ EƗQMƯ ···················169 ࣎⌅ EjQIӽ ··················· 10 ࣎ௌһ EjQ[ӿVKu············229 ॺཙ EjQWLƗQ ················· 11

ang

bang

ᰲ䍥 ángguì ·················· 15

ᑞ EƗQJ ······················· 12 ᑞᘉ EƗQJPiQJ ············· 12

‫ ⮉؍‬EӽROL~ ·················· 19 ‫؍‬ছ EӽRZqL ················· 16 ‫ ޫ؍‬EӽR\ӽQJ ················ 18 ‫؍‬䳌 EӽR]KjQJ ·············· 16 ‫؍‬䇱 EӽR]KqQJ ·············· 17 ‫؍‬տ EӽR]K ················· 18 ᣕ bào························· 20 ᣕ‫ گ‬bàocháng ············ 153 ᣕ䞜 bàochou ·············· 154 ᣕ࠺ EjRNƗQ ················· 19 ᣕ㓨 EjR]Kӿ ·················· 20 ᣡᙘ bàoyuàn ················ 21

2

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘

᳤䵢 bàolù ··················· 22 bei ᛢ૰ EƝL¶ƗL ··················· 24 ᛢ᜘ EƝLFӽQ ·················· 24 ᛢ᝔ EƝLIqQ ·················· 24 ᛢ࠷ EƝLTLq ·················· 24 ᛢՔ EƝLVKƗQJ ··············· 24 ᛢⰋ EƝLWzQJ ················· 24 े EČL ························· 25 े䗩‫ ݯ‬EČLELDQU ············· 26 े䜘 EČLE ··················· 25 ेᯩ EČLIƗQJ ················· 25 ेഭ EČLJXy ·················· 25 े䶒 EČLmiàn ················ 26 ेཤ‫ ݯ‬EČLWyXU ·············· 26 ben ᵜ EČQ························· 26 ᵜӪ EČQUpQ ·················361 ᵜ䓛 EČQVKƝQ ···············362 ㅘ bèn························· 27 ㅘਓᤉ㠼 EqQNԁX]KXǀVKp · 27 ㅘ᡻ㅘ㝊 EqQVKԁXEqQMLӽR · 27 ㅘཤㅘ㝁 EqQWyXEqQQӽR ··· 28 ㅘᤉ EqQ]KXǀ ················ 27 beng ⭝ béng ······················· 47 bi 䙬䘁 EƯMuQ ···················225 ∄ Eӿ··························· 29 ∄ᯩ䈤 EӿIƗQJVKXǀ ········271 ∄䖳 EӿMLjR ··················· 29 ∄ᤏ EӿQӿ ····················· 28 ∄ྲ EӿU~ ····················271 ᖬ↔ EӿFӿ ····················185 䝉㿶 EӿVKu ···················305

ᗵ❦ bìrán ···················340 ᗵ享 Eu[ǌ····················· 30 ∅ㄏ bìjìng ··················238 䰝 bì··························158 䰝ᒅ bìmù ···················229 ᒷᣔ bìhù····················· 17 䚯ᔰ EuNƗL ···················· 31 䚯‫ ݽ‬EuPLӽQ ················· 30 bian ਈ biàn ························ 33 ਈᡀ biànchéng ············· 32 ਈࣘ biàndòng ··············· 32 ਈ䶙 biàngé ·················· 31 ਈᴤ ELjQJƝQJ ··············· 31 ਈখ biànguà ················ 33 ਈॆ biànhuà ················ 32 ਈᦒ biànhuàn ··············· 32 ਈ䗱 ELjQTLƗQ ··············· 31 ‫ׯ‬ᖃ biàndang ··············115 ‫ ࡙ׯ‬biànlì ··················115 䙽 biàn ························ 63 䗘࡛ biànbié ················310 䗘䇔 biànrèn ················311 biao 㺘ⲭ ELӽREiL ················· 34 㺘䗮 ELӽRGi ·················· 34 㺘᰾ ELӽRPtQJ ·············· 34 㺘⽪ ELӽRVKu ················· 35 㺘⧠ ELӽR[LjQ ··············· 36 㺘ᢜ ELӽR\iQJ ··············· 37 㺘ᖠ ELӽR]KƗQJ ············· 36 bie ࡛ bié ························· 47 ࡛Ⲵ biéde ··················· 38 ࡛Ӫ biérén ·················· 39 ࡛ᆇ biézì ···················· 70

bin ᇮ侶 EƯQJXӽQ ·············· 279 bing ᒦ bìng················ 106, 177 ᒦф EuQJTLČ ··············· 106 bo ᫝ᇒ EǀNq ·················· 314 ঊᇒ bókè ·················· 314 bu н bù ·························· 40 нᗵ bù(ú)bì ················· 46 нᴮ bùcéng ················· 40 н䭉 bù(ú)cuò ············· 170 нঅ EGƗQ··················· 41 нն bù(ú)dàn ··············· 41 нᗇ bùdé ···················· 46 нᗇн bùdébù ············ 358 нᗇҶ EGpOLӽR ············ 42 нᯝ bù(ú)duàn ············· 42 н㇑ EJXӽQ ················· 44 н‫ ݹ‬EJXƗQJ················ 41 н䗷 bù(ú)guò ··············· 78 нྭ᜿ᙍ EKӽR\uVL ······ 168 н⾱ EMƯQ ···················· 43 нӵ EMӿQ ···················· 41 н㿹 bùjué ··················· 43 нਟ ENČ ···················· 45 нᯉ bù(ú)liào ············· 237 н䇪 bù(ú)lùn················ 44 н‫ ݽ‬EPLӽQ ··············· 358 нᇩ bùróng ················· 45 нᰦ bùshí ··················· 52 нᱟ«㘼ᱟ E~ VKu«pUVKu ··········· 45 нᱟ«ቡᱟ E~ VKu«MLVKu ···· 45, 191


3

н‫ ڌ‬bùtíng ·················· 43

⍻傼 cèyàn ··················251

ᡀ㔙 chéngjì ················· 56

н⴨кл E[LƗQJVKjQJ[Lj 50 н㹼 bùxíng ················· 46 нᒨ bù(ú)xìng ·············328 н䇨 E[ԃ ···················· 46 н㾱 bù(ú)yào ··············· 47 н㾱㍗ E~ \jRMӿQ ········285 н⭘ bù(ú)yòng ············· 47 н⭡ᗇ bùyóude ············ 43 н⭡㠚ѫ E\yX]u]Kԃ ······ 43 н↓ѻ仾 E~ ]KqQJ]KƯIƝQJ ······364 н⸕н㿹 E]KƯEMXp ······ 43 нਚ E]Kӿ ··················· 41 нտ bù(ú)zhù ··············· 43 н߶ E]KԃQ ················· 46 ↕僔 bùzhòu ···················9 䜘䰘 bùmén ·················· 75

ㆆࡂ cèhuà ··················201

ᡀቡ chéngjiù················ 56 ᡀ᭸ chéngxiào ············· 56 䈊ᚣ FKpQJNČQ ·············· 58 䈊ᇎ chéngshí ··············· 58 䈊ᗳ䈊᜿ FKpQJ[ƯQFKpQJ\u ········· 57 䈊᥊ chéngzhì ··············· 58

C cai ᡽ cái ························141 䟷䍝 FӽLJzX ·················282 can ৲㿲 FƗQJXƗQ ················ 48 ৲࣐ FƗQMLƗ ··················· 49 ৲о FƗQ\ ··················· 49 佀䖖 FƗQFKƝ ················113 佀侶 FƗQJXӽQ ···············113 佀঵ FƗQWƯQJ ················113

cha ᐞ䭉 FKƗFXz ················· 69 ᐞ chà ························188 ᐞнཊ FKjEXGXǀ ····· 51, 193 ᐞн⿫‫ ݯ‬chàbulír ·········· 51 ᐞ⛩‫ ݯ‬FKjGLӽQU ···········194 chan

ᤱ㔝 chíxù ················· 205

ӗ⭏ FKӽQVKƝQJ ············108 䱀᰾ FKӽQPtQJ ·············· 34 䱀䘠 FKӽQVK ················ 34

chong

chang 䮯ѵ FKiQJMLԃ ··············· 52 䮯䘌 FKiQJ\XӽQ ············· 52 ᑨ cháng ················ 53, 234 ᑨᑨ chángcháng ··········· 53 chao ᵍ cháo ······················· 92 ᵍ(⵰) cháo(zhe) ············ 54 ⛂劯劬 FKӽR\yX\~ ·········231 che ᢟ FKČ ························258 chen

cao

⊹䶉 chénjìng ·················3 〠ᗳ FKqQ[ƯQ ···············284

᫽ᗳ FƗR[ƯQ ·················· 75

cheng

ce ޼ cè ·························· 26 ৅ᡰ FqVXԁ ··················· 50 ⍻䈅 cèshì ···················251

chi

〠ਧ FKƝQJKjR ·············288 〠બ FKƝQJKX ···············288 〠䎎 FKƝQJ]jQ ·············· 37 ᡀ chéng ······················ 55 ᡀ᷌ FKpQJJXԁ ········ 56, 227

‫ ࠶ݵ‬FKǀQgfèn ··············· 59 ‫ ⋋ݵ‬FKǀQJSqL ··············· 59 ‫ݵ‬ᇎ FKǀQJVKt ··············· 59 ‫ݵ‬䏣 FKǀQJ]~ ················ 60 䟽༽ chóngfù ·············· 112 chou ᣭ FKǀX ····················· 258 ᜱ chóu ······················· 75 ㆩ༷ chóubèi ·············· 201 䞜ࣣ chóuláo ·············· 154 䞜䉒 chóuxiè ·············· 154 chu ࠪআ FKǌPjL ··············· 283 ࠪ਽ FKǌPtQJ ············· 346 ࠪ୞ FKǌVKzX ·············· 283 ࠪ⧠ FKǌ[LjQ ·············· 108 ࡍ FKǌ ························· 61 ࡍ↕ FKǌE··················· 61 ࡍㅹ FKǌGČQJ ················ 61 ࡍ㓗 FKǌMt ···················· 61 䲔↔ѻཆ FK~Fӿ]KƯZjL ··· 276 䲔Ҷ chúle ··················· 62 䲔Ҷ«ԕཆ FK~OH«\ӿZjL· 62 ༴⨶ FKԃOӿ ···················· 97 ༷ۘ FKԃEqL ·················· 62

4


ۘ㯿 FKԃFiQJ ················ 62 ۘᆈ FKԃF~Q ················· 62 ༴ chù························· 88 ༴༴ chùchù ················· 81 chuan ク FKXƗQ ······················ 63 Րᦸ chuánshòu ············221

cuo

dan

᧚ᯭ FXzVKƯ ····················9 䭉‫ ݯ‬cuòr····················· 69 䭉䈟 cuòwù ·················· 68 䭉ᆇ cuòzì ··················· 70

ᣵ‫ ؍‬GƗQEӽR ················· 17 ᣵᗳ GƗQ[ƯQ ·················· 74 ᣵᘗ GƗQ\ǀX ················· 74 অ GƗQ ······················· 357 অս GƗQZqL ················· 76 㙭ᨱ GƗQJH ··················· 77 㙭䈟 GƗQZX ·················· 76 ն dàn························· 77 նᱟ dànshì ·················· 78

D da

chuang ࡋᯠ FKXjQJ[ƯQ ············109 ࡋ䙐 chuàngzào ············109 chun 㹒 FKԃQ ······················· 28 ci ↔ཆ FӿZjL ··················277 ⅑ cì ····················· 64, 189 cong शश FǀQJFǀQJ ·············200 शᘉ FǀQJPiQJ ············200 㚚᰾ FǀQJPLQJ ·············· 64 Ӿ cóng ······················· 66 Ӿ«ࠪਁ FyQJ«FKǌIƗ ···· 67 Ӿ«ࡠ FyQJ«GjR·········· 67 Ӿ«ᶕⴻ FyQJ«iLNjQ ··· 67 Ӿ«䎧 FyQJ«Tӿ ············ 67 Ӿᶕ cónglái ················363 Ӿࡽ cóngqián ··············342 Ӿһ cóngshì ················ 49

ᩝẓ GƗGjQJ ················175 ㆄᓄ GƗ\LQJ ·················326 䗮 dá ·························· 81 䗮ࡠ dádào ··················· 82 ᢃ Gӽ ·························· 66 ᢃࣘ GӽGzQJ ················136 ᢃ㇇ GӽVXDQ ················202 བྷॺ dàbàn ··········· 103, 104 བྷ䜘࠶ dàbùfen ············103 བྷ䜭 GjGǀX··················104 བྷཊ GjGXǀ··················104 བྷཊᮠ GjGXǀVK ··········103 བྷࠑ dàfán ··················111 བྷᾲ dàgài ··················· 71 བྷՉ‫ ݯ‬GjKXԁU ·············· 73 བྷᇦ GjMLƗ ···················· 72 བྷ䟿 dàliàng ··········· 74, 100 བྷᢩ GjSƯ ····················· 74 བྷփ GjWӿ ····················· 71 བྷ㓖 Gj\XƝ ··················· 71 བྷ㠤 dàzhì ··················· 71 བྷՇ dàzhòng ···············313 བྷᇇ Gj]ǀQJ ················· 73 dai

cou ࠁਸ còuhe ··················165 cun ᆈۘ F~QFKԃ ················· 63 ᆈ൘ cúnzài ·················241

੶ GƗL ························· 28 ᑖ dài ························· 63 ᖵ dài ························· 86 ᡤ dài ························· 63

dang ᖃ GƗQJ ······················· 79 ᖃ«Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ GƗQJ«GHVKtKRX ········ 79 ᖃ൪ GƗQJFKӽQJ ············· 80 ᖃࡍ GƗQJFKǌ ················ 80 ᖃᒤ GƗQJQLiQ ··············· 80 ᖃࡽ GƗQJTLiQ ············· 336 ᖃᰦ GƗQJVKt················· 80 ᖃѝ GƗQJ]KǀQJ ··········· 264 ᖃཙ dàngtLƗQ················ 80 dao ሬᐸ GӽRVKƯ ················ 224 ࡠ dào···················· 79, 82 ࡠ༴ dàochù ················· 81 ࡠ䗮 dàodá ··················· 82 ࡠᓅ GjRGӿ ··········· 238, 359 䚃‫ ݯ‬dàor··················· 278 䚃䐟 dàolù ················· 277 䚃ⅹ dàoqiàn ················ 83 de ᗇ dé ·························· 85 ᗇࡠ dédào ··················· 84 dei ᗇ GČL ························· 30

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 deng

dong

ㅹ GČQJ ······················· 86 ㅹᖵ GČQJGjL ················ 85 ㅹㅹ GČQJGČQJ ·············· 86 ㅹ‫ ى‬GČQJKzX ··············· 85

ь GǀQJ ······················· 90 ь䗩‫ ݯ‬GǀQJELDQU ··········· 91 ь䜘 GǀQJE ················· 90 ьᯩ GǀQJIƗQJ ·············· 90 ь䶒 GǀQJPLjQ ·············· 91 ьཤ‫ ݯ‬GǀQJWyXU ············ 91

di վ GƯ·······················61, 87 վՠ GƯJǌ ···················305 վ㓗 GƯMt ······················ 61 վ࣓ GƯOLq ···················· 60 վл GƯ[Lj ···················· 60 ᣥ䗮 GӿGi ····················· 82 ൠ dì··························· 88 ൠᑖ dìdài ···················· 88 ൠ⛩ GuGLӽQ ·················· 89 ൠᯩ dìfang ·················· 89 ൠ४ GuTǌ ···················· 88 ㅜҼ Gu¶qU ···················107 dian ⛩ᆀ GLӽQ]L ·················· 10 diao 䈳ᦒ diàohuàn ··············218 die ⡩ GLƝ ···························8

5

ཊቁ GXǀVKDR ·············· 102 ཊᮠ GXǀVK ········· 104, 105 ཊ䉒 GXǀ[Lq ················ 140 ཪ duó ······················ 353 ཪᗇ duódé··················· 84 ཪਆ GXyTԃ ············ 84, 354

E

du

e

䈫 dú ·························248

䱯䈰ཹ᢯ Ɲ\~IqQJFKpQJ ··· 36

duan

er

⸝ GXӽQ ·················· 87, 91 ⸝༴ GXӽQFKX ················ 68 ⸝‫ ׳‬GXӽQF ················· 91 ⸝Ჲ GXӽQ]jQ ················ 91

‫ ྣݯ‬pUQԉ··················· 166 ‫ݯ‬ㄕ értóng ················ 166 㘼 ér ····················· 78, 106 㘼ф pUTLČ ·················· 106 Ҽ èr ························· 107

dui ሩ duì ················ 92, 93, 94 ሩ‫ ݯ‬duìr ····················· 95 ሩ∄ GXuEӿ ···················· 29 ሩн䎧 GXuEXTӿ ·············· 96 ሩнտ duìbuzhù············ 96 ሩᖵ duìdài ·················· 97 ሩᦒ duìhuàn ···············218 ሩ«ᶕ䈤 GXu«OiLVKXǀ ···· 98 ሩҾ duìyú ··················· 93 ሩ➗ duìzhào ················ 29 ‫ ᦒށ‬duìhuàn ···············219

ding dun ਞౡ GƯQJ]Kԃ ···············120 ⴟ GƯQJ·······················246

亯ᰦ dùnshí ················ 268

diu

duo

ђ㝨 GLǌOLӽQ ················· 89 ђ䶒ᆀ GLǌPLjQ]L ··········· 89 ђӪ GLǌUpQ ·················· 89 ђӪ⧠⵬ GLǌUpQ[LjQ\ӽQ ·· 90

ཊ GXǀ ······ 99, 100, 101, 102, 152 ཊॺ GXǀEjQ ········· 103, 104 ཊ⅑ GXǀFu ··················112 ཊѸ GXǀPH ·················102

F fa ਁᜱ IƗFKyX ·················· 75 ਁ᰾ IƗPtQJ ··············· 109 ਁ⾘ IƗSLjR ················ 108 ਁ⭏ IƗVKƝQJ··············· 109 ਁ⧠ IƗ[LjQ ················ 109 ਁኅ IƗ]KӽQ ················ 110 ⌅ᆀ Iӽi ]L ·················· 10 fan ࠑ fán ······················· 111 ࠑᱟ fánshì················· 111 ৽༽ IӽQI·················· 112 ৽᱐ IӽQ\uQJ ················· 36 依ᓇ fàndiàn ········· 113, 279 依侶‫ ݯ‬IjQJXӽQU ·········· 114 依঵ IjQWƯQJ ··············· 114

6

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 fang

仾؇ IƝQJV~ ·········· 125, 335

ᯩ IƗQJ························ 88 ᯩ‫ ׯ‬IƗQJELjQ ··············115 ᯩ⌅ IƗQJIӽ ····················9 ᯩᔿ IƗQJVKì ················· 10 䱢→ IiQJ]Kӿ ··········· 30, 233 ࿘⺽ IiQJ¶jL ················116 ᡯ fáng·······················116 ᡯ䰤 IiQJMLƗQ ···············117 ᡯቻ IiQJZǌ ················117 ᡯᆀ fángzi ·················117 ԯ֋ IӽQJI~ ·················171 䇯䰞 IӽQJZqQ ········· 48, 247 ᭮ fàng·······················119 ᭮ᗳ IjQJ[ƯQ ················119

fu

fei 伎ᵪ IƝLMƯ ····················169 䶎ᑨ IƝLFKiQJ ··············179 䍩 fèi ·························187 䍩⭘ fèiyòng ················187 fen ࠶ IƝQ ························· 55 ࠶䗘 IƝQELjQ ················311 ࠶࡛ IƝQELp ·················311 «࠶ѻ «IƝQ]KƯ ··········· 55 ਖ਼ી IƝQfu ··················120 ࠶ཆ fènwài ·················179 feng Ѡᇼ IƝQJI ·················121 Ѡ┑ IƝQJPӽQ ··············· 15 Ѡⴋ IƝQJVKqQJ ············122 仾‫ ݹ‬IƝQJJXƗQJ ············123 仾Ჟ IƝQJMӿQJ ···············124 仾ᒣ⎚䶉 IƝQJStQJOjQJMuQJ ÂÂ3 仾≄ IƝQJTu ·················124 仾ቊ IƝQJVKjQJ ············125

ཛӪ IǌUHQ···················304 ᢦᤱ fúchí ···················· 11 䖵ሬ IԃGӽR ··················222 䖵ሬઈ IԃGӽR\XiQ ·········224 ⡦ fù ····························8 ⡦Ӣ fùqin······················8 Ԉ fù ·························127 Ԉࠪ IFKǌ ··················127 ԈⅮ INXӽQ ················126 Ԉ䫡 fùqián ·················127 Ԉ䍖 fùzhàng ···············127 ྷྣ IQԉ ···················294 䱴䘁 fùjìn ···················128 ࢟ fù ·························· 95 ᇼ fù ·························122 ᇼᕪ fùqiáng ················121 ᇼᴹ I\ԁX ··················121 ᇼ։ fùyu ···················122 ᇼ㼅 fùyù ···················122 䍻Ҹ I\ԃ ···················149

G gai ᭩ JӽL ··················· 33, 131 ᭩ਈ JӽLELjQ ················· 32 ᭩ࣘ JӽLGzQJ ···············131 ᭩䶙 JӽLJp ··················131 ᭩ᦒ JӽLKXjQ ···············131 ᭩䘋 JӽLMuQ ··················131 ᭩㢟 JӽLOLiQJ ···············132 ᭩ழ JӽLVKjQ ················132 ᭩䙐 JӽL]jR ·················132 ᭩↓ JӽL]KqQJ ··············132 gan ᒢ㜶 JƗQFXu ·················330

ᒢ߰ JƗQMuQJ ··············· 133 ቤቜ JƗQJj ················· 134 䎦㍗ JӽQMӿQ ················ 269 䎦ᘛ JӽQNXjL ·············· 269 䎦ᘉ JӽQPiQJ ············· 269 ᝏ䀖 JӽQFK ··············· 137 ᝏࡠ JӽQGjR ··············· 135 ᝏࣘ JӽQGzQJ·············· 136 ᝏॆ JӽQKXj ··············· 221 ᝏ◰ JӽQMƯ ·················· 140 ᝏ㿹 JӽQMXp ·········· 135, 138 ᝏᛵ JӽQTtQJ ·············· 139 ᝏਇ JӽQVKzX ········ 135, 137 ᝏᜣ JӽQ[LӽQJ ············· 138 ᝏ䉒 JӽQ[Lq ················ 140 ᒢ gàn ······················· 367 ᒢ䛓һ‫ ݯ‬gànnàshìr ······ 369 gang ࡊ JƗQJ ····················· 141 ࡊ᡽ JƗQJFiL··············· 141 ࡊࡊ JƗQJJƗQJ ············ 141 gao 儈‫ ޤ‬JƗR[uQJ ········ 143, 196 ᩎ JӽR ······················· 367 ੺ gào ······················· 146 ੺࡛ gàobié ·········· 145, 322 ੺䗎 gàocí ················· 145 ੺䇹 gàosu ················· 147 ੺䘰 gàotuì ················ 145 ੺⸕ JjR]KƯ ················ 146 ge ᨱ JƝ ························ 119 Ṭཆ géwài ················· 179 њњ gègè ·················· 148 њӪ gèrén ················· 362 њᙗ gèxìng ················ 339 ਴ gè ························ 148


7

਴њ gègè ···················149

᚝‫ ى‬JǀQJKzX ··············· 85

ᒯঊ JXӽQJEy·············· 161

਴ս gèwèi ··················· 72 ਴㠚 gèzì ············· 149, 362

᚝㔤 JǀQJZHL ··············· 37

ᒯབྷ JXӽQJGj ·············· 161 ᒯ⌋ JXӽQJIjQ ············· 161 ᒯ䱄 JXӽQJNXz ············ 162 䙋 guàng······················ 48

gei 㔉 JČL ························150 㔉ԕ JČL\ӿ ···················150 gen ṩᦞ JƝQM ·····················7 ṩ‫ ݯ‬JƝQU ···················151 ṩⓀ JƝQ\XiQ ···············260 䐏 JƝQ················· 176, 178 geng ᴤࣘ JƝQJGzQJ ·············130 ᴤ᭩ JƝQJJӽL ·········· 32, 130 ᴤᦒ JƝQJKXjQ ·· 32, 130, 219 ᴤᯠ JƝQJ[ƯQ ···············130 ᴤ↓ JƝQJ]KqQJ ············130 㙯ⴤ JČQJ]Kt ···············329 ᴤ gèng ··············· 101, 152 ᴤ࣐ JqQJMLƗ ········· 101, 152 gong ᐕ䫡 Jǀngqian ··············155 ᐕ䍴 JǀQJ]Ư ·················154 ‫ ޜ‬JǀQJ ······················155 ‫ޜ‬䚃 JǀQJGDR ··············174 ‫ ޡޜ‬JǀQJJzQJ ·············155 ‫ޜ‬ᒣ JǀQJStQJ ·············173 ‫ ⭘ޜ‬JǀQJ\zQJ ·············156 ‫ޜ‬ᴹ JǀQJ\ԁX ··············156 ‫ޜ‬ሃ JǀQJ\ ················117 ‫ ↓ޜ‬JǀQJ]KqQJ············174 ࣏ཛ JǀQJIX ················319 ࣏㔙 JǀQJMu ·················· 56 ࣏ࣣ JǀQJOiR ················ 57 ࣏᭸ JǀQJ[LjR··············· 56

gou ⋏䙊 JǀXWǀQJ ···············220 ⤇⵬ⴻӪվ JԁX\ӽQNjQUpQGƯ ·········306 䍝 gòu ·······················282 䍝Ҡ JzXPӽL ················282 ཏ gòu ························ 60 gu ခ၈ JǌQLDQJ ···············157 亮 gù ·························244 䳷 gù ·························352 guai ᙚ guài ························ 21 ᙚ㖚 guàizui ················· 21 guan ‫ ޣ‬JXƗQ ······················158 ‫ޣ‬䰝 JXƗQEu ·················158 ‫ޣ‬ᘰ JXƗQKXiL ··············159 ‫ ࠷ޣ‬JXƗQTLq ···············159 ‫ޣ‬ᗳ JXƗQ[ƯQ ···············159 ‫ޣ‬Ҿ JXƗQ\~ ················· 93 ‫ ➗ޣ‬JXƗQ]KjR ·············159 㿲ሏ JXƗQFKi ···············245 㿲⛩ JXƗQGLӽQ ··············343 㿲‫ ݹ‬JXƗQJXƗQJ ············· 48 㿲ⴻ JXƗQNjQ ·········· 48, 245 㿲䍿 gXƗQVKӽQJ ······· 48, 245 ㇑ JXӽQ ······················161 ㇑⨶ JXӽQOӿ ·················160 ㇑䗆 JXӽQ[Li ···············160

gui 䰪ྣ JXƯQ ················· 157 䍥ᇮ JXuEƯQ ················ 254 䍥ᇒ guìkè ················· 254 䍥䟽 guìzhòng ··············· 15 guo ഭཆ guówài ··············· 167 ഭ䈝 *Xy\ԃ ················ 168 䗷ᓖ guòdù ················ 163 䗷࠶ guòfèn················ 163 䗷⚛ JXzKXԁ ··············· 163 䗷䟿 guòliàng ············· 163 䗷৫ guòqù ················ 342 䗷ཡ JXzVKƯ ·················· 67 䗷ཤ guòtóu················ 164

H hai 䘈 hái ··········· 101, 152, 349 䘈ྭ KiLKӽR ················ 165 䘈ਟԕ KiLNČ\ӿ ············ 165 䘈ᱟ háishì ················· 191 䘈㹼 háixíng ··············· 165 䘈ᴹ KiL\ԁX ················ 277 ᆙᆀ háizi ·················· 166 ⎧ཆ KӽLZjL ················ 167 ᇣᙅ hàipà ················· 296 ᇣ㟺 hàisào ················ 168 ᇣ㗎 KjL[Lǌ ················ 168

guang han ‫ ݹ‬JXƗQJ·····················357

ਜ਼ hán························· 14

8


ਜ਼ᴹ KiQ\ԁX ················· 14

ਾ hòu ·······················182

Պᇒ huìkè ················· 189

ሂ hán························262 ≹䈝 +jQ\ԃ ·················168 ᥽ছ hànwèi ················· 16

ਾ᷌ KzXJXԁ ··········· 57, 227 ਾᛄ KzXKXӿ ················181 ਾᶕ hòulái ·················182

Պ䈸 huìtán ················ 190 ՊᲔ huìwù ················ 190

hang

hu

㡚⨝ KiQJEƗQ ···············170

ᘭ❦ KǌUiQ ··················184 ᘭᛐ Kǌ\RX ·················299 㜑਼‫ ݯ‬hútòngr ············278 ӂ hù ·························185 ӂ⴨ K[LƗQJ ···············185 ӂࣙ hùzhù··················175 ᣔ hù ·························· 18

hao ྭ KӽR············· 94, 170, 181 ྭ∄ KӽREӿ ··················173 ྭнᇩ᱃ KӽREUyQJ\u ···171 ྭཊ KӽRGXǀ ················100 ྭѵ KӽRMLԃ ·················· 11 ྭⴻ KӽRNjQ ················301 ྭᇩ᱃ KӽRUyQJ\u··········171 ྭ‫ ۿ‬KӽR[LjQJ ··············172 ྭӋ KӽR[LƝ ·················101 ྭ hào···························2 㙇䍩 hàofèi ·················186 he થᣔ KƝK ······················3 ਸ hé ·························159 ਸՉ KpKXԁ ·················176 ਸ⨶ KpOӿ ····················174 ਸ࣋ hélì ····················175 ਸ֌ hézuò ··················175 օㅹ KpGČQJ ················102 օߥ hékuàng ···············106 ઼ hé ·················· 176, 178

hua 㣡 KXƗ························186 㣡䍩 hXƗIHL ·················187 㣡䍩 KXƗIqL ·················186 ॾ䈝 +Xi\ԃ ·················169 huai ൿ huài ················ 189, 302 huan ⅒ᘛ KXƗQNXjL ··············· 42 ⅒Ҁ KXƗQOq ·················142 ⅒ཙௌൠ KXƗQWLƗQ[ӿGu ····143 ⅒ௌ KXƗQ[ӿ ·················143 ᒫᜣ KXjQ[LӽQJ ············266 ᦒ huàn ················· 33, 219 huang

hen ᝼ᘉ KXƗQJPiQJ ···········200 ᖸ KČQ························179 ᖸнᇩ᱃ KČQEUyQJ\u ···171 ᖸཊ KČQGXǀ ················100 hou ⥤‫ݯ‬㋮ KyXUMƯQJ············· 65

hui എ huí ························· 64 ᛄᚘ KXӿKqQ ·················181 Պ huì ················· 190, 252 Պ㿱 huìjiàn ················189

huo ⚛‫ ى‬KXԁKRX ··············· 195 Չ KXԁ ······················ 297 ᡆ huò ······················ 191 ᡆᱟ huòshì ················ 191 ᡆ䇨 KXz[ԃ ·················· 71 ᡆ㘵 KXz]KČ ··············· 192 㧧 huò ························ 83 㧧ᗇ huòdé··················· 84 㧧ਆCKXzTԃ ·················· 84

J ji ࠐѾ MƯKǌ ··················· 193 ᵪ‫ ޣ‬MƯJXƗQ ·················· 76 ᵪՊ MƯKXu ·················· 195 ᵪ⚥ MƯOLQJ·············· 65, 276 ᵪ䙷 MƯ\ ··················· 194 ᵪᲪ MƯ]Ku····················· 65 สᵜк MƯEČQVKDQJ ········ 193 ◰ MƯ ························· 137 ◰ࣘ MƯGzQJ ·········· 137, 196 ◰ਁ MƯIƗ ···················· 136 ◰࣡ MƯOu····················· 136 ◰ᛵ MƯTtQJ ················· 138 ৺ jí ························· 177 ৺ᰦ jíshí ·······················6 ণ‫ ׯ‬jíbiàn ················· 239 ণሶ MtMLƗQJ ················ 215 ণ֯ MtVKӿ ··················· 239 ᶱ jí ························· 180 ᶱᓖ jídù ··················· 178 ᶱަ jíqí ···················· 178 ᙕ jí ··················· 198, 199 ᙕशश MtFǀQJFǀQJ ······· 200

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 ᙕᘉ jímáng ················201

ㆰ᰾ MLӽQPtQJ ··············214

ᙕ䘛 jípò ····················198 ᙕ࠷ jíqiè············· 197, 198 ᙕ䒱 jízào ···················197 ࠐ Mӿ ··························102 㔉Ҹ Mӿ\ԃ ····················150 䇑ࡂ jìhuà ···················202 䇠 jì ··························203 䇠ᗇ jìde ····················203 䇠ᖅ jìlù ·····················203 䇠䖭 Mu]ӽL ····················203 䇠տ jìzhù ···················204 ᆓ jì ··························204 ᆓᓖ jìdù ····················204 ᆓ㢲 jìjié ····················205 㔗㔝 jìxù ····················206 ᇲ䶉 jìjìng ·····················4

ㆰ㾱 MLӽQ\jR ················214 ㆰ᱃ MLӽQ\u ··················213 㿱 jiàn ·······················190 㿱䀓 MLjQMLČ ·················343 㿱䶒 jiànmiàn ··············190 ⑀ jiàn ·······················360 ⑀⑀ jiànjiàn ················360 䢤࡛ jiànbié ·················311

jia ࣐‫ ޕ‬MLƗU ···················· 49 ࣐ԕ MLƗ\ӿ ···················149 ᇦ MLƗ ·················· 207, 208 ᇦⵧ MLƗMXjQ ·················206 ᇦ኎ MLƗVKԃ ··················207 ᇦᓝ MLƗWtQJ ·················207 ‫ ٷ‬MLӽ ·························209 ‫ ྲٷ‬MLӽU~ ···················315 ԧ jià ·························210 ԧṬ jiàgé ···················210 ԧ⸱ MLjPӽ ··················211 ԧ䫡 jiàqian ·················210 ჱ jià ·························228 jian ඊᤱ MLƗQFKt ·················211 ㆰ‫ ׯ‬MLӽQELjQ ···············212 ㆰঅ MLӽQGƗQ ················212 ㆰ⸝ MLӽQGXӽQ ··············214 ㆰ⌱ MLӽQMLp ·················214 ㆰ䱻 MLӽQOzX ················213

jiang ሶ䘁 MLƗQJMuQ ········· 193, 226 ሶᶕ MLƗQJOiL ········· 183, 308 ሶ㾱 MLƗQJ\jR ··············215 䇢 MLӽQJ ··············· 147, 216 䇢䈍 MLӽQJKXj ··············216 䇢䀓 MLӽQJMLČ ········· 146, 232 䇢ᐸ MLӽQJVKƯ ···············224 䇢䘠 MLӽQJVK ···············146 jiao ӔԈ MLƗRI ··················126 Ӕᦒ MLƗRKXjQ ··············219 Ӕ⍱ MLƗROL~ ·················220 Ӕ⎹ MLƗRVKq ················220 Ӕ䈸 MLƗRWiQ ·················221 ᮉ MLƗR ·······················222 ❖ᙕ MLƗRMt ···················197 ❖㲁 MLƗROԋ ··················197 ⤑⥮ MLӽRKXi ················· 65 ⸛↓ MLӽR]KqQJ ·············130 ᮉሬ MLjRGӽR ················221 ᮉ㓳 jiàoliàn ················224 ᮉᐸ MLjRVKƯ ·················224 ᮉᦸ jiàoshòu ···············224 ᮉଶ MLjRVXǀ ················222 ᮉ䇝 jiàoxùn ················222 ᮉ㛢 jiàoyù ·················222 ᮉઈ jiàoyuán ··············225

9

jie ᧕䘁 MLƝMuQ ·················· 226 ᨝ MLƝ ·························· 22 ᨝ਁ MLƝIƗ····················· 22 ᨝䵢 MLƝO····················· 22 ᨝⽪ MLƝVKu ··················· 22 㺇 MLƝ ························ 277 㺇䚃 MLƝGjR················· 278 ⌱߰ jiéjìng ················ 133 㔃᷌ MLpJXԁ ············ 57, 227 㔃ႊ MLpKǌQ ················ 228 㔃ᶏ jiéshù ················· 230 㔃㇇ jiésuàn ··············· 126 㔃䍖 jiézhàng ·············· 127 䀓䳷 MLČJ ·················· 231 䀓䟺 MLČVKu ················· 232 jin Ӻਾ MƯQKzX ················ 182 ӵ MӿQ ························ 356 ӵӵ MӿQMӿQ·················· 356 ቭᘛ MӿQNXjL················ 269 ㍗ MӿQ ························ 199 ㍗ᙕ MӿQMt ··················· 199 ㍗䘛 MӿQSz ·················· 198 ࣢‫ ݯ‬jìnr ···················· 268 䘋‫ ޕ‬jìnrù ···················· 49 䘋㹼 jìnxíng ··············· 240 䘁ᶕ jìnlái ·················· 365 䘁ᵏ MuQTƯ ·················· 365 䘁լ jìnsì ··············· 50, 172 ⾱ jìn ·························· 45 ⾱→ MuQ]Kӿ ············· 46, 233 jing 㓿ᑨ MƯQJFKiQJ ········ 53, 235 㓿㇑ MƯQJJXӽQ ············· 160 㓿䗷 MƯQJJXz ··············· 236 㓿শ MƯQJOu·················· 236

10


㓿傼 MƯQJ\jQ ················236 㓿㩕 MƯQJ\tQJ ···············160 ㋮᰾ MƯQJPtQJ ··············· 65 Ჟ‫ ݯ‬MӿQJU ···················124 Ჟ㢢 MӿQJVq ··················123 Ჟ⢙ MӿQJZ ················123 Ჟ䊑 MӿQJ[LjQJ ·············123 Ჟ㠤 MӿQJ]Ku ················123 ㄏ jìng ·······················237 ㄏ❦ jìngrán ················237 ᮜ⡡ MuQJ¶jL ····················1 ຳൠ jìngdì ··················· 88 ຳཆ jìngwài ················167 䶉ᚴᚴ MuQJTLƗRTLƗR ··········4 jiu 㓐↓ MLǌ]KqQJ ··············132 ウㄏ MLǌMuQJ ·················238 䞂ᓇ MLԃGLjQ ········· 114, 279 䞂侶‫ ݯ‬MLԃJXӽQU ············114 䞂ᇦ MLԃMLƗ ···················114 ቡ jiù ·························356 ቡᱟ jiùshì ··················239 ቡ㇇ jiùsuàn ················240 ቡ㾱 jiùyào ·················215 ju ት❦ MǌUiQ ···················237 Ѯ࣎ MԃEjQ ··················240 Ѯ㹼 Mԃ[tQJ ·················241 ާ༷ jùbèi ···················241 ާᴹ M\ԁX ··················241 juan ধ juàn ························ 26 ⵧ኎ MXjQVKԃ ···············206 jue 㿹ᗇ juéde ··········· 136, 242

jun ‫ ׺‬jùn ························301

K kai ᔰ䟷 NƗLFӽL ··················244 ᔰ䲔 NƗLFK~ ·················231 ᔰਁ NƗLIƗ ···················110 ᔰූ NƗLNČQ ·················244 ᔰ䱄 NƗLNXz ·················162 ᔰ䗏 NƗLSu ···················244 ᔰᤃ NƗLWXz ·················110 ᔰ䬰 NƗL[LƗR ················188 ᔰᗳ NƗL[ƯQ ·················144 ᔰኅ NƗL]KӽQ ···············110 ᔰ᭟ NƗL]KƯ··················188 kan ⴻ kàn··········· 245, 248, 249 ⴻн䎧 NjQEXTӿ ············306 ⴻᖵ kàndài ·················· 98 ⴻվ NjQGƯ ··················306 ⴻ⌅ NjQIӽ ··················343 ⴻ㿱 kànjiàn ················245 ⴻᵋ kànwàng ··············247 kao 㘳ḕ NӽRFKi ················252 㘳㲁 NӽROԋ ··················250 㘳䈅 NӽRVKu ·················252 䶐䘁 kàojìn ·················226 ke 仇 NƝ ·························272 ਟ䍥 NČJXì ··················· 16 ਟᱟ NČVKu···················· 78 ਟԕ NČ\ӿ ····················252 ⑤ᵋ NČZjQJ ···············334

ᇒ kè ························ 254 ᇒӪ kèrén ················· 254 ken 㛟 NČQ ······················· 347 㛟ᇊ NČQGuQJ ·············· 340 ᚣ࠷ NČQTLq ·················· 58 kong オᜣ NǀQJ[LӽQJ ··········· 266  ᜗ NԁQJM················ 296  ᙅ NԁQJSj ············ 71, 75 kou ਓ NԁX ······················ 255 ku 㤖 Nԃ ························ 329 㤖ᚬ NԃQӽR················· 328 䞧 kù ························ 171 kua ཨ NXƗ························· 38 ཨ྆ NXƗMLӽQJ················ 37 kuai ᘛ⍫ kuàihuo ·············· 144 ᘛҀ kuàilè················· 143 ᘛ㾱 kuàiyào ·············· 215 kuan ᇭᮎ NXƗQFKDQJ ··········· ᇭབྷ NXƗQGj ··············· ᇭᒯ NXƗQJXӽQJ ··········· ᇭ䱄 NXƗQNXz··············

162 162 162 163

kuang ߥф NXjQJTLČ ············· 106

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 kuo

le

ᢙ‫ ݵ‬NXzFKǀQJ ·············256 ᢙབྷ kuòdà ·················256 ᢙᔪ kuòjiàn ················256 ᢙኅ NXz]KӽQ ···············256 ᢙᕐ NXz]KƗQJ ·············257

Ҁ䏓 lèqù ····················338 Ҁ᜿ lèyì ····················348

L la ᣹ OƗ ··························258 lai ᶕᇮ OiLEƯQ ··················254 ᶕഎ láihuí ··················112 ᶕᇒ láikè ···················254 ᶕশ láilì ····················260 ᶕᖰ OiLZӽQJ ···············259 ᶕⓀ láiyuán ················260 䎆 lài ·························· 21 lan ⛲ làn ························302 lang ⤬⣸ lángbèi ················134 ᵇ䈫 OӽQJG~ ·················249 lao ᦎ䫡 OƗRTLiQ ················355 ࣣ傮 láojià ··················· 97 㘱 OӽR ························363 㘱⡨ OӽREj ·····················9 㘱Ⲯဃ OӽREӽL[uQJ ·········314 㘱‫ ޜ‬OӽRJǀQJ ···············352 㘱ၶ OӽRSR ··················304 㘱ᇎ OӽRVKL ··················· 59 㘱ᐸ OӽRVKƯ ··················225 㘱ᱟ OӽRVKu ··················364

lei ㍟ lèi ·························261 ㊫լ lèisì ····················· 50 leng ߧ OČQJ ·······················262 li 哾᰾ límíng ·················350 䟼 Oӿ ··························264 䟼䗩 OӿELDQ ··················265 䟼䶒 OӿPLjQ ·················265 䟼ཤ OӿWRX ···················265 ⨶Պ OӿKXu ···················273 ⨶䀓 OӿMLČ ····················273 ⨶ᜣ Oӿ[LӽQJ ················266 ࣋ lì ··························267 ࣋䟿 lìliang ·················267 ࣋≄ lìqi ·····················267 ࣋ҹ Ou]KƝQJ ················354 শᶕ lìlái ····················363 ・ণ lìjí······················269 ・࡫ lìkè ····················269 ࡙⭘ lìyòng ·················270 ֻྲ lìrú ·····················271 ㋂ lì ··························272

11

liang 㢟ྭ OLiQJKӽR·············· ߹ liáng ····················· є OLӽQJ ····················· 䈵䀓 OLjQJMLČ ···············

344 262 107 346

liao 䗭䱄 liáokuò ··············· 161 㙺 liáo ······················ 217 㙺ཙ‫ ݯ‬OLiRWLƗQU ··········· 218 Ҷнᗇ OLӽREXGH ············ 42 Ҷ䀓 OLӽRMLČ ················ 273 lie ࣓ liè ························ 188 lin 䛫䘁 línjìn·················· 128 Ѥ䘁 línjìn·················· 226 ੍ᜌ OuQ[Ư ······················2 ling զ‫ ؀‬línglì·············· 65, 275 ⚥ líng ·················· 65, 276 ⚥⍫ línghuó ··············· 275 ⚥᭿ OtQJPӿn··············· 275 ⚥ᐗ OtQJTLӽR ·············· 275 ߼Ი língchén·············· 350 亶Պ OӿQJKXu ··············· 273 ਖཆ lìngwài ··············· 277

lia

liu

‫ ؙ‬OLӽ ·························107

Ⓦ享᣽傜 OLǌ[ǌSƗLPӽ ······ 38 ⍱䵢 liúlù ···················· 34

lian 䘎ᘉ liánmáng ··············269 䘎㔝 liánxù ·················206 㝨 OLӽQ ·······················287

lou ᾬ lóu ······················· 117 ᾬᡯ lóufáng ··············· 118

12


䵢侵‫ ݯ‬lòuxiànr ············· 23 lu ᖅ⭘ lùyòng ················352 䐟 lù··························278 Oԉ ᯵ᓇ OԉGLjQ ·················279 ᯵侶 OԉJXӽQ ·················280 ᯵㹼 Oԉ[tQJ ·················280 ᯵⑨ Oԉ\yX ··················281 ኑ⅑ OԉFu ····················111 ን㹼 Oԉ[tQJ ·················355

M

⋑ӰѸ méishénme ········285 ⋑һ‫ ݯ‬méishìr ·············285 ⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮һ‫ݯ‬ PpLVKuU]KӽRVKuU ·········353 ⋑ᴹ PpL\ԁX ················· 40 ᷊ méi ·······················272 ⇿ PČL ·······················149 ⇿њӪ PČLJqUpQ ············ 73 㖾 PČL ·······················300 㖾㿲 PČLJXƗQ ··············300 㖾ѭ PČLOu ···················301 meng ⥋ PČQJ ·····················184 ⥋❦ PČQJUiQ ··············184 Ỗᜣ PqQJ[LӽQJ ···········266

ma

᭿䭀 PӿQUXu ················ 276 ming ਽ míng ····················· 289 ਽〠 PtQJFKƝQJ ·········· 288 ਽䍥 míngguì ················ 16 ਽ᆇ míngzi················ 289 ᰾ⲭ míngbai ·············· 273 mou 䈻 móu······················ 201 mu ⇽ Pԃ ······················· 289 ⇽Ӣ PԃTƯQ ················ 289 ⴞࡽ mùqián ··············· 337

mi ྸྸ PƗPD ·················290 傜傜㱾㱾 PӽPDKǌKǌ ·····165 傜к PӽVKjQJ ··············270 傲 mà ························298 mai Ҡ PӽL ·······················282 Ҡঅ PӽLGƗQ ················127 আ mài ·······················283 man ෻ᙘ mányuàn ··············· 21 ┑᜿ PӽQ\u ·················284 mao ∋⯵ máobìng ··············· 69 mei ⋑ méi ························ 40 ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ PpLJXƗQ[L ·········285 ⋑㝨 PpLOLӽQ ················· 90 ⋑䶒ᆀ méimiànzi ·········· 90

N ᇶ࠷ mìqiè ··················309 na mian ‫ݽ‬䲔 PLӽQFK~ ··············· 30 ‫ݽ‬ᗇ PLӽQGH ················286 䶒 miàn ······················287 䶒ᆄ PLjQNԁQJ ·············286 䶒䊼 miànmào ··············287 䶒ⴞ miànmù ···············287 䶒ᇩ miànróng ·············287 䶒ᆀ miànzi ·················287 miao 㰀㿶 PLӽRVKu ···············305 mie 㭁㿶 mièshì ·················305 min ≁Շ mínzhòng ·············313 ᭿ᦧ PӿQMLp ·················275

᤯«ᶕ䈤 Qi«OiLVKXǀ ··· 272 ଚᙅ QӽSj ·················· 239 䛓Պ‫ ݯ‬nàhuìr ··············· 81 䛓ᰦ nàshí···················· 80 nan ⭧Ӫ nánrén ················ ⭧༛ nánshì ················ ⭧ᙗ nánxìng ·············· ⭧ᆀ QiQ]ӿ ················· ই nán······················· ই䗩‫ ݯ‬nánbianr ·········· ই䜘 nánbù················· ইᯩ QiQIƗQJ ·············· ইഭ nánguó ··············· ই䶒 nánmiàn·············· ইཤ‫ ݯ‬nántóur ············

291 291 291 291 292 292 292 292 292 292 292

䳮䗷 nánguò ··············· 317 䳮ਇ nánshòu ·············· 317


13

nao

pai

pin

䰩㞮 nàoteng ···············353

᣽傜ቱ SƗLPӽSu ············· 38

㚈䈧 SuQTӿng ··············· 352

nei

pan

ping

޵ nèi ························263 ޵䜘 nèibù ··················263

ⴈ㇇ pánsuan ···············202 ⴬ pàn························334 ⴬ᵋ pànwàng ··············334

ᒣᆹ StQJ¶ƗQ ···················5 ᒣᑨ píngcháng ··········· 235 ᒣ䶉 píngjìng ··················4

pang

po

ᯱ páng ······················128 ᯱ䗩 SiQJELƗQ ··············128 ᯱӪ pángrén ················ 39

亷 Sǀ ························ 179 䘛࠷ pòqiè ················· 199 ⹤ pò ························ 302

neng 㜭 néng ······················253 㜭ཏ nénggòu ··············253 㜭࣋ nénglì ·················268 nian ᒤ㓚 niánjì ··················293 ᒤ喴 niánlíng ···············293 ᘥ niàn ·······················249

pei

pu

䎄 péi ························· 83 䎄⽬䚃ⅹ SpLOӿGjRTLjQ ····· 83

niang

pi

Პ䙽 SԃELjQ ················ 340 Პ䙊 SԃWǀQJ················ 340 Პ䙊䈍 3ԃWǀQJKXj ········ 169

၈ niáng ·····················290

ᢩ SƯ··················· 297, 298 ᢩࡔ SƯSjQ ··················298 ᢩ䇴 SƯStQJ ·················298 ᢩ߶ SƯ]KԃQ ·················325 ⯢᜛ píbèi ···················261 ⯢ѿ pífá ····················261 ⯢ٖ píjuàn ·················261 ⯢ࣣ píláo ···················261 㝮≄ píqi ····················339 䆜ྲ pìrú ····················271

ning ᆱ䶉 níngjìng ··················4 nong ᔴ nòng ······················368 Qԉ ྣᆙ‫ ݯ‬QԉKiLU ··············157 ྣӪ QԉUpQ ··················294 ྣ⭏ QԉVKƝQJ ···············157 ྣ༛ QԉVKu ··················294 ྣᙗ Qԉ[uQJ ················294 ྣᆀ Qԉ]ӿ ····················294

P pa ᙅ pà ··············· 72, 75, 296

pian ‫ٿ‬ᐞ SLƗQFKƗ ················ 68 僇 piàn ·······················299 僇ᆀ piànzi··················300 piao ┲Ӟ piàoliang ··············301

Q qi ࿫ᆀ TƯ]L ··················· 304 ߴ᜘ TƯFӽQ ··················· 25 ߴ߹ TƯOLiQJ·················· 25 ᵏᖵ TƯGjL ···················· 86 ᵏᵋ TƯZjQJ ··············· 334 Ⅺ僇 TƯSLjQ ················ 299 喀‫ ޘ‬qíquán ················ 331 ަ䰤 TtMLƗQ ················· 263 ަԆ TtWƗ ····················· 39 ަᆳ TtWƗ ····················· 39 ަѝ qt]KǀQJ ·············· 263 ↗㿶 qíshì ·················· 305 䎧Ⓚ Tӿ\XiQ ················ 260 ≄‫ ى‬qìhòu ················· 306 ≄࣋ qìlì ···················· 268 ≄䊑 qìxiàng ··············· 307

14

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 qia

qu

ᰕᆀ rìzi ···················· 320

⍭䈸 qiàtán ·········· 220, 318

४࡛ TǌELp ··················311 ४࠶ TǌIƝQ ··················312 ਆ Tԃ ·························· 85 ਆᗇ qԃGp ···················· 84 ၦ Tԃ ·························229 ৫ц qùshì ··················321

rong

qian ࡽ〻 qiánchéng ············307 ࡽਾ qiánhòu ················ 99 ࡽᲟ TLiQMӿQJ ···············307 ࡽ䙄 qiántú ·················308 ⍵ TLӽQ ························ 87 䉤䍓 TLӽQ]p ·················298 qiao ᚴᚴ TLƗRTLƗR ··············308 ⷗ qiáo ·······················246 ⷗н䎧 TLiREXTӿ ···········306 ソ䰘‫ ݯ‬qiàoménr ··········· 11 qin Ӣᇶ TƯQPu ··················309 Ӣ࠷ TƯQTLq ·················309 Ӣ✝ TƯQUq ···················309 Ӣ䓛 TƯQVKƝQ ···············310 Ӣ᡻ TƯQVKԁX ···············310 Ӣ㠚 TƯQ]u ···················310 qing 䖫㿶 TƯQJVKu ················305 ␵Ი TƯQJFKpQ ··············350 ␵⌱ TƯQJMLp ················133 ␵䶉 TƯQJMuQJ ··················4 ␵ᰙ TƯQJ]ӽR ···············350 ᛵᝏ TtQJJӽQ ···············139 ᛵᲟ TtQJMӿQJ ···············124 䈧 TӿQJ·······················352 䈧䰞 TӿQJZqQ ··············· 97 ᒶ䍪 qìnghè ·················360 ᒶ⾍ qìngzhù ···············361

que 㕪⛩ TXƝGLӽQ ················ 69 㕪ṩᕖ‫ ݯ‬TXƝJƝQ[LiQU ····· 28 㕪䲧 TXƝ[LjQ ················ 68 ⺞ᇊ quèdìng ···············341

ᇩ䇨 UyQJ[ԃ ··············· 326 ᇩ᱃ róngyì ················ 213 ru ྲ rú ························ ྲ᷌ U~JXԁ ················· ྲօ rúhé··················· ྲӺ U~MƯQ ·················· ྲ਼ rútóng ················ ྲ᜿ rúyì ···················

qun

S

㗔 qún ·······················297 㗔Շ qúnzhòng ·············314

sha

R ran

315 315 350 337 172 284

۫ VKӽ ························· 28 shan

❦㘼 UiQ¶pU ··················· 77

ኡ≤ VKƗQVKXӿ ············· 124 ኡመ VKƗQ]KjL ············· 209

re

shang

✝⡡ Uq¶jL ······················1 ✝⛸ rèliè····················313 ✝ᛵ rèqíng ·········· 139, 313 ✝ᗳ Uq[ƯQ ···················313

Քᗳ VKƗQJ[ƯQ ······· 317, 328 ୶䟿 VKƗQJOLDQJ ··········· 318 ୶䈸 VKƗQJWiQ ············· 221 ୶䇘 VKƗQJWӽR ············· 318 кᒺ shàngchuáng ········ 369 кл shàngxià ··············· 99

ren Ӫᇦ rénjia ··················· 39 ӪԜ rénmen ················314 Ӫ≁ rénmín ················314 䇔Ѫ rènwéi ·················242

ቁྣ VKjRQԉ ··············· 156

ri

ӰѸⲴ shénmede ··········· 87

ᰕᑨ rìcháng ················235 ᰕ䇠 rìjì ·····················314 ᰕᘇ rìzhì ···················315

shao

shen

sheng ⭏ӗ VKƝQJFKӽQ ··········· 366


15

ⴱᗇ VKČQJGH ···············286

᡻⌅ VKԁXIӽ ····················9

኱ᴸ suìyuè ················ 319

ⴱһ VKČQJVKu ··············115

୞ shòu ······················283

⺾ suì ······················· 303

shi

shuai

suo

ཡ䈟 VKƯZ ··················· 68 ᐸ䮯 VKƯ]KӽQJ ··············223 ᯭ㹼 VKƯ[tQJ ················355 ॱ࠶ VKtIƝQ ·················180 ᰦᑨ shícháng ··············· 53 ᰦԓ shídài ··················319 ᰦ‫ ى‬shíhou ·················320 ᰦᵪ VKtMƯ ····················194 ᰦ䰤 VKtMLƗQ ·················319 ᰦ㢲 shíjié ··················205 ᰦ࡫ shíkè ··················319 ᰦᵏ VKtTƯ ···················319 ᰦቊ shíshàng ··············125 ᰦᰦ shíshí ··················· 53 䇶࡛ shíbié ··················311 ᇎ࣋ shílì ····················268 ᇎ㹼 shíxíng ················355 ᇎ൘ shízài ··················· 59 伏า shítáng ················114 ֯⭘ VKӿ\zQJ ···············270 ⽪᜿ shìyì ···················· 36 һ shì ························321 һ᭵ shìgù ············· 69, 320 һԦ shìjiàn ·················320 һᛵ shìqing ················321 㿶ሏ shìchá ·················· 48 ᱟ shì ························· 94 䙍ц shìshì ··················321

ᐵ shuài······················301

ᡰ VXԁ ······················· 208 ᡰԕ VXԁ\ӿ ················· 324

shou ᭦㧧 VKǀXKXz ················ 57 ᭦ᦞ VKǀXM ·················108 ᭦‫ ޕ‬VKǀXU ·················154 ᭦ᶑ‫ ݯ‬VKǀXWLiRU···········108 ᭦᭸ VKǀX[LjR ··············· 56 ᡻⇥ VKԁXGXjQ ·············· 10

shuang ৼ VKXƗQJ ···················· 95 ⡭ᘛ VKXӽQJNXDL ···········329 ⡭ᵇ VKXӽQJOӽQJ ···········329

T ta ԆӪ WƗUpQ ···················· 38

shun tai 亪(⵰) shun(zhe) ············ 54 shuo 䈤 VKXǀ ··············· 147, 216 䈤䈍 VKXǀKXj ···············217 䈤┿౤ VKXǀOzX]Xӿ·········· 23 䈤᰾ VKXǀPtQJ ·· 35, 147, 233 si ᙍ VƯ ··························249 ᙍ㘳 VƯNӽR···················250 ᙍ㍒ VƯVXԁ ···················250 ↫ Vӿ ··························322 ↫ӑ VӿZiQJ ················322 ഋ༴ sìchù···················· 81 ഋઘ Vu]KǀX ·················128

ཚ tài ························ 180 ཚཚ tàitai ·················· 304 tan 䈸 tán ················· 148, 217 䈸䈍 tánhuà ················ 217 䈸䇪 tánlùn ················ 146 䈸ࡔ tánpàn ················ 318 䈸ཙ‫ ݯ‬WiQWLƗQU ············ 218 ඖⲭ WӽQEiL················· 329 ඖ⦷ WӽQVKXjL ·············· 329 ᧒ᵋ tànwàng ·············· 247 tang 䏏 tàng ························ 64

song

tao

䘱 sòng ······················323 䘱㹼 sòngxíng ··············323

྇ tào ························· 95

su 㚳䶉 sùjìng ····················4 ᇯ㠽 sùshè ··················118 sui ኱ᮠ suìshu ·················293

te ⢩ tè ························· ⢩࡛ tèbié ·················· ⢩⛩ WqGLӽQ················· ⢩㢢 tèsè ··················· ⢩ᙗ tèxìng ················ ⢩ᖱ Wq]KƝQJ···············

181 180 325 325 325 325

16

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 ti

tu

wei

փՊ WӿKXu ······ 135, 138, 274 փ䈵 WӿOLjQJ ·················347 փ⧠ Wӿ[LjQ ··················· 35 փ傼 tӿ\jQ ···················274 ᴯᦒ tìhuàn ·················219

ケ❦ WǌUiQ ···················184

tian

tuo

ཙ WLƗQ ·······················307 ཙ≄ WLƗQTu ··················307

ᢈ‫ ݯ‬WXǀU ····················300 ᤆ WXǀ ··················· 77, 259 ᤆᔦ WXǀ\iQ ·················· 76

㔤ᤱ wéichí ················ 212 㔤ᣔ wéihù··················· 17 ছ⭏ ZqLVKƝQJ ············ 134 ছ⭏䰤 ZqLVKƝQJMLƗQ ······· 50 Ѫ wèi······················· 332 ѪҶ wèile ················· 332 ᵚ wèi························· 40 ᵚᴮ wèicéng ················ 40 ᵚᶕ wèilái················· 308 ᵚ‫ ݽ‬ZqLPLӽQ·············· 358

tiao

tui ᧘ WXƯ ·························· 77 ᧘䘏 WXƯFKt ··················· 76

W

ᶑ tiáo ·······················151 䈳⨶ WLiROӿ ···················· 18 䈳ᮤ WLiR]KČQJ ·············132

wai

ting

↚仾䛚≄ ZƗLIƝQJ[LpTu ···364 ཆഭ wàiguó ················167

‫ ڌ‬tíng ·······················230 ‫ →ڌ‬WtQJ]Kӿ ················230 ᥪ WӿQJ ·······················181 tong 䙊ᑨ WǀQJFKiQJ ······· 53, 234 ਼ tóng················ 176, 178 ਼ᡯ tóngfáng ··············368 ਼㹼 tóngháng ··············327 ਼ӱ tóngrén ················327 ਼һ tóngshì ················327 ਼ᆖ tóngxué ···············327 ਼᜿ tóngyì ·················326 ਼ᘇ tóngzhì ················327 Ⰻᾊ WzQJFKԃ ···············328 Ⰻ㤖 WzQJNԃ ················329 Ⰻᘛ tòngkuai ··············330 tou ‫ ڧڧ‬WǀXWǀX ·················309 ᣅ‫ ޕ‬tóurù ··················· 49 䘿 tòu ························· 23

wan ᆼ wán ·······················230 ᆼ༷ wánbèi ················331 ᆼ∅ wánbì··················229 ᆼᡀ wánchéng ·············230 ᆼ‫ ޘ‬wánquán ··············331 ᆼᮤ ZiQ]KČQJ ·············331 з࠶ ZjQIƝQ ················180 wang ᖰ ZӽQJ ············· 54, 92, 93 ᖰ䘄 ZӽQJIӽQ ··············260 ᖰਾ ZӽQJKzX ··············183 ᖰᶕ ZӽQJOiL ···············259 ᖰᰕ ZӽQJUu ················342 ᖰᖰ ZӽQJZӽQJ ············· 53 ྴᜣ ZjQJ[LӽQJ ············266 ᰪⴋ wàngshèng ······ 15, 122 ᵋ wàng ·····················245

wen っ࿕ ZČQWXԁ ···················5 wu ቻ Zǌ ······················· 118 ቻᆀ Zǌ]L ·················· 118 ᰐൠ㠚ᇩ wúdìzìróng ···· 134 ᰐ䇪 wúlùn ·················· 44 ᰐ䇪ྲօ wúlùnrúhé ······· 44 ᰐ㿶 wúshì ················· 305 ⢙ԧ wùjià ················· 210 䈟 wù ························· 77 䈟ᐞ ZFKƗ ·················· 68

X xi 㾯 [Ư························· 333 㾯䗩‫[ ݯ‬ƯELDQU ············ 333 㾯䜘 [ƯE··················· 333 㾯ᯩ [ƯIƗQJ ················ 333 㾯䶒 [ƯPLjQ················ 333 㾯ཤ‫[ ݯ‬ƯWyXU ·············· 333 ᐼᵋ [ƯZjQJ ··············· 334 ⢪⢢ [ƯVKƝQJ··············· 322 Ґᜟ xíguàn ·········· 125, 335 Ґ≄ xíqì ··················· 125

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 Ґ؇ xísú ············· 126, 335

䬰 [LƗR ·······················283

Ґᙗ xíxìng ·················125 უྷ‫ ݯ‬xífur ················305 ⍇᡻䰤 [ӿVKԁXMLƗQ ·········· 50 ௌ⡡ [ӿ¶jL ······················1 ௌ⅒ [ӿKXDQ····················2 ௌᛖ [ӿ\Xq ··················142 㓶ᗳ [u[ƯQ ···················335 㓶㠤 xìzhì ···················336

䬰୞ [LƗRVKzX ··············283 ሿᆙ‫[ ݯ‬LӽRKiLU ············167 ሿက [LӽRMLČ ·················156 ሿⴻ [LӽRNjQ ···············306 ሿᴻ৻ [LӽRSpQJ\ԁX ······166 ሿ⷗ [LӽRTLiR ··············306 ሿᗳ [LӽR[ƯQ ················336 ᭸᷌ [LjRJXԁ ·········· 57, 227

xia

xie

л዇ [LjJӽQJ ···············232

‫[ ⭏ݸ‬LƗQVKHQJ·············351 ᱮ䵢 [LӽQO ·················· 35 ᱮ⽪ [LӽQshì ················· 35 ⧠൘ xiànzài ················337

ॿ࣋ xiélì····················174 ॿ୶ [LpVKƗQJ ··············318 ॿ਼ xiétóng ················174 ॿࣙ xiézhù ············ 11, 175 ॿ֌ xiézuò ·················175 ⋴┿ xièlòu ·················· 22 䉒 xiè ························140 䉒䉒 xièxie··················140

xiang

xin

⴨∄ [LƗQJEӿ ················· 29 ⴨ᖃ [LƗQJGƗQJ ············· 51 ⴨ӂ [LƗQJK ···············185 ⴨䘁 [LƗQJMuQ ················ 51 ⴨լ [LƗQJVu ················· 51 ⴨‫[ ۿ‬LƗQJ[LjQJ ············ 51 ⴨ؑ [LƗQJ[uQ ··············337 ᜣ [LӽQJ ·············· 242, 250 ᜣ⌅ [LӽQJID ················344 ੁ xiàng ··················92, 93 ੁᶕ xiànglái ···············363 ੁ(⵰) xiàng(zhe) ··········· 54 ᐧ xiàng ·····················278 ‫ ۿ‬xiàng ·····················172

ᗳᗇ [ƯQGp ··················138 ᯠ䘁 [ƯQMuQ ··················365 㯚䠁 [ƯQMƯQ ··················154 㯚≤ [ƯQVKXӿ ················155 ؑ xìn ························338 ؑ䎆 xìnlài ··················338 ؑԫ xìnrèn ·················338

xian ‫[ ࡽݸ‬LƗQTLiQ ··············343

xiao ⎸䍩 [LƗRIqL ········· 186, 188 ⎸㙇 [LƗohào ···············186

xing ‫[ ཻޤ‬ƯQJIqQ ········· 144, 196 㹼 xíng························ 94 ‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸ [uQJJƗRFӽLOLq···142 ‫ޤ‬䏓 xìngqù ················338 ᒨ⾿ xìngfú ·················144 ᙗṬ xìnggé ·················339 ᙗӔ [uQJMLƗR ···············368 ᙗᛵ xìngqíng ··············339 ဃ xìng·······················289 ဃ਽ xìngmíng ·············289

17

xiu ‫؞‬䇒 [LǌGuQJ ··············· 131 ‫؞‬᭩ [LǌJӽL ················ 133 ‫[ ↓؞‬Lǌ]KqQJ ············· 131 xu 㲊 [ǌ ························ 㲊‫[ ٷ‬ǌMLӽ ·················· 㲊՚ [ǌZČL················· 䇨ཊ [ԃGXǀ ················

209 209 209 100

Y ya ћཤ \ƗWRX ················· 157 yan ᔦᵏ \iQTƯ ··················· 76 ᔦ㔝 yánxù················· 206 ⋯(⵰) yán(zhe) ············· 54 ⹄ウ \iQMLǌ ················ 250 ᧙ᣔ \ӽQK··················· 17 ⵬ࡽ \ӽQTLiQ ·············· 337 ⵬л \ӽQ[Lj ················ 337 yao 㾱Ѹ«㾱Ѹ \jRPH«\jRPH········· 192 㾱ᱟ yàoshi ················ 315 ye ҏ䇨 \Č[ԃ ···················· 71 yi а㡜 \Ưu EƗQ ·············· аቈнḃ \Ưu FKpQEUӽQ ·········· а䚃 \Ưt GjR ·············· аᇊ \Ưt GuQJ ·············

340 133 341 341

18


а䍟 \Ưt JXjQ ··············234

৻⡡ \ԁX¶jL ·················345

аඇ‫\ ݯ‬Ưt NXjLU ··········342 а喀 \Ưu Tt ·················341 а䎧 \Ưu Tӿ ·················342 а਼ \Ưu WyQJ ··············341 алᆀ \Ưt [Lj]L ···········184 аੁ \Ưt [LjQJ ·············363 а޽ \Ưt ]jL ················112 аⴤ \Ưu ]Kt ················363 ‫\ ׍‬Ư·····························7 ‫\ ➗׍‬Ư]KjR ····················6 䚇៮ yíhàn ··················181 ԕਾ \ӿKzX ··················183 ԕ৺ \ӿMt ·····················177 ԕ‫\ ݽ‬ӿPLӽQ ················286 ԕࡽ \ӿTLiQ ·················342 ԕѪ \ӿZpL ··················242 ᜿㿱 yìjiàn ··················344

৻ᛵ \ԁXTtQJ ···············345 ৻䈺 \ԁX\u ··················345 ᴹ \ԁX ·················· 14, 241 ᴹ਽ \ԁXPtQJ ··············346 ৸ yòu ················ 178, 349

yin ഐ↔ \ƯQFӿ ···················323 ഐ㘼 \ƯQ¶pU ··················323 ying 㤡‫\ ׺‬ƯQJMQ ················301 䎒ᗇ yíngdé ·················· 84 ᓄ⭘ yìngyòng ·············270 you Ո㢟 \ǀXOLiQJ ··············345 Ո㖾 \ǀXPČL ················300 Ո⿰ \ǀX[L ················345 Ոᔲ \ǀX\u ··················345 ᘗ㲁 \ǀXOԋ ··················· 74 ᛐѵ \ǀXMLԃ ·················· 52 ⭡ yóu ························ 66 ⣩ྲ yóurú ··················172 ⑨ yóu ·······················281 ⑨㿸 \yXOӽQ ·················280 ⑨⧙‫ ݯ‬yóuwánr ···········281

yu Ҿ yú ·························· 79 Ҿᱟ yúshì ··················324 ᜹ᘛ yúkuài ·················144 ᝊ㹒 \~FKԃQ ················· 27 о \ԃ ·················· 176, 177 Ҹԕ \ԃ\ӿ····················150 亴䱢 yùfáng ················· 31

Z zai ൘ zài ························· 79 ൘«ⴻᶕ ]jL«NjQOiL ······ 98 ൘«⵬䟼 ]jL«\ӽQOӿ ······· 98 ޽ zài ················· 153, 349 ޽й ]jLVƗQ ················ 112 zan 䎎㖾 ]jQPČL ················· 37 䎎䍿 ]jQVKӽQJ ··············· 37 䎎਩ zàntàn ·················· 37 䎎ᢜ zànyáng ················ 37 zao

yuan ৏䈵 yuánliàng ·············347 ശ┑ \XiQPӽQ ··············331 ᨤࣙ yuánzhù ················ 12 㕈 yuán ······················195 㕈࠶ yuánfèn ···············195 ᙘ yuàn ······················· 21 ᙘᚘ yuànhèn ················ 20 ᝯ yuàn ······················348 ᝯ᜿ yuànyì ·················347 yue

ᰙᲘ ]ӽRFKpQ ·············· 350 䙐 zào ······················· 366 ze 䍓༷ zébèi···················· 20 䍓ᙚ zéguài ·················· 20 zen ᘾѸ ]ČQPH ················ 351 ᘾѸṧ ]ČQPH\jQJ ······· 351 ᘾṧ ]ČQ\jQJ ·············· 351

䰵䈫 yuèdú··················248 䰵শ yuèlì ···················236 䎺ਁ \XqIƗ ··················153

䇸僇 zhàpiàn··············· 299

yun

zhan

‫ݱ‬䇨 \ԃQ[ԃ ·················326 䘀⭘ yùnyòng ··············270

ኅᔰ ]KӽQNƗL··············· 110 ᡈ৻ ]KjQ\ԁX ·············· 327

zha

zhang иཛ zhàngfu ·············· 351 䳌⺽ ]KjQJ¶jL·············· 116

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 zhao ᤋ㚈 ]KƗRSuQ ···············352 ᤋӪ ]KƗRUpQ ···············352 ➗ zhào ·························7 ➗亮 zhàogù ················160 zhe ᣈ㞮 ]KƝWHQJ ···············353 ᣈ zhé ························· 55 ᣈ⼘ zhémo ·················353 zhen ⧽䍥 ]KƝQJXu ················ 16 ⧽ᜌ ]KƝQ[Ư ····················3 ⵏ ]KƝQ ······················180 ⵏ䈊 ]KƝQFKpQJ ············· 58 zheng ҹ ]KƝQJ ·····················354 ҹཪ ]KƝQJGXy ·············354 ҹਆ ]KƝQJTԃ ···············354 ᮤ⌱ ]KČQJMLp ···············134 ↓ᖃ ]KqQJGƗQJ ············· 79 ᥓ䫡 zhèngqián ············354 zhi ѻਾ ]KƯKzX ·················182 ѻ䰤 ]KƯMLƗQ ·················264 ѻ޵ ]KƯQqL ·················264 ѻࡽ ]KƯTLiQ ················342 ѻѝ ]KƯ]KǀQJ ··············264 ᭟ᤱ ]KƯFKt ·················· 12 ᭟ࠪ ]KƯFKǌ ···· 126, 186, 188 ᭟Ԉ ]KƯfù ···················126 ᭟ᨤ ]KƯ\XiQ ················ 12 ᷍ ]KƯ ························151 ᢗ㹼 zhíxíng ················356 ⴤᶕⴤ৫ zhíláizhíqù ·····330 ⴤ⦷ zhíshuài ···············330

19

ⴤ⡭ ]KtVKXӽQJ ·············330

⾍䍪 zhùhè ················· 361

ਚ ]Kӿ ························357 ਚᗇ ]KӿGp ··················358 ਚྭ ]KӿKӽR ·················358 ਚ㜭 ]KӿQpQJ ···············358 ਚᱟ ]KӿVKu ··················· 78 ਚᴹ ]Kӿ\ԁX ·················358 ᤷሬ ]KӿGӽR ·················223 ᤷ⛩ ]KӿGLӽQ ················223 ᤷᮉ ]KӿMLjR ·················223 㠣 zhì ························· 82 㠣Ҿ zhìyú ··················· 94 ࡦ䙐 zhìzào ·················366 ࡦ→ ]Ku]Kӿ··················234 ࡦ֌ zhìzuò ·················366

⾍ᝯ zhùyuàn ·············· 361 㪇਽ zhùmíng ············· 346

zhong ѝ ]KǀQJ·····················265 ѝ䰤 ]KǀQJMLƗQ ·············265 ѝ᮷ =KǀQJZpQ ············169 ᘐ䈊 ]KǀQJFKpQJ ··········· 58 ᘐᇎ ]KǀQJVKt ··············· 58 ᘐ䍎 ]KǀQJ]KƝQ ············· 58 㓸ウ ]KǀQJMLǌ ··············359 㓸Ҿ ]KǀQJ\~ ··············359 㓸→ ]KǀQJ]Kӿ ··············230 Շཊ ]KzQJGXǀ ········ 74, 100

zhuai ᤭ zhuài ···················· 259 zhuan 䖜ਈ ]KXӽQELjQ ············· 33 䖜ॆ ]KXӽQKXj ·············· 33 䎊䫡 zhuànqián ··········· 354 zhun ߶ ]KԃQ ····················· 326 ߶༷ ]KԃQEqL ·············· 202 ߶ᰦ ]KԃQVKt···················6 ߶䇨 ]KԃQ[ԃ ··············· 326 zi ᆀྣ ]ӿQԉ ··················· 166 Ԅ㓶 ]ӿ[u ··················· 336 㠚 zì ··························· 66 㠚Ӿ zìcóng ·················· 66 㠚ᢃ ]uGӽ ····················· 66 㠚њ‫] ݯ‬uJČU ··············· 362 㠚ᐡ ]uMӿ ···················· 362 㠚䓛 ]uVKƝQ ················ 362

zhou zong ઘᇶ ]KǀXPu ················335 ઘത ]KǀXZpL ···············128 zhu 䈨ս ]KǌZqL ················· 72 䙀↕ zhúbù··················360 䙀⑀ zhújiàn ················360 ѫ᜿ ]Kԃ~ \L ·········· 10, 344 ౡી ]KԃI ··················120 ౡᢈ ]KԃWXǀ ·················120 ⾍⾿ zhùfú ··················360

ᙫ ]ԁQJ ····················· 359 ᙫ(ᱟ ]ԁQJVKu ············ 363 㓥❦ zòngrán ·············· 239 zou 䎠䇯 ]ԁXIӽQJ ·············· 248 䎠ਾ䰘‫] ݯ‬ԁXKzXPpQU ··· 364 䎠┿ ]ԁXOzX ·················· 23 䎠┿仾༠ ]ԁXOzXIƝQJVKƝQJ ········· 23

20

Pinyin List 丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 zu

zui

ᐖਣ ]Xԁ\zX ················· 99

䏣 zú ·························· 60 䏣ཏ zúgòu ·················· 60 䱫⺽ ]ԃ¶jL ···················116 䱫→ ]ԃ]Kӿ ··················234 㓴 ]ԃ ·························297

౤ ]Xӿ ························255 ౤ᐤ ]XӿED ··················256 ᴰ䘁 zuìjìn ··················365

֌ zuò······················· 367 ᓗ zuò······················· 208 ‫ ڊ‬zuò················· 366, 367 ‫ڊ‬⡡ ]Xz¶jL ················ 368

zuo ⩒⼘ zuómo ·················251

21

Pinyin Grouped List ਼ѹ䇽㓴丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 x x x x x

This list is arranged first by alphabetical order of the initials of the first characters of frame titles; then by pinyin ordering of the finals; then by the order of tones (from the first to the fourth); then by the number of strokes, i.e. characters with fewer strokes precede ones with more strokes; then by the order of the beginning stroke: horizontal line (а), then vertical line (ј), then left slash (ѯ), then dot (Ѧ), then straight stroke with a bending tip (ҋ).

If the first characters of frame titles are the same in every way, the same principle is applied to the next character, and so on.

A

B

ài ⡡ to love ·············································1 ⡡ᡤ ᮜ⡡ ✝⡡ ௌ⡡ ⡡ྭ ⡡ ௌ⅒ ྭ

bàba ⡨⡨ daddy ·········································· 8 ⡦ ⡦Ӣ ⡨⡨ ⡨ ⡩ 㘱⡨

àihù ⡡ᣔ to care for ······································2 ⡡ᜌ ੍ᜌ ⧽ᜌ ⡡ᣔ થᣔ

EjQIӽ ࣎⌅ means·········································· 9 ↕僔 ᧚ᯭ ᡻⌅ ᯩ⌅ ࣎⌅ ᯩᔿ ᡻⇥ ѫ ᜿ ⛩ᆀ ⌅ᆀ ソ䰘‫ݯ‬

ƗQMuQJ ᆹ䶉 quiet ············································3 ᆹᆱ ⊹䶉仾ᒣ⎚䶉 ᇲ䶉 ᆱ䶉㚳䶉 ᆹ 䶉䶉ᚴᚴ ᒣ䶉 ␵䶉

EjQWLƗQ ॺཙ quite a while ································· 11 ॺཙ ྭѵ

ƗQTXin ᆹ‫ ޘ‬safe ·············································5 っ࿕ ᆹ‫ ޘ‬ᒣᆹ

EƗQJ]K ᑞࣙ to help ········································ 11 ᢦᤱ ॿࣙ ᨤࣙ ᭟ᨤ ᑞࣙ ᭟ᤱ ᑞ ᑞᘉ

ànshí ᤹ᰦ on time ·········································5 ᤹ᵏ ᤹ᰦ ৺ᰦ ߶ᰦ

EƗR व bag ··············································· 13 व㼩 व व㻡

ànzhào ᤹➗ according to ···································6 ‫ ➗᤹ ᤹ ➗׍‬ṩᦞ ‫➗ ׍‬

EƗRNXz वᤜ to include ···································· 14 वਜ਼ ਜ਼ ਜ਼ᴹ वᤜ ᴹ

22

Pinyin Grouped List ਼ѹ䇽㓴丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘

EӽRPӽQ 価┑ full and rounded ···························· 15 価┑ Ѡ┑ ᰪⴋ

EČQ ᵜ mw. for book-like items ······················ 26 ধ ޼ ᵜ

EӽRJXu ᇍ䍥 valuable ······································ 15 ᰲ䍥 ᇍ䍥䍥䟽 ਟ䍥 ਽䍥 ⧽䍥

bèn ㅘ stupid ············································ 27 ㅘᤉ ᝊ㹒 ㅘਓᤉ㠼 ㅘ ㅘ᡻ㅘ㝊 ㅘཤㅘ 㝁㹒 ੶ ۫ 㕪ṩᕖ‫ݯ‬

EӽRK ‫؍‬ᣔķ to protect ·································· 16 ‫؍‬ছ ‫؍‬䳌 ᥽ছ 㔤ᣔ ⡡ᣔ ‫؍‬ᣔ ‫؍‬䇱 ᒷ ᣔ ᣵ‫᧙ ؍‬ᣔ ‫؍‬տ ᣔ

EӿMLjR ∄䖳 to compare ··································· 28 ∄ᤏ ⴨∄ ∄䖳 ሩ∄ ሩ➗ ∄

EӽRK ‫؍‬ᣔĸ to care for ································· 18 ‫؍‬ᣔ ‫ ޫ؍‬䈳⨶

Eu[ǌ ᗵ享 must ·········································· 30 ᗵ享 ᗇ

EӽROL~ ‫ ⮉؍‬to retain ······································ 19 ‫؍‬ᤱ ‫؍‬ᆈ ‫؍‬㇑ ‫⮉؍‬

EuPLӽQ 䚯‫ ݽ‬to avoid ······································ 30 䚯‫ ݽ‬䱢→ ‫ݽ‬䲔亴䱢䚯ᔰ

EjR]Kӿ ᣕ㓨 newspaper ··································· 19 ᣕ࠺ ᣕ㓨 ᣕ

biànhuà ਈॆ to alter ········································ 31 ਈ䶙 ਈᴤ ਈ䗱 ᴤ᭩ ᴤᦒ ਈᡀ ਈࣘ ਈ ॆ ਈᦒ ᭩ਈ 䖜ਈ 䖜ॆ ਈ ᭩ ᦒ ਈখ

bàoyuàn ᣡᙘ to complain ·································· 20 䍓༷ ᙘᚘ 䍓ᙚ ᣡᙘ ෻ᙘ ᙚ ᙚ㖚䎆 ᙘ bàolù ᳤䵢 to expose ····································· 22 ᨝䵢 ᨝⽪ ᨝ਁ ᳤䵢 ᨝ ⋴┿ 䎠┿ 䎠┿ 仾༠ 䵢侵‫ ݯ‬䈤┿౤ 䘿

ELӽRVKu 㺘⽪ to express ···································· 34 䱀᰾ 䱀䘠 ⍱䵢㺘ⲭ 㺘䗮㺘᰾ 㺘⽪䈤 ᰾ ELӽR[LjQ 㺘⧠ to show ······································· 35 փ⧠ ᱮ䵢 ᱮ⽪㺘⧠ ৽᱐ ⽪᜿

EƝLWzQJ ᛢⰋ heartrending ································· 24 ᛢ૰ ᛢ᜘ ᛢ᝔ ᛢ࠷ ᛢՔ ᛢⰋ ߴ᜘ ߴ ߹

ELӽR\iQJ 㺘ᢜ to praise ······································ 36 㺘ᖠ 䱯䈰ཹ᢯ 䎎㖾䎎䍿䎎਩ 〠䎎 ᚝ 㔤䎎ᢜ 㺘ᢜ ཨ྆ ཨ Ⓦ享᣽傜 ᣽傜ቱ

EČL े north ············································· 25 े䜘 ेഭ े ेᯩ े䶒 े䗩‫े ݯ‬ཤ‫ݯ‬

biérén ࡛Ӫ other people ································· 38 ԆӪ ࡛Ⲵ ࡛Ӫ ަᆳ ަԆ ᯱӪ Ӫᇦ


23

bù н not, no ··········································· 40 нᴮ ᵚ ᵚᴮ н ⋑ ⋑ᴹ

FqVXԁ ৅ᡰ toilet ·········································· 50 ছ⭏䰤 ⍇᡻䰤 ৅ᡰ

bù(ú)dàn нն not only ······································ 41 нն нӵ нਚ нঅ н‫ݹ‬

FKjEXGXǀ ᐞнཊ similar ····································· 50 н⴨кл 䘁լ ㊫լ ⴨ᖃ ⴨䘁 ⴨լ ⴨ ‫ ۿ‬ᐞнཊ ᐞн⿫‫ݯ‬

EGpOLӽR нᗇҶ extreme ··································· 42 нᗇҶ Ҷнᗇ bù(ú)duàn нᯝ unceasingly ·································· 42 нᯝ н‫ ڌ‬нտ EMƯQ н⾱ FDQ¶WKHOS ···································· 43 н⭡㠚ѫ н⾱ н㿹 н⸕н㿹 н⭡ᗇ bù(ú)lùn н䇪 regardless ···································· 44 ᰐ䇪 ᰐ䇪ྲօ н㇑ н䇪 E~ VKu«MLVKu нᱟ...ቡᱟ either...or ···························· 45 нᱟ«㘼ᱟ нᱟ«ቡᱟ E[ԃ н䇨 to disallow ··································· 45 нਟ нᇩ ⾱⾱→ нᗇ н㹼 н䇨 н߶ bù(ú)yào н㾱 GRQ¶W ·········································· 46 нᗵ н㾱 н⭘ ࡛ ⭝

C FƗQJXƗQ ৲㿲 to visit ········································ 48 䇯䰞㿲‫ ݹ‬㿲䍿㿶ሏ ৲㿲㿲ⴻ 䙋 FƗQMLƗ ৲࣐ to participate ································ 49 ৲о Ӿһ 䘋‫ ޕ‬ᣅ‫ ޕ‬৲࣐ ࣐‫ޕ‬

FKiQJMLԃ 䮯ѵ long-standing ································ 52 ᛐѵ 䮯ѵ 䮯䘌 chángcháng ᑨᑨ often ·········································· 52 нᰦ ᰦᰦ ᰦᑨ 䙊ᑨ 㓿ᑨ ᖰᖰ ᑨᑨ ᑨ cháo(zhe) ᵍ(⵰) towards ····································· 54 ⋯(⵰) ᵍ(⵰) ੁ(⵰) 亪(⵰) ᖰ chéng ᡀ one tenth ········································ 55 ᡀ «࠶ѻ« ࠶ ᣈ chéngjì ᡀ㔙 results ········································ 56 ᡀቡ ᡀ᭸ ࣏㔙 ࣏᭸ ᭦᭸ ᡀ᷌ ᡀ㔙 ࣏ ࣣ ਾ᷌ 㔃᷌ ᭦㧧 ᭸᷌ chéngshí 䈊ᇎ truthful ······································· 57 䈊ᗳ䈊᜿ 䈊᥊ ᘐ䈊 ᘐ䍎 ᚣ࠷ ⵏ䈊䈊 ᚣ 䈊ᇎ ᘐᇎ ᇎ൘ 㘱ᇎ FKǀQJIqQ ‫ ࠶ݵ‬sufficient ····································· 59 ‫ݵ ⋋ݵ‬ᇎ ‫ݵ ࠶ݵ‬䏣䏣䏣ཏ ཏ FKǌMt ࡍ㓗 elementary ··································· 60 վ࣓ վл ࡍ ࡍ↕ ࡍㅹ ࡍ㓗 վ վ㓗

24


FK~OH«\ӿZjL 䲔Ҷ«ԕཆ except ······························· 62 䲔Ҷ 䲔Ҷ«ԕཆ

GjMLƗ བྷᇦ everybody ···································· 72 ਴ս 䈨ս བྷᇦ ⇿њӪ བྷՉ‫ݯ‬

FKԃFiQJ ۘ㯿 to store ······································· 62 ༷ۘ ۘ㯿 ۘᆈ ᆈۘ

dàliàng བྷ䟿 a great quantity ····························· 73 བྷᇇ Շཊ བྷ䟿 བྷᢩ

FKXƗQ ク to wear ·········································· 63 ク ᑖ ᡤ

GƗQ[ƯQ ᣵᗳ to worry ······································ 74 ᣵᘗ ᘗ㲁 ᣵᗳ ਁᜱ  ᙅ ᫽ᗳ ᜱ ᙅ

cì ⅑ times ············································· 63 䙽 ⅑ എ 䏏

GƗQZqL অս work unit ····································· 75 䜘䰘 অս ᵪ‫ޣ‬

FǀQJPLQJ 㚚᰾ clever ········································· 64 㚚᰾ ᵪᲪ ⤑⥮ ㋮᰾ զ‫ ؀‬ᵪ⚥ ⥤‫ݯ‬㋮ ⚥

GƗQZX 㙭䈟 to delay ······································· 76 ᤆᔦ ᧘䘏 ᔦᵏ 㙭䈟 ᧘ 䈟㙭ᨱ ᤆ

cóng Ӿ from ············································· 66 ⭡ 㠚 Ӿ 㠚Ӿ ᢃ 㠚ᢃ FyQJ«Tӿ Ӿ...䎧 from... ······································ 67 Ӿ«ࠪਁ Ӿ«ࡠ Ӿ«ᶕⴻ Ӿ«䎧 cuòwù 䭉䈟 error ·········································· 67 䗷ཡ ‫ٿ‬ᐞ 㕪䲧 ཡ䈟䈟ᐞ 䭉䈟 ⸝༴ 㕪 ⛩ һ᭵ ᐞ䭉䭉‫⯵∋ ݯ‬ cuòzì 䭉ᆇ miswritten character ······················· 70 ࡛ᆇ 䭉ᆇ ⲭᆇ

dànshì նᱟ but ············································ 77 ❦㘼 ն նᱟ 㘼 ਚᱟ н䗷 ਟᱟ GƗQJ ᖃ when ············································· 79 Ҿ ↓ᖃ ᖃ ࡠ ᖃ«Ⲵᰦ‫ ى‬൘ GƗQJVKt ᖃᰦ at that moment ······························ 80 ᖃ൪ ᖃࡍ ᖃᒤ ᖃᰦ ᖃཙ 䛓ᰦ 䛓Պ‫ݯ‬ dàochù ࡠ༴ all over ······································· 81 ༴༴ ࡠ༴ ഋ༴ dàodá ࡠ䗮 to arrive ······································ 81 䗮 ᣥ䗮㠣䗮ࡠ ࡠ䗮 ࡠ

D dàgài བྷᾲ probably ····································· 71 བྷփ ᡆ䇨 བྷᾲ བྷ㓖 བྷ㠤  ᙅ ҏ䇨 ᙅ

dàoqiàn 䚃ⅹ to apologise ·································· 83 䚃ⅹ 䎄⽬䚃ⅹ 䎄

Pinyin Grouped List ਼ѹ䇽㓴丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 dédào ᗇࡠ to get ········································· 83 㧧㧧ᗇ 㧧ਆ ਆᗇ 䎒ᗇ ᗇࡠ ཪᗇ ཪਆ ᗇ ਆ GČQJ ㅹķ to wait ········································ 85 ㅹᖵ ㅹ‫ ى‬᚝‫ ى‬ᵏᖵ ᖵ ㅹ GČQJ ㅹĸ etc./et al. ····································· 86 ㅹ ㅹㅹ ӰѸⲴ GƯ վ low ··············································· 87 ⸞ վ ⸝ ⍵ dì ൠ land ·············································· 88 ൠᑖ ൠ४ ᯩ ຳൠ ༴ ൠ ൠ⛩ ൠᯩ GLǌUpQ ђӪ to be dishonoured ·························· 89 ђ㝨 ђ䶒ᆀ ђӪ ђӪ⧠⵬ ⋑㝨 ⋑䶒ᆀ GǀQJ ь east··············································· 90 ь䜘 ь ьᯩ ь䶒 ь䗩‫ ݯ‬ьཤ‫ݯ‬ GXӽQ ⸝ short ············································· 91 ⸝‫⸝ ׳‬Ჲ ⸝ duì ሩķ to ·············································· 92 ᵍ ሩ ᖰ ੁ duì ሩĸ to be on the opposite side of ·············· 92 ᵍ ሩ ᖰ ੁ duì ሩĹ regarding····································· 93 ሩ ሩҾ ‫ޣ‬Ҿ 㠣Ҿ

25

duì ሩĺ correct ········································ 94 ሩ ྭ ᱟ 㹼 duìr ሩ‫ݯ‬Ļ a pair ······································ 95 ሩ‫྇ ৼ ࢟ ݯ‬ GXuEXTӿ ሩн䎧ķ to let down ····························· 96 ሩн䎧 ሩнտ GXuEXTӿ ሩн䎧ĸ Excuse me ····························· 96 ሩн䎧 ࣣ傮䈧䰞 duìdài ሩᖵ to treat ········································ 97 ༴⨶ ሩᖵ ⴻᖵ GXu«OiLVKXǀ ሩ«ᶕ䈤 DVIDUDV«LVFRQFHUQHG ·············· 98 ሩ«ᶕ䈤 ൘«ⴻᶕ ൘«⵬䟼 GXǀ ཊķ odd ············································ 99 ཊ ࡽਾ кл ᐖਣ GXǀ ཊĸ many········································ 100 Շཊ བྷ䟿 ཊ ᖸཊ 䇨ཊ ྭཊ ྭӋ GXǀ ཊĹ more ········································ 101 ཊ ᴤ ᴤ࣐ 䘈 GXǀ ཊĺ How...! ····································· 102 օㅹ ཊ ཊѸ GXǀVKDR ཊቁ how many/much ·························· 102 ཊቁ ࠐ

26


GXǀVK ཊᮠķ majority ··································103 བྷॺ བྷ䜘࠶ བྷཊᮠ ཊॺ ཊᮠ GXǀVK ཊᮠĸ most probably ···························104 བྷॺ བྷ䜭 བྷཊ ཊॺ ཊᮠ

E pUTLČ 㘼ф moreover····································106 ᒦ օߥ ߥф ᒦф 㘼㘼ф èr Ҽ two ··············································107 ㅜҼ Ҽ є ‫ؙ‬

F IƗSLjR ਁ⾘ tax invoice ··································108 ਁ⾘ ᭦ᦞ ᭦ᶑ‫ݯ‬ IƗVKƝQJ ਁ⭏ to happen ···································108 ӗ⭏ ࠪ⧠ ਁ⭏ IƗ[LjQ ਁ⧠ to discover ··································109 ࡋᯠ ࡋ䙐 ਁ᰾ ਁ⧠ IƗ]KӽQ ਁኅ to develop ··································110 ᔰᤃ ਁኅ ᔰਁ ᔰኅ ኅᔰ fán ࠑ all ···············································111 བྷࠑ ࠑ ࠑᱟ IӽQI ৽༽ repeatedly···································111 ኑ⅑ 䟽༽ ཊ⅑ ৽༽ а޽ ޽й ᶕഎ

fàndiàn 依ᓇ restaurant ·································· 113 佀䖖佀侶佀঵ 依ᓇ 依঵ 䞂ᓇ 䞂ᇦ 伏 า 依侶‫ ݯ‬䞂侶‫ݯ‬ IƗQJELjQ ᯩ‫ ׯ‬convenient ································· 115 ‫ ࡙ׯ‬ᯩ‫ׯ ׯ‬ᖃ ⴱһ IiQJ¶jL ࿘⺽ to hinder ··································· 116 䳌⺽ ࿘⺽䱫⺽⺽һ IiQJMLƗQ ᡯ䰤 room ········································ 116 ᡯ ᡯ䰤 ᡯቻ ᡯᆀ ‫ޜ‬ሃ ᾬ ᾬᡯ ᇯ㠽 ቻ ቻᆀ fàng ᭮ to put ·········································· 118 ᩶ ᭮ ᨱ IjQJ[ƯQ ᭮ᗳ to feel relieved ···························· 119 ᆹᗳ ᭮ᗳ IƝQI ਖ਼ી to enjoin ···································· 120 ౡᢈ ਞౡ ਖ਼ી ౡી IƝQJI Ѡᇼ abundant ··································· 121 ᇼᕪ ᇼᴹ Ѡᇼ Ѡⴋ ᇼ ᇼ㼅 ᰪⴋ ᇼ։ IƝQJMӿQJ 仾Ჟ scenery ····································· 123 仾‫ ݹ‬Ჟ㢢 Ჟ⢙ Ჟ䊑 Ჟ㠤 ᛵᲟ 仾Ჟ ኡ ≤ Ჟ‫ݯ‬ IƝQJV~ 仾؇ custom······································ 124 仾≄ 仾ቊ ᰦቊ Ґᙗ 仾؇ Ґᜟ Ґ≄ Ґ ؇

Pinyin Grouped List ਼ѹ䇽㓴丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 fù Ԉ to pay ···········································126 ԈⅮ ӔԈ 㔃㇇ ᭟ࠪ ᭟Ԉ Ԉ Ԉࠪ Ԉ䫡 Ԉ䍖㔃䍖 Ҡঅ fùjìn 䱴䘁 nearby ·······································128 䛫䘁䱴䘁 ᯱ ᯱ䗩 ഋઘ ઘത

G

27

JƗQJ ࡊ a short while ago····························· 141 ᡽ ࡊ ࡊ᡽ ࡊࡊ JƗR[uQJ 儈‫ ޤ‬happy ······································· 142 ⅒Ҁ ௌᛖ ‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸ ⅒ᘛ ⅒ཙௌൠ 儈‫ޤ‬ ⅒ௌ ᘛҀ ‫ ཻޤ‬ᒨ⾿ ᜹ᘛ ᔰᗳ ᘛ⍫ gàobié ੺࡛ to say goodbye to ························· 145 ੺䗎 ੺䘰 ੺࡛

JӽL ᭩ to correct ·······································130 ᴤࣘ ᴤ᭩ ᴤᦒ ᴤᯠ ᴤ↓ ⸛↓ ‫؞‬䇒 ‫؞‬ ↓ ᭩ ᭩ࣘ ᭩䶙 ᭩ᦒ ᭩䘋 ᭩㢟 ᭩ழ ᭩䙐 ᭩↓ 㓐↓ 䈳ᮤ ‫؞‬᭩

gàosu ੺䇹 to tell ······································· 146 ੺ ੺⸕ 䇢䘠䈸䇪䇢䀓䈤᰾ ੺䇹䇢䈤䈸

JƗQMuQJ ᒢ߰ clean ·········································133 ⌱߰ аቈнḃ ᒢ߰ ␵⌱ ছ⭏ ᮤ⌱

gè ਴ each ············································ 148 њњ ਴ ਴њ ਴㠚 ⇿

JƗQJj ቤቜ awkward ····································134 ᰐൠ㠚ᇩ ቤቜ ⤬⣸

JČL 㔉 to give ········································· 149 䍻Ҹ ࣐ԕ Ҹԕ 㔉ԕ 㔉Ҹ 㔉

JӽQGjR ᝏࡠ to feel········································135 ᝏࡠ ᝏ㿹 ᝏਇ փՊ 㿹ᗇ

JƝQU ṩ‫ ݯ‬mw. ········································· 151 ṩ‫ ݯ‬ᶑ ᷍

JӽQGzQJ ᝏࣘ to be moved ································136 ◰ਁ ◰࣡ ᢃࣘ ᝏࣘ ◰ ◰ࣘ

gèng ᴤ even, more ···································· 152 ཊ ᴤ ᴤ࣐ 䘈䎺ਁ ޽

JӽQMXp ᝏ㿹 perception ··································137 ᝏ䀖 ᝏਇ ᝏ㿹 ᝏᜣ փՊ ᗳᗇ

JǀQJ]Ư ᐕ䍴 salary ······································· 153 ᣕ‫ گ‬ᣕ䞜䞜ࣣ 䞜䉒㯚䠁 ᐕ䍴 ᭦‫ ޕ‬㯚 ≤ ᐕ䫡

JӽQTtQJ ᝏᛵ emotion ·····································138 ◰ᛵ ᛵᝏ ᝏᛵ ✝ᛵ JӽQ[Lq ᝏ䉒 to thank ·····································140 ᝏ◰ ᝏ䉒䉒䉒䉒 ཊ䉒

JǀQJJzQJ ‫ ޡޜ‬public ······································· 155 ‫ޜ ⭘ޜ ޡޜ ޜ‬ᴹ

28


JǌQLDQJ ခ၈ girl ···········································156 ቁྣ ሿက ྣᆙ‫ ⭏ྣ ݯ‬ခ၈ 䰪ྣ ћཤ

+jQ\ԃ ≹䈝 Chinese language ························· 168 ഭ䈝 ≹䈝 ॾ䈝 Პ䙊䈍 ѝ᮷

JXƗQ ‫ ޣ‬to turn off ······································158 ‫ޣ‬䰝䰝 ‫ ޣ‬ਸ

KiQJEƗQ 㡚⨝ scheduled flight ··························· 169 ⨝ᵪ 伎ᵪ 㡚⨝

JXƗQ[ƯQ ‫ޣ‬ᗳ to care for ···································159 ‫ޣ‬ᘰ ‫ޣ ࠷ޣ‬ᗳ ‫➗ ➗ޣ‬亮

KӽR ྭ good ··········································· 170 н䭉 ྭ ἂ 䞧

JXӽQOӿ ㇑⨶ to manage ···································160 ㇑䗆㇑⨶ 㓿㇑㓿㩕㇑

KӽRUyQJ\u ྭᇩ᱃ with great difficulty ··················· 171 ᖸнᇩ᱃ ྭнᇩ᱃ ྭᇩ᱃

JXӽQJNXz ᒯ䱄 wide ·········································161 ᒯঊ 䗭䱄 ᒯབྷ ᒯ⌋ ᒯ䱄 ᔰ䱄 ᇭᮎ ᇭ བྷ ᇭᒯ ᇭ䱄

KӽR[LjQJ ྭ‫ ۿ‬to look as if ································ 171 ԯ֋ 䘁լ ྲ਼ ⣩ྲ ྭ‫∄ྭ ۿ ۿ‬

guòfèn 䗷࠶ exorbitant ···································163 䗷ᓖ 䗷࠶ 䗷䟿䗷⚛ 䗷ཤ

H KiLKӽR 䘈ྭ not bad ······································165 ࠁਸ 䘈ྭ 䘈ਟԕ 䘈㹼傜傜㱾㱾 háizi ᆙᆀ child ·········································166 ‫ݯ‬ㄕ ᆀྣ ‫ ྣݯ‬ᆙᆀ ሿᴻ৻ ሿᆙ‫ݯ‬ KӽLZjL ⎧ཆ overseas ·····································167 ຳཆ ഭཆ ⎧ཆ ཆഭ KjL[Lǌ ᇣ㗎 to blush ·····································168 нྭ᜿ᙍ ᇣ㗎 ᇣ㟺

KpOӿ ਸ⨶ reasonable ································· 173 ‫ޜ‬ᒣ ‫ ↓ޜ‬ਸ⨶ ‫ޜ‬䚃 hézuò ਸ֌ to cooperate ······························· 174 ॿ࣋ ॿ਼ ॿࣙ ॿ֌ ਸ࣋ ਸ֌ ӂࣙ ᩝ ẓ ਸՉ hé ઼ķ with ········································· 176 о ਼ ઼ 䐏 hé ઼ĸ and ·········································· 177 ᒦ ৺ ԕ৺ о ਼ ઼ ৸ 䐏 KČQ ᖸ very ············································ 178 ᶱᓖ ᶱަ 亷䶎ᑨ ࠶ཆ Ṭཆ ᖸ ᶱ ॱ ࠶ ཚ ⢩࡛ з࠶ ⵏ ྭ ⢩ ᥪ KzXKXӿ ਾᛄ to regret ···································· 181 ᛄᚘ 䚇៮ ਾᛄ


29

hòulái ਾᶕ later on ······································182 ѻਾ Ӻਾ ਾ ਾᶕ ሶᶕ ԕਾ ᖰਾ

MƯGzQJ ◰ࣘ excited······································ 196 儈‫ཻޤ ࣘ◰ ޤ‬

KǌUiQ ᘭ❦ suddenly ····································184 ᘭ❦ ⥋ ⥋❦ ケ❦ алᆀ

jí ᙕķ anxious ····································· 197 ᙕ࠷ ᙕ䒱 ❖ᙕ ❖㲁 ᙕ

K[LƗQJ ӂ⴨ mutually ····································185 ᖬ↔ ӂ ӂ⴨ ⴨ӂ

jí ᙕĸ urgent······································· 198 ᙕ䘛 ᙕ࠷ ㍗䘛䘛࠷ ᙕ ㍗㍗ᙕ

KXƗ 㣡 to spend ········································186 㙇䍩 ⎸䍩 ⎸㙇㣡䍩 ᭟ࠪ 㣡䍩

jímáng ᙕᘉ hurried······································ 200 शश शᘉ ᝼ᘉ ᙕशश ᙕᘉ

KXƗIqL 㣡䍩 spending ····································187 䍩䍩⭘ 㣡䍩 ᔰ䬰 ᔰ᭟ ⎸䍩 ᭟ࠪ

jìhuà 䇑ࡂ to plan ······································ 201 ㆆࡂ ㆩ༷ 䈻䇑ࡂ ⴈ㇇ ߶༷ ᢃ㇇

huài ൿ bad ··············································188 ࣓ ᐞ ⅑ ൿ

jì 䇠 to memorise ·································· 203 䇠䖭䇠䇠ᗇ 䇠ᖅ 䇠տ

huì Պ to meet ·········································189 Պ㿱 Պᇒ Պ䈸 ՊᲔ Պ 㿱㿱䶒

jìjié ᆓ㢲 season ······································ 204 ᆓ ᆓᓖ ᆓ㢲 ᰦ㢲

KXz]KČ ᡆ㘵 or ·············································191 нᱟ«ቡᱟ 䘈ᱟ ᡆ ᡆᱟ ᡆ㘵㾱Ѹ«㾱 Ѹ

jìxù 㔗㔝 to continue ································· 205 ᤱ㔝 ᔦ㔝㔗㔝䘎㔝

J

MLƗ ᇦķ family ······································ 206 ᇦⵧ ⵧ኎ ᇦ኎ ᇦᓝ ᇦ

MƯKǌ ࠐѾ almost ·······································193 สᵜк ࠐѾ ሶ䘁 ᐞнཊ ᐞ⛩‫ݯ‬

MLƗ ᇦĸ mw. ········································· 208 ᇦ ᡰ ᓗ

MƯKXu ᵪՊ opportunity ·································194 ᵪ䙷 ᰦᵪ ᵪՊ ⚛‫ ى‬㕈㕈࠶

MLӽ ‫ ٷ‬false ············································ 209 㲊‫ ٷ‬㲊՚ ‫ ٷ‬㲊 ኡመ

30


jiàqian ԧ䫡 cost ··········································210 ԧṬ ⢙ԧ ԧ䫡 ԧ ԧ⸱

MLƝMuQ ᧕䘁 to approach ································ 225 䙬䘁 ሶ䘁 ᧕䘁䶐䘁 Ѥ䘁

MLƗQFKt ඊᤱ to insist on ··································211 ‫؍‬ᤱ ඊᤱ 㔤ᤱ

MLpJXԁ 㔃᷌ result········································ 227 ᡀ᷌ ਾ᷌ 㔃᷌ ᭸᷌

MLӽQGƗQ ㆰঅ simple ·······································212 ㆰ‫ ׯ‬ㆰঅ ㆰ䱻 ㆰ᱃ ᇩ᱃

MLpKǌQ 㔃ႊ to marry ···································· 228 㔃ႊ ჱ ၦ ࣎ௌһ

MLӽQPtQJ ㆰ᰾ concise ······································214 ㆰ⸝ ㆰ⌱ ㆰ᰾ ㆰ㾱

jiéshù 㔃ᶏ to end ······································· 229 䰝ᒅ ᆼ∅ 㓸→ 㔃ᶏ ‫ →ڌ ڌ‬ᆼ ᆼᡀ

MLƗQJ\jR ሶ㾱 soon ·········································215 ণሶ ሶ㾱 ቡ㾱 ᘛ㾱

MLČJ 䀓䳷 to lay off ··································· 231 䀓䳷 ᔰ䲔 ⛂劯劬 л዇

MLӽQJ 䇢 to speak ········································216 䇢䇢䈍䈤䈤䈍䈸䈸䈍㙺㙺ཙ‫ ݯ‬䈸 ཙ‫ݯ‬

MLČVKu 䀓䟺 to explain ·································· 232 䇢䀓䀓䟺䈤᰾

MLƗRKXjQ Ӕᦒ to exchange ·································218 䈳ᦒ ሩᦒ ‫ ᦒށ‬ᴤᦒ ᦒ Ӕᦒ ᴯᦒ MLƗRWiQ Ӕ䈸 to converse ·································220 Ӕ⎹ ⍭䈸 ⋏䙊 Ӕ⍱ Ӕ䈸 ୶䈸 MLƗR ᮉ to teach ·········································221 Րᦸ ᝏॆ ᮉሬ 䖵ሬ ᮉ ᮉଶ ᮉ䇝 ᮉ㛢 ᤷሬ ᤷ⛩ ᤷᮉ MLjRVKƯ ᮉᐸ teacher ······································223 ᐸ䮯 ሬᐸ 䖵ሬઈ 䇢ᐸ ᮉ㓳 ᮉᐸ ᮉᦸ ᮉઈ 㘱ᐸ

jìnzhӿ ⾱→ to prohibit ·································· 233 䱢→ ⾱→ ࡦ→ 䱫→ MƯQJFKiQJ 㓿ᑨ regular ······································ 234 а䍟䙊ᑨ ᑨ 㓿ᑨ ᒣᑨ ᰕᑨ MƯQJ\jQ 㓿傼 experience ································· 236 䰵শ 㓿䗷㓿শ 㓿傼 jìngrán ㄏ❦ unexpectedly ······························ 237 нᯉ ㄏㄏ❦ ት❦ MLǌMuQJ ウㄏ actually ····································· 238 ∅ㄏウㄏ ࡠᓅ


31

jiùshì ቡᱟ even if ·······································239 㓥❦ ণ‫ ׯ‬ণ֯ ቡᱟ ଚᙅ ቡ㇇

NČ\ӿ ਟԕ can ·········································· 252 Պ ਟԕ 㜭㜭ཏ

Mԃ[tQJ Ѯ㹼 to hold ·······································240 䘋㹼 Ѯ࣎ Ѯ㹼

kèrén ᇒӪ guest ········································ 254 䍥ᇮ 䍥ᇒ ᶕᇮ ᇒ ᇒӪ ᶕᇒ

M\ԁX ާᴹ to possess ···································241 ާ༷ ާᴹ ᆈ൘ ᴹ

NԁX ਓ mouth·········································· 255 ਓ ౤ ౤ᐤ

juéde 㿹ᗇ to feel········································242 䇔Ѫ ᜣ ԕѪ 㿹ᗇ

kuòdà ᢙབྷ to enlarge ·································· 256 ᢙ‫ ݵ‬ᢙབྷ ᢙᔪ ᢙኅ ᢙᕐ

K

L

NƗLSu ᔰ䗏 to open up ··································244 ᔰ䟷 ᔰූ ᔰ䗏

OƗ ᣹ to pull·········································· 258 ᤄ ᢟ ᣭ ᣹ ᤆ ᤭

kàn ⴻķ to see ········································244 亮㿲ሏ 㿲ⴻ 㿲䍿 ⴻ ⴻ㿱 ᵋ ⴟ ⷗

OiLZӽQJ ᶕᖰ to come and go ···························· 259 ᖰᶕ ᶕᖰ ᖰ䘄

kàn ⴻĸ to visit ·······································246 ᤌ䇯 ᤌՊ ᤌ㿱䇯䰞 ᧒ᵋ ᤌ ⴻᵋ 䎠䇯 ⴻ

láiyuán ᶕⓀ source ······································ 260 ṩⓀ ᶕশ ᶕⓀ 䎧Ⓚ

kàn ⴻĹ to read ·······································248 䰵䈫䈫 ⴻ ᵇ䈫 ᘥ NӽROԋ 㘳㲁 to consider ··································249 ᙍ ᙍ㘳 ᙍ㍒㘳㲁 ᜣ ⹄ウ ⩒⼘ NӽRVKu 㘳䈅 examination ································251 ⍻䈅 ⍻傼㘳ḕ 㘳䈅

lèi ㍟ tired ············································ 261 ⯢᜛ ⯢ѿ ⯢ٖ ⯢ࣣ ㍟ OČQJ ߧ cold ············································ 262 ሂ ߧ ߹ OӿPLjQ 䟼䶒 inside ······································· 263 ޵ ޵䜘 ަ䰤 ަѝ ѻ䰤 ѻ޵ ѻѝ ᖃѝ 䟼䟼䶒 ѝ ѝ䰤䟼䗩䟼ཤ

32


Oӿ[LӽQJ ⨶ᜣ ambition ····································266 ᒫᜣ オᜣ ⨶ᜣ Ỗᜣ ྴᜣ

Oԉ[tQJ ᯵㹼 to travel ···································· 280 ⑨㿸 ᯵㹼 ᯵⑨ ⑨ ⑨⧙‫ݯ‬

lì ࣋ strength ········································267 ࣋ ࣋䟿 ࣋≄ 㜭࣋ ≄࣋ ᇎ࣋ ࣢‫ݯ‬

M

lìkè ・࡫ right away ··································268 亯ᰦ ・ণ ቭᘛ ・࡫ 䘎ᘉ 䎦ᘉ 䎦㍗䎦 ᘛ 傜к lìyòng ࡙⭘ to use ········································270 ࡙⭘ ֯⭘ ᓄ⭘ 䘀⭘ lìrú ֻྲ for instance ·································271 䆜ྲ ∄ྲ ֻྲ ∄ᯩ䈤 ᤯«ᶕ䈤 lì ㋂ mw. for grain-like things ····················272 仇㋂ ᷊ OLӽRMLČ Ҷ䀓 to know ·····································273 ⨶Պ ⨶䀓 Ҷ䀓亶Պ ᰾ⲭ փՊ փ傼 línghuó ⚥⍫ nimble ·······································275 ⚥⍫ զ‫⚥ ؀‬᭿ ⚥ᐗ ᭿ᦧ ᭿䭀 ᵪ⚥ ⚥ lìngwài ਖཆ in addition ··································276 䲔↔ѻཆ ↔ཆ ਖཆ 䘈ᴹ lù 䐟 road ·············································277 䚃䐟㺇㺇䚃䐟 ᐧ 䚃‫ ݯ‬㜑਼‫ݯ‬ OԉJXӽQ ᯵侶 hotel ·········································279 ᇮ侶依ᓇ 䞂ᓇ ᯵ᓇ ᯵侶

PӽL Ҡ to buy ·········································· 282 䟷䍝䍝䍝Ҡ Ҡ mài আ to sell ·········································· 283 ࠪ୞ ୞ 䬰䬰୞ ࠪআ আ PӽQ\u ┑᜿ satisfied ···································· 284 ྲ᜿ 〠ᗳ ┑᜿ PpLJXƗQ[L ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ It doesn‫ތ‬t matter ······················· 285 н㾱㍗ ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ ⋑ӰѸ ⋑һ‫ݯ‬ PLӽQGH ‫ݽ‬ᗇ lest ·········································· 286 ԕ‫ݽ ݽ‬ᗇ ⴱᗇ miàn 䶒 the face ········································ 286 䶒ᆄ 䶒䊼䶒ⴞ 䶒ᇩ 䶒䶒ᆀ 㝨 míngzi ਽ᆇ name ········································ 288 〠ਧ ਽〠〠બ ਽ ਽ᆇ ဃ ဃ਽ PԃTƯQ ⇽Ӣ mother ······································ 289 ⇽ ⇽Ӣ ྸྸ ၈

N nánrén ⭧Ӫ man ········································· 291 ⭧༛ ⭧ᙗ ⭧ᆀ ⭧Ӫ

Pinyin Grouped List ਼ѹ䇽㓴丣ᒿỰ㍒㺘 nán ই south ············································292 ই䜘 ইഭ ই ইᯩ ই䶒 ই䗩‫ ݯ‬ইཤ‫ݯ‬ niánlíng ᒤ喴 age ···········································293 ᒤ喴 ᒤ㓚 ኱ᮠ QԉUpQ ྣӪ woman ······································294 ྣ༛ ྣᙗ ྷྣ ྣᆀ ྣӪ

33

Q TƯ]L ࿫ᆀ wife ········································· 304 ཛӪ ཚཚ ⡡Ӫ ࿫ᆀ 㘱ၶ უྷ‫ݯ‬ qíshì ↗㿶 to discriminate against ··················· 305 䝉㿶㰀㿶㭁㿶 ᰐ㿶 վՠ ↗㿶䖫㿶 ⴻ н䎧 ⴻվ ⷗н䎧 ሿⴻ ሿ⷗ ⤇⵬ⴻӪվ

P

qìhòu ≄‫ ى‬climate ····································· 306 ≄‫≄ ى‬䊑 ཙ≄ ཙ

pà ᙅ to fear ··········································296  ᜗ ᇣᙅ ᙅ

qiántú ࡽ䙄 prospects ··································· 307 ࡽ〻 ࡽᲟ ሶᶕ ࡽ䙄 ᵚᶕ

SƯ ᢩ a batch··········································297 ᢩ 㗔㓴 Չ

TLƗRTLƗR ᚴᚴ quietly ······································ 308 ᳇᳇ ᚴᚴ ‫ڧڧ‬

SƯStQJ ᢩ䇴 to criticise ··································298 䉤䍓 ᢩࡔ ᢩ䇴傲 ᢩ

TƯQTLq Ӣ࠷ friendly ····································· 309 ᇶ࠷ Ӣᇶ Ӣ࠷ Ӣ✝

piàn 僇 to cheat ·········································299 Ⅺ僇䇸僇僇 ᘭᛐ

TƯQ]u Ӣ㠚 in person ··································· 310 Ӣ䓛 Ӣ᡻ Ӣ㠚

piànzi 僇ᆀ swindler ·····································300 僇ᆀ ᢈ‫ݯ‬

TǌELp ४࡛ to differentiate ···························· 310 䗘࡛ 䗘䇔 ࠶䗘䢤࡛ 䇶࡛ ࠶࡛ ४࡛ ४ ࠶

piàoliang ┲Ӟ pretty ········································300 㖾㿲 Ո㖾㖾㖾ѭ ┲Ӟ 㤡‫׺ ⴻྭ ׺‬ ᐵ pò ⹤ broken ··········································302 ൿ ⛲ ⹤ ⺾

R rèqíng ✝ᛵ enthusiastic ································ 313 ✝⛸ ✝ᛵ ✝ᗳ

34


rénmen ӪԜ people ·······································313 ≁Շ བྷՇ 㗔Շ Ӫ≁ Ⲯဃ ӪԜ 㘱Ⲯဃ rìjì ᰕ䇠 diary ·········································314 ᫝ᇒ ঊᇒ ᰕ䇠 ᰕᘇ U~JXԁ ྲ᷌ if ·············································315 ‫ྲ ྲ ྲٷ‬᷌ 㾱ᱟ

S VKƗQJ[ƯQ Քᗳ heartbroken ·································317 䳮䗷䳮ਇ Քᗳ VKƗQJOLDQJ ୶䟿 to consult ···································318 ⍭䈸 ୶䇘 ॿ୶ ୶䟿䈸ࡔ VKtMLƗQ ᰦ䰤 time ··········································319 ኱ᴸ ᰦԓ ᰦ䰤 ᰦ࡫ ᰦᵏ ᐕཛ ᰕᆀ ᰦ ‫ى‬ shìqing һᛵ matter ·······································320 һԦ һ᭵ һᛵ һ Vӿ ↫ to die ···········································321 ৫ц 䙍ц ⢪⢢ ↫ӑ ↫ sòngxíng 䘱㹼 to wish sb. bon voyage ···················322 ੺࡛ 䘱㹼䘱 VXԁ\ӿ ᡰԕ therefore ····································323 ഐ↔ ഐ㘼 ᡰԕ Ҿᱟ

T WqGLӽQ ⢩⛩ characteristic ······························ 325 ⢩⛩ ⢩㢢 ⢩ᙗ ⢩ᖱ tóngyì ਼᜿ to consent ·································· 325 ᢩ߶ ᇩ䇨 ਼᜿ ‫ݱ‬䇨 ߶䇨 ߶ ㆄᓄ tóngzhì ਼ᘇ comrades ··································· 327 ਼ӱ ਼㹼 ਼һ ਼ᆖ ਼ᘇ ᡈ৻ WzQJNԃ Ⰻ㤖 painful ······································ 328 нᒨ 㤖ᚬ Ⰻᾊ Քᗳ Ⰻ㤖㤖 tòngkuai Ⰻᘛ direct ······································· 329 㙯ⴤ ⡭ᘛ ⡭ᵇ ඖⲭ ඖ⦷ ⴤ⦷ ⴤ⡭ ᒢ 㜶 Ⰻᘛ ⴤᶕⴤ৫

W ZiQ]KČQJ ᆼᮤ intact········································ 331 喀‫ ޘ‬ᆼ༷ ᆼ‫ ޘ‬ᆼᮤ ശ┑ wèi Ѫ for ·············································· 332 Ѫ ѪҶ

X [Ư 㾯 west ············································ 333 㾯䜘㾯㾯ᯩ 㾯䶒㾯䗩‫ ݯ‬㾯ཤ‫ݯ‬ [ƯZjQJ ᐼᵋ to hope ····································· 334 ᵏᵋ ⑤ᵋ ⴬ᵋ ᐼᵋ ⴬


35

xíguàn Ґᜟ habit ·········································335 仾؇ Ґᜟ Ґ؇

\ǀX[L Ո⿰ excellent ··································· 344 㢟ྭ Ո㢟 Ո⿰ Ոᔲ

[u[ƯQ 㓶ᗳ careful ·······································335 ઘᇶ 㓶ᗳ 㓶㠤 ሿᗳ Ԅ㓶

\ԁX\u ৻䈺 friendship ·································· 345 ৻⡡ ৻ᛵ ৻䈺

xiànzài ⧠൘ now ··········································336 ᖃࡽ ⴞࡽ ྲӺ ⧠൘ ⵬ࡽ ⵬л

\ԁXPtQJ ᴹ਽ well-known ································ 346 㪇਽ ࠪ਽ ᴹ਽

[LƗQJ[uQ ⴨ؑ to believe (in) ······························337 ⴨ؑ ؑ䎆 ؑԫ ؑ

yuánliàng ৏䈵 to forgive ·································· 346 䈵䀓 փ䈵 ৏䈵

xìngqù ‫ޤ‬䏓 interest ······································338 ⡡ྭ Ҁ䏓 ‫ޤ‬䏓

yuànyì ᝯ᜿ to like to···································· 347 ᝯ᜿ 㛟 Ҁ᜿ ᝯ

xìnggé ᙗṬ character ····································339 ᙗᛵ њᙗ ᙗṬ 㝮≄

Z

Y

zài ޽ again ··········································· 349 䟽䘈 ৸ ޽

\Ưu EƗQ а㡜 general ······································340 Პ䙽 Პ䙊 а㡜

]ӽRFKpQ ᰙᲘ early morning ····························· 350 哾᰾ ߼Ი ␵Ი ᰙᲘ ␵ᰙ

\Ưt GuQJ аᇊ definite ······································340 ᗵ❦ 㛟ᇊ ⺞ᇊ аᇊ

]ČQPH ᘾѸ how ········································· 350 ྲօ ᘾѸ ᘾṧ ᘾѸṧ

\Ưu Tӿ а䎧 all together ·································341 а਼ а䚃 а喀 а䎧 аඇ‫ݯ‬

zhàngfu иཛ husband ···································· 351 ‫ ⭏ݸ‬⡡Ӫ иཛ 㘱‫ޜ‬

\ӿTLiQ ԕࡽ before ·······································342 ᖰᰕ ѻࡽ Ӿࡽ 䗷৫ ԕࡽ ‫ࡽݸ‬

]KƗRSìn ᤋ㚈 to recruit ··································· 352 㚈䈧 ᖅ⭘ ᤋ㚈䳷䈧 ᤋӪ

yìjiàn ᜿㿱 opinion ······································343 㿱䀓㿲⛩ ⴻ⌅ ᜣ⌅ ᜿㿱 ѫ᜿

]KƝWHQJ ᣈ㞮 to torment ·································· 353 ᣈ⼘ ⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮һ‫ ݯ‬䰩㞮 ᣈ㞮

36


]KƝQJ ҹ to compete for·································353 ཪ ཪਆ ࣋ҹ ҹཪ ҹਆ ҹ

zuìjìn ᴰ䘁 recently····································· 365 䘁ᶕ 䘁ᵏ ᯠ䘁 ᴰ䘁

zhèngqián ᥓ䫡 to earn money ······························354 ᥓ䫡䎊䫡 ᦎ䫡

zuò ‫ڊ‬ķ to make ····································· 366 ⭏ӗ 䙐 ࡦ䙐 ࡦ֌ ‫ڊ‬

zhíxíng ᢗ㹼 to execute ···································355 ን㹼 ᯭ㹼 ᇎᯭ ᇎ㹼 ᢗ㹼

zuò ‫ڊ‬ĸ to do ········································ 367 ֌ ‫ ڊ‬ᒢ ᩎ ᔴ

]Kӿ ਚ only ·············································356 ӵ ӵӵ ቡ ਚ অ ‫ݹ‬

]Xz¶jL ‫ڊ‬⡡ to make love ······························· 368 ᙗӔ ਼ᡯ ‫ڊ‬⡡ ᒢ䛓һ‫ ݯ‬кᒺ

]KӿKӽR ਚྭ have to ······································358 н‫ ݽ‬ᵚ‫ ݽ‬ਚྭ ਚ㜭 ਚᴹ нᗇн ਚᗇ ]KǀQJ\~ 㓸Ҿ finally ·······································359 㓸ウ㓸Ҿ ᙫ ࡠᓅ zhújiàn 䙀⑀ gradually ····································360 ⑀ ⑀⑀ 䙀↕ 䙀⑀ zhùhè ⾍䍪 to congratulate ·····························360 ᒶ䍪⾍⾿⾍䍪⾍ᝯ ᒶ⾍⾍ ]uMӿ 㠚ᐡ oneself ······································361 ᵜӪ ᵜ䓛 њӪ ਴㠚㠚ᐡ 㠚䓛㠚њ‫ݯ‬ ]ԁQJVhì) ᙫ(ᱟ) always······································363 শᶕ ੁᶕ аੁ Ӿᶕ аⴤ ᙫ(ᱟ) 㘱㘱 ᱟ ]ԁXKzXPpQU 䎠ਾ䰘‫ ݯ‬to pull strings ························364 н↓ѻ仾 ↚仾䛚≄ 䎠ਾ䰘‫ݯ‬

37

Introduction Have you ever wondered about the differences between piàoliang (┲Ӟ µSUHWW\¶ PČLOu 㖾ѭ µEHDXWLIXO¶ DQG\ƯQJMQ㤡‫ ׺‬µKDQGVRPH¶ "7KH\DUHV\QRQ\PVZRUGVZLWKVLPLODUPHDQLQJV:HDUH often confronted with the question of picking the right word to get our message across clearly. The synonyms presented here will help you to choose the right one. They are frequently used and practical, but can be easily confused by non-native speakers of Chinese. Chinese is extremely rich in vocabulary, with fine shades of meaning in synonyms. Choosing the correct word or phrase is important for communicating competently. This book provides clear and concise explanations of Chinese synonyms, to help you achieve a rich and sophisticated vocabulary. It clarifies common confusions, offers practical guidance in the use of synonyms, and enables you to perceive nuances that will enhance your confidence and skill in using Chinese. Using Chinese Synonyms contains approximately 1,700 synonyms in 315 groups. Selected with the needs of non-native learners of Chinese in mind, the synonyms come primarily from the pool of 8,822 words listed in the guideline of proficiency grades for Chinese vocabulary and characters (≹䈝≤ᒣ䇽≷ о≹ᆇㅹ㓗བྷ㓢, 1992, HSK Examination Centre, Beijing Language and Culture University). HSK is a Chinese Proficiency Test recognised world-wide, and the 8,822 words have been set by the HSK Examination Centre for students preparing for HSK. This book complements that list, helping you learn vocabulary that has been mandated as the most useful for non-native speakers of Chinese.

1 Readership The book is intended as an essential tool for non-native speakers of Chinese with basic competence in the language. Knowledge of simplified Chinese characters and familiarity with pinyin is an advantage. It is also an important reference book for teachers of Chinese as a Second Language. The task of explaining synonyms is not always easy, and often one may spend considerable time and energy looking matters up and still not get a satisfactory answer. This book provides teachers with a ready resource that will save time and energy. It will also serve as a useful reference for other language professionals, including lexicologists, linguists, researchers and translators.

2 Features The most distinctive feature of this book is that register is the primary criterion determining the order of the headwords. Choosing words with the correct degree of formality is vital in communication, if we are to avoid unexpected offence or unintentional embarrassment. This arrangement helps non-native speakers of Chinese to gain knowledge of the workings of register and to use words of appropriate formality in a variety of situations. To enable you to learn synonyms more effectively, the book includes synonyms and sample sentences with a level of language difficulty suitable to speakers with a limited vocabulary. Synonyms in the same group have the same part of speech (noun or verb or adjective, etc.), to keep explanations manageable and easy to understand. Entries are selected in an unconventional and flexible way: they may consist of a word (including functional words, difficult for non-native speakers to learn), a phrase or an idiom. The most useful features of this book include: x synonyms listed according to their level of formality;

38 x

x x

x x x x

3

Introduction

clear and adequate explanations in English of the subtle shades of difference between synonyms, illustrated by more synonyms than the usual 2±3 per group and wide-ranging sample sentences at a language level where non-native speakers can grasp meaning easily and confidently; explanations of both linguistic and idiomatic usages, and of cultural appropriateness and politeness ± information rarely available in traditional dictionaries; practical, everyday language that is standard and up-to-GDWHHJWXǀU ᢈ‫ ݯ‬µKXVWOHU¶VKƗQ]KjL ኡመ µXQDXWKRULVHG XQFRQYHQWLRQDO¶ Kǌ\RX ᘭᛐ µWR MHUN VE DURXQG¶ bókè ঊᇒ µEORJ¶ GLYHUVH ZLWK examples of slang/ idiom/ functional words/ set phrasHVYXOJDUSKUDVHVHJJԁX\ӽQNjQUpQGƯ ⤇⵬ⴻ Ӫվ µWRWhink less of others¶ DQGFRORXUIXOWHUPVWDERRWRSLFVRIVH[DQGGHDWKHJVKjQJFKXiQJ кᒺ µKDYLQJVH[¶ enjoyable presentation of original and rich resources for essay writing, translation and other work; YRFDEXODU\EDVHGRQ+6.¶V2 words, supplemented with new and unconventional words; alphabetical organisation and user-friendly tabular layout giving information on register, sample contexts and English equivalents of Chinese synonyms; three convenient and comprehensive index/lists: two pinyin lists in the front of the book and an English index at the back of the book (all alphabetical), enabling you to locate words from either language with efficiency.

Design and presentation

3.1 Selection of entries and sample sentences A synonym reference book such as this one cannot hope to be as exhaustive as an ordinary dictionary, and so selection of entries becomes vital. The major criterion here is the unfamiliarity of semantic distinctions to non-native speakers of Chinese. This book integrates thHDXWKRU¶VRZQH[SHULHQFH with information from existing publications and Chinese language databases (see Bibliography for details), Internet evidence, and the feedback of a team of experts, to produce a comprehensive reference book with a focus on contemporary language use. It is a combination of human (intuition and introspection) and computer (language database and the Internet) effort, exploiting the strengths of both.

3.2 Layout Semantic frames are used to facilitate easy access. They consist of a frame title, headwords associated with the frame title, English translations and sample sentences. pinyin frame title, part of speech pinyin headword, part of speech register, HSK word frequency (3±1*) (A±D, N/A)

English translation English translation and exposition of the headword

sample sentences

According to HSK, there are four levels of language difficulty corresponding to four levels of word frequency among the 8,822 words selected for the preparation of HSK. A represents the least difficult/ most commonly used, and D indicates the other end of the scale. This information makes the book a handy resource for those preparing for HSK. Other words not listed by HSK but included in this book explain certain IHDWXUHVHJKyQJEƗR 㓒व µUHGenvelope¶ RUDUHQHZO\FRLQHGDQGSRSXODUZRUGV (e.g. bókè ঊᇒ µEORJ¶ .

Introduction

39

3.2.1

Frame titles and headwords The frame title is taken as the point of reference, the lead-in lexical item for the entry. It is chosen, as far as possible, according to representativeness, generality (few limitations upon its use) and neutrality (neither positive nor negative, neither too formal nor too informal). )RUH[DPSOHRIWKHWKUHHWHUPVEӽRK (‫؍‬ᣔ µWR SURWHFW¶ jLK ⡡ᣔ µWR care and protect sb. or sth.¶ DQG EuK ᒷᣔ µWR VKHOWHU¶ EӽRK LV used in a wide range of contexts with a neutral tone, unlike àihù (positive) and bìhù (pejorative), so would be selected as the frame title for this group. Sometimes this rule may be superseded by other factors, e.g. KXƗ㣡 µWRVSHQG¶LQIRUPDO PD\UHSODFH[LƗRIqL⎸䍩 µWRFRQVXPH¶QHXWUDO) as a frame title because the latter is unfamiliar to users. The headwords are synonyms of the frame title, and are listed in the first column of the semantic frame beneath the frame title. There are five headwords on average per group, more than the usual 2±3 in other similar books. This aims to provide users with more information on the synonyms.

3.2.2

Register Register levels are not absolute, but are a convenient indicator of use. While most items fit in one of the four basic categories, it is inevitable that the designation of 3-2, 2-1, 1-1* (indicating middle ground between two levels) occurs. Register 3: formal/ written; often used in a formal situation, such as in a legal document or an official speech, usually addressed to an unfamiliar audience and associated with officialdom. The essential elements of such language usage are correctness, serious and intellectual process, a high level of politeness and careful organisation of thoughts/ arguments. Register 2: neutral; often used in situations hovering between formal and informal, such as a newspaper report or a staff meeting. This usage shows reasonable correctness, carefulness and politeness. Register 1: informal/ colloquial; often used in informal, spontaneous, everyday conversational situations among familiars. This usage appears quite direct, is often less polite and shows less care regarding linguistic niceties. Register 1*: vulgar; often impolite, rude or offensive vocabulary. This register might be used in very informal and intimate contexts; non-native speakers should note these items and use them with extreme care. 5HJLVWHUVZLWFKLVLPSRUWDQWLQ&KLQHVHUHSUHVHQWLQJDFUXFLDOSDUWRIRQH¶VODQJXDJHSURILFLHQF\ Different registers need to be adopted to correspond to different social settings and distance, different age groups and professions.

3.2.3

Phonetic transcription Entries are transcribed in pinyin. In the sample sentences, non-elementary words are provided with pinyin. A neutral tone is indicated by the absence of any tone mark. Some words with tone changes are marked with the regular tone, plus the actual tone in parentheses. In this way, you may recognise both, e.g. bù(ú)dàn (нն µQRWRQO\¶ ‫ ݯ‬DVDZRUGHQGLQJLVWUDQVFULEHGZLWKµU¶HJKXƗU㣡‫ ݯ‬µIORZHU¶

3.2.4

English equivalents and exposition of the headwords English equivalents of the headwords appear in the second column, together with other relevant information. Given the richness and indeterminateness of language, the English equivalents provided are the closest possible in relation to the given context, but not the only possible choices in all contexts. This book aims to match the translations with headwords in terms of register and parts of speech, and the same applies to the English exposition and sample sentences, making the learning of synonyms more effective. Antonyms are listed and their usages illustrated in sample sentences. Wherever appropriate, an English gloss is provided separately for each character of a synonym, which will help you better to understand and remember it. For example, háng (㹼 µWUDGH¶LQ ਼ [tóng, same] 㹼 µSHRSOHRIWKHVDPH WUDGH RU RFFXSDWLRQ¶ VKu һ µWKLQJ¶ LQ ਼ һ µFROOHDJXHV DW ZRUN¶ [Xp ᆖ µVWXG\¶ LQ ਼ ᆖ

40

Introduction

µFODVVPDWHV VFKRROPDWHV¶ DQG ]Ku ᘇ µDVSLUDWLRQ¶ LQ ਼ᘇ µFRPUDGHV¶ 5HFRJQLVLQJ WKH LQGLYLGXDO components of a synonym makes your learning much easier. Exposition of headwords focuses on the following aspects: x intensity and foFXVRIPHDQLQJHJRIVKƯZjQJ ཡᵋ µGLVDSSRLQWHG¶DQGMXpZjQJ 㔍ᵋ µLQGHVSDLU¶ the latter is stronger than the former) x FRQQRWDWLRQ HJ Qu¶jL ⓪⡡ µWR VSRLO VRPHRQH¶ KDV D QHJDWLYH FRQQRWDWLRQ WpQJ¶jL ⯬⡡ µWR ORYH VRPHRQHGHDUO\¶KDVDSRVLWLYHWRQH x style (e.g. fùbù 㞩䜘 µDEGRPHQ¶IRUPDOG]L 㛊ᆀ µEHOO\¶LQIRUPDO x collocation (how to group words into a sentence: e.g. zhíxíng ᢗ㹼 µWRHQIRUFH>VWKVSHFLILF@¶DVLQ zhíxíng mìnglìng ᢗ㹼ભԔ µWR FDUU\ RXW DQ RUGHU¶ Oԉ[tQJ ን㹼 µWR IXOILO >VWK JHQHUDO@¶ DV LQ lԉ[tQJ\uZ ን㹼ѹ࣑ µWRIXOILORQH¶VUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV¶ x usage (e.g. information on antonyms; reduplication forms: ABAB, AABB, etc.) Further information provided in the exposition includes whether the term is literary, humorous, euphemistic, figurative, metaphorical, etc. For example, qùshì (৫ц µWR SDVV DZD\¶ LV XVHG DV D euphemism; zhíchángzi (ⴤ㛐ᆀ µEHLQJGLUHFW¶ LVDPHWDSKRUVӿGӽQJ↫‫ ފ‬µGLHKDUGIROORZHU¶ FDQEH XVHGLQDKXPRURXVZD\WRUHIHUWRDYHU\FORVHIULHQG\ƗWRXћཤ µODVV¶ LVDXVDJHRIQRUWKHrn China. Cultural appropriateness (e.g. politeness, of particular interest to non-native speakers) plays a huge role in the use of Chinese synonyms, and is integrated into the exposition of this book. Register and politeness are as important as linguistic knowledge; any speaker needs both to be a competent communicator.

3.2.5

Grammatical information The explication of grammatical patterns helps you to understand structural nuances among synonyms. For example, it appears that monosyllables tend to go with monosyllables (e.g. dúbào 䈫ᣕ µWRUHDGDQHZVSDSHU¶ DQGGLV\OODEOHVZLWKGLV\OODEOHVHJ\XqG~EjR]Kӿ 䰵䈫ᣕ㓨 µWRUHDGQHZVSDSHUV >IRUPDO@¶ 7KHUHDUHVRPHGLVFUHSDQFLHVEHWZHHQSDUWVRIVSHHFKLQ&KLQHVHDQG(QJOLVKHJ\ӿTLiQԕ ࡽ µEHIRUH¶ LVDQRXQWLPH LQ&KLQHVHEXWLWVWUDQVODWLRQµEHIRUH¶LQ(QJOLVKLVQRW

3.2.6

Sample sentences Sample sentences illustrate how synonyms work. Contextualised examples have been chosen to illustrate appropriate usage, matching headwords and sample sentences in terms of parts of speech, level of register, collocational variations, etc. Collocational variations provide a number of different ways of using synonyms. For example, piàoliang (┲Ӟ µSUHWW\¶ LQ 7Ɨ KČQ SLàoliang (ྩᖸ┲Ӟ µ6KH LV YHU\ SUHWW\¶ 7ƗSLàoliang GHKČQ(ྩ┲Ӟᗇᖸ µ6KHLVYHU\SUHWW\¶ 7ƗVKu\Ưt JqSLjROLDQJGHQԉUpQྩᱟ ањ┲ӞⲴྣӪ µ6KH LV D SUHWW\ ZRPDQ¶ ,Q WKLV ZD\ XVHUV OHDUQ KRZ WR XVH D ZRUG LQ D YDULHW\ RI contexts to enhance their skills. To further expand vocabulary and illustrate the differences among the synonyms, wherever possible the sample sentences include antonyms to show contrast in usage. Non-native speakers of Chinese often encounter great difficulties in understanding examples in Chinese dictionaries, particularly monolingual ones. Often, when a new word is introduced, the sample sentence may contain four more new words. By the time students figure all these out, they have forgotten the word they began with. To solve this common problem, this book offers sample sentences with a level of language difficulty suitable to non-native speakers with limited vocabulary, to enhance learning without frustration. Non-elementary words are kept to a minimum and are provided with an English JORVV7RIRVWHUOHDUQLQJLQLWLDWLYHVDQGHQKDQFHOHDUQLQJHIIHFWLYHQHVVµJXHVVDEOH¶ZRUGVDUHQRWJORVVHG WRHQFRXUDJHVWXGHQWVWRVROYHWKHµP\VWHU\¶)RUH[DPSOHWKH(QJOLVKJORVVLVSURYLGHGIRUQqL[LjQJ (޵ ੁ, introverted) but not wàixiàng (ཆੁ, extroverted). Students can use context to derive the meaning of the latter.

Introduction

41

3.3 Notes, cross-referencing and index/lists Notes providing additional information are put beneath the entries where necessary, for easy and quick reference. This occurs when there is inadequate space for them in the second column, or when the information is not limited to a particular headword. An asterisk (*) is used to indicate footnoted information. You can utilise the system of cross-referencing to find related entries for more information. The cross-referencing can be within a frame or to another frame entry. There are three index/lists: two pinyin lists and an English index.

4

How to make the most of this book Do go on and try it yourself

¾ Avoid selecting or using the very first available gloss found on the list. Often there is no perfect one-to-one equivalent between two languages, so looking up all the glosses on the list and their corresponding examples helps you to make a well-informed choice. ¾ Some words are deliberately not glossed. Do try to sharpen up your µJXHVVLQJ¶ DELOLW\ ± you will remember better the words you work out for yourself. When you see a new word, avoid rushing to your dictionary; try to guess it first using all the clues you can get from the context. You will be surprised by your new-found talent and success.

Acquire skills in synonym use

¾ Discriminating between the nuances of Chinese synonyms, finding useful information from the translations and selecting the most appropriate term among the synonyms. When you are faced with a choice between piàoliang (┲Ӟ µSUHWW\¶ DQG PČLOu 㖾ѭ µEHDXWLIXO¶), for example, this book will help you choose the more appropriate synonym for your context. ¾ Focusing on the different characters in a group is an effective way of OHDUQLQJ V\QRQ\PV )RU H[DPSOH TƯQVKƝQ Ӣ䓛 µILUVW-haQG¶ TƯQVKԁX Ӣ ᡻ µ>WRGR@ZLWKRQH¶VRZQKDQGV TƯQ]uӢ㠚 µSHUVRQDOO\¶ TƯQ\ӽQӢ⵬ µ>WR VHH@ ZLWK RQH¶V RZQ H\HV¶ TƯQNԁX Ӣਓ µ>WR WHOO@ IURP RQH¶s own PRXWK¶ TƯQ¶ČU Ӣ㙣 µ>WR KHDU@ ZLWK RQH¶V RZQ HDUV¶ TƯQEӿ Ӣㅄ µ>WR ZULWH@ LQ RQH¶V RZQ KDQGZULWLQJ¶ ,Q WKLV JURXS WKH FRPPRQ FKDUDFWHU LV TƯQӢ µLQSHUVRQ¶ WKHQXDQFHVDUHLQGLFDWHGE\WKHXQGHUOLQHGFKDUDFWHUV which should be your focus of study.

Expand the range of vocabulary

¾ The English gloss to non-elementary words only appears in its first occurrence in a group, so it is important to go through the entries in the group from the beginning to find any gloss you may need. ¾ Expand your vocabulary by looking up entries of interest to discover a range of alternatives. For example, how many synonyms of piàoliang (┲Ӟ µSUHWW\¶ DUH WKHUH LQ &KLQHVH DQG LQ ZKDW VLWXDWLRQV PD\ \RX XVH WKHP" You can consult this book to find out answers to such questions. It will build your confidence by offering contemporary, diverse, colourful and adventurous ways of using Chinese, rather than sticking with overworked and boring vocabulary.

Utilise grammatical information

Create a parallel series of synonyms by using the grammatical information provided, including parts of speech and collocation variations.

42

Introduction

Utilise pragmatic information

Learn important information on the pragmatics of synonyms. The ways Chinese synonyms are organised and connected offer intriguing information on a number of aspects, particularly degree of formality. For example, some synonym groups attract a large number of level 3 items, rather than level 1 or level 2. Certain types of synonyms tend to have positive connotations while others have pejorative connotations. A close study of these aspects will enhance your ability to use Chinese synonyms more effectively.

Become a confident user of Chinese

Consistently and constantly consult this book. To become a confident and competent user of Chinese (one of the most useful languages in the world), it is not enough merely to know a list of vocabulary and grammar rules. You must know how they interact in use. This book will help you to develop fluent, spontaneous and skilful use of Chinese synonyms, to reach a level of excellence.

ài ⡡

1

A ài ⡡ v. (see also ‫ޤ‬䏓)

to love

ᆖ⭏ॱ࠶⡡ᡤԆԜⲴ㘱ᐸǄ ԆᱟᡁԜᴰ⡡ᡤⲴӪǄ ᮉᐸᱟਇӪሺᮜ઼⡡ᡤⲴǄ

àidài ⡡ᡤ v. 3D

to love and esteem (oft. a highly respected person; a stronger word than ᮜ⡡; commendatory)

MuQJ¶jL ᮜ⡡ v. 3B

ԆቡᱟᆙᆀԜᡰᮜ⡡Ⲵᕐ⡧⡧Ǆ to respect and love (commendatory) ྩᱟаսՏབྷⲴ⇽ӢˈᡁԜᴰᮜ⡡ⲴӪǄ (ᮜ, to respect) ᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭䶎ᑨᮜ⡡⦻㘱ᐸǄ ᮜ⡡Ⲵᵾ㘱ᐸˈ⾍ᛘ⭏ᰕᘛҀʽ

Uq¶jL ✝⡡ v. 3B

ሿᕐᱟᮉᐸˈԆ✝⡡䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇབྷᆖ∅ъԕਾቡഎࡠҶ㠚ᐡ✝⡡Ⲵᇦґˈ ൘䛓䟼ᐢ㓿ᐕ֌ҶॱࠐᒤҶǄ ԆԜ䜭✝⡡䘉њ㖾ѭⲴഭᇦǄ ✝⡡བྷ⎧ⲴԆˈаᴹᰦ䰤ቡ৫⎧䟼⑨⌣Ǆ

to love deeply and passionately (commendatory)

[ӿ¶jL ௌ⡡ v. 3C

to take delight in, to enjoy (not referring to abstract items, e.g. µSHDFH¶FRPPHQGDWRU\

◣⍢ $z]KǀX$XVWUDOLD Ӫ⢩࡛ௌ⡡⑨⌣Ǆ 䘉ᱟа䜘 (mw., for a movie) ␡ਇӪԜௌ⡡Ⲵ⭥ ᖡǄ Ԇᴰௌ⡡Ⲵнᱟⴻ⭥ᖡˈ㘼ᱟкӂ㚄㖁 KOLiQZӽQJWKH,QWHUQHW Ǆ ԆᱟањӪԜௌ⡡Ⲵ⭥ᖡ᰾ᱏǄ

àihào ⡡ྭ v.* 3-2 B

to love, to be fond of, to be keen on (abstract or concrete items, but not a person; commendatory)

Ԇ⡡ྭ䘀ࣘˈᑨᑨ৫䭫⛬䓛փǄ ᡁԜ⡡ྭ઼ᒣ (hépíng, peace)Ǆ Ԇ䶎ᑨ⡡ྭᢃ㈞⨳Ǆ Ԇ઼ᡁаṧ⡡ྭ丣ҀˈઘᵛⲴᰦ‫ى‬ᡁԜ㓿ᑨа䎧 ৫丣ҀՊǄ 䘉ᱟањ⡡ྭ઼ᒣⲴഭᇦǄ

ài ⡡ v. 2A

Ԇ⡡࿫ᆀ઼‫ˈྣݯ‬ѪԆԜ㘼ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌⵰Ǆ to love (with stronger feelings than Ԇ⡡䈤䰢䈍 (xiánhuà, gossip)ˈᡁнௌ⅒ԆǄ ௌ⅒) (antonym: ᚘ hèn) ᡁᇦⲴሿ⥛⡡ⶑ㿹Ǆ Ԇᴰ⡡ⲴӪᱟԆⲴ⇽ӢǄ Ԇал䖖ˈቡ⡡кҶ䛓䟼Ⲵኡኡ≤≤Ǆ ⡡ୡ⡡䐣ⲴԆ㓿ᑨ৫৲࣐㡎Պˈ൘䛓䟼䇔䇶 Ҷᖸཊᴻ৻Ǆ ሿᵾн⡡ྩиཛ (zhàngfu, husband) Ҷˈਟྩ иཛ䘈⡡⵰ྩǄ

2 [ӿKXDQ ௌ⅒ v. 2A

hào ྭ v. 1B

àihù ⡡ᣔ to like, to be fond of (sb. or sth.) (antonym: 䇘় WӽR\jQ

ሿ⦻ௌ⅒ሿᵾˈԆԜᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ ሿ呏ௌ⅒൘ཙк伎ᶕ伎৫Ǆ 䘉⿽ṁௌ⅒ཚ䱣Ǆ ѝഭ㨌ˈ֐ௌ⅒ਲ਼ੇ˛ Ԇнௌ⅒ᖸᰙ䎧ᒺˈҏ䇘়䭫⛬䓛փǄ Ԇྸྸᱟањ䶎ᑨௌ⅒ޫ㣡ޫ劬ⲴӪǄ ⭧ᴻ৻㔉ҠⲴ䛓ᶑ㼉ᆀˈྩௌ⅒ᗇнᗇҶǄ ֐ᴰௌ⅒ਲ਼ӰѸ㨌˛ ഐѪᖸௌ⅒ⴻҖˈԆቡࡠമҖ侶৫ᐕ֌ҶǄ

Ԇྭᆖ৸ྭ䰞ˈᖸᘛቡᢺѝ᮷ᆖՊҶǄ to fancy, to adore (ྭ + verb/ noun, 䛓њሿ⥛⢩࡛ྭࣘˈ䐣ᶕ䐣৫ⲴǄ etc.) Ԇ⡨⡨ྭ்䞂ˈնᱟ்нཚཊǄ ഐѪཚྭ (hào) ⧙‫ˈݯ‬ᆖҐнྭ KӽR ˈ⡨⡨⋑ ቁ䈤ԆǄ Ԇ䘉њӪྭ䈤ㅁˈབྷᇦ䜭ᖸௌ⅒ԆǄ ᯵⑨ǃ丣Ҁǃ⑨⌣ǃ䫃劬ǃⴻҖˈԆ䜭ྭǄ Ԇᱟањྭ㢢 (hàosè, to lust after women) Ⲵ Ӫˈ֐ॳз㾱⿫Ԇ䘌а⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸྭ䶒ᆀ (miànzi, face)Ǆ

Note: ¾ Ranking in terms of the degree of fondness: ௌ⅒ǃ⡡ǃௌ⡡ǃ✝⡡ (the strongest). * ⡡ྭ QµKREE\¶DVLQ ᢃ⨳ᱟԆⲴ⡡ྭ, Ԇᐞнཊ⇿ཙ䜭৫. ¾ ӛਇ Y[LӽQJVKzXµWRHQMR\WRJHWSOHDVXUHIURP¶DVLQ Ԇӛਇ⵰⭏⍫Ⲵ⅒Ҁ.

àihù ⡡ᣔ v.

to care for

jL[Ư ⡡ᜌ v. 3D

to cherish and keep sb. or sth. from ӪӪ䜭ᓄ䈕⡡ᜌᰦ䰤Ǆ being damaged or wasted (ᜌ, to ⵬ⶋབྷᇦ䜭㾱⡡ᜌǄ cherish) Ԇн⡡ᜌ㠚ᐡⲴᡯᆀǄ ྸྸ੺䇹Ԇ㾱⡡ᜌ㠚ᐡⲴ䓛փǄ ԆሩԆ䛓䖶⊭䖖⡡ᜌᶱҶǄ ཆ䗩仾བྷ䴘བྷˈ⡡ᜌ㣡㥹Ⲵྩᢺ㣡⳶‫ݯ‬䜭ᩜࡠҶ ᇦ䟼Ǆ

OuQ[Ư ੍ᜌ v. 3 N/A

to be overly possessive of sth. (not sb.), unwilling to give up a possession (time, money, etc.; could be slightly pejorative; oft. used in a negation) (੍, stingy)

Ԇ䘉њӪᐕ֌ᖸࣚ࣋ˈӾн੍ᜌ࣋≄Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ੍ᜌ䫡Ǆ ሿ⦻ᑞ࡛ࣙӪˈӾн੍ᜌᰦ䰤Ǆ Ѫᆙᆀ㣡䫡ˈྩ⋑ᴹ੍ᜌ䗷Ǆ 㔉⡦Ӣ⋫⯵ᴰ䟽㾱ˈଚ㜭੍ᜌ䘉⛩‫ݯ‬ь㾯ʽ ԆнՊ੍ᜌӰѸⲴˈഐѪ⯵ӪᱟԆⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ

ƗQMuQJ ᆹ䶉

3

]KƝQ[Ư ⧽ᜌ v. 3C

to treasure sth. rare and valuable, to value (e.g. a painting or sth. of significant value; concrete or abstract items, but oft. abstract items; a stronger word than ⡡ᜌ and ⡡ᣔ) (⧽, to treasure)

㾱⧽ᜌ৻䈺 \ԁX\uIULHQGVKLS Ǆ Ԇᱟањ䶎ᑨ⧽ᜌ৻ᛵⲴӪǄ ⧽ᜌ㠚ᐡⲴ਽䂹 (míngyù, honour, reputation) ᖸ䟽㾱Ǆ* Ԇॱ࠶⧽ᜌ䘉њᆖҐᵪՊˈ⇿ཙ䜭ᆖҐࡠᖸᲊǄ Ԇሩᰦ䰤⧽ᜌᗇᖸˈᖸቁⴻ⭥㿶Ǆ Ԇሩ䘉ᕐ਽⭫нཚ⧽ᜌǄ

àihù ⡡ᣔ v. 2B

to care for (sb. or sth.; oft. vulnerable; oft. referring to concrete items) (ᣔ, to protect) (see also ‫؍‬ᣔķĸ)

ᡁԜ䜭ᓄ䈕⡡ᣔ‫ޜ‬⢙ JǀQJZSXEOLFSURSHUW\ Ǆ ሿᵾᖸ⡡ᣔԆᯠҠⲴ䖖Ǆ ଚᴹ⡦⇽н⡡ᣔᆙᆀⲴ˛ 㘱ᐸᢩ䇴 SƯStQJWRFULWLFLVe) ֐ˈ࡛н儈 ‫ˈޤ‬ ഐѪ㘱ᐸᱟ⡡ᣔ֐Ǆ ਼ᆖѻ䰤㾱ӂ⴨ᆖҐǃӂ⴨⡡ᣔǄ

KƝK થᣔ v. 2 N/A

to love and take good care of, to nurture (sb. or sth. weaker)

൘ྸྸⲴથᣔлˈԆᖸᘛᡀ䮯䎧ᶕǄ ӪӪ䜭㾱થᣔ㠚ᐡⲴ‫ڕ‬ᓧ MLjQNƗQJKHDOWK Ǆ ཊᒤᶕˈԆаⴤሩйњྣ‫Ⲯݯ‬㡜 EӽLEƗQE\ every means) થᣔǄ

Note: * When ⧽ᜌ refers to a person, it tends to be used reflexively (㠚ᐡ, oneself), e.g. ᡁԜ㾱ᆖՊ ⧽ᜌ㠚ᐡ. ¾ The words in this group have different foci. ⡡ᣔ focuses on ᣔ µWRSURWHFW¶ ⡡ᜌ on ᜌ µWR FKHULVK¶ ⧽ᜌ on ⧽ µto treasure¶DQG ੍ᜌ on ੍ µVWLQJ\¶

ƗQMuQJ ᆹ䶉 adj.

quiet

ƗQQtQJ ᆹᆱ adj. 3D

ԆԜ㔃ႊॱᒤҶˈᰕᆀ䗷ᗇᆹᆱǃᒨ⾿Ǆ untroubled (of a place), peaceful 䘉њഭᇦᖸᆹᆱˈ䮯ᒤ⋑ᴹᡈҹ ]KjQ]KƝQJ (of a mind) (ᆹ, safe; ᆱ, peaceful) war)Ǆ Ԇ⋑㜭ᑞࣙᴻ৻ˈᗳ䟼ᖸнᆹᆱǄ ྩⲴᆙᆀ⿫ᇦࠪ䎠ҶǄᆙᆀаཙнഎᇦˈ⇽ ӢⲴᗳ䟼ቡаཙнᗇᆹᆱǄ

chénjìng ⊹䶉 adj. 3D

calm (of temperament, mood, etc.), Ԇᱟањ⊹䶉ⲴӪǄ tranquil, still (of a place) (oft. used ཌᲊⲴኡѝˈа࠷䜭ᱮᗇ [LӽQGHWRDSSHDU literarily) (⊹,deep; 䶉, quiet) ᖸ⊹䶉Ǆ 㠚Ӿ䘉䟼ᔪҶᐕলԕਾˈԕࡽ⊹䶉Ⲵኡᶁਈ ᗇ✝䰩䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ⊹䶉ൠㄉ൘䛓䟼ˈ⋑ᴹ䈤䈍Ǆ

IƝQJStQJOjQJMuQJ abated wind and stilled waves Ԇ৫⑨⌣Ⲵᰦ‫⎧ˈى‬к仾ᒣ⎚䶉Ǆ 仾ᒣ⎚䶉 ph. (literal), placid, peaceful (figurative, 仾ᒣ⎚䶉Ⲵ⎧䶒ⴻ䎧ᶕ⢩࡛㖾ѭǄ 3 N/A a set phrase) (ᒣ, calm; ⎚, wave) 仾ᒣ⎚䶉Ⲵ⭏⍫֯ԆᖸᘛҀǄ

4

ƗQMuQJ ᆹ䶉 ᇲ䶉ⲴമҖ侶䟼ᴹаӋӪ൘ⴻҖǄ ᡯѝᇲ䶉ᰐ༠ Z~VKƝQJVRXQGOHVV Ǆ ᇲ䶉Ⲵṁ᷇ѝˈオᰐаӪ (no one is there)Ǆ Ԇᇦ䟼⇿ཙ䜭ᇲ䶉ᗇᖸˈ⋑ӰѸӪᶕǄ к䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤ᘛࡠҶˈ৏ᶕॱ࠶ᇲ䶉Ⲵᮉᇔਈ ᗇ✝䰩Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ

jìjìng ᇲ䶉 adj. 3D

still (of surroundings, not of a person), noiseless (oft. used literarily) (ᇲ, quiet, silent)

níngjìng ᆱ䶉 adj. 3D

serene, peaceful (of environment, feelings, etc.; oft. used literarily)

⋣䗩а⡷ (all) ᆱ䶉Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒൘ᆱ䶉ⲴཌᲊⴻཌオⲴᱏᱏǄ ᳤仾䴘ᢃ⹤Ҷ߼Ი (língchén, daybreak)Ⲵᆱ䶉Ǆ ԆⲴⅼ༠֯Ӫᝏࡠᆱ䶉Ǆ

sùjìng 㚳䶉 adj. 3-2 N/A

solemnly silent (usu. referring to sth. inanimate) (㚳, solemn)

Պ൪ KXuFKӽng, conference hall) 䟼ᖸ㚳䶉Ǆ ५䲒Ⲵ້к߉⵰³㚳䶉´Ǆ മҖ侶䟼㚳䶉ᶱҶǄ 㚳䶉Ⲵ㘳൪䟼ˈᆖ⭏Ԝ↓൘㘳䈅Ǆ

ƗQMuQJ ᆹ䶉 adj. 2A

quiet (of temperament, mood, surroundings, etc.) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ੥䰩 FKӽRQjR

juQJTLƗRTLƗR 䶉ᚴᚴ ph. 2D

very quiet, soundless (ᚴ, quiet)

ሿ⦻ⲴᙗṬᖸᆹ䶉Ǆ ᆙᆀଝ㍟Ҷˈ⧠൘ᆹ䶉ᗇ‫ۿ‬њሿ⥛‫ݯ‬аṧǄ 䘉䟼ᆹ䶉৸㡂ᴽˈ֐ቡտлᶕ੗Ǆ 䘉䟼ⵏᆹ䶉ˈཊྭ୺ʽ ྩௌ⅒ᆹ䶉ˈнௌ⅒੥䰩ⲴൠᯩǄ ᇒӪа䎠ˈቻ䟼傜кቡᆹ䶉лᶕǄ བྷᇦ䜭ᆹᆹ䶉䶉ൠ඀⵰Ǆ ᰙкᆙᆀ䘈൘ⶑ㿹ˈԆቡ䶉ᚴᚴൠ䎧ҶᒺǄ Ӫ䜭䎠Ҷˈቻ䟼䶉ᚴᚴⲴǄ Ԇ䶉ᚴᚴൠ䎠Ҷࠪ৫Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒൘䶉ᚴᚴⲴཌ䟼ࠪ৫䎠䎠Ǆ 㘳൪䟼䶉ᚴᚴⲴˈᆖ⭏Ԝ↓൘㘳䈅Ǆ ⎧кᖸᒣ䶉Ǆ ᡁⴻࡠⲴᱟԆ䛓ᕐᒣ䶉Ⲵ㝨Ǆ ԆⲴᗳᒣ䶉ᗇᖸǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨᒣ䶉ൠ䈤³ሩн䎧ˈᡁнᱟ֐㾱᢮Ⲵ 䛓њӪ, ֐аᇊᱟ䇔䭉ӪҶǄ´ Ԇнᱟ䛓⿽ਟԕᒣᒣ䶉䶉ൠ䗷ᰕᆀⲴӪˈᙫ ᱟᜣ‫⛩ڊ‬ӰѸབྷһǄ

píngjìng ᒣ䶉 adj. 2B

quiet and peaceful (of mood, facial expression, etc.), undisturbed (of surroundings) (reduplication: AABB)

TƯQJMuQJ ␵䶉 adj. 2 N/A

quiet and secluded (of surroundings, 䘉䟼ॱ࠶␵䶉ˈᱟњⴻҖⲴྭൠᯩǄ etc.) (reduplication: AABB) (␵, 䘉њሿᶁᒴ FǌQ]KXƗQJYLOODJH ᖸ␵䶉Ǆ clear) Ԇௌ⅒৫␵䶉ⲴൠᯩǄ ԆањӪ䗷⵰␵␵䶉䶉Ⲵ⭏⍫Ǆ

Note: ᆹᆱ/ ⊹䶉/ 仾ᒣ⎚䶉/ ᇲ䶉/ ᆱ䶉/ 㚳䶉 are greater than ᆹ䶉 in terms of quietness. In the higher registers they do not tend to be reduplicated, while others with lower register do. Reduplication often indicates a causal action, and occurs in less formal contexts.

ƗQTXiQ ᆹ‫ޘ‬

5

ƗQTXiQ ᆹ‫ ޘ‬adj.

safe

ZČQWXԁ っ࿕ adj. 3D

reliable, safe (stressing no man-made mishaps; can GHVFULEHDSHUVRQ¶VGLVSRVLWLRQ (っ, firm; ࿕, proper)

䘉ᱟањっ࿕Ⲵ࣎⌅Ǆ Ԇ࣎һ (bànshì, to handle affairs) ᖸっ࿕Ǆ Ѫっ࿕䎧㿱 (for the purpose of)ˈྩ઼‫ݯ‬ᆀ а䎧৫ҶǄ 䘉њᐕ֌㾱っ࿕ൠ䘋㹼ˈн㜭ᙕǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬᡽∄䖳っ࿕Ǆ 䘉ṧнཚっ࿕ˈ䘈ᱟ޽ᜣаᜣ੗Ǆ

ƗQTXiQ ᆹ‫ ޘ‬adj. 2B

safe, secure (stressing µQRWLQ GDQJHU¶ZLWKDZLGHUUDQJHRI usage than ᒣᆹ) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ড䲙 ZƝL[LӽQ (ᆹ, safe; ‫ޘ‬, complete)

Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘉䟼нᆹ‫ˈޘ‬ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ড䲙Ǆ 䘉њᯩ⌅ IƗQJIӽPHWKRG ᖸᆹ‫ޘ‬Ǆ ⴻࡠԆᆹ‫ޘ‬ൠഎᶕҶˈаᇦӪ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ བྷ䴚ཙˈᔰ䖖нཚᆹ‫ޘ‬Ǆ ઼Ԇ൘а䎧ˈᡁᴹа⿽ᆹ‫ޘ‬ᝏǄ տ൘䘉䟼∄տ൘䛓䟼ᆹ‫ޘ‬ཊҶǄ Ԇᆹᆹ‫ޘޘ‬ൠࡠᇦҶǄ

StQJ¶ƗQ ᒣᆹ adj. 2B

safe, sound HPSKDVLVLQJµVPRRWK DQGVWHDG\¶XVXSHUVRQ ᒣᆹ) (reduplication: AABB) (ᒣ, calm)

ሿ⦻ᒣᆹൠഎᶕҶǄ ⾍֐а䐟 (trip) ᒣᆹʽ Ԇࡊᢃᶕ⭥䈍ˈ䈤Ԇᐢ㓿ᒣᆹࡠ䗮Ǆ ԆࡠҶ५䲒ԕਾˈⴻࡠ⇽ᆀ䜭ᒣᆹǄ Ԇ㔉⡦⇽߉Ҷаሱᒣᆹᇦؑˈ 䈤Ԇа࠷䜭 ྭˈн⭘ᣵᗳǄ ԆᐼᵋᆙᆀԜ䜭ᒣᒣᆹᆹⲴǄ

ànshí ᤹ᰦ adv. jQTƯ ᤹ᵏ adv. 2C

ànshí ᤹ᰦ adv. 2B

on time on schedule (doing sth. by a specified period of time, as indicated by ᵏ) (᤹, according to; ᵏ, scheduled time)

on time (doing sth. by a specified point in time, as indicated by ᰦ)

ُ࡛ӪⲴ䫡аᇊ㾱᤹ᵏ䘈Ǆ 䘉њᐕ֌㾱йњᴸ޵᤹ᵏᆼᡀǄ ྲ᷌֐н㜭᤹ᵏࡠṑˈ㾱䙊⸕ WǀQJ]KƯWR inform) ᆖṑǄ Ԇ⿫ႊԕਾˈаⴤ᤹ᵏԈ㔉ᆙᆀ⭏⍫䍩Ǆ ԆӾेӜ᤹ᵏ䘄എ IӽQKXtWRUHWXUQ Ǆ ֐㜭᤹ᵏᢺҖ߉ᆼੇ˛ ᤹ᰦ䎧ᒺǃ᤹ᰦⶑ㿹ⲴӪ䓛փྭǄ ࣏䈮㾱᤹ᰦ‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ ࡛ᘈҶ᤹ᰦਲ਼㦟Ǆ ྲ᷌ଚཙԆн᤹ᰦл⨝എᇦˈԆⲴ࿫ᆀаᇊ Պ㔉Ԇᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ ⡦Ӣ⯵ҶˈԆ᤹ᰦࡠ५䲒৫㔉⡦Ӣ䘱依Ǆ ཆ䗩л⵰བྷ䴘ˈնᱟᆖ⭏Ԝ䘈ᱟ䜭᤹ᰦ䎦ࡠ ᮉᇔк䈮Ǆ

6

ànzhào ᤹➗

jíshí ৺ᰦ adv. 2B

]KԃQVKt ߶ᰦ adv.* 2B

in time; promptly, without delay (৺, to reach)

punctually (stressing punctuality, as indicated by ߶) (߶, accurate)

⇿⅑᭦ࡠྣᴻ৻Ⲵ⭥ᆀ䛞Ԧ GLjQ]ӿ\yXMLjQ email; also Ժ࿩‫\ ݯ‬ƯPqLU>WUDQVOLWeration])ˈ Ԇ䜭৺ᰦഎǄ ྲ᷌ᴹӰѸһᛵˈ䈧৺ᰦ੺䇹ᡁԜǄ ࣏䈮нՊቡ㾱৺ᰦ䰞㘱ᐸǄ ଚ䟼нሩቡ㾱৺ᰦ᭩↓ JӽL]KqQJWRFRUUHFW Ǆ ᱘ᲊԆⲴ㛊ᆀケ❦ⰋҶ䎧ᶕˈᴻ৻Ԝ৺ᰦᢺ Ԇ䘱ࡠҶ५䲒Ǆ ᆙᆀᴹ⯵ˈྲ᷌н৺ᰦ৫ⴻ५⭏ˈՊᴹড䲙 ZƝL[LӽQGDQJHU ⲴǄ ᵾ㘱ᐸ㓿ᑨн߶ᰦл䈮Ǆ ᡁ⇿ཙᰙк‫߶⛩ޝ‬ᰦ䎧ᒺǄ ഐѪཙ≄нྭ, 伎ᵪн㜭߶ᰦ䎧伎Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙᰙкҍ⛩߶ᰦ䎠䘋࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔǄ ֐ԕਾ㜭н㜭߶ᰦк⨝ˈ֐⋑ⴻ㿱ᡁԜབྷᇦ 䜭൘ㅹ֐ੇ˛ 䘉њᖸ䟽㾱ˈаᇊ㾱߶ᰦ䘱ࡠǄ

Note: * ߶ᰦ DGMµSXQFWXDO¶DVLQ Ԇཙཙᶕк䈮, 㘼ф䜭ᖸ߶ᰦ.

ànzhào ᤹➗ prep. \Ư]KjR ‫ ➗׍‬prep. 3C

according to (strictly) in accordance with (law, rules, regulations, etc.; ‫ ➗׍‬+ non-monosyllabic object)

àn ᤹ prep. 2B

based on (also ᤹«䇢/ 䈤)

ànzhào ᤹➗ prep. 2B

according to (᤹➗ + nonmonosyllabic object; with a wider range of usage than ‫)➗׍‬

‫≹➗׍‬䈝䈝⌅ \ԃIӽJUDPPDU 䘉њਕᆀ (jùzi, sentence) ᱟሩⲴǄ ᡁԜᗵ享‫⌅➗׍‬ᖻ IӽOԋODZ ࣎һ (bànshì, to do things)Ǆ 㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᆖ⭏Ԝаᇊ㾱‫➗׍‬㿴ᇊ (JXƯGuQJUHJXODWLRQV ‫ڊ‬Ǆ ᆖ⭏㾱᤹ᰦк䈮Ǆ ᤹ᶑԦ (tiáojiàn, condition) 䇢 (based on what you have)ˈ֐ᓄ䈕ᗇࡠ䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ ᤹䈤 (common sense) ֐ᒤ喴∄Ԇབྷˈᓄ䈕∄ Ԇ៲һа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᤹⨶ OӿORJLF 䇢ˈᡁᓄ䈕઼֐а䎧৫ˈն ᱟᡁ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤Ǆ ᤹➗Ԇ⭥䈍䟼੺䇹ᡁⲴˈᡁ᢮ࡠҶԆᇦǄ ᤹➗㾱≲ \ƗRTL~UHTXLUHPHQW ᰾ཙ㾱‫ڊ‬ᆼ ࣏䈮Ǆ ᤹➗䇑ࡂ (jìhuà, plan)ˈᡁԜ᰾ཙ৫ेӜǄ ᡁԜᓄ䈕ቭ䟿᤹➗ᖃൠⲴҐᜟ࣎һǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ᤹➗㘱ᐸ䈤Ⲵ৫‫ڊ‬Ǆ

ànzhào ᤹➗

7

JƝQM ṩᦞ prep. 2B

on the basis of, according to HPSKDVLVLQJµRQWKHEDVLVRIVWK GRLQJVWKRUGUDZLQJDFRQFOXVLRQ¶ ṩᦞ + non-monosyllabic object) (ṩ, root, base; ᦞ, evidence)

ṩᦞԆⲴ᜿㿱 (yìjian, suggestion)ˈᡁԜ᰾ཙ нᓄ䈕৫Ǆ ṩᦞཙ≄亴ᣕ (yùbào, forecast)ˈ᰾ཙ㾱л䴘Ǆ ṩᦞѝഭेᯩӪⲴҐᜟˈ᱕㢲㾱ਲ਼侪ᆀǄ 䘉㾱ṩᦞᆖ⭏Ⲵ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ᶕᇊ (dìng, to decide)Ǆ ṩᦞᡁሩԆⲴҶ䀓ˈԆаᇊՊᑞࣙ֐ⲴǄ

\Ư ‫ ׍‬prep.* 2D

to comply with, as (‫ⴻ«׍‬/ 䈤, could have a personal pronoun in between)

‫ˈⴻ֐׍‬ᡁԜᓄ䈕ᘾѸ࣎˛ ‫࣎⌅׍‬һǄ ‫׍‬ᡁⴻ (in my opinion)ˈ䘉ᵜҖᖸྭǄ

zhào ➗ prep. 1B

in light of, according to (slightly VWUHVVLQJµFRS\LQJIURPVWK¶ (also ➗«ⴻ/ 䈤)

➗Ґᜟˈਲ਼侪ᆀ㾱⭘ㆧᆀǄ ➗Ԇⴻ (in his opinion)ˈ֐нᓄ䈕৫䛓䟼Ǆ ➗䘉Ѹ䈤 (if this is the case)ˈᱟᡁⲴнሩǄ ➗֐䘉Ѹ䈤ˈᡁᴰྭ࡛৫Ҷ˛ ➗ѝഭӪⲴҐᜟˈ䗷ᒤ㾱㔉ᆙᆀ㓒व* (red envelope)Ǆ ᡁ➗⵰Ԇ੺䇹ᡁⲴൠ൰ˈ᢮ࡠҶԆⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔǄ

Note: * ‫ ׍‬YµWROLVWHQWRWRDJUHHWRZLWK¶DVLQ ྭ, 䘉њቡ‫֐׍‬੗. 2) ྲ᷌‫⵰׍‬Ԇ, ᡁԜӺᲊਟ㜭䜭н 㜭എᇦҶ. * As a cultural note, 㓒व is a red paper envelope containing money, given out as a cash gift, bonus, kickback, bribe, etc. It is a Chinese custom that on festive occasions (e.g. the Chinese Spring Festival), children are given cash gifts this way.

8

bàba ⡨⡨

B bàba ⡨⡨ n.

daddy ަ (qí, his/ her) ⡦ᵾࡊ 1985 ᒤᡀѪṑ䮯 (principal)Ǆ ྩԜᱟ਼⡦ᔲ (yì) ⇽ (same father, different mothers) Ⲵက࿩Ǆ Ӿ⡦䖸 (bèi, generation) ᔰ࿻ˈԆᇦቡ䜭ᱟ५ ⭏ҶǄ Ԇ⡦⇽䜭ᱟेӜӪǄ ؇ (sú) 䈍䈤˖ѕ (yán) ⡦᝸ (cí) ⇽ (As an old saying goes: stern father and loving mother)Ǆ

fù ⡦ n. 3 N/A

father (having a classical Chinese flavour; usu. not used on its own)

fùqin ⡦Ӣ n. 3-2 A

father (when used in a form of address, indicating respect and formality) (Ӣ, relative)

Ԇ⡦Ӣᱟаս५⭏Ǆ 㠚ӾᖃҶ⡦ӢԕਾˈԆаⴤᖸᘉǄ ⡦Ӣ˖ᛘྭʽᴰ䘁䓛փ䘈ྭ੗˛ ⡦ӢⲴ䓛փаⴤнྭˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸѪԆᣵᗳǄ Ԇઘᵛᑨ৫ⴻᵋ (kànwàng, to visit) ⡦ӢǄ Ԇᢺ⡦ӢⲴ䈍аⴤ䇠൘ᗳ䟼ˈࣚ࣋ᐕ֌ˈ䇙 ⡦ӢѪᴹԆ䘉Ѹањྭ‫ݯ‬ᆀ㘼儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ

bàba ⡨⡨ n. 2A

daddy (also used as a form of address; oft. used by children or ZKHQUHIHUULQJWRDFKLOG¶VIDWKHU

ሿ৻ሩԆ⡨⡨ᖸྭǄ ⡨⡨ˈ֐㜭ᮉᡁѝ᮷ੇ˛ ሿ㓒Ⲵ⡨⡨ᖸௌ⅒ྩˈᑨᑨᑖྩࠪ৫⧙Ǆ ⡨⡨к⨝৫Ҷˈн൘ᇦǄ ྸྸⴻ㿱⡨⡨൘䰘ਓ䐏ањ਄਄䈤䈍ˈቡ஺ Ԇഎᶕਲ਼依Ǆ ⡨⡨Ⲵ㘱ᇦ൘ѝഭⲴьेˈᡁᖸௌ⅒䛓њൠᯩǄ

bà ⡨ n. 1A

dad (also used as a form of address; oft. used by adults or ZKHQUHIHUULQJWRDQDGXOW¶VIDWKHU indicating affection and informality; oft. with a single personal pronoun, e.g. ᡁ/ ֐/ Ԇ)

ૡ⡨䈤ԆӺཙ㾱৫മҖ侶Ǆ ⡨ˈਲ਼依ҶǄ Ԇ⡨䓛փнྭˈӺཙ৫ⴻབྷཛҶǄ ᡁԜᇦ䟼ᴰௌ⅒ⴻҖⲴᱟᡁ⡨Ǆ Ԇ⡨нཚௌ⅒䈤䈍ˈնᱟሩᆙᆀ䘈ᱟᖸ‫ޣ‬ᗳⲴǄ ᡁᖸᙅᡁ⡨ˈԆሩᡁᖸѕহ (yánlì, stern)Ǆ

GLƝ ⡩ n. 1C

dad (also ⡩⡩, northern dialect; Ԇ⡩㔉ԆҠҶаᵜᯠҖǄ the difference between ⡨ and ⡨⡨ ⡩ˈਲ਼依ҶǄ applies to ⡩ and ⡩⡩ as well) ᘛ৫ਛ֐⡩എᶕਲ਼依Ǆ Ӻཙᱟ⡩Ⲵ⭏ᰕˈᡁԜ䜭എᇦа䎧ᒶ⾍ԆⲴ ⭏ᰕǄ ⧠൘нቁӪ⭘㘱⡩ǃ㘱ྸ䘉єњ䇽ˈ㿹ᗇ∄ 䖳Ӣ࠷Ǆ ᡁ㘱⡩ᑨᑨௌ⅒்⛩‫ݯ‬䞂Ǆ

bànf~ ࣎⌅ OӽREj 㘱⡨ n. 1 N/A

(dear old) dad (a new word, indicating a high degree of affection; oft. used by teenagers or adults; oft. UHIHUULQJWRRQH¶V own father; slightly humorous)

EjQIӽ ࣎⌅ n.

9

㘱⡨઼ᡁ‫ޣ‬㌫н䭉ˈᡁԜ㓿ᑨа䎧৫᯵⑨Ǆ 㘱⡨ˈ⭏ᰕᘛҀ! ᡁ㘱⡨઼㘱ྸᴹᰦ‫ى‬ቡ‫ۿ‬ሿᆙ‫ݯ‬аṧǄ ֐㘱⡨ⵏྭǄ Ӻཙᡁഎᇦⴻ㘱⡨઼㘱ྸ৫ҶˈԆԜ䓛փ䜭䘈ྭǄ 㘱⡨Ⲵྭᴻ৻ਛԆ৫лỻҶˈԆԜཙཙ൘а䎧 лỻǃ㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

means

bùzhòu ↕僔 n. 3C

䘉䟼߉Ⲵᱟ᫽֌ FƗR]XzRSHUDWLRQ ↕僔ˈ step, procedure (↕, step; 僔, swift) аᇊ㾱᤹➗䘉њ‫ڊ‬Ǆ ֐⸕䚃лањ↕僔ᱟӰѸੇ˛ ‫ڊ‬ӰѸᐕ֌䜭㾱ᴹ↕僔ˈа↕а↕ൠ‫ڊ‬᡽㜭 ‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ Ԇሩᡁ䇢ҶԆ߶༷㘳䈅Ⲵйњ↕僔ԕਾˈᡁ ᡽᰾ⲭѪӰѸԆⲴ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ᙫᱟ䛓ѸྭǄ 䘉ᱟањ䟽㾱Ⲵ↕僔ˈᗵ享㾱‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ ᡁаⴤ൘ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌ˈᴹ↕僔ൠᇎ⧠ (shíxiàn, to realise) ᡁⲴ⨶ᜣ Oӿ[LӽQJLGHDODPELWLRQ Ǆ

FXzVKƯ ᧚ᯭ n. 3B

measures (usu. referring to sth. specific and significant; mw. 亩 xiàng) (᧚, to arrange; ᯭ, to carry out)

້к߉Ⲵᱟ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䱢⚛ IiQJKXԁfire prevention) Ⲵӄ亩᧚ᯭǄ 䘉ᱟമҖ侶Ⲵ㇑⨶ JXӽQOӿWRPDQDJH ᧚ᯭǄ 㠚Ӿ䟷⭘Ҷ䘉亩᧚ᯭԕਾˈᆖṑⲴᮉᆖᐕ֌ ᴹҶᖸབྷⲴ᭩䘋Ǆ ᴹ᭯ㆆ (zhèngcè, policy)ˈҏ㾱ᴹ᧚ᯭˈєњ 䜭н㜭ቁǄ

VKԁXIӽ ᡻⌅ n. 3D

technique (oft. of an art or literary work), trick (used pejoratively) (⌅, method)

ԆⲴ⭫⭘Ⲵᱟ㍐᧿ (sùmiáo, sketch) ᡻⌅Ǆ Ԇ߉֌Ⲵ᡻⌅ᖸ⢩࡛ˈᡁௌ⅒ⴻԆⲴҖǄ Ԇнᯝਈᦒ᡻⌅ˈⅪ僇 TƯSLjQWRFKHDW ࡛ӪǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ㚚᰾, ᡻⌅ҏ∄䖳儈᰾ (clever)Ǆ

IƗQJIӽ ᯩ⌅ n. 3-2 A

method (stresVLQJµIROORZLQJD system¶; ᆖҐ/ ᐕ֌/ ᮉᆖ/ ⹄ウ + ᯩ⌅, but oft. not used with quantifiers) (ᯩ, direction)

֐ᆖҐкᴹӰѸྭᯩ⌅ੇ˛ Ԇ઼ᡁ༴⨶ FKԃOӿWRGHDOZLWK 䰞仈Ⲵᯩ⌅ н਼Ǆ ᯩ⌅ሩˈᐕ֌᡽㜭‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ Ԇ䇠≹ᆇⲴᯩ⌅ᱟཊ߉ཊ㓳Ǆ ᡁԜⲴ㘱ᐸᮉᆖᖸᴹᯩ⌅ˈᡰԕᡁԜ䘋↕ᖸᘛǄ ཊ䈤ཊੜᱟᆖҐ≹䈝Ⲵྭᯩ⌅Ǆ

10

bànf~ ࣎⌅

bàQIӽ ࣎⌅ n. 2A

(specific) means, way (of handling ᓄ䈕ᘾѸ࣎, ֐ᘛᜣњྭ࣎⌅੗Ǆ affairs; can be used with quantifiers; 䘉єњ࣎⌅䜭н䭉ˈᡁⴻਟԕǄ mw. њ) (࣎, to handle) 㾱ᜣ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ྭˈ࣎⌅ਚᴹањˈ䛓ቡᱟྭ ྭ‫ݯ‬ᆖҐǄ 䀓ߣ䘉њ䰞仈Ⲵ࣎⌅ᴹྭࠐњˈᡁធធ䈤㔉 ֐ੜǄ Ԇᖸᴹ࣎⌅ˈਟԕ᢮ԆᑞᘉǄ Ԇ⭘Ҷ਴⿽࣎⌅ˈᴰਾ㓸ҾᆼᡀҶԫ࣑ (rènwu, task)Ǆ Ԇቡᱟн৫ˈᡁ᤯Ԇа⛩‫⌅࣎ݯ‬ҏ⋑ᴹǄ ਲ਼㦟ᢃ䪸䜭н㹼ˈ䘈ᴹ࡛Ⲵ࣎⌅ੇ˛

IƗQJVKu ᯩᔿ n. 2B

ԆⲴ⭏⍫ᯩᔿሩ䓛փ‫ڕ‬ᓧᴹྭ༴Ǆ manner, way (of life), pattern, style ᆖҐⲴᯩᔿᴹᖸཊˈԆௌ⅒㠚ᆖǄ (ᔿ, formula) ᐕ֌ᓄ䈕⌘᜿ᯩᔿᯩ⌅ˈ䘉ṧ᡽㜭‫ڊ‬ᗇྭǄ ᡁࡊᩜ䘋ᶕⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬нҐᜟ㘱⦻ሩӪ 䈤䈍ⲴᯩᔿǄ

VKԁXGXjQ ᡻⇥ n. 2B

instrumentality, trick (usu. of specific measures; oft. used pejoratively) (⇥, section)

]Kԃ~ \L ѫ᜿ n. 2-1 A

idea, thought, strategy (of handling ԆᇦӰѸһ䜭ᱟԆཚཚࠪѫ᜿Ǆ affairs; oft. ࠪ/ ᤯ + ѫ᜿; ᡁӰѸѫ᜿䜭⋑ᴹˈ䘈ᱟ֐ᜣ࣎⌅੗Ǆ see also ᜿㿱 yìjian) ࡛ⴻྩሿˈѫ᜿ਟཊҶǄ 䘉ᱟањൿѫ᜿ˈн㜭䘉Ѹ‫ڊ‬Ǆ ྸྸⲴѫ᜿ྭᶱҶˈᡁԜ䜭਼᜿Ǆ 䘉њѫ᜿ᱟԆᜣࠪᶕⲴǄ ֐Ԝᇦ䟼ᴹһˈᱟ䈱᤯ѫ᜿ (calling the shots)˛

GLӽQ]L ⛩ᆀ n. 1D

Iӽi ]L ⌅ᆀ n. 1C

idea, way (of doing things; oft. ࠪ + ⛩ᆀ)

means, solution, way (of solving a problem; also ⌅‫)ݯ‬

ྲ᷌ᴹ࡛Ⲵ࣎⌅㜭䀓ߣ䰞仈ˈᴰྭн㾱䟷⭘ ᕪࡦ (qiángzhì, compulsion) ᡻⇥Ǆ Ԇ僇ӪⲴ᡻⇥нཚ儈᰾ˈ㻛࡛ӪⴻࠪᶕҶǄ Ԇᖸᴹ᡻⇥ˈ֐㾱ሿᗳ⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ѪҶᗇࡠྩˈԆнᤙ (zé) ᡻⇥ (by hook or by crook)Ǆ

ԆӪ㚚᰾ˈ⛩ᆀҏཊǄ ᡁԜབྷᇦ൘а䎧ᜣ⛩ᆀǄ ֐ᱟབྷକˈ㔉ᡁԜࠪњ⛩ᆀ੗Ǆ ֐н⭘ࣘ᡻‫ˈڊ‬ਚ㾱ᑞᘉࠪࠪ⛩ᆀቡ㹼ҶǄ ԆⲴ⛩ᆀᖸྭˈᡁԜ䜭㿹ᗇн䭉Ǆ Ԇ⯵ᖸ䟽ˈ֐Ԝᘛᜣњ⌅ᆀ੗Ǆ ԆᜣҶॺཙˈҏᜣнࠪӰѸ⌅ᆀᶕǄ ᡁ䈕䈤Ⲵ䜭䈤ҶˈԆቡᱟнੜᡁⲴˈᡁҏ⋑ ⌅ᆀੰǄ 䘉њ⌅ᆀਟ㜭н㹼ˈ䘈ᴹ࡛Ⲵੇ˛ ཆ䗩ཚ੥ˈᡁ⋑⌅ᆀⶑ㿹Ǆ ᝏ߂ਁ✗ˈཊ்≤ǃཊՁ᚟䜭ᱟྭ⌅ᆀǄ

EjQWLƗQ ॺཙ qiàoménr ソ䰘‫ ݯ‬n. 1 N/A

11

֐㘳䈅ᙫᱟ㘳ᗇ䛓ѸྭˈᴹӰѸソ䰘‫˛ੇݯ‬ a key (to a problem), knack (with a Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ㚚᰾ˈソ䰘‫ݯ‬ᙫᱟ∄࡛ӪཊǄ complimentary connotation) ԆᮉҶᡁ⿽ྭ㤩᷌ṁⲴソ䰘‫ݯ‬Ǆ

EjQWLƗQ ॺཙ n.

quite a while

EjQWLƗQ ॺཙ n. 2A

quite a while (usu. no longer than a day)

KӽRMLԃ ྭѵ n. 2B

a long time, for ages (ranging from less than an hour to years) (ྭ, very; ѵ, a long time)

Ԇ඀൘䛓䟼ⴻ⭥㿶ˈⴻҶॺཙҶǄ ᡁㅹҶॺཙˈྩ᡽ࡠǄ Ԇॺཙн䈤䈍ˈҏн⸕䚃ԆᱟᘾѸᜣⲴǄ ⇿⅑ࠪ䰘ˈᡁ䜭ᗇ GČLKDYHWR ㅹྩॺཙǄ ᡁԜਛҶॺཙˈԆ᡽ࠪᶕᔰ䰘Ǆ ྸྸ䐏‫ݯ‬ᆀ䈤Ҷॺཙҏ⋑ᴹ⭘ˈԆ䘈ᱟнᜣ ৫кᆖǄ ԆੜҶԕਾˈॺཙ䈤нࠪ䈍ᶕǄ ᱘ཙ㘳䈅ˈᡁ‫ڊ‬ᆼҶྭѵˈྩ᡽‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ Ԇྸ৫ᒤ⯵ҶྭѵǄ ྭѵн㿱Ҷˈ֐䘈ྭ੗˛ Ԇᶕ䘉䟼ྭѵҶˈሩ䘉њ෾ᐲᖸ⟏ᚹǄ ԆᜣҶྭѵˈ䘈ᱟнᜣ䐏ᡁԜа䎧৫Ǆ ྭѵ⋑㿱ࡠᆙᆀҶˈԆ䘉њઘᵛᜣ৫ⴻⴻᆙᆀǄ ᡁ䐏Ԇ䈤ҶྭѵˈԆ᡽৫ⴻҶ५⭏Ǆ

Note: ॺཙ DOVRPHDQVµKDOIRIWKHGD\¶DVLQ Ԇлॸ⋑৫к⨝, Ձ‫ॺٷ‬ཙ.

EƗQJ]K ᑞࣙ v.

to help 䘉ᱟањ䟽⛩ᢦᤱⲴ亩ⴞ (xiàngmù, project)Ǆ ᡁࡊᔰ࿻ᐕ֌ˈ‫ޘ‬䶐 (kào, to depend) ਴սཊ ཊᢦᤱǄ ᆖṑሩ䘉њ亩ⴞ࣐ԕᢦᤱˈ䘉ሩᡁԜⲴᑞࣙ ᖸབྷǄ ੜ䈤Ӻᒤ䘉䟼ਇᢦᤱⲴ䍛ഠᡧ (pínkùnhù, family in need) ᴹаⲮཊᇦ઒Ǆ

fúchí ᢦᤱ v. 3 N/A

to foster, to help sustain (the one helped tends to be weaker or inexperienced) (ᢦ, to support with hand; ᤱ, to hold)

xiézhù ॿࣙ v. 3C

to provide assistance (the one helped ᴻ৻ԜॿࣙԆ亪࡙ൠᆼᡀҶ䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ plays a major part, unlike most of ⋑ᴹ֐Ԝॿࣙˈ䘉њᐕ֌ᖸ䳮ᆼᡀǄ the words in this group where the ѪҶॿࣙ㘱⦻‫ྭڊ‬ᐕ֌ˈԆ䘉њઘᵛ䜭⋑ᴹ helper does the work alone, e.g. Ձ᚟Ǆ ᡁᑞྩ৫᤯㦟) (ॿ, to assist; ࣙ, ԆࡊᶕˈᡁԜ㾱ॿࣙԆалˈ䘉ሩԆᶕ䈤ᱟ to help) ॱ࠶䴰㾱ⲴǄ ԆԜॿࣙᗇ৸ྭ৸৺ᰦ (jíshí, timely)Ǆ

12 yuánzhù ᨤࣙ v. 3C

]KƯ\XiQ ᭟ᨤ v. 3B

EƗQJ]K ᑞࣙ to aid (by providing manpower, material, money, etc.; oft. on a large scale) (ᨤ, to aid)

to assist (similar to ᨤࣙ) (᭟, to support)

ѝഭᨤࣙ䗷нቁ䶎⍢ )ƝL]KǀX$IULFD ഭᇦǄ ԆԜᴹഠ䳮ˈᡁԜᓄ䈕ᨤࣙԆԜǄ ֐ԜᨤࣙҶӪ࣋ (manpower) ઼⢙࣋ (wùlì, material resources), ᡁԜॱ࠶ᝏ䉒Ǆ ेᯩਁབྷ≤ˈ䛓њ‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ ᭟ ᨤҶєз‫ݳ‬䫡Ǆ བྷᆖ⭏৫ߌᶁ QyQJFǌQUXUDODUHDV ᭟ᨤ䛓䟼ⲴᆖṑǄ ᡁԜ㾱ӂ⴨᭟ᨤˈа䎧ᢺ䘉њᐕ֌‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ аᯩᴹ䳮 (nàn, difficulty)ˈ‫ޛ‬ᯩ᭟ᨤǄ аੜ䈤Ԇᐕ֌к䙷ࡠҶഠ䳮ˈ਼һԜ䜭ᶕ᭟ ᨤԆǄ

EƗQJ]K ᑞࣙ v. 2A

to help (practical or other types of help, including advice or service; with a much wider range of usage; the helper could be animate or inanimate) (reduplication: ABAB)

ᡁн৏᜿ᙫᱟ䇙࡛ӪᑞࣙᡁǄ ᵾ㘱ᐸᖸௌ⅒ᑞࣙᆖ⭏Ǆ ੜ䈤丣Ҁਟԕᑞࣙ⯵Ӫᘛ⛩‫ྭݯ‬䎧ᶕǄ ᡁԜѻ䰤аⴤᱟ֐ᑞࣙᡁˈᡁᑞࣙ֐ⲴǄ ֐ཊ⅑ᑞࣙᡁˈᡁᖸᝏ䉒֐Ǆ Ԇᱟањᖸᝯ᜿ᑞ࡛ࣙӪⲴྭӪǄ ᡁᴹ⯵⋑৫к䈮ˈ㘱ᐸ䇙ሿ⦻ᑞࣙᑞࣙᡁǄ

]KƯFKt ᭟ᤱ v. 2B

to support (material, political or emotional support), to favour, to stand by

Ԇᜣ࣎ᐕলˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸ᭟ᤱǄ བྷᇦн᭟ᤱԆǄ Ԇаⴤ䜭᭟ᤱᐕ‫* ފ‬ǀQJGӽQJWKH/abour Party) 㘱ᐸᖸ᭟ᤱྩࠪഭᆖҐǄ ԆሩᡁⲴᐕ֌аⴤᖸ᭟ᤱǄ ⡦⇽аⴤᱟᴰ᭟ᤱᡁⲴӪǄ

EƗQJ ᑞ v. 2-1A

to help, to donate (usu. practical help; ᑞ + object) (reduplication: A(а)A)

֐৫ᑞԆ᤯㦟ˈྭੇ˛ ကကᑞҶ 50 ‫ݳ‬䫡ˈᡁ᡽Ҡᗇ䎧䘉ᵜҖǄ 䘉њᘉ֐ᑞᗇᖸྭˈ䉒䉒֐ҶǄ ֐аⴤ൘ᑞᡁˈᡁнՊᘈ䇠֐ⲴǄ ྸྸ䘰Ձਾˈаⴤ൘ᑞᡁ➗ⴻᆙᆀǄ ᡁԜᱟᴻ৻ˈӂ⴨ᑞ(а)ᑞᱟᓄ䈕ⲴǄ Ԇ㞯㝊 (the ability to walk) нᯩ‫ˈׯ‬䈧ᑞ(а)ᑞ ԆǄ

EƗQJPiQJ ᑞᘉ v. 2-1 B

to give a hand, to do sb. a favour (insertable, e.g. ᑞҶབྷᘉ, ᑞнк ᘉ, ᑞྩⲴᘉ; not ᑞᘉ + object, ᑞᘉԆ is incorrect) (reduplication: AAB)

ᴻ৻ᴹһˈԆᑨᑨ৫ᑞᘉǄ ᡁ᰾ཙᩜᇦˈᴻ৻Ԝ䜭ՊᶕᑞᘉǄ ֐᭮ᗳˈᡁаᇊᑞᘉǄ ᑞᘉਟԕˈնᱟԕਾᡁᴹӰѸһ‫֐ˈݯ‬ҏ 㾱ᶕ୺Ǆ ᡁѝ᮷нྭˈ䈧ᑞᑞᘉǄ ᡁн⸕䚃ᘾѸ‫֐ˈڊ‬㜭ᑞалᘉੇ˛ ֐䘉⅑ᑞҶᡁⲴབྷᘉˈॱ࠶ᝏ䉒Ǆ

EƗR व

13

Note: 䍴ࣙ Y]Ư]KµWRJLYHILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWWR¶DVLQ ᡁᇦ⋑ᴹ䫡ѪᡁԈᆖ䍩, ᱟԆ䍴 (zƯWR finance) ࣙҶᡁйᒤ.

EƗR व n.

bag

EƗRJXԁ व㼩 n. 2D

package, parcel (unlike व㻡, व㼩 can be wrapped in paper or put in a wooden box, etc.; व㼩 tends to be small in size, oft. associated with post office, bag storage, etc.; mw. њ or Ԧ) (㼩, to wrap)

֐⸕䚃൘ଚ䟼ਟԕᇴव㼩ੇ˛ ֐ⴻˈ䛓䗩ቡᱟव㼩ᇴᆈ༴ (jìcúnchù, checkroom/ left-luggage office)Ǆ Ԇᢃᔰव㼩аⴻˈ䟼䶒‫ޘ‬ᱟ㺓ᴽǄ 䘉њབྷ䛞ተ⇿ཙᇴࠪᖸཊԦव㼩Ǆ Ԇ᤯⵰ањव㼩ˈᙕᙕᘉᘉൠ䎠ҶǄ ᡁ৫䛞ተᢺ䛓њव㼩ᇴࡠेӜ৫ҶǄ Ԇн⸕䚃व㼩䟼䶒ᱟӰѸь㾯Ǆ

EƗR व n.* 2-1 B

bag, bundle (big or small in size; when used of a smaller bag, SURQRXQFHGDVEƗRUZLWKDZLGHU range of usage than व㼩 and व㻡; mw. њ)

䘉њሿव‫ݯ‬䟼䶒ᱟӰѸ˛ 䛓ᱟањỹ㣡 PLiQKXƗFRWWRQ वˈᖸབྷ, նᱟнཚ䟽Ǆ 䗷᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁ‫ݯ‬ᆀ᤯Ҷॱཊњ㓒व* (red envelope)Ǆ Ԇ൘୶ᓇҠҶањ᯵㹼वഎᶕǄ 䘉ᱟ䈱Ⲵव‫˛ݯ‬ ֐ᶕҶˈᘛᢺव‫ݯ‬᭮лˈ䗷ᶕ்ਓ㥦Ǆ

EƗRIX व㻡 n. 2-1 C

a bundle wrapped in a piece of cloth (used literally), psychological burden (used metaphorically, usu. caused by past mistakes; mw. њ) (㻡, a bundle wrapped in cloth)

䘉њབྷव㻡ᱟ䈱Ⲵ˛ Ԇ᤯⵰Ⲵ䛓њव㻡ᖸབྷǄ ֐ᴹ䭉᭩Ҷቡྭˈᙍᜣк VƯ[LӽQJVKDQJLQ RQH¶VPLQG н㾱ᴹӰѸव㻡Ǆ ֐ањབྷ⭧ӪˈᘾѸ㜭䇙ྣӪ㛼⵰व㻡˛ Ԇ䎺䎠䎺㿹ᗇव㻡䟽Ǆ ֐ⴻ㿱ᡁⲴव㻡Ҷੇ˛ Ԇ㿹ᗇ⋑ᴹᢺᐕ֌‫ˈྭڊ‬ᡰԕᙍᜣкव㻡ᖸ䟽Ǆ

Note: * व mw., µDEDJRIVWK¶DVLQ аव㦟, йव㺓ᴽRUDVDYHUEµWRZUDS¶DVLQ ԆᢺҖवҶ䎧ᶕ. * As a cultural note, 㓒व is a red paper envelope containing money, given out as a cash gift, bonus, kickback, bribe, etc. It is a Chinese custom that on festive occasions (e.g. the Chinese Spring Festival), children are given cash gifts this way.

14

EƗRNXz वᤜ

EƗRNXz वᤜ v. (see also ާᴹ) EƗRKiQ वਜ਼ v. 3C

hán ਜ਼ v. 3B

to contain, to comprise

to hold (things, elements, feelings, etc.) in

to include

䘉ਕ䈍वਜ਼ࠐቲ᜿ᙍ (yìsi, meaning)Ǆ 伎ᵪ⾘䫡ᐢ㓿वਜ਼‫؍‬䲙䍩 EӽR[LӽQIqL insurance premium) ҶǄ ⇽ӢⲴ䈍䟼वਜ਼⵰ཊቁ⡡୺ʽ 䘉ሱؑवਜ਼Ҷ⡦⇽ሩԆⲴᵏᵋ TƯZjQJ expectation)Ǆ 䘉⿽≤᷌ਜ਼㔤⭏㍐ ZpLVKƝQJVYLWDPLQ &Ǆ ྩਜ਼ㅁ඀൘ἵᆀкǄ ⦻‫⭏ݸ‬ਜ਼ᚘ (hèn, hatred) ⿫৫Ǆ ྩⴻҶ䘉ሱؑԕਾˈਜ਼⵰⵬⌚䎠Ҷࠪ৫Ǆ ॱ‫ޛ‬኱ԕк (ਜ਼ॱ‫ޛ‬኱) ⲴᡀᒤӪ᡽㜭ⴻ䘉䜘⭥ᖡǄ Ԇ౤䟼ྭ䊑ਜ਼⵰ӰѸˈ䈤䈍нཚ␵ᾊǄ

KiQ\ԁX ਜ਼ᴹ v. 3D

䛓ᕐ⭫ਜ਼ᴹ㓒㢢ǃ㔯㢢ǃ哴㢢й⿽仌㢢Ǆ ԆⲴ䈍䟼ਜ਼ᴹ〠䎎 FKƝQJ]jQWRSUDLVH ֐Ⲵ ᜿ᙍǄ 䘉ᱟа⿽ਜ਼ᴹ⻈ GLӽQLRGLQH Ⲵⴀ (yán, salt)Ǆ 䶂㨌ਜ਼ᴹᖸཊྭь㾯Ǆ ֐⸕䚃㤩᷌䜭ਜ਼ᴹӰѸ㩕ޫᡀ࠶ \tQJ\ӽQJ chénJIƝQ, nutritional composition) ੇ˛

to contain, to have (things, elements, implications, etc.)

EƗRNXz वᤜ v. 2B

to include, to consist of (oft. saying that sth. is part of sth. else) (ᤜ, to draw together)

ᡯ』वᤜ≤⭥䍩Ǆ वᤜᕐ‫⭏ݸ‬൘޵ˈа‫ॱޡ‬ӄњӪǄ 䘉ᵜҖवᤜй䜘࠶ (bùfen, part) ޵ᇩ (nèiróng, contents)Ǆ 䛓ཙབྷᇦ䜭৫ҶˈަѝҏवᤜᡁǄ Ԇௌ⅒ᖸཊ䘀ࣘ亩ⴞ (xiàngmù, item)ˈवᤜ ᢃ⨳઼⑨⌣Ǆ

\ԁX ᴹ v. 2A

to have, to possess (concrete or abstract items; with a wider range of usage than other words in this group)

Ԇᖸᴹ᡽ॾ (talent)Ǆ 㘱⦻ᴹйњᆙᆀǄ ेӜᴹᖸཊ┲ӞⲴ‫ޜ‬ഝǄ ᴹབྷᆖᆖশ (xuélì, qualification) ⲴӪнаᇊ 䜭㜭᢮ࡠањྭᐕ֌Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖˈԆᴹᡁ⋑ᴹǄ ֐ᴹကကੇ˛

b~om~n 価┑

EӽRPӽQ 価┑ adj. (see also ‫࠶ݵ‬/ ཊĸ/ Ѡᇼ)

15

full and rounded

EӽRPӽQ 価┑ adj. 2D

full and rounded (referring to roundshaped things, e.g. forehead, grains), vigorous (of spirit, passion, etc.) (antonym: ᒢⱚ JƗQELČ 価, full; ┑, filled)

ԆⲴࡽ仍 (é, forehead) ᖸ価┑ˈ‫ۿ‬⡦ӢǄ Ӻᒤ≄‫ى‬нྭˈ⭠䟼に䉧 GjRJԃSDGG\ Ⲵ仇㋂ NƝOuNHUQHO ᴹӋᒢⱚˈнཏ価┑Ǆ ᡁԜᆖṑⲴ㈞⨳䱏ઈԜᙫᱟ㋮⾎価┑ൠ৲࣐ ∄䎋Ǆ Ԇሩᐕ֌ᴹ⵰価┑Ⲵ✝ᛵ (rèqíng, enthusiasm)Ǆ

IƝQJPӽQ Ѡ┑ adj. 2D

full and plump (oft. referring to a ZRPDQ¶VERG\RUSDUWRILW ZHOOdeveloped (antonym:ᒢⱚ) (Ѡ, abundant)

ྩ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡ䮯ᗇнཏѠ┑Ǆ ྩᴹ⵰Ѡ┑Ⲵңᡯ UԃIiQJEUHDVW Ǆ ྩ䮯ᗇ儈བྷѠ┑ˈ䐏ྩကကаṧǄ 䛓ਚሿ呏Ⲵ㗭∋ \ԃPiRIHDWKHU 䘈нཏ Ѡ┑ˈᡰԕ伎н儈Ǆ

wàngshèng ᰪⴋ adj. 2 N/A

abundant, vigorous (of plant, energy, etc.) (ᰪ, flourishing; ⴋ, vigorous)

䘉Ӌṁ䮯ᗇⵏᰪⴋˈਟ㜭ᱟഐѪӺᒤⲴ䴘≤ ∄䖳ཊ੗Ǆ Ԇࡊ඀ҶॱࠐњሿᰦⲴ伎ᵪˈਟᱟⴻ䎧ᶕ ㋮࣋䘈ᖸᰪⴋǄ

EӽRJXu ᇍ䍥 adj.

valuable

ángguì ᰲ䍥 adj. 3-2 D

costly, high-priced (usu. with a negative connotation) (antonym: ‫ׯ‬ᇌ) (ᰲ, high)

ࠪഭ⮉ᆖⲴ䍩⭘ॱ࠶ᰲ䍥ˈԆⲴ⡦⇽аᇊᖸ ᴹ䫡੗Ǆ 䘈ᱟҠ‫ׯ‬ᇌⲴ੗ˈ䘉Ѹᰲ䍥Ⲵь㾯ᡁਟҠн䎧Ǆ ԆѪ䘉ԦһԈࠪҶᰲ䍥Ⲵԓԧ (dàijià, cost)Ǆ ⭡Ҿԧ䫡ᰲ䍥ˈᖸቁᴹӪҠ䘉⿽䖖Ǆ 䘉ᱟаᇦᰲ䍥Ⲵ᯵侶ˈԆнՊտ൘䘉䟼ⲴǄ ྩクⲴǃᡤⲴⴻ䎧ᶕ䜭ᖸᰲ䍥Ǆ

EӽRJXu ᇍ䍥 adj. 3-2 B

valuable (with a wider range of usage than others in this group; referring to a person, concrete or abstract items) (ᇍ, treasure)

䘉ᵜਔҖᖸᇍ䍥Ǆ ԆⲴᆙᆀሩԆᶕ䈤ᱟᴰᇍ䍥ⲴǄ 㘱⦻ᴹ⵰ᇍ䍥Ⲵᮉᆖ㓿傼 MƯQJ\jQ experience)Ǆ ᴰᇍ䍥Ⲵь㾯нᱟ䫡ˈ㘼ᱟ৻ᛵ \ԁXTtQJ friendship)Ǆ ᰦ䰤ሩԆᶕ䈤ॱ࠶ᇍ䍥ˈԆཙཙ䜭ᖸᘉǄ

guìzhòng 䍥䟽 adj. 3-2 D

precious, expensive (oft. referring to concrete items, not a person)

Ԇᇦ䟼᩶᭮Ⲵь㾯䜭ᖸ䍥䟽Ǆ ԆѪ⡦⇽ҠҶᖸཊ䍥䟽Ⲵ⽬⢙Ǆ 䘉њь㾯∄䠁ᆀ MƯQ]LJROG ᴤ䍥䟽Ǆ 䘉њ㣡⬦䍥䟽ᗇᖸˈ㾱ሿᗳ᤯ྭǄ

16

b~ohù ‫؍‬ᣔķ 㲭❦иཛ㔉ྩҠҶᖸཊ䍥䟽Ⲵь㾯ˈնᱟྩ 䘈ᱟ㿹ᗇн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ

NČJXu ਟ䍥 adj. 3-2 D

precious, commendable (oft. referring to abstract items)

míngguì ਽䍥 adj. 3-2 D

famous and precious (oft. referring to concrete items, not a person) (਽, famous)

ྩ䓛кクⲴǃᡤⲴ䜭ᖸ਽䍥Ǆ 䘉⿽㣡ᖸ਽䍥Ǆ ਽䍥⊭䖖ᱟԆᡰௌ⅒Ⲵь㾯Ǆ ੜ䈤䘉⿽᡻㺘ᱟᴰ਽䍥ⲴǄ ԆᴹᖸཊⲴ䫡ˈਟᱟԆᒦнҠ਽䍥Ⲵь㾯ˈ 㘼ᱟᢺ䫡᭮൘䬦㹼䟼Ǆ Ԇ↓൘ⴻ⵰້к䛓ᑵ਽䍥Ⲵ⭫Ǆ

]KƝQJXu ⧽䍥 adj. 3-2 C

valuable and rare, profound (not referring to a person) (⧽, treasure, rare)

້кᤲ⵰аᕐ⧽䍥Ⲵ➗⡷Ǆ ԆԜѻ䰤Ⲵ৻䈺 (\ԁX\uIULHQGVKLS ሩሿ⦻ᶕ 䈤ᱟ䶎ᑨ⧽䍥ⲴǄ ྸྸ䘱㔉Ԇањ⧽䍥Ⲵ㔃ႊ⽬⢙Ǆ ➺⥛ [LyQJPƗRSDQGD ᱟа⿽⧽䍥Ⲵࣘ⢙Ǆ ྸྸᢺᆙᆀᇴ㔉ྩⲴ⭏ᰕ঑ⴻᗇᖸ⧽䍥ˈሿ ᗳൠ᭮൘㇡ᆀ䟼Ǆ മҖ侶ⲴҼᾬᴹнቁ⧽䍥ⲴമҖǄ

EӽRK ‫؍‬ᣔķv. (see also ‫؍‬ᣔĸ)

Ԇ㜭䘉Ѹ‫ⵏˈڊ‬ᱟ䳮㜭ਟ䍥Ǆ ৻ᛵᱟਟ䍥ⲴǄ ਟ䍥Ⲵᱟྩᢺ⯵Ӫⴻᗇ∄ྩ㠚ᐡ䘈䟽㾱Ǆ ԆⲴਟ䍥ѻ༴ᱟӾᶕн䈤‫ ٷ‬MLӽXQWUXH 䈍Ǆ ֐㜭ᴹањ䘉ѸྭⲴᴻ৻ˈ䶎ᑨਟ䍥ʽ

to protect

EӽRZqL ‫؍‬ছ v. 3B

to defend sb. or sth. (concrete or abstract items) from danger (oft. using force; guarding sth. important; a stronger word than ‫؍‬ᣔ) (‫؍‬, to protect; ছ, to guard)

аᇊ㾱‫؍‬ছྭᡁԜⲴഭᇦǄ ԆԜ↓൘‫؍‬ছ⵰ᵪ൪Ǆ ‫؍‬ছ઼ᒣ (hépíng, peace) ᱟᡁԜⲴ䍓ԫ (zérèn, responsibility)Ǆ ԆԜѪ‫؍‬ছ઼ᒣ㘼ᡈ (zhàn, to fight)Ǆ ԆԜᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJsuccessfully) ൠ‫؍‬ছҶ䘉 ᓗ෾ᐲǄ

EӽR]KjQJ ‫؍‬䳌 v. 3C

to protect (rights, safety, policy, etc.) from damage or violation, to guarantee (䳌, to block)

ᆖṑ㾱‫؍‬䳌ᆖ⭏Ⲵᆹ‫ ޘ‬ƗQTXiQVDIHW\ Ǆ ǉႊါ⌅Ǌ+ǌQ\ƯQIӽ0DUULDJH/DZ ‫؍‬䳌 ႊါ㠚⭡ (freedom)Ǆ ѪҶ‫؍‬䳌བྷᇦⲴᆹ‫ˈޘ‬Ԇᢺབྷ䰘‫ޣ‬кҶǄ

hànwèi ᥽ছ v. 3D

to defend with force or sheer determination, to take a stand for (country, dignity, ideology, etc.;

ԆԜѪҶ᥽ছഭᇦⲴᆹ‫ޘ‬㘼ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌⵰Ǆ ᡁԜᓄ䈕᥽ছ、ᆖ NƝ[XpVFLHQFH ઼ⵏ⨶ ]KƝQOӿWUXth)Ǆ

b~ohù ‫؍‬ᣔķ

17

a stronger word than ‫؍‬ছ) (᥽, to defend)

Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ᱟѪҶ᥽ছ㠚ᐡⲴሺѕ ]ǌQ\iQ dignity)Ǆ

wéihù 㔤ᣔ v. 3B

to safeguard, to maintain (usu. abstract items, e.g. principles, peace, law, rights, etc.) (㔤, to preserve; ᣔ, to protect)

ᡁԜаᇊ㾱㔤ᣔ઼ᒣǄ Ԇ㾱㔤ᣔ‫ڊ‬ӪⲴሺѕǄ 㔤ᣔഒ㔃 (tuánjié, solidarity) ᱟॱ࠶䟽㾱ⲴǄ ѪҶ㔤ᣔ⡦⇽Ⲵ䶒ᆀ (miànzi, face)ˈԆ⋑ᴹ ᢺ䘉Ԧһᛵ੺䇹࡛ӪǄ

àihù ⡡ᣔ v. 2B

to care and protect sb. or sth. (oft. sb. or sth. vulnerable; usu. not an abstract item; can be modified by ᖸ/ ∄䖳, etc.)

Ԇሩᆖ⭏ॱ࠶‫ޣ‬ᗳ઼⡡ᣔǄ ሩԆᯠҠⲴ䖖ˈሿᵾᖸ⡡ᣔǄ ⡡ᣔᆖ⭏Ⲵ㘱ᐸᱟྭ㘱ᐸǄ ᡁԜ䜭ᓄ䈕⡡ᣔ‫ޜ‬⢙ JǀQJZSXEOLFSURSHUW\ Ǆ н⡡ᣔ‫ޜ‬⢙ᱟнᓄ䈕ⲴǄ ⴻҖⲴᰦ‫ى‬㾱⡡ᣔ⵬ⶋǄ

EӽRK ‫؍‬ᣔ v.* 2B

to protect (a person or thing) from harm (antonym: ⹤ൿ pòhuài)

EӽR]KqQJ ‫؍‬䇱 v. 2B

to assure, to pledge, to secure (oft. referring to concrete items) (䇱, proof)

bìhù ᒷᣔ v. 2 N/A

Ԇ‫ڊ‬䭉Ҷˈ֐н㾱ᒷᣔԆǄ to shelter (usu. pejorative; usu. ሿ⦻Ⲵ⡦Ӣᙫᱟᒷᣔሿ⦻ˈ֯ԆធធਈൿҶǄ referring to a person) (ᒷ, to shield) ⡦⇽нᓄ䈕ᒷᣔᆙᆀˈ䘉ṧሩᆙᆀнྭǄ

GƗQEӽR ᣵ‫ ؍‬v. 2D

to insure, to guarantee (ᣵ, to take on a responsibility, etc.)

\ӽQK ᧙ᣔ v. 2C

to shield, to cover (sb. from exposure, danger, etc.; oft. military) (᧙, to hide)

Ԇ⸕䚃ᘾѸ‫؍‬ᣔԆ㠚ᐡˈ֐ቡ᭮ᗳ੗Ǆ 䘉њь㾯㾱ྭྭ‫؍ݯ‬ᣔˈ࡛㻛⹤ൿҶǄ ‫؍‬ᣔᆖ⭏ᱟሿ⦻Ⲵᐕ֌Ǆ ྣᆙᆀᲊкањӪ䎠ཌ䐟ˈ⋑ᴹӪ‫؍‬ᣔᱟн 㹼ⲴǄ ѪҶ‫؍‬䇱ᆙᆀਲ਼ྭˈྸྸаབྷᰙቡ䎧ᒺ‫ڊ‬ᰙ 依ҶǄ Ԇੁ㘱ᐸ‫؍‬䇱аᇊࣚ࣋ᆖҐǄ ⇿ཙᓄ䈕‫؍‬䇱г‫ޛ‬њሿᰦⲴⶑⵐᰦ䰤Ǆ Ԇн㜭‫؍‬䇱аᇊ㜭㿱ࡠ䘉њӪˈնᱟԆ䘈ᱟ ᜣ৫ⴻⴻǄ Ԇᐢ㓿‫؍‬䇱Ҷᖸཊ⅑ˈ䈤ԕਾн޽்䞂Ҷˈ ਟᱟਚ䈤н‫ڊ‬Ǆ ᐕলᓄ䈕‫؍‬䇱ӗ૱Ⲵ䍘䟿 (zhìliàng, quality)Ǆ

৫䬦㹼ُ䫡ˈᴹᰦ‫ى‬䴰㾱࡛ӪᶕѪ֐ᣵ‫؍‬Ǆ Ԇࠪഭ⮉ᆖᱟ⭡⡦⇽ᣵ‫Ⲵ؍‬Ǆ ᡁᣵ‫؍‬ԆаᇊՊഎᶕǄ Ԇ䰞ҶᖸཊӪˈնᱟ⋑ᴹӪᝯ᜿ѪԆᣵ‫؍‬Ǆ ᡁᶕ᧙ᣔˈ֐ᘛᑖՔઈ VKƗQJ\XiQWKH wounded) 䎠ʽ ᡁԜᶕ᧙ᣔԆԜ᫔䘰 (chètuì, retreat)Ǆ ᴻ৻ԜᢺԆ᧙ᣔҶ䎧ᶕǄ

18 EӽR]K ‫؍‬տ v. 2-1 B

hù ᣔ v. 2-1 C

b~ohù ‫؍‬ᣔĸ to keep, to retain (‫ ؍‬+ ᗇ/ н + տ)

to protect, to be partial to (can be modified by ཚ/ ᖸ/ ∄䖳, etc.)

ѪҶ‫؍‬տ䘉њᐕ֌ˈԆઘᵛ䘈㾱࣐⨝ (to work overtime)Ǆ 䘉њᡯᆀᡁԜਟԕ‫؍‬ᗇտੇ˛ ᘛ৫५䲒ˈ㾱нਟ㜭ቡ‫؍‬нտ䘉ਚ᡻ҶǄ Ԇᣔ⵰䘉њྣᆙӾ䞂侶䟼䎠ҶࠪᶕǄ Ԇᱟᣔ᷇ᐕӪǄ ֐ཚᣔᆙᆀҶˈ䘉ṧሩᆙᆀᒦнྭǄ ྩᙫᱟᣔᆙᆀˈн㇑ԆԜᱟሩ䘈ᱟ䭉Ǆ ⇽呑ᣔ⵰ሿ呑ˈн䇙Ӫ䎠䘁Ǆ ԆӾᶕнᣔ⸝ˈᱟњྭ⡦ӢǄ Ԇᙫᱟ‫ۿ‬କକаṧᣔ⵰ᡁǄ

Note: * ‫؍‬ᣔ n., as in ൘ᴻ৻ԜⲴ‫؍‬ᣔл, ྩᆹ‫ޘ‬ൠഎࡠҶᇦ䟼. ¾ ‫؍‬ᣔ and ⡡ᣔ: WKHIRUPHUVWUHVVHVµNHHSVERUVWKVDIH¶WKHODWWHUIRFXVHVRQµWRFKHULVKRUWRWDNH JRRGFDUHRIVERUVWK¶ ⡡ᣔ can be modified by ᖸ/ ∄䖳 and the like, probably because ⡡ can be modified by degree adverbs. ¾ ‫ ؍‬and ᣔ are also used to form other words, e.g. ‫ ؍‬in ‫؍‬ᣔ/ ‫؍‬䳌/ ‫؍‬䇱; ᣔ in ‫؍‬ᣔ/ ⡡ᣔ/ ᒷᣔ.

EӽRK ‫؍‬ᣔĸv. (see also ‫؍‬ᣔķ) EӽRK ‫؍‬ᣔ v. 2B

to care for (a person or thing) and keep from harm (‫؍‬, to protect; ᣔ, to guard)

to care for

Ԇᖸ⌘᜿‫؍‬ᣔ㠚ᐡⲴ⢉喯Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱‫؍‬ᣔ‫ݯ‬ㄕ (értóng, children)Ǆ ‫؍‬ᣔṁᵘᱟሿ⦻Ⲵᐕ֌Ǆ ԆⲴ⵬ⶋ‫؍‬ᣔᗇнཚྭǄ ༿ཙཆࠪᡤᑭᆀᱟ‫؍‬ᣔⳞ㛔 StIǌVNLQ Ⲵྭ ᯩ⌅Ǆ

EӽR\ӽQJ ‫ ޫ؍‬v. 2D

to take good care of (an adult¶s skin, health, etc., but not an animal), to maintain (car, etc.) (reduplication: ABAB) (ޫ, to maintain)

ԆᖸՊ‫ޫ؍‬㠚ᐡˈ‫ॱޝ‬ཊ኱Ҷ䘈䘉Ѹᒤ䖫Ǆ ԆᢺⳞ㛔‫ޫ؍‬ᗇᖸྭǄ Ԇнཚ⌘᜿‫ޫ؍‬䖖Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪӰѸ䜭ྭˈቡᱟнՊ‫ޫ؍‬䓛փǄ ֐Ⲵཤਁᗇ GČi, have to) ‫ޫ؍ޫ؍‬ҶǄ

WLiROӿ 䈳⨶ v. 2 N/A

WRQXUVHRQH¶VKHDOWK, to take care of (sth. animate or inanimate, used with a wider range than ‫ ;ޫ؍‬oft. used in Chinese traditional medicine; also used as 䈳ޫ) (reduplication: ABAB) (䈳, to adjust; ⨶, to manage)

Ԇᜣ৫ⴻⴻѝ५ˈ䈳⨶ал䓛փǄ 䘉⿽⯵н⭘տ䲒ˈ൘ᇦ㠚ᐡ䈳⨶ቡਟԕҶǄ 䘉⿽ѝ㦟ሩ䈳⨶㛮㜿 (shènzàng, kidney) ᖸᴹ ྭ༴Ǆ Ԇ㾱ᢺᆙᆀⲴ䓛փ䈳⨶ྭǄ Ԇнᜣ৫ⴻ५⭏ˈ㾱㠚ᐡ൘ᇦ䈳⨶Ǆ 䈳⨶ҶањཊᱏᵏԕਾˈԆⲴ䓛փᖸᘛቡྭ Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ ֐བྷ⯵ࡊྭˈ㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬䈳⨶䈳⨶Ǆ

b~oliú ‫⮉؍‬

bӽROL~ ‫ ⮉؍‬v.

19

to retain

EӽRFKt ‫؍‬ᤱ v. 2B

ᐕ֌ҶԕਾˈԆ䘈‫؍‬ᤱ⵰кབྷᆖᰦ‫Ⲵى‬Ґ to keep , to maintain (usu. abstract ᜟˈ㓿ᑨⴻҖᆖҐǄ items) (‫؍‬, to protect; ᤱ, to hold) ԆԜ‫ؙ‬ཊᒤᶕаⴤ‫؍‬ᤱ⵰㚄㌫ (liánxì, contact)Ǆ 䈧བྷᇦ‫؍‬ᤱᆹ䶉 ƗQMuQJTXLHW Ǆ ᡁԜӄᒤࡽ࠶᡻ԕਾˈቡ⋑޽‫؍‬ᤱ㚄㌫Ҷˈ ᡰԕᡁн⸕䚃Ԇ⧠൘Ⲵ⭥䈍Ǆ 䘉ѸཊᒤԕᶕˈԆаⴤ‫؍‬ᤱ⵰ᒤ䖫ᰦⲴҐ ᜟˈ⭘ߧ≤⍇◑Ǆ

EӽRF~Q ‫؍‬ᆈ v. 2B

to preserve, to conserve (from being Ԇ‫؍‬ᆈҶሿᰦ‫Ⲵى‬ᖸཊ⴨⡷Ǆ damaged or changed; oft. referring ᯠ勌Ⲵ㣡ᖸнᇩ᱃‫؍‬ᆈǄ to concrete items) (ᆈ, to keep) ᢺ䘉њӔ㔉ᡁ੗ˈᡁаᇊྭྭ‫؍ݯ‬ᆈǄ Ԇᢺ䛓ӋᰗҖ‫؍‬ᆈᗇᖸྭǄ 䘉Ӌ䜭ᱟ⋑ᴹ⭘Ⲵᣕ㓨ˈн⭘‫؍‬ᆈҶǄ

EӽRJXӽQ ‫؍‬㇑ v. 2C

EӽROL~ ‫ ⮉؍‬v. 2B

to take care of (concrete things) (㇑, to control)

to retain, to keep sth. from being altered, to have reservations (referring to concrete or abstract items) (⮉, to remain)

EjR]Kӿ ᣕ㓨 n. EjRNƗQ ᣕ࠺ n. 3B

Ԇᇦ⋑ᴹൠᯩᴯᡁԜ‫؍‬㇑䘉Ӌ㇡ᆀǄ ԆнᜣѪᡁ‫؍‬㇑䘉Ӌ䫡ҶǄ ሿ⦻Ⲵᐕ֌ᱟ‫؍‬㇑ԃᓃ FƗQJNVWRUHKRXVH Ǆ 䘉њԃᓃ⭡Ԇ‫؍‬㇑Ǆ Ԇᢺ䘉Ӌь㾯‫؍‬㇑ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ 䘉ᱟᡁⲴ㹼ᵾˈ䈧䰞֐Ԝਟԕ‫؍‬㇑ੇ˛ 䘉њ依ᓇ‫⮉؍‬Ҷ㘱ेӜⲴՐ㔏仾ણ IƝQJZqLWUDGLWLRQDOIODYRXU Ǆ ᑞࣙᴻ৻ˈԆ∛ (háo) н‫ ⮉؍‬WRGRRQH¶V best)Ǆ ྣᴻ৻ᖃᒤ߉㔉ԆⲴᛵҖ TtQJVKǌORYH letter)ˈԆࡠ⧠൘䘈‫⵰⮉؍‬઒Ǆ Ҡь㾯ᓄ䈕‫⮉؍‬᭦ᦞ VKǀXMUHFHLSW ˈԕਾ ਟ㜭Պᴹ⭘Ǆ ԆԜ൘ഭཆཊᒤˈնаⴤ‫⵰⮉؍‬ѝഭⲴ᮷ॆ ઼Ր㔏 FKXiQWԁQJWUDGLWLRQ Ǆ

newspaper

newspapers and periodicals (࠺, print)

Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭൘䘉䟼Ҡᣕ࠺Ǆ བྷᆖമҖ侶ᴹᖸཊᣕ࠺઼Җ㉽ (jí, book)Ǆ ᡁௌ⅒ⴻѝ᮷ᣕ࠺Ǆ Ԇ൘䛞ተᐕ֌ˈਁ䘱ؑԦ઼ᣕ࠺Ǆ 䘉ᶑᯠ䰫 [ƯQZpQQHZV Ӻཙᰙкࠪ⧠൘਴བྷᣕ ࠺кǄ

20

bàoyuàn ᣡᙘ ेӜⲴᣕ࠺∄ᡁԜ䘉䟼ཊᖸཊǄ

EjR]Kӿ ᣕ㓨 n. 2B

bào ᣕ n. 2-1 A

newspaper

newspaper (ᣕ is also used to form another word, as in ᲊᣕ µHYHQLQJ SDSHU¶, ᰙᣕ, ǉेӜᰕᣕǊ µ%HLMLQJ'DLO\¶ ǉेӜᲊᣕǊ µ%HLMLQJ(YHQLQJ1HZV¶

Ԇᱟআᣕ㓨ⲴǄ ӺཙⲴᣕ㓨кᴹӰѸᯠ䰫ੇ˛ Ԇ↓൘ⴻᣕ㓨Ǆ ᣕ㓨䘈⋑ᴹᶕˈ֐൘䘉䟼ㅹаՊ‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ 䘉ԭᣕ㓨∄䛓ԭᣕ㓨ྭআˈҠⲴӪ∄䖳ཊǄ Ԇཙཙⴻᣕ㓨ˈаཙнⴻ䜭н㹼Ǆ ԆкᣕҶˈк䶒䘈ᴹԆⲴ➗⡷઒Ǆ ᡁཙཙⴻǉेӜᲊᣕǊǄ ሿ⦻ᱟ䘱ᣕⲴǄ ᣕᶕҶੇ˛ 䘉ᱟ᱘ཙⲴᣕˈᡁᜣⴻӺཙⲴǄ ֐ᢺᣕ᭮ࡠଚ䟼৫Ҷ˛ ӺཙⲴᣕ⋑ᴹӰѸˈ֐н⭘ⴻҶǄ

Note: While ᣕ and ᣕ㓨 are often interchangeable, they tend to follow two different patterns: monosyllable + monosyllable: as in ࣎ᣕ (to start/ run a newspaper), Ҡᣕ, 䈫 (to read) ᣕ; disyllable + disyllable: as in ࡋ (chuàng, to set up) ࣎ᣕ㓨 (to start a newspaper), 䍝 (gòu, to buy) Ҡᣕ㓨, 䰵 (yuè, to read) 䈫ᣕ㓨.

bàoyuàn ᣡᙘ v. (see also ᢩ䇴)

to complain

zébèi 䍓༷ v. 3 N/A

ྸྸᖸቁ䍓༷ԆǄ to blame (䍓, to blame; ༷, to have) ሿ⦻ഐ⋑‫ྭڊ‬ᐕ֌㘼ਇࡠ䍓༷Ǆ ᱟ֐‫ڊ‬䭉ҶˈᘾѸ䍓༷ᡁ઒˛ Ԇ㻛䍓༷ᗇаਕ䈍ҏ䈤нࠪᶕǄ

yuànhèn ᙘᚘ v. 2 N/A

to hate, to have a grudge against Ԇᙘᚘᇦ䟼ェˈкнҶᆖǄ sb. or sth. (a stronger word in this ᡁ䭉Ҷˈ䈧ॳзн㾱ᙘᚘᡁǄ group) (ᙘ, to complain; ᚘ, to hate) ᡁྸྸӾᶕ⋑ᴹᙘᚘ䗷ӰѸӪǄ ᴰᙘᚘԆⲴᱟԆⲴࡽ࿫Ǆ ྸྸ൘ԆᖸሿⲴᰦ‫ى‬ቡ⿫ᔰҶᇦˈԆѪ䘉Ԧ һаⴤ൘ᙘᚘ⵰ྸྸǄ ᆙᆀˈ֐䘈ᙘᚘᡁੇ˛

zéguài 䍓ᙚ v. 2D

to reproach, to scold (a lighter word than 䍓༷) (antonym: 㺘ᢜ ELӽR\iQJ ᙚ, to blame)

㘱⦻䍓ᙚሿ⦻⋑ᴹ⽬䊼Ǆ Ԇഎࡠᇦ䟼Ⲵᰦ‫ྸྸˈى‬ᒦ⋑ᴹ䍓ᙚԆǄ ᱟᡁⲴ䭉ˈн㾱䍓ᙚԆǄ ࡛䍓ᙚᆙᆀҶˈл⅑⌘᜿⛩‫ݯ‬ቡ㹼ҶǄ Ԇሩᆖ⭏ਚ䍓ᙚн㺘ᢜˈ䘉ṧ‫˛ੇྭڊ‬

bàoyuàn ᣡᙘ

Ԇа䘋䰘ቡᣡᙘ䎧ᶕˈ䘉нྭ䛓нྭⲴǄ ᇒӪᣡᙘ䈤ᡯ䰤䟼ཚߧǄ 㘱ᕐ㓿ᑨѪа⛩‫ݯ‬ሿһቡᣡᙘǄ Ԇᣡᙘ䈤³ᰙкг⛩ቡ㾱к⨝ˈ 䘉ҏཚᰙҶ´ ᆖ⭏㓿ᑨᣡᙘ࣏䈮ཚཊҶǄ ᴰ䘁ˈ䘉њ୶ᓇ亮ᇒᶕᣡᙘⲴ⅑ᮠቁҶаӋǄ ֐㠚ᐡ㘳䈅⋑㘳ྭˈ࡛ᣡᙘ࡛ӪǄ

bàoyuàn ᣡᙘ v. 2-1 D

to complain (about sb. or sth. but not oneself; a slightly stronger word than ෻ᙘ) (ᣡ, to hold)

mányuàn ෻ᙘ v. 2-1 D

to complain, to grumble, to express ࡛෻ᙘ֐㠚ᐡҶˈ⋑ӰѸ⭘Ǆ disapprobation (could do it to Ԇ෻ᙘ‫ݯ‬ᆀᙫн㔉ᇦ䟼߉ؑǄ oneself) (෻, to blame) ࡛෻ᙘሿ⦻Ҷˈ䘉ҏнᱟԆⲴ䭉Ǆ Ԇ䘉Ӫቡௌ⅒෻ᙘ䘉њˈ෻ᙘ䛓њˈቡᱟⴻ нࡠԆ㠚ᐡⲴ䭉Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ҷᖸཊ෻ᙘᡁⲴ䈍ˈᡁᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ

guài ᙚ v. 1C

guàizui ᙚ㖚 v. 1 N/A

lài 䎆 v. 1D

yuàn ᙘ v. 1C

to blame, to hold sb. or sth. responsible (including oneself)

21

ቡᙚᡁˈнᓄ䈕੺䇹Ԇ䘉Ԧһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䜭ᙚཙ≄нྭˈ⨳ҏᢃнᡀҶǄ ⡨⡨ᙚᡁᢺԆᗳ⡡ⲴҖђ GLǌWRORVH ҶǄ ֐ᙚᗇ⵰࡛Ӫੇ˛䜭ᱟ֐㠚ᐡ㾱৫ⲴǄ Ԇᙚ䘉ᙚ䛓ⲴˈቡᱟнᙚԆ㠚ᐡǄ ࡛ᙚ࡛ӪҶˈ㾱ᙚቡᙚᡁྭҶǄ

Ԇᙚ㖚ᴻ৻⋑ᴹ੺䇹Ԇⵏᛵ (the truth)Ǆ to blame (a stronger word than ᙚ) 㾱ᱟк䗩 (superior) ᙚ㖚лᶕˈ֐ਟ㾱䈤␵ᾊǄ (㖚, sin) ֐䘉⅑㘳䈅⋑㘳ྭˈнՊᙚ㖚ᡁ੗˛ ᡁ⋑ᴹᙚ㖚֐Ⲵ᜿ᙍˈ䜭ᱟᡁ㠚ᐡнྭǄ Ԇᢺ䘉Ӌ䜭ᙚ㖚Ҿྩˈ䘉ᖸнሩǄ Ԇᒦ⋑ᴹ䈤ᙚ㖚֐Ⲵ䈍ˈ֐ଝӰѸ˛

to wrongly accuse sb./ sth. else (in order to shift blame from oneself)

to complain, to blame (could do it to oneself)

֐㠚ᐡ㘳䈅⋑㘳ྭˈᘾѸ㜭䎆ᡁ઒˛ ԆⲴҐᜟᖸнྭˈаᴹӰѸ‫ڊ‬нྭˈቡᙫᱟ 䎆࡛ӪǄ 䎆࡛Ӫ⋑⭘ˈԕਾᐕ֌ཊࣚ࣋⛩‫ݯ‬ቡྭҶǄ ԆӺཙк䈮৫ᲊҶˈ䎆ྸྸ⋑ᴹਛԆ䎧ᒺǄ 䘉Ԧһᛵ֐ਟн㾱䎆ᡁˈ䐏ᡁа⛩‫ޣݯ‬㌫䜭⋑ ᴹǄ ӺᒤԆ⿽Ⲵ㤩᷌䮯ᗇнྭˈԆ䎆ཙ≄ཚߧҶǄ ֐⧠൘аᇊ㾱ᜣྭҶˈԕਾਟ࡛ᙘᡁǄ Ԇᙘሿ⦻ˈ䈤㾱нᱟሿ⦻䇠䭉Ҷᰦ䰤ˈԆ ቡнՊ৫ᲊҶǄ 䘉һ‫⋑ݯ‬ᴹ‫ྩˈྭڊ‬ᙘྩ㠚ᐡǄ 㹼Ҷˈ࡛ᙘьᙘ㾯ⲴҶˈ֐㠚ᐡҏ⋑ᴹ‫ڊ‬ ྭˈҏᴹ䭉Ǆ 䘉Ԧһ֐䈱ҏᙘн⵰ˈᱟ֐㠚ᐡ㾱৫ⲴǄ

22

bàolù ᳤䵢

Note: ᙘཙቔ (yóu, to blame) Ӫ/ ᙘཙᙘൠ (to blame everyone and everything but oneself, implying that one does not accept responsibility), ԫࣣԫᙘ (rènláorènyuàn, to fulfil one¶s duties diligently with no complaint).

bàolù ᳤䵢 v.

to expose

MLƝO ᨝䵢 v. 3C

to bring to light, to lay bare (to expose others, not oneself; to expose intentionally) (᨝, to expose; 䵢, to show)

㾱ᜣ䀓ߣ MLČMXpWRVROYH 䰞仈ˈᗵ享᨝䵢䰞仈Ⲵᵜ䍘 EČQ]KuHVVHQFH Ǆ 䱤䈻 \ƯQPyXconspiracy) 㻛ԆԜ᨝䵢ࠪᶕҶǄ 䛓ᇦᣕ㓨᨝䵢ҶԆⲴн⌅ EIӽLOOHJDO 㹼Ѫ (action)Ǆ

MLƝVKu ᨝⽪ v. 3D

to reveal (of sth. difficult to know, such as mystery, truth, origin, etc.) (⽪, to notify)

䘉ᵜҖ᨝⽪Ҷᆷᇉ \ԃ]KzXXQLYHUVH Ⲵྕ〈 (àomì, the arcane)Ǆ ԆⲴ䇢╄᨝⽪ࠪᖸཊ䚃⨶ (dàoli, reason, truth)Ǆ ᖸཊྕ〈↓ㅹᖵ⵰ᡁԜ৫᨝⽪Ǆ

MLƝIƗ ᨝ਁ v. 3-2 D

to disclose (sb. or sth. bad; to expose Ԇнᜣ᨝ਁ䘉ԦһᛵǄ others, but not oneself; to expose Ԇ᨝ਁҶ䛓њᆖṑⲴᖸཊ䰞仈Ǆ intentionally) (ਁ, to discover) ᡁԜ䜭ᓄ䈕᨝ਁൿӪൿһǄ ᨝н᨝ਁԆ㾱⭡֐㠚ᐡᶕ‫ߣڊ‬ᇊǄ 㲭❦䛓њӪᱟԆⲴྭᴻ৻ˈնᱟԆ䘈ᱟ᨝ਁ ҶԆǄ 㻛᨝ਁⲴ䛓њӪᱟԆⲴ⡦ӢǄ

bàolù ᳤䵢 v. 2C

to expose, to reveal (sb. or sth., good or bad; referring to concrete or abstract items, oneself or others; intentionally or unintentionally; with a much wider range of usage) (᳤, to stick out)

MLƝ ᨝ v. 2D

xièlòu ⋴䵢 v. 2D

to uncover, to expose

Ԇᖸቁ䈤䈍ˈҏнᝯ᜿᳤䵢㠚ᐡ൘ᜣӰѸǄ ѪҶн᳤䵢㠚ᐡˈԆᖸቁࠪ䰘Ǆ ሿ⦻Ⲵ〈ᇶ (mìmì, secret) ᳤䵢ҶǄ 䘉њ䇑ࡂн㜭᳤䵢㔉࡛ӪǄ ᳤䵢ࠪҶ䘉Ѹཊ䰞仈ᱟԆ⋑ᴹᜣࡠⲴǄ ࠪ৫㾱ᡤᑭᆀˈ൘ཚ䱣ᓅл᳤䵢ཚ䮯ᰦ䰤ሩ ӪⲴⳞ㛔 StIǌVNLQ нྭǄ Ԇ᨝ᔰ䛓ቲ㓨ԕਾˈл䶒䵢ࠪањሿⴂᆀǄ Ԇቡௌ⅒᨝࡛ӪⲴ㘱ᓅ OӽRGӿRQH¶VGDUNSDVW Ǆ བྷᇦ൘Պк᨝ࠪҶнቁ䰞仈Ǆ ԆѪᡁԜབྷᇦ᨝ᔰҶ䘉њཊᒤⲴ〈ᇶǄ ࡛᨝ᔰᆙᆀⲴ㻛ᆀˈཙᖸߧˈՊ߫⯵ⲴǄ

to leak, to let out (information, etc.; 䈱ҏн㜭⋴䵢ᵪᇶ MƯPuFODVVLILHG also ⋴┿, for gas leaking and the information)Ǆ like; intentionally or unintentionally) ֐⸕䚃ᱟ䈱ᢺ䘉Ԧһᛵ⋴䵢ࠪ৫Ⲵੇ˛ (⋴, to let out) ⋴䵢‫ޜ‬ਨᵪᇶⲴӪнᱟԆˈᱟ֐ʽ

bàolù ᳤䵢

23

‫ޜ‬ਨᵪᇶ㻛⋴䵢ҶˈᡁԜ↓൘ḕᱟ䈱ᒢⲴǄ ➔≄ (gas) ⋴┿Ⲵһ᭵ (shìgù, accident) ਁ⭏ ൘᱘ཙǄ ഐѪ⋴┿Ҷ➔≄ˈᐢ㓿ᴹӪѝ∂ (zhòngdú, to be poisoned) 㻛䘱ᖰ५䲒ҶǄ ԆᖸሿᗳˈнՊ䇙➔≄⋴┿ⲴǄ ]ԁXOzX 䎠┿ v. 2D

to leak out (decision, information, HWFQRWXVHGZLWKµVHFUHW¶HWF (┿, to leak)

ᱟ䈱䎠┿Ҷ⎸᚟ [LƗR[LLQIRUPDWLRQ ˛ ࡊᔰᆼՊˈՊкⲴߣᇊቡ㻛䎠┿ࠪ৫ҶǄ ᡁԜ䜭н⸕䚃䘉Ԧһᱟ䈱䎠┿ࠪ৫ⲴǄ 䘉Ԧһн㜭䎠┿ॺ⛩‫⎸ݯ‬᚟Ǆ н⸕䈱䎠┿Ҷ䘉њ⎸᚟ˈᴻ৻Ԝ䜭ᢃ⭥䈍ᶕ 䰞ᡁǄ

]ԁXOzXIƝQJVKƝQJ to leak information (a set phrase; 䎠┿仾༠ ph. not 䎠┿仾༠ + object; insertable) 2 N/A (仾༠µWKHVRXQGRIWKHZLQG¶LQ literal VHQVHµQHZV¶LQILgurative sense)

Ԇ⸕䚃䎠┿仾༠ⲴӪᱟ䈱ҶǄ ѪҶн䎠┿仾༠, 䈱䜭н㜭⭘᡻ᵪǄ н㾱䇙ཚཊӪ⸕䚃䘉ԦһᛵˈӪཊҶᇩ᱃䎠 ┿仾༠Ǆ н⭘ᣵᗳˈԆտ൘䘉䟼ਚᴹ֐઼ᡁ⸕䚃ˈн Պ䎠┿仾༠ⲴǄ һ‫ޣ‬䟽བྷˈн㜭䎠┿а⛩‫ݯ‬仾༠Ǆ

lòuxiànr 䵢侵‫ ݯ‬v. 1 N/A

ԆᖸሿᗳˈнՊ䵢侵‫Ⲵݯ‬Ǆ н㾱䈤‫ ٷ‬MLӽIDOVH 䈍ˈᰦ䰤䮯ҶՊ䵢侵ⲴǄ Ԇ䈤ԆᱟेӜӪˈਟᱟа䈤䈍ቡ䵢侵‫ݯ‬ҶǄ Ԇᣵᗳ䈤ཊҶՊ䵢侵‫ˈݯ‬ቡн޽䈤ҶǄ ֐䘈ᱟᘛ䎠੗ˈ࡛䵢侵‫ݯ‬ҶǄ 䇙Ԇ䵢侵‫Ⲵݯ‬ᱟԆ䛓ৼ᡻ˈཚн‫ۿ‬ᱟањᆖ ṑⲴ㘱ᐸҶǄ

VKXǀOzX]Xӿ 䈤┿౤ ph. 1 N/A

tòu 䘿 v. 1C

to give the game away, to let the cat out of the bag (figurative) (侵‫ݯ‬, stuffing)

to make a slip of the tongue

to tell secretly (reduplication: A(а)A)

֐᭮ᗳˈᡁнՊ䈤┿౤ⲴǄ Ԇанሿᗳቡ䈤┿౤ҶǄ ྸྸᙅᡁ䈤┿౤ˈਛᡁ࡛䈤䈍Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪн㹼ˈ㓿ᑨ䈤┿౤ˈ䘉Ԧһᛵн 㜭Ӕ㔉Ԇ࣎Ǆ ֐ਟ࡛䈤┿౤Ҷˈ㾱нᡁԜ䜭Պᴹ哫✖ⲴǄ ᱟ֐㠚ᐡ䈤┿౤ⲴˈнᱟᡁǄ 䈱ᢺ㘳䈅仈䘿ࠪ৫Ҷ˛ 㘱⦻ਛᡁ䘿њ䈍ˈਛ֐ᴰྭн㾱৫䛓䟼Ǆ ⵏⲴнᱟᡁ䘿㔉ԆⲴˈ֐ᓄ䈕৫䰞䰞࡛ӪǄ 䘿ࠪ㘳䈅仈ᱟᖸѕ䟽 (yánzhòng, serious) Ⲵˈ֐⸕䚃ᱟ䈱ᒢⲴੇ˛ ᡁ‫ݸ‬㔉֐䘿(а)䘿仾‫( ݯ‬to tell secretly)ˈ‫ޜ‬ ਨ JǀQJVƯ, company) ᢃ㇇㔉֐ᨀᐕ䍴Ǆ

24

EƝLWzQJ ᛢⰋ

EƝLWzQJ ᛢⰋ adj. (see also Քᗳ)

heartrending

EƝL¶ƗL ᛢ૰ adj. 3-2 C

sorrowful (of a person or animal), very disappointed (emphasising non-verbal sorrow) (ᛢ, sad; ૰, grief)

䛓ਚ⤇ᛢ૰ൠ䏤൘ѫӪⲴໃ (mù, tomb) ࡽǄ ཡ䏣 VKƯ]~ORVW Ⲵᒤ䖫ӪԔӪᛢ૰Ǆ 䲿⵰䓛փⲴ㺠㘱ˈ㘱⦻ᝏࡠ䎺ᶕ䎺ᛢ૰Ǆ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ᱕㢲䜭нഎᇦᶕⴻԆˈԆᛢ૰ᶱҶǄ

EƝLFӽQ ᛢ᜘ adj. 3-2 D

miserable UHIHUULQJWRRQH¶VOLIH experience, circumstances, etc.) (᜘, tragic)

䘉ᱟањᛢ᜘ⲴһԦˈԔӪ䳮ᘈǄ 䘉ᵜҖ᧿߉ PLiR[LČWRGHSLFW Ҷањቁྣ Ⲵᛢ᜘⭏⍫Ǆ ԆⲴ༴ຳ FKԃMuQJVLWXDWLRQ ॱ࠶ᛢ᜘Ǆ ԆⲴ⭏⍫ᛢ᜘ᗇਛӪՔᗳǄ Ԇᛢ᜘ൠᓖ䗷ҶᲊᒤǄ ԆⲴ༴ຳ∄ᡁⲴᴤᛢ᜘Ǆ

EƝLIqQ ᛢ᝔ adj. 3-2 D

EƝLTLq ᛢ࠷ adj. 3-2 N/A

EƝLVKƗQJ ᛢՔ adj. 3-2 D

EƝLWzQJ ᛢⰋ adj. 3-2 B

sad and indignant RIRQH¶VPRRG emotion, etc.) (᝔, to be angry)

mournful (literary) (reduplication: AABB) (࠷, anxious)

very sad (of a person) (Ք, to be distressed)

heartrending (oft. caused by the PLVIRUWXQHRIVEFORVHWRRQH¶V heart; a stronger word in this group) (antonym: 儈‫)ޤ‬

ⴻҶؑԕਾˈԆз࠶ᛢ᝔Ǆ Ԇᛢ᝔ൠབྷ஺ KӽQWRVKRXW Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ 䘉Ԧһ֯Ԇᛢ᝔з࠶ (extremely)Ǆ Ԇᛢ᝔ൠ߉лҶ䘉ࠐњᆇˈቡ⿫ᔰҶ䘉䟼Ǆ ⴻࡠԆ⵬䟼䛓ᛢ᝔Ⲵⴞ‫ˈݹ‬ᡁቡ᰾ⲭҶǄ Ԇ⍱лҶᛢ᝔Ⲵ⵬⌚Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒ⴻᛢ࠷Ⲵ⭥ᖡǄ ੜࡠᆙᆀⲴଝ༠ˈྸྸҏᛢ࠷ൠଝҶǄ ੜҶԆ䈤Ⲵ䈍ˈᡁԜᝏࡠ䶎ᑨᛢ࠷Ǆ 䘉俆ⅼ߉ᗇᛢᛢ࠷࠷ⲴǄ ањྣӪ൘ᛢᛢ࠷࠷ൠଝ⵰Ǆ Ԇᝏࡠ䶎ᑨᛢՔǄ ࡛ཚᛢՔҶˈሩ䓛փнྭǄ ⴻࡠᆙᆀ䘉ṧᛢՔˈԆᗳ䟼ҏॱ࠶䳮䗷Ǆ ྩᛢՔൠଝҶǄ аⴻࡠᆙᆀˈԆ৸ᛢՔ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ↓൘ୡ⵰ᛢՔⲴⅼǄ ԆѪӰѸ䘉ѸᛢՔ˛ ԆѪ䘉ԦһᛵᝏࡠᛢⰋǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀケ❦↫ VӿWRGLH ৫ˈྸྸᛢⰋᗇ⯵‫ق‬ҶǄ ሿ⦻ᛢⰋൠ੺䇹ᡁԜˈԆⲴཚཚ⿫ᔰԆҶǄ ൘Ԇॱ࠶ᛢⰋⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᖸཊᴻ৻䜭ᶕⴻԆǄ ԆᛢⰋᗇ䘎䈍䜭䈤нࠪᶕҶǄ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬ᖸ儈‫⋑ˈޤ‬ᴹа⛩‫ݯ‬ᛢⰋⲴṧᆀǄ

EČL े

25

TƯFӽQ ߴ᜘ adj. 3-2 D

tragic, miserable (oft. referring WRRQH¶VOLIH circumstances, sound, etc.; a stronger word than ߴ߹) (reduplication: AABB)

ⴻࡠԆᇦ䟼䛓Ѹߴ᜘ˈᡁԜ䜭ଝҶǄ 䘉ⅼཚߴ᜘Ҷˈᦒњ儈‫ޤ‬а⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬੗Ǆ н⸕ѪӰѸˈԆⲴㅁᇩ (xiàoróng, smile) ᴹ Ӌߴ᜘Ǆ Ԇ∄ᡁⲴ༴ຳߴ᜘ཊҶˈ࿫ᆀ઼ᆙᆀ䜭⿫ᔰҶ ԆǄ ᡁੜࡠҶ䛓њᆙᆀߴߴ᜘᜘Ⲵଝ༠Ǆ

TƯOLiQJ ߴ߹ adj. 3-2 D

dismal, disconsolate (oft. referring to scene, mood, etc.) (reduplication: AABB) (ߴ, miserable; ߹, cold)

Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕॱ࠶ߴ߹ˈ৸唁৸ⱖǄ ྩଝᗇᖸߴ߹ˈᆙᆀҏ䐏⵰ଝ䎧ᶕǄ ߴ߹Ⲵཌ㢢֯Ӫᝏࡠ߹᜿ (coldness)Ǆ Ԇ䶎ᑨߴ߹ൠⴻҶᡁа⵬ˈቡ䎠ҶǄ 䘉ᱟањߴ߹Ⲵ᭵һ (gùshi, story)ˈ֐ᜣੜੇ˛ Ԇ⡦ӢⲴᲊᒤ䗷ᗇߴߴ߹߹ⲴǄ

EČL े n. EČLE े䜘 n. 3B

north northern part (referring to the northern part of an area, but not a specific place, e.g. it is incorrect to say ᡁᇦ൘୶ᓇⲴे䜘) (䜘, part)

ԆⲴᇦґ൘⋣ेⴱⲴे䜘Ǆ བྷ䘎ᱟѝഭे䜘Ⲵањ෾ᐲǄ ᯠ㾯‫ेޠ‬䜘Ⲵ≄‫∄ى‬ই䜘᳆઼Ǆ ेӜսҾ (wèiyú, to situate) ѝഭⲴे䜘Ǆ Ԇ䘉⅑㾱ࡠे䜘৫᯵⑨Ǆ 䘉⿽呏ᱟ൘ѝഭⲴे䜘⭏⍫ⲴǄ

EČLJXy ेഭ n. 3 N/A

Ԇࠪ⭏൘ेഭߠ෾ ± ૸ቄ┘ +Ɨ¶ČUEƯQ+DUELQ Ǆ 䘉䜘⭥ᖡ᧿߉ҶेഭⲴањሿኡᶁ FǌQ village)Ǆ Ԇ৫Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ᱟ᱕ཙˈेഭѻ᱕䘈ᱟ∄䖳ߧⲴǄ བྷ䘎ᱟेഭⲴ਽෾ˈ仾Ჟ㖾ᶱҶǄ ेഭ仾‫( ݹ‬scenery) ॱ࠶㖾ѭǄ

northern part of the country (usu. used literarily)

EČL े n. 2A

north (not verb + े; oft. े + QRXQµWKHQRUWKHUQVLGHRIWKH QRXQ¶

Ҽ䐟‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖ᱟᖰेᔰⲴǄ Ӻཙ࡞े仾Ǆ ෾े (the northern side of the city) ᴹᖸཊ依侶Ǆ 䘉њབྷ䲒ᆀᴹे䲒઼ই䲒ˈԆտ൘े䲒Ǆ ԆᱟӾे䰘䘋ᶕⲴǄ ቻᆀ䟼Ⲵे້кᤲ⵰аᕐ⭫Ǆ ᆙᆀԜࡠेኡк৫⧙ҶǄ Ԇտ൘ẕेˈ֐৫䛓䟼а䰞ቡ⸕䚃ҶǄ

EČLIƗQJ ेᯩ n. 2B

in the north, the northern part of a country (HSK: C) (used with a narrower range than े䶒 and े䗩 ‫ݯ‬, referring to the northern part of a vast area, e.g. a country)

ेᯩӪௌ⅒ਲ਼侪ᆀǄ ेᯩⲴཙオ (sky) ケ❦ࠪ⧠Ҷа⡷唁ӁǄ ԆᱟेᯩӪǄ 䘉њབྷᆖ൘ѝഭⲴेᯩǄ ֐ௌ⅒ਲ਼ेᯩ㨌ੇ˛

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EČQ ᵜ књᴸˈԆԜ৫ेᯩ᯵⑨Ҷˈ⧙ᗇᖸྭǄ

EČLPLjQ े䶒 n. 2B

EČLELDQU े䗩‫ ݯ‬n. 1A

EČLWyXU ेཤ‫ ݯ‬n. 1 N/A

north, northern part (either the northern side of a place or the northern part within a place)

north, in the north (either of a place or within a place)

north, at the northern end (either of a place or within a place)

े䶒Ⲵṁ᷇䟼ᴹᖸཊ呏Ǆ 依侶൘䛓ᶑ㺇Ⲵे䶒Ǆ 㣡ഝⲴे䶒ᴹаἥ㤩᷌ṁǄ े䶒Ⲵཙオケ❦唁Ҷлᶕˈ᧕⵰ቡл䎧Ҷབྷ䴘Ǆ ኡⲴे䶒ᱟа⡷㪑㨴ഝǄ े䗩‫ݯ‬ᱟമҖ侶Ǆ Ԇᖰे䗩‫ݯ‬䎠ҶǄ བྷᾬ䟼े䗩‫ݯ‬ᴹањҖᓇǄ ԆⲴᡯ䰤൘ᡁⲴᡯ䰤Ⲵे䗩‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉ᶑ㺇Ⲵᴰे䗩‫ݯ‬ᱟаᇦ依侶Ǆ े䗩‫Ⲵݯ‬䛓ᶑ⋣⋑ᴹ㾯䗩‫⋣Ⲵݯ‬䮯Ǆ ᡁᇦ൘୶ᓇⲴे䗩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆӾेཤ‫ݯ‬䎠䗷ᶕҶǄ ᶁेཤ‫ݯ‬ᴹаἥབྷṁǄ Җᡯ൘䲒ᆀ (yuànzi, courtyard) Ⲵेཤ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ेཤ‫Ⲵݯ‬ㅜҼᇦᱟᡁကကᇦǄ Ԇտ൘䘉ᶑ㺇Ⲵᴰेཤ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐㾱᢮Ⲵ䛓њҖᓇ൘ेཤ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

Note: The above similarities and differences among words with े are also largely applicable to words with ь/ ই/ 㾯, see also ь/ ই/ 㾯.

EČQ ᵜ mw.

measure word (for book-like items)

juàn ধ mw. 3 N/A

䛓྇Җа‫ޡ‬ᴹӄধǄ measure word for books, volume བྷᆖമҖ侶㯿 (cáng, to collect) ҖзধǄ (referring to a series of the classics) Ԇ㓿ᑨ᡻н䟺ধ VKԁXEVKuMXjQWREHD diligent reader)Ǆ 䛓྇ҖⲴㅜҼধˈԆُ㔉ᴻ৻ҶǄ

cè ޼ mw. 3-2 B

measure word, copy (for books, an album of paintings or drawings, etc.; also referring to one volume in a book series)

ᡁ⋑ᴹ֐㾱Ⲵ䛓޼ҖǄ ᡁԜമҖ侶㯿Җ䗮 (dá, to reach) Ҽॱз޼Ǆ ᮉᶀ (jiàocái, textbook) Ⲵклє޼ᡁ䜭ᴹǄ ᡁࡊُࡠҶ䛓྇ҖⲴㅜҼ޼Ǆ

EČQ ᵜ mw. 2A

measure word, copy (for books, magazines, photo albums, etc.; with a wider range in this group; ᵜ is often pronounced DVEČQU

ᡁӺཙҠҶйᵜҖǄ 䘉ᵜ⴨޼ (xiàngcè, photo album) ᱟሿ⦻ⲴǄ ᡁᑖᶕҶࠐᵜᵲᘇ (zázhì, journal, magazine)Ǆ ᡁӺཙⴻҶаᵜᖸᴹ᜿ᙍⲴҖǄ ᡁᘈҶᢺ䛓ᵜᰕ䇠ᵜ᭮ଚ‫ݯ‬ҶǄ 䘉ᵜҖᱟ㔉֐ҠⲴǄ

bèn ㅘ

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Ԇа‫߉ޡ‬ҶӄᵜҖˈᡁௌ⅒ⴻ䘉ᵜˈнௌ ⅒ⴻ䛓ᵜǄ

bèn ㅘ adj. EqQ]KXǀ ㅘᤉ adj. 3D

\~FKԃQ ᝊ㹒 adj. 3-2 C

stupid clumsy, awkward (ᤉ, clumsy)

foolish, unintelligent (antonym: 㚚᰾) (ᝊ, foolish)

EqQNԁX]KXǀVKp ㅘਓᤉ㠼 ph. inarticulate, clumsy in speech 2 N/A (a set phrase)

bèn ㅘ adj. 2-1 B

stupid HPSKDVLVLQJµEHLQJVORZ¶ clumsy (ㅘ can also mean that sth. may be time consuming and strenuous, but is reliable; 㹒 below does not have this meaning)

EqQVKԁXEqQMLӽR ㅘ᡻ㅘ㝊 ph. clumsy-handed (a set phrase) 2-1 N/A

㘱⦻൘ྣӪ䶒ࡽˈᱮᗇ [LӽQGHWRORRN ㅘ ᤉᗇᖸǄ 䛓ӋԱ呵 Tӿ¶pSHQJXLQ ㅘᤉൠ䎠⵰Ǆ Ա呵㲭❦䎠䐟Ⲵṧᆀᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ㅘᤉˈնᱟㅘᤉ ᗇ䶎ᑨਟ⡡Ǆ ԆӾᶕ⋑ᴹ➗亮䗷ᆙᆀˈᡰԕ൘㔉ᆙᆀலྦ ZqLQӽLWRERWWOHIHHG Ⲵᰦ‫࠶ॱى‬ㅘᤉǄ 䈤‫ ٷ‬MLӽXQWUXH 䈍ᱟᖸᝊ㹒ⲴǄ 䘉ᱟањᝊ㹒Ⲵ࣎⌅Ǆ ԆⲴ㹼Ѫ (xíngwéi, behaviour) 䶎ᑨᝊ㹒Ǆ ֐ཚᝊ㹒Ҷʽᓄ䈕ᰙቡⴻࠪᶕԆᒦн⡡֐Ǆ 䘉њᜣ⌅ᱟᝊ㹒㘼ਟㅁⲴǄ ሩн䎧ˈᡁࡊ᡽䈤Ⲵ䈍ᝊ㹒ᶱҶˈ䈧৏䈵Ǆ Ԇᖸ㚚᰾ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нᝊ㹒Ǆ ሿ⦻ᙫᱟㅘਓᤉ㠼ⲴǄ Ԇа㿱ࡠྩቡㅘਓᤉ㠼ൠ䈤нࠪ䈍ᶕǄ ㅘਓᤉ㠼Ⲵሿ⦻ˈнௌ⅒৫ӪཊⲴൠᯩǄ Ԇ∄ᡁ䘈㾱ㅘਓᤉ㠼ˈк䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ᖸቁѫࣘ ]KԃGzQJYROXQWDULly) എㆄ㘱ᐸⲴ䰞仈Ǆ 㲭❦ㅘਓᤉ㠼ˈնԆ䘈ᱟᴹнቁྭᴻ৻Ǆ ԆሿⲴᰦ‫ى‬⢩࡛ㅘˈᆖҐа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нྭǄ 䘉њᆙᆀнㅘˈቡᱟ䴰㾱ᰦ䰤ཊᜣᜣǄ ᡁⲴ࣎⌅ㅘҶ⛩‫ˈݯ‬ն∄䖳‫؍‬䲙 EӽR[LӽQ reliable)Ǆ Ԇ‫ڊ‬依Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ㅘᗇ㾱ભˈл䶒ᶑ䜭㾱㣡ањ ሿᰦ᡽㜭‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ 䘉њ㇡ᆀ৸ㅘ৸䟽ˈᡁ᤯нࣘǄ Ԇ䈫Җᖸ㚚᰾ˈቡᱟᒢ⍫‫( ݯ‬gànhuór, to work) ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ㅘǄ Ԇㅘ᡻ㅘ㝊Ⲵ, ᡰԕ࿫ᆀн䇙Ԇ൘৘ᡯ䟼ᑞ ᘉ‫ڊ‬依Ǆ Ԇ↓൘ㅘ᡻ㅘ㝊ൠ㔉ᆙᆀல⢋ྦǄ Ԇᔰ࿻ᆖᔰ䖖Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᙫᱟㅘ᡻ㅘ㝊ⲴǄ Ԇ‫Ⲵ࡛ڊ‬ਟ㜭ㅘ᡻ㅘ㝊ˈնᖸՊ‫؞‬䖖Ǆ

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bjiào ∄䖳

EqQWyXEqQQӽR muddleheaded, clumsy (referring to 䛓њӪᱮᗇᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ㅘཤㅘ㝁ⲴǄ ㅘཤㅘ㝁 ph. a person or animal; a set phrase) ➺⥛ [LyQJPƗRSDQGD ㅘཤㅘ㝁Ⲵṧᆀᖸ 2-1 N/A (㝁, brain) ਟ⡡Ǆ Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕㅘཤㅘ㝁Ⲵˈަᇎᖸ㚚᰾Ǆ ᡁ䘉њӪㅘཤㅘ㝁Ⲵˈ䘈䈧ᛘཊᤷᮉǄ FKԃQ 㹒 adj. 2-1 D

idiotic HPSKDVLVLQJµXQZLVH¶ clumsy

GƗL ੶ adj. 1B

(of brain) slow-witted, expressionless

VKӽ ۫ adj. 1B

Ԇᖸ㚚᰾ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н㹒Ǆ ᡁᘾѸ䘉Ѹ㹒ˈӰѸ䜭нՊʽ 䘉⿽㹒һˈԆᱟнՊ‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ 䘉ṧ‫ⵏڊ‬ᱟ㹒ᶱҶǄ ᡁࡊ᡽䈤Ҷᖸཊ㹒䈍ˈᖸሩн䎧֐Ǆ ᡁቡཏ㹒ⲴҶˈԆ∄ᡁᴤ㹒Ǆ ֐൘䛓ਁӰѸ੶˛ Ԇ੶ཤ੶㝁 (a dumb look) Ⲵˈᖸቁ䈤䈍Ǆ Ԇⴻ⭥㿶䜭ⴻ੶ҶǄ

silly, to think or do sth. Ԇⵏ۫ˈнᓄ䈕ᢺ䫡ُ㔉࡛ӪǄ mechanically, muddleheaded ࡛൘䘉۫ㅹҶˈԆ㛟ᇊ NČQGuQJGHILQLWHO\ (also ۫થથ KƝKƝˈ۫ѾѾ KǌKǌ нՊᶕҶǄ Ԇҏн۫ˈՊ‫ྭڊ‬䘉њᐕ֌ⲴǄ ֐䘉њ۫ሿᆀ (chap)ˈԆ൘઼֐ᔰ⧙ㅁ઒Ǆ ቁ‫۫ڊ‬һˈӰѸһ䜭㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᜣаᜣ޽‫ڊ‬Ǆ н⸕ѪӰѸˈԆᙫᱟ۫થથ/ ۫ѾѾൠㅁǄ

TXƝJƝQ[LiQU stupid (dialectOLWHUDOO\µPLVVLQJ 㕪ṩᕖ‫ ݯ‬ph. DVWULQJFKRUG¶XVHGDVD 1* N/A metaphor) (㕪, to lack; ṩ, mw.; ᕖ, string)

ਟ㜭ᡁᱟ㕪ṩᕖ‫ݯ‬੗ˈ䘉⅑৸ᢺ䫡ُ㔉ҶԆǄ 䛓њӪ䈤䈍࣎һ䜭㕪ṩᕖ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐㕪ṩᕖ‫୺ݯ‬ʽᘾѸ䘈⋑ੜࠪᶕԆⲴ᜿ᙍʽ 䘉⿽䈍ਚᴹ㕪ṩᕖ‫Ⲵݯ‬Ӫ᡽䈤ᗇࠪᶕǄ

Note: ¾ The difference between ᝊ㹒/ ㅘᤉ (disyllable) and 㹒/ ۫ (monosyllable) is that when modifying, the former tends to have Ⲵ (e.g. ᝊ㹒Ⲵһ), but the latter does not (e.g. 㹒һ). ¾ ㅘ㳻 QEqQGjQµDQLGLRWYXOJDURUUXGH ¶DVLQ Ԇⵏᱟањབྷㅘ㳻, 䘎䘉⛩һ‫ݯ‬䜭‫ڊ‬нྭ. ¾ 㹒䍗 QFKԃQKXzµDPRURQYXOJDURUUXGH ¶DVLQ 㹒䍗! 䘉䘈ⴻн᰾ⲭ. ¾ ੶ᆀ QµJRRIVOLJKWO\SHMRUDWLYH ¶DVLQ ֐䘉њҖ੶ᆀ, ቡՊⴻҖ, ࡛ⲴӰѸ䜭нՊ. ¾ ۫ᆀ QµEORFNKHDG(pejorative)¶DVLQ Ԇ䐏۫ᆀаṧ, ӰѸ䈍䜭нՊ䈤.

EӿMLjR ∄䖳 v. EӿQӿ ∄ᤏ v.* 3 N/A

to compare to draw a parallel, to match (not used with an object, nor Ҷ/ 䗷/ 䎧ᶕ; oft. + ᰐ/ ⋑, etc.) (ᤏ, to imitate)

Ԇ儈‫Ⲵޤ‬ᗳᛵᰐ⌅∄ᤏ (incomparable)Ǆ ԆⲴ㚚᰾䳮ԕ∄ᤏ (incomparable)Ǆ ԆՈᔲ \ǀX\uH[FHOOHQW Ⲵᡀ㔙ᱟᰐਟ∄ᤏⲴǄ 䘉⿽ᾬᡯᴹ⵰нਟ∄ᤏⲴՈ࣯ \ǀXVKu superiority)Ǆ

bjiào ∄䖳 [LƗQJEӿ ⴨∄ v. 3D

to compare with (not ⴨∄ + object) (⴨, each other)

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⴨∄ѻлˈ䘉њ෾ᐲ∄䛓њ෾ᐲ┲ӞᗇཊǄ оԆ⴨∄ˈᡁⲴѝ᮷䘈нᱟᖸྭǄ о䛓ᶑ⴨∄ˈ䘉ᶑ㼉ᆀⲴ仌㢢ᴤ㓒аӋǄ ԆⲴ㤡䈝нཚྭˈն⴨∄ѻлˈԆ䘈ᱟᡁԜ 䘉ࠐњӪᖃѝᴰྭⲴǄ

EӿMLjR ∄䖳 v.* 2A

to compare (can compare more than two items, unlike ሩ∄; to compare for similarity/ difference) (reduplication: ABAB) (䖳, to compare)

GXuEӿ ሩ∄ v. 2B

to contrast (not A ሩ∄ B; usu. to Ԇᢺ➗⡷ሩ∄Ҷалˈ㿹ᗇㅜаᕐ➗ᗇྭǄ compare two parties; oft. to compare ਚ㾱઼ԕࡽⲴаሩ∄ˈቡਟԕⴻࠪԆⲴᆖҐᡀ㔙 for difference) (reduplication: ᴹҶᖸབྷⲴᨀ儈Ǆ ABAB) (ሩ, face to face) ሩ∄ѻлˈᡁⲴ≹䈝∄ԆᐞཊҶǄ ֐ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ሩ∄ሩ∄ˈⴻⴻ䘉єњᴹӋӰѸн਼Ǆ

duìzhào ሩ➗ v. 2D

to contrast (inanimate items with a prototype or standard; A ሩ➗ B) (➗, to copy, to follow)

Eӿ ∄ v.* 2-1 A

to compare, to compete (reduplication: A(а)A)

∄䖳Ҷࠐᵜԕਾˈᡁ᡽ҠҶ䘉ᵜҖǄ Ԇᢺй䜘⭥ᖡ∄䖳Ҷалˈ㿹ᗇ䘈ᱟ䘉䜘 ⭥ᖡྭаӋǄ ∄䖳䎧ᶕˈᡁⲴ㤡䈝઼ԆⲴᐞнཊǄ ԆԄ㓶ൠ∄䖳Ҷ䘉єᑵ⭫ˈ㿹ᗇ⋑ᴹӰѸн ਼ⲴൠᯩǄ н∄䖳∄䖳ˈቡᖸ䳮ⴻࠪԆԜ䈱ᴰ䘲ਸ‫ڊ‬ 䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ

䘉ᱟаᵜ㤡≹ሩ➗ৼ䀓 VKXƗQJMLČJORVVLQ two languages) 䗎ިǄ ሩ➗䘉њḷ߶ ELƗR]KԃQVWDQGDUG ᢺമ᭩ྭǄ ֐ᢺ䘉єњമ㺘޽ሩ➗Ựḕа䙽Ǆ Ԇᢺ䘉єᕐ⭫аሩ➗ˈ傜кቡⴻࠪҶᆳԜⲴн ਼Ǆ ကက઼࿩࿩ᙫᱟௌ⅒∄њᆀˈⴻ䈱儈Ǆ ֐Ⲵѝ᮷䈤ᗇ䛓Ѹྭˈᡁਟ∄нҶǄ ेӜⲴ≄‫ى‬ਟ∄нкᒯᐎˈߜཙཚߧǄ 䈱Ⲵⅼୡᗇྭˈ∄(а)∄ቡ⸕䚃ҶǄ ֐∄(а)∄䘉єᶑ㼉ᆀˈⴻⴻଚᶑ䮯Ǆ Ԇ㾱઼ᡁ∄(а)∄ˈⴻ䈱Ⲵ㈞⨳ᢃᗇྭǄ Ԇ⢩࡛㚚᰾ˈ⋑ᴹӪ㜭઼Ԇ∄Ǆ

Note: * ∄ᤏ Qµanalogy, metaphor¶DVLQ ൘≹䈝ѝ³‫´ۿ‬䘉њ䇽ᑨ⭘Ҿ∄ᤏ. * ∄䖳 DGYµIDLUO\UHODWLYHO\¶DVLQ 䘉䟼Ⲵߜཙ∄䖳᳆઼. ∄ cannot be used in this way. * ∄ SUHSµWKDQ¶DVLQ ሿ⦻∄ሿᕐབྷй኱. ∄䖳 cannot be used in this way.

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Eu[ǌ ᗵ享

Eu[ǌ ᗵ享 aux. Eu[ǌ ᗵ享 aux.* 2A

GČL ᗇ aux.* 1A

must must, should, need (a stronger word than ᗇ, can be used to form an imperative; negative forms: нᗵ/ н享/ ᰐ享, no need)

have to, need (negative forms: н⭘/ ⭘н⵰)

䘉њ㘳䈅ᖸ䟽㾱ˈᡁᗵ享䇔ⵏൠ߶༷Ǆ 䘉њᐕ֌ᗵ享൘йཙ޵ᆼᡀǄ ֐кॸॱ⛩ࡽᗵ享ࡠ⚛䖖ㄉǄ ֐нᗵ޽䈤Ҷˈᡁᗵ享৫Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙᲊкⶑ㿹ѻࡽˈᗵ享৫ᆙᆀᡯ䰤ⴻ ⴻˈ㔉ԆԜⴆⴆ㻛ӰѸⲴǄ нᰙҶˈᡁᗇ䎠ҶǄ Ӻཙᱟሿ᰾Ⲵ⭏ᰕˈᡁᲊкаᇊᗇ৫ԆᇦǄ Ӿᡁᇦ඀䖖ࡠབྷᆖᗇ㾱ањሿᰦǄ Ӻཙᱏᵏཙˈਟᡁ䘈ᗇ৫࣐⨝Ǆ ᢺ⭥㿶‫ޣ‬Ҷ੗ˈᡁԜᗇⶑ㿹Ҷˈ᰾ཙᰙкᴹ㘳䈅Ǆ

Note: * ᗵ享 DGMµQHFHVVDU\¶DVLQ ਲ਼依઼ⶑ㿹䜭ᱟᗵ享Ⲵ. * ᗇ + numeral + measure word, as in Ӿᡁᇦ඀䖖ࡠབྷᆖ, ᗇањሿᰦ. * ᗇ µFHUWDLQO\ZLOOWREHVXUHWR¶DVLQ ੜ䈤Ԇ⯵Ҷ, ਟ㜭ᗇлњᱏᵏ᡽㜭ᶕк䈮. 䶎ᗇ (with a stronger certainty than ᗇ), as in ཙ䘉Ѹߧ, ֐䘈нク∋㺓, 䶎ᗇᝏ߂нਟ.

EuPLӽQ 䚯‫ ݽ‬v. EuPLӽQ 䚯‫ ݽ‬v. 3B

IiQJ]Kӿ 䱢→ v. 3B

PLӽQFK~ ‫ݽ‬䲔 v.* 3D

to avoid to avoid, to refrain from (䚯, to avoid; ‫ݽ‬, to exempt)

to stop actively sth. (undesirable) from occurring (providing specific measures; a stronger word than 亴䱢) (䱢, to prevent; →, to stop)

to prevent, to exempt (䲔, to get rid of)

Ԇྲ᷌нᱟ்䞹䞂ˈቡᴹਟ㜭䚯‫ݽ‬䘉൪䖖⾨ (huò, disaster) ҶǄ ᆖҐѝՊᴹᖸཊഠ䳮ˈ䘉ᱟ䚯‫ݽ‬нҶⲴǄ ᐕ֌ᖃѝࠪ⧠аӋ䰞仈ᱟнਟ䚯‫Ⲵݽ‬Ǆ 䘉ᱟਟԕ䚯‫Ⲵݽ‬Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒ᡁˈ䚯‫઼ݽ‬ᡁ㿱䶒Ǆ ѪҶ䚯‫ݽ‬䖖⾨ˈԆӾᶕн்䞂Ǆ ༿ཙཙ✝㾱ཊ்≤ˈਟԕ䱢→ѝ᳁ (]KzQJVKԃKHDWH[KDXVWLRQsunstroke)Ǆ ѪҶ䱢→ѝ᳁ˈ༿ཙ㾱ཊ்≤Ǆ ֐޽ཊⴻє䙽ˈ䱢→ࠪ⧠䭉䈟 (cuòwù, error)Ǆ ཊ䭫⛬ਟԕ䱢→⭏⯵Ǆ ༿ཙࠪ৫ᡤᑭᆀᱟѪҶ䱢→ѝ᳁Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆ‫ˈⲴڊ‬н㜭‫ݽ‬䲔ԆⲴ䍓ԫ (zérèn, responsibility) Ǆ ѪҶ‫ݽ‬䲔䈟䀓ˈԆ৸䀓䟺 MLČVKuWRH[SODLQ Ҷа лǄ

biànhuà ਈॆ

31

Ԇ⢩᜿ᶕࡠᡁⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔˈᡁԜ䶒ሩ䶒ൠ䈸Ҷ єњሿᰦ, 䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ᱟѪҶ‫ݽ‬䲔ਟ㜭Ⲵ䈟䀓 ZMLČPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ Ǆ yùfáng 亴䱢 v. 3C

EuNƗL 䚯ᔰ v. 2 N/A

to take precautions against (also used as a modifier or an object; unlike 䱢→, 亴䱢 can also be used to simply remind without specifying how) (亴, to forecast)

to keep away from, to keep out of the way

Ӻཙᖸߧˈཊク⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽˈ亴䱢ᝏ߂Ǆ ༿ཙཙ✝ˈሩ἞᷇⚛⚮㾱⢩࡛࣐ԕ亴䱢Ǆ 䘉䟼㓿ᑨ㕪≤ˈᡁԜ㾱ᴹ亴䱢Ⲵ࣎⌅Ǆ ᯵⑨Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᓄ䈕ᑖкᑨ⭘㦟ˈ亴䱢⭏⯵Ǆ 亴䱢⯮⯵Ⲵᐕ֌ᱟᖸ䟽㾱Ⲵˈ亴䱢ྭҶᗇ ⯵ቡՊቁҶǄ ᡁнௌ⅒‫ڊ‬依ˈᙫᱟᜣ࣎⌅䚯ᔰᆳǄ Ԇਟ㜭⋑ᴹ䈤ⵏ䈍ˈഐѪԆ䈤䈍Ⲵᰦ‫⅑ࠐى‬ 䜭䚯ᔰᡁⲴ⵬ⶋǄ ᡁ㿹ᗇԆᴰ䘁ᙫᱟ䚯ᔰᡁˈн⸕䚃ѪӰѸǄ ᡁԜ䎠䘉ᶑ䐟ˈ䚯ᔰ䛓ᶑ䐟ˈഐѪ䛓ᶑ䐟н ཚྭ䎠Ǆ

Note: * ‫ݽ‬䲔 YµWRH[HPSWWRUHPRYHIURP¶DVLQ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡кᆖ, ᆖṑቡ‫ݽ‬䲔ҶԆⲴᆖ䍩. ¾ 䘳䚯 YWiREuµWRHVFDSH¶DVLQ 㾱䶒ሩ (to face up)ˈн㾱䘳䚯.

biànhuà ਈॆ v. (see also ᭩/ Ӕᦒ) biàngé ਈ䶙 v. 3C

to reform (social systems, etc.) (䶙, to transform)

to alter

⽮Պ (shèhuì, society) ᙫᱟ൘нᯝਈ䶙ˈнᯝਁ ኅⲴǄ ѪҶ䘋↕ (jìnbù, to progress)ˈਈ䶙ᰗՐ㔏ᱟᗵ㾱 ⲴǄ ਈ䶙ԕਾˈӪԜⲴ⭏⍫ᴹᡰᨀ儈Ǆ

ELjQJƝQJ ਈᴤ v. 3D

to modify, to alter (everyday items, 䘉ᵜҖㅜҼ⅑ࠪ⡸ FKǌEӽQWRSXEOLVK Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ e.g. agenda or timetable) (ᴤ, to ਈᴤҶҖ਽Ǆ change) ᡁԜ䴰㾱ਈᴤал৏ᶕⲴ䇑ࡂǄ 䘉њҖ਽ᐢ㓿ਈᴤҶйᒤҶǄ ਈᴤਾⲴ∄ਈᴤࡽⲴ䇑ࡂྭаӋǄ 䘉ᱟаᶑᯠਈᴤⲴ㡚㓯 (hángxiàn, air route)ˈ Ԇ䘈н⸕䚃Ǆ

ELjQTLƗQ ਈ䗱 v. 3D

to change (of time, social phenomena, etc.; oft. referring to abstract items and changes over a period of time; not used with an object, i.e. an intransitive verb) (䗱, to move)

䘁ᒤᶕˈ≄‫ى‬ਈ䗱ᗇᖸᘛǄ ᰦԓнᯝਈ䗱ˈӪԜⲴௌྭҏ䲿ѻਈॆǄ 䘉њൠᯩਈ䗱нབྷˈ䐏ҼॱᒤࡽᐞнཊǄ ൘≄‫ى‬ਈ䗱ѝˈ≄⑙ՊធធൠਈॆǄ 䲿⵰শਢ઼᮷ॆⲴнᯝਈ䗱ˈ䈝䀰ҏՊᴹа ӋਈॆǄ

32

biànhuà ਈॆ

JƝQJJӽL ᴤ᭩ v. 3-2 D

Ԇ⯵Ҷˈਚྭᴤ᭩Ҷ৫ѝഭ᯵⑨Ⲵᰦ䰤Ǆ to make an alteration (to sth. already 䘉ᱟབྷᇦᔰՊߣᇊⲴһᛵˈ֐нᓄ䈕䲿‫ׯ‬ᴤ᭩Ǆ agreed upon) (᭩, to alter) 伎ᖰेӜ㡚㓯Ⲵᰦ䰤㺘䴰㾱ᴤ᭩Ǆ 䘉њᰦ䰤㺘ᴤ᭩ᗇᖸྭˈᖸਇབྷᇦⲴ⅒䗾Ǆ к䈮ᰦ䰤ᴤ᭩ਾˈԆቡᗵ享ᖸᰙ䎧ᒺҶǄ

JƝQJKXjQ ᴤᦒ v. 3-2 D

to replace, to change, to substitute (usu. concrete items, e.g. a person or an object) (ᦒ, to exchange)

ྲ᷌伎ᵪкӪнཊˈ֐ቡਟԕ㾱≲ᴤᦒањ ∄䖳㡂ᴽⲴᓗսǄ ᯠҠⲴ⭥㿶ᵪањᴸ޵ቡᴤᦒҶй⅑䴦Ԧ (língjiàn, parts)Ǆ ⨳ᢃࡠаॺⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ㻛ᴤᦒҶлᶕǄ ൘䘉൪⨳䎋ѝˈԆ⋑㻛ᴤᦒ䗷Ǆ

biànchéng ਈᡀ v. 2A

to become (not used with ⵰/ 䗷, e.g. it is incorrect to say ྩਈᡀ⵰/ 䗷ᡁⲴྣᴻ৻Ҷ; must be used with an object, i.e. a transitive verb)

ࠐᒤѻਾˈԆᐢ㓿ਈᡀањབྷӪҶǄ 䘉䟼৏ᶕᱟањሿ䭷ˈ⧠൘ਈᡀབྷ෾ᐲҶǄ ᡁнᜣਈᡀ‫ۿ‬Ԇ䛓ṧⲴӪǄ ਈᡀҶԆⲴཚཚԕਾˈྩቡн޽ࠪᶕᐕ֌ҶǄ

biàndòng ਈࣘ v. 2C

to change (time, place, price, etc., but not psychological conditions), to modify (plan, etc.) (reduplication: ABAB) (ࣘ, to move)

н㾱޽ਈࣘҶˈቡ䘉ѸᇊҶǄ ֐Ⲵ᯵⑨ᰦ䰤઼ൠ⛩ਈࣘҶੇ˛ ӺᒤᡯᆀⲴԧ䫡ਈࣘᖸབྷǄ 䘉њᰦ䰤㺘ᐢ㓿ਈࣘй⅑Ҷˈ㔉བྷᇦᑖᶕᖸཊ н‫( ׯ‬inconvenience)Ǆ 䛓њ䇑ࡂнཚྭˈᓄ䈕ਈࣘਈࣘǄ

biànhuà ਈॆ v. 2A

to alter (the state or nature of sb. or sth., including psychological conditions; ਈॆ + complement, not ਈॆ + object; with a wider range of usage in this group) (ॆ, to change)

䘉䟼ਈॆᗇⵏᘛǄ ྩ⋑ਈॆˈ䘈䐏ԕࡽаṧ┲ӞǄ 依㨌Ⲵ㣡ṧ (variety) ᓄ䈕ਈॆалˈ㾱н ᆙᆀԜቡнௌ⅒ਲ਼ҶǄ 㠚Ӿкབྷᆖԕਾˈྩᗳ⨶к [ƯQOӿVKDQJ psychologically) ਈॆнሿˈ㠚ؑ (confident) ҶᖸཊǄ Ԇਈॆᖸབྷˈ֐ਟ㜭нՊ‫ۿ‬ԕࡽ䛓Ѹௌ⅒ԆҶǄ

biànhuàn ਈᦒ v. 2D

JӽLELjQ ᭩ਈ v. 2A

to vary, to change (usu. a style, position or method)

to change over to (with a wider range of usage than 䖜ਈ; not ᭩ਈ + complement, except a quantity type, e.g. Ԇ᭩ਈᗇ н䭉 is incorrect)

䛓њྣᆙ㓿ᑨਈᦒྩⲴਁර (fàxíng, hair style)Ǆ ྲ᷌Ԇнௌ⅒֐䘉ṧሩԆ䈤䈍ˈ֐ਟԕਈᦒ ал䈤䈍Ⲵᯩᔿ IƗQJVKuPDQQHU Ǆ ԆտⲴൠᯩаⴤ⋑ਈᦒ䗷ˈ֐ቡ᤹➗䘉њൠ ൰৫᢮Ԇ੗Ǆ Ԇཙཙ‫⛩ޝ‬䎧ᒺˈ䘉њҐᜟ⋑᭩ਈ䗷Ǆ ѪҶ᤹ᰦк䈮ˈԆ᭩ਈҶᲊ䎧ᒺⲴҐᜟǄ к䈮ᰦ䰤᭩ਈй⅑Ҷˈབྷᇦᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᶕ◣ᐎਾˈԆⲴ⭏⍫Ґᜟ᭩ਈҶнቁǄ ॱࠐᒤ⋑㿱ҶˈૡԜ䜭᭩ਈҶᖸཊǄ བྷᇦ䜭䈤֐нᓄ䈕ᣭ✏ˈᡁⴻ֐ҏᓄ䈕᭩ਈ ал䘉њൿҐᜟҶǄ

biànhuà ਈॆ

33

]KXӽQELàn 䖜ਈ v. 2B

to shift (attitude, thoughts, viewpoints, etc.; usu. referring to a gradual change for the better) (䖜, to turn)

ᴰ䘁ሿ⦻ⲴᆖҐᘱᓖ (tàidu, attitude) 䖜ਈҶ нቁˈ∄ԕࡽ䇔ⵏཊҶǄ 㾱Ԇ䖜ਈ䗷ᶕˈᡁԜᗵ享ᑞࣙԆ᡽㹼Ǆ 䘉ࠐᒤˈ䛓њഭᇦⲴተ࣯ (júshì, situation) ↓ ൘ᖰྭⲴᯩੁ䖜ਈǄ

]KXӽQKXj 䖜ॆ v. 2C

to transform (not 䖜ॆ + complement, e.g. ྩ䖜ॆᗇнቁ is incorrect)

ਚ㾱ࣚ࣋ˈᡀ㔙ᐞ (chà, not up to standard) Ⲵᆖ⭏ҏՊ䖜ॆѪᡀ㔙ྭⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ ≤઼ߠ EƯQJLFH ൘аᇊᶑԦлਟԕ⴨ӂ䖜ॆǄ ⭡нྭ䖜ॆѪྭˈᱟ䴰㾱ᰦ䰤ⲴǄ

biàn ਈ v. 2-1 A

JӽL ᭩ v. 2-1 A

huàn ᦒ v. 2-1 A

biànguà ਈখ v. 1 N/A

to change (qualities, shapes, conditions, etc.), to turn

to alter, to revise (reduplication: A(а)A)

to change (an address, bus, etc.) (reduplication: A(а)A)

WRJREDFNRQRQH¶VZRUG, to break an agreement (oft. pejorative; not ਈখ + object) (খ, divinatory symbols)

ྩиཛᴹҶ䫡ԕਾˈቡਈൿҶǄ ࡊ᡽䘈л⵰䴘ˈ⧠൘৸ਈᲤ (qíng, clear) ҶǄ ཆ䗩ⴻᶕ㾱ਈཙҶǄ ⭡Ҿࣚ࣋ᆖҐˈԆⲴᡀ㔙ਈᗇ䎺ᶕ䎺ྭҶǄ ॱࠐᒤ⋑㿱ˈԆਈҶᖸཊǄ Ԇ㾱ਈалᰦ䰤ˈ䰞ᡁਟԕнਟԕǄ ֐ᜣਈቡਈ੗ˈ৽↓ᱟ֐㠚ᐡⲴһᛵǄ ሿ⦻ᩜҶᇦˈ⭥䈍ਧ⸱ҏ᭩ҶǄ Ԇᜣᢺ䘉њᯩṸ IƗQJ¶jQSODQ ᭩ᗇᴤྭаӋǄ ԆӺཙᖸᘉˈ֐㜭н㜭᭩ཙ޽ᶕ˛ ᯩṸ䘈䴰㾱᭩алǄ 䈱ᢺ䘉њᯩṸ᭩Ҷ˛ ԆⲴҖа᭩޽᭩ˈ䈱䜭н⸕䚃ӰѸᰦ‫ى‬᡽㜭 ᭩ྭǄ ᡁⲴ਽ᆇнྭੜˈᜣ᭩(а)᭩Ǆ Ԇн൘䛓䟼տҶˈᦒൠ൰ҶǄ 䛓ᇦ依ᓇⲴᴽ࣑ઈᦒӪҶǄ Ӿ䘉䟼৫བྷᆖˈ㾱ᦒє⅑‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖Ǆ ሩн䎧ˈ哫✖֐㔉ᡁᦒаৼབྷаਧⲴ䶻Ǆ Ԇᇦᖸᒢ߰ˈ䘋ቻᱟ㾱ᦒᤆ䶻 WXǀ[Lp slippers) ⲴǄ 䘉⅑Ӫઈᦒᗇᖸн䭉ˈᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇ∄ԕࡽྭཊҶǄ ᐕ֌ᦒ䘈ᱟнᦒˈ֐㠚ᐡྭྭᜣаᜣ੗Ǆ 䘉њнཚྭˈ䈧㔉ᡁᦒ(а)ᦒǄ ࡊ᡽䘈䈤֐ਟԕᶕˈᘾѸ⧠൘৸ਈখҶˈ䈤 ֐н㜭ᶕҶ˛ ⋑ᴹӪௌ⅒ᙫᱟਈখⲴӪǄ Ԇケ❦ਈখˈ㔉བྷᇦᑖᶕᖸཊн‫ׯ‬Ǆ ֐н㜭޽ਈখҶˈቡ䘉ѸᇊҶǄ

Note: Most words in this group can also be used as nouns, e.g. ਈࣘ/ ਈ䶙/ ਈॆ/ ਈ䗱.

34

bi~oshì 㺘⽪

ELӽRVKu 㺘⽪ v. (see also 㺘⧠/ 䀓䟺)

to express

FKӽQPtQJ 䱀᰾ v. 3D

to elaborate (viewpoints, etc.; explaining clearly via a publication and the like; usu. referring to more complex issues) (䱀, to explain; ᰾, clear)

֌㘵൘Җѝ䱀᰾ҶԆⲴ㿲⛩ JXƗQGLӽQ standpoint) Ǆ Ԇ൘Պк䱀᰾Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴ㿲⛩Ǆ ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䘉њ䰞仈ˈԆሶ൘᰾ཙⲴᣕ㓨кਁ㺘 IƗELӽRWRSXEOLVK ᮷ㄐ䘋а↕ (further) 䱀᰾Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿䈸䗷䘉њ䰞仈Ҷˈн䴰㾱޽⅑䱀᰾Ǆ ֐ᓄ䈕䱀᰾㠚ᐡⲴ㿲⛩ˈн㾱ᙅ䘉ᙅ䛓ⲴǄ

FKӽQVK 䱀䘠 v. 3D

to expound (views, theory, etc., that need effort to explain; focusing on the action of explaining itself; Ԇ䱀䘠ᗇᖸ␵ᾊ, but not Ԇ䱀 ᰾ᗇᖸ␵ᾊ, because 䱀᰾ already indicates the meaning of ␵ᾊ)

㘱ᐸᢺ䘉њ䇪⛩ OQGLӽQ argument) 䱀䘠ᗇ 䶎ᑨ‫ޘ‬䶒 (quánmiàn, thorough)Ǆ ൘ՊкԆ␵ᾊൠ䱀䘠Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴ㿲⛩Ǆ Ԇ䱀䘠ᆼҶԕਾˈᡁ৸᧕⵰䈸Ҷᴹ‫≹ޣ‬䈝ᮉ ᆖⲴ䰞仈Ǆ ԆⲴҖ‫ޘ‬䶒ൠ䱀䘠Ҷ䘉њ䰞仈ˈ߉ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ

liúlù ⍱䵢 v. 3D

to reveal (intent, feelings, etc.), to display unintentionally (oft. verbally, but can be non-verbal as well; ⍱䵢 + ࠪ/ ࠪᶕ/ ⵰, etc.) (⍱, to flow; 䵢, to reveal)

Ԇ൘ؑѝ⍱䵢ࠪሩྩⲴⵏᛵ ]KƝQTtQJWUXH feelings)Ǆ ൘Ӕ䈸䗷〻 (guòchéng, course) ѝˈԆᢺ ࠪഭ⮉ᆖⲴᜣ⌅⍱䵢ҶࠪᶕǄ ԆⲴ⵬‫ݹ‬ѝ⍱䵢⵰␡␡Ⲵ᝗⯊ (kuìjiù, shame)Ǆ ⴻ㿱ᆙᆀԜ䜭ᖸྭˈྸྸ⍱䵢ࠪௌᛖⲴ⾎ᛵ (shénqíng, look)Ǆ

ELӽREiL 㺘ⲭ v. 3-2 N/A

to explain or justify oneself (sometimes pejorative), to open RQH¶s heart

Ԇੁᴻ৻Ԝ㺘ⲭҶ㠚ᐡⲴᗳᝯǄ ࡛㺘ⲭҶˈ䗷৫һᛵቡ䇙ᆳ䗷৫੗Ǆ Ԇᰙቡ⡡кྩҶˈਟᱟⴤࡠӺཙ᡽ᮒབྷ㛶 GjGӽQEROG ൠੁྩ㺘ⲭǄ ֐н⭘޽㺘ⲭҶˈབྷᇦᗳ䟼䜭ᖸ␵ᾊǄ

ELӽRGi 㺘䗮 v. 3-2 B

to convey (views, feelings, etc.; usu. via words or actions) (㺘, to express; 䗮, to reach)

൘ՊкˈԆ㺘䗮Ҷ㠚ᐡሩ䘉њ䰞仈Ⲵⴻ⌅ (kànfa, views)Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿ᆖҶӄᒤⲴ≹䈝Ҷˈ㜭ᢺᗳѝⲴᜣ ⌅㺘䗮ᗇᖸ␵ᾊǄ 䘉ᶏ勌㣡㺘䗮ҶԆሩྩⲴ⡡ច (àimù, adoration)Ǆ

ELӽRPtQJ 㺘᰾ v. 3-2 B

to make clear, to demonstrate (views, attitudes, etc., via words or actions; the difference between 㺘᰾ and 㺘⽪ is similar to that between 䱀᰾ and 䱀䘠, i.e. not Ԇ㺘᰾ᗇᖸ␵ᾊ)

䘉㺘᰾Ԇᱟн਼᜿֐৫ⲴǄ Ԇ䘱ᶕҶ䘉Ӌ㓒⧛⪠ (méigui, rose), 䘉㺘᰾ Ԇ䘈ᱟ⡡֐ⲴǄ ᱘ཙᡁ㔉ԆᢃҶњ⭥䈍ˈ㺘᰾ҶᡁⲴᘱᓖ (tàidu, stand)Ǆ н㇑ᘾѸṧˈ֐䜭ᓄ䈕㺘᰾֐ⲴᘱᓖǄ 㺘᰾ҶᘱᓖԕਾˈԆቡ䎠ҶǄ

bi~oxiàn 㺘⧠

35

ELӽRVKu 㺘⽪ v.* 3-2 A

to express, to indicate (via words or acts; referring to abstract or concrete items; with a wider range of usage) (⽪, to show)

Ԇ㺘⽪㾱ࣚ࣋ᆖҐˈҹਆ ]KƝQJTԃWR strive for) ᗇࡠањྭᡀ㔙Ǆ ሩ਴սⲴࡠᶕˈᡁԜ㺘⽪㺧ᗳ ]KǀQJ[ƯQ heartfelt) Ⲵᝏ䉒ʽ 㓒⚟㺘⽪н㜭䎠ˈ㔯⚟㺘⽪ਟԕ䎠Ǆ

VKXǀPtQJ 䈤᰾ v. 3-2 A

to explain, to show (via facts, etc.), to prove (comparing with 䱀᰾, 䈤᰾ explains less complex issues) (see also 䀓䟺)

䈧䈤᰾ал֐ѪӰѸн਼᜿ (tóngyì, to agree)Ǆ ԆⲴᆖҐᡀ㔙ᱟ⨝кㅜа਽ˈ䘉䈤᰾Ԇᱟа њྭᆖ⭏Ǆ 䘉䈤᰾ԆᱟሩⲴǄ ᴰ㜭䈤᰾䰞仈ⲴቡᱟӺཙ⋑ᴹањӪᶕǄ н⭘޽䈤᰾Ҷˈབྷᇦаⴻቡ㜭᰾ⲭǄ

Note: *㺘⽪ + verb/ verbal phrase/ adjective/ adjectival phrase, as in Ԇ㺘⽪਼᜿ or Ԇ㺘⽪ॱ࠶儈‫ޤ‬.

ELӽR[LjQ 㺘⧠ v. (see also 㺘⽪)

to show

Wӿ[LjQ փ⧠ v. 3D

to embody, to manifest, to reflect (through certain things; not փ⧠ + person/ personal pronoun) (փ, body; ⧠, to present)

਼ᆖԜ֐ᑞᡁˈᡁᑞ֐ˈ༴༴䜭փ⧠⵰ӂ⴨ ᑞࣙⲴ㋮⾎ MƯQJVKpQVSLULW Ǆ ᒤ䖫Ӫᮒ䈤ᮒ‫Ⲵڊ‬㋮⾎൘ԆԜ䓛к‫࠶ݵ‬ FKǀQJIqQIXOO\ ൠփ⧠ҶࠪᶕǄ ӂᑞӂࣙⲴ㋮⾎൘ԆԜ䓛кփ⧠ᗇᖸ᰾ᱮǄ

[LӽQO ᱮ䵢 v. 3 N/A

to appear, to become visible Ԇᱟањᖸ޵ੁ (nèixiàng, introvert) ⲴӪˈ (referring to concrete or abstract ᖸቁᱮ䵢㠚ᐡⲴᝏᛵ JӽQTtQJIHHOLQJV Ǆ items) (ᱮ, to display; 䵢, to reveal) ྣ‫ݯ‬㘳кҶབྷᆖˈ⇽ӢⲴ㝨кᱮ䵢ࠪௌᛖⲴ⾎ ᛵ (shénqíng, look)Ǆ лॸ⋑ᴹҶ䴮 (wù, fog)ˈኡ亦 GӿQJ mountain top) ᡽ᱮ䵢ҶࠪᶕǄ ൘䘉ԦһᛵкˈԆⲴ㚚᰾᡽Ც (cáizhì, intelligence) ᱮ䵢ᗇ␵ᾊᶱҶǄ Ԇᱮ䵢Ⲵᱟ儈‫ˈޤ‬㘼нᱟՔᗳ VKƗQJ[ƯQJULHI Ǆ

[LӽQVKu ᱮ⽪ v. 3C

to display, to show off (oft. referring to abstract concepts), to exhibit (may be used pejoratively) (⽪, to notify)

䘉Ӌ㖾ѭⲴѝഭ㣡ഝᱮ⽪Ҷୀԓ (Tángdài Tang dynasty) Ⲵ仾Ṭ IƝQJJpVW\OH Ǆ 㓿䗷䈳ᮤ WLiR]KČQJDGMustment)ˈ⧠൘⭥㝁 кᱮ⽪ࠪᶕⲴമ‫( ۿ‬túxiàng, image) ␵ᲠҶ нቁǄ Ԇ㲭❦ᆖҐᖸྭˈնӾᶕнᱮ⽪㠚ᐡǄ ༴༴ᱮ⽪㠚ᐡⲴӪᒦнаᇊᖸ㜭ᒢǄ ѝഭ᰾ԓⲴ㢪ᵟ (yìshù, art) 仾Ṭ൘䘉ᑵ⭫ѝ ᱮ⽪ᗇॱ࠶␵ᾊǄ

36

bi~oyáng 㺘ᢜ

ELӽR[LjQ 㺘⧠ v. 2A

to show, to perform (feelings, spirit, etc.), to show off (pejorative), (reduplication: ABAB, humorous) (㺘, to express)

䘉⅑㘳䈅ˈྩ㺘⧠ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ Ԇᗳ䟼нཚ儈‫ˈޤ‬ਟᱟ⋑ᴹ㺘⧠ࠪᶕǄ Ԇᙫ⡡㺘⧠ (to show off [pejorative]) 㠚ᐡˈ བྷᇦ䜭нௌ⅒ԆǄ Ӻཙи⇽၈ ]KjQJPԃQLiQJPRWKHU-in-law) ᶕˈᗇ㺘⧠㺘⧠ [humorous], ᡰԕᡁ‫ڊ‬Ҷᖸ ཊྭ㨌Ǆ

IӽQ\uQJ ৽᱐ v. 2A

to represent, to reflect, to report (sth. undesirable to authorities or parties concerned) (reduplication: ABAB) (৽, to reflect; ᱐, to mirror)

䘉䜘⭥ᖡ৽᱐ҶᐕӪⲴ⭏⍫Ǆ ᡁௌ⅒ⴻ৽᱐བྷᆖ⭏⍫Ⲵ⭥ᖡǄ 䘉њ䰞仈㾱ੁ㘱ᐸ৽᱐ˈᡁԜᆖ⭏㠚ᐡᖸ䳮䀓ߣ MLČMXpWRVROYH Ǆ Ԇк⨝㓿ᑨᶕᲊˈᡁԜᓄ䈕ੁ㓿⨶ MƯQJOӿ manager) ৽᱐৽᱐Ǆ

shìyì ⽪᜿ v. 2 N/A

to hint, to signal (oft. through an action; ⽪᜿ + verbal phrase) (᜿, intention)

ᡁᜣ䰞ањ䰞仈ˈਟᱟ㘱ᐸᤷҶᤷҖˈ ⽪᜿ᡁ㾱‫ⴻⴻݸ‬ҖǄ ሿ⦻ⴻ㿱ҶሿᕐˈቡੁԆᤋ᡻ ]KƗRVKԁX to wave) ⽪᜿Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ⽪᜿ˈᡁҏн⸕䚃Ԇᜣ‫ڊ‬ӰѸǄ Ԇࡊᜣ䈤ӰѸˈਟᱟྸྸ⽪᜿䇙Ԇ࡛䈤Ǆ

Note: ¾ The difference between 㺘⧠ µWRVKRZ¶DQG 㺘⽪ µWRH[SUHVV¶LVWKDWWKHILUVWLVDFWLRQ-based and the second is language-based. ¾ 㺘⧠/ ⽪᜿/ փ⧠/ ৽᱐ are also used as nouns, as in 䘉ᱟа⿽н儈‫Ⲵޤ‬㺘⧠.

ELӽR\iQJ 㺘ᢜ v. ELӽR]KƗQJ 㺘ᖠ v. 3D

to praise to honour (model workers, exemplary deeds, extraordinary contributions, sacrifices, etc.; awarded with certificates, medals, money, etc. by a superior or organisation after following a selection procedure) (㺘, to express; ᖠ, to praise)

Ɲ\~IqQJFKpQJ to flatter, to curry favour with 䱯䈰ཹ᢯ ph. (pejorative; a set phrase) (䱯䈰, 3 N/A to flatter; ཹ᢯, to fawn upon)

བྷՊ㺘ᖠҶᡈᯇ㤡䳴 ]KjQGzX\ƯQJ[LyQJZDU hero) ԜǄ ᆖ䲒㺘ᖠҶԆሩ≹䈝⹄ウ \iQMLǌUHVHDUFK ᡰ‫Ⲵڊ‬ঃ䎺䍑⥞ ]KXǀ\XqJzQJ[LjQ extraordinary contributions)Ǆ 䘉њলਜᔰҶ㺘ᖠ⁑㤳ᐕӪ PyIjQJǀQJUpQ model worker) ⲴབྷՊǄ ѪҶ㺘ᖠԆⲴঃ䎺䍑⥞ˈᐕলਁ㔉Ԇєз‫ݳ‬ Ⲵ྆䠁 MLӽQJMƯQERQXV Ǆ ԆѪҶॷᇈ VKƝQJJXƗQSURPRWLRQ ˈ㓿ᑨሩ 㓿⨶ MƯQJOӿPDQDJHU) 䱯䈰ཹ᢯Ǆ Ԇሩ㓿⨶䱯䈰ཹ᢯ᗇཚ䗷࠶Ҷˈᡁ䜭ᴯԆ ᝏࡠ㝨㓒Ǆ н㾱ਚՊ䱯䈰ཹ᢯ˈࣚ࣋ᐕ֌᡽ᱟ֐ᴰ䴰㾱‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ

bi~oyáng 㺘ᢜ

37

]jQPČL 䎎㖾 v. 3C

to praise and admire (the beauty of VFHQHU\DSHUVRQ¶VFKDUDFWHUHWF (䎎, to commend)

ԆⲴ䈇 VKƯSRHP 䎎㖾Ҷ䮯෾Ⲵ༞㿲 ]KXjQJJXƗQDJUDQGYLHZ Ǆ Ԇୡ⵰䎎㖾བྷ⎧Ⲵⅼˈ⢩࡛ྭੜǄ Ԇ䛓Ӌ䎎㖾䮯෾Ⲵ䈇ⅼᖸਇ⅒䗾Ǆ Җѝ䎎㖾ҶԆ㖾ѭⲴᗳ⚥ [ƯQOtQJVRXO Ǆ

]jQVKӽQJ 䎎䍿 v. 3D

to praise and appreciate (good skill, talent, deed, attitude, etc.; not necessarily in words; can be used with an adverb of degree, e.g. ᖸ) (䍿, to appreciate)

ԆⲴ≹ᆇ߉ᗇᖸྭˈབྷᇦ䜭ᖸ䎎䍿ˈ བྷᇦሩԆ߉Ⲵ≹ᆇ䎎䍿ᶱҶǄ ᡁ⢩࡛䎎䍿ԆⲴ৘㢪 (chúyì, cooking skill)Ǆ ԆⲴ৘㢪ᱟ٬ᗇ (zhídé, to deserve) 䎎䍿ⲴǄ ཷᙚⲴᱟˈ䎎䍿ԆⲴᴹԆⲴᴻ৻ˈҏᴹԆⲴ ᭼Ӫ (dírén, enemy)Ǆ

zàntàn 䎎਩ v. 3D

to sing the praises of (a stronger word in this group) (਩, to exclaim in praise)

Ԇ䎎਩䚃³什઼ഝⵏ㖾´ ਲ਼ҶԆ‫Ⲵڊ‬㨌ԕਾˈབྷᇦሩԆⲴ৘㢪䜭䎎਩нᐢ (to be full of praise)Ǆ ԆⲴ⭫‫ⵏݯ‬Ԕ (lìng, to make) Ӫ䎎਩ʽ

FKƝQJ]jQ 〠䎎 v. 3-2 B

to compliment (usu. verbally; referring to a person or thing) (〠, to say)

㘱ᐸ〠䎎䈤³֐ⵏᱟањྭᆖ⭏Ǆ´ ԆᆖҐ⢩࡛ྭˈᡁԜ䜭〠䎎ԆǄ 䘉⿽䖖ᖸн䭉ˈ〠䎎ᆳⲴӪ䎺ᶕ䎺ཊҶǄ ᡁнՊഐѪ֐〠䎎ᡁࠐਕˈቡӰѸ䜭ੜ֐ⲴҶǄ

JǀQJZHL ᚝㔤 v. 3-2 N/A

to flatter (pejorative) (᚝, reverent; 㔤, to maintain)

㓿⨶ሩྩн䭉ˈഐѪྩᖸՊ᚝㔤ӪǄ ࡛޽䈤Ҷˈ᚝㔤ᗇਛӪ㚹哫 (ròumá, disgusting)Ǆ ֐ཊ䈤⛩‫ྭݯ‬䈍ˈཊ᚝㔤алԆˈԆҏ䇨ቡՊ㔉 ֐ҶǄ

zànyáng 䎎ᢜ v. 3-2 C

to speak highly of, to commend (a person or sth. relating to people) (antonym: ᢩ䇴 SƯStQJ (ᢜ, to raise)

Ԇᐕ֌ॱ࠶ࣚ࣋ˈᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭䎎ᢜԆǄ ԆҀҾࣙӪ (obliging), ٬ᗇ䎎ᢜǄ֐ᘾѸ䘈 ᢩ䇴Ԇ઒˛ 㘱ᐸⴻҶԆⲴ⭫‫ݯ‬ԕਾˈ䎎ᢜҶԆࠐਕǄ ᡁԜ䜭䎎ᢜԆҀҾࣙӪⲴ㋮⾎ MƯQJVKpQVSLULW Ǆ

ELӽR\iQJ 㺘ᢜ v. 2A

to praise (usu. a person; to praise publicly to set a good example; usu. from a senior to a junior) (reduplication: ABAB)

ሿ⦻ᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈ㘱ᐸ㺘ᢜҶԆǄ ሿ⦻ᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈ㘱ᐸ㺘ᢜԆྭࠐ⅑ҶǄ 㘱ᐸ㺘ᢜҶሿ⦻ˈ䈤Ԇᑨᑨᑞ਼ࣙᆖǄ ሿ⦻ᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈᓄ䈕ྭྭ‫ݯ‬㺘ᢜ㺘ᢜԆǄ

NXƗMLӽQJ ཨ྆ v. 2D

to commend (usu. referring to a person; used when the speaker intends to publicise the compliment; oft. from a senior to a junior) (ཨ, to praise; ྆, award)

ᡁੜࡠҶᖸཊཨ྆ԆⲴ䈍Ǆ ֐ཨ྆ᗇԆ䜭㿹ᗇнྭ᜿ᙍҶǄ Ԇྸྸᖸௌ⅒㠚ᐡⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀˈᑨᑨཨ྆ԆǄ ᡁ䎠䘋ቻᆀⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ↓൘ཨ྆֐઒Ǆ Ԇ‫ڊ‬ᗇ䘉Ѹྭˈ֐нն⋑ᴹཨ྆Ԇˈ৽㘼䈤 ҶԆа亯ˈⵏн᰾ⲭѪӰѸǄ Ԇᐕ֌ᖸࣚ࣋ˈᑨᑨਇࡠཨ྆Ǆ

38 NXƗ ཨ v. 1C

biérén ࡛Ӫ to praise; to boast (usu. referring to a person; not ਇࡠ + ཨ, unlike ཨ྆) (reduplication: A(а)A)

䘉њᆙᆀᆖҐྭˈབྷᇦ䜭ཨԆ㚚᰾Ǆ Ԇᢺ֐ཨᗇ䐏㣡‫ݯ‬аṧˈྭᗇнᗇҶ OLӽR Ǆ ࡛ཨԆҶˈ֐ⴻԆ䜭нྭ᜿ᙍҶǄ ᡁнௌ⅒ԆˈԆнྭྭᐕ֌ˈਚՊཨ⎧ਓ (to boast, to talk big)Ǆ ଚњྸྸнௌ⅒ཨ(а)ཨ㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀ઒˛

OLǌ[ǌSƗLPӽ to fawn on, to suck up to Ⓦ享᣽傜 ph. sb. (pejorative, figurative; 1* N/A a set phrase) (Ⓦ享, to smooth; ᣽傜, to fawn on)

Ԇ⋑ᴹᐕ֌㜭࣋ˈӪҏнཚ㚚᰾ˈਚՊ Ⓦ享᣽傜Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒Ⓦ享᣽傜ⲴӪˈаੜྭ䈍ቡ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ 䈱ՊⓌ享᣽傜ˈԆቡௌ⅒䈱Ǆ н㾱ᩎⓌ享᣽傜䛓а྇ʽ ԆᙫᱟᖸՊ䈤ྭੜⲴˈ䶎ᑨ㜭Ⓦ享᣽傜Ǆ

SƗLPӽSu ᣽傜ቱ ph. 1* N/A

֐ቁ᣽傜ቱˈᡁнௌ⅒ੜʽ ֐䲔Ҷ᣽傜ቱˈ䘈Պ‫ڊ‬ӰѸ˛ ᡁᴰ䇘় WӽR\jQWRGLVOLNH ᣽傜ቱⲴӪǄ ֐ቡ⸕䚃䎠ਾ䰘ǃ᣽傜ቱˈ㍟н㍟ੰ! Ԇ⡡᣽傜ቱˈᡁਟн⡡䛓а྇Ǆ

to bootlick, to brown-nose (pejorative, figurative; an idiom) (᣽, to pat; 傜ቱKRUVH¶VDVV

Note: ¾ 䎎䍿/ 䎎ᢜ/ 㺘ᢜ/ ཨ྆ are also nouns, as in 㘱ᐸⲴ㺘ᢜ֯䛓њᆙᆀ儈‫ޤ‬ᶱҶ. ¾ 傜ቱ㋮ PӽSuMƯQJµVRPHRQHZKRLVJRRGDWEURZQ-nosing or buttering-XSYXOJDU ¶DVLQ ᡁԜ䜭ਛԆ ³傜ቱ㋮´.

biérén ࡛Ӫ pr. WƗUpQ ԆӪ pr. 3D

biéde ࡛Ⲵ pr. 2A

other people

another person, others

ᡁԜቭ䟿н㾱৫哫✖ԆӪǄ н㾱᤯ԆӪⲴь㾯Ǆ Ԇ㓿ᑨੁԆӪᆖҐˈᡰԕ䘋↕ᖸᘛǄ ԆᆖҐᖸྭˈնнՊ઼ԆӪӔᴻ৻Ǆ ҠԆӪⲴҼ᡻ (second hand) ⊭䖖ˈаᇊ㾱 ሿᗳǄ

other (referring to sb. or sth. in ԆӺᒤ䖜ࡠҶ࡛ⲴᆖṑǄ general terms; ࡛ⲴӰѸӪ µDQ\RQH ԆُҶаᵜҖˈ䘈ᜣُ⛩‫Ⲵ࡛ݯ‬Ǆ HOVH¶ ࡛ⲴӰѸь㾯 µDQ\WKLQJ ྩਚҠҶ㤩᷌ˈ޽⋑ᴹҠ࡛ⲴӰѸь㾯ҶǄ HOVH¶QRW ࡛Ⲵ + number + mw., ࡛Ⲵ䜭আᆼҶˈਚᴹ䘉њҶǄ see ަᆳ/ ަԆ below) 䲔ҶԆˈ֐䘈ⴻ㿱࡛ⲴӰѸӪҶੇ˛ Ԇ䘈ᴹ࡛Ⲵ਽ᆇੇ˛ Ԇн൘䘉䟼ˈࡠ࡛Ⲵ෾ᐲ৫ҶǄ

biérén ࡛Ӫ biérén ࡛Ӫ pr. 2A

other people, someone else (antonym: 㠚ᐡ)

࡛Ӫ (other people) 䜭⋑ᶕˈቡ֐ᶕҶǄ 䘉䟼ਚᴹ֐઼ᡁˈ⋑ᴹ࡛Ӫ (nobody else)Ǆ ྩᖸᘉˈ⋑ᰦ䰤৫ᢃੜ GӽWLQJWRDVNDERXW ࡛ӪⲴһᛵǄ ሩн䎧ˈᡁн䇔䇶Ԇˈ֐৫䰞䰞࡛Ӫ੗Ǆ 䘉њн㜭੺䇹࡛Ӫˈ֐ᡁ⸕䚃ቡ㹼ҶǄ ࡛Ӫ䜭䘈⋑ᴹ䎧ᒺˈԆቡࡠ‫ޜ‬ഝ䭫⛬৫ҶǄ Ԇнᝯ᜿ᙫᱟѪ࡛Ӫᐕ֌ˈቡ㠚ᐡ࣎Ҷањ ‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ Ǆ

TtWƗ ަᆳ pr. 2B

other (oft. referring to things, in specific or general terms; oft. used together with ਚᴹ/ ቡ, µH[FHSW«RWKHUVDOO«¶

䘉ᶏ㣡䘈ਟԕˈަᆳйᶏቡ䜭нཚᯠ勌ҶǄ Ԇቡௌ⅒ਲ਼㤩᷌ˈަᆳ≤᷌䜭н⡡ਲ਼Ǆ 䘉њഭᇦ઼ަᆳഭᇦаṧˈҏᴹ਴⿽਴ṧⲴ 䰞仈Ǆ

TtWƗ ަԆ pr. 2B

other (referring to sth. animate or inanimate, eJµH[FHSW« RWKHUVDOO«¶RIWXVHGZLWK ਚᴹ/ ቡ)

ԆᇦഋњᆙᆀਚᴹབྷကՊ⭫⭫‫ަˈݯ‬Ԇйњ 䜭нՊǄ ᡁቡ䇔䇶ԆˈަԆањ䜭н䇔䇶Ǆ ֐ᢺ依‫ྭڊ‬ቡਟԕҶˈަԆቡн⭘֐㇑ҶǄ Ԇ৫䗷䘉њབྷᆖˈҏ৫䗷ަԆབྷᆖǄ Ԇ䰞䗷ަԆᴻ৻ˈ䈱䜭н⸕䚃ሿ⦻Ⲵ⭥䈍Ǆ ࣘ⢙ഝ䟼ަԆࣘ⢙䜭ⶑ㿹Ҷˈਚᴹሿ呏䘈൘ ୡⅼǄ

pángrén ᯱӪ pr. 2-1 N/A

rénjia Ӫᇦ pr.* 1C

other people, someone else (usu. not including the subject)

39

Ԇ൘୶ᓇ‫ ڧ‬WǀXWRVWHDO ь㾯ˈ㻛ᯱӪⴻ㿱ҶǄ 䘉ᱟᡁ‫ˈⲴڊ‬䐏ᯱӪ⋑ᴹ‫ޣ‬㌫ JXƗQ[u connection)Ǆ ൘‫ޜ‬ഝˈԆ䈧ᯱӪ㔉Ԇ➗Ҷаᕐ⴨Ǆ 㾱нᱟᯱӪᤷ⛩ˈԆнՊ᢮ࡠ䛓њൠᯩⲴǄ ᯱӪᑞнкᘉˈᡁ䘈ᱟ㠚ᐡ‫ڊ‬੗Ǆ

other people (usu. excluding the н㾱ᙅˈӪᇦ㜭‫֐ˈྭڊ‬ҏᓄ䈕㹼Ǆ speaker and the listener), certain Ԇ৸ᢃ⭥䈍ᶕҶˈ֐ᘛᢺ䫡䘈㔉Ӫᇦ੗Ǆ person or persons (known to both ֐ᙫᱟ䈤Ӫᇦнྭˈҏнⴻⴻ֐㠚ᐡʽ speaker and listener; also used in ֐ⴻӪᇦሿ⦻ཊᴹ⾿≄ (fúqi, felicity) ੰˈ MX[WDSRVLWLRQZLWKDSHUVRQ¶VQDPH иཛሩྩ䛓Ѹྭ, ྣ‫ݯ‬৸䛓Ѹ㚚᰾Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪቡᱟ䘉ṧˈӪᇦᴹӰѸˈԆҏᜣ ᴹӰѸǄ

Note: *Ӫᇦ (pronounced DVUpQMLƗ LVDOVRDQRXQµKRXVHKROGIDPLO\¶DVLQ 䛓䗩Ⲵኡ䟼տ⵰ࠐॱᡧ (hù, a measure word for household) Ӫᇦ. Ӫᇦ DOVRPHDQVµ,¶UHIHUULQJWRWKHVSHDNHURIWHQXVHGE\ (young) women to indicate endearment, playfulness, etc. For example, 1) ۫ VKӽVLOO\ ṧ‫ݯ‬, Ӫᇦн ᱟᗳ⯬֐ో$UH\RXWKLFNRUZKDWLW¶VEHFDXVH,FDUHDERXW\RXVRPXFK ӪᇦӺཙ㔉֐ᢃҶй⅑ ⭥䈍, ֐ѪӰѸ䜭⋑᧕? 3) ࡛޽㔉ᡁҶ, Ӫᇦᐢ㓿ਲ਼価Ҷ.

40

bù н

bù н adv.

not, no ᡁнᴮ㿱䗷Ԇˈн⸕䚃Ԇᱟ䈱Ǆ Ԇнᴮᖃ䗷㘱ᐸˈ㜭傜кᮉ䈮ੇ˛ ᡁнᴮ৫䗷ेӜˈԕਾᴹᵪՊаᇊ৫Ǆ ԆⲴһᛵᡁнᴮੜ䈤䗷Ǆ ࠐᒤ䜭нᴮ⏘ ]KӽQJWRULVH ᐕ䍴 JǀQJ]Ư salary) Ҷˈབྷᇦ䜭нཚ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ԆᇦⲴᆙᆀ䜭нᴮк䗷བྷᆖˈնᱟ⭏⍫ᗇҏ ᖸྭǄ

bùcéng нᴮ adv. 3C

never having done sth. (the negation of ᴮ㓿, emphasising negation of the past experience; нᴮ + verb + 䗷, where 䗷 indicates past experience)

wèi ᵚ adv. 3B

have not, not (with the flavour of ᔰՊⲴᰦ䰤ᐢࡠˈਟӪ䘈ᵚࡠ喀 (qí, all classical Chinese; emphasising that present)Ǆ sth. has not happened yet) ᵚ㓿਼᜿ (tóngyì, permission)ˈ䈱ҏн㜭ᢺ 䇽ި FtGLӽQGLFWLRQDU\ ᤯ࠪമҖ侶Ǆ 䘉ᱟањԆӾᵚᜣ䗷Ⲵ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇ㲭❦ᖸࣚ࣋ˈնᱟতᵚ㜭ᆼᡀ䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ

wèicéng ᵚᴮ adv. 3 N/A

never having done sth., have not (нᴮ/ ᵚᴮ have different focuses, the former focusing on the QHJDWLRQRIµSDVWH[SHULHQFH¶ WKHODWWHURIµDSDVWHYHQW¶ time phrase + ᵚᴮ)

ԆⲴһᛵᡁᵚᴮੜ䈤䗷Ǆ Ԇᵚᴮ㿱䗷䘉ս⦻‫⭏ݸ‬Ǆ ࠪ⧠Ҷ䘉⿽䰞仈ˈᱟᵚᴮᯉࡠ (liàodào, to expect) ⲴǄ ᲊкॱ⛩Ҷˈྩ䘈ᵚᴮഎᇦǄ[not нᴮ] ྩᵚᴮ䈤䈍ቡ‫ݸ‬ㅁҶ䎧ᶕǄ[not нᴮ]

bù н adv. 2A

not, no (can be used alone; for past, present or future time; н negates ᱟ/ Պ, ⋑/ ⋑ᴹ cannot; н FDQQRWQHJDWHµGLG¶RUµKDYH GRQH¶ ⋑/ ⋑ᴹ can)

Ӻཙлབྷ䴘ˈᡁԜቡнࠪ৫Ҷ੗Ǆ ԆⲴᡯ䰤нབྷˈਚ㜭᭮лаᕐᒺǄ Ԇнᱟᆖ⭏ˈҏнՊ䈤ѝ᮷Ǆ Ԇ㛊ᆀн㡂ᴽˈӺᲊ઼᰾ᰙ䜭нᜣਲ਼依ҶǄ Ԇнௌ⅒ⴻ⭥㿶ˈௌ⅒ⴻҖǄ A: ֐䘉њઘᵛ৫ⴻ⭥ᖡੇ˛ B: нˈᡁ৫५䲒ⴻањᴻ৻Ǆ

méi ⋑ adv. 2A

have not, did not (the negative form ᐢ㓿ᲊкॱ⛩Ҷˈྩ䘈⋑എᇦǄ RIµKDYHGRQH¶RUµGLG¶ ⋑ and ⋑ᴹ Ԇ᱘ཙ⯵Ҷˈ⋑ᶕк䈮Ǆ are often interchangeable; used for ሿ⦻⋑ⴻ䗷䘉њ⭥ᖡǄ past or present time, but not future Ԇ䘈⋑ਲ਼依઒ˈㅹྸྸഎᶕа䎧ਲ਼Ǆ time; ⋑ can negate ᴹ, н cannot) ֐Ӻཙ৫⋑৫മҖ侶˛ ԆഎࡠᇦˈӰѸҏ⋑ਲ਼ቡкᒺⶑ㿹৫ҶǄ ֐䘈⋑੺䇹ᡁ֐ਛӰѸ਽ᆇ઒Ǆ

PpL\ԁX ⋑ᴹ adv. 2A

have not, did not (the negative forPRIµKDYHGRQH¶RUµGLG¶XVHG for past and present time, not for future time, e.g. ᰾ཙᡁ⋑৫ is incorrect)

ᐢ㓿ᲊкॱ⛩Ҷˈྩ䘈⋑ᴹഎᇦǄ Ԇ᱘ཙ⯵Ҷˈ⋑ᴹᶕк䈮Ǆ ሿ⦻⋑ᴹⴻ䗷䘉䜘⭥ᖡǄ Ԇ䘈⋑ᴹਲ਼依઒ˈㅹྸྸഎᶕа䎧ਲ਼Ǆ єњᱏᵏ⋑ᴹ㿱ࡠྣᴻ৻ҶˈԆ䶎ᑨᜣᘥྩǄ

bù(ú)dàn нն

41

⇽ӢਛԆ䗷ᶕਲ਼依ˈԆ⋑ᴹੜ㿱Ǆ Note: ¾ ⋑/ ⋑ᴹ YµWRKDYHQR¶DVLQ ᡁ⋑䫡඀䖖, ਚྭ䎠䐟৫ᆖṑ. 2) ᡁ⋑ᴹ⭥㿶, ਚᴹањᖅ丣 ᵪ. ¾ ࡛ DGYµQRWXVHGLQDVXJJHVWLRQUHTXHVWRUGHUHWF ¶DVLQ ࡛䈤䈍Ҷ, ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ੜ㘱ᐸ䇢䈮.

bù(ú)dàn нն conj.

not only

bù(ú)dàn нն conj. 2A

not only («, but also«, e.g. нն«, 㘼ф/ ҏ/ 䘈/ ᒦф«; «not«, instead«, e.g. нն + negative clause, ৽㘼/ ৽‫ ق‬+ positive clause; also a combined form: 㘼ф + 䘈/ ᒦф + 䘈)

ԆнնᆖҐྭˈ㘼ф䘈ௌ⅒ᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ Ԇнնௌ⅒ⴻҖˈᒦф䘈ௌ⅒ੜ丣ҀǄ нն䘉ᇦ依侶Ⲵ依㨌ྭਲ਼ˈ䛓ᇦⲴҏн䭉Ǆ нն㘱ᐸௌ⅒Ԇˈᆖ⭏Ԝҏௌ⅒ԆǄ ֐䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬нնн㜭ᑞྩˈ৽㘼Պᇣ (hài, to harm) ҶྩǄ ᡁнն⋑ᴹᢺ䫡㾱എᶕˈ৽‫ق‬ᢺ䖖৸䇙Ԇُ ৫ҶǄ

EMӿQ нӵ conj. 2B

not the only one, not only («, but also«, e.g. нӵ«, 䜭/ 䘈/ ҏ/ 㘼ф«; «not«, instead«, e.g. нӵ + negative clause, ৽㘼/ ৽‫ ق‬+ positive clause) (reduplication: ABB)

ᡁҠⲴҖнӵ䘉Ӌˈ䘈ᴹ࡛ⲴǄ[not нն] нӵᡁᜣ৫ेӜˈᡁⲴ਼ᆖ䜭ᜣ৫Ǆ ᡁнӵ৫ҶेӜˈ㘼ф䘈৫Ҷк⎧Ǆ ᡁ䈧ԆᑞᘉˈԆнӵнᑞᡁˈ৽‫ق‬ㅁ䈍ᡁǄ Ԇнӵ⋑ᴹᆖྭ≹䈝ˈ৽㘼ᢺᰕ䈝ҏ‫ޘ‬ᘈҶǄ ⴻҖሩԆᶕ䈤нӵӵᱟᆖҐˈҏᱟа⿽Ձ᚟Ǆ

E]Kӿ нਚ conj. 2C

EGƗQ нঅ conj. 2-1 N/A

EJXƗQJ н‫ ݹ‬conj. 1 N/A

not merely, not only («, but also «, e.g. нਚ«, 䘈/ 㘼ф«)

ԆнਚՊ䈤≹䈝ˈ䘈Պ䈤ᰕ䈝Ǆ Ԇнਚнௌ⅒ୡⅼˈ㘼ф䘎ੜⅼҏнௌ⅒Ǆ ൘䘉ᇦ佀侶нਚਟԕਲ਼⎧勌 KӽL[LƗQ seafood), 䘈ਟԕਲ਼ࡠेӜ✔呝Ǆ 䘉њ≹ᆇнਚᴹа⿽᜿ᙍ (yìsi, meaning)Ǆ 䘉њབྷᆖнਚᴹѝഭᆖ⭏ˈ䘈ᴹᖸཊӾަᆳ ഭᇦᶕⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ

not merely, not simply («, but also нঅԆ㿹ᗇнྭ᜿ᙍˈ䘎ᡁҏᝏࡠ㝨㓒Ǆ «, e.g. нঅ«, 㘼ф/ 䘈/ ҏ/ 䘎䘉ԭᐕ֌нঅ㔉Ԇᑖᶕ䫡ˈ㘼фҏ㔉Ԇᑖᶕ «) (reduplication: ABB) Ҷ⅒ҀǄ 䘉њ⭥ᖡˈнঅሿᵾௌ⅒ˈሿ⦻ҏᖸௌ⅒Ǆ 㘱ᐸнঅ㾱ᮉҖˈҏ㾱ᮉӪǄ нঅᆖ⭏ԜᶕҶˈ䘎㘱ᐸҏᶕҶǄ Ԇᆖ≹䈝ˈнঅঅᱟ㠚ᐡⲴ‫ޤ‬䏓ˈ䘈ѪҶԕ ਾⲴᐕ֌Ǆ

not the only one, not only («, but also«, e.g. н‫«ݹ‬, ҏ/ 䘈«)

Ԇн‫ݹ‬ௌ⅒⑨⌣ˈ䘈⡡ᢃ㈞⨳Ǆ ᶕ৲࣐ᡁ⭏ᰕᲊՊⲴˈн‫ݹ‬ᴹᡁⲴ㘱ᴻ৻, 䘈ᴹнቁࡊ䇔䇶Ⲵᯠᴻ৻Ǆ

42

bùdéli~o нᗇҶ Ԇн‫ݹ‬ᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈᐕ֌кҏᖸআ࣋Ǆ н‫ݹ‬ԆᶕҶˈᖸཊᴻ৻ҏᶕҶǄ Ԇн‫ݹ‬ௌ⅒ᆖ≹䈝ˈ䘈ௌ⅒⭫ѝഭ⭫‫ݯ‬Ǆ

Note: ¾ For all the words in this group, if both clauses have the same subject, the conjunction is often put after the subject, as in ᐕ֌нঅ㔉ҶԆ䫡, 㘼фҏ㔉ҶԆᘛҀ. If there are different subjects, the conjunction is often put before the first subject, as in нঅ㘱ᐸௌ⅒Ԇ, ᆖ⭏Ԝҏௌ⅒Ԇ. ¾ нਚ/ нঅ/ н‫ݹ‬/ нӵ FDQDOVREHXVHGDVDQDGYHUEµPRUHWKDQRQH¶ DVLQ Ԇнਚᴹањྣ ᴻ৻, 䘉ᱟབྷᇦ䜭⸕䚃Ⲵ. 2) 䘉⅑৫ѝഭ᯵⑨Ⲵнঅቡ֐ањӪ, ᡰԕ֐н⭘ᣵᗳ. 3) 䘉䟼н‫ݹ‬ ᡁањӪՊ≹䈝, ֐ਟԕ৫᢮࡛Ӫᮉ֐≹䈝. 4) 䘉нӵᱟᡁањӪⲴᜣ⌅, ਚᱟབྷᇦ䜭нྭ᜿ᙍ 䈤ቡᱟҶ. нն is usually not used as an adverb.

EGpOLӽR нᗇҶ adj. EGpOLӽR нᗇҶ adj. 1B

extreme extreme (of degree), terrible (of situation) (oft. suggesting sth. undesirable; repeated to indicate a stronger tone)

OLӽREXGH extraordinary (oft. suggesting sth. Ҷнᗇ adj.* desirable; Ҷнᗇ + Ⲵ + noun, 1 N/A but not for нᗇҶ; repeated to indicate a stronger tone)

ӺᒤߜཙˈेӜߧᗇнᗇҶǄ ᡁੜ䈤Ԇ㾱ᶕˈ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇнᗇҶǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀُҶᖸཊӪⲴ䫡н䘈ˈԆ≄ᗇнᗇҶǄ ྦྦ৫ц (qùshì, to pass away) ҶˈԆ䳮䗷ᗇ нᗇҶǄ 䘉㾱ᱟ䇙֐ྸྸ⸕䚃ҶˈਟнᗇҶǄ нᗇҶ OLӽR Ҷ (le)! нᗇҶҶ! ᡁⲴᆙᆀн㿱 Ҷʽ Ԇ‫ݯ‬ᆀⵏҶнᗇˈ㘳к਽⡼བྷᆖҶǄ ॱҼ኱Ⲵᆙᆀቡ㜭кབྷᆖˈⵏᱟҶнᗇⲴһ ᛵǄ[not нᗇҶ] ԆᇦⲴйњᆙᆀ‫ޘ‬䜭㘳кҶेӜབྷᆖˈⵏᱟ ҶнᗇʽҶнᗇʽ[not нᗇҶ]

Note: *Ҷнᗇ DOVRPHDQVµVXSHULRUZLWKDSHMRUDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ ¶DVLQ ֐н㾱㿹ᗇ֐㠚ᐡҶнᗇ, ⋑ᴹ֐, ᡁԜҏਟԕ‫ྭڊ‬䘉њᐕ֌.

bù(ú)duàn нᯝ adv. (see also 㔗㔝) bù(ú)duàn нᯝ adv. 2B

unceasingly (non-stop overall, but may have intervals in between)

unceasingly

Ԇнᯝࣚ࣋ˈ≹䈝ᆖᗇ䎺ᶕ䎺ྭǄ Ԇнᯝൠ㔉ྣᴻ৻ᢃ⭥䈍ˈਟᱟྩ䜭⋑᧕Ǆ Ԇнᯝൠُ䫡ˈᴰਾᡁਚྭнُ㔉ԆҶǄ ӺཙᱟԆⲴ⭏ᰕˈнᯝᴹӪᢃ⭥䈍㔉Ԇˈ⾍ Ԇ⭏ᰕᘛҀǄ ᱕ཙࡠҶˈᶕ䘉䟼᯵⑨ⲴӪнᯝ໎࣐Ǆ

EMƯQ н⾱ bùtíng н‫ ڌ‬ph. 2C

bù(ú)zhù нտ adv. 2B

constantly (with no intervals in between; also verb + њ + н‫)ڌ‬

incessantly (with no intervals in between; нտ + ൠ + verb)

43

ԆѪҶཊᥓ䫡ˈ䘉ࠐᒤаⴤн‫ڌ‬ൠᐕ֌Ǆ 䴘н‫ڌ‬ൠлҶаᮤཙǄ ྩ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇୡњн‫ڌ‬Ǆ ྩԜа㿱䶒ቡ䈤њн‫ڌ‬Ǆ н‫ڌ‬ൠ伎Ҷॺཙˈ䛓ਚሿ呏ᴰਾ᡽㩭 (luò, to settle down) ൘аἥሿṁкǄ Ԇн‫ڌ‬ൠ்䞂ˈ䎺்䎺䞹Ǆ Ԇ䗩ੜ䗩нտൠ⛩ཤˈ㿹ᗇᡁ䈤ᗇሩǄ ྩᖸнྭ᜿ᙍˈнտൠ䈤ሩн䎧Ǆ ྸྸⴻ㿱‫ݯ‬ᆀഎᶕҶˈ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇ⵬⌚нտൠ⍱ лᶕǄ Ԇᝏ߂Ҷˈ඀൘䛓䟼нտൠૣభ (késou, to cough)Ǆ

Note: verb + нտ (not maintaining the activity represented by the verb), as in 1) Ԇ䇠нտ (cannot memorise) 䛓њ≹ᆇᓄ䈕ᘾѸ߉Ҷ. 2) Ԇㄉнտ (cannot keep standing) ቡ඀ҶлᶕǄ

EMƯQ н⾱ adv.

FDQ¶WKHOS

E\yX]u]Kԃ RIDSHUVRQ FDQ¶t help (doing sth.), ԆୡⲴᱟᡁᴰ⡡ੜⲴⅼˈᡁቡн⭡㠚ѫൠ䐏 н⭡㠚ѫ ph. (used before a verb) (н⭡, not up ⵰ԆୡҶ䎧ᶕǄ 3-2 N/A to; 㠚ѫ, independent) Ԇᐢ㓿ᘛॱᒤ⋑ᴹഎ㘱ᇦҶˈ㓿ᑨн⭡㠚ѫ ൠᜣ䎧ᇦґⲴኡኡ≤≤Ǆ 㿱ࡠྸྸⲴᰦ‫ݯྣˈى‬н⭡㠚ѫൠଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ EMƯQ н⾱ adv. 2C

RIDSHUVRQ FDQ¶t help (doing sth.), ⴻࡠᆙᆀ⯵ᗇᖸহᇣˈᡁн⾱ଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ (н⾱ + verb, but not н⾱ + ൠ) ԆⲴӜࢗୡᗇྭᶱҶˈᡁԜн⾱བྷ༠ਛྭǄ (⾱, to bear) Ԇ㝊ла━ (huá, to slip)ˈн⾱ਛҶа༠Ǆ ⴻ㿱ᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭൘⭘࣏ൠⴻ⵰ҖˈԆн⾱ㅁ⵰ ⛩⛩ཤǄ

bùjué н㿹 adv. 2C

(of a person or thing) unconsciously ᡁкᒺԕਾˈⴻҶаՊ‫ݯ‬Җˈн㿹ⶑ⵰ҶǄ (doing sth.), unknowingly (㿹, to ᡁԜ䈸ᗇᖸ儈‫ˈޤ‬н㿹ᐢ㓿䗷৫ҶєњሿᰦҶǄ become aware) ᰦ䰤䗷ᗇⵏᘛˈн㿹Ҽॱᒤ䗷৫ҶǄ

E]KƯEMXp (of a person or thing) unconsciously ᳁‫ٷ‬ᡁഎᇦⴻᡁ⡦⇽ˈањᴸⲴᰦ䰤н⸕н㿹ൠ н⸕н㿹 ph. (doing sth.), unknowingly (н⸕н ቡ䗷৫ҶǄ 2C 㿹 can be used alone) (⸕, to know) н⸕н㿹ൠˈԆቡ⡡кҶ䛓њྣᆙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ൘н⸕н㿹ѝˈԆⲴєњᆙᆀ䜭䮯བྷᡀӪҶǄ bùyóude н⭡ᗇ adv. 1C

RIDSHUVRQ FDQ¶t help, cannot but ⴻ㿱ྩˈᡁн⭡ᗇᜣ䎧ҶྩⲴྸྸǄ (can be used with a negation, ྩаੜ䈤ྸྸ⯵Ҷˈн⭡ᗇଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ but н⾱ cannot) Ԇ䈤ࡠ‫ࡠڊ‬Ҷˈн⭡ᗇ֐нؑᴽ (xìnfú, to be convinced)Ǆ[not н⾱]

44

bù(ú)lùn н䇪 ⴻ㿱䘉Ѹྭਲ਼Ⲵь㾯ˈԆн⭡ᗇᜣਲ਼єਓǄ Ԇ䎠䘋৘ᡯˈⴻࡠᖸཊ⻇⻏৸䜭⋑ᴹ⍇ˈн ⭡ᗇ傲 (mà, to scold) ҶаਕǄ

Note: ¾ ⭡нᗇ YµWREHEH\RQGWKHFRQWURORI¶DVLQ ৫н৫ेӜ, 䘉⭡нᗇᡁ, ᡁ⡨䈤Ҷ㇇ (to decide). ¾ The difference between н㿹/ н⸕н㿹 and other items in the group is that these two indicate sth. happened/ happening unconsciously and unnoticed. ¾ ⾱ YMuQµWREDQ¶DVLQ 䘉䟼ᱟ⾱✏४, ֐н㜭੨✏.

bù(ú)lùn н䇪 conj. wúlùn ᰐ䇪 conj. 3B

regardless regardless of (ᰐ䇪 + 䈱/ ӰѸ« ᰐ䇪༿ཙ䘈ᱟߜཙˈԆ䜭৫⑨⌣Ǆ 䜭/ ҏ«DVWURQJHUZRUGLQWhis ᰐ䇪䈱䜭ਟԕ৫Ǆ group) (ᰐ, without; 䇪, to discuss) ᰐ䇪ӰѸӪˈ䜭㾱䚥㓚ᆸ⌅ (]ǌQMuVKԁXIӽ to observe discipline and obey the law)Ǆ ᰐ䇪䈱ᶕ⭥䈍ˈԆ䜭н᧕Ǆ ᰐ䇪ᡁԜᘾѸ䈤ˈԆᴰਾҏ⋑ᴹᶕǄ

wúlùnrúhé in any event (oft. ᰐ䇪ྲօ + ᰐ䇪ྲօ ph. ҏ + verb; the strongest 3B word in this group) (ྲօ, how/ what)

᰾ཙᱟᡁⲴ⭏ᰕˈ֐ᰐ䇪ྲօҏ㾱ᶕᡁᇦਲ਼依Ǆ 䘉њᐕ֌ᡁԜӺཙᰐ䇪ྲօҏ㾱‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ 䛓䟼ᖸড䲙ˈ֐ᰐ䇪ྲօҏн㜭৫Ǆ Ԇᰐ䇪ྲօҏՊഎᶕⴻྣ‫Ⲵݯ‬Ǆ

EJXӽQ н㇑ conj.* 2B

no matter (oft. н㇑« 䜭/ 䘈/ ҏ« ㇑, to be controlled)

н㇑ᘾѸᘉˈԆ⇿ཙ䜭㾱䭫⛬єњሿᰦǄ н㇑֐ᘾѸ䈤ˈᡁ䘈ᱟ㾱ࡠ䛓䟼৫Ǆ н㇑ェӪ䘈ᱟᇼӪˈ਼ṧ䜭㾱ਲ਼依ǃⶑ㿹Ǆ н㇑֐㜭н㜭ᶕˈ䜭㔉ᡁᢃњ⭥䈍Ǆ н㇑ԆᘾѸ࣍ (quàn, to persuade)ˈሿ⦻ҏн৫Ǆ

bù(ú)lùn н䇪 conj. 2B

regardless, despite (what, who, how, etc.; н䇪 + ཊѸ/ ӰѸ/ ᘾѸ« 䜭/ ᙫ«

н䇪ཊѸᘉˈਚ㾱ᴻ৻䴰㾱ᑞࣙˈԆ䜭а ᇊՊ৫Ǆ н䇪ᡁ䈤ӰѸˈԆ䜭нᝯ᜿ੜǄ н䇪ྸྸᘾѸ䈤ˈԆቡᱟн㛟৫кᆖǄ

Note: *н㇑ LVDOVRXVHGDVDYHUEDOSKUDVHPHDQLQJµQRWSD\LQJDWWHQWLRQWR¶DVLQ ᆙᆀᱟᡁⲴ, ҏᱟ ֐Ⲵ, ֐н㜭н㇑ԆԜ.

E~ VKu«MLVKu 45 нᱟĂቡᱟ

bù(ú)shì«jiùshì нᱟ«ቡᱟ conj. (see also ᡆ㘵)

HLWKHU«or

E~ VKu«érshì not A«EXW% (contrasting A with нᱟ«㘼ᱟ conj. B; нᱟ can be either before or 2C after the subject, if the same subject is used for the two clauses; for different subjects, нᱟ goes before the first subject; 㘼ᱟ always precedes the subject of the second clause if any; this also applies to нᱟ«ቡᱟ below)

ᡁнᱟнᜣ৫ѝഭ᯵⑨ˈ㘼ᱟ⋑ᴹ䫡Ǆ нᱟᡁнᜣ৫ѝഭ᯵⑨ˈ㘼ᱟ⋑ᴹ䫡Ǆ нᱟᡁнᜣ৫ѝഭ᯵⑨ˈ㘼ᱟԆн䇙ᡁ৫Ǆ ԆнᱟнՊ≹䈝ˈ㘼ᱟнྭ᜿ᙍ䈤Ǆ ֐ࡊ᡽ⴻࡠⲴнᱟᡁˈ㘼ᱟᡁကကǄ ᡁ䴰㾱Ⲵнᱟ䫡㘼ᱟᴻ৻Ǆ Ԇнᱟнᜣᶕˈ㘼ᱟ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ᶕǄ нᱟԆнᜣᶕˈ㘼ᱟྩ੺䇹Ԇᴰྭн㾱ᶕǄ Ԇнᱟᶕᑞ֐ᩜᇦⲴˈ㘼ᱟᶕُ䫡ⲴǄ

E~ VKu«MLVKu HLWKHU«RU (one of the two нᱟ«ቡᱟ FRQMFKRLFHV HLWKHU«RUOLVWLQJ 2C two examples to indicate a state of affairs)

Ԇнᱟဃ⦻ቡᱟဃᵾǄ ᡁԜ⨝Ⲵᆖ⭏ˈнᱟѝഭӪቡᱟᰕᵜӪǄ ྩ⇿ཙнᱟ৫к⨝ˈቡᱟ઼ᴻ৻ࠪ৫⧙ˈ ⭏⍫ᗇᖸᘛҀǄ[listing: saying that doing the two things is what she does every day] нᱟ֐৫ˈቡᱟᡁ৫ˈ࡛Ӫ䜭⋑ᴹᰦ䰤৫Ǆ 䘉њᱏᵏཙ≄нྭˈнᱟ࡞仾ቡᱟл䴘Ǆ[listing] нᱟ֐䈤ˈቡᱟᡁ䈤ˈᙫᗇᢺ䘉Ԧһᛵ䈤␵ᾊǄ

E[ԃ н䇨 v. (see also н㾱/ ⾱→)

to disallow

ENČ нਟ ph. 3C

cannot, should not (oft. used as an adverbial, not a predicate; 䶎« нਟ µPXVW¶DVLQ Ԇ䶎৫нਟ) (antonym: ਟԕ)

ԆѪҶ䫡ˈ䘎ᆙᆀ䜭н㾱Ҷˈⵏнਟ⨶䀓Ǆ 䘉Ԧһᛵ⸕䚃ⲴӪнਟཚཊǄ ൘ᆖҐ≹䈝Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ഠ䳮ᱟнਟ䚯‫ݽ‬ EuPLӽQWRDYRLG ⲴǄ 䘉њӪⲴ㹼Ѫ (xíngwéi, behaviour) ⵏᱟн ਟᙍ䇞 VƯ\uWRFRQFHLYH Ǆ

bùróng нᇩ ph. 3D

to disallow, to not tolerate, to not accommodate (antonym: ᇩ) (ᇩ, to allow)

Ԇн‫ڌ‬ൠ䈤⵰ˈнᇩᡁᨂ౤ FKƗ]Xӿ to get a word in)Ǆ аኡнᇩҼ㱾 (A great man cannot brook a rival)Ǆ ᛵߥнཚྭˈнᇩҀ㿲 OqJXƗQRSWLPLVWLF Ǆ

jìn ⾱ v. 3D

to forbid (usu. used with a monosyllabic word, e.g. ⾱✏, ѕ⾱ µto strictly IRUELG¶

ߋһ MǌQVKu military) 䟽ൠ (zhòngdì, restricted area), ѕ⾱‫( ޵ޕ‬yánjìn rùnèi, entry strictly prohibited)Ǆ[usu. written on a signboard] ⾱✏ሩ‫ڕ≁ޘ‬ᓧᖸᴹྭ༴Ǆ ५䲒䟼Ⲵ້к߉⵰˖ѕ⾱੨✏Ǆ

46 MuQ]Kӿ ⾱→ v. 3B

bùdé нᗇ ph. 2D

bùxíng н㹼 ph. 2 N/A

E[ԃ н䇨 v. 2B

E]KԃQ н߶ v. 2 N/A

bù(ú)yào н㾱 to prohibit (usu. used with a ⾱→்䞹䞂ⲴӪᔰ䖖Ǆ disyllabic word, e.g. ⾱→੨✏, 䘉њ⎧䗩ᑨᴹ勘劬 VKƗ\~VKDUN ࠪ⧠ˈᡰ ѕṬ⾱→; ѕ⾱‫ ޵ޕ‬µHQWU\VWULFWO\ ԕ䘉䟼⾱→⑨⌣Ǆ IRUELGGHQ¶YV ⾱→‫ ޵ޕ‬µQR ⾱→䙊㹼 WǀQJ[tQJWRSDVV entr\¶; ⾱→ + verb or verbal ⾱→᣽➗ phrase) (→, to stop) ⾱→੨✏ [above three are usu. written on a signboard]

may not, shall not, cannot (verb + нᗇ or нᗇ + verb)

not to allow (can be used alone; oft. used as a predicate or complement, but not an adverbial) (antonym: 㹼)

to disallow (antonym: 䇨)

must not (a stronger word than н䇨) (antonym: ߶)

bù(ú)yào н㾱 adv. (see also н䇨/ 䚯‫ݽ‬/ ⾱→) bù(ú)bì нᗵ adv. 3B

need not, do not have to (logically or by common sense, no need to; oft. used in a request or advice) (antonym: ᗵ享) (ᗵ, must)

䘉依㨌ᐢ㓿᭮ҶєཙҶˈਲ਼нᗇǄ ԆӾᶕнᜣᑞ࡛ࣙӪˈਚㅹ࡛ӪᑞࣙԆˈ䘉 ⿽ᴻ৻㾱нᗇǄ 䛓䟼ཚড䲙 ZƝL[LӽQGDQJHURXV ˈ৫нᗇǄ ᡁ‫ݯ‬ᆀቡੜнᗇᡁ䈤Ԇˈᡁа䈤Ԇቡ䎠Ǆ ৘ᡯ䟽ൠˈнᗇ‫޵ޕ‬Ǆ ᮉᇔ޵↓൘㘳䈅ˈнᗇௗଇ ([XƗQKXi, to clamour)Ǆ ሩӪ⋑ᴹ⽬䊼ਟн㹼Ǆ[used as a predicate] ֐Ⲵ࣏䈮⋑‫ڊ‬ᆼˈ⧠൘ࠪ৫⧙‫ݯ‬䘈н㹼Ǆ A: ྸྸˈᡁਟԕࠪ৫⧙‫˛ੇݯ‬ B: н㹼Ǆ֐㾱‫ڊݸ‬ᆼ࣏䈮Ǆ[used alone] ѪӰѸн䇨ᡁ䘋৫˛ ֐⋑ᴹ䰘⾘ˈн䇨䘋৫Ǆ 䘉䟼ᱟ५䲒ˈн䇨བྷ༠䈤䈍Ǆ 㘱ᐸ੺䇹Ԇˈл⅑н䇨޽ᶕᲊҶǄ Ԇн䇨ᡁ䘋৫㿱㘱ᐸǄ ྸྸнௌ⅒Ԇˈᡰԕቡн䇨ᡁ઼ԆӔᴻ৻Ǆ н߶䘉ṧ䐏⡨⡨䈤䈍ˈⵏ⋑ᴹ⽬䊼ʽ 伎ᵪкн߶੨✏Ǆ 䘉њ‫ޜ‬ሃ JǀQJ\DSDUWPHQW ᾬн߶ޫ⤇Ǆ ሩн䎧ˈ䘉䟼н߶᣽➗Ǆ

GRQ¶W

֐нᗵᶕҶˈᡁᐢ㓿ᴹӪᑞᘉҶǄ Ԇ㠚ᐡ㜭㹼ˈ֐ቡнᗵ৫ҶǄ 䈧඀л䈤ˈнᗵᇒ≄Ǆ Ѫ䘉⛩ሿһ‫ˈ≄⭏ݯ‬བྷਟнᗵ (surely no need)Ǆ ᡁԜਟԕធធ୶䟿ˈнᗵ⵰ᙕ (zháojí, to be anxious)Ǆ

bù(ú)yào н㾱 bù(ú)yào н㾱 adv. 2A

bù(ú)yòng н⭘ adv. 2A

bié ࡛ adv. 2-1 A

béng ⭝ adv. 1C

GRQ¶W (нᜣ µGRQ¶WZDQWWR¶DVLQ 䘉䟼ᱟ५䲒ˈ䈧н㾱བྷ༠䈤䈍Ǆ ᡁнᜣ৫; н㾱 oft. used in an н㾱⭏≄ҶˈԆᱟ䐏֐䈤⵰⧙‫Ⲵݯ‬Ǆ imperative, suggestion, etc.) ᲊкн㾱ਲ਼ཚཊˈഐѪሩ䓛փнྭǄ ֐н㾱޽䈤Ҷˈᡁ৫ቡᱟҶǄ ֐н㾱ᙫᱟ䈤ԆнྭˈԆᒦнᱟ‫֐ۿ‬䈤Ⲵ䛓 ṧˈԆᱟањྭӪǄ ֐н㾱ࠪ৫Ҷˈཆ䗩䴘ᖸབྷǄ 䘉њ㤩᷌ൿ (huài, rotten) Ҷˈн㾱ਲ਼ҶǄ

no need to (oft. used in requests or advice)

GRQ¶WKDGEHWWHr not (oft. used in requests, suggestions, etc.)

QRQHHGWRGRQ¶W (northern dialect; ⭝ is formed with н on the top and ⭘ on the bottom; oft. used for a suggestion)

ӺཙⲴ࣏䈮н䳮ˈ֐н⭘ᶕᑞᡁҶǄ ᡁ‫ؙ‬ᰙቡ䇔䇶Ҷˈн⭘ӻ㓽ҶǄ н⭘⵰ᙕˈԆԜᖸᘛቡՊᶕⲴǄ Ԇ৫ˈᡁቡн⭘৫ҶǄ ֐н⭘৫伎ᵪ൪䘱ᡁˈᡁਟԕ㠚ᐡ඀ࠪ』 ⊭䖖৫Ǆ ֐࡛䎠Ҷˈ൘䘉‫ݯ‬ཊտࠐཙ੗Ǆ 䈧֐࡛޽䈤Ҷˈᡁ䜭ੜ᰾ⲭҶǄ ֐ਛԆ࡛ᶕˈᡁнᜣ㿱Ԇʽ ཙ≄ཚ✝ˈ֐࡛ࠪ৫ҶǄ ֐ቡ࡛ᇒ≄Ҷˈ⮉лᶕа䎧ਲ਼依੗Ǆ ⭝ᇒ≄ˈཊਲ਼⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ лབྷ䴘ҶˈૡԜӺᲊቡ⭝ࠪ৫ਲ਼Ҷˈ൘ ᇦ㠚ᐡ‫ڊ‬੗Ǆ ྸˈ⭝ᣵᗳҶˈᡁՊ➗亮ྭ㠚ᐡⲴǄ ᜣ僇 (piàn, to fool) ᡁ˛֐⭝ᜣ GRQ¶WHYHQ think about it)ʽ

Note: All words (except ⭝) in this group can be repeated to enhance the strength of the claim. For example, A: 䘉⅑֐ᑞҶᡁབྷᘉ, ᡁᜣ䈧֐ਲ਼њ依. B: н⭘, н⭘ (no need for that at all).

47

48

FƗQJXƗQ ৲㿲

C FƗQJXƗQ ৲㿲 v.

to visit

IӽQJZqQ 䇯䰞 v. 3A

to visit (a person or place with certain purpose, e.g. a reporter visits sb. for an interview)

Ӻཙлॸˈ䇠㘵 Mu]KČUHSRUWHU 䇯䰞ҶԆǄ ṑ䮯лњᴸሶ䇯䰞⌅ഭ઼ᗧഭǄ Ԇᴰ䘁ࠪഭ䇯䰞৫ҶǄ

JXƗQJXƗQJ 㿲‫ ݹ‬v. 3D

to tour (a place; 㿲‫ ݹ‬itself is a verb + object construction, VRGRHVQ¶WWDNHDQRWKHUREMHFW (㿲, to see; ‫ݹ‬, scenery)

䘉ӋӪᱟ৫ेӜ㿲‫ݹ‬᯵⑨ⲴǄ ⇿ᒤᶕेӜ㿲‫ݹ‬᯵⑨ⲴӪᖸཊǄ Ԇ৫㿲‫Ⲵݹ‬ൠᯩ↓ྭᱟᡁⲴ㘱ᇦǄ 䘉Ӌᶕ㿲‫Ⲵݹ‬Ӫᴹнቁᱟ㘱ӪǄ 㿲‫ݹ‬എᶕԕਾⲴㅜҼཙԆቡк⨝৫ҶǄ

JXƗQVKӽQJ 㿲䍿 v. 3D

to view and admire, to enjoy the sight of, to appreciate (scenery, art work, show, etc.) (䍿, to appreciate)

Ӻཙཙ≄ᖸྭˈԆ඀൘㣡ഝ䟼㿲䍿⵰㣡Ǆ 㿲䍿仾ᲟᱟԆⲴ⡡ྭǄ 䛓ᑵ਽⭫٬ᗇ (zhídé, to be worthy of) 㿲䍿Ǆ ԆԜ䜭൘㿲䍿਽⭫Ǆ Ԇ઼࿫ᆀǃᆙᆀа䎧৫‫ޜ‬ഝ㿲䍿㣡ኅǄ

shìchá 㿶ሏ v. 3D

FƗQJXƗQ ৲㿲 v. 2A

to inspect (usu. by superiors) (㿶, to inspect; ሏ, to examine)

to visit and look around (any place of interest to learn sth. from it, but not natural scenery, e.g. ৲㿲哴ኡ sounds odd; usu. a short trip; with a wider range of usage) (reduplication: ABAB) (৲, to join; 㿲, to sight)

ṑ䮯Ӻཙ㾱ᶕ㿶ሏ, བྷᇦ䜭ᴹа⛩‫ݯ‬㍗ᕐ MӿQ]KƗQJWHQVH Ǆ ᐲ䮯 (mayor) 㿶ሏ䘉њ५䲒ԕਾˈ䈤䘉䟼 Ⲵᴽ࣑䶎ᑨྭǄ 㿶ሏ䗷५䲒ԕਾˈᐲ䮯䘈৫ҶаᡰѝᆖǄ ԆԜ᱘ཙ৲㿲ҶањᐕলǄ 䘉њᆖṑᖸᴹ਽ˈ㓿ᑨᴹӪᶕ৲㿲ᆖҐǄ ᶕ৲㿲ⲴӪᱟྣⲴǄ ԆӺཙ⋑ᴹ৫৲㿲ˈഐѪ䓛փнཚ㡂ᴽǄ ԆԜ᰾ཙ㾱৫ањབྷᆖ৲㿲Ǆ ֐ԜӺཙ䜭৫ଚ䟼৲㿲Ҷ˛ ᡁԜᜣ৲㿲৲㿲֐Ⲵ㤩᷌ഝˈਟԕੇ˛

JXƗQNjQ 㿲ⴻ v. 2C

ᡁԜ㿲ⴻҶ䛓ս਽⭫ᇦⲴ⭫ኅǄ ѝഭⲴབྷ䘎ᐲᒤᒤ䜭ᴹᴽ㻵㺘╄ ELӽR\ӽQ show)ˈ৫㿲ⴻⲴӪᖸཊǄ ൘ࣘ⢙ഝ䟼ˈнቁӪ൘㿲ⴻਟ⡡Ⲵ➺⥛ [LyQJPƗRSDQGD Ǆ ᶕ㿲ⴻ㺘╄ⲴӪ䜭䈤ᠿ╄ᗇྭᶱҶǄ

to view and observe (exhibition, performance, etc.)

guàng 䙋 v. 1B

to wander, to ramble (streets, ӺཙԆᑖ⵰ᆙᆀ䙋ҶаཙⲴ‫ޜ‬ഝǄ shops, etc.; ⑨ + 䙋: ⑨ኡ䙋≤, ᡁ䙋䎧୶ᓇᶕнਲ਼依䜭ਟԕǄ ь⑨㾯䙋) (reduplication: A(а)A) ᡁᢺ䛓њ୶ᓇ䙋Ҷа䙽ˈն⋑ҠӰѸǄ

FƗQMLƗ ৲࣐

49

֐ᱟањᆖ⭏ˈ㾱ཊᆖҐˈ࡛㘱ࠪ৫䰢䙋 (xiánguàng, to take a stroll)Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹᐕ֌ˈཙཙ൘ཆ䗩ь⑨㾯䙋ⲴǄ ֐ᴹオੇ˛ૡԜлॸ৫䙋䙋㺇ᘾѸṧ˛ лњᴸ᭮‫ˈٷ‬Ԇᜣࡠ༴৫䙋а䙋Ǆ Note: Most words in this group can also be used as nouns, such as ৲㿲/ 㿶ሏ/ 䇯䰞/ 㿲䍿, as in ԆԜ ӺཙⲴ৲㿲ᖸᴹ᭦㧧 VKǀXKXzIUXLWIXO

FƗQMLƗ ৲࣐ v.

to participate

FƗQ\ ৲о v. 3D

to play a part in, to have a hand in (activities, but not an organisation; involved deeper than ৲࣐; also written as ৲亴) (৲, to join; о, to attend)

а‫ޡ‬ᴹӄњӪ৲оҶ䘉亩ᐕ֌Ǆ ∄䎋䟽൘৲оˈ䗃䎒 VKǌ\tQJORVHZLQ ᒦн䟽㾱Ǆ н㾱䐏ᡁ䈤䘉њˈᡁнᜣ৲о֐Ԝѻ䰤Ⲵ哫 ✖һǄ 䘉ᱟᡁԜѻ䰤Ⲵһᛵˈ䈧֐н㾱৲о䘋ᶕǄ

cóngshì Ӿһ v. 3B

to be engaged in, to devote oneself to (a profession, task, etc.), to deal with (Ӿ, to participate; һ, affair)

ԆӾһ≹䈝ᮉᆖᐢ㓿ҼॱཊᒤҶǄ ྩ✝ᗳӾһ‫؍‬ᣔྷྣ‫ݯ‬ㄕⲴᐕ֌Ǆ Ӿһᮉ㛢ᐕ֌ཊᒤˈԆⲴ䈮ᖸਇᆖ⭏⅒䗾Ǆ 䘉Ԧһᖸ䟽㾱ˈ֐аᇊ㾱ሿᗳӾһǄ

jìnrù 䘋‫ ޕ‬v. 3B

to enter (referring to abstract or concrete items; 䘋৫ refers to concrete items only) (‫ޕ‬, to enter)

䏣⨳∄䎋䘋‫ޕ‬Ҷᴰਾ䱦⇥ MLƝGXjQODVW phase/ leg)Ǆ 䘉њൠᯩཆӪн㜭䲿‫ׯ‬䘋‫ޕ‬Ǆ ԆᱟӺᒤ᡽䘋‫ޕ‬䘉њབྷᆖᔰ࿻ᐕ֌ⲴǄ Ԇ㺘╄ ELӽR\ӽQWRDFW ᗇᖸྭˈᖸᘛቡ䘋‫ޕ‬ Ҷ䀂㢢 (juésè, role)Ǆ

tóurù ᣅ‫ ޕ‬v. 3B

to devote (referring to time, effort, ѪҶᆙᆀⲴᆖҐˈྩᣅ‫ޕ‬Ҷབྷ䟿Ⲵᰦ䰤Ǆ etc.), to put into (referring to 䛓њᯠᵪ൪књᴸᐢ㓿ᣅ‫⭘֯ޕ‬Ǆ investment, use, etc.) (ᣅ, to throw) ԆѪⴆ䘉њᇮ侶ˈᣅ‫ޕ‬Ҷᖸཊ䫡Ǆ

FƗQMLƗ ৲࣐ v. 2A

to participate, to attend (usu. group ԆԜ䜭ᶕ৲࣐ӺཙⲴᲊՊҶǄ activities), to join (with a wider Ԇ৲࣐Ҷ㤡䈝㘳䈅ˈᡀ㔙䘈н䭉Ǆ range of usage) (࣐, to add) ֐৲࣐བྷᆖⲴᆖ⭏Պ (student union) Ҷੇ˛ ᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭ᓄ䈕৲࣐䇘䇪 WӽROQGLVFXVVLRQ ˈ а䎧ᜣ࣎⌅Ǆ ᡁࡊ৲࣐ᐕ֌ˈᖸཊь㾯䘈䴰㾱ᆖҐǄ

MLƗU ࣐‫ ޕ‬v. 2C

to join, to become a member of (an organisation, etc.) (antonym: 䘰ࠪ)

ᡁ৫ᒤቡᐢ㓿࣐‫≹ޕ‬䈝ᮉᐸᆖՊ (association) ҶǄ ⅒䗾֐࣐‫ޕ‬ᡁԜⲴ䏣⨳䱏 (duì, team)Ǆ 䛓њ䏣⨳䱏ˈԆ࣐‫ޕ‬Ҷаᒤቡ䘰ࠪҶǄ

50

cèsu ৅ᡰ ྩ࣐‫ޕ‬䘉њ≹䈝ᮉᐸᆖՊⲴᰦ䰤н䮯Ǆ

FqVXԁ ৅ᡰ n.

toilet

ZqLVKƝQJMLƗQ ছ⭏䰤 n. lavatory (oft. with good facilities), 3 N/A bathroom

Ԇᇦᴹй䰤ᡯˈєњছ⭏䰤Ǆ 䘉䟼ᴹছ⭏䰤ੇ˛ ᡁᜣ৫алছ⭏䰤Ǆ

[ӿVKԁXMLƗQ ⍇᡻䰤 n. 3 N/A

ሩн䎧ˈᡁ৫ал⍇᡻䰤Ǆ Ԇ൘⍇᡻䰤䟼ⴻࡠҶ⦻㘱ᐸǄ 伎ᵪ൪䟼Ⲵ⍇᡻䰤∄䖳ᒢ߰Ǆ

FqVXԁ ৅ᡰ n. 2B

washroom, restroom (a euphemism; oft. referring to a public toilet with good facilities)

toilet

䛓䗩ᴹањ৅ᡰǄ 䘉ᱟ⭧৅ᡰˈྣ৅ᡰ൘䛓䗩Ǆ ֐⸕䚃৅ᡰ൘ଚ‫˛ੇݯ‬ Ԇк৅ᡰ৫ҶǄ Ԇ↓൘ᢃᢛ৅ᡰǄ

Note: ¾ 㤵ᡯ n. máofáng µORRROGXVDJHXVXUHIHUULQJWRDFRPPXQDODQGVLPSOHWRLOHWRXWVLGHUHVLGHQWV¶ KRXVHV ¶DVLQ Ԇᲊк䎧ᶕк㤵ᡯⲴᰦ‫ى‬, ⴻ㿱ሿ⦻ቻ䟼Ⲵ⚟䘈Ӟ⵰. ¾ Interestingly in Chinese people say л৘ᡯ (to work in the kitchen), but к৅ᡰ (to go to toilet).

FKjEXGXǀ ᐞнཊ adj. (see also ࠐѾ)

similar

E[LƗQJVKjQJ[Lj н⴨кл ph. about the same (⴨, each other) 3D

ԆԜⲴ≹䈝≤ᒣ VKXӿStQJlevel) н⴨клǄ ԕࡽྩⲴ㤡䈝∄ᡁྭˈ⧠൘ᡁԜⲴ㤡䈝≤ ᒣᐢ㓿н⴨клҶǄ Ԇ઼ሿ⦻∄Ҷњн⴨клǄ

jìnsì 䘁լ adj. 3D

approximate (usu. not used with a complement, e.g. 䘁լᶱҶ is odd; referring to things) (䘁, close; լ, similar)

䘉ᕐ⭫઼䛓ᕐ⭫ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬䘁լǄ ԆԜ‫ݴ‬ᕏ‫Ⲵؙ‬ਓ丣ᖸ䘁լǄ ֐⸕䚃ӰѸᱟ䘁լ٬ (zhí, value) ੇ˛ 䘉њ≹ᆇ઼䛓њ≹ᆇ䶎ᑨ䘁լǄ

lèisì ㊫լ adj. 3C

similar, analogous (of methods, 䘉єᵜҖ߉Ⲵᱟ㊫լⲴ᭵һ (gùshi, story)Ǆ categories, etc.) (usu. not used with Ԇ⭘Ⲵᯩ⌅ IƗQJIӽPHWKRG ઼ᡁⲴᴹӋ㊫լǄ a complement) (㊫, category) ᡁԜнᐼᵋ㊫լⲴһᛵ޽⅑ਁ⭏ IƗVKƝQJ to occur)Ǆ ㊫լ仈ᶀ (tícái, theme) Ⲵ⭥ᖡᖸཊˈԆ䜭н ཚௌ⅒ⴻǄ

FKjEXGXǀ ᐞнཊ [LƗQJGƗQJ ⴨ᖃ adj.* 3B

[LƗQJMuQ ⴨䘁 adj. 3 N/A

[LƗQJVu ⴨լ adj. 3B

[LƗQJ[LjQJ ⴨‫ ۿ‬adj. 2 N/A

matched (of quantity, quality, value, level, etc.) (ᖃ, equal)

close to

alike (of people, characteristics, things, etc.)

look alike (of appearance, etc.; usu. referring to concrete things, external characteristics in particular)

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䘉єњ⨝ⲴӪᮠབྷ㠤 (dàzhì, approximately) ⴨ᖃǄ ԆԜⲴ≹䈝≤ᒣ⴨ᖃˈ䜭䈤ᗇн䭉Ǆ Ԇⴻࡠєњᒤ喴⴨ᖃⲴᆙᆀ䎠䘋Ҷ୶ᓇǄ ԆԜⲴᒤ喴઼⡡ྭ䜭⴨䘁ˈ৸ᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ ֐Ⲵ䇑ࡂ઼ᡁⲴᐢ㓿∄䖳⴨䘁ˈᡁԜ޽䈸䈸 ቡਟԕᮢᇊ TLƗRGuQJWRGHFLGH ҶǄ 䘉њ仌㢢઼㓒㢢ᴹ⛩‫⴨ݯ‬䘁ˈቡ⭘䘉њ੗Ǆ ֐Ⲵᜣ⌅઼ᡁⲴᜣ⌅䶎ᑨ⴨լǄ ྩԜ㲭❦ᱟӢက࿩ˈն䮯⴨ ]KӽQJ[LjQJ looks) к⋑ᴹཊቁ⴨լⲴൠᯩǄ 䘉њൠᯩ઼䛓њൠᯩⲴཙ≄⴨լᶱҶǄ ԆԜєњ㘳䈅ধкഎㆄᗇॱ࠶⴨լǄ ྩ䐏ྸྸ䮯ᗇॱ࠶⴨‫ۿ‬Ǆ ሿ⥛Ⲵṧᆀ઼Ԇ൘➗⡷кⴻࡠⲴᖸ⴨‫ۿ‬Ǆ 䘉њ≹ᆇ઼䛓њ≹ᆇ⴨‫ۿ‬ᗇᖸǄ 䘉єњᆙᆀᴹӋ⴨‫ˈۿ‬ԆԜᱟаᇦӪੇ˛ 䘉йᕐ⭫‫ݯ‬ᴹнቁ⴨‫Ⲵۿ‬ൠᯩˈ֐䗷ᶕⴻⴻ ᡁ䈤ⲴሩнሩǄ

FKjEXGXǀ similar (not used with ᖸ/ ॱ࠶, ᐞнཊ adj.* etc.) (antonym: ᐞᗇཊ) 2-1 B (ᐞ, difference)

ྣ‫ݯ‬䐏ྸྸ䮯ᗇᐞнཊǄ Ԇ‫≹ؙ‬䈝㘳䈅Ⲵᡀ㔙ᐞнཊˈਟᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵᡀ㔙 তᐞᗇཊҶǄ

chàbulír ᐞн⿫‫ ݯ‬adj. close to, good enough (not used 1 N/A with ᖸ/ ॱ࠶, etc.)

ԆԜк䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤ᐞн⿫‫ˈݯ‬ᡰԕᑨᑨа䎧 ৫к䈮Ǆ ԆⲴ⭫‫⭫ݯ‬ᗇᐞн⿫‫ݯ‬ҶǄ Ԇ‫ڊ‬ᗇཚнྭҶˈᘾѸҏᗇᐞн⿫‫ݯ‬᡽㹼Ǆ 䶒ᶑ➞ᗇᐞн⿫‫ݯ‬ҶˈૡԜ߶༷ਲ਼依੗Ǆ

Note: * ⴨ᖃ DGYµYHU\¶, as in 䘉䜘⭥ᖡ⴨ᖃྭⴻ. * ᐞнཊ DGMµQHDUO\ILQLVKHGJRRGHQRXJK¶DVLQ 1) ԆⲴ࣏䈮‫ڊ‬ᗇᐞнཊҶ, ‫ڊ‬ᆼԕਾቡਟԕⴻ ⭥㿶Ҷ. 2) 㲭❦Ԇ⋑ᴹ䈤ӰѸ, ਟᱟᡁԜҏ㾱‫ڊ‬ᗇᐞнཊ᡽㹼. 3) ԆⲴҖ߉ᗇᐞнཊҶ, лњᴸ ቡਟԕ߉ᆼҶ. ¾ ᐞнཊ/ ᐞн⿫‫ ݯ‬cannot be negated by н/ ⋑, e.g. нᐞнཊ is incorrect. ¾ ㊫լ/ 䘁լ YµWRUHVHPEOH¶DVLQ ⎧≤༠㊫լ丣Ҁ, ੜ䎧ᶕᖸ㖾.

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chángji 䮯ѵ

FKiQJMLԃ 䮯ѵ adj.

long-standing

\ǀXMLԃ ᛐѵ adj. 3B

long, centuries-old, long-standing (of history, tradition, etc.) (ᛐ, remote in time or space; ѵ, for a long time)

FKiQJMLԃ 䮯ѵ adj. 2C

Ԇᐼᵋᴹањ䮯ѵⲴᐕ֌ǃ䮯ѵⲴႊါǄ long-standing, long while, for long 䘉⿽⭥㿶ᖸྭˈਟԕ⭘ᗇ䮯ѵаӋǄ (of the past, current or future events) ֐䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ᱟн㹼Ⲵˈ䮯ѵнҶǄ 䘉ѸཊᒤᶕˈԆԜаⴤ䮯ѵൠਸ֌⵰Ǆ Ԇտ൘䘉䟼ਚᱟᲲᰦⲴˈнᱟ䮯ѵⲴǄ 䘉ѸབྷⲴ䴘нՊл䮯ѵⲴǄ Ԇ൘䘉䟼ᒢн䮯ѵǄ

FKiQJ\XӽQ 䮯䘌 adj.* 2C

long-term, long-range (of current or future events)

䘉њഭᇦᴹ⵰ᛐѵⲴশਢ OuVKӿKLVWRU\ Ǆ ≹ᆇⲴশਢॱ࠶ᛐѵǄ ेӜབྷᆖᱟањশਢᛐѵⲴ਽⡼བྷᆖǄ 䘉ᵜҖ߉ⲴᱟᛐѵⲴ᮷ॆՐ㔏 FKXiQWԁQJ tradition)Ǆ

䘉ᱟањ䮯䘌Ⲵ䇑ࡂ (jìhuà, plan)Ǆ Ԇⴻᗇᖸ䮯䘌ˈ䘉ᖸྭǄ ᡁԜ䴰㾱䮯䘌ൠⴻ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙ㣡䘉Ѹཊ䫡ˈ䮯䘌нҶǄ Ԇྭ‫⋑ۿ‬ᴹӰѸ䮯䘌ᢃ㇇Ǆ

Note: ¾ The antonym of all the words in this group is ⸝Ჲ GXӽQ]jQ Ჲᰦ. * 䮯䘌 QµORQJ-WHUP¶DVLQ Ӿ䮯䘌ᶕⴻ, 䘉ᱟањᖸྭⲴ䇑ࡂ. ¾ ᤱѵ DGMFKtMLԃµODVWLQJIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 䘉⿽ᛵߥ (qíngkuàng, situation) нՊᤱѵ. ¾ ␡䘌 DGMVKƝQ\XӽQµIDU-UHDFKLQJIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ཌᲊⲴཙオⴻ䎧ᶕᱟ䛓ѸⲴ␡䘌 (literal sense). 2) 䘉ሩӪ㊫ᴹ⵰␡䘌 (figurative sense) Ⲵᖡ૽ \ӿQJ[LӽQJLQIOXHQFH ¾ ≨ѵ DGM\ԁQJMLԃµSHUPDQHQW¶DVLQ ⡦⇽ሩᡁⲴ⡡, ᡁሶ≨ѵൠ䇠൘ᗳ䟼. ¾ ѵ䘌 DGMµIDUEDFN¶DVLQ 䛓Ԧһᛵ⭡Ҿᒤԓѵ䘌, ⋑ᴹࠐњӪ㜭䇠ᗇ䎧ᶕҶ. ¾ 䮯ᵏ QFKiQJTƯ µRYHUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPH¶DVLQ Ԇ䮯ᵏ൘ഭཆᐕ֌, ᖸቁഎഭ. ¾ ≨䘌 DGY\ԁQJ\XӽQµIRUHYHU¶DVLQ ᡁԜ≨䘌ᱟྭᴻ৻.

chángcháng ᑨᑨ adv. (see also 㓿ᑨ/ а㡜) bùshí нᰦ adv. 3D

every now and then, at times (with intervals in between, and may not be regular)

often

Ԇⴻ≹䈝Җᰦˈᙫᱟнᰦൠ㘫ал䇽ިǄ ⡦Ӣੜ⵰ԆⲴ䈍ˈнᰦൠ⛩⛩ཤǄ Ӻཙཙ≄нཚྭˈнᰦл⛩‫ݯ‬ሿ䴘Ǆ Ԇа䗩䈤ˈа䗩нᰦൠⴻᡁǄ ྸྸнᰦൠࡠᆖṑᶕⴻԆˈ㔉Ԇ䘱ྭਲ਼ⲴǄ

chángcháng ᑨᑨ

⡦⇽䓛փнྭˈᡁᰦᰦᤲᘥ⵰ԆԜǄ Ԇॱ‫ޛ‬኱⿫ᇦ൘ཆൠᐕ֌ᰦˈᰦᰦ䜭൘ᜣ ᘥ⡦⇽Ǆ ᡁᆖҐнཚྭˈᰦᰦᙅ㘱ᐸਛᡁഎㆄ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇᰦᰦ࡫࡫ (every moment) 䜭൘ᜣᘥྣ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

shíshí ᰦᰦ adv. 3C

constantly (ᰦ hour, ᰦᰦ hour by hour)

shícháng ᰦᑨ adv. 3-2 C

every so often (but not as often as 㓿ᑨ/ ᑨᑨ; negative form: нᑨ; not н/ ᖸ + ᰦᑨ)

н⸕䚃ѪӰѸˈཙ≄亴ᣕᰦᑨн߶⺞ ]KԃQTXqDFFXUDWH Ǆ 䘉䟼ߜཙᰦᑨл䴚ˈ∄䖳ߧǄ Ԇᰦᑨ㔉ᡁਁ⭥ᆀ䛞Ԧ GLjQ]ӿ\yXMLjQ email; also Ժ࿩‫\ ݯ‬ƯPqLU>WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ@ Ǆ ⭥ᆀ䛞Ԧѝᰦᑨࠪ⧠ඳ൮ OƗMƯMXQN 䛞ԦǄ

WǀQJFKiQJ 䙊ᑨ adv. 3-2 C

generally, normally (not н䙊ᑨ; emphasising regularity, 䘉䟼Ⲵ୶ ᓇᑨᑨ‫ޣ‬䰘 is acceptable, but not 䘉䟼Ⲵ୶ᓇ䙊ᑨ‫ޣ‬䰘) (䙊, general )

ԆⲴ㺓ᴽ䙊ᑨ䜭ᱟԆཚཚ㔉ҠⲴˈᡰԕԆ 䘎㠚ᐡクཊབྷਧⲴ㺓ᴽ䜭䈤н␵ᾊǄ Ԇ䙊ᑨᰙᲘ‫⛩ޝ‬䎧ᒺˈ‫⛩ޛ‬৫к䈮Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵ୶ᓇ䙊ᑨлॸӄ⛩ቡ‫ޣ‬䰘ˈᡰԕн ཚᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ Ԇ䙊ᑨєᒤ৫а⅑㤡ഭǄ[not ᑨᑨˈbecause here 䙊ᑨ signifies regularity]

MƯQJFKiQJ 㓿ᑨ adv. 2A

often (emphasising regularity; н㓿ᑨ) (㓿, constant)

53

䘉њᆙᆀ䓛փнཚྭˈ㓿ᑨ⭏⯵Ǆ Ԇн㓿ᑨᢃᢛᡯ䰤ˈྸྸᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᭮‫Ⲵٷ‬ᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ㓿ᑨࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ Ԇ㓿ᑨഎᇦⴻᵋ⡦⇽Ǆ 䛓њ㓿ᑨᶕⴻҖⲴӪቡᱟԆⲴ࿩࿩Ǆ

ZӽQJZӽQJ ᖰᖰ adv. 2B

usually (referring to a usual pattern up until now, not for a future event; oft. with a clause providing background information; not нᖰᖰ) (ᖰ, previous)

аᴹ䏣⨳∄䎋ˈԆᖰᖰቡнᶕк䈮ҶǄ Ԇ䈤䈍Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᖰᖰ‫ݸ‬ㅁаㅁǄ 㘳䈅ѻࡽˈԆᖰᖰᆖҐࡠᖸᲊ᡽ⶑ㿹Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌аᘉˈᖰᖰቡн䇠ᗇਲ਼依ҶǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ㜭ᒢ⍫‫( ݯ‬gànhuór, to work)ˈն䇙Ԇ ൘བྷᇦ䶒ࡽ䇢ࠐਕ䈍ᖰᖰቡн㹼ҶǄ

chángcháng ᑨᑨ adv. 2-1 A

often (emphasising frequency rather ઘᵛԆᑨᑨ৫മҖ侶ⴻҖǄ than regularity; for a past, present ेӜⲴ⿻ཙᑨᑨ࡞བྷ仾Ǆ or future event) Ԇᖸᘉˈн㜭ᑨᑨ઼ᆙᆀа䎧ࠪ৫⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ എࡠѝഭਾˈᡁՊᑨᑨ㔉֐ਁ⭥ᆀ䛞ԦⲴǄ ൘䗷৫ⲴࠐᒤѝˈԆᑨᑨ৫ഭཆ᯵⑨Ǆ [not 䙊ᑨˈbecause here ᑨᑨ indicates frequency]

cháng ᑨ adv. 1A

often (most commonly used; oft. with monosyllabic words; a lighter word than ᑨᑨ; used to form other phrases, as in ഋᆓᑨ䶂, ᑨᶕᑨᖰ)

䘉ᱟԆᑨⴻⲴҖǄ Ԇᑨᶕᡁ䘉䟼⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇнᑨ㔉ᡁᢃ⭥䈍ˈഐѪ⭥䈍䍩ཚ䍥Ǆ ᡁᑨ㿱ࡠྩˈྩᇦቡտ൘ᡁᇦⲴሩ䶒Ǆ 䛓䟼ഋᆓᑨ䶂ˈᡰԕӪԜᑨ৫䛓䟼᯵⑨Ǆ

54

cháo(zhe) ᵍ(⵰)

Note: ᑨ/ 㓿ᑨ/ 䙊ᑨ adj., as in Ԇн৫к䈮ᱟ㓿ᑨⲴһ‫ݯ‬.

cháo(zhe) ᵍ(⵰)prep. (see also ሩ)

towards

yán(zhe) ⋯(⵰) prep. 3-2 B

along (with river, road, the edge of sth., with a defined boundary; ⋯ and ⋯⵰ are interchangeable, but ⋯ tends to be used with monosyllabic words; ⋯⵰ also refers to an abstract direction)

Ԇᔰ䖖৫᯵⑨ˈ⋯䐟৲㿲ҶࠐњൠᯩǄ ⋯⵰䘉ᶑབྷ䐟䎠ˈ֐ቡՊⴻࡠ䛞ተҶǄ ᡁԜ⇿ཙ⋯⵰ሿ⋣ᮓ↕ˈ仾Ჟ㖾ᶱҶǄ Ԇ⋯⵰䘉ᶑᙍ䐟 (VƯOa train of thought) ᜣл ৫ˈᴰਾ㓸ҾᜣࠪҶ䀓ߣ䰞仈Ⲵ࣎⌅Ǆ ࡛⋯⵰⋣䗩䎠ˈ䐟нྭ䎠Ǆ

cháo(zhe) ᵍ(⵰) prep. 2A

towards, in the direction of (ᵍ and ᵍ⵰ are interchangeable, except that the former tends to be used with monosyllabic words; ᵍ can be exchanged with ੁ; not used after a verb)

⚛䖖ㄉᵍь䎠ӄ࠶䫏ቡࡠҶǄ Ԇᵍ⭥ᖡ䲒䎠৫ˈ⭥ᖡ傜кቡ㾱ᔰ࿻ҶǄ Ԇⴻࡠᡁԕਾˈቡᵍᡁ䎠Ҷ䗷ᶕǄ Ԇᵍ⵰བྷᇦ䈤Ҷа༠޽㿱ˈቡ䎠ҶǄ ӰѸᰦ‫ى‬䜭㾱ᵍࡽⴻˈ䘉ṧ᡽㜭ᴹ䘋↕Ǆ ԆԜєњ᡻᣹⵰᡻ˈᵍ⵰⋣䗩䎠৫Ǆ Ԇᵍ⵰ᡁᤷⲴᯩੁаⴻˈ᷌❦ᱟԆⲴྣᴻ৻ ൘䛓䗩ㅹ⵰Ԇ઒Ǆ

xiàng(zhe) to, from (ੁ and ੁ⵰ are oft. ੁ(⵰) prep. interchangeable; ੁ + 2A monosyllabic words; ੁ can be used before or after a verb, ੁ⵰ only before a verb; ੁ referring to a concrete or abstract direction)

ԆлҶ䖖ˈቡੁ⵰⚛䖖ㄉᯩੁ䎠৫Ǆ ԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈᡁԜ䜭ᓄ䈕ੁԆᆖҐǄ 䘉ᶑ⋣ੁь⍱৫Ǆ ᆙᆀаⶑ䟂㿹ˈ・࡫䐁ੁྸྸǄ[not ᵍ] ਚᴹࣚ࣋᡽㜭䎠ੁᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJVXFFHVV)Ǆ [an abstract direction, not ᵍ] Ԇੜ㿱ᴹӪਛԆˈቡੁഋઘⴻҶⴻǄ

shun(zhe) along (with a specific route or 亪(⵰) prep. direction, but not necessarily a 2-1 B defined boundary; 亪 and 亪⵰ are interchangeable, except that the former tends to be used with monosyllabic words; 亪⵰ also referring to an abstract direction)

ᡁԜ඀⵰аᶑሿ㡩ˈ亪⍱㘼лǄ ᡁ亪⵰ԆᤷⲴᯩੁⴻ䗷৫ˈቡⴻࡠҶ䬦㹼Ǆ Ԇ亪⵰ሿ䐟кҶኡǄ Ԇ↓൘⍇ཤˈ≤亪⵰ԆⲴཤਁ⍱лᶕǄ ૡԜ亪⵰䘉њ䈍仈 (huàtí, the topic of conversation) 䇢л৫ˈྭੇ˛ ֐亪⵰䘉ᶑ䐟ᖰࡽ䎠ˈབྷ㓖Ҽॱ࠶䫏ᐖਣቡ ਟԕⴻࡠ䛓њമҖ侶ҶǄ

ZӽQJ ᖰ prep. 2-1 A

䘉䖶䖖ᱟᔰᖰཙᆹ䰘ⲴǄ ᖰь䎠ӄ࠶䫏ˈቡࡠᆖṑҶǄ аⴻࡠԆᖰᡁᇦ䎠ᶕˈᡁ傜к৫ᔰ䰘Ǆ 䘉䏏ࡇ䖖Ӻᲊ‫⛩ޛ‬ᔰᖰк⎧Ǆ ࡛ᖰлⴻˈᖰࡽⴻǄ

to, in the direction of (used before or after a verb; ᖰ + direction/ location, but not ᖰ + person; ᖰ oft. refers to a concrete direction)

chéng ᡀ

55

䘉ᷦ伎ᵪ伎ᖰेӜˈ㾱伎ॱࠐњሿᰦǄ ሩн䎧ˈᡁᖰे䎠ˈ䐏֐н਼䐟ˈ֐䘈ᱟ ᩝ GƗWRtravel by) ࡛ӪⲴ䖖੗Ǆ Ԇ↓ᔰ䖖ᖰᇦ䎠઒Ǆ Note: ¾ ᵍ/ ᖰ/ 亪/ ੁ v., as in 1) ᡯᆀᵍь (to face east). 2) ⊭䖖ᖰь, ⚛䖖ᖰ㾯. 3) ᡁнᜣ亪⵰ (to obey) Ԇ. 4) 䘉䟼ੁ䱣 (to face the sun), ᖸ᳆઼. ¾ ⋯⵰/ ᵍ⵰/ 亪⵰/ ੁ⵰ can also refer to an action in progress, because of ⵰ (a marker for progressive tense).

chéng ᡀ mw. chéng ᡀ mw. 2C

one tenth one tenth, one out of ten (usu. number + ᡀ; ࠐᡀ µVRPHZKDW¶

Ӻᒤ㤩᷌Ⲵӗ䟿 FKӽQOLjQJWKHTXDQWLW\RI output) ໎࣐Ҷаᡀ (10%)Ǆ 䘉њ㔃ႊᡂᤷ (jièzhi, ring) ᱟҍᡀ䠁 MƯQ 90% gold) ⲴǄ 䘉њ‫ޜ‬ਨⲴ㛑ԭ JԃIqQVKDUHV ԆањӪቡ ঐ (zhàn, to own) Ҷ‫ޝ‬ᡀǄ Ӻᒤ≄‫ى‬нྭˈᡰԕ俉㭹Ⲵӗ䟿䱽վ MLjQJGƯWRGHFUHDVH ҶࠐᡀǄ

«IƝQ]KƯ« fraction (the way that a fraction is «࠶ѻ« ph. read; denominator + ࠶ѻ + 2A numerator, e.g. Ⲯ࠶ѻॱ = 10%, ӄ࠶ѻഋ = 4/5)

Ԇᢺй࠶ѻаⲴ䫡⭘ᶕҠҖǄ ᡁԜ⨝䟼й࠶ѻаᱟ⭧ᆖ⭏Ǆ Ӫ≁ᐱӺᒤॷ٬ VKƝQJ]KtWRLQFUHDVHLQ value) ҶⲮ࠶ѻгǄ Ԇ䈤ᡯԧ (property price) 䱽 (to fall) ҶⲮ࠶ѻҼ ॱˈ⧠൘ᓄ䈕ᱟҠᡯⲴྭᰦ‫ى‬Ǆ

IƝn ࠶ mw. 1 N/A

one tenth, one out of ten (usu. number + ࠶; ࠐ࠶ µVRPHZKDW¶

ᲊ依н㾱ਲ਼ᗇཚ価 EӽRIXOO ˈ‫࠶ޛ‬価ቡ㹼ҶǄ ༿ཙᡁௌ⅒ク‫࠶ޛ‬㼔* (80% of normal trouser length)ˈ߹ᘛаӋǄ Ԇࡊ்Ҷаᶟ䞂ˈቡᐢ㓿ᴹࠐ࠶䞹᜿ (signs of getting drunk) ҶǄ

zhé ᣈ mw. 1D

one tenth, one out of ten (ᢃᣈ, µWRGLVFRXQW¶DFRQWUDVWEHWZHHQ Chinese and English, e.g. ᢃҍᣈ = 10% off, the Chinese highlights the amount one pays, the English WKHDPRXQWRQHGRHVQ¶WSD\

䈧䰞ˈ䘉ৼ䶻ᢃнᢃᣈ˛ 䘉Ԧ㺓ᴽᢃ‫ޛ‬ᣈ (20% off)Ǆ 䛓ᶑᢃഋᣈ (60% off) Ⲵ㼉ᆀᘾѸṧ˛ Ԇቡௌ⅒ҠᢃᣈⲴь㾯Ǆ 㹼ˈቡ㔉֐ᢃሩᣈ (50% off) ੗Ǆ 䘉ৼ䶻৏ԧ 100 ‫ˈݳ‬ᢃгӄᣈ (25% off) ԕ ਾ᡽ 75 ‫֐ˈݳ‬ቡҠаৼ੗Ǆ

Note: * In addition to ‫࠶ޛ‬㼔, there are also ‫࠶ޝ‬㼔 (60% of normal trouser length), г࠶㼔 (70% of normal trouser length), ҍ࠶㼔 (90% of normal trouser length).

56

chéngjì ᡀ㔙

chéngjì ᡀ㔙 n.

results

chéngjiù ᡀቡ n. 3B

accomplishment (referring to major achievement in science, social UHIRUPRQH¶VOLIHFDUHHUHWF complimentary) (ᡀ, to succeed; ቡ, to accomplish)

䘉ࠐᒤˈѝഭⲴ㓿⍾ਁኅ MƯQJMuIƗ]KӽQ economic development) ਆᗇ TԃGpWRJDLQ ҶᐘབྷⲴᡀቡǄ 䘉ᵜҖԓ㺘 GjLELӽRWRUHSUHVHQW ⵰䘁ॱᒤ ᶕ᮷ᆖ (wénxué, literature) кⲴ䟽བྷᡀቡǄ ᡁԜབྷᆖᡰਆᗇⲴᡀቡᱟ઼བྷᇦⲴࣚ࣋࠶н ᔰⲴǄ

chéngxiào ᡀ᭸ n. 3D

effect, outcome (usu. referring to a good result as expected) (᭸, effect)

ᇎ傼 (shíyàn, experiment) ࡊࡊᔰ࿻ˈᴹ⋑ᴹ ᡀ᭸䘈㾱ㅹаㅹ᡽⸕䚃Ǆ ⭘Ҷ䘉њᯩ⌅ԕਾˈᡀ᭸ᖸᱮ㪇 [LӽQ]K prominent)Ǆ

JǀQJMì ࣏㔙 n. 3D

outstanding contribution (to a country, society, etc.; a stronger word than ࣏ࣣ) (࣏, success; 㔙, achievement)

ѪҶ㓚ᘥԆⲴ࣏㔙ˈӪԜ൘䘉䟼ㄆ (shù, to erect) 䎧Ҷањ⸣⻁ VKtEƝLa stele/ stela with carved inscription)Ǆ Ԇ൘ѝഭশਢкⲴ࣏㔙ᱟབྷᇦ䜭⸕䚃ⲴǄ 、ᆖᇦ NƝ[XpMLƗVFLHQWLVW Ⲵ࣏㔙ᱟнਟ⼘ ⚝ (mómiè, indelible)ⲴǄ 䘉ᱟ䘉ս、ᆖᇦⲴՏབྷ࣏㔙ѻаǄ

JǀQJ[LjR ࣏᭸ n. 3D

VKǀX[LjR ᭦᭸ n. 3 N/A FKpQJJXԁ ᡀ᷌ n. 2B

chéngjì ᡀ㔙 n. 2A

efficacy, effect (usu. of a product, etc.)

results received

positive result (of work, career, etc., through hard work; with a complimentary connotation; number + 亩 xiàng mw. + ᡀ᷌; oft. ਆᗇ + ᡀ᷌) (᷌, fruit)

results, achievement (of work, study, etc.)

࣏᭸ྭнྭˈ䴰㾱єйཙԕਾ᡽㜭⸕䚃Ǆ ५⭏䈤䘉⿽㦟Ⲵ࣏᭸䘈н䭉Ǆ 䘉⿽ᵪಘ MƯTuPDFKLQH Ⲵ࣏᭸∄䛓⿽བྷཊҶǄ ⭥㝁࣏᭸Ⲵབྷሿ㾱ⴻ֐ՊнՊ⭘ǃᘾѸ⭘Ǆ ⋫ (zhì, to treat) ਁ✗ˈ䘉⿽㦟࣏᭸н䭉Ǆ 䘉⿽㦟ᡁਲ਼Ҷйཙˈ᭦᭸нབྷǄ ᯠᶕⲴ㘱ᐸᖸՊᮉ䈮ˈᆖ⭏䘋↕ᖸᘛˈ䘉а ᭦᭸䇙བྷᇦ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ԆⲴᐕ֌ਆᗇҶਟௌⲴᡀ᷌Ǆ ԆӺᒤᴹӄ亩⹄ウ \iQMLǌUHVHDUFK ᡀ᷌Ǆ ԆⲴ㣡ഝ⧠൘┲ӞཊҶˈ䘉ᱟԆⲴࣣࣘ (láodòng, labour) ᡀ᷌Ǆ ֐Ԝ㣡Ҷ䘉Ѹ䮯ᰦ䰤ˈᘾѸ⋑ⴻ㿱ᴹཊབྷᡀ ᷌୺ʽ Ԇᖸࣚ࣋ˈᐕ֌ᡀ㔙ҏᖸྭǄ 䘉⅑㘳䈅ԆⲴ≹䈝ᡀ㔙∄к⅑ᐞа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭ѪԆਆᗇⲴྭᡀ㔙ᝏࡠ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ԆⲴᡀ㔙অ FKpQJMƯGƗQWranscripts) ᶕҶˈ ྸྸⴻҶԕਾнཚ儈‫ྩˈޤ‬䈤ᓄ䈕㘳ᗇ޽ ྭаӋǄ

chéngshí 䈊ᇎ

57

JǀQJOiR ࣏ࣣ n. 2C

䘉⅑ᡁԜ䎒Ҷ䏣⨳䎋ˈԆⲴ࣏ࣣᴰབྷǄ ྸྸ➗亮ᡁԜаᇦӪˈᴰᴹ࣏ࣣǄ ԆѪ֐‫ڊ‬Ҷ䘉Ѹཊһᛵˈ⋑ᴹ࣏ࣣҏᴹ㤖ࣣ NԃOiRFUHGLWIRUZRUNLQJVRKDUG ୺ (He has done so much for you, and even if the outcome was not wonderful, you should acknowledge his great effort)Ǆ

contribution (but not as significant as ࣏㔙) (ࣣ, work)

KzXJXԁ ਾ᷌ n. 2C

consequence (referring to an undesirable result; oft. 䙐ᡀ + ਾ᷌)

䘉Ѹ‫ڊ‬Պӗ⭏ӰѸṧⲴਾ᷌ˈ֐ᜣ䗷Ҷੇ˛ 䞂ਾᔰ䖖Ⲵਾ᷌ᱟᖸਟᙅⲴǄ ֐ྲ᷌аᇊ㾱䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬䛓Ѹа࠷ਾ᷌⭡֐㠚 ᐡ䍏䍓 (fùzé, to take the responsibility)Ǆ нࣚ࣋ᆖҐ䙐ᡀҶԆ⋑㘳кབྷᆖⲴਾ᷌Ǆ ᡁ䈤䗷ਾ᷌㠚䍏Ⲵˈ⧠൘ࠪҶһ‫ݯ‬ቡ࡛ᶕ᢮ ᡁҶǄ

MLpJXԁ 㔃᷌ n. 2C

result (positive or negative; with a wider range of usage than ਾ᷌/ ᡀ᷌; oft. ᴹ/ ⋑ᴹ + 㔃᷌) (㔃, to produce)

㘳䈅Ⲵ㔃᷌᰾ཙ᡽㜭⸕䚃Ǆ ⴻࡠ䏣⨳∄䎋Ⲵ㔃᷌ԕਾˈᡁԜ儈‫ޤ‬ᶱҶǄ ྩࡊӾ५䲒എᶕˈỰḕ MLӽQFKiFKHFN-up) Ⲵ 㔃᷌нཚྭǄ ५䲒ᶕ⭥䈍ҶˈԆⲴỰḕᴹ㔃᷌ҶǄ ԆԜⲴᇎ傼䘈⋑ᴹӰѸ㔃᷌Ǆ

VKǀXKXz ᭦㧧 n.* 2B

harvest, gains (also used figuratively, e.g. outcome of a business trip) (㧧, to obtain)

Ԇ൘བྷᆖ䟼ⲴᆖҐ᭦㧧ᖸབྷǄ Ԇ᱘ཙ৫䈸⭏᜿ˈն⋑ᴹӰѸ᭦㧧Ǆ Ӻཙ৫୶ᓇ᭦㧧нሿˈҠҶᖸཊь㾯Ǆ

[LjRJXԁ ᭸᷌ n. 2B

effect (referring to a good or undesirable result; oft. indicating effects perceived by people; with a wider range of usage than ࣏᭸; oft. ӗ⭏/ ᭦ࡠ + ᭸᷌)

ྲ᷌ᆖҐᙫᱟ᭦нࡠ᭸᷌ˈ䛓֐ቡ㾱ⴻⴻᱟ нᱟᓄ䈕ᦒਖཆа⿽ᆖҐᯩ⌅ IƗQJIӽ method) ҶǄ ԆᖃҶҼॱᒤⲴ㘱ᐸҶˈᮉᆖ᭸᷌аⴤн䭉Ǆ 䘉⿽߿㛕 MLӽQIpLWRGLHW 㦟ӗ⭏䗷н㢟 (liáng, good) Ⲵ᭸᷌, Ԇ⧠൘ᐢ㓿нਲ਼ҶǄ

Note: *᭦㧧 YµWRKDUYHVW¶as in ԆԜ↓൘᭦㧧㤩᷌.

chéngshí 䈊ᇎ adj. FKpQJ[ƯQFKpQJ\u 䈊ᗳ䈊᜿ ph. earnest and sincere (䈊, sincere; 3D ᗳ, heart; ᜿, intention)

truthful Ԇሩ֐ᱟ䈊ᗳ䈊᜿ⲴǄ 䈊ᗳ䈊᜿ⲴӪᙫᱟՊᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJ successful) ⲴǄ ᡁ䈊ᗳ䈊᜿ൠ䈧֐Ԝᶕᡁᇦ‫ڊ‬ᇒǄ ֐䘉䗩䈊ᗳ䈊᜿ˈԆ䛓䗩ਟнаᇊǄ

58

chéngshí 䈊ᇎ

chéngzhì 䈊᥊ adj. 3D

cordial (wholehearted; usu. of attitude, feeling, atmosphere; used in a formal context, e.g. an official or diplomatic function) (᥊, earnest)

Պ䈸Ⲵ≄≋ TuIƝQDWPRVSKHUH 䈊᥊㘼৻ྭǄ Ԇሩབྷᇦ㺘⽪Ҷ䈊᥊Ⲵ䉒᜿Ǆ Ԇ䈊᥊ൠੁ਴սᶕᇮ EƯQJXHVW 㺘⽪⅒䗾Ǆ 䈊᥊Ⲵ≄≋֯ৼᯩ䜭ᝏࡠᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇሩ㠚ᐡⲴ⾆ഭᴹ⵰䈊᥊Ⲵ⡡Ǆ

]KǀQJFKpQJ ᘐ䈊 adj. 3C

faithful and truthful (towards country, people, cause, leader, friend, career, etc., with selflessness) (ᘐ, loyal)

ᡈ༛ (zhànshì, soldier) Ԝሩഭᇦ઼Ӫ≁ᖸᘐ䈊Ǆ ሿ⦻ཊᒤᶕаⴤᘐ䈊ൠ⡡⵰䛓њྣӪǄ Ԇሩ㠚ᐡⲴһъ (shìyè, career) нཚᘐ䈊Ǆ Ԇᘐ䈊㘱ᇎ (see 㘱ᇎ below)ˈሩᴻ৻аᗳ а᜿ (heart and soul, undivided attention)Ǆ

]KǀQJ]KƝQ ᘐ䍎 adj. 3D

loyal and steadfast, faithful (of love, ideology, etc.) (䍎, faithful)

NČQTLq ᚣ࠷ adj. 3-2 D

sincere (of attitude, feeling, etc.) (ᚣ, sincere; ࠷, to be sure to)

]KƝQFKpQJ ⵏ䈊 adj. 3-2 D

genuine and sincere (of feeling, attitude, expression, action, etc.) (antonym: 㲊՚ [ǌZČL ⵏ, true)

FKpQJNČQ 䈊ᚣ adj. 2B

ԆሩӪᙫᱟ䶎ᑨ䈊ᚣˈᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ honest and sincere (usu. of attitude) Ԇ䇔䭉Ⲵᘱᓖ (tàidu, attitude) н䈊ᚣˈᡁԜ (reduplication: AABB) н㜭৏䈵ԆǄ ⦻㘱ᐸ䈊ᚣൠ䈧਼ᆖཊᨀ᜿㿱 (yìjian, opinion)Ǆ ԆѪӪ䈊䈊ᚣᚣˈ㓿ᑨᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ

chéngshí 䈊ᇎ adj. 2B

truthful DOZD\VNHHSLQJRQH¶V word; usu. referring to RQH¶V character, behaviour, language etc.) (ᇎ, solid)

]KǀQJVKt ᘐᇎ adj. 2C

loyal, faithful (of attitude, character, etc.)

ԆԜ䛓ᘐ䍎Ⲵ⡡ᛵԔӪᝏࣘǄ ྩᘐ䍎нቸ Tǌ\LHOGLQJ ˈᴰਾ㻛ᵰᇣ VKƗKjL to kill) ҶǄ Ԇᘐ䍎⡡ഭˈਇӪᮜ䟽Ǆ ሩᴻ৻Ԇⵏ䈊ǃᘐ䍎ˈᱟањྭӪǄ ԆⲴ䈍ᖸᚣ࠷ˈབྷᇦੜҶ䜭ॱ࠶ᝏࣘǄ ྩ⭘ᚣ࠷Ⲵⴞ‫ ݹ‬PJXƗQJVLJKW ⴻ⵰ᡁˈ ᡁнᗇнㆄᓄྩǄ ᡁᚣ࠷ൠᐼᵋ㜭ᗇࡠᛘⲴᑞࣙǄ Ԇሩᴻ৻Ӿᶕ䜭ᱟⵏ䈊Ⲵˈа⛩‫ݯ‬н㲊՚Ǆ ѪᡁԜⲴⵏ䈊ਸ֌ (hézuò, cooperation) ᒢᶟʽ ྸྸ㻛ԆԜⵏ䈊Ⲵ⡡ᛵᝏࣘҶˈ㓸Ҿ਼᜿ҶԆԜ ⲴႊһǄ Ԇⵏ䈊ൠੁᡁԜ㺘⽪⾍䍪 (zhùhè, congratulations)Ǆ

Ԇᱟањ䈊ᇎⲴӪǄ ԆᖵӪᖸ䈊ᇎˈӾн䈤‫ ٷ‬MLӽIDOVH 䈍Ǆ 䘉њӪᴹᰦнཚ䈊ᇎǄ ᡁᙫᱟ䈊ᇎൠ‫ڊ‬Ӫˈ䘉ṧᗳ䟼᡽㡂ᴽǄ ᡁӔᴻ৻ˈ俆‫ݸ‬㾱ⴻሩᯩ䈊ᇎн䈊ᇎǄ Ԇᴹа䈤аˈᴹҼ䈤Ҽˈ䈊ᇎᗇਟ⡡Ǆ ⭥ᖡ᰾ᱏ䜭ᴹᖸཊᘐᇎⲴ㿲Շ JXƗQ]KzQJ audience)Ǆ ԆѪӪᘐᇎˈབྷᇦ䜭ᖸؑԫ (xìnrèn, to trust) ԆǄ

FKǀQJIqQ ‫࠶ݵ‬

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࡛޽ᖃԆⲴᘐᇎ䎠⤇ (flunkey) Ҷˈ֐Ԝ‫ڊ‬ ⲴൿһཚཊҶǄ 䘉ᵜҖᘐᇎൠ䇠ᖅҶԆⲴа⭏Ǆ shízài ᇎ൘ adj.* 2-1 B

honest, dependable (reduplication: AABB)

OӽRshi 㘱ᇎ adj.* 1B

honest, frank, well behaved (of a person or animal) (reduplication: AABB)

Ԇ䘉њӪᗳ⵬‫ ݯ‬RQH¶s intention; conscience) ᖸᇎ൘Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌⢩࡛ᇎ൘ (shízai, hard working)ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬ҏ н傜㱾Ǆ ሿ⦻ᱟањᇎ൘ⲴӪǄ Ԇᇎᇎ൘൘Ⲵˈབྷᇦ䜭ᝯ᜿઼ԆӔᴻ৻Ǆ ᖃ㘱ᇎӪˈ䈤㘱ᇎ䈍ˈ࣎㘱ᇎһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ аᴹᇒӪˈ䘉ࠐњᆙᆀቡ⢩࡛㘱ᇎǄ ᡁ㘱ᇎ੺䇹֐ˈᡁн⡡֐ˈ䈧ԕਾн㾱޽㔉 ᡁᢃ⭥䈍ҶǄ 䛓ਚ⤇ᖸ㘱ᇎˈ⢩࡛ੜ䈍Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒㘱㘱ᇎᇎⲴӪǄ

Note: * ᇎ൘ DGYµLQGHHG¶DVLQ ᡁཚ㍟Ҷ, ᇎ൘нᜣⴻҖҶ. * 㘱ᇎ DGMµHDVLO\WDNHQLQ¶DVLQ ֐ҏཚ㘱ᇎҶ, Ԇ䈤ӰѸ֐ቡ‫ڊ‬ӰѸ.

FKǀQJIqQ ‫ ࠶ݵ‬adj. (see also 価┑/ ཊĸ/ Ѡᇼ)

sufficient

FKǀQJSqL ‫ ⋋ݵ‬adj. 3D

plentiful (of spirit, feelings, etc., also of natural things including rain, sun, etc.), energetic (of a person) (‫ݵ‬, full; ⋋, abundant)

Ӻᒤ䴘≤‫ˈ⋋ݵ‬㣡ᔰᗇ⢩࡛┲ӞǄ Ԇҍॱ኱Ҷˈն㋮࣋ MƯQJOuHQHUJ\ 䘈ᱟᖸ ‫⋋ݵ‬Ǆ Ԇཙཙ䭫⛬䓛փˈᡰԕᴹ‫Ⲵ⋋ݵ‬㋮࣋ᐕ֌઼ᆖ ҐǄ

FKǀQJVKt ‫ݵ‬ᇎ adj.* 3C

substantial, fulfilled (referring to spirit, life, content, knowledge, etc.) (ᇎ, solid)

Ԇ㲭❦䫡нཊˈն⭏⍫ᗇᖸ‫ݵ‬ᇎǄ 䘉ᱟаᵜ޵ᇩ (nèiróng, content) ‫ݵ‬ᇎⲴҖǄ 㲭❦ᴹᖸཊ䫡ˈնᱟԆᙫᱟ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡⲴ⭏⍫ ᒦн‫ݵ‬ᇎǄ Ԇௌ⅒ⴻҖˈ൘ᆖҐѝнᯝ‫ݵ‬ᇎ㠚ᐡǄ

FKǀQJIqQ ‫ ࠶ݵ‬adj. 2B

sufficient, enough (usu. of abstract items, including confidence, persuasion, democracy) (࠶, a component of sth.)

лᱏᵏᴹ䟽㾱Ⲵ㘳䈅ˈᡁ߶༷ᗇ∄䖳‫࠶ݵ‬Ǆ ֐Ⲵ⨶⭡н‫ˈ࠶ݵ‬ᡁн㜭਼᜿ (tóngyì, to agree)Ǆ Ԇ⧠൘ᴰ䴰㾱Ⲵᱟ‫Ⲵ࠶ݵ‬Ձ᚟Ǆ ֐䓛փаⴤнྭˈᓄ䈕‫࠶ݵ‬ൠՁ᚟алǄ ԆԜ᤯ࠪҶ‫Ⲵ࠶ݵ‬䇱ᦞ (zhèngjù, evidence)Ǆ ⋑ᴹ‫ ⭡⨶Ⲵ࠶ݵ‬Oӿ\yXUHDVRQ ˈԆнՊ䘉Ѹ ‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ

60 FKǀQJ]~ ‫ݵ‬䏣 adj. 2B

zú 䏣 adj. 2C

FKǌMt ࡍ㓗 abundant, adequate (emphasising large quantity in resources, time, etc.; referring to concrete or abstract items) (䏣, ample)

䘉䟼Ⲵ䱣‫\ ݹ‬iQJJXƗQJVXQOLJKW ᖸ‫ݵ‬䏣Ǆ ֐䘉ṧ‫⋑ڊ‬ᴹ‫ݵ‬䏣Ⲵ⨶⭡Ǆ ྩⲴྦ≤‫ݵ‬䏣, ᆙᆀ㜭ਲ਼価Ǆ Ӻᒤ䴘≤‫ݵ‬䏣Ǆ

enough (usu. used as a predicate), as much as (reduplication: AA)

Ӻཙ䱣‫ݹ‬ᖸ䏣ˈ㺓ᴽᖸᘛቡՊᒢⲴǄ Ԇ䘉⅑㘳䈅㘳ᗇнཚྭˈਟ㜭ᱟ߶༷ᗇн䏣Ǆ ԆԜⲴ䇱ᦞн䏣Ǆ ᱘ᲊᶕⲴӪⵏཊˈ䏣䏣ᴹаⲮཊњӪǄ

zúgòu 䏣ཏ adj. 2 N/A

ࠪ৫᯵㹼ˈаᇊ㾱ᑖ䏣ཏⲴ䫡Ǆ adequate, enough (usu. 䏣ཏ + Ⲵ ֐Ựḕал⊭䖖䟼ᱟнᱟᴹ䏣ཏⲴ⋩ˈн + noun; also a predicate) ❦ॺ䐟⋑ᴹ⋩ቡ哫✖ҶǄ ࡛ᣵᗳˈԆᴹ䏣ཏⲴ㓿傼‫ྭڊ‬䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ ࡛޽㔉ᡁ࣐依Ҷˈ䘉Ӌ䏣ཏҶǄ

gòu ཏ adj.* 1A

enough (can be a predicate alone; oft. ཏ + verb, verb + ཏ, less often used with a noun)

ᶕҶ䘉ѸཊӪˈ߶༷Ⲵ依㨌ਟ㜭нཏਲ਼Ǆ 500 ඇ䫡ᓄ䈕ཏҠ৫ेӜⲴ⚛䖖⾘ҶǄ ཏҶʽ֐䘉Ѹ⋑⽬䊼ˈ䈧֐ࠪ৫ʽ Ӻཙབྷᇦਟаᇊ㾱்њ (mw.) ཏǃਲ਼њཏǄ ֐䴰㾱ཊቁᰦ䰤ˈ㔉֐єњሿᰦˈཏнཏ˛

Note: * ‫ݵ‬ᇎ YµWRHQULFK¶DVLQ 䘉Ӌབྷᆖ∅ъ⭏㾱৫‫ݵ‬ᇎߌᶁሿᆖᮉᐸ䱏Խ (duìwu, team). 2) ᡁ㓿ᑨ ⴻҖ, ‫ݵ‬ᇎ‫ݵ‬ᇎ㠚ᐡ. * ཏ YµWRUHDFK¶DVLQ ྩᖸ㚚᰾, кབྷᆖⲴᰦ‫ى‬, 䘈нཏॱг኱.

FKǌMt ࡍ㓗 adj.

elementary

GƯOLq վ࣓ adj. 3D

inferior (of quality, capability, etc.), 䘉ৼ䶻䍘䟿 (zhìliàng, quality) վ࣓ˈࠐњᴸቡ low-grade (of character, etc.) クൿҶǄ (վ, low; ࣓, inferior) 䘉Ѹվ࣓ⲴҖˈҖᓇⵏнᓄ䈕আǄ ԆӪ૱ UpQSӿQFKDUDFWHU վ࣓ˈᡁнௌ⅒ԆǄ

GƯ[Lj վл adj. 3D

below average (of living standards, economy, status, etc.), vulgar (of character, taste, etc.) (antonym: 儈ቊ shàng)

䘉䟼Ⲵ⭏⍫≤ᒣվлˈᖸཊӪ⋑ᴹᐕ֌Ǆ ԕࡽԆⲴ⽮Պൠս (shèhuì dìwèi, social status) ᖸվлˈնᱟԆࣚ࣋ᐕ֌ˈᴰਾ㓸ҾᖃкҶ ᙫ㓿⨶ ]ԁQJMƯQJOӿJHQHUDOPDQDJHU Ǆ ԆⲴӪṬ (réngé, moral integrity) 䶎ᑨվлˈ ֐н㜭䐏ԆӔᴻ৻Ǆ Ԇ㲭❦ൠսվлˈਟ૱Ṭ (SӿQJpFKDUDFWHUDQG morals) 儈ቊǄ

FKǌMt ࡍ㓗 FKǌ ࡍ adj. 2B

at the beginning of, first

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Ԇкᴸࡍ৫俉⑟᯵⑨ҶǄ ࡍ᱕ᱟԆᴰௌ⅒Ⲵᰦ㢲ˈнཚߧҏнཚ✝Ǆ ԆᘈнҶ㠚ᐡⲴࡍᙻ FKǌOLjQILUVWORYH Ǆ ᡁࡍ⅑઼Ԇ㿱䶒ᰦˈԆ䘈ᱟањᆙᆀ઒Ǆ

FKǌE ࡍ↕ adj. 2B

rudimentary, preliminary, initial (of plan, opinion, result, etc.; oft. ࡍ↕ + verb*, e.g. ਼᜿/ 䀓ߣ˅(↕, step)

㾱᭮‫ٷ‬ҶˈԆⲴࡍ↕䇑ࡂᱟࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ 䘉ᱟањࡍ↕ᯩṸ IƗQJ¶jQSODQ ˈ֐ⴻⴻ ᘾѸṧǄ Ԇࡍ↕਼᜿ (tóngyì, to agree) ৫ҶǄ 䰞仈൘Պкࡍ↕䀓ߣ MLČMXpWRUHVROYH ҶǄ ᡁԜⲴᮉ㛢᭩䶙 JӽLJpUHIRUP ᐢ㓿ਆᗇ ࡍ↕Ⲵᡀ᷌ FKpQJJXԁ result)Ǆ

FKǌGČQJ ࡍㅹ adj. 2 N/A

primary, elementary (of education, level, etc.) (antonym: 儈ㅹ) (ㅹ, grade, rank)

ሿᆖᱟࡍㅹᮉ㛢 (jiàoyù, education)ˈѝᆖᱟ ѝㅹᮉ㛢ˈབྷᆖᱟ儈ㅹᮉ㛢Ǆ Ԇਚᆖ䗷ࡍㅹᮠᆖˈ⋑ᴹᆖ䗷儈ㅹᮠᆖǄ ԆⲴ⌅䈝≤ᒣ VKXӿpíng, level)ˈ⧠൘ਚ㜭㇇ᱟࡍ ㅹˈ޽䗷ࠐᒤՊᨀ儈аӋǄ

FKǌMt ࡍ㓗 adj. 2B

elementaryEHJLQQHU¶VRIVFKRRO textbook, etc.) (antonym: 儈㓗) (㓗, class, level)

ԆкⲴᱟ㤡䈝ࡍ㓗⨝Ǆ ԆⲴ≹䈝৫ᒤ䘈ᱟࡍ㓗≤ᒣˈਟ⧠൘ᐢ㓿䗮ࡠ儈㓗≤ᒣҶǄ Ԇ⧠൘кⲴᱟ≹䈝ࡍ㓗⨝ˈ᰾ᒤкѝ㓗⨝, ਾᒤ ቡਟԕк儈㓗⨝ҶǄ

GƯ վ adj.* 2B

low (of height, level, standard, etc.; 䛓ᷦ伎ᵪ伎ᗇᖸվˈྭ‫ۿ‬൘᢮ӰѸǄ used literally or figuratively) ᡁԜᆖṑվᒤ㓗Ⲵᆖ⭏∄儈ᒤ㓗ⲴཊǄ (antonym: 儈) Ԇ൘ᇦ䟼ᙅ㘱ၶˈൠս∄䖳վǄ ԆⲴ≹䈝≤ᒣ∄ྩվˈⴻн៲ѝഭ⭥ᖡǄ

GƯMt վ㓗 adj. 2D

low (of level, form, etc.), vulgar (antonym: 儈㓗)

ྩᒤ䖫ˈࡊӾᆖṑ∅ъˈᱟ‫ޜ‬ਨ䟼Ⲵվ㓗㙼 ઈ (zhíyuán, office employee)Ǆ Ԇࣚ࣋ᐕ֌ˈᖸᘛቡӾվ㓗㙼ઈਈᡀ儈㓗㙼ઈ ҶǄ 䘉њ⭥ᖡվ㓗ᓨ؇ \ǀQJV~YXOJDU ˈᡁа ⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нௌ⅒ⴻǄ ԆӾᶕн䈤վ㓗л⍱ (xiàliú, obscene) Ⲵ䈍Ǆ

Note: * In Chinese, adjectives can modify verbs, as in ੜࡠ㘱ᐸਛԆ, Ԇ䶎ᑨ㍗ᕐ DGMMӿQ]KƗQJQHUYRXV ൠㄉҶ䎧ᶕ. * վ YµWRORZHU¶ as in Ԇௌ⅒վ⵰ཤ䎠䐟. ¾ 哴㢢 DGMµREVFHQHGLUW\¶DVLQ Ԇ⡦⇽н䇨Ԇⴻ哴㢢⭥ᖡ. ¾ վẓ GjQJµFKHDSDQGVXEVWDQGDUGUHIHUULQJWRFRQFUHWHLWHPV ¶DVLQ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡, クⲴ⭘Ⲵ䜭ᱟվ ẓⲴь㾯.

62

chúleĂywài 䲔ҶĂԕཆ

FK~OH«\ӿZjL 䲔Ҷ«ԕཆ ph. (see also ਖཆ) chúle 䲔Ҷ prep. 2C

except (oft. 䲔Ҷ«䜭« EHVLGHV (oft. 䲔Ҷ« 䘈/ ҏ/ ৸/ ਚ« (if same subject, 䲔Ҷ can be placed before or after the subject of the first clause; if different subjects, 䲔Ҷ tends to be placed before the subject of the first clause)

FK~OH«\ӿZjL except (oft. 䲔Ҷ«ԕཆ, « 䲔Ҷ«ԕཆ ph. 䜭« EHVLGHVRIW 䲔(Ҷ « 2A ԕཆˈ«䘈/ ҏ/ ৸/ ਚ« ԕཆ can be omitted or replaced by ཆ/ ѻཆ)

except

䲔Ҷሿ⦻ˈབྷᇦ䜭ᶕҶǄ བྷᾬ䟼䲔Ҷ䛓њᮉᇔ䘈ᔰ⵰䰘ˈ࡛Ⲵ䜭‫⵰ޣ‬Ǆ 䲔ҶⴻҖˈԆ䘈ௌ⅒ੜ丣ҀǄ Ԇᇦሿ⤇䲔Ҷௌ⅒৫⋣䗩ˈҏᑨᑨ઼Ԇа䎧 ৫⡜ኡǄ 䲔Ҷ৫᯵⑨ⲴˈᡁԜ䜭ᶕ৲࣐ԆⲴ⭏ᰕᲊՊҶǄ 䲔ҶྩⲴྸྸˈ⋑ᴹӪௌ⅒ྩᴰ䘁ࡊ䇔䇶Ⲵ ⭧ᴻ৻Ǆ 䲔Ҷ֐৫䈧Ԇˈ⋑ᴹ࡛Ⲵ࣎⌅Ǆ 䲔Ҷ㤩᷌ˈԆ৸ҠҶаᯔ㪑㨴Ǆ 䲔Ҷ≹䈝ˈྩਚՊ䈤㤡䈝ҶǄ Ԇ䲔Ҷ≹䈝ԕཆˈ࡛ⲴӰѸ䜭нՊҶǄ 䲔ҶԆ⋑ᶕԕཆˈᡁԜ䜭ᶕҶǄ 㣡ഝ䟼䲔Ҷ㣡㥹ԕཆˈ䘈ᴹйἥṁǄ ᡁ⇿ཙ䲔к䈮ԕཆˈҏᑨ৫䭫⛬䓛փǄ 䲔Ҷᑞᡁ༽Ґ࣏䈮ཆˈԆ৸ᢺԆⲴ⭥㝁ُ 㔉ᡁ⭘Ǆ 䘉њሿ䭷䲔Ҷࠐњ୶ᓇѻཆˈਚᴹањሿ 依侶‫ݯ‬ҶǄ

Note: ¾ 䲔Ҷ« ቡᱟ/ ‫ׯ‬ᱟ«µ«RU«¶DVLQ Ԇ⇿ཙ䲔Ҷ்䞂, ቡᱟⶑ㿹. ¾ 䲔䶎« ੖ࡉ IԁX]p«µXQOHVVFRQGLWLRQRWKHUZLVH«¶DVLQ 䲔䶎֐৫䈧Ԇ, ੖ࡉԆᱟнՊᶕⲴ.

FKԃFiQJ ۘ㯿 v.

to store

FKԃEqL ༷ۘ v. 3-2 D

to reserve (usu. concrete items) (ۘ to store up, ༷ to prepare)

FKԃFiQJ ۘ㯿 v. 3-2 D

to store, to contain (natural resources; usu. a large number of concrete items) (㯿, to hide)

FKԃF~Q ۘᆈ v. 3-2 D

to save (money, etc.), to store and preserve (ᆈ, to keep)

䘉Ӌь㾯ᱟᡁҠᶕ༷ۘⲴˈ൘⋑ᴹ⭥Ⲵᰦ ‫⭘ى‬Ǆ 䘉⅑ࠪ⎧ᰦ䰤䮯ˈᡁԜ㾱ཊ༷ۘаӋ≤Ǆ Ԇᇦ䟼ᙫᱟ༷ۘаӋਲ਼ⲴǄ ൠлᇔۘ㯿Ҷнቁྭ䞂Ǆ 䘉⿽ⲭ㨌н㜭䮯ᵏۘ㯿Ǆ 䛓䟼ۘ㯿⵰ѠᇼⲴ䫱ⸯ WLČNXjQJLURQRUH Ǆ ᡁᇦⲴ䞂ۘ㯿൘ൠлᇔǄ ԆѪᆙᆀԕਾкབྷᆖۘᆈҶнቁ䫡Ǆ 㤩᷌∄䖳ᇩ᱃ۘᆈǄ ߜཙᘛࡠҶˈཊۘᆈ⛩‫ⲭݯ‬㨌䗷ߜǄ

FKXƗQ ク

63

䘉⿽≤᷌нᇩ᱃ۘᆈˈྲ᷌ۘᆈᗇнྭˈᖸ ᘛቡн㜭ਲ਼ҶǄ F~QFKԃ ᆈۘ v. 3-2 N/A

to store, to memorise (a technical ԆⲴҖᆈۘ൘‫ ⴈݹ‬JXƗQJSiQODVHUGLVN 䟼Ǆ word, mostly referring to computer ⭥㝁ਟԕᆈۘᖸཊь㾯Ǆ and electronics technology) ᆈۘ൘‫ⴈݹ‬䟼ⲴᱟԆⲴҖǄ ‫ⴈݹ‬ਟԕ⭘ᶕᆈۘؑ᚟ [uQ[ƯLQIRUPDWLRQ Ǆ

FKXƗQ ク v.

to wear

FKXƗQ ク v. 2A

to wear, to put on (clothes, shoes, socks, etc.; but not hats) (reduplication: A(а)A) (antonym: 㝡 WXǀ

ྩクҶаᶑ㓒㼉ᆀˈᖸ┲ӞǄ 䶻઼㻌ᆀ䜭ཚሿˈԆクн䘋৫Ǆ ᘛᢺ㺓ᴽクྭˈᡁԜ䈕䎠ҶǄ ԆӺཙクᗇᖸᮤ喀ˈ䐏ԕࡽнаṧǄ ཆ䗩ᖸߧˈԆᢺཆ㺓㝡лᶕ㔉‫ݯ‬ᆀクкҶǄ Ӻཙ֐クнク䘉Ԧк㺓˛ ᶕˈ֐ク(а)ク䘉ԦⴻⴻǄ

dài ᑖ v. 2A

to carry with oneself, to take, to bring QRWQHFHVVDULO\RQRQH¶V body; a generic term with a wide range of usage)

Ԇ䓛кᑖҶнቁ䫡ˈഐѪ㾱Ҡᖸཊь㾯Ǆ 䘉⅑ࠪ৫᯵㹼ˈԆ㹼ᵾᑖᗇнཊǄ ֐ॳз࡛ᘈҶᢺ伎ᵪ⾘ᑖкǄ ֐ᶕᡁᇦⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬䈧ᢺ䛓ᵜҖ㔉ᡁᑖᶕǄ ֐䘉⅑৫ѝഭˈᑖ֐Ⲵєњᆙᆀੇ˛

dài ᡤ v. 2A

Ԇᡤ⵬䮌ˈԆⲴကကнᡤǄ to wear (accessories, including hats, ཆ䗩࡞བྷ仾ˈ֐ᴰྭᡤњᑭᆀࠪ৫Ǆ earrings, etc.) (reduplication: ᡁ⋑ᡤ㺘ˈ哫✖֐੺䇹ᡁ⧠൘ࠐ⛩Ҷ˛ A(а)A) ྩ俆侠 VKԁXVKujewellery) ᙫᱟ∄ᡁᡤᗇཊǄ 䘉њ֐ᡤ(а)ᡤⴻˈௌ⅒ੇ˛

Note: Ԇᑖ⵰аᶏ㣡৫५䲒ⴻᴻ৻, 㣡 not necessarily decking his body. ӺཙԆԜ㔃ႊ, ྩཤкᡤ⵰ 㣡, Ԇ㜨ࡽҏᡤ⵰㣡, 㣡 on them.

cì ⅑ mw. biàn 䙽 mw. 2A

times (verbal measure word) times (describing the repetition of an action; stressing that an action takes place from the beginning to the end, involving a course) (reduplication: AA, а A а A, а A ৸а A)

䛓њ⭥ᖡᖸᴹ᜿ᙍˈԆⴻҶє䙽Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹੜ៲ˈቡ৸ੜҶа䙽ᖅ丣Ǆ ᡁ䘉ᱟㅜй䙽ⴻ䘉њ⭥ᖡҶˈⵏྭⴻǄ 䘉Ӌ≹ᆇԆᐢ㓿߉Ҷࠐ䙽Ҷˈਟᱟ䘈⋑ᴹ䇠տǄ Ԇа䙽䙽/ а䙽а䙽/ а䙽৸а䙽ൠ㓳Ґ߉ 䛓Ӌ≹ᆇˈ⧠൘㓸Ҿ䜭Պ߉ҶǄ

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FǀQJPLQJ 㚚᰾

cì ⅑ mw. 2A

times (similar to 䙽, but not emphasising the whole course, merely referring to the repetition of an action) (reduplication: AAˈ а A а A, а A ৸а A)

ᡁ৫Ҷа⅑ˈਟᱟ⋑ᴹ㿱ࡠԆǄ Ԇ䘉ᱟㅜҼ⅑ᶕेӜҶˈка⅑ᱟҍᴸǄ ᡁ㔉Ԇᢃ䗷ྭࠐ⅑⭥䈍ҶˈԆ䜭н൘Ǆ ࡛ᘈҶਲ਼㦟ˈаཙй⅑ˈ⇿⅑є⡷Ǆ Ԇа⅑⅑/ а⅑а⅑/ а⅑৸а⅑/ ൠᶕ᢮ ྩˈਟྩቡᱟнᜣ㿱ԆǄ

huí എ mw. 1A

times (similar to ⅑, but informal) (reduplication: AA, а A а A, а A ৸а A)

䘉њ୶ᓇᡁᶕ䗷аഎǄ ԆُҶᡁⲴҖˈᡁ㾱ҶྭࠐഎԆ䜭⋑䘈 (huán, to return)Ǆ 䘉ᱟሿ⦻ㅜаഎ৫◣བྷ࡙ӊǄ 㠚Ӿ∅ъԕਾˈᡁԜ䘎аഎ䶒䜭⋑㿱䗷Ǆ Ԇаഎഎ/ аഎаഎ/ аഎ৸аഎൠ䇢䛓⛩‫ݯ‬һ ‫ˈݯ‬ᡁԜ䜭ੜ✖ (fán, to be annoyed) ҶǄ

tàng 䏏 mw. 1B

times (stressing an action moving back and forth, e.g. a return trip) (reduplication: AA, а A а A, а A ৸а A)

ӺཙԆ৫Ҷа䏏५䲒ˈԆⲴྭᴻ৻⯵ҶǄ Ԇௌ⅒৫୶ᓇˈањᱏᵏ৫ഋӄ䏏Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆㅜй䏏ᶕेӜˈн⭘޽䰞䐟ҶǄ ྸˈᡁࠪ৫а䏏ˈлॸഎᶕǄ Ԇа䏏䏏/ а䏏а䏏/ а䏏৸а䏏ൠ৫ⴻ ྩˈਟᱟ䜭⋑ᴹ㿱ࡠྩǄ

Note: ¾ When a measure word is used to describe frequency of an action, verb + measure word, as in ӺཙԆ৫ Ҷа䏏५䲒. When describing the order (the first time, the second time, etc.) of an action, ㅜ + number + measure word + verb, as in 䘉ᱟሿ⦻ㅜҼ⅑ᶕेӜҶ. ¾ The difference between ⅑ and 䙽 is that the latter emphasises a beginning-to-end process. For example, 䛓䜘⭥ᖡԆⴻҶє⅑, he watched twice, but not necessarily from the beginning to the end. 䛓䜘⭥ᖡԆⴻҶє䙽, he watched twice, from the beginning to the end. ᡁ৫Ҷа⅑ेӜ, not ᡁ৫ Ҷа䙽ेӜ, because unlike ⴻ/ ੜ, ৫ KHUHGRHVQ¶WLQYROYHDQREYLRXVEHJLQQLQJ-to-end process. ¾ ⅑/ എ/ 䏏 + noun, as in 1) ㅜа⅑ (First) ‫ޘ‬ഭӪ≁ԓ㺘བྷՊ (1DWLRQDO3HRSOH¶s Congress) ᱟ൘ ेӜᔰⲴ. 2) ᡁ䰞Ԇ䰞Ҷॺཙ, ᡽⸕䚃৏ᶕᱟ䘉Ѹаഎһ‫( ݯ‬I got to know the truth only after interrogating him for a long time).

FǀQJPLQJ 㚚᰾ adj. FǀQJPLQJ 㚚᰾ adj. 2B

clever clever, intelligent (of sth. animate or inanimate; originally 㚚, good hearing, ᰾, good eyesight, so Chinese set phrase: 㙣㚚ⴞ mù µH\H¶ ᰾) (antonym: ㅘ bèn)

Ԇᖸ㚚᰾ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нㅘˈӰѸь㾯аᆖቡՊǄ ֐ᱟањ㚚᰾Ӫˈᓄ䈕⸕䚃ᘾѸ‫ڊ‬᡽ሩǄ 䘉ӋᒤᶕˈԆа䗩ᐕ֌а䗩ᆖҐˈӪҏਈ ᗇ㚚᰾䎧ᶕǄ 䘉нᱟањ㚚᰾Ⲵ࣎⌅ˈ࡛䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬Ǆ ሿ⦻ᖸ㚚᰾ˈॱ‫ޝ‬኱ቡкབྷᆖҶǄ н㾱㠚֌㚚᰾ (to think oneself clever)ˈཊੜ ੜ࡛ӪⲴ᜿㿱 (yìjiàn, idea)Ǆ

FǀQJPLQJ 㚚᰾ MƯ]Ku ᵪᲪ adj. 2D

quick-witted, resourceful (of a person) (ᵪ, chance; Ც, wisdom)

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ԆᵪᲪࣷᮒ \ԁQJJӽQEUDYH ൠᣃտҶ䛓њ ൿӪǄ Ԇॱ࠶ᵪᲪˈ䇙Ԇ৫ᴰྭǄ

MLӽohuá ⤑⥮ adj. 2C

foxy, cunning (of sth. animate; with 䛓ਚ⤀⤨ (húli, fox) ⤑⥮ᗇᖸˈ䘉ࠐཙᐢ㓿 a derogatory connotation) (antonym: ਲ਼Ҷᡁᇦйਚ呑ҶǄ অ㓟 GƗQFK~Q (⤑, crafty; ⥮, sly) Ԇ⤑⥮Ⲵṧᆀ֯ᡁᝏࡠᖸн㡂ᴽǄ Ԇ‫ۿ‬аਚ⤑⥮Ⲵ㘱⤀⤨, ઼Ԇ‫⭏ڊ‬᜿֐ॳз 㾱ሿᗳǄ Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕᖸঅ㓟ˈަᇎ (qíshí, in fact) 䶎ᑨ⤑ ⥮Ǆ

MƯQJPtQJ ㋮᰾ adj. 2 N/A

shrewd (oft. of a person; complimentary or pejorative) (㋮, clever; ᰾, bright)

Ԇᱟањ㋮᰾㜭ᒢⲴӪˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸௌ⅒ԆǄ ሿᗳ⛩‫ݯ‬ԆˈԆਟ㋮᰾ҶǄ Ԇ‫ڊ‬һнཚ㋮᰾Ǆ

línglì զ‫ ؀‬adj. 2D

bright, quick-witted and lovely (usu. of a person) (antonym: ㅘᤉ EqQ]KXǀ զ, bright; ‫؀‬, sharp)

䛓њᆙᆀ㚚᰾զ‫ྩۿˈ؀‬ကကаṧǄ ৲࣐╄䈤Ⲵᆖ⭏Ԝњњ䜭ਓ喯զ‫؀‬ (articulate)ˈ䇢ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ

MƯOLQJ ᵪ⚥ adj. 2-1 D

smart, readily responsive (usu. of a person or animal) (⚥, swift)

䘉ᆙᆀнཚᵪ⚥ˈ֐㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᮉᮉԆǄ Ԇ䮯⵰аৼᵪ⚥Ⲵབྷ⵬ⶋǄ ⴻԆ䛓њᵪ⚥࣢‫( ݯ‬jìnr, energy)ˈаᇊ㜭࣎ ྭ䘉ԦһǄ 䛓ਚሿ⥛ᵪ⚥ᗇᖸˈ࡛Ⲵ⥛䜭∄нкᆳǄ Ԇ∄ᡁᵪ⚥ཊҶǄ

KyXUMƯQJ street-smart, shrewd and ⥤‫ݯ‬㋮ ph.* mischievous (with a tone of 1 N/A intimacy or fondness, sometimes slightly critical; usu. of a person, but could also be of animals) (⥤, monkey; ㋮, smart)

Ԇ䛓њӪ⥤‫ݯ‬㋮ˈнՊ‫ڊ‬䭉ⲴǄ 䛓Ӌ呝ᆀ⥤‫ݯ‬㋮, ᡁаࡠ‫ޜ‬ഝᆳԜቡതкᶕ ㅹᡁ㔉䶒वਲ਼Ǆ Ԇ㲭❦ᆖҐнྭˈն‫ڊ‬һ‫ݯ⥤ݯ‬㋮Ⲵ, Ӿᶕн ਲ਼ҿ FKƯNXƯWRVXIIHUORVVHV Ǆ ֐ቁ䐏ྩ൘а䎧ˈྩ⥤‫ݯ‬㋮⥤‫ݯ‬㋮Ⲵˈ֐Պ ਲ਼ҿⲴǄ

líng ⚥ adj.* 1D

Ԇ∄ကက⚥ཊҶˈӰѸ䜭Պ‫ڊ‬Ǆ 䘉њᆖ⭏⋑ᴹ䛓њᆖ⭏⚥ˈᘾѸᮉҏнՊǄ 䐏Ӫ∄䎧ᶕˈ⤇Ⲵ௵㿹 (xiùjué, the sense of smell) 㾱⚥ᗇཊǄ

quick, bright, sharp (of a person or thing)

Note: * ⥤‫ݯ‬㋮: In Chinese culture, monkeys are considered smart, and also playfully naughty. The Chinese are by and large fond of monkeys, possibly influenced by the classic tale, The Monkey King. * ⚥ DGMµHIILFDFLRXV¶DVLQ 1) 䘉㦟ਟⵏ⚥, аਲ਼⯵ቡྭҶ. 2) Ԇ⊭䖖Ⲵ䰨 (zhá, brake) ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬н⚥ Ҷ, 㾱ᘛ৫‫؞؞‬. ¾ ᵪᲪ n. µDOHUWQHVV¶, as in ԆⲴᵪᲪᱟ䈱䜭∄нкⲴ. ¾ ሿ㚚᰾ SKµSHWW\WULFN¶DVLQ н㾱㘽 VKXӽWRSOD\ ሿ㚚᰾ (petty trick), 㾱䇔ⵏᐕ֌.

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cóng Ӿ

cóng Ӿ prep. yóu ⭡ prep.* 3B

zì 㠚 prep. 3B

cóng Ӿ prep. 2A

zìcóng 㠚Ӿ prep. 2B

Gӽ ᢃ prep. 1C

]uGӽ 㠚ᢃ prep. 1 N/A

from from (referring to a starting point in time, place, development, change, scope, etc.)

from (referring to a starting point in time, place, scope, etc.; verb + 㠚 + noun, as a complement)

from (referring to concrete or abstract items), since (a time), through (referring to a place, a starting point of development, change, viewpoint, scope, etc.)

since (a starting point in the past)

from, since

since (a certain time in the past; northern dialect)

ԆԜ⭡ेӜࠪਁˈ⑨㿸ҶഋњൠᯩǄ ⭡ᰙк‫⛩ޛ‬ᔰ࿻ˈԆаⴤᐕ֌ࡠਲ਼ॸ依Ǆ ৫‫ޜ‬ഝˈ⭡ሿ䐟䎠䗷৫∄䖳ᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ ⭡↔ⴻᶕˈ֐䘈ᱟ࡛৫ѪྭǄ ⭡ᐕӪਈᡀⅼᱏˈԆаཌᡀ਽Ǆ Ԇ㠚ሿቡௌ⅒ୡⅼˈ⧠൘ᡀҶⅼୡᇦǄ 㠚ਔ JԃDQFLHQt times) ԕᶕˈӪԜቡҐᜟ ൘ѝ⿻㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ਲ਼ᴸ侬Ǆ 䘉ᶑ⎸᚟ [LƗR[LQHZV ᕅ \ӿQWRTXRWH 㠚 ǉेӜᰕᣕǊǄ ԆԜ㠚л㘼кൠᢺᾬ䟼ᢃᢛҶа䙽Ǆ ᡁᶕ㠚ेӜˈԆᶕ㠚к⎧Ǆ ≹䈝䈮Ӿᰙк‫⛩ޛ‬ᔰ࿻ˈкєњሿᰦǄ ԆᱟӾ◣བྷ࡙ӊᶕⲴǄ ৫෾䟼ˈᔰ䖖Ӿаਧ‫ޜ‬䐟䎠∄䖳䘁Ǆ ӾԆⲴ⵬ⶋ䟼ˈᡁਟԕⴻࠪԆᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ⇿аԦһᛵˈ䜭㾱Ӿྭǃൿєњᯩ䶒ᶕⴻǄ Ӿн៲ࡠ៲ˈԆ൘ᆖҐкਆᗇҶᖸབྷⲴᡀ㔙Ǆ 㠚ӾӺᒤ᱕ཙ, 䘉䟼аⴤ⋑л䗷䴘Ǆ 㠚Ӿᇦ䟼ҠҶ⭥㝁ԕਾˈԆቡн⭘㘱৫བྷᆖ ⭘⭥㝁ҶǄ 㠚Ӿཙཙ䭫⛬ॺሿᰦԕਾˈԆⲴ䓛փྭҶᖸཊǄ 㠚Ӿབྷᆖ∅ъԕਾˈᡁԜ޽ҏ⋑ᴹ㿱䗷䶒Ǆ ᢃӺཙ䎧ˈԆ⇿ཙ䜭ՊᆖањሿᰦⲴ≹䈝Ǆ ԆᢃेӜᶕǄ ᡁӺཙл⨝ਾਟԕᢃ֐ᇦ䰘ਓ䗷ˈ৫䐏֐ُ 䛓ᵜҖˈྭੇ˛ ᢃ‫ݯ‬ᆀࠪ⭏䛓ཙ䎧ˈ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪቡ䜭ᘉҶ䎧ᶕǄ 㠚ᢃ䇔䇶Ҷྣᴻ৻ԕਾˈԆᔰᗳҶᖸཊǄ Ԇ㠚ᢃ䘋䰘ˈቡаਕ䈍ҏ⋑ᴹ䈤䗷Ǆ 㠚ᢃᴹҶྣ‫ݯ‬ԕਾˈഐѪ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ˈԆቡᖸ ቁࠪ৫઼ᴻ৻Ԝа䎧ⴻ⭥ᖡҶǄ 㠚ᢃᶕࡠѝഭԕਾˈԆⲴ≹䈝ᨀ儈ҶᖸཊǄ

Note: *⭡ SUHSµE\¶DVLQ ৫н৫ѝഭ, 䘉㾱⭡֐㠚ᐡᶕߣᇊµEHFDXVH¶DVLQ Ԇ㛊ᆀⰋᱟ⭡ਲ਼Ҷн ᒢ߰Ⲵь㾯ᕅ䎧 \ӿQTӿWRFDXVH Ⲵ.

cóng...q Ӿ...䎧

FyQJTӿ Ӿ...䎧 ph.

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from

FyQJ«FKǌIƗ Ӿ«ࠪਁ ph. starting off from (referring to 3-2 B concrete or abstract items) (ࠪਁ, to set out)

ᡁԜӾᆖ⭏Ⲵ䴰㾱ࠪਁˈ᭩ਈҶ৏ᶕⲴ䇑ࡂǄ Ӿ䓛փ‫ڕ‬ᓧࠪਁˈԆ⧠൘ᐢ㓿н޽੨✏ҶǄ ԆԜӾമҖ侶ࠪਁˈത⵰ṑഝ䐁Ҷаབྷസ ‫ ݯ‬TXƗQUFLUFOH Ǆ ԆԜ䘉⅑⋑ᴹӾമҖ侶ࠪਁˈ㘼ᱟӾ࣎‫ޜ‬ᾬ ࠪਁⲴǄ

FyQJ«GjR Ӿ«ࡠ ph. 2A

ԆᙫᱟᖸᘉˈӾᰙࡠᲊ䜭൘ᐕ֌Ǆ ӺᒤӾаᴸࡠйᴸˈ䘉䟼㓿ᑨл䴘Ǆ Ӿབྷᆖࡠᵪ൪ˈᔰ䖖㾱ॺњሿᰦǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨࣚ࣋ൠᆖҐˈ൘ᡁԜ⨝䟼Ӿᡀ㔙ᴰᐞ ⲴਈѪᡀ㔙ᴰྭⲴǄ 䛓њ୶ᓇᖸབྷˈӾਲ਼Ⲵࡠ⭘ⲴˈӰѸ䜭ᴹআⲴǄ 䛓њⅼᱏᖸਇ⅒䗾ˈӾབྷӪࡠᆙᆀˈ䈱䜭ௌ⅒ ԆǄ

IURP«to (referring to concrete or abstract items)

FyQJ«láikàn ӾԆⲴᡀ㔙ᶕⴻˈԆᴰ䘁ᆖҐнཚࣚ࣋Ǆ Ӿ«ᶕⴻ ph. from the point of view of, based on, Ӿ֐Ⲵ㝨㢢ᶕⴻˈ֐⧠൘Ⲵ䓛փྭཊҶǄ 2D DVIDUDV«LV concerned ᆖ⭏ᙫᱟ৫кԆⲴ䈮ˈӾ䘉а⛩ᶕⴻˈԆ䇢䈮ᓄ䈕ᱟн䭉ⲴǄ ੜ䈤Ԇ৸⿫ႊҶˈӾ䘉Ԧһ‫ݯ‬ᶕⴻˈԆ൘ႊ ါкⲴ䘀≄ (yùnqi, luck) нཚྭǄ FyQJ«Tӿ Ӿ«䎧 ph. 2A

from (referring to time, place, etc.)

cuòwù 䭉䈟 n. JXzVKƯ 䗷ཡ n. 3D

ᡁԜӾӺཙ䎧᭮єњᱏᵏⲴ‫ٷ‬Ǆ Ԇԕࡽ⋑ᴹᆖ䗷≹䈝ˈ㾱Ӿㅜа䈮ᆖ䎧Ǆ ⴨⡷кˈӾᐖ䎧ㅜањቡᱟԆǄ Ԇཚ儈‫ޤ‬Ҷˈ䜭н⸕䚃Ӿଚ‫ݯ‬䈤䎧ҶǄ

error negligence, fault (usu. unintentional) (ཡ, mishap)

ԆѪ㠚ᐡⲴ䗷ཡ㘼ᝏࡠнྭ᜿ᙍǄ Ԇ䘉⅑൘ᐕ֌кⲴ䗷ཡᖸབྷˈ㔉བྷᇦᑖᶕн ቁ哫✖Ǆ ⭡Ҿᐕ֌кᴹ䗷ཡˈ䘉њ䇑ࡂ⋑ᴹ㜭ཏശ┑ \XiQPӽQSHUIHFWO\ ൠᆼᡀǄ Ԇᐕ֌ҶᖸཊᒤҶˈᖸቁᴹ䗷ཡǄ 䘉ᱟഐѪᐕ֌н䇔ⵏࠪ⧠Ⲵ䗷ཡǄ ԆⲴ䗷ཡ֯བྷᇦⲴᐕ֌䜭⋑ᴹᆼᡀǄ 䘉⅑ࠪ⧠䗷ཡˈ㾱Ԅ㓶᢮ࠪ৏ഐˈл⅑аᇊ н㾱޽ࠪ⧠䘉ṧⲴ䗷ཡҶǄ

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cuòwù 䭉䈟

SLƗQFKƗ ‫ٿ‬ᐞ n. 3D

deviation (from a standard, policy, etc.), error (of work, etc.) (‫ٿ‬, to miss the target, ᐞ, difference)

䘉њߣᇊ (juédìng, decision) ઼ᴹ‫ޣ‬᭯ㆆ (zhèngcè, policy) ᴹ‫ٿ‬ᐞǄ 䘉њᐕ֌ᖸ䟽㾱ˈн㜭ࠪа⛩‫ٿݯ‬ᐞǄ ྲ᷌ਁ⧠ IƗ[LjQWRILQG ᴹ‫ٿ‬ᐞˈ㾱傜к ᭩↓ JӽL]KqQJWRFRUUHFW Ǆ

TXƝ[LjQ 㕪䲧 n. 3D

imperfection (of physical, mental, system, etc.; ᕕ㺕 PtEԃµWRPDNH XS¶ 㕪䲧; not ᭩↓ + 㕪䲧) (㕪, lack; 䲧, deficiency)

Ԇ㲭❦㞯ᴹ㕪䲧ˈնᱟ∄䈱ᐕ֌ᗇ䜭ྭǄ ԆⲴ㕪䲧ᱟн⸕䚃ᘾṧ䐏࡛ӪӔ䈸Ǆ 䓛փкⲴ㕪䲧㔉Ԇᑖᶕᖸཊн‫ׯ‬Ǆ 䘉њ෾ᐲⲴ㕪䲧ᱟӪཚཊˈṁཚቁǄ ԆԜབྷᆖ൘㇑⨶ JXӽQOӿPDQDJHPHQW к䘈 ᴹнቁ㕪䲧Ǆ Ԇаᴹᰦ䰤ቡⴻҖˈᕕ㺕⸕䇶 ]KƯVKL knowledge) н䏣 (zú, sufficient) Ⲵ㕪䲧Ǆ

VKƯZ ཡ䈟 n.* 3-2 D

ZFKƗ 䈟ᐞ n. 3-2 D

lapse, slip (䈟ˈmistake)

inaccuracy (of a number, calculation, etc.)

䘉њཡ䈟䐏Ԇ⋑ᴹ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ ൘ӺཙⲴ㈞⨳䎋ѝˈԆԜཡ䈟ཚཊǄ Ԇᐕ֌⢩࡛Ԅ㓶ˈᖸቁᴹཡ䈟Ǆ ԆⲴཡ䈟ᖸѕ䟽ˈ㔉ᐕ֌ᑖᶕҶᖸབྷⲴᦏ ཡ VԃQVKƯORVV Ǆ ֐⸕䚃䘉њ䈟ᐞᱟཊቁੇ˛ ⋑ᴹ䈟ᐞᱟԆԜᡰᐼᵋ [ƯZjQJWRKRSHIRU ⲴǄ ⭘䘉⿽࣎⌅㇇Ⲵᮠᆇ䈟ᐞᖸሿǄ ⣟ (fàn, to make) Ҷ䭉䈟ˈቡ㾱傜к᭩↓Ǆ Ԇнཚྭ᜿ᙍᤷ࡛ࠪӪⲴ䭉䈟Ǆ ᡁ߉Ⲵ≹ᆇᴹӰѸ䭉䈟ੇ˛ ԆⲴ䭉䈟ॱ࠶ѕ䟽Ǆ ≹ᆇԆ䜭߉ሩҶˈ⋑ᴹ䭉䈟Ǆ 䘉⅑䏣⨳䎋ѝˈ֐Ԝ⣟Ҷࠐњ䭉䈟ˈл⅑а ᇊ㾱⌘᜿Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌䇔ⵏˈᖸቁ⣟䭉䈟Ǆ Ԇ⣟Ҷањབྷ䭉䈟Ǆ ⇿њӪ䜭ᱟ൘⣟䭉䈟ѝᡀ䮯䎧ᶕⲴǄ

cuòwù 䭉䈟 n. 2A

error (in a specific or general sense; unintentional or intentional; ⣟/ ᴹ + 䭉䈟; a stronger word than ᐞ䭉) (䭉, wrong)

GXӽQFKX ⸝༴ n. 2D

shortcomings (oft. used in a general ԆᤷࠪҶᡁⲴ⸝༴ˈ੺䇹ᡁ㾱䇔ⵏ᭩↓Ǆ sense) (antonym: 䮯༴) (⸝, short; ԆⲴ⸝༴ᱟᆖҐн䇔ⵏǄ ༴, place) ⴻӪ㾱ཊⴻ䮯༴ˈн㜭ਚⴻ⸝༴Ǆ ᡁԜ䜭ᴹ䮯༴ˈҏ䜭ᴹ⸝༴Ǆ䟽㾱ⲴᱟᡁԜ 㾱ਆ TԃWRJHW ࡛ӪⲴ䮯༴ˈ㺕 EԃWR mend) 㠚ᐡⲴ⸝༴Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪᴹᖸཊ䮯༴ˈҏᴹᖸཊ⸝༴Ǆ ᡁԜᓄ䈕ᆖҐ࡛ӪⲴ䮯༴ˈᕕ㺕㠚ᐡⲴ⸝༴Ǆ ࡛㘱ⴻᆙᆀⲴ⸝༴ˈ㾱ཊ啃࣡ JԃOu, to encourage) ԆԜǄ

cuòwù 䭉䈟 TXƝGLӽQ 㕪⛩ n. 2B

disadvantage, fault, flaw (of a person or thing; 䭉䈟 and 㕪⛩ oft. used together) (antonym: Ո⛩ \ǀXGLӽQ ⛩, point)

⡦⇽㾱ᑞࣙᆙᆀ᭩↓ԆԜⲴ㕪⛩Ǆ 䘉䖶⊭䖖Ⲵ㕪⛩ᱟཚ䍩 (fèi, to waste) ⋩Ǆ ᡁⲴ䭉䈟㕪⛩нቁˈ֐ⲴՈ⛩ᖸཊˈ䈧ཊ ᑞࣙᡁǄ ԆᱟањᖸྭⲴᆙᆀˈ㕪⛩нཊǄ ԆⲴ㕪⛩ᱟਚௌ⅒ੜྭ䈍Ǆ ྩ㿹ᗇ儈䐏䶻Ⲵ㕪⛩ᱟ䎠䐟㾱⢩࡛ሿᗳǄ 㕪⛩ӪӪ䜭ᴹˈਚн䗷ᱟᴹཊᴹቁ㖒Ҷ (bàle, as a VHQWHQFHILQDOSKUDVHµWKDW¶VDOO¶)Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪՈ⛩ᖸཊˈ㕪⛩ҏнቁǄ нௌ⅒䭫⛬䓛փᱟԆⲴ㕪⛩ѻаǄ

shìgù һ᭵ n. 2C

accident, mishap (usu. happening in production) (һ thing; ᭵ˈ accident)

䛓њһ᭵ᱟ൘ଚ䟼ਁ⭏Ⲵ˛ ᐕল䟼ᴰ䘁ࠪҶࠐ⅑བྷһ᭵Ǆ ֐н㜭൘䘉䟼੨✏ˈнሿᗳᱟ㾱ࠪһ᭵ⲴǄ 䘉⅑һ᭵ᱟ੨✏ᕅ䎧 \ӿQTӿWRFDXVH ⲴǄ

FKƗFXz ᐞ䭉 n. 2-1 D

mistake (referring to inaccuracy ᲊкᔰ䖖㾱⢩࡛ሿᗳˈॳзн㜭ᴹᐞ䭉Ǆ in work, study, daily life, etc.), Ԇᖸ䇔ⵏˈᐕ֌кӾᶕ⋑ᴹࠪ䗷ᐞ䭉Ǆ misfortune (ࠪ/ ࠪ⧠/ ᴹ + ᐞ䭉) ᡁကကᙫᱟ∄ᡁቁࠪᐞ䭉ˈഐѪྩ∄ᡁ‫ڊ‬ һԄ㓶Ǆ ֐㿹ᗇᡁⲴᐕ֌ᴹӰѸᐞ䭉ੇ˛ ԆⴻҶа䙽䛓њ䇑ࡂˈ⋑ⴻࠪӰѸᐞ䭉Ǆ ԆᤷࠪҶ㘱ᐸ䇢䈮ѝⲴࠐњᐞ䭉Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌н䇔ⵏˈ㓿ᑨࠪᐞ䭉Ǆ 䘉⅑⋑ᴹᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJVXFFHVVIXO ˈԆн ⸕䚃ᱟଚ䟼ࠪҶᐞ䭉Ǆ

cuòr 䭉‫ ݯ‬n. 1A

error (usu. of daily life, etc.)

máobìng ∋⯵ n. 1B

fault, defect, illness (of person, machine, etc.) (∋, careless; ⯵, disease)

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䘉ᱟᡁⲴ䭉‫ⵏˈݯ‬ሩн䎧Ǆ Ԇ࣎һᖸቁࠪ䭉‫ˈݯ‬བྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ֐≹䈝䈤ᗇᖸྭˈ⋑ӰѸ䭉‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉⅑㘳䈅ԆⲴ䭉‫ݯ‬нཊǄ 䘉нᱟԆⲴ䭉‫ˈݯ‬ᱟᡁⲴ䭉‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ߉Ⲵ᮷ㄐ ZpQ]KƗQJDUWLFOH 䟼ᴹєњ䭉‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉ᱟᡁ߉Ⲵ≹ᆇˈ䈧ᑞᡁ᥁᥁ WLƗRWRILQG 䭉‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆⲴ≹䈝䈤ᗇнྭˈᴹᖸཊ䭉‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌нཚ䇔ⵏˈབྷ䭉㲭❦⋑ᴹˈնᱟሿ 䭉‫ݯ‬нᯝ (duàn, to stop doing sth.)Ǆ ᡁᕏᕏⲴൿ∋⯵ᱟᰙкнᜣ䎧ᒺǄ 䛓њӪ䈤Ⲵ≹䈝ᴹнቁ∋⯵Ǆ 䘉њ⊭䖖ᴹӰѸ∋⯵˛ Ԇ⡨⡨Ⲵ㞯ᴹ∋⯵ˈ䎠䐟䎠ᗇᖸធǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸྭˈ⋑ᴹӰѸൿ∋⯵Ǆ ԆⲴ∋⯵ᱟᆖҐнࣚ࣋Ǆ ԆⲴ㘱∋⯵৸⣟Ҷˈཤ⯬ᗇᖸহᇣǄ

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cuòzì 䭉ᆇ ԆᇦⲴ⭥䈍ᴹ⛩‫ˈ⯵∋ݯ‬䈤䈍ੜн␵ᾊǄ Ԇ∋⯵ཊˈਲ਼依߹Ҷн㹼✝Ҷҏн㹼Ǆ ֐㾱ᢺ䘉њ∋⯵᭩а᭩Ҷˈ䘉ṧሩ֐ᴹྭ༴Ǆ Ԇሩ㘱ᐸ䈤аᇊՊᢺ䘏ࡠⲴ∋⯵᭩ᦹǄ ᡁӾᶕнᜟ (guàn, to spoil by indulgence) Ԇ ∋⯵Ǆ ֐㝁ᆀᴹ∋⯵ଚʽᘾѸ㜭䘉Ѹ䈤䈍?!

Note: * ཡ䈟 YµWRVOLSXS¶DVLQ ԆӺཙ䓛փнྭ, ∄䎋Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ཡ䈟Ҷє⅑. ¾ Monosyllable + 䭉, disyllable + 䭉䈟: ᭩䭉 vs. ᭩↓䭉䈟, ࠪ䭉 vs. ࠪ⧠䭉䈟. ¾ 䭉/ 䭉䈟 DGMµZURQJ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟањ䭉ᆇ. 2) ԆⲴᜣ⌅ॱ࠶䭉䈟.

cuòzì 䭉ᆇ n.

miswritten character 䘉ᱟањ࡛ᆇˈ³वᆀ´Ⲵ³व´нᱟ³ਲ਼価´Ⲵ ³価´Ǆ ֐ⴻˈ৸䈫 (dú, to read) ࡛ᆇҶˈ䘉ᓄ䈕ᱟ ³ᐢ㓿´Ⲵ³ᐢ´ˈнᱟ³㠚ᐡ´Ⲵ³ᐡ´Ǆ ਚ㾱֐䇔ⵏᆖҐˈ䭉࡛ᆇՊ䎺ᶕ䎺ቁⲴǄ

biézì ࡛ᆇ n. 2 N/A

misplaced/ mispronounced character (confused with other characters; oft. 䭉ᆇ + ࡛ᆇ = 䭉࡛ᆇ) (࡛, other)

cuòzì 䭉ᆇ n. 2C

miswritten character (usu. not a ԆⲴѝ᮷нཚྭˈ㓿ᑨ߉䭉ᆇǄ Chinese character at all; in writing) 䘉њᆇᱟ䭉ᆇˈ䘉䟼ቁҶањ⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ (䭉, wrong) Ԇᴰᙅ߉≹ᆇˈнᱟ䘉䟼ཊањӰѸˈቡᱟ 䛓䟼ቁањӰѸˈ䭉ᆇᖸཊǄ 㘱ᐸਛᆖ⭏ᢺ䭉ᆇ䜭᢮ࠪᶕǄ

báizì ⲭᆇ n. 2-1 N/A

misplaced or mispronounced character (oft. spoken)

ԆⲴ≹䈝ᖸн䭉ˈᖸቁੜࡠԆᘥ (niàn, to read) ⲭᆇǄ ֐ᘥҶањⲭᆇ³丣Ҁ´Ⲵ³Ҁ´䈫 yuè, н 䈫 lèˈlè ᱟ³ᘛҀ´Ⲵ³Ҁ´Ǆ Ԇᱟ㘱ᐸˈਟᱟᆖ⭏䈤Ԇ㓿ᑨ߉ⲭᆇǄ

Note: 䭉ᆇ is wrongly written, ࡛ᆇ and ⲭᆇ are correctly written characters but used in the wrong place. ࡛ᆇ and ⲭᆇ are interchangeable, except that the latter is informal and used more in spoken Chinese, e.g. ԆᘥҶањⲭᆇ, 㿹ᗇᖸнྭ᜿ᙍ.

dàgài བྷᾲ

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D dàgài བྷᾲ adv. (see also ཊķ) GjWӿ བྷփ adv. 3D

KXz[ԃ ᡆ䇨 adv. 3D

dàgài བྷᾲ adv.* 2A

probably

Ԇ䈤Ⲵབྷփк઼ᡁ䈤ⲴаṧǄ generally, more or less (of situation, 㘳䈅ᡁབྷփ߶༷ᆼҶˈᐼᵋ䘉⅑㜭㘳ྭǄ not of quantity) (փ, body) 䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬བྷփкਟԕˈ֐৫‫ڊ‬੗Ǆ བྷփк䈤ˈᡁԜ䴰㾱ањᴸ‫ڊ‬ᆼ䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇ⭘㤡䈝䇢䈮ᰦˈᡁབྷփк㜭ੜ៲Ǆ

perhaps, maybe (ᡆ, or; 䇨, perhaps)

probably, roughly (of estimation of situation, occasionally of a time or quantity; more certain than ҏ䇨, ᡆ䇨) (ᾲ, approximate)

ԆӺཙ⋑ᴹᶕк䈮ˈᡆ䇨ᱟ⯵ҶǄ 䛓ᇦ佀侶Ⲵ㨌ᡆ䇨∄䘉ᇦⲴྭਲ਼Ǆ ԆⲴҖᡆ䇨ሩ֐ᴹ⭘Ǆ ᡆ䇨ᱟԆᢺ䘉Ԧһᛵ੺䇹㘱ᐸҶǄ Ԇᡆ䇨㍟Ҷˈഎࡠᇦ䟼ቡкᒺⶑлҶǄ ྩᱟㅜа⅑⿫ᔰᇦˈབྷᾲᜣᇦҶǄ ᡽‫⛩ޝ‬䫏ˈԆབྷᾲ䘈⋑ᴹ䎧ᒺ઒Ǆ ᰦ䰤нཊҶˈᡁབྷᾲ䈤ал੗Ǆ 䘉ѸᲊҶˈԆབྷᾲнՊᶕҶǄ Ԇབྷᾲлњᱏᵏ㜭ᶕेӜǄ Ԇ⿫ᔰ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ҷˈ⧠൘བྷᾲᐢ㓿 എࡠᇦҶ੗Ǆ

Gj\XƝ བྷ㓖 adv. 2B

ᡁԜ⨝བྷ㓖ᴹҼॱњӪǄ Ԇབྷ㓖ᱟ൘৫ᒤйᴸԭ৫ⲴेӜǄ 䘉Ԧ㺓ᴽབྷ㓖аⲮ‫ݳ‬䫡Ǆ 伎ᵪк඀⵰བྷ㓖аⲮӪǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵᆖ⭏བྷ㓖ᱟӾҼॱњഭᇦᶕⲴǄ

approximately, probably (usu. of quantity) (㓖, about)

dàzhì བྷ㠤 adv.* 2C

in general, roughly (of situation or quantity; more certain than བྷᾲ and བྷ㓖)

ᡁ઼ԆⲴ⡡ྭབྷ㠤⴨਼ [LƗQJWyQJVDPH Ǆ 䘉њ䰞仈བྷ㠤ਟԕ⭘йњ࣎⌅ᶕ䀓ߣǄ 䘉ᵜҖᡁབྷ㠤ⴻҶа䙽ˈ䘈н䭉Ǆ

NԁQJSj  ᙅ adv.* 2B

perhaps, maybe (indicating some worries; used before or after a subject) ( , to fear)

Ԇ⯵Ҷˈ ᙅӺཙн㜭ᶕҶǄ ཙкᴹᖸཊ唁Ӂˈ ᙅ㾱л䴘ҶǄ  ᙅ֐䘈н⸕䚃੗ˈԆᱟྩⲴ⭧ᴻ৻Ǆ ᐢ㓿‫⛩ޛ‬ҶˈԆ ᙅнᶕҶǄ

\Č[ԃ ҏ䇨 adv. 2-1 A

maybe, probably (can be used alone, or start a sentence; used more oft. than ᡆ䇨; sometimes indicating a polite affirmation)

ԆӺཙҏ䇨нᶕҶǄ ҏ䇨֐н䇠ᗇᡁҶˈնᡁ䘈䇠ᗇ֐Ǆ ᡁҏ䇨৫ˈҏ䇨н৫ˈ⧠൘䘈н⸕䚃Ǆ A: 䘉ѸᲊҶˈԆਟ㜭нՊᶕҶǄ B: ҏ䇨੗Ǆ

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GjMLƗ བྷᇦ ֐ҏ䇨ᓄ䈕৫ⴻⴻԆˈԆ⧠൘ᖸ䴰㾱֐Ǆ

pà ᙅ adv. * 1B

perhaps, maybe (indicating some worries, oft. used with ੗; used before or after a subject)

ᶕҶ䘉ѸཊӪˈἵᆀᙅнཏ඀੗Ǆ 䘉ѸᲊҶˈԆӺཙᙅᱟഎнᶕҶǄ 䘉ᵜҖᙅᱟᴹഋӄⲮ亥੗Ǆ Ԇੰˈᙅᴹгॱ኱ҶǄ ᙅᱟԆᜣ৫ˈ֐нᜣ৫੗Ǆ

Note: * བྷᾲ DGMµgeneral¶DVLQ ԆⲴ≹䈝нཚྭ, ਚੜ៲ҶབྷᾲⲴ᜿ᙍ. * བྷᾲ n., µDJHQHUDOLGHD¶as in ԆⲴ≹䈝нཚྭ, ਚੜ៲њབྷᾲ. * བྷ㠤 DGMµURXJK¶DVLQ Ԇሩ䘉њ䰞仈֌Ҷањབྷ㠤Ⲵ࠶᷀ IƝQ[ƯDQDO\VLV *  ᙅ YµDIUDLGDSROLWHZRUG ¶DVLQ ሩн䎧, ᡁ ᙅ᰾ཙ৫нҶҶ. * ᙅ YµWRIHDU¶DVLQ ᡁᴰᙅ㿱ࡠԆҶ, а䈤䎧䈍ᶕቡ⋑ᆼ. ¾ ਟ㜭 is commonly classified as an auxiliary verb, as in Ӻཙਟ㜭㾱л䴘. It is also a noun, as in ᡁⴻ ᱟᴹ䘉⿽ਟ㜭Ⲵ; an adjective, as in ُ㔉֐䫡ᱟнਟ㜭Ⲵ, ഐѪԆ㠚ᐡҏ⋑ᴹ䫡.

GjMLƗ བྷᇦ pr. gèwèi ਴ս pr. 3 N/A

everybody Ladies and Gentlemen, everyone (਴, each; ս, respectful form of a measure word for people)

]KǌZqL 䈨ս pr. 3D

Ladies and Gentlemen (a polite word) (䈨, all)

GjMLƗ བྷᇦ pr. 2A

everybody (sometimes excluding certain people; pronoun + བྷᇦ, not noun + བྷᇦ)

਴սᶕᇮ EƯQJXHVW ˈᲊкྭʽ ⅒䗾਴սⲴ‫ݹ‬Ѥ JXƗQJOtQWREHSUHVHQW Ǆ 䉒䉒਴սʽ ᡁԓ㺘਼ᆖԜሩ਴ս㘱ᐸ㺘⽪ᝏ䉒Ǆ ਴ս䈧඀Ǆ ਴ս᯵ᇒ䈧⌘᜿ˈлаㄉᱟेӜㄉǄ 䘉ᇦ依ᓇⲴᔰᕐ‫ޘ‬䶐 (kào, to rely on) ਴սᴻ ৻Ⲵབྷ࣋ᑞᘉǄ ⾍਴սᴹањ᜹ᘛⲴཌᲊʽ 䈧਴սᆹ䶉алˈ⧠൘ᡁԜᔰՊǄ 䈨սᶕᇮˈᯠᒤྭʽ 䈨սᴹӰѸ㾱≲䈧੺⸕ˈᡁԜаᇊቭ࣋㘼 Ѫ WRWU\RQH¶VEHVW Ǆ ᡁᴹањ䰞仈ᜣ䈧ᮉ䈨սǄ ᝏ䉒䈨ս‫ݹ‬ѤǄ ᲊ依ਾˈ䈨սਟԕ৫㣡ഝ䎠䎠Ǆ Ԇੁ䈨ս㺘⽪䉒᜿Ǆ ᴹ‫ޣ‬䘉њ䰞仈ˈᡁᝯ᜿઼䈨ս୶䇘 VKƗQJWӽRWRGLVFXVV алǄ 䈧䈨սཊཊ‫ ➗ޣ‬JXƗQ]KjRWRORRNDIWHU Ǆ Ѫ䈨սⲴ‫ڕ‬ᓧˈᒢᶟ JƗQEƝL&KHHUV ʽ བྷᇦн㾱⵰ᙕˈᡁ‫ݸ‬ᢃњ⭥䈍䰞䰞Ǆ ᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭Պ৫৲࣐֐Ⲵႊ⽬Ǆ ֐৫੺䇹བྷᇦ, ԆӺཙ⯵Ҷˈн⭘ㅹԆҶǄ

dàliàng བྷ䟿

73

䘉ᱟབྷᇦⲴһˈн㜭֐ањӪ䈤Ҷ㇇ˈ ᓄ䈕⭡བྷᇦᶕ‫ߣڊ‬ᇊ (juédìng, decision)Ǆ ֐ቡୡ੗ˈ֐ⴻབྷᇦ䜭ㅹ⵰ੜ઒Ǆ ᡁᜣੜੜ֐ԜབྷᇦᱟᘾѸᜣⲴǄ ԆԜབྷᇦ䜭ᜣᶕⴻⴻ֐ˈնᱟ䖖඀нлǄ 䈧བྷᇦ䎧・ TӿOuWRVWDQGXS ˈୡഭⅼǄ ֐㔉བྷᇦ䇢а䇢੗Ǆ ֐ᜣ৫ⴻ⭥ᖡˈਟᱟབྷᇦнᜣ৫ੰǄ ⇿ཙк䈮ࡽˈ㘱ᐸᙫᱟሩᡁԜ䈤³བྷᇦྭ´ ⾍བྷᇦ᯵䙄 OԉW~WULS ᜹ᘛʽ PČLJqUén ⇿њӪ ph. 2 N/A

GjKXԁU བྷՉ‫ ݯ‬pr. 1B

each one, every one (stressing µLQGLYLGXDOV¶

all people (pronoun + བྷՉ‫ݯ‬, not noun + བྷՉ‫ ;ݯ‬sometimes excluding certain people; also བྷᇦՉ‫( )ݯ‬Չ, partnership)

dàliàng བྷ䟿 adj. (see also ཊĹĺ) Gj]ǀQJ བྷᇇ adj. 3 N/A

⇿њӪ䜭䈤䘉䟼Ⲵ仾Ჟᖸ┲ӞǄ Ԇ൘䘉䟼ᐕ֌ҶйॱཊᒤҶˈ䘉䟼Ⲵ⇿њӪ Ԇ䜭䇔䇶Ǆ ᡁԜ⇿њӪ䜭ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ⡡ྭǄ Ԇнਟ㜭⸕䚃֐Ԝ⇿њӪ䜭൘ᜣӰѸǄ Ԇሩ⇿њӪ䜭䈤ԆՊྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᐕ֌ⲴǄ Ӻཙᱟ൓䈎㢲 (Shèngdànjié, Christmas Day)ˈ ൘ᓗⲴ⇿њӪ䜭ᴹаԭ൓䈎⽬⢙Ǆ ⇿њӪ䜭㾱᤹ᰦ (ànshí, on time) ᶕк䈮Ǆ ᔰᆼՊԕਾˈᡁԜབྷՉ‫ݯ‬䜭എᇦҶǄ ֐ԜབྷՉ‫ݯ‬䈤䈤ˈᡁᓄнᓄ䈕৫˛ བྷՉ‫ݯ‬䜭н⸕䚃Ԇ৫ଚ‫ݯ‬Ҷˈ֐ቡ࡛䰞ҶǄ 䘉Ӌᱟ㔉བྷՉ‫֐ˈⲴݯ‬н㜭ањӪ䜭᤯Ҷ৫Ǆ ૡԜབྷՉ‫ݯ‬৫ᑞᑞྩ઼ᆙᆀ੗Ǆ བྷՉ‫Ⲵݯ‬䈍ᱟሩⲴˈᡁ䘈ᱟᓄ䈕㘳བྷᆖǄ ᡁ䉒䉒བྷՉ‫ݯ‬Ҷˈ⋑ᴹ֐ԜⲴᑞࣙቡ⋑ᴹᡁ ⲴӺཙǄ ԆⲴ䈍ᢺབྷᇦՉ‫ݯ‬䜭䈤ㅁҶǄ 哫✖֐䐏ԆԜབྷՉ‫ݯ‬䈤䈤ˈᡁӺᒤ⋑ᰦ䰤എ 㘱ᇦ䗷ᒤҶˈ᰾ᒤаᇊഎ৫Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆㅜа⅑൘བྷՉ‫ݯ‬䶒ࡽୡⅼǄ

a great quantity

ᴰ䘁‫ޜ‬ਨᴹнቁབྷᇇ⭏᜿ VKƝQJ\LEXVLQHVV ˈ a large amount of (goods, business, ᡁԜ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ etc.) (ᇇ, mw.) ᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬਴њ୶ᓇ䜭Ҡ䘋Ҷབྷᇇ䍗⢙ (huòwù, goods)Ǆ ԆⲴབྷᇇ⭏᜿䜭ᱟ൘к⎧‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ Ԇᴰ䘁ᗇࡠҶнቁབྷᇇ⭏᜿Ǆ

74 ]KzQJGXǀ Շཊ adj. 3D

GƗQ[ƯQ ᣵᗳ numerous, multitudinous (oft. of people) (Շ, numerous, a crowd)

ѝഭᱟањӪਓՇཊⲴഭᇦǄ ѝഭӪਓՇཊˈ൏ൠ䗭䱄 (liáokuò, vast)Ǆ Ԇ䗷⭏ᰕⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Շཊᴻ৻ᢃᶕҶ⭥䈍Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵ仾Ჟ੨ᕅҶՇཊⲴ⑨ᇒǄ 䘉ᵜᯠҖ੨ᕅҶՇཊⲴ䈫㘵Ǆ

dàliàng བྷ䟿 adj.* 2B

a great quantity of (concrete or abstract items, emphasising mega-amount) (antonym: ቁ䟿) (䟿, quantity)

ѪҶ߉ྭ䘉ᵜҖˈԆ㣡Ҷབྷ䟿Ⲵᰦ䰤Ǆ བྷ䟿Ⲵᐕ֌֯Ԇઘᵛ䜭㾱৫࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔǄ ᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫୶ˈى‬ᓇআࠪབྷ䟿Ⲵ≤઼᷌㭜㨌Ǆ Ӻཙᱟઘᵛˈབྷ䟿Ⲵ䖖䜭ੁ෾ཆᔰ৫Ǆ Ԇᖰ䶒䟼᭮Ҷབྷ䟿Ⲵ㌆ˈቁ䟿Ⲵ呑㳻ˈ߶༷‫ڊ‬а њ㳻㌅Ǆ

GjSƯ བྷᢩ adj. 2B

a large quantity of (concrete items, emphasising a large quantity of each batch or lot; аབྷᢩ, bigger quantity than བྷᢩ) (reduplication: ABAB) (antonym: ሿᢩ) (ᢩ, group)

ӺᒤᴹབྷᢩⲴᆖ⭏ᶕ䘉䟼ᆖҐ≹䈝Ǆ བྷᆖമҖ侶ᴰ䘁ҠҶབྷᢩⲴമҖǄ 䘉њ䎵ᐲ (FKƗRVKuVXSHUPDUNHW>DEEUHYLDWLRQRI 䎵㓗ᐲ൪]) 䘋 (to stock) ҶབྷᢩⲴ≤᷌Ǆ ⇿ᒤ䜭ᴹབྷᢩབྷᢩⲴཆഭӪᶕѝഭ᯵⑨ˈԆ Ԝௌ⅒৫ेӜǃ㾯ᆹㅹ෾ᐲǄ ᴰ䘁ᶕ䘉䟼᯵⑨ⲴӪ䜭ᱟаབྷᢩаབྷᢩⲴˈ ᶕᗇਟⵏнቁǄ

Note: *བྷ䟿 DGMµJHQHURXV¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸབྷ䟿, ᴻ৻Ԝ䜭ௌ⅒Ԇ.

GƗQ[ƯQ ᣵᗳ v.

to worry

GƗQ\ǀX ᣵᘗ v. 3D

to be anxious about (usu. not IRUWKHVSHDNHU¶VVDNHQRW ᣵᘗ + object; a stronger word than ᣵᗳ) (ᣵ, to carry; ᘗ, concern)

Ԇ䓛փнྭˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸѪԆᣵᘗǄ ᆙᆀ䘉ѸᲊҶ䘈⋑ᴹഎᇦˈྸྸॱ࠶ᣵᘗˈ ㄉ൘䰘ਓㅹ⵰ԆǄ ᡁԜѪഭᇦⲴࡽ䙄 (qiántú, future) 㘼ᣵᘗǄ ‫ݯ‬㹼ॳ䟼⇽ᣵᘗ (A mother always worries about a son who is far away)Ǆ

\ǀXOԋ ᘗ㲁 v. 3D

to be worried, to be uneasy about (fearing sth. bad may happen; usu. not ᘗ㲁 + object) (antonym: ᘛҀ) (㲁, worry)

ሿ⦻⯵ᗇᖸ䟽ˈབྷᇦ䜭䶎ᑨᘗ㲁Ǆ ԆѪ∅ъԕਾ㜭н㜭᢮ࡠᐕ֌㘼ᘗ㲁Ǆ ᰾ཙቡ㾱㘳䈅ҶˈԆᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ᘗ㲁нᆹǄ Ԇ䘋䰘ԕਾаⴤ⋑䈤䈍ˈྭ‫ۿ‬ᴹӋᘗ㲁Ǆ н㾱㘱ᱟᘗ㲁ˈᘛҀаӋሩ䓛փ᡽ྭǄ

GƗQ[ƯQ ᣵᗳ v. 2B

to worry, to be concerned (insertable) (antonym: ᭮ᗳ) (ᗳ, heart)

㘳ᆼ䈅ԕਾˈԆᖸᣵᗳˈᣵᗳᡀ㔙нྭǄ ቡ㾱㘳䈅ҶˈԆᣵᗳᗇਲ਼нл依Ǆ ԆаࡠेӜቡᢃ⭥䈍੺䇹൘к⎧ⲴྸྸˈԆ а࠷䜭ྭˈ䇙ྸྸ᭮ᗳˈॳз (must) ࡛ᣵᗳǄ Ԇ⧠൘䘈⋑ᴹࡠˈᡁԜ䜭ᣵᗳ䎧ᶕǄ 䘉৸нᱟ֐‫֐ˈⲴڊ‬ᣵӰѸᗳ˛

GƗQZqL অս

75

IƗFKyX ਁᜱ v. 2D

to be worried (usu. not ਁᜱ + object; insertable) (ਁ, to develop; ᜱ, anxious)

࡛ਁᜱˈᡁԜՊᑞࣙ֐ⲴǄ ྩӰѸһᛵ䜭⡡ਁᜱˈᡰԕ䓛փнཚྭǄ ᆖṑ䴰㾱ᔪᴤཊⲴᮉᇔˈਟᱟ䫡нཏˈབྷ ᇦ䜭ᴹ⛩‫ਁݯ‬ᜱǄ ֐ਁӰѸᜱˈһᛵ⋑ᴹ֐ᜣⲴ䛓ѸнྭǄ

NԁQJSj  ᙅ v.* 2B

to dread ( ᙅ + object; not ᖸ/ 䶎ᑨ +  ᙅ) ( , to fear; ᙅ, to be afraid)

ྸྸ ᙅᡁ⭏⯵ˈ੺䇹ᡁᑖк㦟Ǆ  ᙅᆖ⭏⋑ᴹੜ៲ˈ㘱ᐸ৸৽༽ IӽQI repeatedly) 䇢Ҷࠐ䙽Ǆ  ᙅߜཙߧˈᡁҠҶᖸཊߜཙⲴ㺓ᴽǄ

FƗR[ƯQ ᫽ᗳ v. 1C

to worry about and give a lot of care to (usu. not ᫽ᗳ + object; insertable) (᫽, to hold)

䘉ㅄ (mw.) ⭏᜿ (business) 䶎ᑨнྭ‫ⵏˈڊ‬ ᫽ᗳǄ ᆙᆀሿˈн៲һˈԕਾ䘈ᗇ䈧ᛘཊ᫽ᗳҶǄ 䘉Ԧһ䐏֐⋑ᴹ‫ޣ‬㌫ˈ֐᫽ӰѸᗳʽ Ԇ‫ྣݯ‬ཊˈ᫽нᆼⲴᗳǄ 䘉њᆖ⭏нྭྭᆖҐˈ㘱ᐸ᫽ҶнቁᗳǄ

chóu ᜱ v. 1B

to be anxious, to worry (oft. ᜱ + complement)

pà ᙅ v.* 1A

to be afraid (usu. ᙅ + object)

‫ݯ‬ᆀ㘳нкབྷᆖˈྸྸ䜭ᜱࠪ⯵ᶕҶǄ ԆѪᆙᆀᢺཤਁ䜭ᜱⲭҶǄ 㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ᖸнྭˈԆᜱᗇ䘎㿹䜭ⶑн⵰Ǆ Ԇᴹᖸཊ䫡ˈнᜱਲ਼нᜱクⲴǄ ࡛ᜱҶˈᜱҏ⋑⭘ˈ䘈ᱟཊᜣᜣᘾѸ࣎੗Ǆ ԆᙅᡁԜ⋑ᴹੜ␵ᾊˈቡ৸䈤Ҷа䙽Ǆ ᙅᡁཚ㍟ˈྸྸਛᡁᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬кᒺⶑ㿹Ǆ 䘉䟼༿ཙᖸ✝ˈնᱟԆнᙅ✝Ǆ Ԇᖸᙅлབྷ䴘ˈቡᢺデᡧ䜭‫ޣ‬кҶǄ ᙅྩн儈‫ˈޤ‬Ԇ⋑ᴹ઼ᴻ৻Ԝࠪ৫ⴻ⭥ᖡǄ

Note: *  ᙅ DGYµSHUKDSV¶DVLQ Ӻཙ ᙅ㾱л䴘, ֐䘈ᱟᢺ䴘Վᑖк੗. * ᙅ YµWRIHDU¶DVLQ ⦻㘱ᐸᖸቁ䈤䈍, ᡁԜ䜭ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ᙅԆ. * ᙅ DGYµSHUKDSV¶DVLQ ֐ᙅᱟ㍟Ҷ੗, ᘛՁ᚟ал. ¾ ᣵᘗ / ᘗ㲁 QµDQ[LHW\¶DVLQ ԆⲴᣵᘗ/ ᘗ㲁֯Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕᖸнᘛҀ.

GƗnwèi অս n. bùmén 䜘䰘 n. 2B

work unit sub-unit of a larger organisation ᡁԜঅսᴹйњ䜘䰘ˈᡁᐕ֌Ⲵ䛓њ䜘䰘 (e.g. a department, section, division ∄䖳ሿǄ etc.) (䜘, section) 䘉Ԧһᛵ֐ᓄ䈕৫᢮᧘䬰 WXƯ[LƗRPDUNHWLQJ 䜘䰘ˈ䰞䰞ԆԜᘾѸ࣎ྭǄ Ԇ㇑⨶ JXӽQOӿWRPDQDJH ᡁԜᆖṑⲴ਴њ 䜘䰘ˈ⇿ཙᰙᶕᲊ䎠ˈ⢩࡛ᘉǄ

76

GƗQZX 㙭䈟䘉њབྷᆖਾऔ (hòuqín, logistics) 䜘䰘ⲴӪᴰ ቁˈᮉᆖ䜘䰘ⲴӪᴰཊǄ

GƗnwèi অս n.* 2B

work unit (usu. referring to a state-owned office, institute, factory, etc.) (অ, single; ս, place )

ᡁн⸕䚃Ԇ൘ଚњঅսᐕ֌Ǆ ԆⲴঅս∄ᡁⲴབྷᗇཊˈӪҏཊᖸཊǄ Ԇௌ⅒৫‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ ᐕ֌ˈԆ㿹 ᗇᵪ‫ޣ‬অսⲴᐕ䍴⋑ᴹ‫ޜ‬ਨⲴ儈Ǆ

MƯJXƗQ ᵪ‫ ޣ‬n. 2B

office (of government, institution, etc.) (ᵪ, engine; ‫ޣ‬, joint)

Ԇௌ⅒൘ᵪ‫ޣ‬ᐕ֌ˈнௌ⅒൘‫ޜ‬ਨᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇ⡦Ӣ൘ഭᇦᵪ‫ޣ‬䟼ᐕ֌ҶࠐॱᒤǄ 䘉њ᭯ᓌ ]KqQJIԃJRYHUQPHQW ᵪ‫Ⲵޣ‬ᐕ֌ ᱟ㇑⨶ᆖṑǄ Ԇᱟ඀ᵪ‫ˈⲴޣ‬ᐕ֌нཚᘉǄ

Note: *অս QµDXQLWRIPHDVXUHPHQW ¶DVLQ ‫ޜ‬ᯔᱟ䟽䟿 (zhòngliàng, weight) অս.

GƗQZX 㙭䈟 v.

to delay

WXǀ\iQ ᤆᔦ v. 3D

䘉њᐕ֌㾱傜к‫ˈڊ‬н㜭ᤆᔦǄ ᱘ཙлҶаཙⲴ䴘ˈᡁԜⲴ䇑ࡂҏਚྭᤆᔦ ҶаཙǄ Ԇُ࡛ӪⲴ䫡ᙫᱟᤆᔦᖸѵ MLԃDORQJ time) ᡽䘈, ᡰԕབྷᇦ䜭нᝯ᜿ُ㔉Ԇ䫡Ǆ

to prolong (oft. used pejoratively) (ᔦ, to delay)

WXƯFKt ᧘䘏 v. 2C

to postpone (a scheduled time, for a short or long time) (᧘, to push; 䘏, late)

\iQTƯ ᔦᵏ v.* 2D

to defer (sth. scheduled previously; ഐѪ⋑ᴹ߶༷ྭˈ╄ୡՊᔦᵏйཙǄ usu. for a period longer than a few ੜ䈤ኅ㿸ՊᔦᵏҶˈབྷᇦ䜭нཚ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ hours) (ᵏ, a period of time) Պ䇞ᔦᵏⲴһᛵ֐ੜ䈤Ҷੇ˛ ╄ୡՊ㾱ᔦᵏཊ䮯ᰦ䰤˛

GƗQZX 㙭䈟 v. 2-1 C

to delay (emphasising the undesirable consequence as a result of being delayed; oft. caused by mishandling) (㙭, to delay; 䈟, error)

ᔰՊᰦ䰤᧘䘏ҶањሿᰦǄ ᡁԜ䜭н⸕䚃ԆѪӰѸ㾱ᢺ∅ъⲴᰦ䰤᧘䘏 аᒤǄ ᧘䘏ࡠ᰾ᒤ޽㔃ႊᱟഐѪᡁ઼ྣᴻ৻ᐕ֌䜭 ᖸᘉǄ

ᘛ䎠੗ˈ㙭䈟Ҷк䈮ਟቡ哫✖ҶǄ ᆙᆀਁ✗㾱傜кਲ਼㦟ˈ㙭䈟Ҷਟн㹼Ǆ ԆഐѪҠнࡠ伎ᵪ⾘ˈ㙭䈟Ҷ᯵㹼Ǆ ⴻཚཊ⭥㿶ᖸ㙭䈟ᰦ䰤ˈҏ㙭䈟ᆖҐˈа⛩ ‫ྭݯ‬༴䜭⋑ᴹǄ 㙭䈟Ҷєњሿᰦˈⵏᱟሩн䎧Ǆ

dànshì նᱟ WXƯ ᧘ v. 2-1 B

to put off, to decline

wù 䈟 v. 2-1 C

to miss (a train, plane, etc.), to hinder

GƗQJH 㙭ᨱ v. 1 N/A

to delay (sometimes indicating the delay is unexpected) (ᨱ, to put aside)

WXǀ ᤆ v.* 1C

to drag on

77

ཙ≄ᖸнྭˈ伎ᵪ䎧伎ᰦ䰤ਚྭᖰਾ᧘ҶǄ Ԇ⯵Ҷйཙˈ᯵⑨Ⲵᰦ䰤ҏ᧘ҶйཙǄ ഐѪᐕ֌ཚᘉˈԆⲴ‫ٷ‬ᵏа᧘޽᧘ˈ ࡠ⧠ ൘䘈⋑ᴹᰦ䰤৫Ձ‫ٷ‬Ǆ Ԇ㔃ႊ䈧ᡁ৫ਲ਼依ˈᡁ᧘Ҷ⋑৫Ǆ ཙ≄нྭˈ伎ᵪ䈟⛩ҶǄ н㾱䇙䘉Ԧһ䈟Ҷ֐Ⲵࡽ〻 (qiánchéng, future)Ǆ ֐ᐢ㓿䈟Ҷྭࠐ⅑䈮Ҷˈн㜭޽䘉ṧҶǄ ֐ཙཙ䈟䈮ˈབྷᆖ䘈㜭㘳кੇ˛ ࡛޽㙭ᨱҶˈ㾱нቡᲊҶǄ 㙭ᨱࠐཙ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈᡁн⵰ᙕǄ 䐟к㙭ᨱҶॱ࠶䫏ˈᶕᲊҶˈሩн䎧Ǆ ֐ᘛ৫੗ˈ࡛㙭ᨱҶ֐Ⲵᐕ֌Ǆ 㙭ᨱҶⴻ⭥ᖡн㾱㍗ (not serious)ˈⴻ⯵ᴰ 䟽㾱Ǆ 䘉њᐕ֌ᤆᗇཚѵҶˈᓄ䈕傜к‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ Ԇ䈤৫᯵⑨ˈਟᱟᤆҶаᒤҏ⋑৫Ǆ ԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈӔ֌ъ (zuòyè, school work) Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬Ӿᶕ䜭нՊᖰਾᤆǄ ֐䜭йॱ኱Ҷˈ࡛޽ᤆҶˈӺᒤቡ㔃ႊ੗Ǆ Ԇаᤆ޽ᤆˈቡᱟн㛟ᢺ䫡䘈 (huán, to pay back) 㔉ᡁǄ

Note: * ᔦᵏ YµWRUHQHZLQVHUWDEOH ¶DVLQ ԆⲴᣔ➗ᐢ㓿ᔦҶа⅑ᵏ, 䘉⅑޽ᔦᵏቡᱟㅜҼ⅑Ҷ. * ᤆ YµWRGUDJ¶DVLQ ԆᢺἵᆀᤆҶ䗷ᶕ, ඀൘ҶᡁⲴᯱ䗩.

dànshì նᱟ conj. UiQ¶pU ❦㘼 conj. 3B

dàn ն conj. 2B

but

however, whereas (the strongest word in this group)

ᡁ䐏Ԇ䈸Ҷᖸѵˈ❦㘼Ԇ䘈ᱟнᜣ৫Ǆ ᡁԜ㲭❦⿫ႊҶˈ❦㘼䘈ᱟᴻ৻Ǆ 㲭❦བྷᇦ䜭ᜣкབྷᆖˈ❦㘼ᒦнᱟӪӪ䜭㜭㘳кབྷᆖⲴǄ Ԇⅼୡᗇྭнྭᡁн⸕䚃ˈ❦㘼ᡁ⸕䚃ԆⲴ 䏣⨳䑒ᗇ⢩࡛ྭǄ

䘉ৼ䶻ྭᱟྭˈնн‫ׯ‬ᇌǄ yet (unlike նᱟ, no pause after ն) ԆⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔᱟнབྷˈնᖸᮤ喀Ǆ ᡁԜ䜭ᜣ৫᯵⑨ˈնྩнᜣ৫Ǆ ԆнᜣᰙഎᇦˈնԆⲴྣᴻ৻ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬㍟Ҷˈ ᡰԕԆԜቡ⿫ᔰҶǄ

78 dànshì նᱟ conj. 2A

ér 㘼 conj.* 2B

dànshì նᱟ but (a stronger word in this ԆᶕҶˈնᱟԆⲴྸྸ⋑ᴹᶕǄ group; 㲭❦/ ቭ㇑ « նᱟ« Ԇ㲭❦ਚᆖҶаᒤⲴ≹䈝ˈնᱟ䈤ᗇᐢ㓿 նᱟ, oft. interchangeable with ն) ᖸ⍱࡙ҶǄ ቭ㇑ᡁԜᱟྭᴻ৻ˈնᱟ⡡ྭতн਼Ǆ 䘉ৼ䶻ᡁᖸௌ⅒ˈնᱟཚ䍥ҶǄ Ԇ≹䈝䈤ᗇᖸធˈնᱟᡁ䘈ᱟੜнཚ៲Ǆ 㲭❦Ԇᱟᡁ⡨⡨ˈնᱟᡁԜᖸቁ㿱䶒ˈഐѪ ԆᖸᘉǄ

but, yet (oft. 㘼«ত TXqµEXW¶ no pause after 㘼)

䘉њᆖṑྣᆖ⭏ཊˈ㘼䛓њᆖṑ⭧ᆖ⭏ཊǄ Ԇௌ⅒ⴻ⭥ᖡˈ㘼ᡁতௌ⅒ੜ丣ҀǄ 䘉ἥṁᔰ㓒㣡ˈ㘼䛓ἥṁতᔰ哴㣡Ǆ Ԇᜣ䐏ᴻ৻ُ⛩‫ݯ‬䫡ˈ㘼ᴻ৻ত䈤⋑ᴹ䫡Ǆ

]KӿVKu ਚᱟ conj. 2B

just, though (oft. providing supplementary comments, with a milder tone; usu. no pause after ਚᱟ)

Ԇ䈤Ԇҏᖸᜣᶕˈਚᱟ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤Ǆ ᡁᖸᜣ৫ेӜⴻⴻˈਚᱟ⋑ᴹ䫡Ǆ 䘉њ෾ᐲⲴ仾Ჟᖸ㖾ˈਚᱟ༿ཙཚ✝Ǆ ԆҠҶ䛓ᵜҖˈਚᱟ䘈⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ⴻǄ ֐৫ҏਟԕˈਚᱟ࡛ᢺᆙᆀᑖ৫ˈ䛓䟼Ⲵߜ ཙཚߧҶǄ

bù(ú)guò н䗷 conj. 2-1 B

but then, though (with a mild tone; as opposed to ਟᱟ/ նᱟ/ ❦㘼, н䗷 oft. indicates a concession, rather than a contrast)

Ԇᖸᘉˈн䗷ઘᵛ䘈ᱟᑨᑖᆙᆀࠪ৫⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ৫䗷ेӜˈн䗷ਚտҶаཙǄ 䘉䟼ྭᱟྭˈн䗷ᡁ䘈ᱟௌ⅒ᡁⲴ㘱ᇦǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵߜཙᖸߧˈн䗷༿ཙᖸ㡂ᴽˈа⛩‫ݯ‬ҏ н✝Ǆ

NČVKu ਟᱟ conj. 2-1 A

and yet, but (㲭❦/ ቭ㇑« ਟᱟ«; oft. interchangeable with ਟ)

ᡁԜ䜭ԕѪԆՊᶕˈਟᱟԆ⋑ᴹᶕǄ ྩ⋑ᴹᖸཊ䫡ˈਟᱟᖸᝯ᜿ᑞࣙᴻ৻Ǆ ᐕ֌Ҷаཙˈᡁᖸ㍟ˈਟᱟᗳᛵᖸ᜹ᘛǄ 㲭❦ཙл⵰བྷ䴘ˈਟᱟԆ䘈ᱟ৫к䈮ҶǄ ྲ᷌ᡁᴹ䫡ቡаᇊՊُ㔉֐ˈਟᱟᡁ⧠൘⋑ ᴹ䫡Ǆ

Note: * 㘼 FRQMµDQG¶DVLQ 䘉њ෾ᐲᒢ߰㘼㖾ѭ. ¾ н䗷/ ਚᱟ adv. µRQO\PHUHO\¶DVLQ ᡁн䗷/ ਚᱟ䲿‫ׯ‬䈤䈤, 䈧ᛘ࡛⭏≄. ¾ 㲭❦/ ቭ㇑« ❦㘼/ նᱟ/ ਟᱟ«LIWZRGLIIHUHQWVXEMHFWV 㲭❦ placed before the subject, as in 㲭❦Ӻཙлབྷ䴘, ਟᱟԆ䘈ᱟ৫к䈮Ҷ. If the same subject, 㲭❦ is either before or after the subject, as in ᡁԜ㲭❦⿫Ҷႊ, ਟᱟ䘈ᱟᴻ৻ or 㲭❦ᡁԜ⿫ႊҶ, ਟᱟ䘈ᱟᴻ৻. Clauses with ❦㘼/ ն ᱟ/ ਚᱟ/ н䗷 are usually the focus of the sentence; they are placed before the subject of the second clause. ¾ ত DGYTXqµEXW¶DVLQ ᡁ੺䇹Ԇн㾱৫, Ԇতаᇊ㾱৫ (ত usu. placed after a subject).

GƗQJ ᖃ

GƗQJ ᖃ prep. (see also ᖃᰦ) yú Ҿ prep. 3B

79

when

Ԇ⭏Ҿ 1985, ∄Ԇକକሿє኱Ǆ in (of time; Ҿ + time, used before ԆҾ 2001 ᒤቡᶕࡠҶᡁԜབྷᆖᐕ֌ˈᆖ⭏ or after verb/ adjective) 䜭ௌ⅒ੜԆⲴ䈮Ǆ 䘉⿽㤩᷌Ҿࡽࠐᒤᔰ࿻⿽Ἵ (zhòngzhí, to grow)ˈ৸བྷ৸㓒ˈᖸਇ⅒䗾Ǆ ᆖ⭏Ҿ᱘ཙ৲࣐Ҷᵏᵛ TƯPzHQGRIWHUP 㘳䈅ˈᡀ㔙лњᱏᵏ᡽⸕䚃Ǆ

]KqQJGƗQJ ↓ᖃ ph. 3C

ᆙᆀԜ↓ᖃਁ㛢 IƗ\JURZWK ᰦᵏˈаᇊ 䇙ԆԜਲ਼ྭǃⶑྭǄ ↓ᖃᡁ㾱⿫ᔰᰦˈԆ䎠Ҷ䘋ᶕǄ ⧠൘↓ᖃ㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ‫਼ˈى‬ᆖԜ䜭ᖸᘉǄ ֐Ԝ↓ᖃᒤ䖫ˈ㾱ཊᆖ⛩‫ݯ‬ь㾯Ǆ

just when, just as (↓, just)

GƗQJ« ᖃ« prep.* 2A

when (ᖃ + time, indicating a point in time) (ᖃ«ᰦ, ⇿ᖃ µZKHQHYHU¶

ᖃԆᆖՊ䐣㡎ԕਾˈቡ㓿ᑨ઼ᴻ৻Ԝа䎧 ৫䐣㡎ҶǄ ᖃԆഎࡠᇦ䟼ᰦˈᇦ䟼Ӫᰙቡкᒺⶑ㿹ҶǄ ⇿ᖃⴻࡠ࡛ӪᇦⲴᆙᆀ൘‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼⧙ˈԆቡՊ ᜣ䎧㠚ᐡ൘ഭཆ䈫ҖⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ

dào ࡠ prep. 2 N/A

up to (a time, indicating an action has been happening up to a certain point in time; ⴤࡠ, аⴤࡠ)

ⴤࡠӺཙˈᡁ᡽⸕䚃ԆᱟྩⲴиཛǄ ֐ࡠ⧠൘䘈⋑ᴹᢺᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᆼˈ㜭ᘛ⛩‫˛ੇݯ‬ Ԇ⇿ཙ⑨⌣ⲴҐᜟаⴤ‫؍‬ᤱࡠгॱཊ኱Ǆ ԆӾᰙкаⴤㅹࡠѝॸ, ֐ҏ⋑ᴹᶕǄ ࡠӺཙ֐䘈н䐏ᡁ䇢ⵏ䈍ˈⵏнཏ᜿ᙍ (to let down)Ǆ

GƗQJ«GHVKtKRX ᖃ«Ⲵᰦ‫ ى‬ph. while (similar to ᖃ and ᖃ« 2-1 B ᰦ)

ᖃྣ‫ݯ‬㿱ࡠᡁⲴᰦ‫ྩˈى‬儈‫ޤ‬ൠ䐁Ҷ䗷ᶕǄ ӺཙᱟྸྸⲴ⭏ᰕˈᖃ⡨⡨䘋䰘Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬᡻ 䟼ᨀ⵰ањབྷ㳻㌅Ǆ ᖃᡁⴻ⭥㿶Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇቡᢺᲊ依‫ྭڊ‬ҶǄ ᖃᡁᢃ⭥䈍Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇᔰ䖖䎠ҶǄ

zài ൘ prep.* 2-1 A

䘉Ԧһᛵਁ⭏ IƗVKƝQJWRKDSSHQ ൘৫ᒤǄ Ԇᱟ൘књᱏᵏ৫ⲴབྷᆖമҖ侶ˈُҶࠐᵜ ѝ᮷ҖǄ ൘Ԇ䘋ቻᰦˈᡁⴻࡠԆ᡻䟼ㄟ GXƗQWRKROG sth. level) ⵰а⻇䶒ᶑǄ ൘ᆙᆀнᜣⶑ㿹Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬㔉ԆԜੜੜ丣ҀǄ

at (indicating a point in time or a period of time)

Note: * ᖃ SUHSµLQIURQWRI¶DVLQ ᖃ⵰⡨⡨Ⲵ䶒, ᡁнྭ᜿ᙍ䈤䘉Ԧһᛵ. * ᖃ YµWREH¶DVLQ ԆᱟӺᒤᶕᡁԜᆖṑᖃ㘱ᐸⲴ.

80

GƗQJVKt ᖃᰦ

* ൘ DGYµLQWKHSURFHVVRI¶, as in Ԇ൘ⴻ⭥㿶.

GƗQJVKt ᖃᰦ n. (see also ᖃ)

at that moment

GƗQJFKӽQJ ᖃ൪ n. 2D

ੜҶ५⭏Ⲵ䈍ˈྩᖃ൪ቡଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ then and there, on the spot (ᖃ, just; Ԇᖃ൪㔉ᡁԜབྷᇦୡҶⅼˈୡᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ ൪, spot) Ԇᖃ൪ቡ᤯ࠪᖸཊ䫡㔉Ҷ䛓њᆙᆀǄ

GƗQJFKǌ ᖃࡍ n. 2C

in the beginning, at that time (less specific and with a longer time period) (antonym: ⧠൘) (ࡍ, beginning)

GƗQJQLiQ ᖃᒤ n.* 2B

in those days or years (referring to a short or long period of time)

GƗQJVKt ᖃᰦ n.* 2B

at that moment (usu. referring to a short period of time, and specific)

GjQJWLƗQ ᖃཙ n. 2D

that very day, same day

nàshí 䛓ᰦ ph. 2D

ᖃࡍԆӰѸ䜭нᱟˈਟ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ᱟᖸᴹ਽Ⲵ ӪҶǄ ྲ᷌нᱟᖃࡍԆԜྭᗳᑞᘉˈᡁᱟᖸ䳮ᆼ ᡀ䘉њᐕ֌ⲴǄ ᰙ⸕Ӻᰕˈօᗵᖃࡍ? (You brought this upon yourself.) ᖃᒤԆᇦ⋑䫡ˈᡰԕкнҶབྷᆖǄ ᜣᖃᒤˈᡁԜ䘈ᱟᆖ⭏ˈᮤཙᘛ⍫ᗇᖸǄ ᖃᒤ䘉䟼䘈ᱟа⡷オൠˈ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ᔪҶᖸཊ བྷᾬҶǄ Ӿ⴨⡷кⴻˈᖃᒤⲴྩᱟ৸ᒤ䖫৸┲ӞǄ Ԇаᜣ䎧ᒨ⾿ⲴᖃᒤˈቡᑨᑨՊ儈‫ޤ‬ൠୡ䎧 ⅼᶕǄ Ԇ৫ᵪ൪Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᖃᰦ䐟к䖖ᖸཊǄ Ԇн䇠ᗇ㠚ᐡᖃᰦ䜭䈤ӰѸҶǄ ᖃᰦԆ䘈н⸕䚃ˈਾᶕ᡽⸕䚃䘉ԦһǄ ᡁ㿱䗷ԆˈᖃᰦԆク⵰аԦⲭк㺓Ǆ 䖖⾨ FKƝKXzFDUDFFLGHQW ਁ⭏Ⲵᖃᰦ⋑ᴹ ࡛Ӫ൘൪ ]jLFKӽQJWREHRQWKHVFHQH Ǆ Ԇ᱘ཙᰙк৫ҶेӜˈᖃཙᲊкቡഎᶕҶǄ 㘱ᐸሩᡁԜ䈤ᖃཙⲴ֌ъ㾱ᖃཙᆼᡀˈ䘉ṧ ሩᡁԜⲴᆖҐՊᴹᑞࣙǄ 侪ᆀᴰྭᖃཙਲ਼ᆼˈㅜҼཙቡнྭਲ਼ҶǄ 䘉ԦһԆᱟ൘ᖃཙⲴ⭥㿶ᯠ䰫 [ƯQZpQ news) кⴻࡠⲴǄ 㘳䈅ⲴᖃཙࡊྭᱟԆⲴ⭏ᰕǄ

at that time (usu. for sth. in the past, Ԇ⡦⇽ᖸᰙቡ⿫ႊҶˈ䛓ᰦԆ䘈ሿˈн䇠ᗇ sometimes for the future as well) ӰѸҶǄ (antonym: 䘉ᰦ/ 䘉ᰦ‫)ى‬ Ԇᰙкг⛩ቡ৫ᆖṑҶˈ䛓ᰦཙ↓л⵰䴘Ǆ 䛓ᰦԆ䘈ᱟањᆖ⭏ˈ൘кབྷᆖҼᒤ㓗Ǆ ⧠൘֐нྭྭᆖҐˈሶᶕ᢮нࡠྭᐕ֌ˈ䛓 ᰦቡӰѸ䜭ᲊҶǄ

dàochù ࡠ༴ nàhuìr 䛓Պ‫ ݯ‬ph. 1 N/A

then (usu. referring to sth. in the past) (antonym: 䘉Պ‫( )ݯ‬Պ‫ݯ‬, time)

81

Ԇሿᰦ‫ى‬䛓Պ‫ݯ‬㿹ᗇᐗ‫࣋ݻ‬ᴰྭਲ਼ˈਟᱟ䘉Պ‫ݯ‬ তн䘉ṧᜣҶǄ 䛓Պ‫ݯ‬Ԇࡊᔰ࿻ᐕ֌ˈ䘈ᥪࣚ࣋Ⲵˈਟᱟ⧠ ൘наṧҶǄ ॱᒤࡽԆ൘ेӜкᆖˈ䛓Պ‫ݯ‬Ԇ䘈ᒤ䖫Ǆ

Note: * ᖃᒤ QµLQWKHSULPHRIOLIHLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ᜣᖃᒤ, ᡁҏᱟањᒤ䖫ǃ┲ӞⲴྣᆙ‫ݯ‬. 2) Ӫᒤ㓚བྷҶˈ䓛փн∄ᖃᒤҶǄ * ᖃᰦ QµWKHQDQGWKHUH¶DVLQ ⚛䖖⾘н⭘ᨀࡽ (tíqián, in advance) Ҡ, ᖃᰦҠቡਟԕ.

dàochù ࡠ༴ adv. chùchù ༴༴ adv. 2C

dàochù ࡠ adv. 2B

sìchù ഋ༴ adv. 2C

all over everywhere, in all respects (referring to concrete or abstract items)

all over, around, everywhere (oft. referring to concrete items)

all around

ᡁԜⲴ㘱ᐸᖸྭˈ༴༴‫ޣ‬ᗳᆖ⭏Ǆ ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼༴༴䜭ᱟ勌㣡ˈ┲ӞᶱҶǄ Ԇ༴༴䜭ྭˈቡᱟнௌ⅒䈤䈍Ǆ Ԇᰦᰦ (all the time) ༴༴Ѫ‫⵰ྣݯ‬ᜣ ]KXy[LӽQJˈto bear in mind the interest of), ⵏᱟањྭ⡦ӢǄ བྷᆖᔰᆖⲴㅜаཙˈᆖṑ䟼ࡠ༴䜭ᱟӪǄ ԆᘈҶᢺ⵬䮌᭮ଚҶˈࡠ༴᢮ҏ⋑᢮ࡠǄ Ԇᇦ䟼ࡠ༴䜭ᱟҖˈ‫ۿ‬њമҖ侶Ǆ Ԇ‫ݯ‬ᆀ䮯ᗇᖸᘛˈ⧠൘䜭㜭ࡠ༴䐁ҶǄ ৏ᶕ䘉䟼ӰѸ䜭⋑ᴹˈ⧠൘ࡠ༴䜭ᱟṁǄ ྸྸлњᱏᵏᶕⴻᡁˈᡁᜣ䲚 (péi, to accompany) ྩࡠ༴䎠䎠Ǆ 䘉њഭᇦⲴ䏣⨳䱏䎒Ҷˈབྷᇦഋ༴྄䎠 ⴨੺ˈ்䞂ᒶ⾍Ǆ ԆѪҶ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴᐕ֌ˈഋ༴᢮ᴻ৻ᑞᘉǄ ᆙᆀᖸᲊ⋑ᴹഎᇦˈԆቡഋ༴ᢃ⭥䈍䰞Ǆ Ԇഋ༴ⴻҶⴻˈ⋑ⴻࡠᴹӪǄ

Note&KLQHVHVHWSKUDVHSDWWHUQµഋ A ‫ ޛ‬%¶$DQG%DUHVLPLODULQPHDQLQJVXFKDV ഋ䶒‫ޛ‬ᯩ (suPLjQEƗIƗQJLQDOOGLUHFWLRQV ഋ䙊‫ޛ‬䗮 VuWǀQJEƗGiWRH[WHQGLQDOOGLUHFWLRQV ഋᒣ‫ޛ‬っ VuStQJEƗZČQYHU\VWHDG\DQGZHOO-balanced).

dàodá ࡠ䗮 v. dá 䗮 v. 3C

to arrive 䘉њབྷᆖⲴᆖ⭏Ӫᮠᐢ䗮єзӪǄ to reach (a place, a figure, quantity, Ԇ඀Ⲵ⚛䖖ᱟⴤ (zhí, non-stop) 䗮ेӜⲴˈ etc.) ӺཙлॸቡਟԕࡠҶǄ

82

dàodá ࡠ䗮䘉ḻᡯᆀˈԧ䫡儈䗮ӄⲮзӪ≁ᐱǄ ᇭ NXƗQZLGWK 䗮‫Ⲯޛ‬ཊ㊣Ⲵ⋣ˈ֐㜭⑨䗷৫ ੇ˛

GӿGi ᣥ䗮 v. 3D

to arrive (oft. of an important figure, a significant situation), to reach (a place) (ᣥ, to prop up)

ᙫ⨶ ]ԁQJOӿSULPHPLQLVWHU ሶҾлњᱏᵏй ᣥ䗮䘉䟼Ǆ 䘉њԓ㺘ഒ GjLELӽRWXiQGHOHJDWLRQ ᣥ䗮Ⲵ ᰦ䰤ᱟӺཙлॸє⛩Ǆ Ԇ඀Ⲵ伎ᵪ᰾ཙѝॸᣥ䗮ेӜǄ

zhì 㠣 v. 3B

Ԇ㠣Ӻ䘈н⸕䚃䈱ᱟԆⲴ⡦ӢǄ to reach (a time, place, etc.; usu. not 䘉ᵜҖ֐ਟُ㠣ᵜᴸᓅ EČQ\XqGӿHQGRIWKLV used on its own; oft. verb + 㠣) month)Ǆ ኅ㿸侶Ⲵኅࠪᰦ䰤㠣аᴸӄᰕᡚ→ MLp]Kӿ to end)Ǆ ᡁԜ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔሶ〫 (yí, to move) 㠣ᾬкˈഐѪ ᾬлཚሿǄ

dádào 䗮ࡠ v. 2B

to achieve, to reach (a figure), to attain (standard, requirement, degree, etc.) (䗮ᗇࡠ µUHDFKDEOH¶ 䗮нࡠ µQRWUHDFKDEOH¶

ԆᜣҠ䘉ḻᡯᆀˈਟᱟഐѪԧ䫡Ⲵ䰞仈㘼 ⋑ᴹ䗮ࡠⴞⲴ (mùdì, goal)Ǆ ԆⲴ≹䈝ᐢ㓿䗮ࡠҶ儈㓗≤ᒣǄ ਚ㾱ࣚ࣋ˈᡁԜՊ䗮ࡠ㾱≲ \ƗRTL~ requirement) ⲴǄ ԆⲴ㤡䈝нཚྭˈਟ㜭䗮нࡠ㾱≲Ǆ ԆԜ৫ᒤ䗮ࡠ䗷а⅑㾱≲ˈਟᱟӺᒤ䘈⋑ᴹ 䗮ࡠǄ

dàodá ࡠ䗮 v. 2B

to arrive (at a place, a period, after a reasonable distance of travel, not ྩࡠ䗮৅ᡰҶ), to get in (referring to a train, passenger, etc.; more specific than 䗮ࡠ; ࡠ䗮 + non-monosyllable, e.g. ࡠ䗮䖖ㄉ, not ࡠ䗮ㄉ)

Ԇ඀Ⲵ⚛䖖Ӻཙлॸє⛩ࡠ䗮ेӜǄ ԆⲴ⊭䖖ൿҶˈ⋑㜭߶ᰦࡠ䗮Ǆ 伎ᵪᲊ⛩Ҷˈࡠ䗮Ⲵᰦ䰤䘈н⸕䚃Ǆ 䘉⅑᯵⑨ᡰࡠ䗮Ⲵൠᯩа‫ޡ‬ᴹഋњ෾ᐲǄ ԆⲴ䫒⩤ᆖҐ⧠൘ࡠ䗮Ҷањ‫ޣ‬䭞 JXƗQMLjQFUXFLDO Ⲵᰦᵏ VKtTƯSHULRG ˈ 䴰㾱ཙཙ㓳Ґᕩ⩤᡽㹼Ǆ

dào ࡠ v.* 2-1 A

to go to, to arrive, to leave for, up to (a figure or time, ࡠ + monosyllable or polysyllable, e.g. ࡠ䖖ㄉ or ࡠㄉ; ࡠ + ᗇ + ᖸᰙ/ ᖸᲊ)

Ԇࡠབྷᆖ৫Ҷˈлॸ᡽㜭എᶕǄ ⚛䖖ࡠㄉҶˈᘛ৫ⴻⴻԆлᶕҶ⋑ᴹǄ ᘛࡠ‫⛩ޛ‬Ҷˈ֐䈕䎠ҶǄ 䘉њ⨝Ⲵᆖ⭏䘈нࡠॱњǄ ྸྸ઼ᡁ䈤ҶаՊ‫ݯ‬䈍ˈቡࡠ৘ᡯ৫ҶǄ ԆӺཙࡠᗇᖸᰙˈᜣ൘к䈮ࡽⴻаՊ‫ݯ‬ҖǄ

Note: *ࡠ is also used as the complement of a verb expressing the result of an action, as in ֐Ҡࡠ᰾ཙ Ⲵ伎ᵪ⾘Ҷੇ?

dàoqiàn 䚃ⅹ

dàoqiàn 䚃ⅹ v. (see also ሩн䎧ķ/ ሩн䎧ĸ) dàoqiàn 䚃ⅹ v. 2B

to apologise (for having offended propriety; not 䚃ⅹ + object; oft. expressed verbally; not used alone, unlike ᣡⅹ; insertable, 䚃њⅹ, 䚃Ҷⅹ, 䚃䗷ⅹ; not used with ᖸ/ ॱ࠶) (reduplication: AAB) (䚃, to say; ⅹ, apology)

83

to apologise

ᐕ֌⋑ᴹ‫ˈྭڊ‬ᡁੁབྷᇦ䚃ⅹǄ Ԇ‫ڊ‬䭉Ҷҏн䚃ⅹˈ䘉ᖸнྭǄ ᓄ䈕䚃ⅹⲴᱟᡁˈнᱟ֐Ǆ Ԇ⸕䚃Ҷԕਾˈ傜кੁᡁ䚃ⅹǄ ‫ݹ‬䚃ⅹ⋑ᴹ⭘ˈ֐㾱ࣚ࣋ᢺᐕ֌‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ ֐ᗵ享ੁԆ䚃ⅹǄ ҏ⋑ӰѸབྷһˈ䚃䚃ⅹቡ㹼ҶǄ ࡊ᡽֐ሩԆ⋑⽬䊼ˈੁԆ䚃䗷ⅹҶੇ˛ 䚃䗷ⅹԕਾˈԆԜ৸ᱟྭᴻ৻ҶǄ ᱘ཙ⋑ᶕк䈮ˈੁ㘱ᐸ䚃њⅹǄ 䰞仈нབྷˈн⭘䚃ӰѸⅹǄ

SpLOӿGjRTLjQ to make an apology (a set phrase; 䎄⽬䚃ⅹ ph. not ᖸ/ ॱ࠶ + 䎄⽬䚃ⅹ) 2 N/A (䎄, to pay for; ⽬, courtesy)

‫ݯ‬ᆀᢺ䛫ትⲴᆙᆀᢃҶˈԆа޽৫䎄⽬䚃 ⅹˈᐼᵋԆԜ㜭৏䈵‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ ֐ᗵ享ੁᇒӪ䎄⽬䚃ⅹǄ ᡁԜ㾱≲Ԇ䎄⽬䚃ⅹǄ ֐ᢃҶӪᘾѸ䘈н䎄⽬䚃ⅹ઒˛ ‫ݹ‬䎄⽬䚃ⅹ䘈нཏˈԆԜ䘈㾱≲䎄䫡Ǆ

péi 䎄 v.* 1C

ᡁࡊ᡽ⵏ⋑ᴹ⽬䊼ˈੁᛘ䎄㖚 (zuì, guilt)Ǆ н⭘䎄⽬Ҷˈл⅑⌘᜿ (zhùyì, to pay attention to) а⛩‫ݯ‬ቡ㹼ҶǄ ᡁᴯᆙᆀੁ֐䎄њ䭉 (cuò, fault)ˈⵏሩн䎧ᛘǄ ᡁੁ֐䎄њнᱟ (to express regret)ˈࡊ᡽ᱟ ᡁⲴнሩǄ

to apologise (a polite word; oft. 䎄 + monosyllabic object; 䎄 + њ + noun)

Note: * 䎄 YµWRSD\IRU¶DVLQ ᡁ൘佀侶ᢺᶟᆀᢃҶ, 䘈䎄Ҷ䫡. ¾ ᣡⅹ adj. bàoqiàn µWRIHHODSRORJHWLFDERXW¶ (not ᣡⅹ + object; can be used alone and repeated; not necessarily expressed verbally or by an action; ᖸ/ ॱ࠶ + ᣡⅹ; can be used as an adverb; ᣡ, to hold), as in 1) ԆᶕᲊҶ, 䘋䰘Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ᖸᣡⅹൠㅁҶㅁ. 2) ᣡⅹ, ᣡⅹ, ᡁᶕᲊҶ. 3) ԆᢺྩⲴ⭏ ᰕᘈҶ, ᝏࡠॱ࠶ᣡⅹ. 4) ⴻࡠԆ䛓ᣡⅹⲴṧᆀ, ᡁҏнྭ޽䈤ӰѸҶ. 5) ᖸᣡⅹ, ᡁᢺ֐ⲴҖ ᔴђҶ, ᡁаᇊҠᵜᯠⲴ䘈㔉֐.

dédào ᗇࡠ v. huò 㧧 v. 3C

to get to catch, to win (oft. used with monosyllables)

ӪӪ䜭㾱ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌ˈнࣣ㘼㧧 EOiR¶pUKXz to reap without sowing) ᱟнᓄ䈕ⲴǄ 䘉⅑㈞⨳∄䎋ᡁԜ㧧㜌 (shèng, victory)Ǆ

84

dédào ᗇࡠ

huòdé 㧧ᗇ v. 3B

to be awarded, to achieve, (used positively; 㧧ᗇ + object) (antonym: їཡ VjQJVKƯ

䘉њ㘱ᐸᮉ䈮ᖸྭˈ㧧ᗇҶᆖ⭏ԜⲴྭ䇴Ǆ ԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈ㧧ᗇҶྭᡀ㔙Ǆ 㓿䗷ॱࠐᒤⲴㅹᖵˈԆԜ㓸Ҿ㧧ᗇҶᒨ⾿Ǆ ԆԜ൘䏣⨳䎋ѝ㧧ᗇҶㅜҼ਽Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌ࣚ࣋ˈ㧧ᗇҶӄз‫྆Ⲵݳ‬䠁 MLӽQJMƯQ reward)Ǆ Ԇ⭘㧧ᗇⲴ྆䠁㔉ྸྸҠҶ┲ӞⲴ⽬⢙Ǆ Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬㲭❦㧧ᗇҶᖸཊ䫡ˈতїཡҶӪԜሩ ԆⲴሺᮜǄ

KXzTԃ 㧧ਆ v. 3D

to obtain, to acquire (oft. referring to abstract items; pejoratively or positively) (ਆ, to get)

ᴰ䘁䘉ӋᒤˈԆӾᡯൠӗҠআѝ㧧ਆҶ ᳤࡙ (bàolì, huge and sudden profits)Ǆ Ԇᴰ‫ޣ‬ᗳⲴቡᱟᘾѸṧ㧧ਆ਽࡙ (mínglì, fame and wealth)Ǆ Ԇ䇙ԆⲴྣᴻ৻৫㧧ਆᴹ‫ޣ‬䛓ᯩ䶒Ⲵᛵᣕ (qíngbào, intelligence/ information)Ǆ ӾҖᵜ䟼ਟԕ㧧ਆ⸕䇶 ]KƯVKLNQRZOHGJH Ǆ

TԃGp ਆᗇ v. 3-2 A

to achieve, to attain, to have (oft. referring to abstract items) (antonym: ђཡ GLǌVKƯ

བྷᆖ∅ъԕਾˈᡁԜєњᐢ㓿ཊᒤ⋑ᴹਆᗇ 㚄㌫ (liánxì, contact) ҶǄ ԆԜ䱏൘㈞⨳䎋ѝਆᗇ䗷ㅜҼ਽Ǆ ԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈᙫᱟਆᗇྭᡀ㔙Ǆ 㓿傼 MƯQJ\jQH[SHULHQFH ਚᴹ൘ᐕ֌ѝ᡽㜭 ਆᗇǄ

yíngdé 䎒ᗇ v. 3-2 D

to gain, to win (oft. referring to abstract items; used positively) (䎒, to win)

ѪҶ䎒ᗇᰦ䰤ˈᡁԜ⧠൘ቡᔰ࿻߶༷䘉њ ⅼୡՊǄ ԆㅹҶॱᒤˈ㓸Ҿ䎒ᗇҶ䛓њྣᆙ‫Ⲵݯ‬ᗳǄ 䛓њᮉᐸ䎒ᗇҶᆖ⭏ԜⲴྭ䇴Ǆ

dédào ᗇࡠ v. 2A

to get, to receive (referring to abstract or concrete items; negation: ⋑ᗇࡠ, ᗇнࡠ) (antonym: ཡ৫ VKƯT

ᡁᑨᑨᗇࡠᴻ৻ԜⲴᑞࣙˈᖸᝏ䉒ԆԜǄ 䗷⭏ᰕⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ԆᗇࡠҶᖸཊ⭏ᰕ⽬⢙Ǆ ᴰ䘁䘉ӋᒤᶕˈᡁԜⲴ⭏⍫нᯝᗇࡠ᭩ழ JӽLVKjQLPSURYHPHQW Ǆ ᡁӾԆ䛓䟼ᗇнࡠа⛩‫ݯ‬ᑞࣙǄ Ԇ㲭❦䚃Ҷⅹˈնᱟ⋑ᗇࡠ৏䈵 (yuánliàng, forgiveness)Ǆ Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ӰѸ䜭⋑ᴹᗇࡠˈ䘈ཡ৫Ҷнቁᴻ৻Ǆ ᡁԜབྷᆖཪᗇҶⅼୡ∄䎋Ⲵㅜа਽Ǆ ԆԜ൘䘉⅑∄䎋ѝཪᗇҶ 10 ඇ䠁⡼ MƯQSiL gold medal)Ǆ

duódé ཪᗇ v. 2D

to obtain through competition (ཪ, to seize)

GXyTԃ ཪਆ v. 2C

нࡠаሿᰦˈԆԜቡཪਆҶ䛓њኡཤǄ to take by force, to capture, to have 䘉Ӌ↖ಘ ZԃTuZHDSRQ ᱟӾ᭼Ӫ (dírén, enemy) ᡻ѝཪਆⲴǄ

GČQJ ㅹķ

85

৫ᒤˈᡁഭⲴߌъ (nóngyè, agriculture) ཪਆ ҶབྷѠ᭦ IƝQJVKǀXplentiful harvest)Ǆ dé ᗇ v.* 2-1 A

Tԃ ਆ v. 2-1 B

to get (oft. referring to concrete items; used with monosyllables) (antonym: ཡ)

to fetch, to get (oft. with monosyllables)

ԆᆖҐнཚྭˈ⇿⅑㘳䈅䜭ᗇнࡠࡽࠐ਽Ǆ Ԇ㘳䈅ᗇҶ 95 ࠶Ǆ 䘉њᆙᆀ䓛փнཚྭˈ㓿ᑨᗇ⯵Ǆ ԆӾ⡨⡨䛓䟼ᗇҶаⲮ‫ݳ‬䫡ˈ傜к৫ᢺ䛓ᵜ ҖҠҶഎᶕǄ ֐ㅹалˈᡁഎᇦਆєᵜҖǄ ࡛㘱᤯࡛ӪਆҀ 'RQ¶WDOZD\VPDNHIXQRI others)Ǆ ሿ⦻৫䬦㹼ਆ䫡ҶǄ ԆⲴ䖖䘱৫‫؞‬ҶˈӺཙлॸ৫ਆǄ

Note: * ᗇ, also a structure particle used between a verb and its potential complement, as in 䘉њ㹼ᵾᖸ䟽, ն ᱟԆᨀᗇࣘ. * ᗇ, a structure particle used after a verb/ adjective to introduce a result or degree complement, as in ԆⲴ≹䈝䈤ᗇᖸн䭉. * ᗇ DX[GČLµKDYHWRVKRXOG¶DVLQ ཚᲊҶ, ᡁᗇഎᇦҶ.

GČQJ ㅹķv. (see also ㅹĸ) GČQJGjL ㅹᖵ v. 3B

to wait for, to await (referring to concrete or abstract items; oft. a long time to wait; ㅹᖵ + non-monosyllable) (ㅹ, to wait; ᖵ, to stay )

GČQJKzX ㅹ‫ ى‬v. 3C

to wait, to await, to expect (‫ى‬, to await)

JǀQJKzX ᚝‫ ى‬v. 3 N/A

to wait with great respect (a polite word; usu. referring to a person) (᚝, respectful)

to wait

Ԇ㙀ᗳ (nài[ƯQSDWLHQW ൠㅹᖵҶањᴸǄ བྷᇦ䜭൘ㅹᖵ⵰ԆⲴࡠᶕǄ Ԇᐢ㓿ㅹᖵॱᒤҶˈਟᱟྩ䘈ᱟн਼᜿઼Ԇ 㔃ႊǄ ᡁԜ㾱ㅹᖵˈ⧠൘ᰦᵪ (opportunity) 䘈нࡠǄ 㘳䈅㘳ᆼҶˈᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭൘ㅹᖵ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙Ǆ ᯵ᇒԜ䜭൘䘉䟼ㅹ‫( ਁࠪى‬to set out)Ǆ 䈧֐Ԝ൘䘉䟼ㅹ‫ى‬Ǆ Ԇ䎠Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ҷˈ⡦⇽൘ㅹ‫⵰ى‬ԆⲴ⎸ ᚟ [LƗR[LQHZV Ǆ 伎ᵪᲊ⛩ҶˈԆаⴤ൘ᵪ൪ㅹ‫ࡠⲴྩى‬ᶕǄ ᡁ൘⚛䖖ㄉㅹ‫ى‬ањሿᰦҶˈн⸕ѪӰѸ ྩ䘈⋑ᴹᶕǄ ᚝‫ݹى‬Ѥ JXƗQJOtQgracing the occasion with your presence)Ǆ ᡁԜབྷᇦ൘䘉䟼᚝‫ى‬ᛘᖸѵ MLԃORQJ ҶǄ ᴹᰦ䰤⅒䗾ᶕᡁᇦ‫ڊ‬ᇒˈаᇊ᚝‫ى‬Ǆ ੜ䈤ṑ䮯㾱ᶕˈབྷᇦ傜к䜭ࡠ䰘ਓ৫᚝‫ى‬Ǆ

86 TƯGjL ᵏᖵ v.* 3D

dài ᖵ v. 3-2 C

GČQJ ㅹ v. 2A

GČQJ ㅹĸ ⡦⇽ᵏᖵ⵰‫ݯ‬ᆀᰙᰕᖂᶕ JXƯOiLWRUHWXUQ Ǆ to expect, to look forward to (with a བྷᇦ䜭൘ᵏᖵԆⲴࡠᶕǄ positive connotation) (ᵏ, to expect) ᡁԜᵏᖵ⵰ањᯠⲴᔰㄟ NƗLGXƗQVWDUW Ǆ ᖃԆⴻ㿱ᆙᆀ䛓ᵏᖵⲴ⵬ⶋᰦˈቡࠪ৫઼ᆙ ᆀа䎧䑒⨳ҶǄ

to wait for, to await (oft. a long time to wait)

to wait, to await (usu. referring to a concrete item; the most commonly used in this group) (reduplication: A(а)A)

䘉Ӌ䰞仈ᴹᖵ䀓ߣ (These problems are yet to be solved)Ǆ ԆӾ৫ᒤᔰ࿻ቡаⴤ൘ᇦᖵъ (dàiyè, to be job-seeking)Ǆ ᖵ֐⭏ᰕ䛓ཙˈᡁаᇊ䘱֐ањྭ⽬⢙Ǆ Ԇ൘䰘ਓㅹԆⲴྣᴻ৻ˈྩг⛩䫏ࡠǄ ᡁ᰾ཙаᇊ൘ᇦㅹ֐Ǆ ֐ᘛᶕ੗ˈབྷᇦ䜭ㅹᙕ (jí, impatient) ҶǄ ሩн䎧ˈ䇙ᛘѵㅹҶǄ ԆㅹҶॺሿᰦҶˈྩ䘈⋑ᴹᶕǄ Ԇ䘈⋑ᴹᶕ⭥䈍ˈਚྭ޽ㅹалҶǄ 䈧〽 VKƗRDOLWWOH ㅹˈԆ傜кቡᶕǄ ᰦ䰤䘈ᰙˈૡԜ޽ㅹ(а)ㅹ੗Ǆ

Note: * ᵏᖵ nµH[SHFWDWLRQ¶DVLQ ᡁаᇊн䗌䍏 JǌIWRIDLO ᛘⲴᵏᖵ. ¾ Ԇ↓൘ㅹᖵྩⲴࡠᶕ. (Usually the date of her arrival has been specified) Ԇ↓൘ᵏᖵྩⲴࡠᶕ. (Usually the date of her arrival is unknown)

GČQJ ㅹĸaux. (see also ㅹķ)

etc./ et al.

GČQJ ㅹ aux. 2A

etc./ et al., and so on (and so forth) (listing + ㅹ + total figure + generic item; the listing could be one or more items, proper or common nouns)

Ԇ৫䗷㤡ഭǃ㖾ഭㅹഭᇦǄ Ԇ᱘ཙ䗷⭏ᰕˈ䈧Ҷᖸཊᴻ৻ˈሿ⦻ǃ ሿᕐǃሿᵾㅹ䜭ᶕҶǄ 㤩᷌ǃ俉㭹ㅹ≤᷌ᡁ䜭ௌ⅒ਲ਼Ǆ ѝഭᴹᖸཊབྷᆖˈ∄ྲेӜབྷᆖǃ␵ॾབྷ ᆖǃѝኡབྷᆖㅹǄ ≹䈝ǃ㤡䈝ǃ⌅䈝ㅹˈԆ䜭ᆖ䗷Ǆ ѝഭᴹेӜǃк⎧ㅹഋབྷⴤ䗆ᐲ (zhíxiáshì, municipality directly under the jurisdiction of the central government)Ǆ ԆҠҶǉेӜᰕᣕǊㅹйԭᣕ㓨Ǆ

GČQJGČQJ ㅹㅹ aux. 2 N/A

and so on (and so forth), etc./ et al. (implying more items omitted; less used with proper nouns; two or more on the list; when repeated,

‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼ᴹṁᵘǃ勌㣡ㅹㅹǄ Ԇௌ⅒ᢃ⨳ǃ䐁↕ǃ⑨⌣ㅹㅹǄ Ԇௌ⅒ਲ਼ѝഭⲴь㾯ˈ∄ྲˈ䞨䗓⊔ǃ侪ᆀǃ ᴸ侬ˈㅹㅹǄ

GƯ վ

87

LQGLFDWLQJµPDQ\PRUH¶FDQXVHD Ԇᇦ䟼ⲴҖᖸཊˈᴹѝ᮷Ⲵǃᰕ᮷Ⲵǃ㤡᮷ comma before ㅹㅹ; oft. appearing ⲴㅹㅹǄ at the end of a clause) ᮉ䗷ԆⲴ㘱ᐸᴹᖸཊˈᴹ⦻㘱ᐸǃᵾ㘱ᐸǃ ᕐ㘱ᐸㅹㅹǄ ᯵⑨ǃ⿽㣡ǃޫ⤇ˈޫ⥛ǃ䐁↕ǃ⑨⌣ ㅹㅹˈㅹㅹˈ䜭ᱟྩⲴ⡡ྭǄ shénmede ӰѸⲴ ph. 1B

things like that (appearing at the Ԇнௌ⅒ᣭ✏ǃ்䞂ӰѸⲴˈቡௌ⅒ⴻҖǄ end of a clause, one or more on the ᐕ֌ཚᘉ, Ԇ⋑ᰦ䰤ੜ丣Ҁǃ䐣㡎ӰѸⲴǄ list; less used with proper nouns) ߠ㇡䟼ӰѸ䜭ᴹˈ⢋ྦǃ呑㳻ǃ䶒वӰѸⲴǄ

GƯ վ adj.

low

ӽL ⸞ adj. 2A

short (of height, referring to concrete items, e.g. person, mountain, tree) (reduplication: AA) (antonym: 儈)

Ԇᱟњ⸞њᆀˈԆକକᱟњ儈њᆀǄ 䘉ἥṁ∄䛓ἥṁ⸞Ǆ 䘉ᢺἵᆀཚ⸞Ҷˈ඀⵰н㡂ᴽǄ ⸞້к䮯┑Ҷ勌㣡Ǆ 䛓ਚሿ⤇⸞⸞Ⲵǃ㜆㜆Ⲵˈ䶎ᑨਟ⡡Ǆ

GƯ վ adj.* 2A

low (at a short distance from the ground; also referring to voice, temperature, standard, price, rank, grade, water level, etc.) (reduplication: AA) (antonym: 儈)

Ӻཙ㛑ᐲ JԃVKuVWRFNPDUNHW 䎠վǄ Ԇ䈤䈍ᰦˈ༠丣ᖸվˈнᜣ䇙ཚཊӪੜ㿱Ǆ 䘉ࠐཙཙ≄ߧˈ⑙ᓖ ZƝQG, temperature) ∄ 䖳վˈཊク⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽǄ ᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤⋑л䴘Ҷˈ≤ᓃ VKXӿNˈreservoir) Ⲵ≤ս VKXӿZqLZDWHUOHYHO ᖸվǄ ԆⲴ≹䈝≤ᒣ VKXӿStQJVWDQGDUG нվˈ䈤 ᗇн䭉Ǆ 䘉њᮉᇔ䟼Ⲵᆖ⭏ᴹ儈ᒤ㓗Ⲵˈҏᴹվᒤ㓗ⲴǄ 伎ᵪ伎ᗇվվⲴˈᡁ䜭㜭ⴻ㿱к䶒ⲴᆇǄ

GXӽQ ⸝ adj. 2A

short (of length, e.g. hair, time, distance, etc.) (reduplication: AA) (antonym: 䮯)

㼉ᆀཚ⸝ˈᡁн㜭クˈ㾱䮯а⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬᡽㹼Ǆ ≹䈝䈮ᱟ⸝ᵏⲴˈਚᴹഋњᱏᵏǄ 䘉䟼ਲ਼Ⲵь㾯⸝㕪 (GXӽQTXƝLQVKRUWVXSSO\ 㘼 фҏᖸ䍥Ǆ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ䮯ᗇᖸᘛˈ৫ᒤҠⲴ㼔ᆀӺᒤクቡ⸝ҶǄ ⸝⸝Ⲵࠐཙ޵ˈԆቡᆖՊҶᔰ䖖Ǆ

TLӽQ ⍵ adj.* 2A

shallow (of depth, e.g. river) (antonym: ␡)

ሿ⋣䟼Ⲵ≤ᖸ⍵ˈሿᆙ⑨⌣∄䖳ᆹ‫ޘ‬Ǆ 䘉њ⑨⌣⊐ᴹ␡≤४ (TǌDUHD ઼⍵≤४Ǆ 䘉њⴈᆀཚ⍵ˈ㻵нлᖸཊ㨌˗৫᤯ањ␡а⛩ ‫ⴈⲴݯ‬ᆀᶕǄ

Note: * վ YµWRORZHU¶DVLQ ྩаੜᡁ䘉ṧ䈤, ቡվлҶཤ. * ⍵ DGMµHDV\WRXQGHUVWDQG¶DVLQ 䘉ᵜᮠᆖҖ∄䖳⍵, ᡁᓄ䈕㜭ⴻ៲.

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dì ൠ

* ⍵ DGMµOLJKWRIFRORXU ¶DVLQ ྩⲴ㺜㺛ᱟ⍵㓒㢢Ⲵ, 㼉ᆀᱟ⍵㬍㢢Ⲵ. * ⍵ DGMµsuperficial¶DVLQ ԆԜᱟཊᒤⲴ㘱ᴻ৻, Ӕᛵ MLƗRTLQJIULHQGVKLS н⍵. * ⍵ DGMµslight¶DVLQ ྩ⍵⍵ൠаㅁ, ҏ⋑ᴹ䈤ӰѸ. ¾ ⸝༴ QµVKRUWFRPLQJ¶DVLQ ԆⲴ⸝༴ᱟн⡡ᆖҐ.

dì ൠ n.

land

dìdài ൠᑖ n. 3B

zone, belt, district, region (referring to a certain feature or range; not used with proper locality names) (ᑖ, strip)

䛓䟼ᱟ⋉═ VKƗPzGHVHUW ൠᑖˈ≤ᖸቁǄ 䘉ᇦ୶ᓇ൘ᐲѝᗳⲴ㑱ॾ (fánhuá, bustling) ൠᑖˈᡰԕ⭏᜿аⴤᖸн䭉Ǆ ἞᷇ൠᑖⲴオ≄ NǀQJTuDLU ∄䖳ᯠ勌ˈઘ ᵛнቁӪ৫䛓䟼⑨⧙Ǆ

GuTǌ ൠ४ n. 3B

area, prefecture (referring to a larger area with a boundary; more specific than ൠᯩ; proper locality names + ൠ४; disyllable + ൠ४) (४, area, section)

к⎧ൠ४Ӻᲊ㾱࡞བྷ仾Ǆ 䘉њൠ४༿ཙཊ䴘ˈߜཙཊ䴚Ǆ 㓿⍾ਁ䗮 IƗGiGHYHORSHG ൠ४Ⲵᡯᆀ∄䖳䍥ˈӪҏཊǄ ԆⲴ㘱ᇦ൘ѝഭⲴьेൠ४ˈ䛓䟼ᖸ㖾Ǆ 䘉њൠ४ᱟᯠ४ˈᡯᆀⴆᗇ䜭∄䖳┲ӞǄ

IƗQJ ᯩ n. 3C

region, side (usu. not used on its own)

Ԇᱟ䘌ᯩᶕⲴᇒӪǄ ԆԜৼ VKXƗQERWK ᯩ䜭਼᜿‫ڊ‬䘉ԦһǄ ֐⸕䚃ሩᯩ (the other party) ᱟӰѸӪੇ˛ ཙ⢩࡛唁ˈࡽᯩӰѸҏⴻн㿱Ǆ

jìngdì ຳൠ n. 3D

situation, circumstances (oft. used Ԇ༴൘ᐖਣѪ䳮Ⲵຳൠˈн⸕䚃䈤ӰѸྭǄ literarily, referring to abstract items) ԆⲴ⭫ᙫᱟ൘䘭≲ањᆼ㖾ⲴຳൠǄ (ຳ, situation) Ԇ⧠൘Ⲵຳൠ∄䗷৫ྭཊҶˈӪⴻ䎧ᶕҏ ᒤ䖫ҶᖸཊǄ Ԇᑞࣙᆖ⭏Ԝ㝡⿫Ҷড䲙 ZƝL[LӽQGDQJHURXV ⲴຳൠǄ

chù ༴ n. 2B

place, location (also figuratively; similar to ൠᯩ; usu. not used on its own)

ᔰՊⲴᣕࡠ (bàodào, to register) ༴൘䛓䗩Ǆ ԆⲴտ༴⿫བྷᆖн䘌ˈᖸᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ ⚛䖖୞⾘༴ᐢ㓿‫ޣ‬䰘ˈӺཙᱟҠнࡠ⾘ҶǄ ྩ൘୶ᓇⲴ᭦䬦 (yín, silver, relating to money or currency) ༴ (᭦䬦༴ˈcashier) ᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭ਲ਼≤᷌, ਲ਼≤᷌Ⲵྭ༴ᖸཊǄ 䈤ࡠՔᗳ VKƗQJ[ƯQVDG ༴, ԆቡଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ 䘉ᵜҖᴹࠐ༴߉ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ

dì ൠ n. 2A

land, place, prefecture (usu. not ൠ + word of range; monosyllable + ൠ)

л䴚ԕਾˈൠᖸ━ˈ䎠䐟㾱ሿᗳǄ ᡁԜᆖṑⲴᆖ⭏ᶕ㠚ц⭼਴ൠǄ Ԇ઼࿫ᆀєൠ࠶ት IƝQMǌlong distance relationship)ˈ⭏⍫кഠ䳮ᖸཊǄ

GLǌUpQ ђӪ

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↔ FӿWKLV ൠнਟѵ⮉ MLԃOL~WRVWD\ORQJ ˈ 㾱ቭᘛ⿫ᔰǄ ⴱൠ亶ሬ VKČQJGuOӿQJGӽRSURYLQFLDODQG prefectural leaders) Ӻཙ൘ᡁԜ䘉䟼ᔰՊǄ GuGLӽQ ൠ⛩ n. 2B

locality, site, locale (referring to a ֐⸕䚃ᔰՊⲴᰦ䰤઼ൠ⛩ੇ˛ specific place or spot, usu. a smaller ԆԜ㿱䶒Ⲵൠ⛩ᱟ⚛䖖ㄉǄ place than ൠ४) (⛩, spot, point) 䘉њ依侶ቡ൘བྷᆖᯱ䗩ˈൠ⛩ᖸྭǄ

dìfang ൠᯩ n.* 2A

place, space, part (big or small, general or specific; not used with proper locality names) (ᯩ, side, square)

֐ᱟӾӰѸൠᯩᶕⲴ˛ ቻ䟼ᐢ㓿඀┑ҶӪˈ⋑ᴹൠᯩ඀ҶǄ ൠᯩཚሿˈ᭮нл䘉ᕐҖṼǄ 䘉њൠᯩⲴ仾Ჟⵏ㖾ʽ 䘉ᵜҖᴹࠐњൠᯩ߉ᗇнཚ␵ᾊǄ 䛓њѝ᮷⭥ᖡˈᴹⲴൠᯩᡁⴻᗇ៲ˈᴹⲴൠ ᯩᡁⴻн៲Ǆ

Note: * ൠᯩ QµORFDODGPLQLVWUDWLRQORFDO¶DVLQ 䘉䟼Ⲵൠᯩ᭯ᓌ (zKqQJIԃJRYHUQPHQW ᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ ᗇᖸн䭉, ᖸਇ⅒䗾. 2) 䘉⿽≤᷌ᱟൠᯩ⢩ӗ WqFKӽQVSHFLDOORFDOproduct).

GLǌUpQ ђӪ ph. GLǌOLӽQ ђ㝨 ph. 2-1 N/A

GLǌPLjQ]L ђ䶒ᆀ ph. 2-1 N/A

GLǌUpQ ђӪ ph. 2-1 D

to be dishonoured ᖃ㘱ᐸⲴ‫ ڧ‬WǀXWRVWHDO ᆖ⭏Ⲵ䫡ˈⵏђ㝨ʽ to be disgraced (insertable, e.g. ԆӾᶕ⋑઼ᡁ䈤䗷䛓Ԧһˈਟ㜭ᱟᙅђ㝨Ǆ ђ⡦⇽Ⲵ㝨) (ђ, to lose; 㝨, face) 䇙⡦⇽ђ㝨Ⲵһ‫ˈݯ‬ᡁн㜭‫ڊ‬Ǆ 䘉ҏнᱟӰѸђ㝨Ⲵһᛵˈ䈤ࠪᶕ㔉བྷᇦੜ ੜ੗Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ԇаᇊྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᐕ֌ˈнՊ㔉⡦⇽ђ㝨Ǆ ֐䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬ђ‫ ݹ‬JXƗQJWRWDOO\ ҶᡁԜᇦⲴ㝨ʽ

to lose face (insertable) (䶒ᆀ, prestige)

to be dishonoured (insertable)

Ԇ䘉њӪቡᱟ⡡䶒ᆀˈᙫᱟᙅђ䶒ᆀǄ ᔰ䘉䖶⹤ (pp, old and worn) 䖖ˈཊ ђ䶒ᆀੰʽ н㾱൘࡛Ӫ䶒ࡽ䈤֐ⲴᆙᆀˈԆԜՊ㿹ᗇђ 䶒ᆀⲴǄ ᡁਟн‫ڊ‬ђ䶒ᆀⲴһᛵǄ ԆԜⲴ䏣⨳䑒ᗇᖸнྭˈⵏᱟཚђ䶒ᆀҶǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⋑ᴹ㘳кབྷᆖˈ⡦⇽㿹ᗇђҶ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪⲴ 䶒ᆀǄ ᡁ㘳䈅㘳ᗇᖸнྭˈⵏђӪǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇнྭˈᥪђӪⲴǄ ֐н㿹ᗇђӪˈᡁԜ䘈㿹ᗇђӪ઒! ᰒ❦֐нᙅђӪˈ֐ቡク䘉Ԧ㺓ᴽࠪ৫੗Ǆ ֐䘉Ѹᙅᡁ䈤ࠪᶕˈᱟ㿹ᗇђ֐ⲴӪ੗˛

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GǀQJ ь ֐࡛޽䈤ҶˈᡁԜਟ䐏֐ђн䎧䘉њӪҶǄ

GLǌUpQ[LjQ\ӽQ ђӪ⧠⵬ ph. to be ashamed (⧠, to appear) 1 N/A

PpLOLӽQ ⋑㝨 ph.* 1 N/A

méimiànzi ⋑䶒ᆀ ph. 1 N/A

֐ᘛഎᇦ੗ˈ࡛൘䘉䟼ђӪ⧠⵬ⲴҶǄ ԆⲴྣ‫ݯ‬ᖸੜ䈍ˈӾᶕн‫ڊ‬ђӪ⧠⵬ⲴһǄ ֐䎠੗ˈ㾱н㘱ᱟ㔉ᡁђӪ⧠⵬Ǆ ђӪ⧠⵬Ⲵᱟ֐ˈнᱟᡁǄ Ԇ䛓ђӪ⧠⵬Ⲵ⭫‫ˈݯ‬䘈ᙫᝯ᜿㔉࡛ӪⴻǄ

Ԇ∅ъԕਾаⴤ⋑ᴹ᢮ࡠањྭᐕ֌ˈᙫ to be embarrassed, to feel awkward 㿹ᗇ⋑㝨㿱ᴻ৻Ǆ (usu. ⋑㝨 + verbal phrase) Ԇᢺ䫡䜭䗃 VKǌWRORVH ‫ݹ‬Ҷˈ⋑㝨എᇦ㿱 ⡦⇽ҶǄ Ԇ‫ڊ‬Ҷ䛓Ѹཊሩн䎧֐Ⲵһᛵˈ⋑㝨޽ᶕ֐ ᇦҶǄ ᡁ㘳䈅㘳ᗇ䘉Ѹнྭˈ⋑㝨㿱ӪǄ

to be disrespected (literal: no face)

Ԇ⋑㜭кྭབྷᆖˈ㿹ᗇᖸ⋑䶒ᆀǄ Ԇ㔃ႊⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᇒӪᶕᗇᖸቁˈⵏ⋑䶒ᆀǄ ሿ⦻ᖸ㾱䶒ᆀˈ֐ਟн㾱䈤䇙Ԇ㿹ᗇ⋑䶒 ᆀⲴ䈍Ǆ ԆԜ䜭Պୡ঑᣹ OKˈቡᡁнՊˈཚ⋑䶒ᆀҶǄ

Note: * ⋑㝨 SKµVKDPHOHVV¶DVLQ Ԇ䛓њӪᖸ⋑㝨, ᡁԜ䜭нௌ⅒Ԇ. 2) ֐н㾱޽䈤䛓Ӌ⋑㝨⋑Ⳟ (pí, skin) Ⲵ䈍Ҷ. ¾ Often the severity of ђ㝨 is greater than ђ䶒ᆀµWRORVHGLJQLW\¶YVµWRORVHIDFH¶

GǀQJ ь n. GǀQJE ь䜘 n. 3B

east eastern part (of an area, not a specific place, e.g. not ᡁᇦ൘ ୶ᓇⲴь䜘) (䜘, part)

GǀQJ ь n. 2A

east (noun + ь µWKHHDVWHUQVLGH RIWKHQRXQ¶

GǀQJIƗQJ ьᯩ n. 2B

east, the eastern part of a vast area (with a narrower range of usage than ь䶒 and ь䗩‫( )ݯ‬ᯩ, side)

Ԇ㾱৫ь䜘ⴻаսᴻ৻Ǆ Ԇ㘱ᇦ൘ѝഭь䜘Ⲵањ෾ᐲǄ 䘉њഭᇦь䜘Ⲵ≄‫ى‬᳆аӋǄ 䛓њབྷᆖսҾ (wèiyú, to situate) ѝഭⲴь䜘Ǆ 㖾ഭь䜘Ⲵᰦ䰤⧠൘ᱟлॸє⛩䫏Ǆ Ҽ䐟‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖ᖰьᔰǄ Ӻཙ࡞ьे仾Ǆ ෾ьᴹᖸཊ依ᓇǄ ԆᇦⲴᡯᆀᵍьǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇᵍьⲴᡯᆀ⋑ᴹᵍইⲴᡯᆀྭǄ ཚ䱣Ӿьᯩॷ VKƝQJWRULVH 䎧Ǆ ьᯩⲴཙオ WLƗQNǀQJVN\ кケ❦ࠪ⧠Ҷа ⡷唁ӁǄ

du~n ⸝ GǀQJPLjQ ь䶒 n. 2B

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east, eastern part (either the eastern ь䶒Ⲵṁ᷇䟼ᴹᖸཊ呏‫ݯ‬Ǆ side of a place or the eastern 依侶‫ݯ‬൘䛓ᶑ㺇Ⲵь䶒Ǆ part within a place) (䶒, side) 㣡ഝⲴь䶒ᴹаἥ㤩᷌ṁǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨ৫ь䶒Ⲵ䛓ᶑ⋣䟼⑨⌣Ǆ ሿ⋣ᱟӾᶁᆀⲴь䶒⍱䗷ᶕⲴǄ

GǀQJELDQU ь䗩‫ ݯ‬n. 1A

east, in the east (either of a place or within a place) (䗩, border)

GǀQgtóur ьཤ‫ ݯ‬n. 1 N/A

east, at the eastern end (either of a place or within a place) (ཤ‫ݯ‬, the end, the top)

ь䗩‫ݯ‬ᱟമҖ侶Ǆ Ԇᖰь䗩‫ݯ‬䎠ҶǄ བྷᾬ䟼Ⲵь䗩‫ݯ‬ᴹањሿҖᓇǄ བྷ䰘ᔰ൘Ҷ䲒ᆀⲴь䗩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ӺཙⲴཙ≄ᖸཷᙚ (qíguài, strange)ˈь䗩‫ݯ‬ᱟᲤ ཙˈ㾯䗩‫ݯ‬ত൘л䴘Ǆ ᡁᇦ൘୶ᓇⲴь䗩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆӾьཤ‫ݯ‬䎠䗷ᶕҶǄ ᶁ FǌQYLOODJH ьཤ‫ݯ‬ᴹаἥབྷṁǄ Җᡯ൘䲒ᆀ (yuànzi, courtyard) Ⲵьཤ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ伎ᘛൠੁьཤ‫ݯ‬䐁৫Ǆ ֐䘈ᱟ৫ᶁьཤ‫ݯ‬䰞䰞ࡈབྷ⡧੗ˈԆਟ㜭 ⸕䚃䘉ԦһᛵǄ

Note: The above similarities and differences among words with ь are also largely applicable to words with े/ ই/ 㾯, see also े/ ই/ 㾯.

GXӽQ ⸝ adj.

short

GXӽQF ⸝‫ ׳‬adj. 3D

very short duration, brief (of time, ᰦ䰤⸝‫ˈ׳‬ᡁ⋑ⴻ␵ᾊԆⲴ㝨Ǆ voice, breath, etc., with a sense of Ԇ⯵ᖸ䟽ˈબ੨ Kǌ[ƯEUHDWK 䎺ᶕ䎺⸝‫׳‬Ǆ hurry) (antonym: ╛䮯) (‫׳‬, hurry) 䛓䗩ケ❦Րᶕ⸝‫Ⲵ׳‬બᮁ༠ KǌMLVKƝQJ, cry out for help)ˈྭ‫ۿ‬ᱟањᒤ䖫ྣᆀⲴ༠丣Ǆ

GXӽQ]jQ ⸝Ჲ adj. 3D

a short period, transient (of life, time, etc.) (antonym: 䮯ѵ, ѵ䘌) (Ჲ, temporary)

Ԇ⸝ᲲⲴӪ⭏㔉ӪԜ⮉лҶᖸཊ䮯ѵⲴഎ ᗶ (huíyì, memory)Ǆ 䘉⅑᯵⑨ˈ൘䛓њ෾ᐲ‫Ⲵ⮉ڌ‬ᰦ䰤ᖸ⸝Ჲˈ 䘎৫୶ᓇⲴᰦ䰤䜭⋑ᴹǄ 㓿䗷⸝ᲲⲴՁ᚟ԕਾˈᡁԜ৸ᔰ࿻ᖰࡽ䎠ҶǄ

GXӽQ ⸝ adj. 2A

short, brief (of length, time, distance, etc.) (antonym: 䮯) (reduplication: AA) (see also վ GƯ

䘉ᶑ㼔ᆀᴹ⛩‫ˈ⸝ݯ‬䘈ᱟҠ䛓ᶑ䮯а⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬੗Ǆ ֐Ⲵк㺓㾱ᱟ⸝а⛩‫ݯ‬ቡᴤ┲ӞҶǄ ֐Ⲵཤਁⵏ⸝ˈ༿ཙаᇊᖸ߹ᘛǄ 䘉ᶑ⸝㼉ᖸн䭉ˈᡁҏᜣҠаᶑǄ ᡁԜйњӪᖃѝˈྩᆖ≹䈝Ⲵᰦ䰤ᴰ⸝Ǆ 䐟〻∄䖳⸝ˈԆаՊ‫ݯ‬ቡ䎠ࡠҶǄ ԆⲴ䇢䈍ᖸ⸝ˈࠐ࠶䫏ቡ䇢ᆼҶǄ ⸝⸝Ⲵࠐ࠶䫏޵ˈԆቡௌ⅒кྩҶǄ

92

duì ሩķ

duì ሩķprep. (see also ᵍ/ ሩĸĹĺĻ)

to

cháo ᵍ prep. 2A

towards, to (oft. ᵍ + directional word + verb; not verb + ᵍ; also used figuratively)

བྷᆖ⿫䘉䟼н䘌ˈᵍࡽ䎠ӄ࠶䫏ቡࡠҶǄ ੜ㿱ᴹӪਛԆˈԆᵍਾаⴻˈᱟሿ⦻Ǆ Ԇᵍᆖ⭏ԜㅁҶалˈቡᔰ࿻䇢䈮ҶǄ ԆᇦⲴབྷ䰘ᵍইᔰǄ ӰѸһ䜭㾱ᵍࡽⴻ (to look ever forward)ˈ䘉 ṧ᡽㜭‫ྭڊ‬ᐕ֌Ǆ

duì ሩ prep. 2A

to (oft. referring to a person; not ሩ+ directional word; not verb + ሩ)

䘉њ㘱ᐸሩᆖ⭏ᖸྭˈᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ሩᡁᶕ䈤ˈᆖҐᱟᴰ䟽㾱ⲴǄ ԆሩᡁԜ䈸Ҷ੨✏Ⲵൿ༴Ǆ ሩ䘉њ䰞仈ˈԆᴹ㠚ᐡⲴⴻ⌅Ǆ

ZӽQJ ᖰ prep. 2A

in the direction of (used before or after a verb; verb + ᖰ + specific directional/ place word; not referring to a person/ thing)

䬦㹼ᖰਣ䎠ˈ㿱ࡠ㓒㔯⚟޽ᖰᐖᤀǄ 䘉ᶑሿ䐟ᱟ䙊ᖰ‫ޜ‬ഝ৫ⲴǄ Ԇᢺᇴᖰк⎧Ⲵव㼩᤯৫䛞ተᇴ䎠ҶǄ ᔰᖰेӜⲴ伎ᵪቡ㾱䎧伎Ҷˈ֐ᘛ⛩‫ݯ‬৫੗Ǆ Ԇн⸕䚃ᘾѸ৫བྷᆖˈᴹӪ੺䇹Ԇᖰь䎠ˈ ҏᴹӪ䈤ᖰ㾯䎠Ǆ

xiàng ੁ prep. 2A

towards, in the direction of , to (ੁ + a person; used before or after a verb; verb + ੁ + concrete/ abstract item)

⚛䖖ᘛᔰҶˈԆੁ⚛䖖ㄉ䐁৫Ǆ 伎ᵪ䎺伎䎺儈ˈ伎ੁҶ䘌ᯩǄ 䘉ᶑ⋣⍱ੁབྷ⎧Ǆ ৫བྷᆖമҖ侶ˈੁ㾯䎠ˈӄ࠶䫏ቡࡠҶǄ ᆖ⭏Ԝੁ㘱ᐸ䰞Ҷࠐњ䰞仈Ǆ ԆᑞࣙҶᡁˈᡁੁԆ㺘⽪ᝏ䉒Ǆ ԆᆖҐ䶎ᑨ䇔ⵏˈᡁԜᓄ䈕ੁԆᆖҐǄ ԆԜᐕ֌ᖸࣚ࣋ˈаᇊՊӾ㜌࡙ (shènglì, victory) 䎠ੁ㜌࡙Ǆ

Note: Words here can also be used as verbs (see below), but they are used more as prepositions.

duì ሩĸv. (see also ሩķĹĺĻ) cháo ᵍ v. 2A

to face

to be on the opposite side of

䘉ḻᾬⲴབྷ䰘ᵍইǄ ԆⲴデᡧᵍ⵰ᆖṑǄ ᵍ䱣 (yáng, sun) Ⲵ㣡㥹䮯ᗇ⢩࡛ྭǄ Ԇ‫ؙࠪ‬䰘ቡ䐁ˈањᵍьˈањᵍ㾯Ǆ

duì ሩĹ duì ሩ v. 2A

ZӽQJ ᖰ v. 2A

xiàng ੁ v. 2A

to be on the opposite side of, to be directed at (usu. ሩ + ⵰)

93

ԆԜ䶒ሩ䶒ൠ඀⵰ˈ䈱ҏн䈤䈍Ǆ ԆⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬Ṽሩ⵰ᡁⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ṼˈᡁԜ൘а䎧 ᐕ֌ҶᖸཊᒤˈᱟᖸྭⲴᴻ৻Ǆ 䘉єᑵ⭫ሩ⵰ᤲˈᥪྭⴻⲴǄ Ԇᇦሩ⵰аᓗኡˈኡкᴹᖸཊṁǄ

to go (oft. used as ᖰᶕ/ ᶕᖰ/ ᶕᶕᖰᖰ)

Ӻཙᱟᱏᵏ‫ˈޝ‬བྷ㺇кӪᶕӪᖰǄ 䈧ᛘᖰࡽа⛩‫˛ੇྭˈݯ‬ 䘉њ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔᶕᖰⲴؑԦᖸཊǄ ᖰਾʽᖰਾʽ࡛ㄉ൘䘉䟼Ǆ

to turn towards

ԆⲴᡯ䰤ੁ䱣ˈᖸ᳆઼Ǆ ԆⲴ㝨⋑ᴹੁ⵰ᡁˈᡰԕᡁ⋑ⴻ㿱Ԇᱟ䈱Ǆ Ԇᇦབྷ䰘ੁेˈ䰘ࡽᴹаᶑሿ⋣Ǆ

Note: ᖰᶕ/ ᶕᖰ/ ᶕᶕᖰᖰ FDQDOVREHXVHGPHWDSKRULFDOO\µGHDOLQJVRUFRQWDFWV¶DVLQ 䘉Ӌᒤᶕ, ᡁԜаⴤ䜭ᴹᶕᖰ.

duì ሩĹprep. (see also ሩķĸĺĻ)

regarding

duì ሩ prep. 2A

regarding, about, to (oft. referring directly to a person or an action; also used as a verb or adjective)

Ԇሩྩ䈤Ⲵ䈍Ӿᶕ䜭ᱟ➗࣎ (zhàobàn, to do as told) ⲴǄ Ԇሩᡁᙫᱟᖸᇒ≄Ǆ ԆሩྩㅁҶㅁˈቡ䎠Ҷࠪ৫Ǆ 䘉ӋᒤᶕˈԆаⴤሩᡁᖸྭǄ ሩབྷᆖⲴ⭏⍫ˈ⧠൘Ԇᐢ㓿ᖸҐᜟҶǄ ሩᆖҐнཚྭⲴᆖ⭏ˈ㘱ᐸᓄ䈕ཊ㔉ԆԜ аӋᑞࣙǄ Ԇሩ (about) ᆖҐᖸ䇔ⵏˈᡰԕᡀ㔙н䭉Ǆ ֐ሩ (about) 丣Ҁᴹ‫ޤ‬䏓 (xìngqù, interest) ੇ˛

duìyú ሩҾ prep. 2B

with regard to, about, to (stressing µGHDOLQJZLWKVWK¶RIW interchangeable with ሩ, but not vice versa; used before or after a subject; can be in an article title) (Ҿ, for/ of/ to)

ሩҾᆖҐˈԆᙫᱟᖸ䇔ⵏǄ ሩҾѝഭ᮷ॆ, ԆᆖҐⲴ✝ᛵᖸ儈Ǆ ሩҾ䘉њ䰞仈ˈབྷᇦⲴⴻ⌅наṧǄ ཊੜᖅ丣ሩҾᆖҐ≹䈝ᖸ䟽㾱Ǆ 䘉ㇷ᮷ㄐⲴ仈ⴞ (tímù, title) ᱟǉሩҾेӜ ᡯൠӗⲴ䇔䇶 (rènshi, views) ǊǄ ՊкˈབྷᇦሩҾ≄‫ى‬䰞仈䈸ҶᖸཊǄ

JXƗQ\~ ‫ޣ‬Ҿ prep. 2B

pertaining to, about (emphasising µFRQFHUQLQJ¶QRWXVHGULJKWDIWHU the subject; also used in an article title)

‫ޣ‬Ҿ䘉ԦһˈԆӰѸ䜭н⸕䚃Ǆ ‫ޣ‬ҾԆⲴ⯵ˈ५⭏䘈㾱޽‫ڊ‬ᴤཊⲴỰḕǄ ԆُҶࠐᵜ‫ޣ‬Ҿѝഭ᮷ॆⲴҖǄ 䘉ㇷ᮷ㄐⲴ仈ⴞᱟǉ‫ޣ‬Ҿ≄‫Ⲵى‬ਈॆǊǄ

94 zhìyú 㠣Ҿ prep. 2-1 C

duì ሩĺ as for, as to (usu. at least two matters mentioned, 㠣Ҿ tends to introduce sth. different from the earlier topic)

֐ቡᆖҐ੗ˈ㠣ҾӔᆖ䍩Ⲵ䰞仈ᡁᶕ࣎Ǆ 䘉⅑㘳䈅ˈ䰞仈ᡁ䜭ㆄҶˈ㠣Ҿሩнሩቡ н⸕䚃ҶǄ ࡛Ӫ‫ڊ‬ӰѸᱟԆԜⲴһˈ㠣Ҿ֐ˈаᇊ㾱ྭ ྭᆖҐǄ ֐ᘉ֐Ⲵˈ㠣Ҿ伎ᵪ⾘ˈᡁ৫㔉֐ҠǄ

Note: ᴹ‫ ޣ‬DGMµUHOHYDQW¶DVLQ 䘉Ԧһ֐䘈ᱟ৫䰞алᴹ‫Ⲵޣ‬㘱ᐸ੗.

duì ሩĺadj. (see also ሩķĸĹĻ) duì ሩ adj. 2B

KӽR ྭ adj. 2A

shì ᱟ adj.* 2C xíng 㹼 adj. 2-1 A

correct, right (antonym: 䭉 cuò)

good, okay

right, correct

okay, correct (emphasising sth. feasible)

correct

A: ֐ⴻᡁᢺ֐Ⲵൠ൰߉ሩҶੇ˛ B: ሩǄሩǄሩǄ ሩˈ֐䈤ᗇᖸሩǄ ሩˈሩˈ֐䈤ᗇᖸሩǄ 䘉њ≹ᆇ߉ᗇሩˈ䛓њ≹ᆇнሩǄ ֐Ⲵ㝨㢢 OLӽQVqFRORXURIRQH¶VIDFH нሩˈ ᱟнᱟ⯵Ҷ˛ ֐䈤ሩҶǄ ֐ㆄሩҶєњˈㆄ䭉ҶањǄ ྭˈ䈤ᗇྭǄ Ԇ䈤ᗇᖸྭˈབྷᇦ䜭਼᜿Ǆ 䘉ᱟањྭ࣎⌅ˈᡁԜቡ䘉Ѹ‫ڊ‬੗Ǆ Ԇᱟањྭᆖ⭏ˈᡀ㔙ᙫᱟᖸྭǄ 依‫ྭڊ‬Ҷˈ䗷ᶕਲ਼੗Ǆ ᡁਲ਼ྭҶǄ A: ᡁԜ᰾ཙ৫ⴻ⭥ᖡˈྭੇ˛ B: ྭⲴǄ 䘉њ䖖‫ڌ‬ᗇнᱟൠᯩˈ֐ᘛᢺᆳᔰ䎠Ǆ ᱟ䶎 IƝLZURQJ 䰞仈ˈаᇊ㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᜣаᜣǄ ൘䘉њ䰞仈кˈԆҏ䈤н␵ᾊ䈱ᱟ䈱䶎Ǆ 㹼ˈቡ䘉ṧ࣎੗Ǆ ᡁⴻԆ䈤Ⲵ࣎⌅㜭㹼Ǆ 䛓ਟн㹼ˈԆՊн儈‫Ⲵޤ‬Ǆ ᐕ֌аᇊ㾱ࣚ࣋᡽㹼Ǆ A: 䘉ᱟᡁ߉Ⲵˈ֐ⴻ㹼н㹼˛ B: 㹼Ǆ

Note: * ᱟ v., as in Ԇᱟᆖ⭏, ᡁᱟ㘱ᐸ. ¾ ᗇ GpµRND\QRUWKHUQGLDOHFWLQIRUPDO ¶Ds in ᗇˈᡁаᇊ৫.

duìr ሩ‫ݯ‬Ļ

95

¾ ㇇Ҷ VXjQOHµWROHWLWJRDWWKDWLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ቡ䘉ṧ㇇Ҷ, ᥪྭⲴ.

duìr ሩ‫ݯ‬Ļmw. (see also ሩķĸĹĺ)

a pair

duìr ሩ‫ ݯ‬mw. 2B

a pair, two (of sth. animate or inanimate; usu. referring to concrete items, but occasionally of abstract items) (antonym: ањ)

Ԇⴻ㿱аሩ‫ྣ⭧ݯ‬䎠ࠪ৫ҶǄ 䘉ሩ‫ݯ‬㙣⧟ ČUKXiQHDUULQJ 㔉֐ҶǄ ྩ䛓ሩ‫ⶋ⵬ݯ‬ᖸ‫ྸྸྩۿ‬Ǆ 䘉ሩ‫ݯ‬㣡⬦ⵏྭⴻǄ 䛓ሩ‫ݯ‬㘱ཛ࿫㔃ႊᐢ㓿ࠐॱᒤҶǄ ⒆кᴹаሩ‫┲ݯ‬ӞⲴ呣呟 \XƗQ\ƗQJMandarin GXFN>XVXVWD\LQJLQSDLUVDVLJQRIDQµDIIHFWLRQDWH FRXSOH¶LQ&KLQHVHFXOWXUH@ ᇒ঵䟼Ⲵ䛓ሩ‫ਁ⋉ݯ‬ᱟᴻ৻䘱㔉ԆⲴǄ ྩ㾱ᐕ֌ˈ৸㾱⭏ᆙᆀˈ䘉ᱟаሩ‫⴮⸋ݯ‬ (máodùn, contradiction)Ǆ Ԇ৫୶ᓇҠҶаሩ‫( ݯ‬two) ⭥⊐ (diànchí, battery)ˈਟᱟഎᶕⲴ䐟кђ GLǌWRORVH Ҷа њǄ

fù ࢟ mw. 2B

a pair (of gloves, glasses, etc., but not trousers or scissors), a set (of cards, chess, etc.) (usu. referring to sth. inanimate; HPSKDVLVLQJµPDGHXSRIWZR SDUWV¶

້кᤲ⵰а࢟ሩ㚄‫( ݯ‬duìliánr, couplet)Ǆ ԆҠҶа࢟ཚ䱣䮌ˈ唁㢢ⲴǄ ԆⲴ䛓࢟᡻྇ђ GLǌWRORVH ҶаਚǄ ᶕҶᖸཊᇒӪˈᗇ GČLQHHG ཊ᩶ࠐ࢟⻇ㆧ (bowls and chopsticks)Ǆ 䛓࢟ᢁ‫ ݻ‬SǌNqSRNHUFDUGV н㿱ҶǄ

VKXƗQJ ৼ mw.* 2A

a pair (of feet, hands, eyes, legs, chopsticks, shoes, wings, socks, etc.; referring to sth. animate or inanimate; usu. concrete and matching items) (antonym: ਚ)

֐৫᤯єৼㆧᆀᶕǄ ԆᗇҠৼᯠ䶻Ҷˈ⧠൘䘉ৼᐢ㓿ᖸᰗҶǄ ֐ⴻ֐䛓ৼ᡻ཊ唁ˈᘛ৫⍇⍇Ǆ ԆҠҶйৼ㻌ᆀǄ Ԇ䛓ৼ㝊ⵏཏབྷⲴҶˈᖸ䳮Ҡࡠ䶻Ǆ аৼ䶻ᘾѸቡ࢙ (shèng, to be left over) аਚҶ˛

tào ྇ mw. 2B

a set (referring to concrete or abstract items, e.g. teaset, rooms, furniture, stamp collection, clothes, books, system, method, design, tricks, etc.; 䘉(а)྇, 䛓(а)྇ µPHWKRGVWULFNV¶XVHGSRVLWLYHO\ or pejoratively)

Ԇᴹє྇┲ӞⲴ䛞⾘Ǆ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⭏ᰕ䛓ཙˈԆ㔉‫ݯ‬ᆀҠҶа྇㾯㻵Ǆ 䛓ࠐ྇㥦ާᖸ䍥䟽ˈ᤯Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬㾱ሿᗳǄ ԆࡊҠҶа྇ᡯᆀˈᱟйᡯєছ (three bedrooms and two bathrooms)Ǆ ᡁԜབྷᆖⲴ䛓(а)྇ᐕ֌ࡦᓖ (zhìdù, system) ᖸᴹ⭘Ǆ ԆᖸᘛቡᆖՊҶ䈧ᇒ䘱⽬ (bribe) 䛓а྇Ǆ ֐ቁᶕ䘉(а)྇ˈᡁнᝯ᜿ੜǄ

96

duìbuq ሩн䎧ķ

Note: * ৼ DGMµGRXEOHERWK¶DVLQ ᡯ䰤䟼ᴹаᕐৼӪᒺ. ¾ If it is one pair, oft. а is omitted, as in ᡁҠҶ(а) ࢟᡻྇.

GXuEXTӿ ሩн䎧ķph. (see also ሩн䎧ĸ/ 䚃ⅹ) GXuEXTӿ ሩн䎧 ph. 2A

to let down (oft. by/for failing RQH¶VH[SHFWDWLRQV ሩн䎧 + object; ᖸ/ ॱ࠶ + ሩн䎧) (antonym: ሩᗇ䎧)

duìbuzhù ሩнտ ph.* to feel apologetic about (similar to 1 N/A ሩн䎧) (antonym: ሩᗇտ)

to let down

֐ྲ᷌нྭྭᆖҐˈቡሩн䎧֐Ⲵ⡦⇽Ǆ 䘉Ԧһᡁ‫ڊ‬ᗇнሩˈⵏሩн䎧ᛘǄ Ԇᴰሩн䎧ⲴቡᱟԆⲴєњᆙᆀǄ ᡁॱ࠶ሩн䎧བྷᇦˈ൘䘉㔉਴ս䎄⽬䚃ⅹҶǄ ᡁᖸሩн䎧ྣ‫ˈݯ‬ᖸቁᴹᰦ䰤䐏ྩа䎧⧙Ǆ ֐䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬ሩн䎧֐Ⲵ⡦⇽઼ᆙᆀǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䶎ᑨሩн䎧㘱⦻Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘉ԦһᛵᥪሩнտӪᇦⲴˈቡҠҶ ᖸཊь㾯к䰘䚃ⅹ৫ҶǄ ᘈҶ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴ⭏ᰕˈԆ⡨⡨㿹ᗇᖸሩнտԆǄ ԆᝏࡠᴰሩнտⲴቡᱟ⡦⇽ˈӾᶕ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤 ྭྭ䲚䲚 (péi, to accompany) ԆԜǄ ⋑ᴹӰѸሩнտⲴˈ֐н⭘ᇒ≄Ǆ Ԇሩᡁ䛓Ѹྭˈᡁ䘉Ѹ‫ڊ‬ሩнտԆǄ ૡԜᇦӾᶕ⋑ᴹ‫ڊ‬䗷ሩнտ࡛ӪⲴһ‫֐ˈݯ‬ ᙅӰѸ?!

Note: * ሩнտ ph. µ,DP VRUU\¶DVLQ1) ሩнտ, ᡁᗇ GČLKDYHWR ‫ݸ‬䎠Ҷ. 2) ᇎ൘ሩнտ, ᡁнሿᗳᢺ ֐Ⲵ㣡⬦ᢃ⹤Ҷ. 3) ⵏሩнտ, ᘈᑖ਽⡷Ҷ. 4) ৫ᒤُⲴ䫡ࡠ⧠൘䘈⋑䘈֐, ⵏሩнտ. ¾ ሩᗇ䎧 SKµWRQRWOHWVEGRZQ¶DVLQ ᡁаᇊ㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᆖҐ, ሩᗇ䎧⡦⇽. ¾ ሩᗇտ SKµto treat sb. fairly LQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇᑨᑨᶕ➗亮֐, ҏ㇇ሩᗇտ֐Ҷ.

GXuEXTӿ ሩн䎧ĸph. (see also ሩн䎧ķ/ 䚃ⅹ) GXuEXTӿ ሩн䎧 ph. 1A

Excuse me, I am sorry (also used in a request; oft. used as a parenthesis; repeated to form a stronger tone, as is ࣣ傮)

Excuse me

ሩн䎧ˈᡁᶕᲊҶǄ ሩн䎧ˈᡁᴹһˈ‫ݸ‬䎠ҶǄ ሩн䎧ˈ䈧䇙ᡁ䗷৫Ǆ ሩн䎧ˈᡁ㜭䰞њ䰞仈ੇ˛ ሩн䎧ˈ䈧޽䈤а䙽Ǆ ሩн䎧ˈ䇙ᛘѵㅹҶǄ ᖸሩн䎧ˈᡁᶕᲊҶǄ ሩн䎧ˈሩн䎧ˈᱟᡁ⋑ᴹ䈤᰾ⲭǄ

duìdài ሩᖵ

97

ᱟᡁ⋑ᴹੜ␵ᾊˈሩн䎧ˈሩн䎧Ǆ ᡁᘈ੺䇹֐Ҷˈⵏᱟሩн䎧Ǆ ⻠ (pèng, to bump) ࡠҶ࡛Ӫˈᓄ䈕䈤а༠ ³ሩн䎧´Ǆ láojià ࣣ傮 v. 1A

Excuse me«0D\,WURXEOH yoX«" :RXOG\RXSOHDVH«" (usu. used in a request; originated from Beijing area; a polite word; insertable; humorous) (ࣣ, to put sb. to the trouble of; 傮, to harness)

ࣣ傮֐㔉ᡁаᶟ㥦Ǆ ࣣ傮ˈ䈧䰞৫ेӜབྷᆖᘾѸ䎠˛ ࣣ傮ˈ䈧䇙ᡁ䗷৫Ǆ ࣣ傮ˈ䈧བྷᇦ䜭ᖰਾㄉаㄉǄ ྭ੗ˈ䘉Ԧһᛵቡਚྭࣣ傮ᛘ৫‫ڊ‬ҶǄ ࣣ傮, 䈧ᑞᡁ᧘ал䖖Ǆ ֐ᑞᡁ➗ⴻалᆙᆀ੗ˈࣣ傮ᛘҶǄ ࣣᛘ傮ˈ㜭䇙ᡁ䗷৫алੇ˛ ࣣᛘབྷ傮ˈ䈧ᢺ䰘‫ޣ‬кǄ[with humour] ᛘᱟབྷᘉӪˈᡁᘾѸ㜭ࣣᛘབྷ傮ੰʽ [being sarcastic] ࣣ傮ˈࣣ傮ˈ䈧䇙алǄ

TӿQJZqQ 䈧䰞 v. 1A

0D\,DVN« ?, please (usu. used in a question, or in a rhetorical question)

䈧䰞ˈ䘉њᓗսᴹӪੇ˛ 䈧䰞ˈ৫ेӜབྷᆖᘾѸ䎠˛ 䈧䰞ˈ䘉䱴䘁ଚ‫ݯ‬ਟԕᇴؑ˛ 䈧䰞ˈ⧠൘ࠐ⛩Ҷ˛ 䈧䰞ˈ㘱⦻൘ᇦੇ˛ ᡁӢ⵬ⴻ㿱䗷֐઼ྩ൘а䎧ਲ਼依ˈ䈧䰞ˈ ֐ѪӰѸ䘈䈤֐н䇔䇶ྩ઒˛

duìdài ሩᖵ v. FKԃOӿ ༴⨶ v.* 2B

duìdài ሩᖵ v. 2B

to treat Ԇᐕ֌ᖸᘉˈ⇿ཙ㾱༴⨶ᖸཊһᛵ (shìqing, to deal with (reduplication: ABAB) things)Ǆ (༴, to deal with; ⨶, to manage) Ԇ㜭༴⨶ྭᆖҐ઼ᐕ֌Ⲵ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ 㾱ᱟ༴⨶нྭ઼ᆙᆀԜⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ˈ֐䘉њ⡦Ӣ ቡᖸ䳮ᖃǄ Ԇࡊࡊ༴⨶Ҷ䛓ԦһᛵǄ 䘉Ѹཊᐕ֌ˈ֐㜭༴⨶䗷ᶕੇ˛ ༴⨶ᆼ䘉ԦһᛵԕਾˈԆቡഎᇦҶǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ༴⨶䗷䘉⿽һᛵǄ 䘉њ䰞仈аᇊ㾱ቭᘛ༴⨶Ǆ 䘉њ䰞仈Ԇ༴⨶ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ ֐傜к༴⨶ал䘉њ䰞仈ˈྭੇ˛ ֐৫༴⨶༴⨶䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ

to treat, to do by (ሩ, to respond; ᖵ, to treat)

Ԇ䇔ⵏሩᖵᐕ֌ˈᗇࡠ਼һԜⲴྭ䇴Ǆ Ԇнᓄ䈕䘉ṧሩᖵ֐Ǆ Ԇሩᖵᆖ⭏䐏ሩᖵ㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀаṧྭǄ

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GXu«OiLVKXǀ ሩĂᶕ䈤 ԆԕࡽӾᶕ⋑ᴹ䘉ṧሩᖵ䗷ԆⲴཚཚǄ ֐Ԝᓄ䈕ੁԆᆖᆖሩᖵᐕ֌Ⲵᘱᓖ (tàidu, attitude)Ǆ ሩᖵ࡛Ӫ㾱ⵏ䈊 ]KƝQFKpQJVLQFHUH Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱ྭྭሩᖵ亮ᇒ (gùkè, customer)Ǆ

kàndài ⴻᖵ v. 2D

to look upon, to regard

Ԇᢺᐕ֌ᖃ֌⭏ભ VKƝQJPuQJOLIH аṧⴻᖵǄ ֐ᱟᘾѸⴻᖵ䘉ԦһᛵⲴ˛ ᢺԆᖃ֌ྭᴻ৻ⴻᖵˈᡁ‫ڊ‬нࡠǄ ࡛ᢺᡁᖃᇒӪⴻᖵǄ н㜭ㆰঅ MLӽQGƗQVLPSOH ൠⴻᖵ䘉ԦһᛵǄ Ԇሩᡁᙫᱟਖ⵬ⴻᖵ (to look upon differently)Ǆ

Note: * ༴⨶ QµSXQLVKPHQW¶DVLQ བྷᇦ㿹ᗇሩԆⲴ༴⨶ᱟሩⲴ. * ༴⨶ YµWRGLVFRXQW¶DVLQ 䘉Ӌ㺓ᴽᱟ༴⨶Ⲵ, ᖸ‫ׯ‬ᇌ. ¾ ༴㖞 YFKԃ]KuµWRKDQGOHWRPDQDJH¶DVLQ ྲօ༴㖞䘉Ԧһᛵ, ᡁԜ䘈⋑ᴹᜣྭ. ¾ 䀓ߣ YMLČMXpµWRVROYH¶DVLQ 䘉њ䰞仈ᐢ㓿䀓ߣҶ.

GXu«OiLVKXǀ ሩ«ᶕ䈤 ph.

as far as«is concerned

GXu«OiLVKXǀ ሩᆖ⭏ᶕ䈤ˈᆖҐᱟᴰ䟽㾱ⲴǄ ሩ«ᶕ䈤 ph. DVIDUDV«LVFRQFHUQHG, to (ሩ + ेᯩⲴཙ≄∄䖳ߧˈሩԆᶕ䈤нᱟᖸ䘲ਸǄ 2C sb./ sth. + ᶕ䈤; also ሩҾ«ᶕ䈤) ᆖҐнྭሩᆖ⭏ᶕ䈤ᱟᴰཤⰋⲴһᛵǄ ሩԆԜаᇦᶕ䈤ˈ㜭н㜭㘳кབྷᆖнᱟа ԦሿһǄ ᱕㢲ሩѝഭӪᶕ䈤ᱟௌᒶⲴᰕᆀǄ ሩ䘉њ෾ᐲᶕ䈤ˈ㔯ॆᱟᴰ䴰㾱‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ ሩѝഭᶕ䈤ˈӪਓ䰞仈ᱟањབྷ䰞仈Ǆ ሩབྷᆖᶕ䈤ˈᴹྭ㘱ᐸ᡽㜭ᴹྭᆖ⭏Ǆ ]jL«NjQOiL in the opinion of (൘ + sb./ ൘«ⴻᶕ ph. organisation + ⴻᶕ; usu. 2 N/A used at the beginning of a sentence)

൘Ԇⴻᶕˈ≹䈝нཚ䳮ᆖǄ ൘ྸྸⴻᶕˈᡁ≨䘌ᱟањ䮯нབྷⲴᆙᆀǄ ൘ᆖṑⴻᶕˈᆖ⭏ቡᱟ㾱ྭྭᆖҐǄ ൘䘉њ‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ ⴻᶕˈ㜭䎊䫡 (zhuànqián, to make money) ቡ㹼Ǆ

]jL«\ӽQOӿ ൘«⵬䟼 SKLQRQH¶VH\Hs (opinion) (usu. 1 N/A referring to sth. animate)

൘ԆⲴ⵬䟼ˈ䈱䜭⋑ᴹԆ㚚᰾Ǆ ᡁ൘ྸྸⲴ⵬䟼≨䘌ᱟњᆙᆀǄ Ԇ൘ᴻ৻ԜⲴ⵬䟼ᱟањᖸྭⲴӪˈᑨᑨ ᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ

Note: ¾ 1) ሩҾԆᶕ䈤, Ҡл䘉䖶⊭䖖⋑ᴹӰѸ䰞仈. (To him, this car is affordable ± an objective evaluation of his financial capability)

GXǀ ཊķ

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2) ൘Ԇⴻᶕ, Ҡл䘉䖶⊭䖖⋑ᴹӰѸ䰞仈. (In his opinion, he can afford this car ± his own subjective view) ¾ ᭮൘⵬䟼µWRSXW«LQWKHH\HVRIWRUHVSHFW¶DVLQ ԆӾᶕнᢺ࡛Ӫ᭮൘⵬䟼, ⢩࡛ۢធ (àomàn, arrogant).

GXǀ ཊķnum. (see also བྷᾲ/ ཊĸĹĺ)

odd

GXǀ ཊ num. 2A

odd, more, over (a number ending with 0 + ཊ + mw. + noun, e.g. ॱཊњӪ; otherwise, number + mw. + ཊ + noun, e.g. йᯔཊ Ẅᆀ; for divisible nouns, e.g. money, ཊ can be placed before or after mw., but carrying different meanings: ॱཊඇ µ± ¶ vs.ॱඇཊ µ± ¶

᱘ཙᶕᡁᇦਲ਼依ⲴᴹॱཊњӪǄ 䘉ᶑ㼉ᆀॱཊඇ䫡Ǆ 䘉Ԧк㺓ॱඇཊǄ ԆҠҶйᯔཊẄᆀǄ ԆᆖҶйᒤཊⲴ≹䈝ҶǄ ԆӺᒤഋॱཊ኱ˈᴹєњᆙᆀǄ Ԇᱟᢃ㈞⨳Ⲵˈ䓛儈є㊣ཊǄ 䘉њⳞव㣡ҶԆаॳཊඇ䫡Ǆ аઘаⲮཊඇ䫡ཏ㣡ҶǄ

qiánhòu ࡽਾ num.* 2C

around, about (number/ noun/ verb + ࡽਾ, usu. referring to a point in time)

Ԇᢃ㇇᱕㢲ࡽਾ৫ⴻⴻ⡦⇽Ǆ ԆӺཙӄ⛩ࡽਾ㾱ᶕᡁ䘉䟼Ǆ Ԇ∅ъࡽਾՊ৫ेӜа⅑Ǆ 㘱ᐸ൘ᆖ⭏㘳䈅ࡽਾ䜭ՊᖸᘉǄ

shàngxià кл num. 2 N/A

around, more or less (usu. used after a number, num. + (mw.) + кл; usu. not referring to time or a number ending with 1±9)

Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕҼॱ኱клˈњᆀнཚ儈Ǆ 䘉њ⨝ⲴӪᮠ઼䛓њ⨝ⲴклᐞнҶཊቁǄ 䘉㺻㤩᷌ᴹҼॱ‫ޜ‬ᯔклǄ 䛓㗔㖺ᴹаⲮਚкл੗Ǆ 依侶䟼඀⵰нቁӪˈᴹӄॱклǄ

]Xԁ\zX ᐖਣ num. 2B

Ԇ䈤Ԇкॸॱ⛩ᐖਣᶕǄ about, or so (num. + (mw.) + ᐖਣ; Ԇ䘈䴰㾱ањሿᰦᐖਣⲴᰦ䰤᡽㜭‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ not noun/ verb + ᐖਣ) ቻ䟼ᴹҼॱӪᐖਣǄ Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕᴹҼॱ኱ᐖਣˈᥪᒤ䖫ⲴǄ 䘉Ԧབྷ㺓㾱আӄⲮ‫ݳ‬ᐖਣǄ ᶕҶҼॱӪᐖਣˈ䜭ᱟᶕᑞԆᩜᇦⲴǄ

Note: ¾ ࡽਾ (front or back)/ кл (above or below)/ ᐖਣ (left or right) LQGLFDWHµPRUHRUOHVV¶ * ࡽਾ µIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJWRWKHHQG¶DVLQ ࡽਾॱࠐњሿᰦˈԆаⴤ൘ᐕ֌ˈ䘎依䜭⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ਲ਼. ¾ 㓖 \XƝDGYµDSSUR[LPDWHO\¶DVLQ 䘉њ෾ᐲⲴӪਓ㓖ᴹॱз. ¾ བྷ㓖 DGYµDURXQG¶DVLQ Ԇབྷ㓖ॱ⛩䫏ᶕ. ¾ ሶ䘁 MLƗQJMuQDGYµDOPRVWQHDUO\¶DVLQ ӺཙᶕҶሶ䘁єⲮӪ. ¾ кклл µHYHU\RQHRIDOOUDQNV¶DVLQ ᡁԜབྷᆖкклл䜭ѪԆ儈‫ޤ‬.

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GXǀ ཊĸ

GXǀ ཊĸadj. (see also ཊķĹĺ/ ‫࠶ݵ‬/ བྷ䟿/ Ѡᇼ)

many

]KzQJGXǀ Շཊ adj. 3D

numerous, lots of (not referring to abstract items; oft. Շཊ + (Ⲵ) + noun; also used as a predicate) (Շ, many)

ѝഭӪਓՇཊˈᱟањབྷഭǄ 䘀ࣘ൪кᴹՇཊⲴᆖ⭏ˈԆԜ↓൘ⴻ䏣⨳∄䎋Ǆ ԆаⲮ኱⭏ᰕ䛓ཙˈՇཊᴻ৻ᶕѪԆᒶ⾍⭏ᰕǄ Շཊ䘀ࣘઈ৲࣐Ҷ䘀ࣘՊǄ

dàliàng བྷ䟿 adj.* 2B

a large number of, great quantity, many/ much more (usu. used as an attributive, not a complement) (䟿, quantity)

ᆖṑᴰ䘁ҠҶབྷ䟿ⲴҖ㉽ˈሩᆖ⭏ԜⲴᆖҐ ᖸᴹᑞࣙǄ Ԇᢺབྷ䟿ᰦ䰤䜭㣡 (to spend) ൘்䞂кҶˈᡰԕ ԆⲴᆖҐᡀ㔙нྭǄ 㘳䈅ࡽˈԆ‫ڊ‬Ҷབྷ䟿Ⲵ仈 (tí, [examination] questions)ˈᴰਾ㘳ᗇ䘈н䭉Ǆ

GXǀ ཊ adj. 2A

many, much, more, excessive (usu. ཊ + monosyllable; also used as a predicate; ᖸ/ ॱ࠶ + ཊ + noun; ཊ + Ҷ) (antonym: ቁ)

Ӻཙ୶ᓇ䟼ⲴӪᖸཊˈ᱘ཙӪቁǄ Ӻཙ୶ᓇ䟼ⲴӪཊᶱҶǄ Ԇᆖ≹䈝ᆖҶᖸཊᒤҶǄ Ӻཙ∄᱘ཙߧཊҶˈᡁнࠪ৫ҶǄ ԆⲴ≹䈝∄ᡁⲴྭཊҶǄ ✏ᣭᗇཚཊˈሩ䓛փ⋑ྭ༴Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪཊ᡽ཊ㢪 GXǀFiLGXǀ\uversatile), 䈱䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ

KČQGXǀ ᖸཊ adj. 2 N/A

many, much (used more than ཊ, especially when modifying disyllabic words, e.g. ᖸཊᆖ⭏, not ཊᆖ⭏; also used as a predicate) (antonym: ᖸቁ)

‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼㣡ᖸཊˈӪতᖸቁǄ Ԇᴹᖸཊᴻ৻ˈԆԜ㓿ᑨ൘а䎧㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䛓њമҖ侶ᖸབྷˈᴰ䘁ⲴҖ৸ཊҶᖸཊǄ Ԇ㣡ᖸཊᰦ䰤ᑞ࡛ࣙӪˈⵏᱟњྭӪǄ ᖸཊҖԆ䜭ᖸௌ⅒ⴻˈቡᱟᐕ֌ཚᘉˈ⋑ᴹ ᰦ䰤ⴻǄ

[ԃGXǀ 䇨ཊ adj. 2A

many, a lot of, much (not used as ᡯ䰤䟼ᴹ䇨ཊӪǄ a predicate) (reduplication: AABB) ᡁԜ䇔䇶䇨ཊᒤҶˈаⴤᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ (䇨, to allow) 䘉ᵜҖˈԆᐢ㓿ⴻ䗷䇨ཊ䙽ҶǄ аᒤн㿱ˈԆ㘱Ҷ䇨ཊǄ ԆᖃҶйॱཊᒤⲴ㘱ᐸˈᮉҶ䇨䇨ཊཊⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ

KӽRGXǀ ྭཊ adj. 2-1 D

a good many, a good deal (implying Ԇᴹྭཊᴻ৻ˈઘᵛ㓿ᑨа䎧ࠪ৫⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ more than usual with a sigh of Ԇᖸ侯ˈᲊ依ਲ਼ҶྭཊǄ emotion) (antonym: ᶱቁ) ߉䘉ᵜҖԆ㣡Ҷྭཊᰦ䰤Ǆ ᶕҶྭཊⴻ⭥ᖡⲴӪǄ Ӻཙᱟྣ‫⭏Ⲵݯ‬ᰕˈԆ‫ڊ‬Ҷྭཊ㨌Ǆ Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕнཚ儈‫ˈޤ‬ᴹྭཊᗳᙍ (to have a ORWRQRQH¶s mind)Ǆ

GXǀ ཊĹ KӽR[LƝ ྭӋ adj. 2-1 B

many, quite a lot, a great deal of (also ྭӋњ, more informal than ྭӋ)

101

Ԇ൘䘉䟼տҶྭӋᒤҶǄ Ԇ৫䗷ѝഭⲴྭӋൠᯩǄ ྭӋ(њ)ᆖ⭏䜭䇔䇶ྩˈྩᱟᆖṑ䟼ᆖҐᴰ ྭⲴǄ Ԇ䓛փнྭˈᴰ䘁ⱖҶྭӋǄ ᡁྭӋཙ⋑ⴻ㿱ԆҶˈн⸕䚃Ԇ৫ଚ‫ݯ‬ҶǄ

Note: *བྷ䟿 µJHQHURXV¶DVLQ ֐བྷӪབྷ䟿 (big man with a big heart), 䘉ԦһᛵቡᘈҶᆳ੗.

GXǀ ཊĹadv. (see also ཊķĸĺ)

more

GXǀ ཊ adv. 2A

䈕䈤Ⲵᡁ䜭䈤Ҷˈнᜣ޽ཊ䈤ҶǄ ֐⯵Ҷˈ㾱ཊク⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽǄ 依ᓇⲴᴽ࣑ઈཊ᢮ҶԆєඇ䫡Ǆ ཊਲ਼ˈཊਲ਼ˈབྷᇦ䜭࡛ᇒ≄Ǆ ֐∄ᡁᶕᗇᰦ䰤䮯ˈᡁ䘈㾱ཊཊੁ֐ᆖҐǄ

more (reduplication: AA)

gèng ᴤ adv. 2A

even more, furthermore (can have three items in comparison; oft. ∄ + ᴤ)

JqQJMLƗ ᴤ࣐ adv. 2B

ԆᶕेӜԕਾˈᐕ֌ᴤ࣐㑱ᘉҶǄ even more (of degree or quantity; ᲊкཙ唁ˈࠪ৫ᰦ㾱ᴤ࣐ሿᗳǄ usu. ᴤ࣐ + disyllable) (࣐, to add) བྷᆖ⭏⍫ᴤ࣐ᘉ⺼ǃᴤ࣐ཊᖙ FӽLFRORXU Ǆ ৫ѝഭєᒤਾˈԆⲴ≹䈝䈤ᗇᴤ࣐⍱࡙ҶǄ

hái 䘈 adv.* 2B

even more (usu. ∄ + 䘈, indicating an increase in degree or scope; it can be an exact amount or an approximation; 䘈 + ઒, a stronger tone)

ࠐᒤн㿱ˈྩ∄ԕࡽᴤ┲ӞҶǄ ԆⲴ≹䈝∄ԆⲴ㤡䈝ᴤྭаӋǄ 䘉ᵜҖᴤᴹ᜿ᙍˈ֐ⴻⴻ੗Ǆ Ԇн䈤䘈ྭˈ䈤Ҷᡁᴤ⭏≄ҶǄ Ԇ∄ᡁ儈ˈ∄ྩᴤ儈Ǆ Ԇ⡡ᢃ㈞⨳ˈ⡡ᢃ҂҃⨳ˈᴤ⡡䑒䏣⨳Ǆ Ԇᜣ㾱ањᴤབྷа⛩‫ޜ࣎Ⲵݯ‬ᇔǄ ᡁԜ㾱ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌ˈᴤкаቲᾬ (to strive for further improvement [figurative])Ǆ

᱘ཙ∄Ӻཙ䘈✝аӋǄ Ԇ∄ᡁ䘈བྷє኱઒Ǆ Ԇ䘉⅑⯵ᗇ∄к⅑䘈䟽Ǆ 䛓њྣᆙ‫Ⲵݯ‬㝨㳻∄㤩᷌䘈㓒Ǆ ԆⲴᆙᆀ∄ᡁⲴ䘈ཊйњ઒Ǆ

Note: * 䘈 DGYµVWLOO¶DVLQ Ԇ䘈ᴹ࡛Ⲵһᛵ㾱‫ڊ‬, ‫ݸ‬䎠Ҷ. * 䘈 DGYµDOVR¶DVLQ ֐Պ䈤≹䈝, 䘈Պ䈤࡛ⲴӰѸ䈝䀰ੇ˛ ¾ ԆⲴ≹䈝∄ᡁⲴྭ (His Chinese is better than mine ± my Chinese is good or bad). ԆⲴ≹䈝∄ᡁⲴ 䘈/ ᴤྭ (His Chinese is even better than mine ± my Chinese is good).

102

GXǀ ཊĺ

GXǀ ཊĺadv. (see also ཊķĸĹ)

+RZ«!

KpGČQJ օㅹ adv.* 3D

+RZ:KDW«, exceptionally (a compliment or a sarcasm; օㅹ + disyllable) (օ, what; ㅹ, grade)

䘉䟼Ⲵኡ≤օㅹ㖾ѭʽ ᡁԜⲴ⭏⍫օㅹᒨ⾿ʽ ֐⸕䚃֐Ⲵ䈍ᱟօㅹⲴਟㅁੇ?! 㘳кབྷᆖሩԆ઼Ԇ‫ޘ‬ᇦօㅹ䟽㾱ˈԆᗳ䟼 ᱟᖸ␵ᾊⲴǄ

GXǀ ཊ adv. 2A

+RZZRQGHUIXOHWF «, What DJUHDWLGHDHWF «XVHGLQDQ exclamation)

֐ⴻԆⲴ䓛փᴹཊྭʽ ᡁཊᜣᰙа⛩‫ݯ‬എᇦ୺ʽ Ԇ⑨⌣⑨ᗇཊᘛੰʽ ཊ┲ӞⲴൠᯩ୺! ᡁԕਾՊᑨᶕ䘉䟼⧙ⲴǄ ྩⲴ㼉ᆀཊ┲Ӟ୺ʽᡁҏᜣ৫ҠаᶑǄ

GXǀPH ཊѸ adv. 2A

+RZ«:KDW« (with a much narrower range than ཊ, ཊ is also an adj. and num., while ཊ Ѹ is only an adv.) (Ѹ, a particle)

ྸྸޫབྷҶᡁԜ‫ޝ‬њᆙᆀˈཊѸнᇩ᱃ʽ ኡкⲴ仾ᲟཊѸ㖾ੰʽ ԆཊѸᜣᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬㿱ࡠᆙᆀੰʽ ཊѸྭⲴཙ≄୺ʽૡԜࠪ৫䎠䎠੗Ǆ

Note: * օㅹ DGMµZKDWNLQG¶DVLQ ֐⸕䚃ԆᱟօㅹӪ⢙ੇ? ¾ ཊ/ ཊѸ µWRZKDWHYHUH[WHQWKRZPXFKKRWJRRGHWF ¶DVLQ1) н㇑≹䈝ᴹཊ/ ཊѸ䳮, ᡁ䜭Պ ࣚ࣋ᆖྭ. 2) ֐ᜣнࠪᶕ䛓䟼Ⲵཙ≄ᴹཊ/ ཊѸ✝. 3) ֐н䇔䇶Ԇ, н⸕䚃Ԇᴹཊ/ ཊѸྭ.

GXǀVKDR ཊቁ pr. GXǀVKDR ཊቁ pr.* 2A

Mӿ ࠐ pr. 2A

how many/ much how many/ much (a big or small number; an uncertain number; not referring to age, ֐ཊቁ኱Ҷ is incorrect; with a wider range than ࠐ)

how many/much, a few, several

֐Ԝ⨝ᴹཊቁᆖ⭏˛ 䛓Ԧ㺓ᴽཊቁ䫡˛ ҖᷦкᴹཊቁᵜҖ˛ ֐⸕䚃ԆⲴ⭥䈍ਧ⸱ᱟཊቁੇ˛ ᡁ⸕䚃ཊቁˈቡ䐏֐䈤ཊቁ੗Ǆ Ӻཙ㜭ᶕཊቁӪˈᡁԜ⧠൘䘈н␵ᾊǄ ᆙᆀˈ֐ࠐ኱Ҷ˛ ⧠൘ࠐ⛩Ҷ˛ Ԇ㾱൘䘉䟼տࠐཙ˛ ԆⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀӺᒤॱࠐ኱ҶǄ 䘉њᆖṑᴹࠐⲮњᆖ⭏Ǆ ԆቡҠҶࠐњ㤩᷌എᶕˈ ࡛ⲴӰѸҏ⋑ҠǄ ᡁቡ䘉Ӌ呑㳻ˈ֐ᜣ㾱ࠐњቡ᤯ࠐњ੗Ǆ Ӻཙ⋑ᶕࠐњӪˈᡁҏᜣഎ৫ҶǄ

GXǀVK ཊᮠķ

103

Note: * ཊቁ GXǀVKӽR ཊཊቁቁ DGYµVRPHZKDWWR VRPHH[WHQW¶DVLQ Ԇ䮯ᗇཊቁᴹ⛩‫֐ۿݯ‬. 2) ᡁཊ ཊቁቁ䘈䇠ᗇԆ, ྭ‫ۿ‬ԕࡽ൘ଚ䟼㿱䗷Ԇ. 3) Ԇ䓛փнྭ, ⋑ᴹཊቁ㋮࣋ MƯQJOuHQHUJ\ മ Җ侶䟼⋑ᴹཊቁӪ, ᖸᆹ䶉. ¾ ཊ adv. µKRZROGELJHWF «"¶DVLQ ԆཊབྷҶ? ¾ ཊབྷ µKRZELJ"¶ ཊ儈 µKRZWDOO"¶ ཊ䮯 µKRZORQJ"¶ ཊ䘌 µKRZIDU"¶ ཊᇭ GXǀNXƗQµKRZ ZLGH"¶ ཊ㋇ GXǀFǌµKRZWKLFNGLDPHWHU "¶ ཊ␡ GXǀVKƝQµKRZGHHS¶ ཊ৊ GXǀKzXµKRZWKLFN GHSWK "¶ ¾ ֐ࠐ኱Ҷ? (directed towards a child who looks less than 10 years old) ¾ ֐ཊབྷҶ? (directed towards someone who looks more than 10 years old) ¾ ᛘ㘱儈ሯ (VKzXµORQJHYLW\DJH¶ "GLUHFWHGWRZards a senior, a polite question form)

GXǀVK ཊᮠķn. (see also ཊᮠĸ) dàbàn བྷॺ n. 2C

dàbùfen བྷ䜘࠶ n. 2 N/A GjGXǀVK བྷཊᮠ n. 2B

GXǀEjQ ཊॺ n. 2C

more than half (also used as аབྷ ॺ) (antonym: ሿॺ)

the most part, majority of (䜘࠶, part) great majority, vast majority (referring to an amount more than ཊᮠ; 㔍 MXpµH[WUHPHO\¶ བྷཊᮠ µDOPRVWDOO¶ ᮠ, numeral)

greater part, most (also аཊॺ) (antonym: ቁॺ)

majority

ᡯᆀ䟼䶒ⲴӪˈབྷॺԆ䜭н䇔䇶Ǆ л䴘Ҷˈ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼Ⲵ⑨Ӫ䎠ҶབྷॺǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵ༿ཙབྷॺ䜭൘л䴘. 䘉ㇷ䈮᮷ᡁԜᐢ㓿ᆖҶаབྷॺҶǄ 㤩᷌Ԇਲ਼Ҷаབྷॺˈ⋑ᴹ‫ޘ‬ਲ਼ᆼǄ Җ߉ҶаབྷॺⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ཙ≄ቡ✝Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ ᡁԜ依䜭ਲ਼аབྷॺҶˈ֐ᘾѸ᡽ᶕ˛ 㤩᷌࿩࿩ਲ਼Ҷབྷॺˈሿॺ㔉ကကਲ਼ҶǄ བྷ䜘࠶Ӫ䜭ௌ⅒䘉䟼Ⲵཙ≄Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖᡁᐢ㓿ⴻҶབྷ䜘࠶ˈᘛⴻᆼҶǄ Ԇᢺབྷ䜘࠶ᰦ䰤䜭㣡൘ᐕ֌кˈᖸቁ൘ᇦǄ བྷཊᮠӪ䘈ᱟྭⲴˈ䘈ᱟᝯ᜿ᑞ࡛ࣙӪⲴǄ ԆԜ⨝བྷཊᮠᱟྣ਼ᆖǄ ᜣ৫ेӜ᯵⑨Ⲵᆖ⭏ঐ (zhàn, to account for) བྷཊᮠǄ ྸྸ㔍བྷཊᮠᰦ䰤䜭൘➗亮ᆙᆀˈ⋑ᴹཊቁ ᰦ䰤䇙㠚ᐡՁ᚟алǄ ཊॺᆖ⭏ཙཙᶕк䈮ˈᆖҐҏᖸࣚ࣋Ǆ Ӻཙཙ≄ྭˈՁ᚟Ⲵᰦ‫਼ى‬һԜаཊॺ䜭ࠪ ৫ҶǄ ԆᇦⲴᇦާˈཊॺᱟ㓒㢢Ⲵˈቁॺᱟ唁㢢઼ⲭ㢢 ⲴǄ ⴻ⭥ᖡⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇаཊॺᰦ䰤䜭൘ⶑ㿹Ǆ

104 GXǀVK ཊᮠ n. 2B

GXǀVK ཊᮠĸ majority, most (antonym: ቁᮠ)

GXǀVK ཊᮠĸadv. (see also ཊᮠķ) dàbàn བྷॺ adv. 2C

probably, likely (less used) (ॺ, half)

GjGǀX བྷ䜭 adv. 2C

in general, on the whole, mostly (emphasising a majority; with a larger quantity than བྷཊ)

GjGXǀ བྷཊ adv. 2D

for the most part (emphasising a majority)

GXǀEjQ ཊॺ adv. 2C

most probably, very likely, more often than not (more certain than བྷॺ)

ቁᮠᴽӾ (fúcóng, to obey) ཊᮠǄ ԆԜ⨝ཊᮠᆖ⭏䜭ௌ⅒᯵⑨Ǆ ᡁ䇔䇶ⲴӪཊᮠᐕ֌䜭ᖸᘉˈᡁԜᖸቁᴹᰦ 䰤а䎧ࠪ৫⧙⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉ḻᇯ㠽ᾬ䟼տⲴӪˈཊᮠᱟྣⲴǄ 㲭❦лབྷ䴘ˈնᱟཊᮠᆖ⭏䘈ᱟᶕк䈮ҶǄ

most probably

Ԇབྷॺᱟᐢ㓿എᇦ৫ҶǄ ԆབྷॺᱟྩⲴକକˈ‫ݴ‬࿩‫ؙ‬䮯ᗇᖸ‫ۿ‬Ǆ Ԇབྷॺᱟ㔉ᴻ৻ᢃҶ⭥䈍ԕਾ᡽⸕䚃ⲴǄ ԆབྷॺՊௌ⅒䘉њ⭥ᖡⲴǄ Ԇབྷॺᱟ்䞹Ҷˈн㜭䇙Ԇᔰ䖖Ǆ Ԇн൘ᇦˈབྷॺᱟк⨝৫ҶǄ ᐢ㓿䗷ҶॺሿᰦҶˈԆབྷॺнՊᶕҶǄ ԆԜབྷ䜭н⸕䚃Ԇᐢ㓿н൘䘉䟼ᐕ֌ҶǄ 䘉Ӌᆖ⭏བྷ䜭ᶕ㠚㤡ഭǄ ԆԜⲴᆖҐᡀ㔙བྷ䜭н䭉Ǆ Ԇབྷ䜭ᢺӪᖰྭ༴ᜣǄ 䛓њ佀侶Ⲵ㨌བྷ䜭ᖸྭਲ਼Ǆ ᆖ⭏Ԝབྷ䜭⸕䚃ᘾṧ߶༷㘳䈅Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒ⲴҖབྷ䜭ᱟᴹ‫ޣ‬᯵⑨ⲴǄ ԆⲴᆖҐᡀ㔙བྷ䜭ᱟн䭉ⲴǄ ֐䈤Ⲵབྷ䜭ᱟྭⲴа䶒 (miàn, aspect)ˈᡁԜ ҏᓄ䈕ⴻࡠнྭⲴа䶒Ǆ ԆⲴᴻ৻བྷ䜭ᱟᒤ䖫ӪǄ ԆԜབྷཊᱟᆖ≹䈝Ⲵᆖ⭏Ǆ ԆⲴᴻ৻Ԝབྷཊௌ⅒䇙ᆙᆀᆖ䫒⩤Ǆ 㣡ഝ䟼Ⲵ㣡བྷཊᔰҶˈᖸ┲ӞǄ ਲ਼ᆼᲊ依ԕਾˈᇒӪབྷཊ䜭䎠ҶǄ ᒤ䖫Ӫབྷཊௌ⅒ࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ 䘉Ӌᆖ⭏བྷཊᶕ㠚ѝഭǄ ṁкⲴ㤩᷌བྷཊᐢ㓿㓒ҶǄ ԆⲴⅼˈᡁབྷཊੜ䗷ˈᖸྭੜǄ ੜ䈤Ԇ⯵ҶˈӺཙཊॺнՊᶕк䈮ҶǄ ⴻ䎧ᶕԆཊॺᱟѝഭӪǄ ਚ㾱ࣚ࣋ᆖҐˈ㘳䈅ཊॺ㜭㘳ྭǄ ੜਓ丣 (accent)ˈ֐ཊॺᱟेᯩӪǄ Ԇཊॺௌ⅒ਲ਼侪ᆀǄ ᡁӺཙлॸ⋑ⴻ㿱Ԇˈཊॺᱟ䎠ҶǄ

GXǀVK ཊᮠĸ Ԇࡠ⧠൘䘈⋑ᶕˈᡁⴻཊॺнՊᶕҶǄ ሿᆙ‫ݯ‬ཊॺ䜭ௌ⅒⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ GXǀVK ཊᮠ adv. 2B

most probably

ᡁᴰ䘁⋑ᴹⴻ㿱Ԇˈཊᮠᱟࠪ৫᯵⑨ҶǄ ᡁ㿹ᗇ䘉һ‫ݯ‬ཊᮠᱟԆ䈤ⲴǄ 䘉ѸᲊҶˈԆཊᮠнՊᶕҶǄ

105

106

pUTLČ 㘼ф

E pUTLČ 㘼ф conj.

moreover

bìng ᒦ conj.* 3B

and, besides (usu. linking verbal words/ clauses; oft. connecting disyllables)

Ԇ൘བྷᆖⲴഋᒤ䟼ⴻࡠᒦᆖࡠҶᖸཊǄ ԆᶕҶˈᒦᑖᶕҶࠐњᴻ৻Ǆ ᡁԜᓄ䈕ᒦаᇊ㾱ᢺ䘉њᐕ֌‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ ԆҠҶ⭏ᰕ⽬⢙ˈᒦᶕ৲࣐ҶྩⲴ⭏ᰕᲊՊǄ

hékuàng օߥ conj. 3C

let alone, besides, much less (oft. in a rhetorical question; preceded or followed by ৸/ ᴤ)

Ԇ䘎ஔ䞂䜭нՊ்ˈᴤօߥⲭ䞂઒ʽ Ԇ䘎ᣕ㓨䜭ⴻн៲ˈօߥ䘉Ѹ䳮ⲴҖǄ Ԇᵜᶕቡௌ⅒䛓њᐕ֌ˈօߥᐕ䍴৸䛓Ѹ 儈ˈԆ㛟ᇊՊ৫䛓䟼ᐕ֌ⲴǄ 䘎Ԇྸྸ䜭н⸕䚃㠚ᐡⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀ৫ଚ䟼Ҷˈᴤ օߥᡁԜ઒! 䘉䟼Ⲵь㾯ᖸ䍥ˈօߥߜཙ৸䛓Ѹߧˈ⋑ᴹ Ӫᝯ᜿ᶕ䘉䟼ᐕ֌Ǆ

NXjQJTLČ ߥф conj. 3C

moreover, besides, in addition (oft. Ӻཙཙ≄нྭˈߥф֐䘈ᴹ⯵ˈ࡛ࠪ৫ҶǄ linking progressively associated ԆᆖҐᵜᶕቡнྭˈߥф༽ҐⲴᰦ䰤ҏн clauses; ߥф«৸/ 䘈/ ҏ) ཏˈ䘉⅑㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ਟ㜭нՊྭҶǄ 䘉њ୶ᓇⲴь㾯‫ׯ‬ᇌˈߥфᴽ࣑৸ྭˈᡰԕ ᶕ䘉䟼ⲴӪᖸཊǄ 䘉䟼䘉ѸཊӪˈߥф֐৸н䇔䇶Ԇˈᖸ䳮 ᢮ࡠԆⲴǄ

EuQJTLČ ᒦф conj. 2B

and, besides, moreover (linking verbal/ adjectival words/ clauses; ᒦф + ҏ/ 䘈; oft. + disyllable; нն/ нӵ « ᒦф«

Ԇ㚚᰾ᒦф㜭ᒢˈᡁԜ䜭∄нкԆǄ Ԇнն৫Ҷབྷᆖˈᒦф䘈᢮ࡠҶ㾱᢮Ⲵ䛓њ ᆖ⭏Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒䐣㡎ˈᒦфҏнௌ⅒ⴻ䐣㡎Ǆ ྩ┲Ӟǃ㜭䈤Պ䚃ᒦфௌ⅒Ӕᴻ৻Ǆ

ér 㘼 conj. 2B

and, but (usu. linking adjectives, not verbs; linking verbal clauses)

䛓њᆙᆀⲴ⵬ⶋབྷ㘼ശˈᖸਟ⡡Ǆ ྩⲴᡯ䰤ᙫᱟ᭦᤮ᗇᒢ߰㘼ᮤ喀Ǆ ᡁௌ⅒ⴻҖˈ㘼Ԇௌ⅒ⴻ⭥㿶Ǆ

pUTLČ 㘼ф conj. 2A

moreover, and (oft. linking adjectival/ verbal clauses; oft. нն/ нӵ « 㘼ф«

Ԇнնнᜣਲ਼ь㾯ˈ㘼ф䘎≤ҏнᜣ்Ǆ ԆⲴྣ‫ݯ‬ᒤ䖫㘼ф┲Ӟˈ䈱䜭ௌ⅒ྩǄ ԆнӵՊ䈤≹䈝ˈ㘼ф䘈㜭䈤⌅䈝Ǆ

Note: * ᒦ DGYµDFWXDOO\GHILQLWHO\XVHGEHIRUHDQHJDWLRQWRUHLQIRUFHLW ¶DVLQ Ԇௌ⅒ⴻ⭥ᖡ, ਟᱟᡁᒦн ௌ⅒. * ᒦ YµWRSXWWRJHWKHU¶DVLQ ᢺ䘉єᕐṼᆀᒦ൘а䎧, 㜭඀лॱњӪ. ¾ ઼ FRQMµDQGXVXOLQNLQJQRXQV ¶DVLQ ᡁ઼Ԇᱟྭᴻ৻.

èr Ҽ

107

¾ ৸«৸«FRQMµDQGXVXOLQNLQJDGMHFWLYHVYHUEV ¶DVLQ Ԇ৸㚚᰾৸㜭ᒢ, ᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒Ԇ.

èr Ҽ num. Gu¶qU ㅜҼ ph. 2 N/A

two the second (place, time, part, etc.; ㅜ + numeral = ordinal number)

Ԇ≹䈝㘳䈅ᗇҶㅜҼ਽Ǆ Ԇ䘉ᱟㅜҼ⅑৫ѝഭˈєᒤࡽ৫䗷а⅑Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖⲴㅜҼㄐ ]KƗQJFKDSWHU ᱟԆ߉ⲴǄ ԆᶕेӜ᯵⑨ᐢ㓿ᱟㅜҼ⅑ҶǄ ԆࡠेӜⲴㅜҼཙቡ৫䮯෾ҶǄ

èr Ҽ num. 2A

two (a numeral; used in numerals and for counting; usu. not used before a measure word except weights and measures, like ᯔ/ є; used in fractions and decimals)

а࣐аㅹҾҼˈҼ࣐ҼㅹҾഋǄ Ԇ㣡ҶҼⲮҼॱҼඇ䫡ҠҶҼॱᯔབྷ㪑㨴Ǆ кѝᆖⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁ൘а⨝ˈԆ൘Ҽ⨝Ǆ Ԇտ൘Ҽᾬˈቡ൘ᡁⲴᾬлǄ ᡁⲴᴻ৻й࠶ѻҼ䜭ᱟेᯩӪǄ Ԇտ൘Ҽਧᾬˈᡯ䰤ਧᱟҼӄҼǄ

OLӽQJ є num.* 2A

two (unlike Ҽ, it is not used for counting, nor in fractions/ decimals, nor after ㅜ; oft. є + measure word)

Ӻཙлॸє⛩Ԇ㾱৫བྷᆖǄ ᡁᘈᑖ䫡वҶˈ֐㜭ُᡁєඇ䫡ੇ˛ Ԇ൘ेӜտҶєњॺᴸǄ ᴹєॳєⲮཊӪ৲࣐Ҷ᱘ཙᲊкⲴ丣ҀՊǄ ྩԜєњ䜭ᱟेӜӪǄ 䘉ᑵ⭫ᴹє㊣䮯ˈᖸ䳮᤯⵰к伎ᵪǄ

OLӽ ‫ ؙ‬num. 1A

two (‫ = ؙ‬є + њ, so not ‫ ؙ‬+ њ/ other measure words; referring to people or things)

Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭ਲ਼‫ؙ‬㤩᷌ˈᰙкањˈᲊкањǄ 䘉‫ؙ‬ᴸ⋑ⴻ㿱֐ˈ৫ଚ‫ݯ‬Ҷ˛ ྩԜက࿩‫ؙ‬䮯ᗇ䜭ᖸ┲ӞǄ Ԇᴹ‫ؙ‬ᆙᆀˈањ⭧ⲴˈањྣⲴǄ Ԇ‫ؙ‬䜭ᱟᡁⲴྭᴻ৻Ǆ ֐ᴹ䛓Ѹཊ㤩᷌ˈ㔉ᡁ‫˛ੇྭˈؙ‬

Note: * є n. µERWKVLGHV ¶DVLQ Ӻཙᱟᱏᵏ‫ޝ‬, 䐟є䗩‫ݯ‬䜭ᱟӪ. * є n. µDXQLWRIZHLJKW¶, as in ྩҠҶҼє㊣依. ¾ є/ ‫ ؙ‬QµDIHZVRPHDOLWWOHZKLOH¶, as in 1) Ԇᖸ㍟, ⋑ⴻє࠶䫏ⲴҖቡⶑ⵰Ҷ. 2) ᘾѸ㔉ᡁ䘉Ѹ ቁ, ཊ㔉‫ؙ‬੗. ¾ When used at the beginning of a number, apart from Ҽॱ (not є), Ҽ and є are often interchangeable, e.g. ҼⲮ or єⲮ.

108

IƗSLjR ਁ⾘

F IƗSLjR ਁ⾘ n. IƗSLjR ਁ⾘ n. 2D

tax invoice tax invoice (also ਁ䍗 huò ⾘; oft. ᔰ + ਁ⾘) (ਁ, to issue)

ᡁ൘୶ᓇҠҶаਠ⭥㿶ˈ䘉ᱟਁ⾘Ǆ ਁ⾘㾱᭮ྭˈ࡛ђ GLǌWRORVH ҶǄ ৫୶ᓇ䘰ᦒь㾯ˈ䴰㾱ᴹਁ⾘Ǆ ⋑ᴹਁ⾘ˈᘾѸ㜭ᣕ䬰 EjR[LƗR to reimburse) ઒˛ 䈧֐㔉ᡁᔰаᕐਁ(䍗)⾘Ǆ

VKǀXM ᭦ᦞ n. 2 N/A

ᡯьᢺ』ᡯⲴᣬ䠁 \ƗMƯQGHSRVLW ᭦ᦞ㔉ᡁҶǄ receipt (less official than ਁ⾘; Ԇᴯᴻ৻ᢺҼⲮඇ䫡䘈㔉ᡁⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁ㔉Ԇ oft. ᔰ/ ߉ + ᭦ᦞ) (ᦞ, evidence) ᔰ/ ߉Ҷаᕐ᭦ᦞǄ Ԇ䈤Ԇн⭘ᣕ䬰ˈᡰԕн䴰㾱ਁ⾘ˈ㔉ањ᭦ ᦞቡਟԕҶǄ

VKǀXWLiRU ᭦ᶑ‫ ݯ‬n. 1 N/A

receipt (less formal than the above two, usu. for non-official dealings; confirming the receipt of money or items; oft. ᢃ/ ߉ + ᭦ᶑ‫)ݯ‬ (ᶑ, strip)

IƗVKƝQJ ਁ⭏ v.

䘉ᱟҼⲮඇ䫡ˈ㔉ᢃњ᭦ᶑ‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ ᭦ᶑ‫ݯ‬к߉⵰ᡁᐢ㓿䘈എ䛓азඇ䫡Ҷˈ ਟᱟԆত䈤⋑ᴹˈⵏ≄Ӫ (really annoying)ʽ н⭘߉᭦ᶑ‫ݯ‬ҶˈૡԜᱟཊᒤⲴྭᴻ৻ˈᡁ ⴨ؑ [LƗQJ[uQWRWUXVW ֐Ǆ

to happen

FKӽQVKƝQJ ӗ⭏ v. 2B

to give rise to, to come into existence (oft. referring to abstract items, with explanation of the conditions that contribute to the new phenomenon; ӗ, stressing the process of producing sth.) (ӗ, to produce; ⭏, to accrue)

ྭⲴᡀ㔙ᱟӾ࡫㤖ᆖҐѝӗ⭏ⲴǄ 䘉ӋཙˈԆሩѝഭ⭥ᖡӗ⭏Ҷ‫ޤ‬䏓 (xìngqù, interest), 䘉њઘᵛ৸㾱৫ⴻа䜘ᯠ⭥ᖡǄ ԆԜᱟ਼⨝਼ᆖˈᑨᑨ൘а䎧ˈធធൠӗ⭏ Ҷ⡡ᛵ (àiqíng, love)Ǆ 㜭ӗ⭏䘉ṧⲴ᭸᷌ [LjRJXԁˈresult), ᡁԜ䜭 ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ н⸕䚃ѪӰѸˈԆᴰ䘁ӗ⭏Ҷнᜣ޽кབྷᆖ ҶⲴᜣ⌅Ǆ

FKǌ[LjQ ࠪ⧠ v. 2A

to appear, to emerge, to come into being (referring to a person or thing; concrete or abstract items, with an emphasis on the visual) (antonym: ⎸ཡ [LƗRVKƯ ⧠, to appear)

ཙкࡊ᡽ࠪ⧠Ҷ唁Ӂˈ⧠൘৸⎸ཡҶǄ 䰞仈ᐢ㓿ࠪ⧠Ҷˈਚྭᜣ࣎⌅৫䀓ߣᆳǄ 䘉ࠐᒤˈᖸཊഭᇦࠪ⧠Ҷ³≹䈝✝´ˈнቁӪ ᔰ࿻ᆖҐ≹䈝Ǆ 䘉⿽⧠䊑 (xiànxiàng, phenomenon) ᐢ㓿ࠪ⧠ 䗷є⅑Ҷˈ֐⸕䚃ᱟѪӰѸੇ˛ 䘀ࣘઈᐢ㓿ࠪ⧠൘䘀ࣘ൪кҶˈ∄䎋ቡ㾱ᔰ ࿻ҶǄ

IƗ[LjQ ਁ⧠

109

ࠪ⧠൘㡎ਠкⲴᱟԆⲴକକǄ IƗVKƝQJ ਁ⭏ v. 2A

to happen, to occur (oft. referring to things) (ਁ, to deliver)

IƗ[LjQ ਁ⧠ v.

ࠐᒤн㿱ˈ䘉䟼ਁ⭏ҶᖸབྷⲴਈॆǄ ཷ䘩 (qíjì, miracle) ਁ⭏Ҷˈ䘉њ䏣⨳䱏ᗇҶ ㅜа਽Ǆ 䖖⾨ FKƝKXzFDUDFFLGHQW ਁ⭏൘ӄᴸǄ 䘉Ԧһᛵਁ⭏ᗇᖸケ❦ˈᡁԜ䜭⋑ᴹᜣࡠǄ 䘉ѸᲊҶˈྩ䘈⋑ᴹഎᇦˈн⸕䚃ਁ⭏Ҷ ӰѸһǄ

to discover

FKXjQJ[Ưn ࡋᯠ v. 2C

to innovate (not ࡋᯠ + object) (antonym: ᆸᰗ VKԁXML ࡋ, to create; ᯠ, new)

൘ᐕ֌ѝˈԆ㓿ᑨࡋᯠˈᗇࡠҶབྷᇦⲴྭ䇴Ǆ 㾱䘋↕ (jìnbù, to progress)ˈቡᗵ享ࡋᯠˈᆸᰗᱟ н㹼ⲴǄ нᯝࡋᯠˈ᡽Պнᯝ䘋↕Ǆ

chuàngzào ࡋ䙐 v. 2B

to create, to produce (referring to concrete or abstract items) (antonym: ⇱⚝ KXӿPLq 䙐, to build up)

ᡁԜ㾱ࣚ࣋ᆖҐ઼ᐕ֌ˈࡋ䙐㖾ྭⲴᵚᶕ (wèilái, future)Ǆ ֐⸕䚃≹ᆇᱟᘾѸࡋ䙐ࠪᶕⲴੇ˛ ㈞⨳䎋ѝˈᡁԜᆖṑⲴ⨳䱏ࡋ䙐ҶᯠⲴᡀ㔙ˈ བྷᇦ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ሿ⦻઼ሿᕐ∄䎧ᶕˈᡁ㿹ᗇሿ⦻ࡋ䙐ࠪⲴ֌ ૱ ]XzSӿQZRUNV ᴤྭǄ

IƗPtQJ ਁ᰾ v. 2B

IƗ[LjQ ਁ⧠ v. 2A

to invent (oft. referring to concrete items) (ਁ, to issue; ᰾, bright)

⚛㦟 KXԁ\jRJXQSRZGHU ᱟѝഭӪਁ᰾ⲴǄ Ԇᖸ㚚᰾ˈਁ᰾ࡋ䙐Ҷнቁь㾯Ǆ ֐⸕䚃ਁ᰾⭥䈍ⲴӪᱟ䈱ੇ˛ ᰙ൘кབྷᆖⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇቡਁ᰾䗷ь㾯ҶǄ ⭥㝁ᐢ㓿ਁ᰾ࠪᶕᖸཊᒤҶǄ

to discover, to find out (referring to ᡁਁ⧠ྩᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬н儈‫ˈޤ‬ቡ⋑޽䈤л৫ҶǄ concrete or abstract items) (⧠, to ԆԜ൘䛓䟼ਁ⧠Ҷ⋩⭠ (yóutián, oil-field)Ǆ appear) 㾱нᱟྸྸਁ⧠ᗇᰙˈᆙᆀቡՊᢺ䛓њь㾯 ਲ਼л৫ҶǄ 䘉⿽㣡ᱟԆ൘བྷኡ䟼ਁ⧠ⲴǄ 䘉њᆙᆀਁ⧠ൠкᴹॱඇ䫡Ǆ Ԇаⴤ⋑ਁ⧠ሿ⦻൘⡡⵰ԆˈӺᒤԆ䐏ሿᕐ 㔃ႊҶǄ

Note: All the above words can also be used as nouns, as in ֐⸕䚃ѝഭⲴഋབྷਁ᰾䜭ᱟӰѸੇ˛

110

fvzh~n ਁኅ

IƗ]KӽQ ਁኅ v. (see also ᔰ䗏)

to develop

NƗLWXz ᔰᤃ v. 3D

to innovate, to enlarge, to expand (referring to abstract or sizeable concrete items) (ᤃ, to develop)

⦻ᮉᦸⲴ⹄ウ \iQMLǌUHVHDUFK ᔰᤃҶањ ᯠⲴ亶ฏ OӿQJ\ILHOG Ǆ 䛓䗩‫ޘ‬ᱟ䘉ࠐᒤᯠᔰᤃⲴབྷ⡷൏ൠǄ Ԇௌ⅒৫ᔰᤃ㠚ᐡⲴࡽ〻 (qiánchéng, future)Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱нᯝᔰᤃˈ᡽㜭ᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJWR succeed)Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘ᔰᤃ⎧ཆᐲ൪ (market)Ǆ 䇙ᆖ⭏Ԝᔰᤃ⵬⭼Ⲵᱟ䘉䟼Ⲵ㔯ॆᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇᜣᩜࡠк⎧৫ˈ䘋а↕ᔰᤃԆⲴһъ (shìyè, career)Ǆ 䛓䟼Ⲵᐲ൪ᔰᤃᗇᖸᡀ࣏Ǆ

IƗ]KӽQ ਁኅ v.* 2A

to develop, to recruit, to expand (an organisation, scale, etc.) (antonym: ‫ ┎ڌ‬tíngzhì) (ਁ, to develop; ኅ, to unfurl)

䘉ᱟањᯠ෾ᐲˈ䘈൘ਁኅѻѝǄ ԆᱟᯠਁኅⲴՊઈ (huìyuánˈa member of an association/ club, etc.) 䘉њབྷᆖԕࡽнཚྭˈ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ਁኅᡀᖸн 䭉ⲴᆖṑҶǄ ᡁԜᓄ䈕нᯝਁኅᮉ㛢һъ (jiàoyù shìyè, educational enterprise/ cause) 䘉њൠᯩਁኅᗇнᘛˈаⴤᱟ‫┎ڌ‬нࡽǄ 䘉ᱟањਁኅѝഭᇦˈ䘈ᴹᖸཊᐕ֌㾱‫ڊ‬Ǆ

NƗLIƗ ᔰਁ v. 2C

to open up, to exploit (natural resources, area, etc.), to find/ cultivate (a talent, technology, etc.) (antonym: ሱ䰝 IƝQJEu

Ԇᒤ䖫Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬৫Ҷेᯩˈ൘䛓䟼ᔰਁ㦂 ኡ KXƗQJVKƗQEDUUHQPRXQWDLQ Ǆ 䘉䟼仾Ჟᖸ㖾ˈਟԕᔰਁᡀ᯵⑨Ჟ⛩Ǆ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟᔰਁӪ᡽ (réncái , a person of talent) ઼ᯠᢰᵟ (jìshù, technology)Ǆ ԆԜᴰ䘁ᔰਁҶањᯠⲴ᯵⑨⛩Ǆ ᔰਁ㾯䜘ᱟᖸ䟽㾱Ⲵᐕ֌Ǆ 䘉䟼ኡ㖾≤㖾ˈ٬ᗇ (zhídé, to be worthy of) ᔰ ਁǄ 䘉䟼ԕࡽ∄䖳ሱ䰝ˈਟᱟ⧠൘ᔰਁᗇᖸн䭉ҶǄ

NƗL]KӽQ ᔰኅ v.* 2B

to develop, to expand, to organise (with emphasis on continuation from small to a sizeable coverage; usu. referring to abstract items) (antonym: 㔃ᶏ, jiéshù)

Ԇ৸㚚᰾৸㜭ᒢˈᐕ֌ᔰኅᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ փ㛢䘀ࣘሩᆖ⭏ᴹྭ༴ˈаᇊ㾱ᔰኅл৫Ǆ ᆖṑ㓿ᑨᔰኅаӋ䈮ཆ⍫ࣘ (activity)ˈᆖ⭏Ԝᖸ ௌ⅒৲࣐Ǆ ⧠൘ᆖ⭏䜭൘߶༷㘳䈅ˈ䘉⿽⍫ࣘਟ㜭ᔰኅ н䎧ᶕˈ䘈ᱟㅹ㘳䈅㔃ᶏ੗Ǆ

]KӽQNƗL ኅᔰ v. 2B

to unfold, to open up, to start (emphasising the starting stage, and opening up in all directions;

Ԇᢺൠമ䜭ኅᔰԕਾˈ᡽᢮ࡠҶ䛓њൠᯩǄ ᡁԜབྷᇦሩ䘉њ䟽བྷ䰞仈ኅᔰҶ䇘䇪 WӽROQˈdiscussion)Ǆ

fán ࠑ referring to abstract or concrete items; insertable with ᗇ/ н)

111

䇘䇪ኅᔰԕਾˈᖸཊӪ䈤ࠪҶԆԜⲴᜣ⌅Ǆ བྷ呏ኅᔰ㗵㞰 FKuEӽQJZLQJ ੁཙオ伎৫Ǆ 䛓ᑵ⭫ᖸ䮯ˈ㜭ኅᗇᔰੇ˛

Note: * ਁኅ QµGHYHORSPHQW¶, as in Ԇᖸࣚ࣋, ᐕ֌кᖸᘛቡᴹҶᖸབྷⲴਁኅ. * ᔰኅ YµWRODXQFKDQH[KLELWLRQ¶DVLQ 㣡ኅ᰾ཙкॸᔰኅ, ᡁԜ䜭Պ৫ⴻ.

fán ࠑ adv. dàfán བྷࠑ adv. 3-2 N/A

all

generally speaking, in most cases (བྷࠑ + ᙫ/ 䜭)

བྷࠑᐕ֌ྭⲴӪˈᙫᱟॱ࠶ࣚ࣋Ǆ 㘱ᐸབྷࠑ䜭䇔ⵏᮉ䈮Ǆ ᱏᵏཙԆབྷࠑ䜭઼ᇦӪ൘а䎧Ǆ ᘛҀⲴᆙᆀབྷࠑՊᴹྭ⡦⇽Ǆ аᴹᰦ䰤ˈԆབྷࠑ䜭઼ᆙᆀԜ䑒䏣⨳Ǆ བྷࠑԆᴹ㜭࣋ˈԆᙫՊᑞࣙᴻ৻ⲴǄ

fán ࠑ adv. * 2B

all, every, any (ࠑ« ‫ޘ‬/䜭« ࠑ൘䘉ᇦ佀侶ਲ਼䗷依ⲴӪˈ䜭䈤ྭਲ਼Ǆ HPSKDVLVLQJµQRH[FHSWLRQ¶ ࠑ« ࠑ㿱䗷ԆⲴӪˈᙫᱟ䈤ԆӪн䭉Ǆ ᙫ«HPSKDVLVLQJµDOZD\V¶ ࠑᒤ┑ॱ‫ޛ‬኱ⲴӪˈ䜭ਟԕ৲࣐Ǆ Ԇࠑһ䜭ᖸ䇔ⵏˈӾᶕн傜㱾Ǆ ࠑԆௌ⅒Ⲵ⭥ᖡˈԆᙫᱟⴻє䙽ԕкǄ ࠑ⋑ᶕк䈮Ⲵᆖ⭏ˈ䜭㾱৫࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔ㿱㘱ᐸǄ

fánshì ࠑᱟ adv. 2C

every, any, all, whatever (ࠑ and ࠑᱟ are mostly interchangeable; ࠑᱟ« ᙫ/ ‫ޘ‬/ 䜭«

ࠑᱟᆖ⭏ⲴһᛵˈԆ䜭᭮൘ᗳкǄ ࠑᱟ⦻㘱ᐸк䈮ˈᶕⲴᆖ⭏ᙫᱟᖸཊǄ ࠑᱟ࡛ӪᴹⲴь㾯ˈԆ‫ޘ‬䜭ᜣ㾱Ǆ к⨝Ԇᙫᱟᶕᗇᖸᲊˈնࠑᱟл⨝Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ Ԇতᙫᱟㅜањ䎠ࠪ࣎‫ޜ‬ᾬǄ ࠑᱟᝯ᜿ᑞ࡛ࣙӪⲴӪˈ䜭Պᴹᖸཊᴻ৻Ǆ

Note: * ࠑ DGMµRUGLQDU\¶DVLQ ԆਟнᱟࠑӪ, ӰѸ䜭Պ, 㘼фӰѸ䜭∄࡛Ӫ‫ڊ‬ᗇྭ. * ࠑ QµWKHPRUWDOZRUOG¶DVLQ ྩ䮯ᗇ䶎ᑨ┲Ӟ, ‫ۿ‬ԉྣ [LƗQQԉIDLU\ лࠑаṧ. ¾ ࠑһ VKuWKLQJV QµHYHU\WKLQJ¶DVLQ ࠑһ㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᜣаᜣ޽৫‫ڊ‬.

IӽQI ৽༽ adv. OԉFu ኑ⅑ adv. 3D

repeatedly time after time (stressing repetition; not ኑ⅑ + ⅑/ 䙽, nor ኑ⅑ൠ) (ኑ, repeatedly)

ԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈኑ⅑㻛䘹ѪՈ⿰ᆖ⭏Ǆ Ԇཙཙ䘏ࡠˈኑ⅑㻛ᢩ䇴 (SƯStQJWRFULWLFLVe)ˈն ቡᱟн᭩Ǆ 䘉њ䏣⨳䱏ኑ⅑ᢃ⹤㓚ᖅ (jìlù, record)Ǆ

112

f~nfù ৽༽ ኑ⅑ཡ䍕 VKƯEjLWRIDLO ਾˈԆᴰਾ㓸Ҿᡀ ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJWRVXFFHHG ҶǄ 㘱ᐸⴻ㿱ᆖ⭏Ԝ⋑ᴹੜ␵ᾊˈቡ৸䟽༽Ҷа䙽Ǆ ⇿ཙ䜭㾱䟽༽ൠ‫਼ڊ‬ṧⲴᐕ֌ˈᡰԕԆᢃ㇇ᦒ ањᐕ֌Ǆ 䘉⿽ཆআ (take-away) 依ⴂнᓄ䈕䟽༽֯⭘ VKӿ\zQJWRXVH ˈഐѪнছ⭏ ZqLVKƝQJ hygienic)Ǆ Ԇ䟽༽㓳Ґྭཊ⅑ˈ᡽ᆖՊҶ䘉њࣘ֌ (act)Ǆ

chóngfù 䟽༽ adv.* 2B

repeatedly (stressing the repetition of an action) (䟽, again; ༽, to duplicate)

GXǀFì ཊ⅑ ph. 2 N/A

ྩཊ⅑৫५䲒ⴻᵋ⡦ӢˈⴤࡠԆ⯵ྭࠪ䲒Ǆ many times (stressing the quantity) 䘉ᱟᴸ⾘ (monthly pass)ˈਟԕཊ⅑֯⭘Ǆ 㓿䗷ཊ⅑࣍䈤 TXjQVKXǀSHUVXDVLRQ ˈྸྸ 㓸Ҿᩜࡠ‫ݯ‬ᆀᇦ৫տҶǄ 㲭❦Ԇԕࡽཊ⅑৫䗷ेӜˈਟ⡜䮯෾䘈ᱟㅜ а⅑Ǆ

IӽQI ৽༽ adv.* 2B

repeatedly, again and again (stressing both frequency and duplication) (reduplication: AABB) (৽, to turn over)

\Ưt ]jL а޽ adv. 2-1 C

ᡁԜа޽䈧ԆᶕˈਟԆቡᱟнᶕǄ time and again (stressing repetition; ᡁа޽ੁԆ䚃ⅹˈԆᴰਾ᡽৏䈵ҶᡁǄ а޽ oft. used for past tense) ൘ᵪ൪䘱‫ݯ‬ᆀࠪഭⲴᰦ‫ྸྸˈى‬а޽ౡી ]KԃIXWRHQMRLQ Ԇ㾱⌘᜿䓛փǄ Ԇа޽䈤ˈӺਾаᇊ㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᆖҐˈሩᗇ䎧 ⡦⇽Ǆ ᡁа޽䐏֐䈤㓒⚟ᰦн㾱ク傜䐟ˈ֐ѪӰѸ нੜᡁⲴ䈍?!

]jLVƗQ ޽й adv. 2-1 C

over and over again (also used after a verb, but а޽ LVQ¶W ޽й/ а޽ have a stronger tone; also а㘼޽, ޽㘼й, ޽й޽ഋ)

㘱ᐸ޽й㾱≲ᡁԜ᤹ᰦк䈮ˈн㾱䘏ࡠǄ ሩԆⲴᑞࣙˈᡁ޽йൠ㺘⽪ᝏ䉒Ǆ Ԇ㘳㲁 NӽROԋWRWKLQNRYHU ޽йˈᴰਾߣᇊ ҠᡯᆀҶǄ Ԇа㘼޽ˈ޽㘼йൠ䈤ˈԆ䘉⅑нᱟᶕ㾱䫡Ⲵˈቡᱟᜣᶕⴻⴻᡁ䘉њ㘱ᴻ৻Ǆ Ԇ޽й޽ഋൠ䈧≲ˈᡁਚྭ䐏Ԇ৫ҶǄ

láihuí ᶕഎ adv.* 1C

back and forth (involving some kind of movement) (reduplication: AABB)

ᇦ䟼ᶕҶᖸཊᇒӪˈᆙᆀԜ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇᶕഎ䐁Ǆ ᡁੜ᰾ⲭҶˈ֐н⭘޽ᶕഎൠ䈤л৫ҶǄ ྸྸᶕഎ䈤Ҷྭࠐ䙽ˈྣ‫ݯ‬䘈ᱟнᜣ৫Ǆ нྭ᜿ᙍˈ䇙֐ᶕᶕഎഎ䐁Ҷྭࠐ䏏Ǆ

䘉䚃仈ᖸ䳮ˈԆ৽༽ᜣ᡽ᜣࠪҶㆄṸǄ Ԇᢺ䘉ᵜҖ৽༽ⴻҶй䙽ˈ䘈ᱟᴹаӋⴻ н៲ⲴൠᯩǄ 䈧֐࡛޽৽༽䈤䘉ԦһᛵҶˈᡁ⸕䚃ҶǄ ≹ᆇ㾱৽৽༽༽ൠ㓳Ґ߉ˈ᡽㜭䇠ᗇտǄ

fàndiàn 依ᓇ

113

Note: ¾ All the above words in this group are used to express an event with human involvement. When describing other types of event, 㓿ᑨ/ ᑨᑨ tend to be used, as in Ӻᒤ䘉䟼㓿ᑨл䴘. * 䟽༽ YµWRUHSHDW¶DVLQ ᡁ⋑ᴹੜ៲, 䈧޽䟽༽а䙽, ྭੇ˛ * ৽༽ QµUHODSVHVHWEDFN¶DVLQ ԆⲴ⯵ᵜᶕᐢ㓿ྭҶ, ਟᱟᴰ䘁৸ࠪ⧠Ҷ৽༽. * ᶕഎ QµDURXQGWULS¶ ৫བྷᆖањᶕഎ, 䎠䐟㾱ањཊሿᰦ. ¾ V ᶕ V ৫ µEDFNZDUGs and forwards¶DVLQ Ԇᜣ䰞仈Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬, ௌ⅒൘ቻ䟼䎠ᶕ䎠৫.

fàndiàn 依ᓇ n. FƗQFKƝ 佀䖖 n. 2C

FƗQJXӽQ 佀侶 n. 2 N/A

FƗQWƯQJ 佀঵ n. 2B

fàndiàn 依ᓇ n. 2A

restaurant dining car (of a train), mobile dining car (佀, meal)

restaurant (big or small, expensive or inexpensive)

dining hall (of a hotel, work unit, school, etc.), dining room, restaurant (঵, hall, large communal room)

restaurant (the same as 佀侶)

⚛䖖Ⲵ佀䖖൘ӄਧ䖖৒ FKƝ[LƗQJrailway carriage), 䈧བྷᇦ৫⭘佀Ǆ ਲ਼ѝॸ依Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᆖṑ䱴䘁㓿ᑨᴹаӋ⍱ࣘ (liúdòng, mobile) 佀䖖Ǆ Ӻཙ佀䖖кⲴ依㨌䘈н䭉ˈབྷᇦ䜭䈤ྭਲ਼Ǆ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟ⇿ཙ᧘⵰佀䖖㔉䘉ᇦ५䲒䟼Ⲵ⯵ Ӫ䘱依Ǆ 䘉њ佀侶ᱟ৫ᒤᔰⲴˈ㨌‫ڊ‬ᗇ䘈ਟԕǄ 䛓ᇦ佀侶Ⲵ㘱ᶯ OӽREӽQERVV ᱟेᯩӪˈ ሩӪᖸྭǄ Ԇࡊࡊ䎠ࠪ佀侶ˈቡⴻ㿱ሿ⦻઼ԆⲴྣᴻ৻ҶǄ ᡁੜ䈤䛓ᇦ佀侶ᖸ䍥ˈᡰԕ⋑ᴹ䘋৫䗷Ǆ Ԇᜣ᢮аᇦഋᐍ 6uFKXƗQ 佀侶ˈഐѪԆᖸ ௌ⅒ਲ਼䗓 (là, hot and spicy) ⲴǄ 䘉ᇦ᯵侶ᴹањ佀঵ˈ൘ҼᾬǄ ԆԜঅս GƗQZqLZRUNXQLW Ⲵ佀঵нཚ བྷˈਟᱟ依㨌ᖸྭਲ਼Ǆ ԆᇦⲴᾬлቡᴹањ佀঵ˈ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤‫ڊ‬依Ⲵ ᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇቡ৫䛓䟼Ҡ依Ǆ Ԇᇦᖸሿˈ⋑ᴹ佀঵ˈቡ൘৘ᡯ䟼ਲ਼依Ǆ Ԇᱟ佀঵Ⲵᴽ࣑ઈˈབྷᇦ䜭ᖸௌ⅒ԆǄ 䛓ᇦ依ᓇᱟԆᔰⲴˈᖸн䭉Ǆ ֐⸕䚃ଚᇦ依ᓇⲴ㨌‫ڊ‬ᗇྭਲ਼ੇ˛ ᡁ侯ҶˈૡԜࡠࡽ䗩䛓њ依ᓇਲ਼⛩‫ݯ‬依੗Ǆ Ԇ൘依ᓇᐕ֌ˈӺཙᰙкቡ৫依ᓇҶǄ 䘉њ依ᓇཚሿҶˈ䈧ᇒӪਲ਼依ˈᡁԜ䘈ᱟ᢮ аᇦབྷа⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬依ᓇ੗Ǆ

114 IjQWƯQJ 依঵ n. 2 N/A

fàndiàn 依ᓇ a dining room/ hall

ԆᇦⲴ依঵ਟнሿˈ㜭඀лҼॱࠐњӪǄ ֐৫ᢺ依঵ⲴൠᢛаᢛǄ 䘉྇‫ޜ‬ሃᴹањᇒ঵઼ањ依঵Ǆ ྩ㔉Ԇᢃ⭥䈍Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ↓൘依঵ਲ਼依Ǆ

MLԃGLjQ 䞂ᓇ n. 2C

restaurant (usu. referring to a high-class one; may be used as SDUWRIDUHVWDXUDQW¶VQDPHDOVR 佀侶ǃ佀঵ǃ依ᓇ)

ԆԜⲴႊ⽬ KǌQOӿZHGGLQJ ቡᱟ൘䘉ᇦབྷ 䞂ᓇѮ㹼ⲴǄ Ი‫ݹ‬䞂ᓇⲴᴽ࣑ઈሩᖵᇒӪ䜭ᖸ✝ᛵˈ⇿ཙ ৫䛓䟼ⲴӪᖸཊǄ 䛓䟼ᯠᔰҶаᇦ䞂ᓇˈьे㨌‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭǄ Ԇᱟ‫ޜ‬ਨⲴ㓿⨶ MƯQJOӿPDQDJHU ˈᑨᑨᗇ GČLKDYHWR ൘䞂ᓇ䲚ᇒӪਲ਼依Ǆ

MLԃMLƗ 䞂ᇦ n. 2 N/A

restaurant (oft. with specialities or local flavours), tavern (oft. used as SDUWRIDUHVWDXUDQW¶VQame; not a generic term, e.g. we say Ԇ㓿ᑨ ৫依ᓇ, but not Ԇ㓿ᑨ৫䞂ᇦ)

ѝॾབྷ䞂ᇦⲴ✔呝ᱟᖸᴹ਽ⲴǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨࡠањ≤к䞂ᇦ৫்䞂Ǆ ԆᔰⲴ䛓њ䞂ᇦн䭉ˈᡁԜᑨ৫Ǆ Ԇ൘䘉њ䞂ᇦᖃ৘ᐸˈ㨌‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸн䭉ˈ䞂ᇦ 㘱ᶯ⇿њᴸ㔉Ԇнቁ䫡Ǆ ൘ањ䞂ᇦਲ਼ᆼ依ԕਾˈԆԜቡ䜭എᇦҶǄ

shítáng 伏า n. 2A

canteen, dining hall, eatery, cafeteria 䘉њ伏าਚᴹᰙ依઼ॸ依ˈ⋑ᴹᲊ依Ǆ (where a company/ organisation ԆԜⲴ伏าᖸབྷˈਟԕ඀лࠐⲮӪǄ serves food to its staff) (伏, food; 䘉њᐕলᴹйњ㙼ᐕ ]KtJǀQJVWDII 伏า, า, hall) ਲ਼依Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ӪᖸཊǄ Ԇ⇿ཙѝॸ䜭൘‫ޜ‬ਨⲴ伏าਲ਼依ˈ৸‫ׯ‬ᇌ৸ ྭਲ਼Ǆ 伏าቡ൘ࡽ䗩ˈᡁԜ৫ਲ਼⛩‫ݯ‬依੗Ǆ

IjQJXӽQU 依侶‫ ݯ‬n. 2-1 C

࡛ⴻ䘉ᇦ依侶‫ݯ‬ሿˈ⇿ཙᶕਲ਼依ⲴӪᖸཊǄ restaurant, eatery (oft. a smaller and 䘉њ依侶‫Ⲵݯ‬䶒ᶑ‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭਲ਼Ǆ cheaper dining place) 䛓䗩ᴹᖸཊ依侶‫ˈݯ‬䜭ᖸ‫ׯ‬ᇌǄ ࡛൘ᇦ‫ڊ‬ҶˈૡԜ৫ཆ䗩依侶‫ݯ‬ਲ਼੗Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤‫ڊ‬依ˈཙཙл依侶‫ݯ‬Ǆ

MLԃJXӽQU 䞂侶‫ ݯ‬n. 2-1 N/A

tavern (can also serve light meals)

䘉ѸᲊҶˈ䛓њሿ䞂侶‫ݯ‬䟼䘈ᴹᖸཊӪǄ Ԇ൘䞂侶‫ݯ‬䟼்Ҷᖸཊ䞂ˈҏਲ਼Ҷ⛩‫ݯ‬ь㾯Ǆ 䘉䟼⋑ᴹሿ䞂侶‫ˈݯ‬ਚᴹањབྷ依ᓇǄ Ԇᇦቡտ൘ањ䞂侶‫Ⲵݯ‬ᾬкˈઘᵛⲴᰦ‫ى‬ 㓿ᑨᖸ੥Ǆ

Note: ¾ 依ᓇ/ 䞂ᓇ also refer to a hotel with good facilities, often having its own restaurant or dining hall, as in 䮯෾བྷ依ᓇᱟаᇦᖸᴹ਽Ⲵ᯵侶. ¾ 䞂੗ QµSXE¶DVLQ л⨝ԕਾ, Ԇௌ⅒৫䞂੗்⛩‫ݯ‬䞂ԕਾ޽എᇦ. ¾ Idiomatic usage: к依ᓇ and л侶ᆀERWKPHDQµJRWRHDWLQDUHVWDXUDQW¶

IƗQJELjQ ᯩ‫ׯ‬

IƗQJELjQ ᯩ‫ ׯ‬adj.

115

convenient

biànlì ‫ ࡙ׯ‬adj. 2C

convenient (of transportation, IDFLOLWLHVHWF HDV\VWUHVVLQJµHDV\ WRDFKLHYHDJRDO¶ Dntonym: ഠ䳮 kùnnan) (‫ׯ‬, handy; ࡙, favourable)

Ԇᇦቡ൘ᆖṑⲴ䱴䘁ˈкᆖᖸ‫࡙ׯ‬Ǆ 䘉䟼⿫ଚ䟼䜭䘁ˈ‫⭏Ⲵ࡙ׯ‬⍫֯Ԇнᝯ᜿ᩜ ࡠ࡛Ⲵൠᯩ৫Ǆ 䛓њ෾ᐲӔ䙊 MLƗRWǀQJWUDQVSRUW ‫࡙ׯ‬ᶱ Ҷˈ৫ଚ䟼䜭ᖸᇩ᱃Ǆ 䛞ተቡ൘ᆖṑ䟼䶒ˈᇴ䫡৸ᆹ‫ޘ‬৸‫࡙ׯ‬Ǆ ᆖṑമҖ侶൘Ԇᇯ㠽Ⲵࡽ䗩ˈԆ৫䛓䟼ⴻҖ ᴹ‫Ⲵ࡙ׯ‬ᶑԦ (tiáojiàn, condition)Ǆ

IƗQJELjQ ᯩ‫ ׯ‬adj.* 2A

convenient (of µGRLQJVWK¶ VWUHVVLQJµZLWKRXWPXFKWURXEOH¶ (antonym: н‫ׯ‬/ ഠ䳮)

Ԇ↓൘к䈮ˈࠪᶕ㿱֐нཚᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ 䘉䟼ӰѸ䜭ᖸᯩ‫୶ˈׯ‬ᓇǃᆖṑǃ⭥ᖡ䲒䜭 н䘌ˈቡ൘䱴䘁Ǆ ᆙᆀ䮯བྷҶˈ䘈઼⡦⇽տ൘а䎧нᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ ᛘ⧠൘䈤䈍ᯩ‫˛ੇׯ‬ᡁᜣ䐏ᛘ䈤⛩‫ݯ‬һ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ㅹ֐ᯩ‫Ⲵׯ‬ᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁ޽ᶕ᢮֐੗Ǆ ֐᡻ཤᯩ‫˛ੇׯ‬ᡁᜣ䐏֐ُ⛩‫ݯ‬䫡Ǆ ⵏнྭ᜿ᙍˈᴰ䘁ᡁ᡻ཤҏнᯩ‫⋑ˈׯ‬ᴹ䫡 ُ㔉֐Ǆ ԆⲴ㞯㝊нཚᯩ‫ˈׯ‬䎠䐟∄䖳ഠ䳮Ǆ

biàndang ‫ׯ‬ᖃ adj. 1 N/A

easy, handy (antonym: 哫✖) (reduplication: AABB)

VKČQJVKu ⴱһ adj. 1 N/A

not troublesome, handy (antonym: 䍩࣢ fèijìnr) (ⴱ, to save; һ, trouble)

Ӿ䘉䟼඀ൠ䫱৫⚛䖖ㄉᖸ‫ׯ‬ᖃˈн⭘䖜䖖ˈ ॱ࠶䫏ቡࡠҶǄ ഐѪ㾱ࠪ৫᯵⑨ˈྩᢺ䮯ཤਁ࢚⸝ MLӽQGXӽQ to cut short) Ҷˈ䘉ṧՊ‫ׯ‬ᖃаӋǄ Ԇਟԕ൘л⨝Ⲵ䐟к৫Ҡ㨌ˈ‫ׯ‬ᖃᗇᖸǄ Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭ᑖѝॸ依ˈн⭘ࠪ৫Ҡ依ˈ‫ׯׯ‬ᖃᖃ Ⲵˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н哫✖Ǆ 䘉њᆙᆀᖸⴱһˈਲ਼価ቡⶑˈᖸቁଝǄ ԆቡањӪˈᑨᑨ৫ᴻ৻ᇦਲ਼依ˈн⭘㠚ᐡ ‫ڊ‬依ˈ∄䖳ⴱһǄ 㠚ӾྩᆖՊᔰ䖖ԕਾˈᜣ৫ଚ‫ݯ‬ቡ৫ଚ‫ˈݯ‬ ∄ԕࡽⴱһཊҶǄ 㠚ᐡᔰ䖖৫∄䖳ⴱһˈ඀‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖৫ཚ䍩࣢‫ݯ‬Ǆ

Note: ¾ All the above four words can also be used as verbs, as in 1)ѪҶᯩ‫ׯ‬ᆖ⭏, മҖ侶ᰙкг⛩ॺቡᔰ 䰘Ҷ. 2) ሩн䎧, ᡁ㾱৫ᯩ‫ׯ‬ᯩ‫ ׯ‬DHXSKHPLVPµWRJRWRWRLOHW¶ ᯠമҖ侶ᔪྭԕਾ, ‫࡙ׯ‬Ҷ ᆖ⭏, ُҖн⭘޽䎠䛓Ѹ䘌Ҷ. 4) ᰾ཙ֐н⭘ᶕҶ, 䘉ṧҏⴱ֐а⛩‫ݯ‬һ‫ݯ‬. * ᯩ‫ ׯ‬QµFRQYHQLHQFH¶DVLQ Ԇᑨᑨᢺᯩ‫ׯ‬䇙㔉࡛Ӫ, ᢺഠ䳮⮉㔉㠚ᐡ, ᡁԜ䜭ᖸௌ⅒Ԇ.

116

IiQJ¶jL ࿘⺽

IiQJ¶jL ࿘⺽ v.

to hinder

]KjQJ¶jL 䳌⺽ v.* 3C

to obstruct (view, etc.; usu. unintentional) (䳌, to block; ⺽, to obstruct )

Ԇᖸ儈ˈㄉ൘ㅜаᧂˈ䳌⺽ҶབྷᇦⲴ㿶㓯 (shìxiàn, the line of sight)Ǆ 䘉ቡᱟ䳌⺽ᆖ⭏䘋↕ (jìnbù, progress) Ⲵ৏ ഐ \XiQ\ƯQUHDVRQ Ǆ н㾱ᢺ䖖‫ڌ‬൘䘉䟼ˈ䳌⺽Ӕ䙊 MLƗRWǀQJWUDIILF Ǆ

IiQJ¶jL ࿘⺽ v. 2C

to hinder, to disturb (a person or an event; oft. referring to smaller events) (࿘, to hamper)

䈤䈍ሿ⛩‫ݯ‬༠ˈн㾱࿘⺽࡛ӪⲴՁ᚟Ǆ 䘉䖶䖖‫ڌ‬൘䘉䟼ˈ࿘⺽བྷᇦ䘋ࠪǄ ࿘⺽ᆖҐ઼ᐕ֌ⲴһᛵԆӾᶕн‫ڊ‬Ǆ ௌ⅒к㖁 VKjQJZӽQJVXUILQJRQOLQH 㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬ ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈնᱟн㜭࿘⺽ᐕ֌Ǆ 䘉њҖᷦ᭮൘䘉䟼ˈՊнՊ࿘⺽བྷᇦ䎠䐟˛ ֐н㾱䘉ṧ䈤䈍ˈՊ࿘⺽བྷᇦⲴഒ㔃 (tuánjié, solidarity)Ǆ ᡁ඀൘䘉䟼࿘⺽֐ੇ˛

]ԃ¶jL 䱫⺽ v.* 2C

to block (can also refer to largerscale events; intentional or unintentional) (䱫, to block)

ӰѸ࣋䟿 (lìliang, force, power) 䜭н㜭䱫⺽⽮Պ (shèhuì, society) Ⲵ䘋↕Ǆ ᘛᢺ䖖ᔰ䎠ˈ࡛൘䘉䟼䱫⺽Ӕ䙊Ǆ иཛ䱫⺽ྩࠪ৫ᐕ֌ˈ䇙ྩ൘ᇦ䟼ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ ᑖᆙᆀǄ 䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬нՊ䱫⺽⭏ӗ VKƝQJFKӽQSURGXFWLRQ Ⲵਁኅ IƗ]KӽQGHYHORSPHQW Ǆ

àishì ⺽һ v. 1D

to be in the way of (insertable) (һ, things)

䇙ᆙᆀ൘䘉䟼⧙੗ˈн⺽һⲴǄ ᢺ䘉њ᤯ᔰˈ᭮൘䘉䟼⺽һǄ ᡁ䘈ᱟࠪ৫੗ˈ䘉䟼ཚሿˈᥪ⺽һⲴǄ Ṽᆀ᭮䘉䟼ˈ⺽֐Ⲵһ‫˛ੇݯ‬ ᡁ൘䈤Ԇˈ⺽⵰֐ӰѸ(һ)Ҷ˛ ֐ቡᱟᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ᝏ߂ˈн⺽བྷһⲴǄ

Note: * 䳌⺽ n., as in ྲ᷌֐൘ᆖҐкᴹӰѸ䳌⺽, ቡᓄ䈕੺䇹㘱ᐸ. * 䱫⺽ n., as in ሩԆᶕ䈤ˈҠᡯᴰབྷⲴ䱫⺽ᱟᡯԧ (jià, price).

IiQJMLƗQ ᡯ䰤 n. fáng ᡯ n. 2 N/A

room house, room (oft. monosyllable + ᡯ; ḻ dòng / ᓗ/ ᧂ pái/ ᡰ/ ྇ + ᡯ µKRXVH¶ 䰤/ ਧ + ᡯ µURRP¶)

䛓ᧂ (row) ᡯ䜭ᱟሿᆖⲴᮉᇔǄ 䘉ᱟаᡰড ZƝLGDQJHURXV ᡯˈ֐Ԝн㾱 ࡠ䟼䗩৫⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐⸕䚃䘉ḻᡯᱟ䈱Ⲵੇ˛ Ԇտ൘ 202 ਧᡯǄ

IiQJMLƗQ ᡯ䰤

117

ԆᇦⲴᡯਾᱟањሿ㣡ഝǄ 䘉䰤গᡯ (bedroom) ᱟԆⲴǄ ԆࡊҠҶа྇йᡯє঵Ⲵ‫ޜ‬ሃǄ 䘉ᱟԆ‫ݯ‬ᆀ㔃ႊⲴᯠᡯˈᥪ┲Ӟ੗Ǆ IiQJMLƗQ ᡯ䰤 n. 2A

IiQJZǌ ᡯቻ n. 2C

room (њ + ᡯ䰤; business or residential rooms)

house, building (usu. referring to more than one building)

Ԇ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔⲴᡯ䰤䟼ᴹᖸཊ⭫Ǆ ᡁԜ㘱ᐸᇦˈҖቡ᭮┑Ҷањᡯ䰤Ǆ 䘉њ᯵侶нཚབྷˈа‫ޡ‬ᴹӄॱཊњᡯ䰤Ǆ ԆⲴᡯ䰤൘Ҽᾬˈ202 ਧǄ ྸྸ⇿њઘᵛ䜭ᢃᢛᡯ䰤Ǆ ԆкབྷᆖⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬єњӪտањᡯ䰤Ǆ ᡯ䰤䟼ⲴҖᷦᱟԆ਼ُᆖⲴǄ Ԇ൘᯵侶䟼տⲴᱟ儈㓗ᡯ䰤Ǆ 䛓䗩Ⲵᡯቻ䜭ᱟࠪ』Ⲵˈ֐৫ⴻⴻ੗Ǆ བྷ䴘ᢺᖸཊᡯቻ䜭␩ \ƗQWRIORRG ҶǄ ԆᱟањᡯቻҠআԓ⨶ GjLOӿDJHQW Ǆ 䘉ӋᡯቻᱟԆԜᐕলҠⲴˈ⭘ᶕ㔉ᐕলⲴᐕ ӪտⲴǄ

fángzi ᡯᆀ n. 2B

house (of one storey or multistoreyed building), room (䰤 + ᡯᆀ µURRP¶ ḻ/ ᓗ/ ᧂ/ ᡰ + ᡯᆀ µKRXVH¶

䘉䟼Ⲵᡯᆀ䜭ᱟᯠⲴˈ৸བྷ৸┲ӞǄ ԆҠҶа྇ᡯᆀˈᱟєᇔа঵ (two bedrooms and one living room) 䛓ᡰᡯᆀⲴࡽ䶒ᱟањ㣡ഝˈᴹнቁ㣡‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡ˈҠн䎧ᡯᆀǄ 䛓䰤ᡯᆀཚሿˈ䘎ањৼӪᒺ䜭᭮нлǄ 䛓ḻᡯᆀᱟԆ⡨⡨ⲴˈнᱟԆⲴǄ 䘉䰤ᡯᆀᱟᡁⲴˈਣ䗩䛓䰤ᱟԆⲴǄ

JǀQJ\ ‫ޜ‬ሃ n. 2 N/A

apartment building, apartment (ḻ/ ᓗ/ ᧂ/ ᡰ + ‫ޜ‬ሃ µDSDUWPHQWEXLOGLQJ¶ ྇ + ‫ޜ‬ሃ µDSDUWPHQW¶ ‫ޜ‬, public; ሃ, residence)

䘉ᓗ‫ޜ‬ሃᾬᱟᯠⴆⲴˈᴹ 100 ཊ྇‫ޜ‬ሃǄ Ԇտ൘аḻ儈ቲ‫ޜ‬ሃ䟼Ǆ ᆖ⭏‫ޜ‬ሃ䟼Ⲵᡯ䰤䜭∄䖳ሿǄ ԆҠⲴ䛓྇‫ޜ‬ሃᴹй䰤গᡯˈᖸн䭉Ǆ Ԇကက』Ⲵ‫ޜ‬ሃᖸн䭉Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒տ‫ޜ‬ሃǄ

lóu ᾬ n. 2A

storeyed building, storey/ floor (oft. monosyllable + ᾬ)

Ԇտ൘ࡽ䶒䛓ḻᾬˈйᾬ 302 ਧǄ ྩ䲔Ҷ৫㥦ᾬǃ䞂ᾬǃⲮ䍗བྷᾬԕཆˈӰѸ 䜭нᜣ‫ڊ‬Ǆ Ԇлᾬਲ਼依৫ҶǄ 䛓ᒒ (zhuàng, mw.) ᮉᆖᾬнཚ儈Ǆ 䛓ӋབྷᾬⲴ‫ڌ‬䖖൪䜭нབྷǄ Ԇտ‫ޛ‬ᾬǄ

118 lóufáng ᾬᡯ n. 2C

sùshè ᇯ㠽 n. 2A

Zǌ ቻ n. 2B

Zǌ]L ቻᆀ n. 2-1 A

fàng ᭮ storeyed building (not number + ᾬᡯ, unlike ᾬ)

dormitory (for students of a school, Ԇտ൘བྷᆖⲴᆖ⭏ᇯ㠽䟼Ǆ or staff of a work unit) (ᇯ, lodge; ԆⲴᇯ㠽ᖸᒢ߰Ǆ 㠽, hut) 䛓ᱟᡁԜབྷᆖᮉᐕⲴᇯ㠽ᾬˈᡁⲴ㘱ᐸቡ տ൘‫ޝ‬ਧᾬ䟼Ǆ ᡁ઼Ԇտ൘਼ањᇯ㠽ᾬ䟼Ǆ ԆⲴᇯ㠽ᱟ 2 ਧᾬˈ202 ਧᡯ䰤Ǆ

room, house (oft. monosyllable + ቻ; 䰤 + ቻµURRP¶

room

fàng ᭮ v. EӽL ᩶ v.* 2A

ԆᇦտⲴᱟᾬᡯˈнᱟᒣᡯ (píngfáng, bungalow)Ǆ 䛓䗩Ⲵᾬᡯ䜭ᱟᯠⴆⲴˈԆⲴањᴻ৻տ൘ 䛓䟼Ǆ Ԇ⡦⇽нௌ⅒տᾬᡯˈклᾬнᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ Ԇᇦਾ䗩䘈ᴹйᧂᾬᡯˈ䜭ᱟᆖ⭏ᇯ㠽Ǆ

䛓ᱟᡁԜᇦⲴ㘱ቻˈ⧠൘ᐢ㓿』ࠪ৫ҶǄ 䘉䰤ቻᱟԆⲴˈ䛓䰤ቻᱟԆကကⲴǄ Ԇᇦᱟቻࡽ⿽㣡ˈቻਾ⿽㨌Ǆ ԆᇦབྷቻᱟⶑᡯˈሿቻᱟҖᡯǄ Ԇտ䟼ቻˈᕏᕏտཆቻǄ а䰤ቻտєњӪˈਟԕੇ˛ ቻᆀ䟼ᖸ✝ˈᔰᔰ䰘੗Ǆ Ԇઘᵛ㓿ᑨ᭦᤮ቻᆀǄ ᡁⲴቻᆀ∄ԆⲴቻᆀሿа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ྣᴻ৻лॸ㾱ᶕˈԆᢺቻᆀᢃᢛᗇᒢᒢ߰ ߰ˈ䘈᭮┑Ҷ勌㣡Ǆ Ԇ൘ेӜᴹањഋਸ䲒‫( ݯ‬sìhéyuànr, a traditional Chinese house with a four-section compound/ quadrangle)ˈ䟼䶒ᴹ‫ޛ‬䰤ቻᆀǄ

to put to put, to display (stressing µWRDUUDQJHVWKFDUHIXOO\DQG SXUSRVHIXOO\¶DOVRXVHG metaphorically) (reduplication: A(а)A)

ԆᇦⲴデࡽ᩶⵰ᖸཊ㣡Ǆ 依‫ྭڊ‬Ҷˈ֐৫ᢺ⻇ㆧ᩶ྭǄ 䈧ᢺ≹䈝Җ᩶൘ҖᷦⲴᴰк䗩Ǆ ൘䘉њമҖ侶ˈᯠҖ㾱᩶йњᱏᵏ᡽ਟԕُࠪǄ Ԇ㔃ႊᰦ᩶ҶॱṼ䞂ᑝ MLԃ[tEDQTXHW Ǆ Ṽᆀ઼ἵᆀ᩶ᗇ䜭ᖸᮤ喀 ]KČQJTtQHDW Ǆ 䰞仈᩶൘ҶᡁԜⲴ䶒ࡽˈ֐䈤ᘾѸ࣎੗˛ Ԇௌ⅒ᢺ㠚ᐡ᩶൘∄࡛Ӫ儈аㅹⲴս㖞 (wèizhi, position) кǄ 䘉ѸཊҖʽ᩶(а)᩶ⴻ੗ˈਟ㜭᩶нлǄ

IjQJ[ƯQ ᭮ᗳ

119

fàng ᭮ v.* 2A

to put, to place (streVVLQJµWRSXW LQDFHUWDLQSODFH¶DOVRXVHG metaphorically) (reduplication: A(а)A)

ᘛᢺ㇡ᆀ᭮лˈ䗷ᶕ்ᶟ㥦Ǆ ԆᘈҶᢺҖ᭮൘ӰѸൠᯩҶǄ ᡯ䰤ཚሿˈ᭮нлаᕐৼӪᒺǄ ᭮呑㳻 MƯGjQKHQ¶s egg) ᰦаᇊ㾱ሿᗳǄ ᭮൘ṼᆀкⲴ⴨⡷ᱟԆྣ‫Ⲵݯ‬Ǆ ԆⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ṼкӰѸ䜭⋑᭮ˈਚᴹаᵜҖǄ ᢺҖ᭮ࡠҖᷦкˈ࡛᭮൘ᒺкǄ ᮉᇔ䟼᭮⵰ᖸཊἵᆀǄ 䘉њ䰞仈‫ݸ‬᭮᭮޽䈤Ǆ 依ཚ✝Ҷˈ᭮а᭮޽ਲ਼Ǆ

JƝ ᨱ v. 1B

to put RIWLQGLFDWLQJµWRSXWLQD SODFHIRUDZKLOH¶DOVRXVHG metaphorically; ᨱ and ᭮ are interchangeable, although the former is used more colloquially) (reduplication: A(а)A)

䘉Ӌ䫡ᡁҏн⭘ˈቡᨱ൘䬦㹼䟼੗Ǆ ༿ཙࡠҶˈྸྸቡᢺߜཙⲴ㺓ᴽᨱ䘋㇡ᆀ䟼 ৫ҶǄ ᴹӰѸ哫✖࡛ᨱ൘ᗳ䟼ˈ䈤ࠪᶕⴻⴻᡁԜ㜭 н㜭ᑞᑞ֐Ǆ ᡁᖸᘉˈࠪ৫᯵⑨Ⲵһ‫ݸݯ‬ᨱал੗Ǆ ᣕ㓨‫ݸ‬ᨱ䛓‫ˈݯ‬ᡁаՊ‫ⴻ޽ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ䘋䰘ԕਾቡᢺᑭᆀᨱ൘ҶሿṼкǄ 䴘Վቡᨱ䰘ཆ੗ˈ࡛᤯䘋ᶕҶǄ ҖнཚཊˈҖवᨱᗇлǄ Ԇ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔⲴṼᆀкᨱ⵰Ԇྣ‫➗Ⲵݯ‬⡷‫ݯ‬Ǆ 俉㭹䘈нཚ⟏ˈᨱ(а)ᨱ޽ਲ਼Ǆ

Note: * ᩶ QµSHQGXOXPERWWRPSDUWRIVWK¶DVLQ 1) 䫏᩶ᘾѸ‫( ڌ‬tíng, to stop) Ҷ? 2) 䘉ᶑ㼉ᆀⲴ㼉᩶ (bottom part of a skirt) ᖸ┲Ӟ. * ᩶ YµWRVZLQJWRZDYH¶DVLQ Ԇੁᡁ᩶᩶᡻, ਛᡁ࡛䗷৫. * ᩶ YµWRVKRZRII¶DVLQ Ԇቡௌ⅒᩶ᷦᆀ (to put on airs). * ᭮ YµWRDGG¶DVLQ ૆஑㾱᭮㌆ੇ? * ᭮ YµWRVHWIUHH¶DVLQ Ԇ᭮ᆖԕਾቡഎᇦҶ. * ᨱ YµWRDGG¶DVLQ ≤ቁҶ, ޽ᨱ⛩‫ݯ‬.

IjQJ[ƯQ ᭮ᗳ v.

to feel relieved

ƗQ[ƯQ ᆹᗳ v. 2B

WRNHHSRQH¶s mind on sth., to have peace of mind, to feel at ease (insertable) (ᆹ, peaceful)

Ԇሩ䘉њᐕ֌нཚᆹᗳˈᜣ᢮࡛Ⲵᐕ֌Ǆ 䘉ࠐཙ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⯵ҶˈԆᐕ֌ᰦᖸнᆹᗳǄ ⡦⇽䜭ᴹᐕ֌ˈаᇦӪ⭏⍫ᗇᖸᆹᗳǄ ᆙᆀԜ䜭ᐢ㓿䮯བྷᡀӪˈ֐ਟԕᆹлᗳᶕ ‫֐ڊ‬㠚ᐡᜣ‫Ⲵڊ‬һᛵҶǄ ᇦ䟼ᴰ䘁ᴹᖸཊһˈ֯ԆᆹнлᗳᶕǄ

IjQJ[ƯQ ᭮ᗳ v. 2B

to feel relievedWRVHWRQH¶s mind ᡁ൘ѝഭа࠷䜭ྭˈ䈧⡦⇽᭮ᗳǄ at ease (insertable; ᭮ᗳ/ н᭮ᗳ/ എᇦԕਾˈԆ䘈ᱟ᭮ᗳнлᐕ֌Ǆ ᭮ᗳнл + person/ thing, иཛл⨝⋑ᴹഎᇦˈྩᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬᭮ᗳнлˈ

120

IƝQI ਖ਼ી oft. with negatives) (antonym: ቡ㔉ԆᢃҶњ⭥䈍Ǆ ᣵ GƗQ ᗳ/ ᤲᗳ) (᭮, to put down; ᆙᆀᐢ㓿བྷҶˈ֐ቡ᭮ᗳԆ৫੗Ǆ ᗳ, heart) Ԇᱟањ㘱ᐸ઼⡦⇽䜭᭮ᗳⲴྭᆙᆀǄ 㠚Ӿ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⿫ᇦࡠཆൠ৫кབྷᆖԕਾˈྩаⴤ н᭮ᗳԆǄ ᆙᆀཚሿˈㅜа⅑ࠪ䘌䰘ˈᡁⵏⲴᖸн᭮ᗳྩǄ ⴻࡠԆӾᡯклᶕҶˈྩ᡽᭮лᗳǄ ⡦⇽ᙫᱟᣵᗳ֐Ǆ֐㾱ᑨᑨ㔉ᇦ䟼ᢃ⭥䈍ˈԆԜ ᡽᭮ᗇлᗳǄ ֐᭮ᇭ NXƗQEURDG ᗳ (to rest assured)ˈᡁ аᇊྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᆖҐǄ

IƝQI ਖ਼ી v.

to enjoin

]KԃWXǀ ౡᢈ v. 3D

ᴻ৻ౡᢈⲴһᛵˈᡁаᇊ㾱࣎ྭǄ to entrust sb. to do sth. (ౡ, to urge; ྸྸ㾱৫५䲒ⴻᣔ⡨⡨ˈౡᢈ⦻ሿက➗亮ᡁ ᢈ, to entrust) ઼ကကǄ Ԇౡᢈሿ⦻аᇊ㾱᢮ࡠྣ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

GƯQJ]Kԃ ਞౡ v. 2D

to urge/ plead repeatedly, to warn, ᰾ཙᰙк㘳䈅ˈྸྸਞౡᡁᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬䎧ᒺǄ to exhort (reduplication: ABAB) ཙߧҶˈԆਞౡᆙᆀԜ㾱ཊク㺓ᴽǄ (ਞ, to say/ ask again to make sure) ကက޽й (repeatedly) ਞౡᡁˈаᇊᢺ䘉ሱ ؑ䘱ࡠǄ Ԇа޽ (repeatedly) ਞౡᡁˈал伎ᵪ傜к 㔉Ԇᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ Ԇਞౡᡁаᇊ㾱ᰙ⛩‫ࡠݯ‬ᵪ൪ˈᲊҶቡ䎦н к伎ᵪҶǄ ቭ㇑ԆਞౡҶྭࠐ䙽ˈᡁ䘈ᱟ⋑ᴹ䇠տǄ ԆᘈҶਞౡ‫ݯ‬ᆀл䴘ᰦᢺデ‫ޣ‬кˈབྷ䴘ᢺᒺ 䜭ᢃ⒯ VKƯZHW ҶǄ ֐ਞౡਞౡ‫ݯ‬ᆀˈк䈮аᇊ㾱䇔ⵏੜ䇢Ǆ

IƝQIX ਖ਼ી v. 2B

to enjoin (a subordinate, a junior, etc.) to do sth. (in a spoken form) (޽й/ а޽/ а⅑৸а⅑ + ਖ਼ી, also other words in this group) (ਖ਼, to instruct)

]Kԃfù ౡી v. 2C

to advise and urge, to prescribe (oft. ५⭏ౡીԆаᇊ㾱᤹ᰦਲ਼㦟Ǆ from a senior to a junior, telling ൘ؑѝˈ⡦⇽ౡીᡁ㾱⌘᜿䓛փǄ them what they should/ should not 㘱ᐸౡી䗷Ԇྭࠐ⅑ˈԆ䘈ᱟᘈҶǄ

ྸྸ޽йਖ਼ીԆᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬䎧ᒺˈкᆖн㾱৫ᲊҶǄ ᛘ㘱ᴹӰѸһᛵቭ㇑ MӿQJXӽQXQKHVLWDWLQJO\ ਖ਼ીˈᡁԜаᇊ➗࣎ (zhàobàn, to act accordingly)Ǆ 㘱ᐸਖ਼ી䗷ˈ᰾ཙ㘳䈅н߶ᑖҖǄ Ԇਖ਼ીᆼԕਾˈቡ䎠ҶǄ ᛘਖ਼ીⲴһᛵᐢ㓿‫ڊ‬ᆼҶˈла↕䘈ᓄ䈕‫ڊ‬ ӰѸˈ䈧޽ਖ਼ીǄ Ԇਖ਼ીᡁᢺ䖖ᔰࡠ䰘ਓǄ

IƝQJI Ѡᇼ do) (reduplication: ABAB) (ી, to instruct)

121

ྸྸ޽йౡીᡁˈᔰ䖖аᇊ㾱ሿᗳǄ 㘱Ӫౡીᡁӄᒤѻ޵аᇊ㾱ᢺ䘉њሿᆖṑ࣎ ᡀањབྷᆖṑǄ 䈧ౡીԆалˈഎᇦⲴ䐟кҠ⛩‫ݯ‬㨌എᶕǄ ֐ྭྭౡીౡીԆˈаᇊ㾱ྭྭᆖҐˈн㾱䇙བྷᇦཡᵋ VKƯZjQJGLVDSSRLQWHG Ǆ

Note: ¾ As a rule of thumb, none of the above words are used from a junior to a senior. ¾ They can be used as nouns, as in 1) ৫ᒤԆᑖ⵰ᇦӪⲴౡᢈ, ࡠഭཆ৫⮉ᆖ. 2) ֐㾱ੜ५⭏Ⲵౡ ી, ྭྭՁ᚟. 3) 䘉ᱟᯠᶕⲴ㓿⨶ MƯQJOӿPDQDJHU ԕਾ֐Ԝ䜭㾱ੜԆⲴਖ਼ી. ¾ ભԔ YPuQJOuQJµWRRUGHUWRFRPPDQG¶DVLQ ԆભԔᡁ傜к⿫ᔰ䘉䟼. ¾ ᤷ⽪ Y]KӿVKuµWRLQVWUXFW¶DVLQ Ԇᤷ⽪ᡁԜӺཙаᇊ㾱‫ڊ‬ᆼ䘉њᐕ֌.

IƝQJI Ѡᇼ adj. (see also 価┑/ ཊĹ/ ‫)࠶ݵ‬

abundant

ഭᇦᇼᕪǃӪ≁ᒨ⾿ᱟᡁԜ䜭ᐼᵋⴻࡠⲴǄ ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌᡽㜭֯ഭᇦᇼᕪ䎧ᶕǄ 䛓ᱟањ㑱㦓 (fánróng, flourishing) ᇼᕪⲴ ഭᇦˈӪԜ⭏⍫ᗇᖸᘛҀǄ ԆԜⲴഭᇦ∄ԕࡽᇼᕪཊҶǄ

fùqiáng ᇼᕪ adj. 3D

prosperous and strong, rich and powerful (of a country, etc.) (antonym: 䍛ᕡ pínruò) (ᇼ, rich; ᕪ, strong)

I\ԁX ᇼᴹ adj.* 3C

rich VWUHVVLQJµSOHQW\¶ILQDQFLDOO\ ԆⲴ⡦Ӣᖸᇼᴹˈᇦ䟼Ⲵ⭏⍫ҏᖸྭǄ or spiritually) (antonym: 䍛ഠ 㲭❦Ԇॱ࠶ᇼᴹˈতӾᶕнҡ㣡䫡Ǆ pínkùn, 䍛ェ pínqióng) ԆᱟᡁԜᖃѝᴰᇼᴹⲴǄ ԆᇼᴹⲴ৏ഐᱟࣚ࣋ǃ䇔ⵏൠᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹཊቁ䫡ˈਟᱟ㋮⾎ MƯQJVKpQVSLULW к তॱ࠶ᇼᴹǄ Ԇᇦԕࡽ䍛ഠˈਟᱟ⧠൘ਈᗇᇼᴹҶǄ

IƝQJI Ѡᇼ adj.* 2A

abundant, rich, plentiful (referring to material, things, experience, knowledge, etc.; Ѡᇼཊᖙ, IƝQJIGXǀFӽLULFKDQGFRORXUIXO (antonym: 䍛ѿ pínfá) (Ѡ, abundant)

䛓њབྷ୶ᓇ䟼Ⲵь㾯ᖸѠᇼˈӰѸ䜭ਟԕҠ ᗇࡠǄ 䘉䟼ᴹѠᇼⲴ≤Ⓚ (yuán, source of water)ˈ нᙅ⋑ᴹ≤்Ǆ Ԇᱟањ㓿傼 MƯQJ\jQH[SHULHQFH ѠᇼⲴᮉ ᐸˈᡰԕᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ѠᇼⲴ⸕䇶 ]KƯVKLNQRZOHGJH ֯ԆᡀѪа њᖸਇ⅒䗾ⲴӪǄ ᡁௌ⅒䘉њ෾ᐲˈ᮷ॆ⭏⍫∄䛓њ෾ᐲѠᇼ ཊҶǄ 㲭❦Ԇнௌ⅒ཊ䈤䈍ˈնᱟԆⲴᝏᛵJӽQTtng, feeling/ emotion) ᒦн䍛ѿˈ㘼ᱟᖸѠᇼⲴǄ ԆⲴᇦґኡ䶂≤⿰ˈ⢙ӗ ZFKӽQSURGXFWV ѠᇼǄ

122

IƝQJI Ѡᇼ ⭥㿶䟼Ⲵ㢲ⴞ (jiémù, programme) 䎺ᶕ䎺Ѡ ᇼཊᖙҶǄ

IƝQJVKqQJ Ѡⴋ adj. 2 N/A

fù ᇼ adj. 2B

plentiful (of goods, especially food; VWUHVVLQJµSOHQW\RIYDULHW\DQGJRRG TXDOLW\¶ DQWRQ\P ㆰঅ MLӽQGƗQ (ⴋ, vigorous)

rich, plenty (antonym: ェ qióng, 䍛 pín)

ᒣᰦԆᇦਲ਼依∄䖳ㆰঅˈਟӺཙᱟ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴ⭏ᰕˈ ᡰԕᲊ佀ᖸѠⴋǄ ѠⴋⲴ依㨌֯ᗇབྷᇦ䜭ਲ਼ᗇᖸᔰᗳǄ 䘉Ӌᒤᶕˈ⭏⍫ਈྭҶˈӪԜⲴ㨌㈞ᆀҏѠ ⴋ䎧ᶕҶǄ Ԇ㔃ႊⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬᩶Ҷॱ‫ޛ‬ṼѠⴋⲴ䞂ᑝǄ 䛓䗩Ⲵᡯᆀ৸བྷ৸┲ӞˈᱟᇼӪտⲴൠᯩǄ Ԇᕏᕏᖸᇼˈᱟ‫⭏ڊ‬᜿ VKƝQJ\uEXVLQHVV Ⲵ˗ ਟԆতᖸェˈ⋑ᴹ䫡Ǆ ᒤ䖫ӪᑨᑨᇼҾᒫᜣ KXjQ[LӽQJIDQWDV\ Ǆ ᡁ㲭❦⋑ᴹԆᇼˈնᱟᡁ⭏⍫ᗇᖸᘛҀǄ Ԇн㇇ᇼˈնᱟᖸௌ⅒ᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ

fùyù ᇼ㼅 adj. 2C

wealthy, well-off (financially; VWUHVVLQJµKLJKOLYLQJVWDQGDUGV¶ (antonym: 䍛ഠ pínkùn, 䍛ェ pínqióng) (㼅, plentiful)

ԆᇦⲴ⭏⍫нཚᇼ㼅ˈҠн䎧ᡯᆀǄ 䘉ࠐᒤԆ‫⭏ڊ‬᜿‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭˈᇼ㼅ҶнቁǄ ԆԜᇼ㼅ᶱҶˈҠӰѸ䜭ᱟҠᴰྭⲴǄ ᡁԜаᒤаᒤൠᇼ㼅䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ઼ԆⲴཚཚ䜭ᱟ५⭏ˈᇦ䟼∄䖳ᇼ㼅Ǆ ԆᱟᡁԜᶁ䟼Ⲵᇼ㼅ᡧ (hù, family)ˈਟᱟᶁ䟼䘈 ᴹнቁ䍛ഠᡧǄ

wàngshèng ᰪⴋ adj. 2 N/A

vigorous, exuberant (referring to SHUVRQ¶VVSLULWHQHUJ\SODQWHWF (antonym: င䶑 ZČLPt 㺠ㄝ VKXƗLMLp ᰪ, flourishing)

Ԇᑨ䭫⛬䓛փˈ㋮࣋ MƯQJOuHQHUJ\ ᰪⴋǄ ᴰ䘁ᐲ൪ VKuFKӽQJPDUNHW ሩ㔯㢢伏૱Ⲵ䴰≲ 䎺ᶕ䎺ᰪⴋǄ ԆӺᒤҼॱ‫ޛ‬኱ˈ↓ᱟ㋮࣋ᰪⴋⲴᰦ‫ى‬Ǆ ㈍⚛ JǀXKXԁbonfire) ൘ᰪⴋൠ⟳✗ UiQVKƗR to burn) ⵰ˈᆖ⭏Ԝത൘а䎧ୡ⵰ⅼǄ

fùyu ᇼ։ adj. 2-1 D

Ԇᢺ⇿њᴸⲴᐕ䍴 JǀQJ]ƯVDODU\ 䜭㣡ᗇ surplus, extra (of money, time, etc.) ᒢᒢ߰߰Ⲵˈ⋑ᴹᇼ։Ⲵ䫡Ǆ (։, surplus) ྲ᷌᰾ཙᴹᇼ։Ⲵᰦ䰤ˈᡁՊ䐏֐а䎧৫ⴻ ⭥ᖡǄ Ԇ∄ᡁᇼ։ᗇཊˈُ䫡֐䘈ᱟ᢮Ԇ৫੗Ǆ 䘉ᢺ䴘Վᱟᇼ։Ⲵˈ֐᤯৫⭘੗Ǆ

Note: ¾ All the above words tend to be used in a positive sense. * ᇼᴹ v. µWREHIXOORIᇼᴹ DEVWUDFWLWHP ¶DVLQ1) Ԇᱟᇼᴹ㓿傼 MƯQJ\jQH[SHULHQFH Ⲵᮉᐸ. 2) Ԇ䈤Ⲵ䈍ᇼᴹԓ㺘ᙗ GjLELӽR[uQJUHSUHVHQWDWLYHQHVV ᡁԜᓄ䈕ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᜣᜣ. 3) ྩᇼᴹ਼ᛵᗳ WyQJTtQJ[ƯQsympathy). * Ѡᇼ YµWRHQULFK¶DVLQ ᴹᰦ䰤ᡁቡ৫ୡୡⅼ, 䐣䐣㡎, ᢃᢃ⨳, Ѡᇼал㠚ᐡⲴ⭏⍫.

fwngjng 仾Ჟ

IƝQJMӿQJ 仾Ჟ n.

123

scenery

IƝQJJXƗQJ 仾‫ ݹ‬n.* 3D

view, sight (oft. used literarily; describing special characteristics) (‫ݹ‬, scenery)

䘉䟼Ⲵ仾‫ⵏݹ‬㖾Ǆ Ԇᖸௌ⅒བྷ㠚❦ (zìrán, nature) Ⲵ仾‫ˈݹ‬ 㓿ᑨࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ ᔲ (yì, exotic) ഭ仾‫֯ݹ‬ԆᝏࡠᖸᯠཷǄ ߜཙࡠҶˈ䛓䟼ᱟа⡷ेഭ仾‫ݹ‬Ǆ 䶂ኡ㔯≤ྭ仾‫ݹ‬Ǆ ઘᵛԆᑨᔰ䖖ࡠ෾ཆˈ㿲䍿 JXƗQVKӽQJWR appreciate) ⭠ഝ (idyllic) 仾‫ݹ‬Ǆ

MӿQJVq Ჟ㢢 n. 3C

scenery, outlook (oft. describing specific characteristics of scenery; stressing the colour) (㢢, colour)

བྷ⎧ⲴᲟ㢢䶎ᑨ㖾ѭǄ Ԇᴰௌ⅒Ⲵቡᱟ⿻ཙ┑ኡ㓒ਦⲴᲟ㢢Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵ㖾ྭᲟ㢢੨ᕅ [Ư\ӿQWRDWWUDFW Ҷᖸ ཊ⑨ᇒࡽᶕ৲㿲Ǆ ԆᢺᰕࠪⲴᲟ㢢⭫ᗇྭᶱҶǄ Ԇ㻛⵬ࡽⲴᲟ㢢䘧 (mí, to be fascinated by) տҶˈㄉ൘䛓䟼ⴻҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ǆ

MӿQJZ Ჟ⢙ n. 3C

ᡁԜ൘‫ޜ‬ഝⲴሿ⒆кࡂ⵰㡩ˈє䗩ⲴᲟ⢙ scenery, landscape (stressing an ⵏᱟ┲ӞǄ aggregation of objects) (⢙, things) ᡁㄉ൘ሿᆖṑⲴ䰘ਓˈᲟ⢙‫׍‬ᰗ \ƯMLDV before)ˈ֯ᡁᜣ䎧ሿᰦ‫Ⲵى‬һᛵǄ 䛓䟼ᱟањ᯵⑨ⲴྭൠᯩˈᲟ⢙ᇌ (yí, suitable) ӪǄ

MӿQJ[LjQJ Ჟ䊑 n. 3C

scene, sight (stressing a dynamic image that is natural, man-made, social phenomenon, etc.) (䊑, image)

MӿQJ]Ku Ჟ㠤 n. 3 N/A

view (stressing unique/ enjoyable style) (Ჟ, scenery; 㠤, style)

ањᆙᆀ㻛䖖ᫎ↫ ]KXjQJVӿWRNQRFNGRZQDQG kill)ҶˈᲟ䊑ᖸߴ᜘ TƯFӽQKHDUWEUHDNLQJ Ǆ Ӻཙᱟ᱕㢲ˈࡠ༴䜭ᱟа⡷⅒ҀⲴᲟ䊑Ǆ л䗷а൪བྷ䴘ਾˈཙオࠪ⧠Ҷӄ‫ॱݹ‬㢢Ⲵ㖾 ѭᲟ䊑Ǆ ઘᵛࠪ৫⧙ˈ᱕ཙⲴᲟ䊑ഋ༴ਟ㿱Ǆ ᴰ䘁䘉ࠐᒤˈ䘉њ෾ᐲਁኅⲴᖸᘛˈࡠ༴ᱟ а⍮⅓⅓ੁ㦓 [ƯQ[ƯQ[LjQJUyQJthriving) Ⲵ Ჟ䊑Ǆ ∄䎧᱕ཙᶕˈ䘉䟼Ⲵ⿻ཙਖᴹа⮚Ჟ䊑Ǆ ኡ䛓䗩࡛ᴹа⮚ IƗQa kind of) Ჟ㠤Ǆ Ԇⴻ⵰≤ཙа㢢ⲴྭᲟ㠤ˈ䜭нᜣഎᇦҶǄ デཆⲴᲟ㠤∄⭫кⲴ䘈㖾ѭˈᡁԜ඀൘デ䗩 ⴻҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ǆ བྷᆖ䱴䘁ᴹࠐ༴ྭᲟ㠤ˈᡁԜᑨᑨ৫䛓䟼⑨⧙Ǆ

124

IƝQJV~ 仾؇

TtQJMӿQJ ᛵᲟ n. 3B

scene, circumstance, situation (oft. specific, emotional or memorable) (ᛵ, emotion, situation)

Ԇྸྸ൘ԆሿⲴᰦ‫ى‬ቡ⿫ᔰҶˈԆ⧠൘䘈䇠 ᗇྸྸ䎠ᰦⲴᛵᲟǄ ԆԜ‫ݴ‬ᕏ‫ؙ‬Ҽॱᒤԕਾ޽⅑㿱䶒ⲴᛵᲟⵏᱟ ᖸᝏӪ (moving)Ǆ ⴻࡠԆˈᡁᜣ䎧ҶᡁԜԕࡽ൘а䎧⧙‫Ⲵݯ‬ᘛ ҀᛵᲟǄ 䈧֐ᢺᖃᰦ GƗQJVKtWKHQDQGWKHUH ⲴᛵᲟ 䈤алǄ

IƝQJMӿQJ 仾Ჟ n. 2B

scenery, landscape (usu. referring to natural or static scenery; oft. used in general sense)

Ӿ䘉䟼ਟԕⴻࡠབྷ⎧ˈ仾Ჟᖸ㖾Ǆ ඀⚛䖖᯵⑨ˈਟԕ⋯ (yán, along) 䐟ⴻ仾ᲟǄ 䛓䟼Ⲵ仾Ჟ䘈н䭉ˈ֐ᴹオ৫ⴻⴻ੗Ǆ ༿ཙⲴইᯩˈ仾Ჟ䶎ᑨ㖾ѭǄ 䛓䟼仾Ჟྲ⭫Ǆ 䛓䗩ቡᱟᴹ਽Ⲵ仾Ჟ४ˈᘛ䎠੗Ǆ ԆҠҶаᑵ仾Ჟ⭫ˈᱟ㔉ᴻ৻Ⲵ⭏ᰕ⽬⢙Ǆ 䘉ࠐᕐᱟԆ৫ेӜ᯵⑨ᰦⲴ仾Ჟ➗Ǆ ᢺᐕলⴆ൘䘉䟼ˈⵏᱟབྷ➎ (shà, to stop) 仾ᲟǄ ᆖ⭏僁䖖кᆖᡀҶ䘉ᡰབྷᆖⲴа䚃 (mw.) ӞѭⲴ 仾Ჟ㓯 (an aesthetic scene)Ǆ

VKƗQVKXӿ ኡ≤ n. 2D

Ṳ᷇ (Guìlín) ኡ≤⭢ MLӽWRVXUSDVV ཙл landscape (of mountains and water) (under the sun, [historically] all China, the world)Ǆ (reduplication: AABB) 䛓њൠᯩኡ≤⿰ѭˈᡁԜ㓿ᑨ৫⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ ້кᤲⲴ䜭ᱟኡ≤⭫Ǆ Ԇн䇪䎠ࡠଚ䟼ˈ䜭ᘈнҶᇦґⲴኡኡ≤≤Ǆ

MӿQJU Ჟ‫ ݯ‬n. 1D

view, scenery

䘉њൠᯩᲟ‫ݯ‬н䭉ˈૡԜ➗ᕐ⴨੗Ǆ ઘᵛᡁԜᑨᑨ৫⡜⡜ኡˈⴻⴻᲟ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ኡкⲴ䴚Ჟ‫┲ⵏݯ‬Ӟʽ

Note: *仾‫ ݹ‬DGMµIDPRXVDQGUHVSHFWHG¶DVLQ ԆᡀҶ⭥ᖡ᰾ᱏԕਾ, 仾‫ݹ‬ᶱҶ, བྷᇦ䜭⸕䚃ԆⲴ਽ᆇ.

IƝQJV~ 仾؇ n. IƝQJTu 仾≄ n. 3C

custom common practice, general mood (of a society or a group of people; easily and quickly changeable) (≄, air)

䘉њ⨝Ⲵ仾≄ᖸྭˈӪӪ䜭ࣚ࣋ᆖҐǄ ᣭ✏்䞂ᱟнྭⲴ仾≄Ǆ ᴰ䘁ࠐᒤˈ䈧ᇒ䘱⽬Ⲵн㢟仾≄䎺ᶕ䎺ѕ䟽 (yánzhòng, serious) ҶǄ ඀‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖кл⨝↓൘ᖒᡀ (xíngchéng, to become) а⿽ᯠ仾≄Ǆ 䲿ൠੀⰠ VXtGuWԃWiQWRVSLWHYHU\ZKHUH Ⲵ 仾≄ᖸнྭǄ

IƝQJV~ 仾؇ IƝQJVKjQJ 仾ቊ n. 3D

shíshàng ᰦቊ n. 3 N/A

xíxìng Ґᙗ n. 3 N/A

IƝQJV~ 仾؇ n. 2B

xíguàn Ґᜟ n.* 2A

xíqì Ґ≄ n. 2 N/A

prevailing fashion or custom, a VRFLHW\¶Vcollective values and principles (oft. used positively) (ቊ, esteem)

fad

habitual behaviour (of a person, animal or plant) (ᙗ, character)

custom (of a nation, region, etc.) (oft. 仾؇ + Ґᜟ)

habit (of a society, group or individual; referring to animals or people; mw. ⿽/ њ) (ᜟ, to be accustomed to)

unhealthy habit, bad practice

125

⡡ᣔ㘱Ӫ઼ᆙᆀᐢ㓿ᡀѪа⿽⽮Պ仾ቊǄ ࣙӪѪҀⲴ仾ቊ൘ᆖṑ䟼ᖸ⍱㹼 (popular)Ǆ ᡁԜᓄ䈕ᨀّ (tíchàng, to advocate) ࣚ࣋ᆖҐ Ⲵྭ仾ቊǄ 䈤ⵏ䈍 (truth) ᱟа⿽ᖸྭⲴ䚃ᗧ (dàodé, moral) 仾ቊˈӪӪ䜭ᓄ䈕䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬Ǆ ൘ᒤ䖫Ӫѝˈ֯⭘䘉⿽ᯠ᡻ᵪ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ᡀ Ѫа⿽ᰦቊǄ ⲭ㢢ྭ‫ۿ‬нਸ (hé, to suit) ӺᒤⲴᰦቊ੗Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇᇦ䟼ᴹሿ⥛ሿ⤇ᱟа⿽ᰦቊǄ Ԇሩ㠚ᐡᆙᆀⲴ⭏⍫Ґᙗ䶎ᑨҶ䀓Ǆ Ԇᇦ⤇ⲴҐᙗᖸн䭉ˈ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪ䜭ௌ⅒ᆳǄ ྲ᷌ᜣ⿽ྭ㣡㥹ṁᵘˈаᇊ㾱䇔ⵏҶ䀓ᆳԜ Ⲵ⭏䮯ҐᙗǄ ᡁ઼ကကⲴ⭏⍫Ґᙗнཚаṧˈྩௌ⅒Ӫཊˈ ਟᱟᡁௌ⅒ӪቁǄ ᱕㢲ਲ਼侪ᆀˈ䘉ᱟѝഭेᯩӪⲴ仾؇Ǆ ࡠањᯠⲴൠᯩˈаᇊ㾱Ҷ䀓ᖃൠӪ (locals) Ⲵ仾؇Ǆ 䛓њൠᯩⲴ仾؇ᖸᴹ᜿ᙍˈ֐ᴹᰦ䰤ᓄ䈕৫ ⴻⴻǄ 䛓ᱟᰗ仾؇ᰗҐᜟˈᡁнᝯ᜿䛓Ѹ‫ڊ‬Ǆ ইᯩӪ઼ेᯩӪᴹаӋн਼Ⲵ仾؇ҐᜟǄ ԆԜ䛓䟼䘈‫ ⮉؍‬EӽROL~WRUHWDLQ ⵰ਔ㘱Ⲵ仾 ؇Ǆ ਲ਼ᆼᲊ依ࠪ৫䎠䎠ᱟԆཊᒤᶕⲴҐᜟǄ ⴻҖᰦˈ⵬ⶋ⿫Җᵜཚ䘁нᱟањྭҐᜟǄ ԆᇦӪⲴҐᜟᱟ䘋ቻ㝡 WXǀWRWDNHRII 䶻Ǆ Ԇ䘉⿽Ґᜟᱟԕࡽ⋑ᴹⲴǄ Ԇнᣭ✏н்䞂ˈ⋑ᴹӰѸൿҐᜟǄ ᲊкⶑ㿹ࡽ߉ᰕ䇠ˈᐢ㓿ᡀѪԆⲴҐᜟҶǄ ᰙка䎧ᒺˈԆቡҐᜟᙗൠ‫ݸ‬৫⍇◑Ǆ ᆙᆀӾሿቡ㾱ޫᡀ \ӽQJFKpQJWRFXOWLYDWH ྭҐ ᜟǄ Ԇᇦሿ⥛ⲴҐᜟᱟᲊкнⶑˈᰙкн䎧Ǆ н⡡ᐕ֌ਚᜣ⧙ˈᱟн㢟 (liáng, good) ⲴҐ≄Ǆ ൘਼ᆖ઼㘱ᐸⲴᑞࣙлˈԆ᭩ᦹҶн⡡ᆖҐ ⲴൿҐ≄Ǆ ԆԕࡽᴹаӋнྭⲴҐ≄ˈ㔃ႊԕਾਈᗇྭཊ ҶǄ

126 xísú Ґ؇ n. 2D

fù Ԉ custom (oft. traditional habits) (Ґ, custom; ؇, common)

ѝഭᴹ䗷⚟㢲ⲴҐ؇Ǆ нྭⲴҐ؇ҏᓄ䈕᭩ JӽLWRFKDQJH а᭩ҶǄ ⡦⇽䐏Ԇ䈤ҶаӋ㘱ᇦⲴҐ؇Ǆ Ԇнཚ⸕䚃䛓њቁᮠ≁᯿ (mínzú, race/ nationality) ⲴҐ؇Ǆ ൘ѝഭⲴेᯩˈ㔃ႊᰦᴹク㓒ᡤ㔯ⲴҐ؇Ǆ Ԇ൘䛓䟼տҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ˈҶ䀓 OLӽRMLČWRNQRZ ᖃൠⲴҐ؇Ǆ

Note: *Ґᜟ YµWREHDFFXVWRPHGWR¶DVLQ Ԇࡊᶕेᯩ, 䘈нҐᜟ䘉䟼ሂߧⲴ≄‫ى‬.

fù Ԉ v. INXӽQ ԈⅮ v. 3D

to pay to pay (money; insertable; usu. not ԈⅮ + object, unless ԈⅮ + 㔉 + object) (Ԉ, to pay; Ⅾ, money)

ᡁਟԕ⭘ؑ⭘঑ (credit card) ԈⅮੇ˛ Ԇ᱘ཙቡԈⅮ㔉ሿ⦻ҶǄ ֐Ԉ䗷ⅮҶੇ˛ ᡁа‫ޡ‬ԈҶєㅄ (mw. for money) Ⅾˈ аㅄᱟᡁⲴˈਖаㅄᱟᴯᡁྣ‫ݯ‬ԈⲴǄ Ԇ⋑ᑖ䫡ˈԈнҶ OLӽR ⅮǄ

MLƗRI ӔԈ v.* 3D

』ᡯᆀ㾱ӔԈᣬ䠁 \ƗMƯQGHSRVLW ੇ˛ ԆӔԈҶ 10%Ⲵᣬ䠁Ǆ ԆᢺབྷᇦӔԈⲴ≤⭥䍩а䎧㔉Ҷᡯь (landlord)Ǆ ӔԈҶᡯ』ǃ≤⭥䍩ԕਾˈԆਚ࢙лӄॱ‫ݳ‬ 䫡ҶǄ

to make a payment

jiésuàn 㔃㇇ v. 3D

to settle an account, to close an account (㔃, to end; ㇇, to calculate)

]KƯFKǌ ᭟ࠪ v.* 3D

ӺᒤമҖ侶᭟ࠪॱз‫ݳ‬ҠҖǄ to defray VWUHVVLQJµPRQH\FRPLQJ Ԇ⇿ᴸ㔉‫ݯ‬ᆀ᭟ࠪⲴ⭏⍫䍩ᱟаॳ‫ݳ‬ᐖਣǄ IURPWKHSD\HU¶ (᭟, to pay) 䘉ㅄ䫡᭟ࠪ㔉䈱Ҷ˛

]KƯI ᭟Ԉ v. 3D

to disburse (stressing µPRQH\ going Ԇ൘䬦㹼Ⲵ䫡ᱟ᭟Ԉ‫ݯ‬ᆀкབྷᆖⲴǄ WRWKHSD\HH¶ (antonym: 䘋䍖 ֐ਟԕ᭟Ԉ⧠䠁 [LjQMƯQFDVK ੇ˛ zhàng) 䘉њᴸⲴᐕ䍴䘈⋑ᴹ᭟Ԉ㔉ԆˈᡰԕԆ⧠൘䘈 ⋑ᴹ䫡Ҡь㾯Ǆ 䛓ㅄ䫡᭟ԈⲴᰦ䰤ᱟ᱘ཙǄ

Պ䇑 (kuàiji, accountant) 䘉њᱏᵏᖸᘉˈ↓൘ 㔃㇇઒Ǆ Ԇ⇿њᴸ䜭ᢺ䍖ⴞ (zhàngmù, accounts) 㔃㇇ ᗇᖸ␵ᾊǄ 䍖ⴞᱟ⇿њᴸ㔃㇇а⅑Ǆ ⇿њᴸ䜭㾱㔃㇇ал䍖ⴞǄ 㔃㇇ࠪᶕⲴᮠⴞ䐏䍖ⴞкⲴнཚаṧˈ䘈㾱 ޽㇇а䙽Ǆ

fù Ԉ fù Ԉ v.* 2B

to pay

IFKǌ Ԉࠪ v. 2D

to pay out, to commit to, to give (not referring to specific amount of money; used figuratively)

fùqián Ԉ䫡 v. 2 N/A

fùzhàng Ԉ䍖 v. 2 N/A

to pay money (e.g. in a restaurant; insertable)

to foot the bill (oft. after getting a service, e.g. having a meal, haircut; similar to ԈⅮ; insertable) (ᑀ, account)

jiézhàng 㔃䍖 v. 2 N/A

to pay up, to balance the books, to settle accounts (insertable)

PӽLGƗQ Ҡঅ v. 1 N/A

to pay the bill (oft. used in a restaurant; insertable; originating from Cantonese) (অ, a bill)

127

䘉њ䇙ᡁᶕԈ੗Ǆ ֐൘䘉䟼ㅹᡁˈᡁࡠ᭦䬦ਠ VKǀX\tQWiL cashier) ৫ᢺ䘉ৼ䶻Ⲵ䫡ԈҶǄ Ԇ⇿ᒤ㾱Ԉᆖṑаॳ‫Ⲵݳ‬ᆖ䍩Ǆ Ԇ䘎ਲ਼依Ⲵ䫡䜭ԈнࠪᶕǄ ֐ਟԕԈ⧠䠁ˈҏਟԕ⭘ؑ⭘঑Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖⲴ䫡䘈⋑Ԉˈ䈧Ԉӄॱඇ䫡Ǆ ⭥ᖡ⾘Ⲵ䫡Ԇᐢ㓿Ԉ䗷ҶǄ ѪҶҠྭᡯྭ䖖ˈԆԈࠪᖸཊࣚ࣋Ǆ ԆԈࠪⲴнӵᱟ䫡ˈ䘈ᴹᖸཊᰦ䰤Ǆ ӪԜᑨ䈤˖㾱ᜣᗇࡠˈᗵ享‫ݸ‬Ԉࠪ (No pain, no gain) Ǆ ѪҶ‫ྭڊ‬ᐕ֌ˈԆԈࠪҶ䗋औ [ƯQTtQ industrious) Ⲵࣣࣘ (láodòng, work/ labour)Ǆ 䘉亯依⭡ᡁᶕԈ䫡Ǆ ᡁ䈧ᇒˈ֐Ԉ䫡ˈ䘉нྭ੗˛[The speaker hints that the addressee could pay instead] ᡁ䈧ᇒˈ֐Ԉ䫡ˈ䘉н㹼Ǆ[The speaker insists on paying for the meal] Ԇᐢ㓿Ԉ䗷䫡Ҷˈ֐н⭘޽ԈҶǄ ԆԈᆼ䫡ԕਾˈቡഎᇦ৫ҶǄ ਲ਼ᆼ依ਾˈԆቡ৫Ԉ䍖ҶǄ Ԇ᱘ཙᐢ㓿Ԉ䍖㔉ᡁҶˈ֐н⭘޽ԈҶǄ ֐Ԉ䗷䍖Ҷੇ˛ ሩн䎧ˈᡁᘈᑖ䫡वҶˈԈнҶ OLӽR 䍖Ǆ ᡁӺཙԈҶаㅄ䍖ˈ᰾ཙ޽Ԉаㅄቡ䜭ԈᆼҶǄ Ӻཙᡁ䈧ᇒˈᡁ৫㔃䍖Ǆ ᘛࡠᒤᓅҶˈԆԜᴰ䘁䜭൘ᘉ⵰㔃䍖Ǆ ԆԜਲ਼Ҷᖸཊˈ㔃䍖ᰦ᡽⸕䚃䫡нཏҶǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ㔃䍖ቡ䎠Ҷˈ᯵侶ਚྭᢃ⭥䈍䐏Ԇ㾱䫡Ǆ ֐᤯৫㔃ал䍖ˈ䘉ᱟӄⲮ‫ݳ‬䫡Ǆ ԆԜ㔃Ҷ䍖ԕਾˈቡ৫Ҷ伎ᵪ൪Ǆ Ӻཙਲ਼依ᡁ⋑ᴹࠪ䫡ˈᱟԆ㔃Ⲵ䍖Ǆ Ӻཙਲ਼依䈱Ҡঅ˛ ⇿⅑ᡁԜࠪ৫ਲ਼依ˈ䜭ᱟԆᶕҠঅǄ ᴽ࣑ઈˈҠঅǄ ҠঅⲴᱟԆⲴ㘱ᴻ৻ˈԆԜྭཊᒤ⋑㿱ҶǄ 㘱ၶ৫୶ᓇҠ㺓ᴽˈᡁ䐏൘ਾ䗩ѪྩҠঅǄ ᡁӺཙ⋑ᑖཊቁ䫡ˈҠнҶ OLӽR অˈ֐Ҡ੗Ǆ ֐䜭ҠҶྭࠐ⅑অҶˈ䘉⅑䈕 WREHRQH¶V turn) ᡁҠ(অ)ҶǄ

128

fùjìn 䱴䘁

Note: * ӔԈ YµWRFRQVLJQ¶ as in Ԇᢺ䘉њᐕ֌ӔԈ㔉ᡁҶ. * ӔԈ YµWRGHOLYHU¶DVLQ 䛓ᓗᯠབྷᾬᱟ䘉њᴸࡊӔԈ֯⭘Ⲵ. * ᭟ࠪ QµH[SHQGLWXUH¶DVLQ 䘉њབྷᆖӪᖸཊ, ⇿ᒤⲴ᭟ࠪҏᖸབྷ. * Ԉ YµWRSD\XVHGILJXUDWLYHO\ WRJLYH¶DVLQ ѪҶᆙᆀ, ԆԈࠪҶа࠷ \Ư\t TLqHYHU\WKLQJ * Ԉ QµDVXUQDPH¶DVLQ ᡁဃԈ, ֐Ԝቡਛᡁ㘱Ԉ੗. ¾ 㔉䫡/ Ӕ䫡/ ӔⅮ are also commonly XVHGZRUGVPHDQLQJµWRSD\PRQH\¶

fùjìn 䱴䘁 n.

nearby 䛫䘁ᴹањփ㛢侶ˈ䛓䟼㓿ᑨᴹ㈞⨳∄䎋Ǆ ൘䛫䘁Ⲵаᶑ㺇кˈ᱘ཙᯠᔰҶаᇦ佀侶Ǆ 䛫䘁Ⲵањ୶ᓇлњᴸቡ㾱ᩜ䎠ҶǄ ԆⲴྣᴻ৻ᱟ䛫䘁ⴱ (adjacent province) Ⲵ ӪˈԆԜᱟ൘བྷᆖⲴᰦ‫ى‬䇔䇶ⲴǄ 䘉њഭᇦ઼䛫䘁਴ഭⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫䜭ᖸн䭉Ǆ

línjìn 䛫䘁 n.* 3-2 N/A

vicinity (oft. used as a modifier, rather than an item being modified; indicating a longer distance than 䱴䘁) (antonym: 䘌ᯩ) (䛫, neighbour; 䘁, near)

fùjìn 䱴䘁 n. 2A

nearby, vicinity (indicating a longer Ԇտ൘བྷᆖ䱴䘁ˈкᆖᖸᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ distance than ᯱ/ ᯱ䗩) (antonym: Ԇлॸ৫Ҷ䱴䘁Ⲵ䛞ተˈᇴҶањव㼩Ǆ 䘌༴) (䱴, to attach) 䱴䘁ᴹаᇦ佀侶ˈᡁԜ৫䛓䟼ਲ਼依੗Ǆ ⊭䖖ㄉ䱴䘁⋑ᴹ୶ᓇˈᗇ GČLKDYHWR ৫෾䟼Ǆ ᡁ൘䱴䘁Ⲵањ䞂侶‫ݯ‬䟼᢮ࡠҶԆǄ

páng ᯱ n. 2B

side (usu. monosyllable + ᯱ; not Ⲵ + ᯱ) (antonym: ↓ zhèng)

ṼᯱᱟєᢺἵᆀǄ Ԇ൘ᡁ䓛ᯱᐕ֌ཊᒤˈᡁᖸ⟏ᚹԆǄ Ӻཙᱟઘᵛˈ㺇䚃єᯱ‫ޘ‬ᱟӪǄ 䘉њᡯᆀᴹєњᯱ䰘ˈ䘈ᴹањਾ䰘Ǆ

SiQJELƗQ ᯱ䗩 n. 2A

ሿ䐟Ⲵᯱ䗩ᴹᖸཊ㣡㥹ˈᥪ┲ӞⲴǄ ᡁᣜཤаⴻˈᯱ䗩඀⵰ањӪǄ ➗⡷кㄉ൘Ԇᯱ䗩ⲴᱟԆⲴྣᴻ৻Ǆ ᯱ䗩ⲴҖᓇਟ㜭ᴹ䘉ᵜҖআˈ֐৫䰞䰞੗Ǆ Ԇ඀൘ᡁᯱ䗩ˈ䐏ᡁа䎧ⴻ⭥㿶Ǆ

side, adjacency

Vu]KǀX ഋઘ n. 2C

all around, all sides (also ഋઘത, with a slightly stronger tone) (ઘ, circle)

ԆⴻҶⴻഋઘ, ⋑ᴹӰѸӪǄ Ԇᇦ㣡ഝⲴഋઘ⿽┑Ҷ㣡Ǆ 丣ҀՊቡ㾱ᔰ࿻Ҷˈഋઘ඀┑ҶӪǄ 䴘лᗇᖸབྷˈԆᔰ䰘аⴻˈഋઘത䜭ᱟ≤Ǆ

]KǀXZpL ઘത n. 2A

around, surrounding (also used in an abstract sense) (antonym: ѝᗳ/ ѝ䰤) (ത, around)

ྸྸ඀൘ѝ䰤ˈᆙᆀԜ඀൘ྸྸⲴઘതˈੜྩ䇢 ᭵һǄ ઘതⲴ⧟ຳ (huánjìng, environment) 䘈 н䭉ˈᴹ㣡ᴹ㥹Ǆ

fùjìn 䱴䘁 ԆᱟࡊᩜᶕⲴˈઘതⲴ䛫ት OtQMǌ neighbour) 䘈䜭нཚ䇔䇶Ǆ ‫ޜ‬ഝઘത䜭ᱟṁˈオ≄ᖸྭǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨ䐏ઘതⲴ਼ᆖа䎧ࠪ৫⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ Note: *䛫䘁 YµWREHFORVHWR¶DVLQ 䘉䟼䛫䘁ኡ४, ⡜ኡᖸᯩ‫ׯ‬.

129

130

g~i ᭩

G JӽL ᭩ v. (see also ਈॆ/ Ӕᦒ)

to correct

JƝQJGzQJ ᴤࣘ v. 3 N/A

to alter, to rearrange (oft. minor changes) (ᴤ, to change; ࣘ, to move)

ੜ䈤᰾ཙⲴ∄䎋ᰦ䰤ᴹᡰᴤࣘˈᡁ޽䰞䰞Ǆ 䘉њ䇑ࡂ㾱ᴤࣘалǄ 䇑ࡂᴤࣘҶԕਾˈ‫ڊ‬䎧ᶕቡᇩ᱃ҶаӋǄ н㾱ᴤࣘҶˈԆՊн儈‫Ⲵޤ‬Ǆ

JƝQJJӽL ᴤ᭩ v. 3D

to change (date, decision, plan, route, etc.; oft. changing the whole thing) (antonym: ➗ᰗ zhàojiù)

㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ䰤ᴤ᭩Ҷˈ֐⸕䚃ੇ˛ н㜭޽ਈҶˈᐢ㓿ᴤ᭩й⅑ҶǄ Ԇᢃ㇇ᴤ᭩ал᯵㹼ⲴᰕᵏǄ 䛓њ䇑ࡂ (jìhuà, plan) ᡁԜᴤ᭩ҶаӋǄ ԆԜབྷᆖᴤ᭩Ҷṑ਽ˈ∄ԕࡽྭੜཊҶǄ

JƝQJKXjQ ᴤᦒ v. 3D

to replace (oft. referring to specific items, e.g. sb. or sth.) (ᦒ, to exchange)

ԆᴤᦒҶⶑ㺓ԕਾˈቡкᒺⶑ㿹ҶǄ ⇿ཙԆ䜭ᴤᦒа⅑呏்Ⲵ≤Ǆ Ԇᴰ䘁ᴤᦒҶ⭥䈍઼ൠ൰Ǆ 䴦Ԧ (língjiàn, parts) ᴤᦒҶнቁˈਟᱟ䖖䘈 ᱟᔰнࣘǄ ᡁԜᴤᦒҶ㘱ᐸˈᯠᶕⲴ㘱ᐸᱟњྣⲴǄ

JƝQJ[ƯQ ᴤᯠ v. 3D

JƝQJ]KqQJ ᴤ↓ v. 3D

MLӽR]KqQJ ⸛↓ v. 3 N/A

to renew, to update (referring to concrete or abstract items)

to make correction (usu. to published work, etc.)

to remedy, to rectify (oft. referring to physical imperfection) (reduplication: ABAB) (⸛, to rectify; ↓, correct)

᱕ཙࡠҶˈз䊑 (wànxiàng, everything we see) ᴤᯠǄ 䛓Ӌᵪಘ MƯTuPDFKLQH 䜭ᖸᰗˈ䴰㾱ᴤᯠҶǄ 䛓њᐕল㣡Ҷᖸཊ䫡ᴤᯠ䇮༷ (shèbèi, equipment)Ǆ ᰦԓн਼ҶˈᡁԜҏ㾱нᯝൠᴤᯠ㿲ᘥ JXƗQQLjQFRQFHSW Ǆ ᡁԜӺᒤᴤᯠҶᮉᶀˈᆖ⭏䶎ᑨௌ⅒Ǆ Ԇ߉ᗇᖸྭˈਚᱟ㾱ᴤ↓аӋ䭉࡛ᆇǄ Ӻཙᣕ㓨кᴹаᶑᴤ↓੟һ TӿVKuQRWLFH ˈ ᱟᴹ‫ޣ‬᱘ཙᣕ㓨кⲴањ䭉䈟 (cuòwù, error)Ǆ ᛘᱟ㘱ᐸˈ 䈧ⴻⴻᴹӰѸ䴰㾱ᴤ↓ⲴǄ Ԇ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴ⢉喯н喀ˈ㾱⸛↓алǄ ԆᆖⲴᱟᘾѸ⸛↓ਁ丣Ǆ ԆⲴਓਲ਼ (stutter) 㻛⸛↓䗷ᶕҶǄ ԆⲴ⢉喯⸛↓ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ ⊭䖖䖞ᆀ (lúnzi, wheel) ↚ ZƗLDVNHZ Ҷˈ㾱⸛ ↓⸛↓Ǆ

g~i ᭩ [LǌGuQJ ‫؞‬䇒 v. 3D

[Lǌ]KqQJ ‫ ↓؞‬v. 3C

JӽL ᭩ v. 2A

to revise (book, plan, etc.) (‫؞‬, to repair; 䇒, to subscribe)

131

䘉њᮉᆖ䇑ࡂ㾱‫؞ݸ‬䇒ˈ❦ਾ᡽㜭֯⭘Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘ሩ䘉њ䇑ࡂ䘋㹼‫؞‬䇒Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖᐢ㓿‫؞‬䇒ᆼҶˈ֐ਟԕ᤯䎠ҶǄ 䘉ᵜҖ‫؞‬䇒ᗇ∄䖳ធǄ

to correct, to amend (mistakes, etc.; 䘉Ӌᮠᆇਟ㜭нཚ߶⺞ˈ㾱‫↓؞‬алǄ with a narrower range of usage than нᯝൠ‫↓؞‬䭉䈟᡽㜭䘋↕Ǆ ‫؞‬᭩; not ‫↓؞‬ᗇᖸྭ) 䛓њ䇞Ṹ \u¶jQSURSRVDO ᐢ㓿‫↓؞‬䗷ҶǄ Ԇ᤹➗ᡁⲴ㾱≲ˈ‫↓؞‬Ҷ䛓њ䇑ࡂǄ ‫↓؞‬䗷Ⲵ᮷ㄐ ZpQ]KƗQJDUWLFOH ⴻ䎧ᶕྭ ཊҶǄ

to correct, to change, to revise (reduplication: A(а)A)

䘉њ≹ᆇ߉䭉Ҷˈ䈧᭩䗷ᶕǄ Ԇк䈮㓿ᑨ䘏ࡠˈ㘱ᐸ䈤Ԇྭࠐ⅑Ҷˈਟᱟ Ԇ䘈ᱟн᭩Ǆ ᔰՊⲴᰦ䰤᭩ᡀг⛩ॺҶǄ Ԇ᭩Ҷᣭ✏ⲴҐᜟԕਾˈ䓛փྭཊҶǄ 䘉ㇷ᮷ㄐˈᡁᐢ㓿᭩䗷є䙽ҶǄ Ԇᖸᘉˈཙཙ㾱᭩ᖸཊ᮷ㄐǄ ֐ཙཙ䘏ࡠ䘉њൿҐᜟˈҏ㾱᭩(а)᭩ҶǄ

JӽLGzQJ ᭩ࣘ v. 2 N/A

to alter, to polish (usu. a part of sth.; 䘉њ䇑ࡂ઼ԕࡽⲴаṧˈᡁ⋑᭩ࣘǄ not ᭩ࣘ + object) (reduplication: 䘉њࡊ߉ྭˈྲ᷌ᴹнሩⲴൠᯩˈ֐㜭н㜭 ABAB) ᑞᘉ᭩ࣘал˛ Ԇ߉ᗇн䭉ˈ䴰㾱᭩ࣘⲴൠᯩнཊǄ ᯵⑨Ⲵᰦ䰤н㜭᭩ࣘˈԆਚ㜭䛓њᰦ䰤৫Ǆ ߉ᗇ䘈ᱟнཚྭ, ޽᭩ࣘ᭩ࣘǄ

JӽLJp ᭩䶙 v.* 2B

to reform (referring to economics, politics, society, technology, etc.) (antonym: ᆸᰗ VKԁXML (䶙, to transform)

JӽLKXjQ ᭩ᦒ v. 2 N/A

JӽLMuQ ᭩䘋 v. 2B

to change (over to), to replace

䘉њᐕলаⴤᖸᆸᰗˈ᭩䶙ᖸ䳮䘋㹼Ǆ ᆖṑ᭩䶙Ҷ㘳䈅ࡦᓖ (zhìdù, system)Ǆ ᐕলаᇊ㾱᭩䶙ᢰᵟ (jìshù, technology)ˈ⭏ ӗ᡽㜭ᨀ儈Ǆ ᮷ᆇ᭩䶙Ҷԕਾˈѝഭቡᔰ࿻֯⭘ㆰփ MLӽQWӿ simplified) ≹ᆇҶǄ ԆӾेᯩᶕࡠইᯩԕਾˈ᭩ᦒҶ⭏⍫ᯩᔿ VKƝQJKXyIƗQJVKulifestyle)Ǆ 䘉њ䇽⭘ᗇнཚሩˈᓄ䈕᭩ᦒалǄ ⴻ㿱Ԇᖸн儈‫ྩˈޤ‬ቡ᭩ᦒҶਓ≄ NԁXTu manner, tone)ˈਈᗇᇒ≄䎧ᶕǄ

to improve (method, work, attitude, ᭩䘋ҶᆖҐᯩ⌅ԕਾˈԆⲴ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ྭҶᖸཊǄ measure, etc.) (reduplication: 䘉ᇦ佀侶Ⲵᴽ࣑∄৫ᒤ᭩䘋ҶᖸཊǄ ABAB) (䘋, to advance) ᡁԜⲴᐕ֌䘈ᴹ㾱᭩䘋ⲴൠᯩǄ ᴽ࣑ઈⲴᘱᓖ (tàidu, attitude) 䘈ਟԕ޽᭩䘋 ᭩䘋Ǆ

132

g~i ᭩

JӽLOLiQJ ᭩㢟 v. 2C

to make sth. better (oft. referring ԆԜሩ䘉њ૱⿽ SӿQ]KԁQJEUHHG 䘋㹼Ҷ to concrete items, e.g. soil or breed) ᭩㢟ˈ᭸᷌ [LjRJXԁUHVXOW н䭉Ǆ (㢟, good) 㤩᷌ṁ᭩㢟Ҷԕਾˈ㤩᷌ਈᗇ৸བྷ৸㓒ˈҏ ྭਲ਼ཊҶǄ 㾱ᜣ⿽ྭ㣡ˈᴰ䟽㾱Ⲵቡᱟ᭩㢟൏༔ (tԃUӽQJVRLO Ǆ

JӽLVKjQ ᭩ழ v. 2B

to improve (living, condition, relationship, environment, etc.; oft. referring to abstract terms) (ழ, to perfect)

ᴰ䘁䘉ࠐᒤˈԆ઼⡨⡨Ⲵ‫ޣ‬㌫᭩ழҶнቁǄ 䛓ᇦ依侶䟽ᯠᔰъԕਾˈ਴ᯩ䶒䜭ᴹᡰ᭩ழǄ Ԇᐕ֌ԕਾˈᇦ䟼Ⲵ⭏⍫᭩ழҶаӋǄ ԆᇦӺཙ᭩ழ⭏⍫ˈ‫ڊ‬Ҷᖸཊྭਲ਼Ⲵ依㨌Ǆ ԆԜ‫ޣ‬ᗳⲴ䰞仈ቡᱟᘾѸṧ᭩ழ⧟ຳ (huánjìngˈenvironment)Ǆ Ӻཙ࡛൘ᇦ‫ڊ‬依ҶˈᡁԜࠪ৫᭩ழал੗Ǆ 㾱᭩ழєഭⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ˈᗵ享㾱‫࣐ݸ‬ᕪሩ䈍Ǆ

JӽL]jR ᭩䙐 v. 2B

to transform, to reconstruct (people, nature, building, etc.) (reduplication: ABAB) (䙐, to build)

䘉њᾬ㾱᭩䙐алˈཊ࣐аቲᾬǄ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟሩ⣟Ӫ (fànrén, prisoner) 䘋㹼 ᭩䙐ˈᑞࣙԆԜ䟽ᯠ‫ڊ‬ӪǄ ԆԜ↓൘᭩䙐վӗ⭠ GƯFKӽQWLiQORZyielding farming)ˈᢺᆳਈᡀ儈ӗ⭠Ǆ 䘉䟼ᓄ䈕ྭྭ‫ݯ‬᭩䙐᭩䙐ˈᢺኡк䜭⿽к≤ ᷌ṁǄ

JӽL]KqQJ ᭩↓ v. 2B

to put right (not ᭩↓ + pronoun)

ᴹҶ䭉䈟ˈቡᓄ䈕᭩↓Ǆ ֐ᢺ䛓њ䭉ᆇ᭩↓䗷ᶕҶੇ˛ Ԇ᭩↓ҶᰙᲘᲊ䎧ᒺⲴҐᜟˈ⧠൘к䈮н޽ 䘏ࡠ (chídào, to arrive late) ҶǄ н᭩↓䭉䈟ⲴӪнՊᴹ䘋↕Ǆ

MLǌ]KqQJ 㓐↓ v. 2B

to correct (oft. a serious error), to rectify (approach, methodology, action, etc.; a stronger word than ᭩↓) (reduplication: ABAB) (antonym: ඊᤱ MLƗQFKt 㓐, to rectify)

㘱ᐸ㓐↓Ҷᆖ⭏ⲴൿҐᜟǄ Ԇаਁ⧠ᡁ䈤䭉Ҷ䈍ˈ傜кቡ㓐↓ᡁǄ Ԇᑨᑨ㓐↓࡛ӪˈնӾн᭩↓㠚ᐡⲴ䭉䈟Ǆ ѪҶ‫؍‬ᣔᆙᆀԜⲴ⵬ⶋˈ Ԇᑨᑨ㓐↓ԆԜ ⴻҖ߉ᆇⲴု࣯ ]ƯVKuSRVWXUH Ǆ Ԇ↓൘䇔ⵏൠ㓐↓ᆖ⭏Ⲵਁ丣Ǆ ሩ⽮Պ (shèhuì, society) кⲴн↓ѻ仾 (unhealthy tendency) ᗵ享࣐ԕ㓐↓Ǆ ᡁⲴਁ丣 (pronunciation) нྭˈ䈧֐ᑞᡁ㓐↓㓐 ↓Ǆ

WLiR]KČQJ 䈳ᮤ v. 2B

to adjust, to regulate (economy, plan, time, speed, etc.) (reduplication: ABAB) (䈳, to tune; ᮤ, to tidy up)

лњᴸᡁԜቡ㾱䈳ᮤᐕ䍴ҶǄ ⢙ԧ (wùjià, price) 䈳ᮤԕਾˈь㾯алᆀ 䍥ҶᖸཊǄ 䘉ᑵ⭫ᤲᗇн↓ (zhèng, straight)ˈ䴰㾱䈳ᮤ алǄ

JƗQMuQJ ᒢ߰

133

ߜཙࡠҶˈᆙᆀԜⲴ䎧ᒺᰦ䰤䈳ᮤࡠᰙкг ⛩ҶǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ⢙ԧᓄ䈕䈳ᮤ䈳ᮤҶǄ [LǌJӽL ‫؞‬᭩ v. 2B

to amend, to rework, to edit (usu. of paperwork, including laws, policies, essays, plans, etc.) (reduplication: ABAB)

ԆᑨᑨѪᡁ‫؞‬᭩᮷ㄐǄ 䘉њᖸ䟽㾱ˈ֐㾱ྭྭ‫؞ݯ‬᭩алǄ 䛓ㇷ᮷ㄐ‫؞‬᭩ྭҶੇ˛ 䘉њ䇑ࡂԆᐢ㓿‫؞‬᭩Ҷє䙽ҶǄ 䛓ㇷ᮷ㄐԆᐢ㓿ⴻ䗷Ҷˈн⭘޽‫؞‬᭩ҶǄ 䛓ㇷ‫؞‬᭩䗷Ⲵ᮷ㄐᡁⴻ䗷Ҷˈ‫؞‬᭩ᗇн䭉Ǆ 䘉њᡁࡊ߉ᆼˈ֐ᑞᡁ‫؞‬᭩‫؞‬᭩˛

Note: *᭩䶙 QµUHIRUP¶DVLQ ᭩䶙ᔰ᭮֯䘉њഭᇦਁኅᗇᖸᘛ.

JƗQMuQJ ᒢ߰ adj. jiéjìng ⌱߰ adj. 3 N/A

clean spotlessly clean (of things, places etc.) (⌱, clear; ߰, clean)

䛓ᇦ依侶Ⲵ⻇ㆧ⌱߰ˈ依㨌ҏྭਲ਼Ǆ н㾱ਲ਼н⌱߰Ⲵь㾯Ǆ ५䲒Ⲵ⯵ᡯ䟼ᢃᢛᗇᖸ⌱߰Ǆ ⌱߰Ⲵޫ \ӽQJWRSURYLGHIRU 㘱䲒䟼տ⵰н ቁ㘱ӪǄ

\Ưu FKpQEUӽQ spotless OLWHUDOPHDQLQJµQRW ԆⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔᢃᢛᗇᖸᒢ߰ˈаቈнḃǄ аቈнḃ ph. VRLOHGE\DVSHFNRIGXVW¶DOVR ԆⲴ䶻ᙫᱟаቈнḃⲴˈᬖᗇᖸӞǄ 3 N/A XVHGPHWDSKRULFDOO\µLQFRUUXSWLEOH¶ аቈнḃⲴҖᷦк᩶⵰ᖸཊҖǄ (ቈ, dust; ḃ, to catch) ԆᖃҶॱࠐᒤⲴṑ䮯ˈӾᶕ⋑ᴹཊ᤯䗷а࠶ 䫡ˈᱟањаቈнḃⲴӪǄ JƗQMuQJ ᒢ߰ adj.* 2A

clean (of a person, thing, etc.; also used figuratively) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: 㜿 ]ƗQJ (ᒢ, dry)

Ԇௌ⅒クᒢ߰Ⲵ㺓ᴽǄ ԆⲴᡯ䰤ᖸᒢ߰ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н㜿Ǆ Ԇᢺᶟᆀᬖᗇ䶎ᑨᒢ߰Ǆ ကကⲴᡯ䰤ᒢ߰ᶱҶˈਟᱟᕏᕏⲴнᒢ߰Ǆ Ṽᆀᐢ㓿ᬖᒢ߰Ҷੇ˛ Ԇᇦ䟼ᒢ߰ᗇᖸǄ ֐౤ᒢ߰⛩‫ˈݯ‬н㾱傲 (mà, to verbally abuse sb.) ӪǄ Ԇ࣎һ᡻㝊ᖸᒢ߰ (clean, honest)ˈӾнཊ᤯ ࡛ӪⲴа࠶䫡Ǆ ྩ⡡ᒢ߰ˈᙫᱟᢺᇦ䟼᭦᤮ᗇᒢᒢ߰߰ⲴǄ

TƯQJMLp ␵⌱ adj.* 2C

as clean as a whistle, fresh, neat (oft. of environment; not ␵⌱ + complement, unlike ᒢ߰) (antonym: 㛞㜿 ƗQJ]ƗQJ

䘉䟼Ⲵ㺇䚃઼オ≄ (air) 䜭ᖸ␵⌱Ǆ ५䲒䟼ᢃᢛᗇᖸ␵⌱Ǆ മҖ侶䟼␵⌱৸ᆹ䶉ˈᱟ䈫ҖⲴྭൠᯩǄ Ԇᇦ䟼䶎ᑨ␵⌱Ǆ

134 ZqLVKƝQJ ছ⭏ adj.* 2B

]KČQJMLp ᮤ⌱ adj. 2D

JƗQJj ቤቜ hygienic, sanitary (usu. not ছ⭏ + complement) (antonym: 䚻䚒 OƗWD ছ, to defend; ⭏, living)

clean and tidy (ᮤ, orderly)

䛓њ依侶ᖸছ⭏ˈ৫ਲ਼依ⲴӪᖸཊǄ Ԇ㛊ᆀ⯬ˈਟ㜭ᱟਲ਼Ҷнছ⭏Ⲵь㾯Ǆ 䘉ᱟањнছ⭏ⲴҐᜟˈՊ⭏⯵ⲴǄ ⋣䛓䗩Ⲵছ⭏ᛵߥ (qíngkuàng, situation) н ྭˈᖸཊӪнᝯ᜿տ൘䛓䗩Ǆ 䛓ᇦ佀侶依㨌‫ڊ‬ᗇ∄䖳ছ⭏ˈᡁᑨ৫䛓䟼Ǆ н㾱்⭏≤ (tap water)ˈнছ⭏Ǆ ֐ⴻ֐䛓њ䚻䚒ṧˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нছ⭏Ǆ ԆԜⲴྸྸаᇊᖸ㜭ᒢˈ֐ⴻ䘉ࠐњᆙᆀⲴ 㺓ᴽཊᮤ⌱Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭クᡤᮤ⌱ൠࠪ⧠൘࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔǄ ᮤ⌱Ⲵ࣎‫ޜ‬Ṽк᩶⵰⭥㝁઼аӋҖᵜǄ କକⲴᡯ䰤∄ᕏᕏⲴᮤ⌱ཊҶǄ Ԇᇦ䟼ᮤ⌱ᒢ߰ᗇ䇙ᡁ䜭нᮒ඀лǄ

Note: * ᒢ߰ DGMµFRPSOHWHO\¶DVLQ ԆԜᢺ依㨌ਲ਼ᗇᒢᒢ߰߰Ⲵ. * ᒢ߰ DGMµFRQFLVHDQGGHFLVLYH¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉њӪ䈤䈍࣎һ䜭ᱟᒢ࡙߰㍒ (lìsuo, decisive, neatly), བྷ ᇦ䜭ᖸௌ⅒Ԇ. * ␵⌱ YµWRFOHDQ¶DVLQ ԆԜ↓൘␵⌱㺇䚃઒. 2) Ԇઘᵛ‫ڊ‬єњሿᰦⲴ␵⌱ᐕ (cleaner). 3) ⭘ ␵⌱ࡲ (jì, a chemical agent) ⍇⻇, ⍇ᗇ∄䖳ᒢ߰. * ছ⭏ QµK\JLHQH¶DVLQ Ԇᖸ䇢 (to be particular about) ছ⭏, ਲ਼依ࡽᙫᱟ㾱⍇᡻.

JƗQJj ቤቜ adj.

awkward

wúdìzìróng too ashamed WRVKRZRQH¶s face ᰐൠ㠚ᇩ ph. (a stronger word in this group) 3 N/A (ᰐ, no; ᇩ, to contain)

Ԇ൘୶ᓇ‫ ڧ‬WǀXWRVWHDO ь㾯䇙਼ᆖԜ⸕䚃 Ҷˈ㿹ᗇᰐൠ㠚ᇩǄ 㘱ᐸ䈤ᗇᡁᰐൠ㠚ᇩˈӾ䛓ԕਾᡁቡᔰ࿻ࣚ࣋ ᆖҐҶǄ ԆѪҶ䛓Ԧһᛵ㗎 [LǌWREHVKDPHG ᗇᰐ ൠ㠚ᇩˈԕਾ޽ҏ⋑৫᢮ྩҶǄ

JƗQJj ቤቜ adj. 2 N/A

ԆԈ䫡Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬᡽ਁ⧠⋑ᑖ䫡वˈቤቜᗇᖸǄ ྣᴻ৻нᜣ㿱ԆˈԆਚྭቤቜൠ䎠ҶǄ 䘉ᱟаԦ䶎ᑨቤቜⲴһᛵˈԆҏн⸕䚃ᱟ䈤 ྭˈ䘈ᱟн䈤ྭǄ ੜࡠ࡛Ӫ䘉ṧ䈤ԆˈԆᖸඖ❦ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н㿹ᗇ ቤቜǄ

lángbèi ⤬⣸ adj.* 2D

awkward, embarrassed (antonym: ඖ❦ WӽQUiQ

helplessly awkward (the tale says that the front legs of ⣸ were so short, it had to bend over on the back of ⤬ to be able to move

Ԇ‫ޘ‬䓛䜭⒯䘿 VKƯWzXVRDNHG Ҷˈ䎠䘋ᮉᇔ Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᖸ⤬⣸Ǆ Ԇ䈍ࡊ䈤ࠪਓˈቡ⸕䚃䈤䭉Ҷˈ⤬⣸ᶱҶǄ ↓䇢⵰䈮ˈ⭥㝁ケ❦нᐕ֌ҶˈԆਚྭ⤬⣸ൠሩ

g~ndào ᝏࡠ around. ⤬⣸ depicts a dependent and awkward situation) (⤬, wolf; ⣸, a kind of wolf with very short forelegs)

135

བྷᇦ䈤: ³ሩн䎧ʽ´ Ԇ⑨⌣Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬㺓ᴽ㻛‫ڧ‬Ҷˈ䶎ᑨ⤬⣸Ǆ ⴻࡠԆ䛓⤬⣸Ⲵṧᆀˈབྷᇦ䜭ㅁҶ䎧ᶕǄ ֐ⴻ֐䛓њ⤬⣸ṧʽ

Note: *⤬⣸ DGMµFRPSOLFLW¶DVLQ ԆԜ⤬⣸Ѫྨ MLƗQ, wicked), ᒢҶнቁൿһ.

JӽQGjR ᝏࡠ v. (see also 㿹ᗇ/ ᝏ㿹)

to feel

JӽQGjR ᝏࡠ v. 2A

to feel (physically or emotionally; 䰘⋑ᴹ‫ˈޣ‬Ԇᝏࡠᴹ⛩‫ߧݯ‬Ǆ ␡␡ VKƝQ ᝏࡠµWRIHHOGHHSO\¶ ᆙᆀԜ␡␡ൠᝏࡠҶ⡦⇽ሩԆԜⲴ⡡Ǆ (ᝏ, to feel) Ԇᝏࡠᴹ⛩‫ˈ✝ݯ‬ቡᢺ∋㺓㝡 WXǀWRWDNHRII ҶǄ 㘳䈅㘳ᗇн䭉ˈԆᝏࡠᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇ⭏⯵Ҷˈᝏࡠᖸн㡂ᴽǄ ֐нᝏࡠ֐䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬нሩੇ˛ ᡁ⋑ᝏࡠԆнௌ⅒ᡁˈ֐ᱟᘾѸⴻࠪᶕⲴ˛

JӽQMXp ᝏ㿹 v. 2B

to perceive, to sense (via specific ᐕ֌Ҷаཙˈഎࡠᇦԕਾᡁᝏ㿹ᖸ㍟Ǆ organs; also general feeling; oft. ԆⲴ䈍֯ᡁᝏ㿹ࡠ⑙᳆Ǆ ᝏ㿹 + ࡠ) (㿹, to become aware) Ӻཙᖸߧˈаࠪ䰘ቡᝏ㿹ࡠҶሂ᜿ (hányì, chill)Ǆ ਲ਼Ҷ㦟ԕਾˈԆᝏ㿹ྭཊҶǄ Ԇᴰ䘁㓿ᑨ৫依侶ਲ਼依ˈᝏ㿹ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬㜆ҶǄ Ԇаⴤᖸௌ⅒֐ˈ֐ᘾѸ⋑ᴹᝏ㿹ࠪᶕ઒˛ Ԇᝏ㿹䛓њྣᆙᖸਟ⡡ˈᖸᜣ઼ྩӔᴻ৻Ǆ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬нཚ儈‫֐ˈޤ‬ᝏ㿹ࡠҶੇ˛

JӽQVKzX ᝏਇ v. 2C

to experience, to be affected by (usu. ᝏਇ + abstract items, ᝏਇ + ࡠ) (ਇ, to receive)

ᴻ৻Ⲵᑞࣙ֯ᡁᝏਇࡠҶ⑙᳆Ǆ ᐕ֌ᆼᡀᗇᖸྭˈབྷᇦ䜭ᝏਇࡠҶᡀ࣏Ⲵௌ ᛖ [ӿ\uè, happiness)Ǆ 䙊䗷䘉ԦһᛵˈԆᝏਇࡠ㾱ᜣ‫ڊ‬њྭӪਟ ⵏнᇩ᱃Ǆ

tӿKXu փՊ v. 2B

to understand, to know or learn from experience (sth. abstract, including intention, emotion, enjoyment, etc.) (փ, body; Պ, to experience)

‫ڊ‬Ҷ⇽Ӣԕਾˈྩ᡽ⵏ↓փՊࡠ⇽Ӣሩᆙᆀ ՏབྷⲴ⡡Ǆ ֐Ⲵ䈍ཚ䳮៲ҶˈᡁփՊнࠪަѝ Tt]KǀQJ among) Ⲵ᜿ᙍ (yìsi, indication or hint)Ǆ Ԇᢺ㘱ᐸⲴ䈍փՊ䭉ҶǄ Ԇሩ෾ᐲ⭏⍫փՊнཊǄ Ԇ‫ڊ‬㘱ᐸᐢ㓿йॱཊᒤҶˈ␡␡ൠփՊࡠҶᖃ 㘱ᐸⲴᘛҀǄ Ԇࡊᔰ࿻ᆖ䫒⩤ˈ䘈⋑ᴹփՊࡠަѝⲴҀ 䏓 (lèqù, joy)Ǆ

136 juéde 㿹ᗇ v. 2-1 A

g~ndòng ᝏࣘ to feel, to think (of) (physically or emotionally; 㿹ᗇ + object, but not 㿹ᗇ + ࡠ or ␡␡ + 㿹ᗇ) (㿹, to feel; ᗇ, to gain)

ⴻҶ䘉ᵜҖˈ֐㿹ᗇᘾѸṧ˛ Ԇ㘱ᱟ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡн䭉Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌ᖸᘉˈᖸቁ൘ᇦˈᡰԕᙫᱟ㿹ᗇሩн 䎧࿫ᆀ઼ᆙᆀǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ཤⰋˈቡкᒺ䓪ҶаՊ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐㾱ᱟ㿹ᗇߧˈቡཊク⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇᓄ䈕ᆖ≹䈝ˈԕਾྭ৫ѝഭᐕ֌Ǆ 㲭❦்Ҷа⬦ⲭ䞂ˈԆ䘈ᱟн㿹ᗇᘾѸṧ (he still feels fine)Ǆ 䜭䈤䘉䟼ᖸ✝ˈਟᱟᡁ⋑ᴹ㿹ᗇ✝Ǆ ᡁ㿹ᗇ֐н䈕޽ᣭ✏Ҷˈᣭ✏ሩ䓛փнྭǄ

Note: ¾ ᜿䇶 Y\uVKLµWRUHDOLVHWREHDZDUHRI¶DVLQ ᡁ⋑ᴹ᜿䇶ࡠԆᒦнᜣ઼ᡁӔᴻ৻. ¾ 亶ᛏ YOӿQJZµ(after a period of time) to come to understand/ comprehend¶DVLQ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬亶ᛏҶ㘱ᐸ Ⲵ䈍.

JӽQGzQJ ᝏࣘ v. (see also 儈‫ޤ‬/ ◰ࣘ)

to be moved

MƯIƗ ◰ਁ v. 3D

to stimulate (with positive connotation; usu. + abstract item, also + Ҷ) (◰, to arouse; ਁ, to send out)

㘱ᐸⲴ䈍◰ਁҶ਼ᆖԜⲴᆖҐ✝ᛵǄ ল䮯ሩԆⲴ‫ޣ‬ᗳ઼⡡ᣔ◰ਁҶԆᐕ֌Ⲵ〟 ᶱᙗ MƯMt[uQJHQWKXVLDVP Ǆ ⴻҖ㜭◰ਁ≲⸕ TL~]KƯWRVHHNNQRZOHGJH Ⲵ⑤ᵋ NČZjQJWKLUVW Ǆ

MƯOu ◰࣡ v.* 3D

to encourage, to inspire, to motivate (with positive connotation; usu. + person or abstract item, also + ⵰) (࣡, to encourage)

ṑ䮯ᙫᱟ◰࣡ᆖ⭏ԜྭྭᆖҐˈཙཙੁкǄ ኡᖸ䳮⡜ˈ৸л⵰བྷ䴘ˈᡁԜབྷᇦӂ⴨◰࣡ ⵰ˈᴰਾ㓸Ҿ䜭⡜кҶኡ亦Ǆ 㾱ཊ㺘ᢜ ELӽR\iQJWRSUDLVH ᆙᆀˈ◰࣡Ԇ ԜⲴк䘋ᗳ (urge to improve)Ǆ

GӽGzQJ ᢃࣘ v. 2 N/A

to touch (␡␡ൠ + ᢃࣘ; not ֯/ Ԇ䘱㔉ྩᖸཊ㣡ˈᜣᢃࣘྩⲴᗳǄ ਇ + ᢃࣘ or ᢃࣘ + ᗇ or ᢃࣘ ᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭㻛␡␡ൠᢃࣘҶˈ᤯ࠪҶᖸཊ + ൠ) 䫡㔉Ԇྸྸⴻ⯵Ǆ ᢃࣘԆⲴᱟ㘱ᐸⲴ⡡ᗳˈԆ䈤ԕਾаᇊ㾱ࣚ ࣋ᆖҐǄ

JӽQGzQJ ᝏࣘ v. 2B

to move, to be moved (referring to a person; 㻛/ ਇ + ᝏࣘ, ᝏࣘ + ᗇ) (ᝏ, to feel)

㘱ᐸⲴ䈍ᝏࣘҶᆖ⭏ԜˈԆԜ䜭䈤аᇊ㾱 ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᆖҐǄ Ԇ㻛⡨⡨Ⲵ䈍ᝏࣘҶˈㅜҼཙቡഎᇦҶǄ ԆѪ䛓Ԧһᛵ㘼ᝏࣘǄ ⴻҶ䘉ᵜҖԕਾˈԆ␡ਇᝏࣘǄ ԆⲴ䈍䇙ᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭䶎ᑨᝏࣘǄ

g~njué ᝏ㿹

137

⸕䚃ҶᱟԆᑞࣙҶ㠚ᐡˈᡁᝏࣘᗇ䈤нࠪ䈍 ᶕҶǄ Ԇ䎺ੜ䎺ᝏࣘˈᴰਾቡଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ MƯ ◰ v. 2D

to arouse, to evoke (referring to concrete or abstract items; ◰ + 䎧/ н䎧)

ԆⲴ㹼Ѫ (xíngwéi, conduct) ◰䎧ҶᡁԜⲴ ᝔ᙂ (fènnù, rage)Ǆ н㇑ԆᘾѸ䈤ˈҏ◰н䎧ᡁⲴ‫ޤ‬䏓 (xìngqù, interest)Ǆ ֐࡛㘱᤯䘉Ԧһᛵ৫◰ԆˈཊнྭǄ ሿ⸣ᆀ‫ݯ‬൘⒆䶒к◰䎧ҶаѢ‫⌒ݯ‬㓩 EǀZpQULSSOH Ǆ

MƯGzQJ ◰ࣘ v.* 2B

to excite, to stir up (used more as an adjective; not 㻛/ ਇ + ◰ࣘ) (antonym: ᒣ䶉 píngjìng)

ԆⲴ䈍◰ࣘӪᗳˈབྷᇦੜҶԕਾ䜭ᖸ‫ཻޤ‬ [ƯQJIqQHODWHG Ǆ ԆⲴⅼ༠֯ᡁԜ䜭◰ࣘ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇㅜа⅑ⴻࡠҶ䘉Ѹ◰ࣘӪᗳⲴ൪䶒 FKӽQJPLjQVFHQH Ǆ ࡊࠪഭⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ◰ࣘ䗷ˈਟᱟ⧠൘а⛩‫ݯ‬ 䜭н㿹ᗇᴹӰѸ⢩࡛ⲴҶǄ 䛓䜘⭥ᖡаⴤ◰ࣘ⵰ᡁⲴᗳˈ䇙ᡁᒣ䶉нлᶕǄ

Note: * ◰࣡ QµHQFRXUDJHPHQW¶DVLQ Ԇ㘳кҶབྷᆖሩᡁᱟа⿽◰࣡, ᰾ᒤᡁҏаᇊ㾱㘳к. * ◰ࣘ DGMµH[FLWHG¶DVLQ ྩ◰ࣘⲴ㝨кᤲ┑Ҷ⌚⨐ OqL]KǌWHDUV

JӽQMXp ᝏ㿹 n. (see also ᝏࡠ/ 㿹ᗇ)

perception

JӽQFK ᝏ䀖 n. 3 N/A

thoughts and feeling (usu. stimulated by certain event) (ᝏ, feeling; 䀖, touch)

ੜҶᴹ‫ޣ‬䛓њ㘱ӪⲴ᭵һԕਾˈབྷᇦⲴᝏ䀖䜭ᖸ␡ VKƝQGHHS Ǆ ⴻࡠ䘉њ෾ᐲⲴਈॆˈԆ␡ᴹᝏ䀖Ǆ ੜҶᡁⲴ䈍ԕਾˈԆᖸᴹᝏ䀖ൠ⛩Ҷ⛩ཤǄ 㖾ѭⲴབྷ⎧㔉ҶԆ䇨ཊᝏ䀖Ǆ ֐ᴹӰѸᝏ䀖઼ᜣ⌅ˈ䈤ࠪᶕ㔉ᡁԜབྷᇦੜੜ˛

JӽQVKzX ᝏਇ n.* 3-2 C

Ԇ㔉ᡁԜӻ㓽Ҷ൘ѝഭᆖҐ઼ᐕ֌ⲴᝏਇǄ experience and feeling, taste (more ㅜа⅑кབྷᆖˈᝏਇᖸཊǄ abstract than ᝏ㿹) (ਇ, to receive) Ԇབྷᆖ∅ъҶˈሩᆖҐⲴ䗋㤖␡ᴹᝏਇǄ ઼ᇦӪ࠶ᔰҶࠐᒤԕਾˈԆሩᇦᓝⲴ⑙᳆ᝏਇ ᴤ␡ˈ޽ҏнᜣ⿫ᔰᇦӪҶǄ 䎺ᱟᒤ喴བྷˈሩ⭏⍫Ⲵᝏਇቡ䎺␡Ǆ 䛓ᑵኡ≤⭫㔉Ӫа⿽㖾ⲴᝏਇǄ

138 JӽQMXp ᝏ㿹 n.* 2C

JӽQ[LӽQJ ᝏᜣ n. 2B

g~nqíng ᝏᛵ perception, sensation (through awareness; oft. more specific) (㿹, to feel)

impression, reflection, sentiment

ㅜа⅑ࡠेӜ, ᡁⲴᝏ㿹ᱟӪⵏཊ୺! Ԇ㔉ӪⲴᝏ㿹ᱟ㚚᰾ǃ㠚ؑ (confident)Ǆ 䘉ᡯᆀ㔉ᡁа⿽㡂ᴽⲴᝏ㿹Ǆ Ӻཙл䴚ˈնᱟԆᒦ⋑ᴹߧⲴᝏ㿹Ǆ ⴻ䗷䛓ᓗᡯᆀԕਾˈԆ઼ྸྸⲴᝏ㿹䜭ᱟа ṧⲴǄ A: Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬нཚௌ⅒䘉њᐕ֌ˈ֐ᴹ⋑ᴹ䘉 ⿽ᝏ㿹˛ B: ᡁ઼֐ᴹ਼ṧⲴᝏ㿹Ǆ ֐৫ഭཆᆖҐҶаᒤˈ䜭ᴹӰѸᝏᜣ˛ Ԇௌ⅒ᢺᝏᜣ߉൘ᰕ䇠ᵜкǄ ⴻᆼ䛓њ⭥ᖡԕਾˈԆⲴᝏᜣᖸཊǄ ᡁᶕⲴᰦ䰤н䮯ˈ䈸нࠪӰѸᝏᜣǄ ᡁⲴᝏᜣнཊˈ䘈ᱟ֐ᶕ䈤੗Ǆ ᡁᴹаӋᝏᜣˈᜣ䐏֐䈸а䈸ˈਟԕੇ˛

WӿKXu փՊ n.* 2B

thoughts and understanding (through Ԇ㔉ᯠ਼ᆖ䇢ҶԆ൘བྷᆖᆖҐⲴփՊǄ RQH¶VRZQH[SHULHQFH numeral + Ԇᖃ㘱ᐸᖃҶйॱཊᒤҶˈሩᮉᐸ䘉њᐕ֌ փՊ) (փ, body; Պ, understanding) ⲴփՊᖸ␡Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆㅜй⅑৲࣐䇢╄∄䎋Ҷˈ䘉⅑৸ᴹҶ аӋᯠⲴփՊǄ Ԇ䈸Ҷй⛩փՊǄ Ԇ䐏ᡁ䈤Ҷᘾṧ㘳䈅ⲴփՊǄ Ԇ൘ѝഭտҶᖸཊᒤˈሩѝഭӪⲴ৻ྭ␡ᴹ փՊǄ

[ƯQGp ᗳᗇ n. 2B

opinions, what one has learned (acquired from specific experience, e.g. reading a book or a visit) (ᗳ, heart/ mind; ᗇ, gain)

ⴻᆼ䘉ᵜҖԕਾˈԆ߉лҶᖸཊᗳᗇփՊǄ ֐ⲴᆖҐᡀ㔙䘉Ѹྭˈ䈧㔉਼ᆖԜӻ㓽ал ֐ⲴᆖҐᗳᗇ, ྭੇ˛ ԆሩᡁԜ䈤ҶԆ䘉⅑৲㿲ⲴᗳᗇǄ ԆⲴᗳᗇ߉ᗇᖸн䭉ˈሩབྷᇦᖸᴹ⭘Ǆ 䈧֐ᢺ֐Ⲵᗳᗇ߉лᶕǄ

Note: * ᝏਇ v., as in Ԇ⭏ᰕ䛓ཙ, ᶕҶᖸཊᴻ৻, ԆᝏਇࡠҶ⑙᳆Ⲵ৻ᛵ. * ᝏ㿹 v., as in Ԇаࠪ䰘, ቡл䎧Ҷབྷ䴚, ֯Ԇᝏ㿹ࡠҶߜཙⲴሂߧ. * փՊ v., as in Ԇࡊ㘳кབྷᆖ, ሩṑഝ⭏⍫փՊᗇ䘈нཏ.

JӽQTtQJ ᝏᛵ n. MƯTtQJ ◰ᛵ n. 3D

emotion Ԇሩ⭏⍫‫ ┑ݵ‬FKǀQJPӽQWREHIXOORI Ҷ◰ passion, intense emotion (◰, fierce; ᛵˈӰѸ䜭ᜣ৫‫ڊ‬Ǆ ᛵ, affection) Ԇ⭘ⅼ༠ᶕ㺘䗮ሩ⭏⍫Ⲵᰐ䲀 (wúxiàn, infinite) ◰ᛵǄ

g~nqíng ᝏᛵ

139

ॱᒤࡽˈԆ┑ᘰ◰ᛵൠࠪഭ⮉ᆖ৫Ҷ˗ॱᒤ ԕਾˈᖃᒤⲴ◰ᛵᰙᐢн㿱ҶǄ ԆⲴࡋ֌ (chuàngzuò, to create) ◰ᛵᶕ㠚Ҿ ሩབྷ㠚❦ (zìrán, nature) Ⲵ✝⡡Ǆ TtQJJӽQ ᛵᝏ n. 3D

JӽQTtQJ ᝏᛵ n. 2B

rèqíng ✝ᛵ n.* 2A

emotion, sensibility (ᝏ, feeling)

emotion, feeling, love

enthusiasm, warmth (antonym: ߧ␑ OČQJGjQ ✝, heat)

Ԇᛵᝏ✝⛸ˈ䶎ᑨௌ⅒ᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ Ԇሩབྷ⎧ᴹа⿽⢩↺ WqVKǌVSHFLDO Ⲵ ᛵᝏˈаᴹᰦ䰤ቡ৫⎧䗩䎠䎠Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒߉֌ˈ⭘ԆⲴㅄᶕ㺘䗮Ѡᇼ IƝQJI rich) ⲴᛵᝏǄ ԆԜᴹ⵰‫ݴ‬ᕏаṧⲴᛵᝏǄ Ԇሩ䘉њൠᯩᴹ⵰а⿽ᖸ༽ᵲ (fùzá, complex) ⲴᛵᝏǄ Ԇᱟањᖸ䟽 (to value) ᝏᛵⲴӪˈᴹᰦՊᝏᛵ ⭘һ (to act impetuously)Ǆ ԆԜ൘а䎧ᐕ֌ˈធធൠቡᴹҶᝏᛵˈਾᶕ ቡ㔃ႊҶǄਟᱟˈ㔃ႊԕਾᝏᛵত৸нྭҶǄ ԆሩӪᝏᛵⵏ᥊ ]KƝQ]KuVLQFHUH Ǆ ઼⋑ᴹᝏᛵⲴӪ㔃ႊᱟнՊᒨ⾿ⲴǄ Ԇᖸቁ⍱䵢 (liúlù, to reveal) ᝏᛵˈᖸ䳮ⴻࠪ Ԇ൘ᜣӰѸǄ ԆⲴྣ‫ݯ‬⡡䈤⡡ㅁˈᝏᛵ䶎ᑨѠᇼǄ ֐н㾱䘉ṧ䈤ˈਟ㜭ՊՔ VKƗQJWRKXUW Ԇ ⲴᝏᛵⲴǄ ԆԕᶱབྷⲴ✝ᛵᣅ‫( ޕ‬tóurù, to throw into) Ҷᐕ ֌ˈᒢᗇᖸྭǄ Ԇᱟњ✝ᛵ྄᭮ EƝQIjQJH[SUHVVLYHDQG unrestrained) ⲴӪǄ ԆሩӪ∄䖳ߧ␑ˈнཚ✝ᛵǄ Ԇ൘བྷՊк֌Ҷањ✝ᛵ⌻ⓒ (yángyì, permeated) Ⲵ╄䈤Ǆ ԆᆖҐ✝ᛵᖸ儈ˈ㘳䈅㘳ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ 䘉ѸཊᒤᶕˈԆᙫᱟሩ丣Ҁ‫؍‬ᤱ EӽRFKtWR keep) ⵰儈ᓖⲴ✝ᛵǄ Ԇᑞ࡛ࣙӪⲴ✝ᛵ֯ᡁᖸᝏࣘǄ Ԇ価ਜ਼ EӽRKiQWREHIXOORI ✝ᛵⲴ╄䇢ਇ ࡠབྷᇦⲴྭ䇴Ǆ Ԇ┑㞄 PӽQTLƗQJIXOORI ✝ᛵൠᖃкҶሿ ᆖᮉᐸǄ

Note: *✝ᛵ DGMµHQWKXVLDVWLF¶DVLQ ԆሩӪᖸ✝ᛵ, ᡁԜ䜭ᖸௌ⅒Ԇ.

140

g~nxiè ᝏ䉒

JӽQ[Lq ᝏ䉒 v.

to thank

JӽQMƯ ᝏ◰ v. 3B

to feel grateful, to appreciate (more of a mental activity, so not QHFHVVDULO\PDNLQJRQH¶VJUDWLWXGH known through language or action; IRFXVHGRQµWREHPRYHG¶E\IDYRXU or help received; 䶎ᑨ + ᝏ◰, ᝏ◰ + ᗇ; ᝏ◰ + object) (ᝏ, to feel; ◰, to arouse)

Ԇሩᴻ৻Ⲵᑞࣙॱ࠶ᝏ◰Ǆ ᛘሩᡁⲴᆙᆀ䘉Ѹྭˈཚᝏ◰ᛘҶǄ Ԇᖸᝏ◰ᴻ৻Ԝ㔉ԆⲴᑞࣙǄ ⴻࡠԆԜ䘱ᶕҶ䘉Ѹཊь㾯ˈԆᝏ◰ᗇн⸕ 䚃䈤ӰѸྭҶǄ ሩ⡦⇽Ⲵ⡡ˈԆᝏ◰нቭǄ Ԇ䘉њӪнᝯ᜿䈤䈍ˈ㲭❦౤кн䈤ӰѸˈ նᱟᗳ䟼䘈ᱟ䶎ᑨᝏ◰བྷᇦሩԆⲴᑞࣙⲴǄ

JӽQ[Lq ᝏ䉒 v. 2A

to thank IRFXVHGRQµWREH WKDQNIXO¶XVXH[SUHVVLQJRQH¶V appreciation through language or action; 䶎ᑨ + ᝏ䉒, not ᝏ䉒 + ᗇ; repeated to enhance the tone)

֐Ԝ㜭ᶕ৲࣐ႊ⽬ˈᡁ䶎ᑨᝏ䉒Ǆ ֐㔉ᡁⲴ⽬⢙ᖸ┲Ӟˈⵏᱟཚᝏ䉒ҶǄ ԆѪ֐‫ڊ‬Ҷ䛓Ѹཊˈ ֐ᝏ䉒䗷Ԇੇ˛ ᝏ䉒֐ཊᒤᶕаⴤሩᡁ䘉Ѹ‫ޣ‬ᗳǄ Ԇ޽йᝏ䉒਼һԜˈ⋑ᴹԆԜⲴᑞࣙˈԆн ਟ㜭ᢺᐕ֌‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ 䘉ᱟᡁᓄ䈕‫ˈⲴڊ‬н⭘ᝏ䉒Ǆ ᡁ൘↔㺧ᗳ ]KǀQJ[ƯQZKROHKHDUWHGO\ ൠᝏ 䉒਴սⲴབྷ࣋ᑞࣙǄ Ӫᇦခ၈ሩ֐䛓Ѹྭˈ䘈нᘛᝏ䉒ᝏ䉒ྩʽ

xiè 䉒 v. 2 N/A

to thank (oft. used to thank others directly face to face; н + 䉒, 䉒 + 䗷, 䉒 + person)

Ԇ䉒䗷ᡁԕਾˈቡ䎠ҶǄ ֐ੜੜˈԆ৸൘䉒֐䘉њ㘱ᐸ઒Ǆ Ԇнᱟ֐㾱䉒Ⲵᕐ㘱ᐸǄ ֐ሩᆙᆀ䘉Ѹ‫ޣ‬ᗳˈਛᡁᘾѸ䉒֐᡽ྭ઒˛ ֐࡛䉒ᡁˈᱟԆᑞҶ֐ⲴᘉǄ A: 䉒䉒֐ / 䉒䉒Ҷʽ (to familiars and for small favours) B: н⭘䉒/ н䉒н䉒Ǆ

xièxie 䉒䉒 v. 2A

to thank, µ7KDQN\RX¶XVX thanking others verbally and face to face; not 䉒䉒 + ᗇ, ᖸ + 䉒䉒 or н + 䉒䉒, 䉒䉒 + person/ thing; repeated to enhance the tone; can be used alone)

A: 䘉ᱟ֐Ⲵ⭏ᰕ⽬⢙ˈᐼᵋ֐㜭ௌ⅒Ǆ B: 䉒䉒ʽ 䉒䉒བྷᇦᶕ৲࣐ᡁԜⲴႊ⽬Ǆ 䉒䉒֐Ⲵྭ᜿Ǆ 䘉ѸᲊҶˈ֐䘈ᶕⴻᡁˈⵏᱟཚ䉒䉒֐ҶǄ ֐ᑞҶᡁⲴབྷᘉˈⵏᓄ䈕ྭྭ‫ݯ‬䉒䉒֐Ǆ A: ֐㾱৫५䲒ⴻᆙᆀˈᡁਟԕᑞ֐٬⨝ ]KtEƗQWRGRDVKLIW Ǆ B: 䉒䉒ʽ䉒䉒ʽॱ࠶ᝏ䉒ʽ

GXǀ[Lq ཊ䉒 v. 1 N/A

to thankµ7KDQNVDORW¶µ0DQ\ WKDQNV¶DVWURQJHUZRUGWKDQ 䉒䉒/ 䉒; can be used alone; repeated to enhance the tone)

A: 䘉ᱟ֐㾱ُⲴҖˈᡁ㔉֐ᑖᶕҶǄ B: ཊ䉒ʽ ֐Ԝᶕᑞᡁᩜᇦˈཊ䉒Ҷ! ཊ䉒㘱ᴻ৻ⲴᑞᘉǄ

JƗQJ ࡊ

141

A: лњᱏᵏᱟ֐Ⲵ⭏ᰕˈᡁ㔉֐ҠҶєᕐ丣ҀՊ Ⲵ⾘Ǆ B: ཊ䉒ʽཊ䉒ʽ

JƗQJ ࡊ adv.

a short while ago

cái ᡽ adv. * 2A

a very short time ago, just, immediately (᡽«ቡ« stressing the actions follow one another closely)

A: ሩн䎧ˈ֐ㅹᡁᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ҷ੗? B: ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈᡁҏ᡽ࡠ⋑ࠐ࠶䫏Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖᡁ᡽Ҡᶕቡ㻛Ԇُ䎠ҶǄ Ԇ᡽ⶑ⵰ (zháo) ቡ㻛੥䟂Ҷˈᡰԕᖸ⭏≄Ǆ ᡁԜҏᱟ᡽䇔䇶ˈнྭ᜿ᙍ䰞ԆཚཊǄ ԆԜᘾѸ᡽㔃ႊቡ৸㾱⿫ႊҶ˛ ֐Ⲵ⯵᡽ྭˈ࡛‫ڊ‬ཚ㍟Ⲵᐕ֌ˈ㾱ཊՁ᚟Ǆ ᡁ᡽ࡠᇦԆቡᶕҶǄ ᡽ҠҶа䖶ᯠ䖖ቡ㻛‫ ڧ‬WǀXWRVWHDO 䎠ҶǄ

JƗQJ ࡊ adv. 2A

a short while ago (ࡊ« ቡ« stressing the timing of actions that follow one another closely)

ᡁ৫᢮ԆⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇࡊл䈮Ǆ Ԇࡊал伎ᵪˈቡл䎧Ҷབྷ䴘Ǆ ԆࡊᶕҶаՊ‫ˈݯ‬ቡ䎠ҶǄ ࡊਲ਼ᆼ依ˈᴰྭ࡛傜к䐁↕Ǆ Ԇࡊᔰ࿻ᆖҐ≹䈝ˈ䘈нཚՊ䈤Ǆ ᱘ཙࡊ䈤Ⲵ䈍ˈ֐ӺཙᘾѸቡᘈҶ˛ ᱕ཙࡊࡠˈ䘉䟼ቡᐢ㓿‫ۿ‬༿ཙ䛓Ѹ✝ҶǄ Ԇࡊᜣ䈤ӰѸˈⴻࡠ㘱ᐸᶕҶቡ⋑䈤Ǆ й⛩ࡊ䗷ˈԆቡл⨝എᇦҶǄ 䘉ᱟᡁࡊҠⲴ依㨌ˈ֐ҏа䎧ਲ਼⛩‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ

JƗQJFiL ࡊ᡽ adv. 2A

just now (oft. with relevance to a current event; no other specific time expression)

ࡊ᡽ᡁ䈤Ⲵ䈍֐ਟ࡛ᘈҶǄ Ԇࡊ᡽᧕ࡠҶањ⭥䈍ˈ䇙Ԇ傜к৫५䲒Ǆ Ԇࡊ᡽䈸ࡠⲴˈᡁҏ⸕䚃аӋǄ ࡊ᡽ਁ⭏Ⲵа࠷ˈԆ䜭ⴻ൘⵬䟼Ǆ ֐ࡊ᡽ⴻⲴҖᱟ䈱Ⲵ˛ Ԇࡊ᡽ਲ਼Ⲵ侪ᆀᱟྸྸवⲴǄ ࡊ᡽ᶕ᢮֐Ⲵ䛓њӪᱟ䈱˛ ֐ࡊ᡽䈤ᗇཚᘛҶˈ䈧ធа⛩‫ݯ‬䈤ྭੇ˛

JƗQJJƗQJ ࡊࡊ adv. 2-1 B

just a moment ago (a shorter time interval than ࡊ; ࡊࡊ«ቡ«

Ԇࡊࡊ䈤ԆӺཙᲊк‫⛩ޛ‬᡽㜭എᇦǄ ࡊࡊഋ⛩䫏ˈԆቡ䎧ᒺᖰᵪ൪৫ҶǄ Ԇ䘋ᶕⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁࡊࡊਲ਼ᆼ依Ǆ кॸᡁࡊࡊ䰞䗷ˈ䛓њ୶ᓇнআ䘉њǄ ⭥ᖡࡊࡊᔰ࿻ˈ֐Ԝᘛ䘋৫੗Ǆ ߜཙࡊࡊ䗷৫ˈ㣡ഝ䟼Ⲵ㣡ቡᘛᔰҶǄ ᆙᆀࡊࡊ䘈ྭྭ‫ˈⲴݯ‬ᘾѸа䖜⵬ቡଝ䎧ᶕ Ҷ઒˛

142

JƗR[uQJ 儈‫ޤ‬

Note: * ᡽ QµWDOHQW¶DVLn Ԇᖸᴹ᡽, нնᆖҐྭ, 䘈㜭䈤 (articulate) Պୡ. * ᡽ DGYµQRWXQWLO¶DVLQ ⧠൘䜭ॱ⛩Ҷ, ֐ᘾѸ᡽ᶕ?! ¾ ࡊ/ ࡊࡊ DGYµMXVWULJKWH[DFWO\¶DVLQ 䘉ৼ䶻ᡁクࡊ/ ࡊࡊྭ, нབྷнሿ. 2) ԆࡠᇦⲴᰦ‫ࡊى‬ ྭᱟᲊк‫⛩ޝ‬䫏. ¾ ࡊ᡽/ ࡊࡊ QµDPRPHQWDJR¶DVLQ ࡊ᡽/ ࡊࡊᱟᡁⲴнሩ, ሩн䎧Ҷ.

JƗR[uQJ 儈‫ ޤ‬adj. (see also ᝏࣘ/ ◰ࣘ)

happy

KXƗQOq ⅒Ҁ adj.* 3C

joyful (oft. referring to a crowd; ⅒Ҁ + Ⲵ + noun; not ᖸ/ 䶎ᑨ + ⅒Ҁ) (antonym: ᘗՔ \ǀXVKƗQJ ⅒, joyous; Ҁ, cheerful)

ӺཙᱟѝഭⲴ᱕㢲ˈࡠ༴䜭‫ ┑ݵ‬FKǀQJPӽQ full of) ⵰⅒ҀⲴ≄≋ TuIƝQPRRG Ǆ ᜣ䎧䗷৫䛓Ӌ⅒ҀⲴᰕᆀˈԆᴤ㿹ᗇᘗՔҶǄ 䘉њഭᇦⲴ䏣⨳䱏䎒Ҷ⨳ˈ㺇кࡠ༴䜭ᱟ⅒ ҀⲴӪ㗔Ǆ བྷᆖ䟼ˈ⅒ҀⲴ∅ъ⭏Ԝ↓ᘉ⵰➗⴨઒Ǆ 䛓ᕐ➗⡷֯Ԇᜣ䎧Ҷ⅒ҀⲴㄕᒤ (tóngnián, childhood)Ǆ ੜࡠԆ䛓⅒ҀⲴⅼ༠ˈᡁԜቡ⸕䚃Ԇаᇊᖸ 儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ

[ӿ\Xq ௌᛖ adj.* 3C

glad, exhilarated (not used with ᖸ) Ԇᘰ⵰ௌᛖⲴᗳᛵ඀кҶ৫ेӜⲴ伎ᵪˈԆ (antonym: ૰ᜱ ƗLFKyX 㾱൘䛓䟼᯵⑨ањᴸǄ (ᛖ, happy) Ԇଝ NǌWRFU\ Ҷˈਟ䛓ᱟௌᛖⲴ⵬⌚Ǆ ԆԜቡ㾱㔃ႊҶˈᡁԜ䜭ᝏࡠᰐ∄ௌᛖǄ аੜ䈤‫ݯ‬ᆀᒣᆹᰐһˈєս㘱Ӫ૰ᜱⲴ㝨к傜к 䵢ࠪҶௌᛖⲴㅁᇩǄ

[uQJJƗRFӽLOLq in high spirits (antonym: ඲ཤї བྷ㺇кˈࡠ༴䜭ᱟ‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸ⲴӪ㗔Ǆ ‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸ ph. ≄ chuítóusàngqì) (‫ޤ‬, enthusiasm; 㡎ՊкˈӪӪ䜭ᱟ‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸ⲴǄ 3C 䟷, spirit; ⛸, fierce) ‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸Ⲵ㘱⦻䈤Ԇ⏘ᐕ䍴 ]KӽQJJǀQJ]ƯWRKDYH a pay rise) ҶǄ ᡁԜ‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸ൠ⡜кҶ䮯෾Ǆ ࡛Ӫ䜭‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸Ⲵˈਚᴹྩ඲ཤї≄ൠ඀൘а䗩Ǆ KXƗQNXjL ⅒ᘛ adj. 3-2 N/A

cheerful, lighthearted, bright (oft. referring to sth. with rhythm)

ᡁԜ䜭ᖸௌ⅒ੜԆ䛓⅒ᘛⲴⅼ༠Ǆ ԆⲴቻ䟼ՐࠪҶ⅒ᘛⲴ丣ҀǄ ԆⲴ㡎䑸‫ۿ‬᱕ཙ䛓⅒ᘛⲴ㝊↕аṧǄ ᰾ཙቡ㾱᭮‫ٷ‬Ҷˈ֐ⴻᆖ⭏Ԝཊ⅒ᘛ୺ʽ ᇦ䟼ᶕҶᇒӪˈᆙᆀԜ⅒ᘛൠ䐁ᶕ䐁৫Ǆ Ԇ䗸⵰⅒ᘛⲴ㝊↕䎠Ҷ䘋ᶕǄ аੜ䈤㾱৫ⴻ⭥ᖡˈ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⅒ᘛᗇ䐣Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ

JƗR[uQJ 儈‫ޤ‬

143

KXƗQWLƗQ[ӿGu with boundless joy, rapturous (ཙ, ⅒ཙௌൠ ph. heaven; ൠ, earth; literal meaning 3-2 N/A µWKHZKROHXQLYHUVHLVILOOHGZLWK MR\¶

ѝഭ䱏䎒Ҷ⨳ˈ‫ޘ‬ഭкл⅒ཙௌൠǄ Ԇ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪ⅒ཙௌൠˈ儈‫ޤ‬ᶱҶǄ 䘉䟼Ӿᶕ⋑л䗷䴚ˈӺཙлҶㅜа൪བྷ䴚ˈ བྷᇦ䜭⅒ཙௌൠ䐁ࠪᶕ⧙䴚Ǆ ֐ⴻ֐䘉⅒ཙௌൠⲴṧᆀˈᘛ䈤䈤ᴹӰѸྭһ ҶǄ

gƗR[uQJ 儈‫ ޤ‬adj.* 2A

happy, pleased (usu. showing externally) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: 䳮䗷 nánguò)

ྣ‫ݯ‬㘳кҶབྷᆖˈ⡦⇽䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇа儈‫ˈޤ‬ቡᝯ᜿৫依侶ਲ਼ка亯 (mw., for meal)Ǆ Ԇ儈‫ޤ‬ൠୡҶ䎧ᶕǄ 䇔䇶֐ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇ㘳䈅㘳ᗇᖸн䭉ˈ儈‫ޤ‬ҶྭࠐཙǄ 㜭൘䘉䟼㿱ࡠ֐ˈᡁⵏ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ྸྸн䇙Ԇᔰ⡨⡨Ⲵ䖖ˈԆᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ֐࡛儈‫ޤ‬ᗇཚᰙҶˈᴹ֐䳮䗷Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ʽ Ԇ⭏ᰕ䛓ཙˈᶕҶᖸཊᴻ৻ˈԆ儈‫ޤ‬ᶱҶǄ Ԇ儈‫Ⲵޤ‬ᰦ‫ˈى‬ௌ⅒ੜੜ丣ҀǄ ⴻᆼ⭥ᖡԕਾˈᡁԜቡ儈儈‫ޤޤ‬ൠഎᇦҶǄ

KXƗQ[ӿ ⅒ௌ adj. 2C

rejoicing with excitement, joyful (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: Քᗳ VKƗQJ[ƯQ

‫ݯ‬ᆀ㾱എᇦ䗷ᒤҶˈԆᝏࡠॱ࠶⅒ௌǄ Ԇ┑ᗳ⅒ௌൠ৫ⴻҶ䛓൪䏣⨳䎋Ǆ ‫ݯ‬ᆀᢃ⭥䈍䈤н㜭എᇦ䗷ᒤҶˈྸྸⲭ (in vain) ⅒ௌҶа൪ˈᝏࡠᴹӋՔᗳǄ 䘉њ⭥ᖡᱟањ⡡ᛵⲴ᭵һˈ㔃ቮ MLpZČL ending) ᱟⲶབྷ⅒ௌ MLƝGjKXƗQ[ӿHYHU\RQHLV happy)Ǆ ӺཙᱟԆ㔃ႊⲴᰕᆀˈབྷᇦ䜭⅒⅒ௌௌൠᶕ ৲࣐ԆⲴႊ⽬Ǆ ⅒⅒ௌௌ䗷ᯠᒤʽ

kuàilè ᘛҀ adj. 2B

delightedMR\RXVPHUU\RIRQH¶V mood) (reduplication: AABB)

ӺཙᱟԆⲴ⭏ᰕˈԆᖸᘛҀǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀഎᇦ䗷᱕㢲ˈаᇦӪ䜭㿹ᗇᖸᘛҀǄ Ԇ⡨⡨൘䘉䟼ӛਇҶᘛҀⲴᲊᒤǄ ⾍֐⭏ᰕᘛҀʽ ൓䈎 (shèngdàn, Christmas) ᘛҀʽ ԆᘛҀൠୡ⵰ⅼǄ ԆᘛҀᗇ⍱лҶ⵬⌚Ǆ 㠚Ӿᔰ࿻Ҷ䘉њᯠᐕ֌ԕਾˈԆᝏࡠ⋑ᴹԕ ࡽ䛓ѸᘛҀҶǄ ԆᱟањᘛҀⲴӪˈ⇿ཙ䜭ᱟㅁથથⲴǄ ᡁ᳁‫ٷ‬৫Ҷѝഭˈ䗷ᗇᖸᘛҀǄ Ԇᖸௌ⅒ⴻ⭥㿶㢲ⴞǉᘛҀᰦ‫ݹ‬Ǌ(Happy Hours)Ǆ ᆙᆀԜ൘‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼ᘛᘛҀҀൠ⧙⵰Ǆ

144 [ƯQJIqQ ‫ ཻޤ‬adj.* 2B

JƗR[uQJ 儈‫ޤ‬ excited, exciting (‫ޤ‬, rise; ཻ, excitement)

㾱৫ഭཆ᯵⑨ҶˈᆙᆀԜ䜭ᖸ‫ཻޤ‬Ǆ ᰾ཙᱟㅜа⅑൘བྷᆖ䇢䈮ˈԆ‫ཻޤ‬ᗇⶑн⵰㿹Ǆ ൘⭥䈍䟼ੜࡠҶԆⲴ༠丣ˈྩ‫ཻޤ‬ᶱҶǄ ֐‫ݸ‬н⭘䘉Ѹ‫֐ˈཻޤ‬ᴰਾ㜭н㜭৫ᡀ䘈нྭ䈤 ઒Ǆ ྣᴻ৻㓸Ҿㆄᓄ઼Ԇ㔃ႊҶˈԆ‫ཻޤ‬ൠᢺ䘉 Ԧһᛵ੺䇹ҶྸྸǄ Ԇཚ‫ཻޤ‬Ҷˈ䜭н⸕䚃䈤ӰѸྭҶǄ ॱᒤࡽˈԆᑖ⵰‫Ⲵཻޤ‬ᗳᛵᶕࡠҶेӜǄ ֐ⴻ֐‫ۿˈⲴཻޤ‬њᆙᆀаṧǄ ൘䘉‫Ⲵཻޤ‬ᰦ࡫ˈ䇙ᡁԜа䎧ᶕୡа俆ⅼǄ

xìngfú ᒨ⾿ adj.* 2A

blessed, blissful (oft. referring to life, circumstances, etc.) (antonym: нᒨ bù(ú)xìng) (ᒨ, lucky; ⾿, happiness)

йॱཊᒤҶˈԆԜⲴႊါаⴤᱟᒨ⾿㖾┑Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇᖸᒨ⾿ˈ࿫ᆀ઼ᆙᆀ䜭ᖸ⡡ԆǄ ྸྸᑨᑨሩԆԜ䈤ˈᒨ⾿Ⲵ⭏⍫нᱟㅹᶕ Ⲵˈ㘼ᱟ㾱㓿䗷ࣚ࣋ᗇᶕⲴǄ ➗⡷кˈԆᒨ⾿ൠᣡ⵰ࡊࠪ⭏Ⲵ‫ݯ‬ᆀˈㅁᗇ ਟ儈‫ޤ‬ҶǄ ԆⲴᇦᓝ⭏⍫нཚᒨ⾿ˈ৫ᒤ䐏࿫ᆀ⿫Ҷႊˈ ⵏᱟнᒨǄ ԆⲴа⭏䗷ᗇᖸᒨ⾿Ǆ

yúkuài ᜹ᘛ adj.* 2A

cheerful, pleasant, joyous (oft. referring to mind/ spirit; not ᜹ᘛᗇ䐣Ҷ䎧ᶕ) (antonym: нᘛ bù(ú)kuài) (᜹, happy)

ࠪ৫᯵⑨ᰦˈԆⲴᗳᛵ⢩࡛᜹ᘛǄ ᘉҶаཙˈ㓸Ҿᢺᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᆼҶˈᡁԜ䜭㿹ᗇ ᖸ᜹ᘛǄ ᯵䙄 OԉW~WULS ᜹ᘛʽ ԆⲴ⭏⍫ྭ‫ۿ‬䗷ᗇнཚ᜹ᘛǄ ᡁᑨᑨᜣ䎧ᖃᆖ⭏ᰦ䛓Ӌ᜹ᘛⲴᰕᆀǄ Ԇ᜹ᘛൠୡ⵰ⅼˈⴻ䎧ᶕ⋑ᴹӰѸнᘛⲴһᛵǄ ԆⲴ㝨кᙫᱟᑖ⵰᜹ᘛⲴᗞㅁǄ ԆⲴ㘱ᒤ⭏⍫䗷ᗇᖸ᜹ᘛǄ ⾍֐䓛փ‫ڕ‬ᓧˈ㋮⾎ MƯQJVKpQVSLULW ᜹ᘛʽ

NƗL[ƯQ ᔰᗳ adj.* 1D

happy, amused, chuffed (reduplication: AABB) (ᔰ, open; ᗳ, heart)

ӺཙᡁԜ䜭ᖸᔰᗳˈഐѪ᰾ཙቡ㾱᭮‫ٷ‬ҶǄ ᆙᆀ൘⑨⌣⊐䟼⧙ᗇॱ࠶ᔰᗳǄ 㡎ՊᶕҶᖸཊӪˈབྷᇦ䜭ᔰᗳᶱҶǄ ੜҶԆⲴ䈍ˈྩᔰᗳൠㅁҶǄ ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼ᖸཊӪˈᆙᆀԜᔰᗳᗇ৸䐁৸䐣Ǆ ԆԜઘᵛࡠ⎧䗩৫⧙Ҷˈ㿹ᗇ䶎ᑨᔰᗳǄ ԆᴰᔰᗳⲴһቡᱟ඀൘㣡ഝ䟼ⴻⴻᣕ㓨ˈ் ்㥦Ǆ ⴻṧᆀ֐ᖸнᔰᗳˈ㜭੺䇹ᡁѪӰѸੇ˛ ֐ⴻˈᡁԜቡ䘉ṧᔰᔰᗳᗳൠ㙺㙺ཙཊྭǄ

kuàihuo ᘛ⍫ adj. 1C

cheerful, chirpy (of body, mind, etc.) ԆӺཙᢺ֌ъ‫ڊ‬ᆼҶˈ㿹ᗇᖸᘛ⍫Ǆ (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: Ԇ઼ᴻ৻ࠪ৫⧙Ҷаཙˈᘛ⍫ᶱҶǄ Ⰻ㤖 WzQJNԃ ⍫, alive) ൘ԆⲴ⭏ᰕᲊՊкˈབྷᇦ䜭䶎ᑨᘛ⍫Ǆ

gàobié ੺࡛

145

ṁ᷇䟼Ⲵሿ呏ᘛ⍫ൠ伎ᶕ伎৫Ǆ ᴻ৻Ԝ൘а䎧ᘛ⍫ൠୡ⵰ⅼǄ ᖃᆖ⭏Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᱟᡁа⭏ѝᴰᘛ⍫ⲴᰕᆀǄ ࡛Ӫ䜭⧙ᗇᖸྭˈቡԆྭ‫ۿ‬ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬нᘛ⍫Ǆ ԆԜ൘а䎧⭏⍫Ҷࠐॱᒤˈཙཙ䜭ᱟᘛᘛ⍫ ⍫ⲴǄ Note: * ⅒Ҁ QµMR\¶DVLQ ԆⲴࡠᶕ㔉བྷᇦᑖᶕҶ⅒Ҁ. * ௌᛖ QµJODGQHVV¶DVLQ ᰾ཙቡ㾱ࠪ䲒Ҷ, Ԇᗳѝ‫┑ݵ‬Ҷௌᛖ. 2) ᴻ৻Ԝ┑ᘰௌᛖൠᶕ৲࣐Ԇ Ⲵႊ⽬. * 儈‫ ޤ‬v., as in ᡁԜ৫்ᶟ䞂੗, а䎧儈‫ޤ‬儈‫ޤ‬. * ‫ ཻޤ‬v., as in 䘀ࣘઈнᓄ䈕֯⭘‫[ ࡲཻޤ‬ƯQJIqQMuVWHURLGV RUµKDSS\SLOOV¶)Ǆ * ᒨ⾿ QµKDSSLQHVV¶DVLQ ሩԆᶕ䈤, ᒨ⾿ቡᱟᴹ㠚ᐡⲴᰦ䰤, ‫ڊ‬㠚ᐡௌ⅒‫Ⲵڊ‬һᛵ. * ᜹ᘛ QµGHOLJKW¶DVLQ ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴࠪ⭏㔉‫ޘ‬ᇦӪᑖᶕҶ᜹ᘛ. * ᔰᗳ YµWRPDNHIXQRIVE¶DVLQ ֐Ԝ࡛᤯ᡁᔰᗳҶ, ᡁнՊୡⅼ.

gàobié ੺࡛ v.

to say goodbye to ࡊ᡽੺䗎Ⲵ䛓ս‫⭏ݸ‬ਛӰѸ਽ᆇ˛ ᰦ䰤нᰙҶˈᡁԜ䈕੺䗎ҶǄ нᢃᢠ GӽUӽRWRWURXEOH Ҷˈ੺䗎ʽ੺䗎ʽ ੺䗎ᰦˈᡁԜᝏ䉒ҶԆⲴ✝ᛵᤋᖵ ]KƗRGjL entertainment)Ǆ Ԇ㾱৫к䈮ˈቡ੺䗎ҶǄ Ԇᱟ൘г⛩䫏੺䗎ⲴǄ ᡁੁԆ੺䗎ԕਾˈቡഎᇦҶǄ

gàocí ੺䗎 v. 3C

to take leave, to notify a host SROLWHO\RIRQH¶VOHDYLQJ (usu. with no object, e.g. ੁᴻ৻੺䗎, but not ੺䗎ᴻ৻) (੺, to tell; 䗎, to take leave)

gàotuì ੺䘰 v. 3 N/A

to inform politely about/ before Ԇ䐏ᴻ৻Ԝ䈤ҶаՊ‫ݯ‬䈍ˈቡ੺䘰Ձ᚟৫ҶǄ withdrawing from a meeting, ᡁ‫੺ݸ‬䘰Ҷˈ਴սធ⭘ (please continue to formal dinner, etc. (䘰, to withdraw) enjoy your meal)Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇнཚ㡂ᴽˈቡ‫੺ݸ‬䘰ҶǄ ԆӾՊ䇞੺䘰ࠪᶕԕਾˈቡ৫ᵪ൪ҶǄ ⴻ㿱㘱⦻ᖸᘉˈᡁԜቡ੺䘰⿫ᔰҶǄ ሩн䎧ˈᡁᴹһ‫ݸ‬䎠а↕ˈ੺䘰ҶǄ

gàobié ੺࡛ v.* 2B

to say goodbye to, to part from (used figuratively; insertable ੺њ࡛, ੺Ҷ࡛) (࡛, to leave)

৫ᒤԆ੺࡛Ҷ⡦⇽ˈ৫ेӜкབྷᆖҶǄ 㡎Պԕਾˈབྷᇦӂ⴨ᨑ᡻੺࡛Ǆ Ԇ੺࡛Ҷ䗷৫ˈᔰ࿻ҶᯠⲴ⭏⍫Ǆ Ԇ੺࡛Ҷ᭵ґ J[LƗQJKRPHWRZQ ˈ৫ഭཆ ᆖҐ৫ҶǄ ੺࡛ӢӪԕਾˈԆቡ⿫ᔰҶ䘉њ෾ᐲǄ ൘䐏‫ݯ‬ᆀ੺࡛Ⲵᰦ‫ྸྸˈى‬ଝҶǄ བྷᇦ䜭৫ੁԆⲴ䚇փ \tWӿUHPDLQV ੺࡛Ǆ ∅ъⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇੁ㘱ᐸ઼਼ᆖԜ੺Ҷ࡛Ǆ

146

gàosu ੺䇹 ֐ㅹᡁаՊ‫ˈݯ‬ᡁ䗷৫䐏ሿ⦻੺њ࡛޽䎠Ǆ

Note: * ੺࡛ QµIDUHZHOO¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟањ੺࡛䞂Պ, ⦻‫⭏ݸ‬㾱⿫ᔰ䘉䟼Ҷ. 2) ᰾ཙᱟԆⲴ੺࡛╄ࠪ, Ԇ 㾱䘰Ձ WXu[LǌWRUHWLUH Ҷ. ¾ ੺㘱䘈ґ YJjROӽRKXiQ[LƗQJµWRUHWLUHDQGJREDFNKRPH¶DVLQ Ԇᜣ᰾ᒤቡ੺㘱䘈ґ, എᇦᣡᆉᆀ ৫.

gàosu ੺䇹 v. gào ੺ v.* 3B

JjR]KƯ ੺⸕ v. 3 N/A

to tell to inform, to notify, to warn (a classical expression)

to inform, to announce

Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡Ҷˈਚྭᢃ⭥䈍ੁᡁ੺ᙕˈ㾱ᡁُ 㔉ԆаⲮඇ䫡Ǆ ᮜ੺਴սˈࡽᯩ‫؞‬䐟ˈн‫ׯ‬ѻ༴ (any inconvenience)ˈ䈧ཊ࣐৏䈵 (yuánliàng, to forgive)Ǆ ᆖṑབྷ䰘ਓ䍤⵰аᕐǉ੺‫ޘ‬ṑᐸ⭏ҖǊǄ ࡠ䗮ᰦ䰤ˈ䈧ؑ੺Ǆ ྲ᷌ᛘ䘈䴰㾱ӰѸˈ䈧੺⸕ˈн⭘ᇒ≄Ǆ ⭥㿶ਠ੺⸕᰾ཙਟ㜭Պᴹ‫ޛ‬㓗བྷ仾Ǆ 䈧੺⸕㘱⦻ˈᡁӺཙн㜭৫к䈮ҶǄ ਁ⭏ҶӰѸһᛵˈ䈧֐аᇊྲᇎ (rúshí, truthfully) ੺⸕Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱傜к੺⸕ᆙᆀⲴ⡦⇽ˈ䇙ԆԜ৫५䲒Ǆ ԆԜ䘈⋑ᴹ੺⸕ҠᯩǄ ԆԜ㻛੺⸕Ӿлњᴸᔰ࿻ቡ⋑ᴹᐕ֌ҶǄ

MLӽQJVK 䇢䘠 v. 3D

Ԇ㔉ᆖ⭏䇢䘠Ҷ䛓њ৏⨶ \XiQOӿWKHRU\ Ǆ to narrate, to tell about (a theory, Ԇሩᡁ䇢䘠⵰ᜣ㿱ࡠᡁⲴᗳᛵ [ƯQTtQJPRRG Ǆ mood, procedure, etc.) (䘠, to state) Ԇ䇢䘠ᗇ䶎ᑨ䇔ⵏǄ ԆᢺһᛵⲴ㓿䗷 MƯQJJXzWKHFRXUVHRIHYHQWV 䇢䘠Ҷа䙽Ǆ

tánlùn 䈸䇪 v. 3C

൘䈮าкˈᡁԜ䈸䇪Ҷ䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ to discuss, to talk about (with others) ԆԜ䈸䇪Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ǆ (䈸, to talk; 䇪, to comment) ԆԜ↓൘䈸䇪᱘ᲊⲴ䏣⨳䎋઒Ǆ ԆԜᴰ⡡䈸䇪Ⲵᱟ䏣⨳䎋Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒䈸䇪᯵⑨Ǆ ֐Ԝ൘䈸䇪ӰѸ઒˛

MLӽQJMLČ 䇢䀓 v. 3-2 D

to explicate, to expound (sth., oft. of an academic nature) (䀓, to unwind)

Ԇ↓൘㔉ᆖ⭏䇢䀓⵰䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ ᡁнՊ‫ڊ‬䘉䚃仈ˈ䈧䇢䀓алǄ 㘳ᆼ䈅ԕਾˈ㘱ᐸ㔉ᡁԜ䇢䀓ㆄṸ Gi¶jQ solution)Ǆ Ԇ䇢䀓ҶԕਾˈᡁԜ䜭᰾ⲭҶǄ

gàosu ੺䇹

147

㘱ᐸн䇢䀓ˈᡁᘾѸ㜭Պ઒˛ ᡁ䇢䀓ᆼԕਾˈ֐Ԝ䘈㾱ࣘ᡻‫ڊ‬᡽㹼Ǆ Ԇ䇢䀓Ҷྭࠐ䙽ˈնᱟᡁ䘈ᱟੜн៲Ǆ Ԇᤷ⵰ൠമѪᡁԜ䇢䀓Ǆ VKXǀPtQJ 䈤᰾ v.* 3-2 A

to explain, to demonstrate, to illustrate (usu. not + complement, because ᰾ is a complement already)

ԆੁᡁԜ䈤᰾ҶԆѪӰѸн৫Ⲵ৏ഐǄ Ԇᢺഠ䳮䈤᰾ҶԕਾˈᡁԜ਼᜿ᑞࣙԆǄ ֐н䈤᰾ˈ࡛ӪᘾѸ㜭⸕䚃઒˛ Ԇੁབྷᇦ䈤᰾Ҷᘾṧव侪ᆀǄ 䘉䈤᰾Ԇᱟ⡡֐ⲴǄ 䘉н㜭䈤᰾䰞仈Ǆ

gàosu ੺䇹 v. 2A

to tell, to let sb. know (੺䇹 + person, ੺䇹 + person + sth., not ੺䇹 + sth.) (䇹, to tell)

᰾ཙк䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤ˈԆᐢ㓿੺䇹ᡁҶǄ Ԇᐢ㓿੺䇹ᡁ᰾ཙк䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤ҶǄ ֐н⭘޽䈤а䙽Ҷˈࡊ᡽Ԇ੺䇹䗷བྷᇦҶǄ 䈧֐੺䇹Ԇˈ᰾ཙкॸҍ⛩ᔰՊǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ੺䇹䗷ᡁˈᡰԕᡁн⸕䚃Ǆ ᡁ䰞Ԇྭࠐ䙽ˈਟԆቡᱟн੺䇹ᡁǄ ֐ॳзн㾱ᢺ䘉һ‫੺ݯ‬䇹㔉ྩǄ

MLӽQJ 䇢 v.* 2A

VKXǀ 䈤 v.* 2A

to describe, to tell, to teach, to speak (reduplication: A(а)A)

to say, to speak, to talk (䈤 + things; oft. 䈤 for the northerners, 䇢 for the southerners) (reduplication: A(а)A)

ྸྸ⇿ཙᲊкⶑ㿹ࡽ䜭㔉Ԇ䇢ањ᭵һˈ 䇢⵰䇢⵰Ԇቡⶑ⵰ҶǄ 㘱ᐸ䇢䭉ҶˈӺཙᓄ䈕䇢ㅜ‫ޛ‬䈮Ǆ ԆՊ䇢㤡䈝ˈҏՊ䇢⌅䈝Ǆ Ԇ䇢䈮䇢ᗇᖸн䭉ˈᆖ⭏䜭ᖸௌ⅒ੜǄ ࡛޽䇢л৫Ҷˈᰦ䰤ࡠҶˈ䇢нᆼǄ ᴹഠ䳮ˈ֐н䇢ࠪᶕˈབྷᇦᘾѸᑞ֐઒˛ Ԇ䇢Ҷྭࠐ䙽ˈᡁ᡽ੜ៲Ǆ ⴻࡠᆖ⭏⋑ੜ៲ˈԆቡа䙽৸а䙽ൠ䇢Ǆ Ԇ䇢Ⲵ֐Ԝੜ␵ᾊҶੇ˛ ੜ䈤Ԇ㾱ࠪഭ䇢ᆖ৫ҶǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䐏ᡁԜ䇢䗷ԆՊ䈤≹䈝Ǆ 䛓њ᭵һ䘈⋑ᴹ䇢ᆼˈᡁԜቡл䈮ҶǄ 䈧֐㔉བྷᇦ䇢䇢ᴹ‫ޣ‬ԆⲴһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐䲿‫ׯ‬䇢а䇢ˈᜣ䇢ӰѸቡ䇢ӰѸǄ Ԇሩᡁ䈤³֐‫ݸ‬৫੗ˈᡁㅹаՊ‫޽ݯ‬৫Ǆ´ ֐䈤ӰѸ˛ Ԇ⋑䈤䈍ቡ䎠ҶǄ Ԇн䈤ᡁҏ⸕䚃ˈԆнᜣ৫ཆ䶒ਲ਼依Ǆ Ԇа䈤ᡁቡ᰾ⲭҶǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹᢺ䈍䈤␵ᾊǄ ԆⲴ㤡䈝䈤ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ ֐䈤ⲴᡁᘾѸ䎺ੜ䎺н᰾ⲭ઒˛ Ԇ䈤⵰䈤⵰ቡଝ (NǌWRFU\ Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ䈤Ԇнᜣ৫ⴻ⭥ᖡҶǄ 䈧֐㔉ᡁԜ䈤䈤ˈ֐ᱟᘾѸᆖՊ≹䈝ⲴǄ

148

gè ਴ ֐৫ेӜ㿹ᗇᘾѸṧˈ㔉ᡁԜ䈤а䈤੗Ǆ

tán 䈸 v. 2A

to talk/ chat about, to discuss (with others purposefully), to comment (on things, not a person) (reduplication: A(а)A)

Ԇ‫ؙ‬ᐢ㓿䈸ҶєњሿᰦҶǄ ᡁԜ䈸Ⲵ䜭ᱟབྷᆖ䟼ⲴһᛵǄ ԆԜа㿱䶒ቡ䈸ᗇᖸ儈‫ˈޤ‬ᴹ䈤нᆼⲴ䈍Ǆ н⸕ѪӰѸˈԆԜ䈸⵰䈸⵰ቡ੥Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ ԆԜ൘䟼䶒䈸⵰ӰѸˈ֐ㅹал޽䘋৫੗Ǆ Ԇⴻࡠ㘱ᐸᶕҶˈቡ⋑޽䈸л৫ҶǄ ԆԜԕࡽ䈸䗷а⅑䈍Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘䈸ᙻ⡡ WiQOLjQ¶jLWRGDWH ઒Ǆ 㘱ᐸ㾱᢮Ԇ৫䈸䈸䈍Ǆ ᡁᜣ䈸а䈸ᡁⲴⴻ⌅ (kànfa, opinion)Ǆ

Note: * ੺ YµWRVXH¶DVLQ Ԇ㻛Ӫ੺Ҷ, 䈤Ԇ൘୶ᓇ䟼‫ ڧ‬WǀXWRVWHDO ь㾯. * ੺ YµWRWHOOLQIRUPDOGLDOHFW ¶DVLQ ᡁ䐏֐䈤Ⲵ䛓њһ‫ݯ‬, ֐࡛੺࡛Ӫ. * 䈤᰾ QµLOOXVWUDWLRQ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟ䈤᰾Җ (instruction book), ֐ྭྭ‫ⴻⴻݯ‬. * 䇢 YµWRQHJRWLDWH¶DVLQ ԆҠь㾯нྭ᜿ᙍ䇢ԧ (jià, price), Ӫᇦ㾱ཊቁԆቡ㔉ཊቁ. * 䇢 YµWREHSDUWLFXODUDERXW¶DVLQ Ԇਟ䇢ছ⭏ ZqLVKƝQJhygiene) Ҷ, 依ࡽаᇊ㾱⍇᡻. * 䈤 YµWRWHOOVERII¶DVLQ ԆӺཙ৸ᶕᲊҶ, 㘱ᐸ䈤ҶԆ. ¾ 䙊⸕ YWǀQJ]KƯµWRQRWLI\¶DVLQ ᴹӰѸਈॆ, 䈧傜к䙊⸕ᡁ.

gè ਴ pr. (see also 㠚ᐡ)

each

gègè њњ pr. 2 N/A

each and every one, everybody ԆԜњњ㍟ᗇ䐟䜭䎠нࣘҶǄ VWUHVVLQJµHDFK¶RIWLQDGHVFULSWLYH 㘱ᐸ䈤⨝䟼њњ䜭ᱟྭᆙᆀǄ sentence; not њњ + Ⲵ + noun) 㾱㘳䈅Ҷˈᆖ⭏Ԝњњ䜭൘䇔ⵏ༽ҐǄ нᱟњњӪ䜭ᢺ䫡ⴻᗇ䛓Ѹ䟽㾱Ǆ 䘉Ӌ㤩᷌ⵏн䭉ˈњњ䜭৸བྷ৸㓒Ǆ

gè ਴ pr.* 2A

each, every (stressing µLQGLYLGXDOLW\¶ ਴ + mw. + noun, not ਴ + time noun/ number)

ԆᆖҐнࣚ࣋ˈ਴䰘࣏䈮䜭нྭǄ മҖ侶䟼ᴹ਴⿽਴ṧⲴҖ㉽Ǆ Ԇ৫⅗⍢਴ഭ᯵⑨Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬䇔䇶ҶྩǄ ਴սᴻ৻ˈ֐Ԝྭʽ йᴸԭҶˈ਴ᆖṑ䜭ᔰᆖҶǄ ∅ъԕਾˈ਼ᆖԜ਴྄ (bèn, to head for) аᯩǄ 䘀ࣘᴽᶕҶˈ਴ս䈧᤯а྇੗Ǆ ֐н㾱ᇒ≄ˈᡁԜ䘈ᱟ਴Ԉ਴Ⲵ䫡੗Ǆ Ԇᴹнቁ䛞⾘ˈ਴⿽਴ṧ (various) ⲴǄ ਴ᴹ਴Ⲵ⡡ྭˈ֐ௌ⅒ⲴԆнаᇊቡௌ⅒Ǆ

JČL 㔉 gègè ਴њ pr. 2 N/A

each and every one (stressing µWKH ZKROHWKLQJ¶

149

਴њᆖṑ䜭ᴹമҖ侶Ǆ Ԇ਴њᯩ䶒 IƗQJPLjQDVSHFW 䜭ᖸн䭉Ǆ 䘉њ亩ⴞ (xiàngmù, project) ᖸབྷˈ਴њ⧟ 㢲 (huánjié, link/ segment) 䜭㾱‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖ߉Ҷѝഭ⽮ՊⲴ਴њ‫ח‬䶒 (cèmiàn, side)Ǆ Ԇ਴њᡯ䰤䜭ⴻ䗷Ҷˈ䜭нௌ⅒Ǆ

gèzì ਴㠚 pr. 2C

ᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭എࡠ਴㠚Ⲵᓗսк৫ҶǄ each, RQH¶VRZQ VWUHVVLQJµRQHVHOI¶ ⴻᆼ⭥ᖡԕਾˈԆԜቡ䜭਴㠚എᇦҶǄ (㠚, oneself) ਴㠚Ԉ਴㠚Ⲵ依䫡ˈ䘉ṧᯩ‫ׯ‬а⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ∅ъԕਾˈԆԜ਴㠚᢮਴㠚Ⲵᐕ֌৫ҶǄ ԆԜ਴㠚൘ᇦ䟼‫ྭڊ‬Ҷаⴈ㨌ˈᑖࡠ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼 а䎧ਲ਼Ǆ ਲ਼ᆼ依ԕਾˈԆԜഎࡠҶ਴㠚Ⲵᡯ䰤Ǆ

PČL ⇿ pr.* 2 A/B

every, each, per (stressing µXQLYHUVDOLW\¶ ⇿«䜭/ ቡ; ⇿ + (number) + measure word + noun, not ⇿ + noun, except ⇿Ӫ/ ⇿ᇦ/ ⇿ᒤ/ ⇿ᴸ/ ⇿ᰕ/ ⇿ཙ/ ⇿ᱏᵏ)

⇿њᆖ⭏䜭ᜣ㠚ᐡ㜭ᴹྭᡀ㔙Ǆ 䘉⿽㦟Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭ਲ਼Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙᰙк䜭൘⋣䗩䐁↕Ǆ Ԇ㚚᰾㜭ᒢˈᡁԜ⇿ањӪ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ Ԇ⇿єཙቡ৫५䲒ⴻᵋ⡦Ӣа⅑Ǆ ⇿⅑ࡠѝഭˈԆ䜭৫䮯෾ⴻⴻǄ Ԇ⇿൪䏣⨳䎋䜭ⴻˈ䶎ᑨௌ⅒䏣⨳Ǆ ⇿аսᮉᐸ䜭ᐼᵋ㠚ᐡⲴᆖ⭏ᆖҐྭǄ

Note: * ਴ adv., as in 䰘Ⲵє䗩਴ㄉ⵰ањӪ. * ⇿ adv., as in Ԇ⇿৫а⅑ेӜ, 䜭㾱ҠഎᶕᖸཊҖ.

JČL 㔉 v.

to give

I\ԃ 䍻Ҹ v. 3D

to entrust (an important task, a mission, etc.; 䍻Ҹ + abstract item; used figuratively) (䍻, to endow with; Ҹ, to give)

བྷᇦؑԫ (xìnrèn, trust) ֐ˈ᡽ሩ֐䍻Ҹ䟽ԫ (zhòngrèn, important task)Ǆ 䘉ᱟশਢ OuVKӿKLVWRU\ 䍻ҸᡁԜⲴ֯ભ VKӿPuQJPLVVLRQ Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ԇаᇊࣚ࣋ᆼᡀᆖṑ䍻ҸԆⲴԫ࣑ (rènwu, assignment)Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖ䍻Ҹ⡡ᛵ (àiqíng, love) ањᯠⲴ޵ᇩ (nèiróng, content)Ǆ ᡁԜⲴ֯ભᱟশਢ䍻ҸⲴˈԫ䟽㘼䚃䘌 (rènzhòng ér dàoyXӽQDUGXRXVWDVNDQGORQJ winding road)Ǆ

MLƗ\ӿ ࣐ԕ v. 3B

to provide, to give (usu. ࣐ԕ + disyllable and abstract/ verbal object) (࣐, to add; ԕ, with)

ሩ֐ԜᨀࠪᶕⲴ䰞仈ˈᡁԜՊ࣐ԕ㘳㲁 NӽROԋWRFRQVLGHU ⲴǄ 䘉⿽ᆖҐᯩ⌅ᖸн䭉ˈᓄ䈕࣐ԕ᧘ᒯ

150

JČL 㔉 WXƯJXӽQJWRSRSXODULVH Ǆ 䈧֐ሩ䘉њ䰞仈࣐ԕ䈖㓶 (xiángxì, detailed) 䈤᰾Ǆ ᴹҶ䰞仈ˈቡ㾱࣐ԕ䀓ߣ MLČMXpWRVROYH Ǆ

\ԃ\ӿ Ҹԕ v. 3D

to grant (positively), to impose (negatively)

JČL\ӿ 㔉ԕ v. 3-2 C

to offer (usu. 㔉ԕ + abstract/ disyllable; ሩ + receiver + 㔉ԕ, not 㔉ԕ + receiver)

Mӿ\ԃ 㔉Ҹ v. 3-2 C

བྷᇦ㔉ҸԆᖸབྷⲴᵏᵋˈԆ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡаᇊ㾱 to bestow (usu. 㔉Ҹ + disyllable) ࣚ࣋‫ྭڊ‬ᐕ֌Ǆ ൘Ԇ⯵䟽տ䲒ˈ䴰㾱䫡Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᱟᴻ৻Ԝ㔉 ҸԆᑞࣙǄ ᰕᑨ⭏⍫ѝਁ⭏ⲴһᛵᑨᑨՊ㔉ҸӪԜᖸ䟽㾱Ⲵ੟⽪ TӿVKu, revelation)Ǆ 㘱ᐸሩԆⲴ䇪᮷ (lùnwén, thesis) 㔉Ҹᖸ儈Ⲵ 䇴ԧ (píngjià, appraisal)Ǆ

JČL 㔉 v.* 2A

to give (㔉 + concrete/ abstract Ԇ㔉ҶྩаᵜҖǄ items ± but note that others in this ԆӾᶕ⋑ᴹ㔉䗷ᆙᆀа࠶䫡Ǆ group are oft. 㔉 + abstract items) Ԇቁ㔉Ҷᡁаඇ䫡Ǆ 䛓њ依ᓇ依㨌㔉ᗇ∄䖳ཊˈᆖ⭏Ԝᑨ৫Ǆ ֐ᢺҖ㔉ԆҶੇ˛ ᡁ侯↫Ҷˈ䈧㔉ᡁ⛩‫ݯ‬依ਲ਼੗Ǆ Ԇ㔉བྷᇦⲴᑞࣙᖸབྷǄ 䘉ᶏ㣡ᱟ䈱㔉Ⲵ˛

Note: *㔉 prepµWRIRU¶DVLQ Ԇ㔉ྩ߉Ҷаሱؑ.

Ԇ⣟Ҷ䘉ѸབྷⲴ䭉䈟 (cuòwù, error)ˈਟ㜭㾱 Ҹԕ༴࠶ FKԃIqQSXQLVKPHQW Ԇ㓿ᑨᑞ࡛ࣙӪˈ㘱ᐸሩԆҸԕ啃࣡ JԃOu encouragement)Ǆ ֐䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ᱟሩⲴˈᡁԜҸԕ᭟ᤱ ]KƯFKt support)Ǆ ሩҾ䛓Ӌ⣟䭉䈟ⲴӪˈᓄ䈕Ҹԕ᭩↓ JӽL]KqQJWRFRUUHFWUHIRUP ⲴᵪՊ (jƯKXu opportunity)Ǆ ሩᇦ䟼ഠ䳮Ⲵᆖ⭏ˈᆖṑՊ㔉ԕᑞࣙǄ Ԇ⯵Ҷˈᴻ৻Ԝ䜭ᶕⴻᵋԆˈ㔉ԕ‫ޣ‬⡡Ǆ ᆖṑሩᆖҐࣚ࣋Ⲵᆖ⭏㔉ԕ㺘ᢜ ELӽR\iQJto praise); ሩᆖҐнࣚ࣋Ⲵᆖ⭏ 㔉ԕᢩ䇴 SƯStQJWRFULWLFLVH Ǆ Ԇᑨᑨн᤹ᰦᶕк䈮ˈ൘㔉ԕаᇊⲴᮉ㛢 (jiàoyù, inculcation) ԕਾˈቡн޽䘏ࡠ (chídàoˈ to arrive late) ҶǄ ᖸཊӪሩ⚮४ ]ƗLTǌGLVDVWHUDUHD Ӫ≁㔉ԕ ਼ᛵ (tóngqíng, sympathy) ઼ᑞࣙǄ ᡁԜሩᐕ֌⢩࡛ྭⲴӪ㔉ԕ྆䠁 MLӽQJMƯQ bonus) 啃࣡Ǆ

JƝQU ṩ‫ݯ‬

JƝQU ṩ‫ ݯ‬mw.

151

measure word

JƝQU ṩ‫ ݯ‬mw.* 2A

for long/ thin/ pillar-shaped/ non-liquid objects, and possibly with root (e.g. pillar, tree branch, spring onion, ice lolly, chopstick; bendable or non-bendable objects)

䛓њᾬࡽᴹєṩ‫ݯ‬བྷḡᆀ (zhùzi, pillar)Ǆ ԆҠҶࠐṩ‫ߠݯ‬ỽ‫ ݯ‬EƯQJJQUice lolly) 㔉 ᆙᆀԜਲ਼Ǆ Ԇᇦ䰘ਓᴹаṩ‫⭥ݯ‬㓯ᵶᆀ GLjQ[LjQJƗQ]ӿ electrical pole)Ǆ Ԇ㔉ᡁ᤯Ҷєṩ‫ݯ‬ㆧᆀᶕǄ Ԇᢺаṩ‫ݯ‬ᵘཤ (mùtou, a piece of wood) ᭮ ൘ൠкǄ ྸྸᐢ㓿ᴹᖸཊṩ‫ⲭݯ‬ཤਁҶǄ 䘉ṩ‫ݯ‬㔣ᆀ (shéngzi, rope) ཚ䮯ˈᦒаṩ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆҠҶࠐṩ‫ݯ‬㪡 FǀQJVSULQJRQLRQ Ǆ Ԇࡊ᡽ਲ਼Ҷаṩ‫ݯ‬哴⬌ (cucumber)Ǆ Ԇੁᡁُаṩ‫⭥ݯ‬㓯 (electrical wire)Ǆ

tiáo ᶑ mw.* 2A

for long/ thin/ flat-surfaced/ soft/ fabric/ liquid objects (e.g. ribbon, river, street, leg, rope, snake, dog; oft. bendable)

ԆҠҶєᶑ劬Ǆ 䛓䗩ᴹаᶑ⋣ˈ⋣кᴹаᶑሿ㡩Ǆ 䛓ᶑതᐮ ZpLMƯQVFDUI ᱟ䈱Ⲵ˛ ྩҠҶаᶑ㼉ᆀˈᖸ┲ӞǄ 䛓ᶑ㺇кᴹањ依侶‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ䘱㔉ᡁаᶑ✏ˈ䟼䶒ᴹॱⴂǄ 䘉ᆙᆀ‫ۿ‬ԆⲴ⡨⡨ˈ䮯Ҷєᶑ䮯㞯Ǆ Ԇ䐏ᡁُҶаᶑ㔣ᆀ (shéngzi, rope)Ǆ ԆޫҶєᶑ⤇Ǆ

]KƯ ᷍ mw.* 2C

for long/ thin/ stick-like objects (e.g. flower, branch, etc.; also written as ᭟, e.g. pen, gun, arrow, but not for flower or branch)

Ԇ䘱㔉ྩа᷍⧛⪠ (méigui, rose) 㣡Ǆ 䛓᷍ṁᵸ FKƗWUHHEUDQFK кㄉ⵰аਚ呏Ǆ Ԇ⭘а᷍/ ᭟∋ㅄ߉≹ᆇǄ ᆙᆀӺᒤє኱ˈ⭏ᰕ㳻㌅кᴹє᷍/ ᭟㵑✋ (làzhú, candle) Ǆ Ԇᴹа᷍/ ᭟ᷚ TLƗQJJXQ Ǆ Ṽᆀкᴹє᷍/ ᭟㇝ (jiàn, arrow)Ǆ ֐ᴹ✏ੇ˛㔉ᡁа᭟/ ᷍✏ᣭ੗Ǆ[oft. ᭟] Ԇᴹа᭟/ ᷍ㅋᆀ (dízi, flute)Ǆ[oft. ᭟]

Note: * ṩ‫ ݯ‬QµURRW¶DVLQ 䛓ἥབྷṁⲴṁṩ‫ݯ‬ᖸ␡ VKƝQGHHS * ᶑ‫ ݯ‬QµDORQJQDUURZSLHFH¶DVLQ Ԇቡௌ⅒ਲ਼䶒ᶑ‫ݯ‬. * ᶑ PZµPHDVXUHZRUGIRUDEVWUDFWQRXQVXFKDVQHZVRSLQLRQUHJXODWLRQ¶DVLQ ᡁӺཙ㾱䈤йᶑ᜿ 㿱 (yìjian, opinion). * ᶑ QµDQLWHPLVHGLWHP¶DVLQ 䛓њᯠ䰫൘Ӻཙᣕ㓨кⲴཤ⡸ WyXEӽQWKHIURQWSDJHRIDQHZVSDSHU ཤᶑ (first item of the front page). * ᷍ QµEUDQFK¶DVLQ 䘉ἥṁᴹᖸཊབྷṁ᷍. ¾ ᭟ mw. µDPHDVXUHZRUGIRUDEVWUDFWQRXQHJVRQJRUWURRS¶DVLQ 䘉᭟ⅼⵏྭੜ.

152

gèng ᴤ

gèng ᴤ adv.

even, more

GXǀ ཊ adv. * 2A

more, much (when modifying a verb, placed before or after the verb; when modifying an adjective, oft. placed after it, e.g. ྭ + ཊ + Ҷ) (reduplication: AA) (antonym: ቁ)

Ӻཙᖸߧˈཊク⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽˈクቁҶՊᝏ߂ⲴǄ ཊਲ਼⛩‫࡛ˈݯ‬ᇒ≄Ǆ ਲ਼ཊ⛩‫࡛ˈݯ‬ᇒ≄Ǆ Ԇ᱘ཙᲊк்ཊҶˈ ⧠൘ཤ䘈⯬઒Ǆ Ԇ㘱ᇦⲴオ≄ (air) ∄䘉䟼ྭཊҶǄ 䘉њᆙᆀ∄ԕࡽ㜆ཊҶǄ ྩ∄ԕࡽ┲ӞཊҶǄ Ӻཙ㤩᷌‫ׯ‬ᇌˈԆቡཊҠҶйᯔǄ Ԇᱟњྭᆖ⭏ˈ֐Ԝ㾱ཊཊੁԆᆖҐǄ

gèng ᴤ adv. 2A

even, more (ᴤ + monosyllabic or disyllabic words; in comparison of three items, 䘈 not used this way)

ကက┲Ӟˈ࿩࿩∄ကကᴤ┲ӞǄ ᱘ཙᖸߧˈӺཙ∄᱘ཙᴤߧǄ ᆖ䈤≹䈝нᇩ᱃ˈᆖ߉≹ᆇᴤнᇩ᱃Ǆ Ԇ∄ᡁᴤௌ⅒ਲ਼ѝഭ㨌Ǆ ᦒҶ䘉њ⭥㿶ˈቡᴤⴻн␵ᾊҶǄ ྩᵜᶕቡ儈ˈクк儈䐏䶻ቡᴤ儈ҶǄ Ԇ∄ᡁᴤҶ䀓䛓њӪǄ ྩᜣ㾱ањᴤབྷⲴṼᆀǄ лҶа൪䴘ԕਾˈ㣡ഝ䟼Ⲵ㣡ᴤ㖾ѭҶǄ ⯵ྭҶԕਾˈԆ㾱ᴤྭൠᐕ֌Ǆ ԆⲴ≹䈝∄֐Ⲵྭˈ∄ᡁⲴᴤྭǄ Ԇௌ⅒⭫⭫‫ˈݯ‬ᴤௌ⅒ୡⅼǄ ֐ᒢᗇн䭉ˈྭྭ‫ˈ࣋ࣚݯ‬ᴤкаቲᾬ (to achieve more)Ǆ

JqQJMLƗ ᴤ࣐ adv. 2B

even more, much more (oft. ᴤ࣐ + ԆᆖҐࣚ࣋ˈԆⲴ਼ᆖᴤ࣐ࣚ࣋Ǆ disyllable; unlike ᴤ, ᴤ࣐ does not Ԇࡠѝഭ৫Ҷаᒤˈ≹䈝䈤ᗇᴤ࣐⍱࡙ҶǄ connect clauses) (࣐, to add) ࠐᒤ⋑㿱ˈ䘉ᆙᆀᴤ࣐┲ӞҶǄ Ԇ∄䗷৫ᴤ࣐ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌ҶǄ Ԇ䈤Ҷԕਾˈᡁᴤ࣐н᰾ⲭҶǄ 㾱㘳䈅ҶˈԆᆖҐᴤ࣐䇔ⵏҶǄ Ӻཙᱟ᱕㢲ˈ䘉䟼ਈᗇᴤ࣐✝䰩ҶǄ Ԇ৫Ҷཆൠˈᶕⴻ⡦⇽Ⲵᰦ䰤ቡᴤ࣐ቁҶǄ

hái 䘈 adv.* 2A

even more, yet (stressing µXQH[SHFWHG¶RIWXVHGWogether with ∄; 䘈 + adj./ v. + accurate or approximate number)

֐∄Ԇ䈤䈍䘈ᘛǄ ԆнྭˈԆⲴྣᴻ৻∄Ԇ䘈ൿǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ∄⡦Ӣ䘈㜭ᒢаӋǄ ྩ∄ᡁྣ‫ݯ‬䘈ሿє኱઒Ǆ 䘉њ㣡ഝ∄䛓њ㣡ഝ䘈ྭⴻǄ ֐ⴻˈ䘉њ᡻ᵪ∄䛓њ䘈ྭ઒Ǆ ᆙᆀⲴ㝨∄㤩᷌䘈㓒ˈᱟнᱟਁ✗Ҷ˛

JǀQJ]Ư ᐕ䍴 \XqIƗ 䎺ਁ adv. 2 N/A

zài ޽ adv.* 2A

even more, all the more (a degree change of the same item, not the difference between two items) (ਁ, to send out)

more again (usu. in a suggestion, request or comment)

153

ࠐᒤ⋑㿱ˈྩ䎺ਁ┲ӞҶǄ ᰦ䰤䎺䮯ˈᡁ䎺ਁௌ⅒ԆǄ ੜҶԆⲴ䈍ԕਾˈᡁ䎺ਁн᰾ⲭҶǄ ࡠҶᲊкˈԆⲴཤ⯬ᗇ䎺ਁহᇣǄ ԆⴻҶ䘉ሱؑԕਾˈ䎺ਁ㿹ᗇн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ӫ䎺ཊˈԆ䇢ᗇ䎺ਁྭǄ ᡁ䘈ᱟੜн㿱ˈ䈧޽བྷ༠а⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᰦ䰤䘈ᰙˈᡁԜ޽⧙аՊ‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ ֐ྭྭ‫࣋ࣚݯ‬ᆖҐˈ᰾ᒤ޽㘳а⅑Ǆ ྸྸ䜭ᜣᢺ㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀクᗇ޽┲ӞаӋǄ 䈧޽㔉є⬦ஔ䞂Ǆ ޽ཊ࣐⛩‫ݯ‬㌆Ǆ ֐Ԝ޽ㅹྩӄ࠶䫏ˈྩᓄ䈕ᖸᘛቡࡠǄ Ӫ޽ཊєњቡྭҶǄ ᢺ䛓ᑵ⭫ᤲᗇ޽儈⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉⿽㼉ᆀᴹ⋑ᴹ仌㢢޽␡а⛩‫˛Ⲵݯ‬ ᡁᱟᆖ⭏ˈ޽‫ׯ‬ᇌॱඇ䫡ˈྭੇ˛

Note: * ཊ DGMµPDQ\¶DVLQ 䛓䗩ᴹᖸཊӪ. * 䘈 YKXiQµWRUHWXUQ¶DVLQ ԆࡠമҖ侶䘈Җ৫Ҷ. * 䘈 DGYµVWLOO¶DVLQ 䘉ѸᲊҶ, Ԇ䘈⋑ᶕ. * ޽ DGYµDJDLQ¶DVLQ ᡁ⋑ᴹੜ␵ᾊ, 䈧֐޽䈤а䙽, ྭੇ? * ޽ DGYµDQ\PRUHDQ\ORQJHU¶DVLn 1) ᡁнᜣ޽ୡҶ. 2) Ԇн޽䐏ᡁྭҶ. ¾ The difference between ྩ∄ᡁ┲Ӟ, ྩ∄ᡁᴤ┲Ӟ, ྩ∄ᡁ䘈┲Ӟ is that ᡁ of the first sentence could be plain looking (ྩ∄ᡁ┲Ӟ [I am plain, and] she is more beautiful than I am), ᡁ in the other two sentences would be beautiful as well (ྩ∄ᡁᴤ/ 䘈┲Ӟ [we both are beautiful, but] she is more beautiful than I am). ᴤ/ 䘈 ERWKLQGLFDWHµHYHQPRUH¶ 䘈 DOVRLPSOLHVµXQH[SHFWHGQHVV¶ ¾ Ԇнնௌ⅒䏣⨳, 䘈ௌ⅒㈞⨳. (He likes football, and also likes basketball.) Ԇௌ⅒䏣⨳, ᴤௌ⅒㈞⨳. (He likes basketball more than football.) ¾ ⧠൘, ԆⲴ≹䈝∄ᡁⲴ䘈ྭ. (My Chinese was better than his, but now he has overtaken me.) ⧠൘, ԆⲴ≹䈝∄ᡁⲴᴤྭҶ. (He was better than I, now he is much better than I.) ¾ 䎺ᶕ䎺 µPRUHDQGPRUH¶DVLQ 䴘лᗇ䎺ᶕ䎺བྷҶ.

JǀQJ]Ư ᐕ䍴 n. bàocháng ᣕ‫ گ‬n.* 3-2 N/A

salary repay, recompense (of money, things, spirituality, etc.) (ᣕ, to reply; ‫گ‬, to repay)

㘱ᐸӺᒤ䜭⏘ᐕ䍴 ]KӽQJJǀQJ]ƯWRJHWDSD\ULVH Ҷˈ䘉ҏᱟሩԆԜᐕ֌Ⲵа⿽ᣕ‫گ‬੗Ǆ Ԇ䘉Ѹ‫ˈڊ‬ᒦнᱟѪҶᗇࡠӰѸᣕ‫گ‬Ǆ ԆѪ䘉Ԧһᛵ㣡 (to spend) Ҷᖸཊᰦ䰤ˈਟᱟа ⛩‫ݯ‬ᣕ‫گ‬ҏ⋑ᴹᗇࡠǄ 䗋䗋㤖㤖ޫབྷҶ䘉ࠐњᆙᆀˈⴻࡠԆԜ䜭䗷 ᗇᖸᒨ⾿ˈ䘉ሩ⡦⇽ᶕ䈤ҏᱟа⿽ᣕ‫گ‬Ǆ Ԇ‫ڊ‬䗷ᖸཊྭһˈ䘉ਟ㜭ᱟሩԆⲴᣕ‫گ‬੗Ǆ

154

JǀQJ]Ư ᐕ䍴

bàochou ᣕ䞜 n. 3-2 C

reward (of money or things), remuneration (䞜, reward)

chóuláo 䞜ࣣ n.* 3-2 N/A

payment (for service or help; in the form of money, meal, etc.) (ࣣ, labour)

chóuxiè 䞜䉒 n.* 3-2 N/A

reward (of money or things, usu. thanking sb. for their work)

Ԇᱟѹᐕ \uJǀQJYROXQWHHU ˈн㾱ᣕ䞜ⲴǄ ԆԜѪ֐ᐕ֌ˈ֐ቡᓄ䈕㔉ԆԜᣕ䞜Ǆ 㢲‫ٷ‬ᰕᐕ֌ˈᣕ䞜∄ᒣᰦ (normal day of work) Ⲵᐕ䍴㾱儈аӋǄ Ԇᑞ࡛ࣙӪˈӾᶕн㾱ᣕ䞜Ǆ ᴹ⋑ᴹᣕ䞜ሩԆᶕ䈤н䟽㾱ˈਚ㾱ሩᆙᆀԜ ྭԆቡᖸ儈‫ޤ‬ҶǄ Ԇ㔉ᆙᆀॱඇ䫡֌Ѫ䘱⢋ྦⲴᣕ䞜Ǆ 䘉аⲮඇ䫡ᱟ㔉֐Ⲵ䞜ࣣˈ䈧᭦лǄ ѪԆᒢ (gàn, to work) Ҷаཙˈ᡽㔉䘉Ѹቁ Ⲵ䞜ࣣˈл⅑н㔉Ԇᒢ⍫‫( ݯ‬gànhuór, to work) ҶǄ བྷᇦ࡛ᇒ≄ˈҏ⋑ᴹӰѸ䞜ࣣ㔉֐Ԝˈ䈧ཊ ਲ਼⛩‫ݯ‬ʽ 䘉⛩‫ݯ‬䞜ࣣཚቁҶˈ䈧֐࡛㿱ᙚ (jiànguài, to take offence. [In Chinese culture, regardless of how expensive or valuable a reward/ payment/ gift is, the presenter should always say µthis is humble, SOHDVHGRQ¶WWDNHRIIHQFH¶])Ǆ Ԇ䘱㔉ᴻ৻аਠ⭥㿶ˈ֌Ѫ䞜䉒Ǆ Ԇ㔃ႊⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᶕᑞᘉⲴӪ䜭ᗇࡠҶ䞜䉒Ǆ ᡁᑞ֐ⲴᘉˈਟнᱟѪҶ䞜䉒Ǆ 㓒व䟼Ⲵ䫡ᱟ㔉ԆⲴ䞜䉒Ǆ 䘉Ѹ䍥䟽Ⲵь㾯ᡁਟнᮒ㾱ˈн⭘ӰѸ䞜䉒 Ҷˈ䘉ᱟᡁᓄ䈕‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ

[ƯQMƯQ 㯚䠁 n. 3-2 D

wages VWUHVVLQJµPRQH\IRU OLYLQJ¶XVHGPRUHLQVRXWKHUQ China, so is 㯚≤ below) (㯚, firewood; 䠁, gold)

‫ڊ‬ᮉᐸⲴ㯚䠁нᱟཚ儈ˈնᱟԆቡௌ⅒ᖃᮉᐸǄ Ҡ䘉њབྷ⭥㿶㾱⭘ᦹԆаᒤⲴ㯚䠁Ǆ Ԇ⇿њᴸ䜭㾱ᢺ㯚䠁Ӕ㔉ԆⲴ࿫ᆀǄ Ԇⲭཙ᤯ഭᇦⲴ㯚䠁ˈᲊк৸ࡠⅼ঵৫╄ୡ, ޽᤯аԭ䫡Ǆ

JǀQJ]Ư ᐕ䍴 n. 2B

salaryZDJHVVWUHVVLQJµSD\PHQW IRURQH¶VZRUN¶ ᐕ, labour; 䍴, money)

ԆⲴᐕ䍴∄ᡁ儈Ǆ ԆӾᶕн䰞࡛ӪⲴᐕ䍴ᱟཊቁǄ 䲔Ҷᐕ䍴ˈԆ䘈ᴹᡯ』᭦Ⲵ䫡Ǆ ㅹлњᴸᐕ䍴ਁ (to send out) лᶕਾˈᡁᜣҠࠐ ᵜҖǄ ԆӺཙᖸ儈‫ˈޤ‬ഐѪࡊ⏘Ҷᐕ䍴Ǆ Ԇᖸ㜭㣡䫡ˈ⇿ᴸⲴᐕ䍴ᖸᘛቡ㣡ᆼҶǄ ԆҠҶаৼⳞ䶻ˈ⭘৫ҶॺњᴸⲴᐕ䍴Ǆ ԆԜ⇿њᱏᵏഋਁᐕ䍴Ǆ

shǀurù ᭦‫ ޕ‬n. 2D

income (referring to an individual or collective income)

䘁ᒤᶕˈ䘉њഭᇦⲴ᯵⑨ཆ≷ (wàihuì, foreign exchange) ᭦‫ޕ‬ᨀ儈ҶнቁǄ 䲔Ҷᐕ䍴ԕཆˈԆԜ䘈ᴹӰѸ࡛Ⲵ᭦‫˛ੇޕ‬

JǀQJJzQJ ‫ޡޜ‬

155

Ԇ⡦Ӣ⇿њᴸⲴപᇊ (gùdìng, regular) ᭦‫ޕ‬нཚ 儈, ᴹ‫ޛ‬ҍⲮ‫ݳ‬੗Ǆ [ƯQVKXӿ 㯚≤ n. 2D

JǀQJTLDQ ᐕ䫡 n. 1C

wages, pay (used more than 㯚䠁, but less than ᐕ䍴)

pay (oft. paid for odd jobs), wage

Ԇ䶐㯚≤ޫᇦˈн㜭ᜣҠӰѸቡҠӰѸǄ ԆӺᒤⲴ㯚≤∄৫ᒤⲴཊҶнቁǄ ⇿њᴸа᤯ࡠ㯚≤ˈԆቡ‫ݸ‬৫依侶‫ݯ‬ਲ਼а亯Ǆ 㯚≤ཊቁሩԆᶕ䈤нཚ䟽㾱ˈ䟽㾱ⲴᱟԆᱟ нᱟௌ⅒䛓њᐕ֌Ǆ 䘉ԭᐕⲴᐕ䫡ᱟཊቁ˛ Ԇઘᵛ൘依侶ᢃᐕˈᐕ䫡ᱟ⇿ሿᰦҼॱඇǄ Ԇ⇿ཙл⨝Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ቡਟԕ᤯ࡠᐕ䫡Ǆ ԆⲴᐕ䫡䘈⋑ᴹ᤯ࡠˈ᰾ཙ᡽㔉Ǆ 㲭❦䘉њᐕ֌Ⲵᐕ䫡∄䛓њᐕ֌Ⲵཊа⛩‫ˈݯ‬ նᱟᰦ䰤ҏ䮯аӋǄ ‫ڊ‬аᶑ䘉ṧⲴ㼉ᆀˈᐕ䫡ᱟཊቁ˛ ԆⲴᐕ䫡нཊˈᡰԕҠн䎧䘉Ѹ䍥Ⲵь㾯Ǆ

Note: * ᣕ‫ گ‬YµWRUHSD\¶DVLQ Ԇн⸕䚃ᘾṧᣕ‫گ‬⡦⇽Ѫ㠚ᐡᡰ‫Ⲵڊ‬а࠷. * 䞜ࣣ YµWRWKDQNVEIRUWKHLUVHUYLFHKHOS¶DVLQ Ԇ‫ڊ‬Ҷᖸཊ㨌, 䞜ࣣᑞԆⴆᡯᆀⲴᴻ৻Ԝ. * 䞜䉒 YµWR WKDQNVEIRUWKHLUKHOS¶DVLQ ֐ᑞҶᡁⲴབྷᘉ, ᡁᓄ䈕ྭྭ‫ݯ‬䞜䉒֐. ¾ ᐕ㯚䱦ቲ SKJǀQJ[ƯQMLƝFpQJµRUGLQDU\ZRUNLQJFODVV¶DVLQ 䘉䟼Ⲵᡯᆀཚ䍥, ᐕ㯚䱦ቲⲴӪҠн䎧.

JǀQJJzQJ ‫ ޡޜ‬adj. JǀQJ ‫ ޜ‬adj.* 2C

Jǀnggòng ‫ ޡޜ‬adj. 2B

public public (‫ ޜ‬+ monosyllable) (antonym: ⿱ VƯLQGLYLGXDO private)

public, common (facilities, places, etc.) (‫ޡ‬, common)

‫ޜ‬ՁᰕⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ԆԜᑨᑨࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ ֐н⭘⵰ᙕˈ䈱ሩ䈱䭉㠚ᴹ‫ޜ‬䇪 JǀQJOQ public opinion; 㠚ᴹ‫ޜ‬䇪, truth will prevail) ⲴǄ བྷᇦ䜭㾱ᴹ‫ޜ‬ᗧ (JǀQJdé, social morality)Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪӾᶕ䜭ᱟ‫ޜ‬һ‫( ࣎ޜ‬business is business)Ǆ 䘉ᱟ‫ޜ‬ᇦ (publicly owned) Ⲵь㾯ˈн㜭䲿 ‫⭘⿱ׯ‬Ǆ Ԇ඀‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖 [also ‫ޜ‬䖖/ ‫ޜ‬Ӕ䖖] к⨝Ǆ 䈧䰞ˈ‫ޡޜ‬৅ᡰ [also ‫ޜ‬৅] ൘ଚ䟼˛ ‫ޡޜ‬൪ᡰ (place)ˈн߶ᣭ✏Ǆ ‫ޡޜ‬䍒ӗ FiLFKӽQSURSHUW\ ˈӪӪ㾱⡡ᣔǄ ᡁԜ䜭㾱ᴹ‫ޡޜ‬䚃ᗧ (public morality, also ‫ޜ‬ ᗧ)Ǆ 䘉њ෾ᐲⲴ‫ޡޜ‬Ӕ䙊 MLƗRWǀQJWUDQVSRUW нཚ ྭǄ ྩ൘བྷᆖᆖҐ‫ޣޡޜ‬㌫* (public relations)Ǆ 䛓њ⋣䗩‫ݯ‬ᱟ‫Ⲵޡޜ‬ൠᯩˈ䈱䜭ਟԕ৫Ǆ

156

JǌQLDQJ ခ၈

JǀQJ\zQJ ‫ ⭘ޜ‬adj. 2C

communal

JǀQJ\ԁX ‫ޜ‬ᴹ adj. 2D

publicly owned (antonym: ⿱ᴹ)

䛓䗩ᱟ‫⭥⭘ޜ‬䈍ˈᡁ䗷৫ᢃњ⭥䈍Ǆ Ԇտ൘ᇯ㠽䟼ˈаᾬᴹањ‫⭘ޜ‬⍇㺓ᡯǄ 䘉њᱟ‫ˈⲴ⭘ޜ‬䘈ᱟ⿱ӪⲴ˛ 䛓ࠐᵜᆇިᱟ‫ˈⲴ⭘ޜ‬䈱䜭ਟԕ⭘Ǆ 䘉њ‫⭘ޜ‬৅ᡰнཚᒢ߰ˈ䘈ᱟㅹഎᇦ޽к੗Ǆ മҖ侶Ⲵ‫⭥⭘ޜ‬㝁ཚቁҶˈнཏ⭘Ǆ 䘉њ‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ ᱟ‫ޜ‬ᴹ䘈ᱟ⿱ᴹⲴ˛ 䘉њഭᇦⲴѝሿᆖབྷཊᮠ䜭ᱟ‫ޜ‬ᴹⲴˈ⿱・ᆖ ṑ∄䖳ቁǄ ֐⸕䚃‫ޜ‬ᴹ㓿⍾ MƯQJMuHFRQRP\ ઼⿱ᴹ㓿 ⍾ᴹӰѸн਼ੇ˛ 㘱ᐸӺཙ䇢ҶӰѸᱟ‫ޜ‬ᴹࡦ (zhì, system)Ǆ

Note: * ‫ ޜ‬DGMµPDOHDQLPDOV ¶DVLQ 䛓ᱟаཤ‫ޜ‬⢋. * ‫( ޣޜ‬abbreviation of ‫ޣޡޜ‬㌫), as in ྩᱟ䘉њ䞂ᓇⲴ‫ޣޜ‬ሿက. ¾ ഭᴹ DGMµJRYHUQPHQWVWDWH-RZQHG¶DVLQ 䘉њ‫ޜ‬ਨᱟഭᴹⲴ. ¾ ‫ ⭘ޡ‬YJzQJ\zQJµWRVKDUH¶DVLQ 䘉њ৘ᡯᱟєᇦ‫?ੇⲴ⭘ޡ‬

JǌQLDQJ ခ၈ n. VKjRQԉ ቁྣ n. 3C

[LӽRMLČ ሿက n.* 3-2 A

girl teenage girl (usu. unmarried) (antonym: ቁ⭧) (ቁ, young)

䛓њ⭥ᖡ䟼Ⲵቁྣⵏਟ⡡Ǆ ቁ⭧ቁྣ䜭ௌ⅒ԆⲴⅼǄ Ԇ䇔䇶Ⲵ䛓њቁྣᱟӾѝഭᶕⲴǄ 䘉⿽㼉ᆀਚᴹቁྣク᡽ྭⴻǄ ྩ൘ቁྣⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ቡᜣᖃ⭥ᖡ╄ઈҶǄ ᡁ䘉Ѹ㘱Ҷˈଚ㜭䐏ቁྣаṧ৫䘭ᱏ ]KXƯ[ƯQJWRZRUVKLSDVWDU ઒˛

ᒤ䖫Ⲵခ၈ਛ³ሿက´ˈᒤ喴བྷаӋⲴਟԕ Miss, young lady (surname + ሿက) ਛ³ྣ༛´Ǆ ሿကˈ䈧䰞䛓ৼ䶻ཊቁ䫡˛ ᴽ࣑ਠⲴሿကᖸ✝ᛵˈ࣎һҏᖸ䇔ⵏǄ ᡁ䈤བྷሿက [the speaker is being sarcastic here, indicating the addressee is not willing to get her hands dirty]ˈ֐ҏ䈕䗷ᶕᑞᑞᘉ੗ʽ 䘉սᱟᕐሿကˈྩᱟेӜӪǄ ྩᱟ㡚オሿကˈ䮯ᗇᖸ┲ӞǄ ྩᱟࡈᇦⲴॳ䠁ሿက [LӽRMLHD\RXQJ daughter of a rich family)Ǆ ᡁᇦҼሿက [LӽRMLH>ROGXVDJH@ ࠪ৫Ҷˈн ൘ᇦǄ

JǌQLDQJ ခ၈ QԉKiLU ྣᆙ‫ ݯ‬n. 2 N/A

QԉVKƝQJ ྣ⭏ n.* 2 N/A

girl (also ྣᆙᆀ, used more in southern China)

girl student, schoolgirl, girl

157

кབྷᆖⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ䇔䇶Ҷањྣᆙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䛓њྣᆙ‫ݯ‬ᱟᡁⲴᴻ৻Ǆ ѪӰѸ֐Ԝ⭧ᆙ‫ݯ‬ਟԕ৫ˈᡁԜྣᆙ‫ݯ‬ቡ н㜭৫઒˛ ᖸཊྣᆙ‫ݯ‬ௌ⅒ク┲ӞⲴ㺓ᴽǄ ֐ањྣᆙ‫ˈݯ‬ᘾѸ‫⭧ۿ‬ᆙ‫ݯ‬аṧˈᮤཙ৫ 䑒⨳Ǆ ྩ⭏Ҷањྣᆙ‫ޘˈݯ‬ᇦӪ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᡁԜ⨝ᴹҼॱ਽⭧⭏ˈҼॱӄ਽ྣ⭏Ǆ 㔉ᡁᢃ⭥䈍Ⲵ䛓њӪᱟ⭧⭏䘈ᱟྣ⭏˛ 䛓䗩ᱟྣ⭏ᇯ㠽ˈྩቡտ൘ҼᾬǄ Ӻᲊ⭥㿶кᴹ³䎵㓗ྣ⭏ VXSHUJLUO ´ Ⲵ∄䎋ˈ‫ॺ⛩ޛ‬ᔰ࿻Ǆ Ԇሩྣ⭏ॱ࠶ᇒ≄ˈᙫᱟѪྩԜᔰ䰘Ǆ ᡁਚᱟањሿྣ⭏ˈ֐н⭘䛓Ѹ㍗ᕐ MӿQ]KƗQJQHUYRXV Ǆ

JǌQLDQJ ခ၈ n. 1A

girl (usu. unmarried; when used in address, the speaker is often an older person; also applies to 䰪ྣ/ ћཤ below) (antonym: ሿՉ‫ݯ‬ [LӽRKXԁU ሿՉᆀ, lad) (ခ, aunt; ၈, a woman, mother)

ࡊ䘋ᶕⲴခ၈ᱟ䈱˛ Ԇн䇔䇶䛓њခ၈Ǆ ੜ䈤⦻ခ၈Ⲵྸྸᱟањ५⭏Ǆ ခ၈ˈ֐ਛӰѸ਽ᆇ˛ Ԇௌ⅒┲ӞⲴခ၈Ǆ 䛓սӾѝഭᶕⲴခ၈ᖸਟ⡡Ǆ ခ၈઼ሿՉ‫ݯ‬䜭ௌ⅒ⴻ䛓њ⭥ᖡǄ ࠐᒤн㿱ˈྩᐢ㓿䮯ᡀབྷခ၈Ҷ ྩᱟњ㘱ခ၈ (spinster)ˈӾᶕ⋑ᴹ㔃䗷ႊǄ 㘱ྦྦ䈤³ခ၈ˈ֐䗷ᶕ䐏ᡁ䈤䈤䈍Ǆ´

JXƯQ 䰪ྣ n. 1D

young girl (usu. unmarried; used more in northern China) (䰪DJLUO¶s apartment)

֐ᱟ䈱ᇦⲴ䰪ྣ˛ 䛓њሿ䰪ྣୡⅼୡᗇⵏྭੜǄ ᖃ⵰Ӫᇦབྷ䰪ྣⲴ䶒ˈ֐࡛ᢺ䈍䈤Ⲵ䛓Ѹ䳮 ੜྭнྭ˛ Ԇ㘱ᱟⴻ⵰䛓њ䰪ྣˈⴻᗇྩ㝨䜭㓒ҶǄ ᡁԜᇦⲴ㘱䰪ྣ (the youngest girl [northern dialect]) ઼ԆᇦⲴབྷ‫ݯ‬ᆀ (the oldest son) 㔃Ҷ ႊǄ 䰪ྣˈ֐ӺᒤཊབྷҶ˛

\ƗWRX ћཤ n.* 1 N/A

lass (used more in northern China) 䛓њሿћཤୡⅼⵏྭੜǄ (antonym: ሿᆀ) (ћ, sth. that ֐䘉њћཤˈᘾѸ䘎ྸྸⲴ䈍䜭нੜʽ branches or forks upward; ཤ, head) ۫ VKӽVLOO\ ћཤ (silly girl [an intimate usage])ˈ䈤Ҷ䘉Ѹཊˈ֐ᘾѸ䘈н᰾ⲭ˛ ћཤˈ৫ᢺ֐ᕏᕏਛഎᶕਲ਼依Ǆ 䛓䗩ᴹᖸཊћཤ઼ሿᆀ↓൘ୡⅼ઼䐣㡎઒Ǆ

158

JXƗQ ‫ޣ‬

Note: * ሿက QµSURVWLWXWHDQHZXVDJH ¶DVLQ Ԇ㘱ၶ䐏Ԇ⿫ႊҶ, ഐѪԆ᢮ሿက㻛Ӫⴻ㿱Ҷ. * ྣ⭏ QµIHPDOH¶DVLQ ྣ⭏඀ࡠ䘉䗩ᶕ, ⭧⭏඀ࡠ䛓䗩৫7KLVWHUPXVHGWRPHDQµ\RXQJIHPDOH sWXGHQW¶LQ0DLQODQG&KLQD,QUHFHQW\HDUVLWKDVEHFRPHDEODQNHWWHUPPHDQLQJµIHPDOH¶ * ћཤ QµVHUYDQWJLUOPDLGROGXVDJH ¶DVLQ ྩᱟ⦻ሿကⲴћཤ. ¾ 䰪ྣ/ ခ၈/ ћཤ QµGDXJKWHU¶DVLQ Ԇᴹєњ䰪ྣ/ ခ၈/ћཤ, བྷⲴॱ኱, ሿⲴ‫ޛ‬኱. ¾ 哴㣡䰪ྣ SKKXiQJKXƗJXƯQµYLUJLQ¶as in ྩӺᒤҼॱӄ኱Ҷ, ੜ䈤䘈ᱟањ哴㣡䰪ྣ઒. ¾ བྷᇦ䰪⿰ SKGjMLƗJXƯ[LµDQXQPDUULHGDQGZHOOPDQQHUHGJLUORIWIURPDULFKJRRGIDPLO\ ¶DVLQ ྩᱟњབྷᇦ䰪⿰, нՊ⋑ᴹ⽬䊼Ⲵ. ¾ ሿᇦ⻗⦹ SK[LӽRMLƗEu\µa daughter of a humble/ middle-class family¶DVLQ ԆⲴྣᴻ৻ᱟањሿ ᇦ⻗⦹, ᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒ྩǄ ¾ 㖾ⴹ QPČLPpLµJLUOQHZO\FRLQHGZRUGVSHFLDOO\SRSXODURQOLQH ¶DVLQ Ԇ↓൘઼ањ㖾ⴹ䈤䈍Ǆ

JXƗQ ‫ ޣ‬v. JXƗQEu ‫ޣ‬䰝 v. 3D

bì 䰝 v. 2B

JXƗQ ‫ ޣ‬v.* 2A

to turn off to close down (door, business, shop, school, etc.) (antonym: ᮎᔰ FKӽQJNƗL

to shut, to close (eye, mouth, meeting, etc.) (antonym: ᔰ)

to turn off, to close (antonym: ᔰ)

ㅹᡁԜ৫ࡠ䛓䟼Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬བྷ䰘ᐢ㓿‫ޣ‬䰝ҶǄ 䛓䰤ᆖṑᐢ㓿‫ޣ‬䰝ҶйᒤҶǄ 䛓ᇦ依侶ᱟ৫ᒤ㻛‫ޣ‬䰝ⲴǄ ᡁԜ䈱ҏн⸕䚃മҖ侶‫ޣ‬䰝Ⲵᰦ䰤Ǆ 䴚лᗇཚབྷˈᵪ൪ᐢ㓿‫ޣ‬䰝Ǆ ‫ޣ‬䰝ᔰ‫( ޣ‬switch) Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬㾱ሿᗳǄ ᡁ䎠䘋ྩⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔⲴᰦ‫↓ྩࡠⴻˈى‬䰝⵰ ⵬ⶋˈ൘⋉ਁкՁ᚟Ǆ ⧠൘䰝Պˈབྷᇦਟԕ䎠ҶǄ Ԇ䰝⵰౤ˈӰѸҏн䈤Ǆ Ԇᴰ䘁䓛փнཚྭˈᡰԕቡ䰝䰘䉒ᇒ (to shut RQH¶VGRRUDQGGHFOLQHWRUHFHLYHYLVLWRUVWRVSRUW RQH¶V oak)ˈ䘉ṧਟԕᴹᰦ䰤ྭྭ‫ݯ‬Ձ᚟алǄ 䘀ࣘՊӺཙᔰᒅˈਾཙ䰝ᒅ (mù, curtain)Ǆ ࡛䰝⚟ˈᡁᜣ޽ⴻаՊ‫ݯ‬ҖǄ 䰝౤ (Shut up)ʽ֐ҏཚ䗷࠶ (guòfèn, undue) Ҷʽ ⶑ㿹Ⲵᰦ‫࡛ˈى‬ᘈҶ‫⚟ޣ‬Ǆ ཆ䶒л䴘Ҷˈᢺデᡧ‫ྭޣ‬Ǆ 䛓њҖᓇᰙкҍ⛩ᔰ䰘ˈᲊкӄ⛩‫ޣ‬䰘Ǆ 䰘ൿҶˈ‫ޣ‬Ҷྭࠐ⅑ҏ‫ޣ‬нкǄ ᢺ⭥㿶‫ޣ‬кˈ֐ᓄ䈕৫ⶑ㿹ҶǄ н㾱ᙫᢺᆙᆀ‫ޣ‬൘ቻᆀ䟼ˈ䇙ԆԜཊ৫ཆ䶒 ⧙⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ ь㾯нཊˈ㇡ᆀ‫ޣ‬ᗇкǄ ᴻ৻ᖰԆ᡻ᵪ (mobile, cell phone) кᢃҶᖸ ཊ⅑⭥䈍ˈਟᱟаⴤᱟ‫ޣ‬ᵪǄ 䛓ᇦᐕল৫ᒤቡᐢ㓿‫ޣ‬䰘 (to shut down) ҶǄ

JXƗQ[ƯQ ‫ޣ‬ᗳ hé ਸ v.* 2B

to close (book, eye, mouth, etc.)

159

‫ݯ‬ᆀ䗷ᒤഎᶕⴻԆˈԆ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇਸнк౤Ǆ 㘱ᐸ䇙ᆖ⭏ᢺҖਸ䎧ᶕˈੜԆ䈫䈮᮷Ǆ ᆙᆀ᱘ᲊ⋑എᇦˈԆаཌ䜭⋑ਸ⵬Ǆ ԆаੜᴹӪᮢ䰘ˈቡ傜кᢺᰕ䇠ᵜਸк, ᭦Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ

Note: * ‫ ޣ‬YµWRFRQFHUQ¶DVLQ 䘉н‫Ⲵ֐ޣ‬һ, 䈧н㾱ཊ౤ (This LVQRQHRI\RXUEXVLQHVVGRQ¶WVSHDNRXW of place). * ‫ ޣ‬QµFXVWRPKRXVH¶DVLQ ԆлҶ伎ᵪ, 䗷Ҷ‫ޣ‬ԕਾቡഎᇦ৫Ҷ. * ‫ ޣ‬QµSDVVREVWDFOH¶DVLQ кབྷᆖቡ㾱䗷儈㘳 (university/ college entrance examination) 䘉а‫ޣ‬. * ਸ YµWRVXLW¶DVLQ 䘉њ㨌нਸԆⲴਓણ‫ ݯ‬NԁXZqLUWDVWH Ԇቡਲ਼Ҷа⛩‫ݯ‬. * ਸ YµWRVKDUH¶DVLQ ᡁԜєњӪਸ⭘а䜘䖖, 䘉ṧн⭘㣡ཚཊ䫡.

JXƗQ[ƯQ ‫ޣ‬ᗳ v.

to care for

JXƗQKXiL ‫ޣ‬ᘰ v.* 3C

to pay kind attention to, to show loving care for (sb. else, rather than oneself; oft. from a senior to a junior; not н + ‫ޣ‬ᘰ) (‫ޣ‬, to concern; ᘰ, bosom)

Ԇཊᒤᶕаⴤ‫ޣ‬ᘰ⵰ԆⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ Ԇ㲭❦ᘉˈն䘈ᱟ䶎ᑨ‫ޣ‬ᘰᆙᆀԜⲴᡀ䮯Ǆ ԆሩᡁԜॱ࠶‫ޣ‬ᘰˈᑨᢃ⭥䈍ᶕ䰞䮯䰞⸝ (to take the trouble to keep in contact)Ǆ ሩᒤ䖫ӪˈԆᙫᱟ✝ᛵ‫ޣ‬ᘰǄ ᡁ㿹ᗇᡁሩᆙᆀ‫ޣ‬ᘰᗇ䘈нཏǄ

JXƗQTLq ‫ ࠷ޣ‬v.* 3 N/A

to be deeply concerned (about sth. or sb., not oneself; not ‫࠷ޣ‬ + object) (࠷, anxious)

Ԇሩ䘉њ䰞仈ॱ࠶‫࠷ޣ‬Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆᴰ‫Ⲵ࠷ޣ‬һᛵǄ Ԇᡰ‫Ⲵ࠷ޣ‬ᱟ⡦⇽Ⲵ䓛փǄ

JXƗQ[ƯQ ‫ޣ‬ᗳ v. 2A

to care for, to be concerned for (someone else or oneself; н + ‫ޣ‬ᗳ) (reduplication: ABAB) (ᗳ, heart)

䘉ᱟᡁԜབྷᇦⲴһˈ䜭ᓄ䈕‫ޣ‬ᗳ⵰⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇᴰ‫ޣ‬ᗳⲴᱟᆙᆀⲴᆖҐǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨ‫ޣ‬ᗳ㘳䈅Ⲵᡀ㔙Ǆ ྸྸᐕ֌ཚᘉˈሩᆙᆀ‫ޣ‬ᗳᗇнཏǄ ᴰ䘁ˈԆケ❦ሩཙ≄ਈॆ‫ޣ‬ᗳ䎧ᶕǄ ⿫ႊԕਾˈԆԜӂ⴨䘈ᱟᖸ‫ޣ‬ᗳⲴǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨ‫ޣ‬ᗳԆⲴྣᴻ৻ˈ⇿ཙ䜭㔉ྩᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ Ԇሩᡁа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н‫ޣ‬ᗳǄ ֐ሩ㠚ᐡⲴ䓛փҏᓄ䈕‫ޣ‬ᗳ‫ޣ‬ᗳҶǄ

JXƗQ]KjR ‫ ➗ޣ‬v.* 2B

to look after, to keep an eye on (someone else, physically and/ or spiritually; also used as a phatic expression) (reduplication: ABAB) (➗, to shine on)

ࡍ⅑ FKǌFuILUVWWLPH 㿱䶒ˈ䈧ཊ‫➗ޣ‬Ǆ བྷᇦᱟᴻ৻ˈ㾱ӂ⴨‫➗ޣ‬Ǆ Ԇ∄֐ሿˈа䐟к֐㾱‫➗ޣ‬ԆалǄ ྲ᷌ᴹ⋑‫Ⲵࡠ➗ޣ‬ൠᯩ, 䘈䈧བྷᇦཊ৏䈵Ǆ ᆙᆀሿн៲һˈ䘈䈧㘱ᐸཊ‫➗ޣ➗ޣ‬Ǆ 䘉Ԧһᛵ䘈哫✖ᛘ‫➗ޣ➗ޣ‬Ǆ

160 zhàogù ➗亮 v.* 2A

gu~nl ㇑⨶ to take care of (referring to practical care; also used figuratively) (reduplication: ABAB) (亮, to attend to)

⡦⇽ᒤ喴䜭བྷҶˈ䴰㾱Ӫ➗亮Ǆ ԆⲴᆙᆀ䘈ሿˈк⨝Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ቡᢺᆙᆀ䘱㔉⡦⇽ ➗亮Ǆ ᡁањӪ➗亮ഋӄњᆙᆀǄ Ԇᢺᇦ䟼Ⲵ⇿њӪ䜭➗亮ᗇᖸྭǄ Ԇ䓛փнྭˈྣ‫ݯ‬ᶕ➗亮ԆࠐཙǄ ѪҶ➗亮ԆⲴ䶒ᆀ (miànzi, face)ˈᡁ⋑ᴹᢺ 䘉Ԧһᛵ੺䇹࡛ӪǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⯵ҶˈᡁӺཙ൘ᇦ➗亮➗亮ԆǄ

Note: * ‫ޣ‬ᘰ QµFDUH¶DVLQ ᝏ䉒ᛘሩᡁԜⲴӢ࠷‫ޣ‬ᘰ. * ‫ ➗ޣ‬YµWRQRWLI\E\ZRUGRIPRXWK¶DVLQ ᡁᐢ㓿‫➗ޣ‬Ҷᴻ৻, ԆԜՊ৫ᵪ൪᧕֐Ⲵ. * ‫➗ޣ‬/ ‫ ➗ޣ➗ޣ‬µWRIDYRXUunfairly¶DVLQ ᡁ‫ݯ‬ᆀкབྷᆖⲴһ‫ݯ‬, 䘈䈧ᛘཊ‫➗ޣ➗ޣ‬. * ➗亮 YµWRIDYRXUunfairly¶DVLQ ᡁ⡦Ӣ䈧Ԇ➗亮ᡁал, 㔉ᡁањྭа⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬ᐕ֌.

JXӽQOӿ ㇑⨶ v. JXӽQ[Li ㇑䗆 v. 3D

JXӽQOӿ ㇑⨶ v.* 2B

MƯQJJXӽQ 㓿㇑ v. 2 N/A

MƯQJ\tQJ 㓿㩕 v.* 2C

to manage to govern, to administer (㇑, to control; 䗆, to have jurisdiction)

to manage

to be in charge of

to run (usu. business, enterprise, etc.)

䘉њൠᯩᖂ JXƯ, to belong to) ԆԜ㇑䗆Ǆ ेӜᐲ᭯ᓌ ]KqQJIԃˈgovernment) ㇑䗆Ⲵ Ӫਓ䶎ᑨཊǄ 䘉䟼൘к⎧ᐲⲴ㇑䗆ѻ޵Ǆ ԆԜ㇑䗆⵰䘉єњൠ४ GuTǌGLVtrict)Ǆ 䘉њൠᯩ⭡ԆԜ㇑䗆Ǆ 䘉њⴱ㇑䗆⵰‫ޛ‬њᐲǄ 䈱൘㇑⨶䘉њᐕল˛ ԆԜᢺ䘉њ෾ᐲ㇑⨶ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ ᡁаᇊՊ䇔ⵏ㇑⨶ˈ֐ቡ᭮ᗳ੗Ǆ བྷᆖ㇑⨶ᗇ䎺ྭˈᆖ⭏ᶕᗇቡ䎺ཊǄ ㇑⨶ྭᮉᆖᱟᆖṑ䟽㾱Ⲵᐕ֌ѻаǄ Ԇ㓿㇑⵰䘉ᇦᐕলǄ ṑ䮯⯵Ҷˈᆖṑ䘉ࠐཙ‫⦻⭡ݸ‬㘱ᐸ㓿㇑Ǆ Ԇ䘰Ձਾቡᢺ依侶‫ݯ‬Ӕ㔉‫ݯ‬ᆀ㓿㇑ҶǄ Ԇ㓿㇑Ҷ䘉њ依侶‫ݯ‬ԕਾˈᴽ࣑ਈᗇ䎺ᶕ䎺 ྭҶǄ ԆᱟӾ৫ᒤᔰ࿻㓿㩕䘉ᇦ依ᓇⲴǄ Ԇ㓿㩕ᗇн䭉ˈ⭏᜿ᖸྭǄ 䘉њᐕলഐѪ㓿㩕ᗇнྭ㘼‫ޣ‬䰘 (to shut down) ҶǄ

gu~ngkuò ᒯ䱄 JXӽQ ㇑ v.* 1B

to manage, to discipline, to be responsible for (reduplication: A(а)A)

161

Ԇᱟ㇑ᮉᆖⲴˈᡁᱟ㇑ᆖ⭏ⲴǄ Ԇ൘ᇦ䟼ᱟ㇑䫡ⲴǄ ᐕল䘈㇑᧕䘱ᐕӪкл⨝Ǆ Ԇ㇑ᆖ⭏㇑ᗇཚѕ (yán, strict)ˈᡁԜнௌ⅒ԆǄ ᯵㹼⽮㇑㔉᯵ᇒҠ⾘ǃ࣎ㆮ䇱ㅹㅹǄ 䘉Ԧһᖂ JXƯWRJREDFNWR Ԇ㇑Ǆ 䘉њቡӔ㔉Ԇ㇑੗ˈԆаᇊ㜭‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ ԆᖸՊ㇑ᆙᆀˈ䈱䜭䈤ԆⲴᆙᆀᱟањᖸੜ 䈍ⲴྭᆙᆀǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀнྭྭᆖҐˈૡԜᓄ䈕ྭྭ‫ݯ‬㇑(а)㇑Ԇ ҶǄ

Note: * ㇑⨶ QµPDQDJHPHQW¶DVLQ Ԇᱟᆖ㇑⨶Ⲵ. * 㓿㩕 QµRSHUDWLRQ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟа⿽ᇦᓝᔿ (shì, style) Ⲵ㓿㩕. * ㇑ YµWRLQWHUIHUH¶DVLQ ֐н㾱㇑ᗇཚཊҶ.

JXӽQJNXz ᒯ䱄 adj.

wide

JXӽQJEy ᒯঊ adj. 3 N/A

extensive, broad (of knowledge, feelings, etc.; ᒯঊ + abstract items) (ᒯ, wide; ঊ, rich)

ᕐ㘱ᐸ⸕䇶 ]KƯVKLNQRZOHGJH ᒯঊˈᆖ⭏ Ԝ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ Ԇ৫䗷ᖸཊൠᯩˈ㿱䇶 (jiànshi, experience) ᒯ ঊǄ Ԇᴹ⵰ᒯঊⲴᛵᘰ (qínghuái, affections)Ǆ

liáokuò 䗭䱄 adj. 3D

expansive, boundless (of land, field, ocean; not + abstract items; with a strong literary flavour) (䗭, distant; 䱄, broad)

䗭䱄Ⲵབྷ⎧㖾ѭ㘼ᒣ䶉 (píngjìng, tranquil)Ǆ ᡀ㗔Ⲵ㖺‫↓ݯ‬൘䗭䱄Ⲵབྷ㥹৏ FӽR\XiQ prairie) кਲ਼㥹Ǆ ѝഭⲴഭ൏䗭䱄ˈӪਓՇཊǄ 䘉њഭᇦᑵઈ (fúyuán, dimensionality) 䗭䱄ˈ䍴ⓀѠᇼ ]Ư\XiQIƝQJIULFKUHVRXUFHV Ǆ

JXӽQJdà ᒯབྷ adj. 2B

large and vast (of land or territory), ѝഭे䜘Ⲵᒯབྷൠ४Ӻཙ䜭лҶབྷ䴚Ǆ large-scale, massive, numerous (of Ԇ䘉њӪ⾎䙊 VKpQWǀQJH[WUHPHO\ZHOOpeople) (antonym: ⤝ሿ [Li[LӽR connected) ᒯབྷˈ䇔䇶ᖸཊӪǄ ԆⲴⅼਇࡠᒯབྷⅼ䘧 (mí, fan) Ⲵ⅒䗾Ǆ 䘉䜘ᯠ⭥ᖡӺཙ઼ᒯབྷ㿲Շ JXƗQ]KzQJ DXGLHQFH 㿱䶒ҶǄ

JXӽQJIjQ ᒯ⌋ adj. 2B

wide-ranging, widespread, extensive (usu. referring to abstract items) (antonym: ⤝ゴ [Li]KӽL ⌋, extensive)

ԆⲴҖ޵ᇩ (nèiróng, content) ᒯ⌋ˈᡁᖸௌ ⅒ⴻǄ Պкབྷᇦᒯ⌋ൠӔᦒҶ᜿㿱 (yìjian, opinions)Ǆ 䘉њ≹ᆇⲴ⭘⌅∄䖳ᒯ⌋Ǆ Ԇ䈤ⲴᗇࡠҶབྷᇦⲴᒯ⌋䇔ਟ UqQNČDSSURYDO Ǆ 䘁ᒤᶕˈ⭥㝁ᗇࡠҶᒯ⌋Ⲵ֯⭘Ǆ

162

gu~ngkuò ᒯ䱄 ྩௌ⅒ⴻҖǃᕩ䫒⩤ǃ⭫⭫‫ݯ‬ㅹㅹˈ⡡ྭ䶎ᑨᒯ ⌋Ǆ

JXӽQJNXz ᒯ䱄 adj. 2B

wide, broad, far-reaching, capacious (of sky, plain, future, etc.; broader than ᇭ䱄) (antonym: ゴሿ ]KӽL[LӽR

呏‫ੁݯ‬ᒯ䱄Ⲵཙオѝ伎৫Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭ⴻྭҶѝഭⲴᒯ䱄ᐲ൪Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵ⭠䟾 WLiQ\ČILHOG ᒯ䱄ˈኡ㖾≤㖾ˈ ᱟњྭൠᯩǄ 䘉њབྷᆖ࣎ᗇᖸྭˈᴹ⵰ᒯ䱄ⲴࡽᲟ TLiQMӿQJ future)Ǆ ᒯ䱄Ⲵ㥹৏кˈа㗔㗔⢋㖺↓൘ਲ਼㥹Ǆ

NƗLNXz ᔰ䱄 adj. 2D

open, wide, spacious (of area, mind, etc.)

NXƗQFKDQJ ᇭᮎ adj. 2D

roomy (of a place, etc.; also used figuratively) (antonym: ⤝ゴ [Li]KӽL ᇭ, wide; ᮎ, spacious)

ԆᇦⲴᡯᆀᖸᇭᮎˈҏᖸ┲ӞǄ 䛓њᮉᇔᇭᮎᶱҶˈਟԕ඀лᖸཊᆖ⭏Ǆ ᇭᮎⲴᇒ঵䟼ᴹᖸཊᇒӪǄ ྲ᷌ᢺ䘉ᕐṼᆀᩜࠪ৫ˈ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔቡՊਈᗇᇭ ᮎа⛩‫ݯ‬ҶǄ 䘉ḻᾬ䟼Ⲵᡯᆀ䜭∄䖳ሿˈнཚᇭᮎˈ䎠ᓺ ]ԁXOiQJFRUULGRU ҏᴹӋ⤝ゴǄ 䘉њ䲒ᆀⵏᇭᮎʽ 䘉྇ᡯᆀ৸ᇭᮎ৸㡂ᴽǄ ᲊՊ㾱ᶕᖸཊӪˈᡁԜ䴰㾱ањᇭᮎⲴൠᯩǄ 䈍䈤ࠪᶕҶԕਾˈԆ㿹ᗇᗳ䟼ᇭᮎҶᖸཊǄ

NXƗQGj ᇭབྷ adj. 2D

spacious, wide, generous (referring to concrete or abstract items) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ⤝ゴ [Li]KӽL

Ԇௌ⅒クᇭབྷⲴ㺓ᴽˈ㿹ᗇ∄䖳㡂ᴽǄ 䛓њ࣎‫ޜ‬ᾬᴹ⵰ᇭབྷⲴデᡧǄ ᇭབྷⲴ㜨ᘰ [LǀQJKXiL mind/ heart) ᱟᡁԜ ⇿ањӪ䜭ᓄ䈕ᴹⲴǄ ԆᴹаᕐᇭབྷⲴ㝨ˈ‫ۿ‬Ԇ⡨⡨аṧǄ ᨑ⵰Ԇ䛓ᇭབྷⲴ᡻ᦼˈᡁᝏࡠᖸ⑙᳆Ǆ ྩ㠚Ӿᘰᆅ (huáiyùn, to become pregnant) Ҷ ԕਾˈクⲴ㺓ᴽ઼䶻䜭ਈᗇᇭᇭབྷབྷⲴҶǄ

NXƗQJXӽQJ ᇭᒯ adj. 2D

broad, vast, capacious (of land, field; also used figuratively)

Ԇᇦտ൘ߌᶁˈᡯࡽᱟа⡷ᔰ䱄Ⲵ⭠䟾Ǆ Ԇ඀൘㡩кˈᵋ⵰ᔰ䱄Ⲵ⎧䶒Ǆ 䛓ᶑ⊏Ⲵ⊏䶒ॱ࠶ᔰ䱄Ǆ 㾱ᜣᘛҀൠ⭏⍫ˈᗳ㜨 [ƯQ[LǀQJEUHDGWKRI mind) ቡаᇊ㾱ᔰ䱄Ǆ ԆⲴҖᡁᖸௌ⅒ⴻˈഐѪԆⲴᙍ䐟 VƯO a train of thought) ᖸᔰ䱄Ǆ

Ԇаࠪ෾ቡⴻࡠҶᇭᒯⲴ⭠䟾Ǆ ԆⲴ㜨ᘰᖸᇭᒯˈሩӪᙫᱟ䛓Ѹ✝ᛵǄ ѝഭ䘁ᒤᶕਁኅᗇᖸᘛˈࡽᲟ TLiQMӿQJ prospect) ᇭᒯǄ ԆⲴ⸕䇶䶒 ]KƯVKLPLjQWKHUDQJHRI knowledge) ᇭᒯˈᖸਇᆖ⭏Ⲵ⅒䗾Ǆ

guòfèn 䗷࠶

163

ԆⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔ൘Ҽॱ‫ޝ‬ᾬˈ䛓䟼Ⲵ㿶䟾 VKu\Č sight) 䶎ᑨᇭᒯǄ NXƗQNXz ᇭ䱄 adj. 2C

wide, broad, square-built, capacious 䘉䟼Ⲵ䚃䐟䜭ᖸᇭ䱄ˈᔰ䖖ᖸᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ (of body parts, road, field, mind, Ԇᴹ⵰ᇭ䱄Ⲵ㜨ᘰǄ view, etc.) ᇭ䱄Ⲵ⎧䶒ᒣ䶉㘼㖾ѭǄ ԆⲴࡽ仍 TLiQ¶p IRUHKHDG ᖸᇭ䱄ˈ‫ۿ‬ԆⲴ⡨⡨Ǆ 䛓ᶑ‫ޜ‬䐟ᇭ䱄ᗇᖸˈᴹ‫ޛ‬ᶑ䖖䚃 (lane)Ǆ 䖖ᔰ䗷䛓ᓗኡԕਾˈࡽ䶒ቡਈᗇᇭ䱄䎧ᶕǄ ᇭ䱄Ⲵཙᆹ䰘ᒯ൪кᴹᖸཊӪǄ 䈫Җ㜭֯ӪⲴ⵬⭼ᇭ䱄ˈᆖࡠᖸཊь㾯Ǆ

guòfèn 䗷࠶ adj.

exorbitant

guòdù 䗷ᓖ adj. 2D

excessive, overmuch (referring to the body, emotion, etc.) (antonym: 䘲ᓖ shìdù) (䗷, over; ᓖ, limit)

䗷ᓖⲴࣣ㍟ (láolèi, fatigue) ֯Ԇ⯵‫ق‬ҶǄ ሩᆙᆀн㜭䗷ᓖᇐ⡡ˈ⋑ᴹྭ༴Ǆ 䛓䟼Ⲵᾬᡯ䗷ᓖ䳶ѝ Mt]KǀQJFRQFHQWUDWHG ӪཚཊҶǄ ்䞂㾱䘲ᓖˈ்䞂䗷ᓖሩ䓛փнྭǄ ‫ڊ‬ӰѸһᛵ䜭н㜭䗷ᓖǄ ྸྸ䓛փнྭˈᆙᆀԜн䇙ྩ䗷ᓖࣣ㍟Ǆ 㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬н㾱䗷ᓖ㍗ᕐ MӿQ]KƗQJ nervous)Ǆ Ԇ‫[ ཻޤ‬ƯQJIqQH[FLWHG 䗷ᓖˈ᱘ཙᲊк⋑ⶑ⵰ 㿹Ǆ

guòfèn 䗷࠶ adj. 2C

exorbitant, crossing over the line, undue (oft. of words, deeds, etc.) (antonym: 䘲ᖃ shìdàng) (࠶, mark)

Ԇ䘎㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀ䜭н᭮䗷ˈҏཚ䗷࠶Ҷʽ Ԇ‫ڊ‬䭉Ҷˈ䈤䈤 (to tell off) Ԇн䗷࠶Ǆ 䗷࠶Ⲵ䈍ᱟнᓄ䈕䈤ⲴǄ Ԇᴹᰦ䇔ⵏᗇᴹӋ䗷࠶Ǆ ቡᱟྭ䈍ҏн㜭䈤ᗇཚ䗷࠶ҶǄ Ԇ䘉њӪӰѸ䜭ྭˈቡᱟ䗷࠶ᇒ≄Ǆ Ԇ䛓䗷࠶Ⲵ✝ᛵ֯ᗇྣ਼ᆖ䜭⿫Ԇ䘌䘌ⲴǄ ഐѪᱟㅜа⅑㿱䶒ˈ֐䈤䈍㾱䘲ᖃаӋˈᴰྭн 㾱ᔰ䗷࠶Ⲵ⧙ㅁ (joke)Ǆ

guòliàng 䗷䟿 adj. 2 N/A

JXzKXԁ 䗷⚛ adj. 1 N/A

redundant in quantity, excessive (antonym: 䘲䟿) (䟿, amount)

ਲ਼㦟㾱䘲䟿ˈн㜭䗷䟿Ǆ 㪑㨴䞂ቁ்ਟԕˈնᱟ䗷䟿Ⲵ㪑㨴䞂ሩӪⲴ 䓛փҏнྭǄ ਲ਼ᗇ䗷䟿Պਁ㜆 IƗSjQJto gain weight)Ǆ

too far, overdone (of argument, cooking, etc.) (⚛, fire)

ቭ㇑Ԇ‫ڊ‬ᗇнྭˈᡁ㿹ᗇ֐䘉ṧ䈤Ԇ䘈ᱟᴹ ⛩‫ݯ‬䗷⚛Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪӾᶕн‫ڊ‬䗷⚛Ⲵһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉ⴈ㖺㚹‫ڊ‬ᗇ↓ྭˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н䗷⚛Ǆ

164

guòfèn 䗷࠶ 䗷⚛Ⲵ䈍н㜭䈤ˈ䈤Ҷ࡛ӪՊн儈‫Ⲵޤ‬Ǆ ྩ⡡ᆙᆀ⡡ᗇཚ䗷⚛ˈ䘎ᆙᆀ㠚ᐡ䜭㿹ᗇਇ нҶ OLӽR Ǆ བྷ劬བྷ㚹н㜭ਲ਼ᗇཚ䗷⚛ˈሩ䓛փнྭǄ

guòtóu 䗷ཤ adj. 1 N/A

too much, overdone (antonym: ↓ྭ) (ཤ, head)

䛓ԭ⢋ᧂ (niúpái, steak) ‫ڊ‬ᗇ↓ྭˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н 䗷ཤǄ н㾱ᢺ䈍䈤ᗇཚ䗷ཤҶǄ Ԇ⸕䚃‫ݯ‬ᆀ‫Ⲵڊ‬䛓Ӌ䗷ཤⲴһ‫ݯ‬ԕਾˈ 傜кᢃ⭥䈍᢮ԆǄ ԆӺཙᰙкⶑ䗷ཤҶˈ⋑ᴹ᤹ᰦ৫к䈮Ǆ ⛂䗷ཤⲴ䶂㨌ቡՊਈ哴ⲴǄ

Note: 䗷Ҿ DGYµWRR¶DVLQ 㘳䈅ᰦн㾱䗷Ҿ㍗ᕐ MӿQ]KƗQJnervous).

háih~o 䘈ྭ

165

H KiLKӽR 䘈ྭ adj. còuhe ࠁਸ adj.* 1D

not bad not too bad (dialect; 䘈 + ࠁਸ; also ࠁਸһ‫( )ݯ‬reduplication: AABB) (ࠁ, to pool together; ਸ, to close)

ԆнՊ⌅䈝ˈ㤡䈝䘈ࠁਸǄ Ԇ䓛փн㇇‫ڕ‬ᓧˈਟ䘈ࠁਸǄ ੜ䈤䛓њ⭥ᖡ䘈ࠁਸˈᴹᰦ䰤৫ⴻⴻǄ A: ֐Ⲵ≹䈝䈤ᗇн䭉Ǆ B: ࠁਸ੗Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖ߉ᗇ䘈ࠁਸһ‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ Ԇ‫ؙ‬䈱ҏн⡡䈱ˈն䘈ᱟࠁࠁਸਸൠ൘а䎧 ⭏⍫ҶࠐॱᒤǄ

KiLKӽR 䘉䖶䖖ᡁᖸௌ⅒ˈԧṬ䘈ྭˈᡁቡҠҶǄ 䘈ྭ adj. not bad ԆнᱟᡁᴰྭⲴᴻ৻ˈնᱟᡁԜⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ 1$ JXƗQ[LUHODWLRQVKLS 䘈ྭǄ Ԇᐢ㓿ҍॱཊ኱Ҷˈ䓛փ䘈ྭˈ⋑ᴹӰѸབྷ⯵Ǆ KiLNČ\ӿ 䘈ਟԕ ph.* just fine 1 N/A

䘉ৼ䶻ཚབྷҶˈ䛓ৼ䶻䘈ਟԕǄ Ԇ依㨌‫ڊ‬ᗇ䘈ਟԕǄ A: ֐᱘ཙⴻⲴ䛓њ⭥ᖡᘾѸṧ˛ B: 䘈ਟԕ੗Ǆ

háixíng 䘈㹼 adj. 1 N/A

䘉ἥ㤩᷌ṁ৫ᒤ䘈㹼ˈ䮯Ҷнቁ㤩᷌˗ਟᱟӺ ᒤቡн㹼Ҷˈањ㤩᷌ҏ⋑䮯Ǆ ֐㿹ᗇ䘈㹼ੇ˛㍟ҶቡՁ᚟алǄ Ԇᢃ㈞⨳䘈㹼ˈਟᱟнՊ䑒䏣⨳Ǆ

okay

PӽPDKǌKǌ 傜傜㱾㱾 ph. so-so (傜, horse; 㱾, tiger) 1 N/A

A: ֐Ⲵ≹䈝䈤ᗇн䭉Ǆ B: 傜傜㱾㱾Ǆ ᡯᆀнབྷˈն䘈㜭տˈ傜傜㱾㱾੗Ǆ

Note: * ࠁਸ YµWRGRDVXEVWDQGDUGMRE¶DVLQ 䘉њᐕ֌ᡁԜаᇊ㾱‫ྭڊ‬, ࡛ࠁਸ. * ࠁਸ YµWRSXWVWKWRJHWKHUWHPSRUDULO\¶DVLQ 䘉њᡯ䰤ᖸሿ, ᢮нࡠབྷⲴ, ਚྭ‫ࠁݸ‬ਸ⵰੗. * 䘈ਟԕ SKµFDQDOVR¶DVLQ 䘉䟼ਟԕ⑨⌣, 䘈ਟԕࡂ㡩. ¾ ࠁਸ/ 傜傜㱾㱾 are often used as polite words, to show humility and modesty when being praised by others. ¾ 傜㱾 DGMµFDUHOHVV¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉њӪ∄䖳傜㱾, 㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ‫߉ى‬Ҷнቁ䭉ᆇ.

166

háizi ᆙᆀ

háizi ᆙᆀ n. értóng ‫ݯ‬ㄕ n. 3B

child ‫ݯ‬ㄕᱟᡁԜⲴᵚᶕ (wèilái, future)Ǆ children (a generic term, used in the ᴹӋ⭥ᖡнᓄ䈕䇙‫ݯ‬ㄕⴻǄ plural) (antonym: 㘱Ӫ) (ㄕ, child) Ԇᱟ‫ݯ‬ㄕ५䲒Ⲵ५⭏Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒Ѫ‫ݯ‬ㄕ߉ҖǄ ‫ݯ‬ㄕ㢲ᱟ⇿ᒤⲴ‫ޝ‬ᴸаᰕǄ Ԇᑖᆙᆀ৫ⴻҶа䜘‫ݯ‬ㄕ⭥ᖡǄ

]ӿQԉ ᆀྣ n. 3-2 N/A

offspring (ᆀ, son)

pUQԉ ‫ ྣݯ‬n. 2C

sons and daughters (plural only)

háizi ᆙᆀ n. 2A

child (⭧/ ྣ + ᆙᆀ, the only word in this group that can be used this way) (antonym: བྷӪ)

[LӽRSpQJ\ԁX ሿᴻ৻ n. child, little boy or girl (oft. used 2B by an adult to a child)

䛓ᇦӪ⭏⍫ᗇᖸᒨ⾿ˈ⡦⇽‫ޣ‬ᗳᆀྣˈᆀྣ ᆍᮜ (xiàojìng, to be filial and respectful to) ⡦⇽Ǆ Ԇሩᆀྣ઼⡦⇽䜭ᖸྭǄ ⡦⇽ሩᆀྣⲴ⡡ᱟᴰᰐ⿱ Z~VƯVHOIOHVV ⲴǄ ֌Ѫᆀྣˈ䈱䜭ᜣ㠚ᐡⲴ⡦⇽䓛փ‫ڕ‬ᓧǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨ⯬⡡㠚ᐡⲴ‫ྣݯ‬Ǆ ‫ྣݯ‬䮯བྷԕਾˈᐕ֌аᘉቡᖸቁᴹᰦ䰤എᇦ ⴻ⡦⇽ҶǄ ԆԜⲴаሩ‫ ˈྣݯ‬ањ൘䈫བྷᆖˈањ൘䬦㹼ᐕ ֌Ǆ ‫ྣݯ‬н㜭ᙫᱟ䶐 (kào, to depend on) ⡦⇽Ǆ 䘰Ձ WXu[Lǌ WR UHWLUH ൘ᇦˈྩ㔉‫ྣݯ‬Ԝᑖᆙᆀǃ ‫ڊ‬依Ǆ ԆԜ㘱‫ؙ‬ਓ⋑‫ˈྣ⋑ݯ‬ᇦ䟼ᖸߧ␵Ǆ Ԇᴹєњᆙᆀˈањ⭧ᆙᆀˈањྣᆙᆀǄ 䛓њᆙᆀᱟ䈱ᇦⲴ˛ ᆙᆀ䈤ྸྸаՊ‫ݯ‬ቡՊᶕ᧕ԆഎᇦǄ ᆙᆀⲴ㘱ᐸᱟेӜӪǄ Ӻཙᱟઘᵛˈ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼ᴹᖸཊབྷӪ઼ᆙᆀǄ Ԇᇦᆙᆀཊˈཙཙ䜭ᖸᘉǄ ԆӺᒤॱ‫ޛ‬኱ˈᐢ㓿нᱟᆙᆀҶǄ ԆԜ㔃ႊᐢ㓿ॱᒤҶˈਟаⴤ䘈⋑ᴹᆙᆀǄ ⧠൘Ⲵᆙᆀ∄ᡁԜሿᰦ‫ى‬ᒨ⾿ཊҶǄ Ԇ↓൘㔉ᆙᆀԜ䇢᭵һǄ Ԇ䘱ᆙᆀ৫ᆖṑҶǄ ሿᴻ৻ˈ֐ཊབྷҶ˛ 㘱ᐸᑖ⵰ᖸཊሿᴻ৻৫‫ޜ‬ഝ⧙ҶǄ ଚњሿᴻ৻ᜣഎㆄ䘉њ䰞仈˛ ク⵰㓒㼉ᆀⲴሿᴻ৻ᱟ⦻㘱ᐸⲴྣ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䛓䗩䎠䗷ᶕа㗔ሿᴻ৻Ǆ ‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖к඀⵰нቁሿᴻ৻Ǆ 䘉њሿᴻ৻ⵏਟ⡡ʽ

h~iwài ⎧ཆ [LӽRKiLU ሿᆙ‫ ݯ‬n. 1A

䘉њሿᆙ‫┲ⵏݯ‬Ӟʽ kid (also ሿᆙᆀ; singular or plural) Ԇᇦᴹഋњሿᆙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ (antonym: བྷӪ) ሿᆙ‫ݯ‬䜭ௌ⅒⧙‫ˈݯ‬䘉ᖸ↓ᑨ (zhèngcháng, normal)Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒ሿᆙ‫ˈݯ‬ᡰԕаⴤ⋑㾱ᆙᆀǄ ֐ᐢ㓿Ҽॱཊ኱ҶˈᘾѸ䘈‫ۿ‬ањሿᆙ‫ݯ‬ аṧௌ⅒⧙Ǆ Ԇᖸᴹ਽ˈ䘎ሿᆙ‫ݯ‬䜭⸕䚃ԆǄ 䛓䗩ྭ‫ۿ‬ᴹሿᆙ‫Ⲵݯ‬ଝ༠ˈᡁԜ䗷৫ⴻⴻǄ ԆⲴሿᆙ‫ݯ‬Ӻᒤ‫ޛ‬኱ˈ∄ᡁⲴབྷа኱Ǆ 䘉⿽ൠᯩˈਚᴹབྷӪਟԕ䘋৫ˈሿᆙ‫ݯ‬н㜭䘋Ǆ

KӽLZjL ⎧ཆ n. jìngwài ຳཆ n. 3-2 N/A

guówài ഭཆ n. 2 N/A

KӽLZjL ⎧ཆ n. 2D

wàiguó ཆഭ n. 2A

167

overseas

beyond the border, offshore (ຳ, border; ཆ, outside)

abroad, foreign (antonym: ഭ޵)

overseas, expatriate

foreign country

Ӿ䘉䟼ਟԕᖰຳཆᇴ䫡ੇ˛ 䘉њᆖṑᱟ઼ຳཆⲴаᡰབྷᆖਸ࣎ⲴǄ 䘉ᱟаᇦຳཆ‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ ˈᡁԜ ⋑ᴹੜ䈤䗷Ǆ ӺᒤᶕѝഭⲴຳཆ⑨ᇒ∄৫ᒤཊǄ ᒯь㨌൘ഭ޵ǃഭཆ䜭ᖸᴹ਽Ǆ ԆӺᒤ㾱ࡠഭཆ৫ᆖҐǄ Ԇ৫ഭཆ᯵⑨৫ҶˈањᴸԕਾഎᶕǄ 䘉ᱟӾഭཆᶕⲴ㘱ᐸˈԆᱟᮉ㤡䈝ⲴǄ Ӿഭཆ䘋ਓⲴ⊭䖖ˈ䍘䟿 (zhìliàng, quality) 䘈ਟ ԕˈնᱟ∄䖳䍥Ǆ 䘉њབྷᆖᴹᖸཊ⎧ཆᆖ⭏Ǆ 䘉њ⭥ᖡ൘⎧ཆᖸਇ⅒䗾Ǆ Ԇᱟ৫ᒤӾ⎧ཆഎᶕⲴˈഎᶕԕਾаⴤ൘䘉њབྷ ᆖ䟼ᮉ䈮Ǆ ⎧ཆⲴѝഭӪᴹᖸཊˈнቁᱟᴰ䘁䘉ࠐᒤࡊࠪ৫ ⲴǄ Ԇ൘⎧ཆ⭏⍫ҶҼॱཊᒤԕਾഎࡠҶѝഭǄ 䘉ԭ⎧ཆѝ᮷ᣕ㓨∄䖳ਇ⅒䗾Ǆ 䛓ᵜҖⲴ਽ᆇᱟǉѝഭӪ൘⎧ཆǊǄ Ԇᖸሿቡ৫ཆഭҶǄ Ԇᴹᖸཊཆഭᴻ৻Ǆ ԆⲴ࿫ᆀᱟањཆഭӪǄ ཆഭྭᱟྭˈնᱟԆ䘰Ձԕਾ䘈ᱟഎഭᶕ ޫ㘱 \ӽQJOӽRto enjoy life in retirement) ҶǄ Ԇᖸቁⴻཆഭ⭥ᖡǄ ࡠҶཆഭԕਾˈԆ㿹ᗇᖸཊь㾯䜭ᖸᯠ勌Ǆ 䛓њӪ䈤ཆഭ䈍ˈᡁа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭ੜн៲Ǆ

168

KjL[Lǌ ᇣ㗎

KjL[Lǌ ᇣ㗎 v.

to blush

EKӽR\uVL ԆⴻࡠྩᶕҶˈ䘈ᴹӋнྭ᜿ᙍǄ нྭ᜿ᙍ ph. to feel embarrassed, to find it ⵏнྭ᜿ᙍˈᡁᗇ GČLKDYHWR ‫ݸ‬䎠а↕Ǆ 2B embarrassing (᜿ᙍ, meaning, hint) Ԇᖸᜣ⸕䚃ˈն৸нྭ᜿ᙍ䰞Ǆ ԆⲴ䈍֯ྩᖸнྭ᜿ᙍˈ㝨䜭㓒ҶǄ н㾱нྭ᜿ᙍˈ䗷ᶕ䐏བྷᇦ㿱њ䶒Ǆ Ԇ䎺䘉Ѹ䈤ˈᡁቡ䎺нྭ᜿ᙍǄ ᴹӰѸ䴰㾱ᑞᘉⲴቡ䈤ˈ࡛нྭ᜿ᙍǄ KjL[Lǌ ᇣ㗎 v. 2D

to blush, to feel shy (ᇣ, to suffer from; 㗎, shy)

hàisào ᇣ㟺 v. 1 N/A

to feel ashamed, to feel awkward (oft. with negative connotation) (㟺, shy)

+jQ\ԃ ≹䈝 n. *Xy\ԃ ഭ䈝 n. 2 N/A

+jQ\ԃ ≹䈝 n. 2A

Ԇ䘉њӪᖸᇣ㗎Ǆ ࡛ᇣ㗎ˈ޽བྷ༠а⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ྩа䘋䰘ⴻࡠ䛓ѸཊӪˈቡᇣ㗎䎧ᶕǄ ൘䘉ѸཊӪ䶒ࡽୡⅼˈԆᇣ㗎ᶱҶǄ Ԇ䘎䐏Ӫ䈤䈍䜭ᇣ㗎ˈ࡛䈤൘䘉ѸཊӪ䶒ࡽ ୡⅼҶǄ ⵏнᇣ㗎ˈ䘉ѸབྷҶ䘈䐏ᆙᆀᣒ TLӽQJWR fight for) ਲ਼ⲴǄ ֐䘉⿽䈍䜭䈤ˈнᇣ㟺ੇ˛ ֐䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬ᡁⵏᴯ֐ᇣ㟺ʽ ཤа⅑൘䘉ѸཊӪ䶒ࡽୡⅼˈ㘼фୡᗇ৸ᖸ нྭˈྩᇣ㟺ᶱҶǄ Ԇᱟањнᇣ㟺ˈӰѸ䈍䜭㜭䈤ࠪᶕⲴӪǄ

Chinese language Mandarin (used more in Hong Kong and Taiwan; an old usage in Mainland China) (ഭ, country; 䈝, language)

Chinese language (≹, Han nationality in China)

俉⑟Ӫ⭘³ഭ䈝´䘉њ䇽Ǆ 䎺ᶕ䎺ཊⲴ俉⑟Ӫᔰ࿻ᆖҐഭ䈝Ǆ Ԇഭ䈝઼ᒯь䈍䜭Պ䈤Ǆ ԆᱟᡁԜⲴഭ䈝㘱ᐸǄ ԆⲴҖṼк᭮⵰ഭ䈝䈮ᵜǄ ԆՊ䈤≹䈝ˈҏՊ䈤㤡䈝Ǆ ≹䈝ᱟԆⲴ⇽䈝 (mother tongue)Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖᱟ⭘≹䈝߉ⲴǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇᆖ≹䈝ᴰ䳮Ⲵᱟ߉≹ᆇǄ ԆнՊ≹䈝᤬丣 SƯQ\ƯQ Ǆ Ԇ൘བྷᆖᆖⲴᱟ≹䈝Ǆ Ԇ≹䈝䈤ᗇᖸн䭉ˈ઼ѝഭӪᐞнཊǄ Ԇᱟ⹄ウ \iQMLǌWRUHVHDUFK ≹䈝ⲴǄ

KiQJEƗQ 㡚⨝ +Xi\ԃ ॾ䈝 n. 2 N/A

Chinese language (popular in Singapore and ethnic Chinese communities outside China) (ॾ, China)

3ԃWǀQJKXj Პ䙊䈍 n. 2C

Putonghua, Mandarin, common spoken Chinese (Პ䙊, common)

=KǀQJZpQ ѝ᮷ n. 2A

Chinese language (oft. referring to written Chinese) (antonym: ཆ᮷)

KiQJEƗQ 㡚⨝ n. EƗQMƯ ⨝ᵪ n. 2D

IƝLMƯ 伎ᵪ n. 2A

169

Ԇௌ⅒ᆖॾ䈝Ǆ Ԇᱟ൘㖾ഭࠪ⭏ⲴॾӪˈॾ䈝Պ䈤а⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒ੜॾ䈝ⅼǄ 䘉ᱟаᇦॾ䈝⭥㿶ਠǄ ԆⲴᆙᆀԜઘᵛ䜭৫ᆖॾ䈝Ǆ ൘ᯠ࣐එᴹᖸཊӪ䈤ॾ䈝Ǆ ൘ѝഭⲴབྷᆖ䟼ˈབྷᇦ䜭㾱䈤Პ䙊䈍Ǆ ԆⲴᲞ䙊䈍䈤ᗇᖸྭǄ Პ䙊䈍䟼ᴹഋњ༠䈳 VKƝQJGLjRWRQH Ǆ ेӜ䈍઼Პ䙊䈍ᐞнཊǄ Პ䙊䈍ԆՊ䈤ˈᒯь䈍ԆнՊ䈤Ǆ ԆՊ䈤аਓ⍱࡙ⲴᲞ䙊䈍Ǆ Ԇ൘ѝഭᆖҶйᒤⲴѝ᮷Ǆ ѝ᮷ᱟԆᴰௌ⅒ᆖⲴ䈝䀰Ǆ Ԇ൘བྷᆖкⲴᱟѝ᮷㌫ (xì, department)ˈ∅ъԕ ਾቡᖃҶѝ᮷ᮉᐸǄ 䘉䟼আѝ᮷Җˈҏআཆ᮷ҖǄ ѝ᮷ᣕ㓨֐㜭ⴻᗇ៲ੇ˛ ԆⲴѝ᮷ᆖᗇᖸᘛˈ⧠൘䜭ᐢ㓿ਟԕ⭘ѝ᮷߉ؑ ҶǄ

scheduled flight airliner on a scheduled flight, regular air service (number + ਧ/ ⅑ + ⨝ᵪ) (⨝, shift; ᵪ, plane)

aircraft

ेӜࡠк⎧Ⲵ⨝ᵪкॸ 11 ⛩䎧伎Ǆ QF86 ਧ⨝ᵪᱟ伎ᖰଚ䟼Ⲵ˛ Ԇ҈඀Ⲵ⨝ᵪ᰾ཙлॸࡠ䗮Ǆ Ӻᲊᴹ৫俉⑟Ⲵ⨝ᵪੇ˛ ⇿ཙ䜭ᴹ৫ेӜⲴ⨝ᵪǄ ԆⲴ⨝ᵪᲊ⛩ (delayed) ҶǄ 伎ᖰк⎧Ⲵ⨝ᵪቡ㾱䎧伎ҶǄ Ԇ৫伎ᵪ൪᧕ CX211 ⅑⨝ᵪǄ 伎ᵪ∄⚛䖖ᘛཊҶˈ֐䘈ᱟ඀伎ᵪ৫੗Ǆ 䛓ᷦ㓒㢢Ⲵ伎ᵪᱟଚњ㡚オ‫ޜ‬ਨⲴ˛ 伎ᵪ൪⿫䘉䟼䘌ੇ˛ 䘉ᷦ伎ᵪᖸབྷˈਟԕ඀ᗇлࠐⲮӪ઒Ǆ ֐Ҡࡠ伎ᵪ⾘Ҷੇ˛ ेӜᶕⲴ䛓䏏 (tàng, mw.) 伎ᵪࠐ⛩ࡠ˛ 䘉њᐕলᱟࡦ䙐 (zhìzào, to make) 伎ᵪⲴǄ

170 KiQJEƗQ 㡚⨝ n. 2D

h~o ྭ Ӻཙлབྷ䴚ˈӾेӜࡠк⎧Ⲵ㡚⨝н㜭᤹ᰦ scheduled flight or voyage (number 䎧伎Ǆ + ⅑/ ਧ + 㡚⨝) (㡚, to navigate) 䘉њ㡚⨝ᱟкњᴸᯠᔰⲴǄ Ӿབྷ䘎ࡠк⎧Ⲵ伎ᵪ⇿ཙᴹཊቁ⅑㡚⨝˛ 䘉њᵪ൪ᴹഭ޵㡚⨝ˈҏᴹഭ䱵 (guójì, international) 㡚⨝Ǆ ֐඀Ⲵ伎ᵪⲴ㡚⨝ਧᱟཊቁ˛ ᡁᜣҠаᕐ CX22 ⅑㡚⨝Ⲵᵪ⾘Ǆ Ӿк⎧ࡠབྷ䘎Ⲵᇒ䖞 (kèlún, passenger ship) Ӻཙᴹањ㡚⨝ˈ㡚⨝ਧᱟ MU68Ǆ књᱏᵏˈԆቡᱟ඀Ⲵ䘉њ㡚⨝৫㤡ഭⲴǄ

KӽR ྭ adj. bù(ú)cuò н䭉 adj.* 2A

KӽR ྭ adj. 2A

bàng ἂ adj. 1C

good not bad, pretty good (䭉, wrong)

Ӻཙཙ≄н䭉ˈᡁԜ৫‫ޜ‬ഝ⧙‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ ԆⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀᖸᘉˈ䗷ᒤ䗷㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬㜭ᢃњ⭥䈍 എᇦቡн䭉ҶǄ Ԇሩ֐Ӿᶕ䜭н䭉ˈ⧠൘Ԇᴹഠ䳮Ҷˈ֐ᓄ䈕ᑞ ࣙԆǄ Ԇ䘉⅑㘳䈅㘳ᗇн䭉Ǆ 䘉ᱟаᵜн䭉ⲴҖˈ֐ᓄ䈕ⴻⴻǄ Ԇ⡦⇽Ⲵ䓛փ䜭н䭉ˈ⋑ᴹӰѸབྷ⯵Ǆ ԆᆖҶєᒤⲴ≹䈝Ҷˈ䈤ᗇᐢ㓿ᖸн䭉ҶǄ

Ԇ䘉њӪⵏྭˈབྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ good, nice (used in comparison; ԆҠҶаᵜྭҖˈ傜кᢃ⭥䈍੺䇹ҶᡁǄ ྭ + ᗇ + ᖸ) (antonym: ൿ huài) Ӻཙཙ≄ྭᶱҶˈᡁԜࠪ৫䎠䎠੗Ǆ ԆⲴ≹䈝䈤ᗇ䎺ᶕ䎺ྭҶǄ ᡁнՊ்䞂ˈ࠶нࠪྭൿǄ ԆᱟᡁⲴྭᴻ৻ˈᡁԜ䇔䇶ᖸཊᒤҶǄ 䘉њ依侶Ⲵ㨌нྭˈૡԜ৫࡛Ⲵ依侶੗Ǆ ԆⲴ≹䈝∄ᡁⲴྭǄ ԆⲴ≹䈝ྭᗇᖸǄ 㾱ᜣᢺᐕ֌‫ˈྭڊ‬ቡаᇊ㾱ࣚ࣋Ǆ ྭကကˈ֐ቡ䇙ᡁ৫੗Ǆ

excellent, great (antonym: ᐞ chà, ൿ)

ἂ! ୡᗇཚἂҶʽ Ԇཙཙ䭫⛬ˈ䓛փᖸἂǄ 䛓њἂሿՉᆀ [LӽRKXԁ]L\RXQJPDQ ቡᱟԆ Ⲵ‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ Ԇ䐣㡎䐣ᗇἂᶱҶǄ ԆⲴᆖҐᡀ㔙൘ᡁԜ⨝кᱟᴰἂⲴˈ㘼фփ㛢 Wӿ\, sports) ҏнᐞǄ

h~oróngyì ྭᇩ᱃ kù 䞧 adj. 1 N/A

good, in vogue (a loan word from (QJOLVKµFRRO¶

171

Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ䞧ˈᒤ䖫Ӫ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ᒤ䖫Ӫ䜭ᆖ䛓սⅼᱏⲴ䞧ਁර (fàxíng, hair style)Ǆ Ԇୡᗇ䞧ᶱҶǄ 䛓䖶䖖䶎ᑨ┲Ӟˈⵏ䞧ʽ

Note: *н䭉 DGMµFRUUHFW¶DVLQ н䭉, ԆᱟेӜӪ.

KӽRUyQJ\u ྭᇩ᱃ adv.

with great difficulty

KČQEUyngyì having a hard time, very hard ᖸнᇩ᱃ ph. (used as a predicate, adverbial, 2 N/A complement, etc.; oft. commenting on sth.) (ᇩ᱃, easy)

㾱ᖃྭањ५⭏ᖸнᇩ᱃Ǆ Ԇ᡽ॱ‫ޝ‬኱ˈ㠚ᐡ৫ഭཆ䈫Җˈᖸнᇩ᱃Ǆ 䘉њ䰘ᖸнᇩ᱃ᔰ, ᐢ㓿єᒤ⋑ᴹᔰ䗷ҶǄ 䘉њᖸнᇩ᱃䈤␵ᾊˈㅹᴹᰦ䰤ᡁ޽ធធൠ䐏 ֐䈤੗Ǆ 䘉ᱟаԦᖸнᇩ᱃ⲴһᛵǄ Ԇ㜭ᢺᡯᆀ㔉Ҷ֐ˈᱟᖸнᇩ᱃ⲴǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡ˈᰕᆀ䗷ᗇᖸнᇩ᱃Ǆ

KӽREUyQJ\u ྭнᇩ᱃ ph. after all the trouble (usu. 1 N/A interchangeable with ྭᇩ᱃)

‫ڌ‬䖖൪䖖ᖸཊˈԆྭнᇩ᱃᡽‫ڌ‬л䖖Ǆ 依нྭਲ਼ˈԆྭнᇩ᱃᡽ਲ਼ᆼҶǄ Ԇྭнᇩ᱃㘳кҶབྷᆖǄ Ԇཚ儈ˈྭнᇩ᱃᡽ҠࡠҶ㜭クⲴ㼔ᆀǄ

KӽRUyngyì ྭᇩ᱃ adv. 1B

䖖кӪᖸཊˈԆྭᇩ᱃᡽᢮ࡠҶањᓗսǄ Ԇᖸᘉˈᡁྭᇩ᱃᡽㿱ࡠҶԆǄ 䛓ᵜҖᖸ䳮ҠˈԆྭᇩ᱃᡽ҠࡠҶǄ ᡁྭᇩ᱃ᢺ依‫ྭڊ‬ҶˈԆ৸䈤нᜣਲ਼ҶǄ ྭᇩ᱃ҠࡠҶ⚛䖖⾘ˈԆᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇྭᇩ᱃䰞ࡠҶྩⲴ⭥䈍ˈਟᱟаᢃতᱟа њ䭉ਧǄ

KӽR[LjQJ ྭ‫ ۿ‬v. IӽQJI~ ԯ֋ v.* 3B

with great difficulty, not at all easy (oft. ྭᇩ᱃ + ᡽ + verb; usu. used as an adverbial, not a predicate or complement)

to look as if ߜཙⲴሂ仾੩൘㝨к, ԯ֋࠰ࢢ JƝWRFXW а as if, to be alike (usu. ԯ֋ + ṧǄ object; ԯ֋«аṧ/ а㡜/ լⲴ) 䘉ᵜҖⲴ᭵һ઼䛓ᵜҖⲴ⴨ԯ֋Ǆ ⚟⚛ᢺᒯ൪➗ᗇԯ֋ⲭཙа㡜 \Ưu EƗQ the same kind)Ǆ ᲊ䵎 (xiá, afterglow) ᱐㓒Ҷཙ䗩ˈԯ֋аഒ (mw.) ⚛Ǆ ԆԜࠐњӪⲴᒤ喴⴨ԯ֋Ǆ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬ԯ֋Ӣ‫ݴ‬ᕏаṧǄ

172

h~oxiàng ྭ‫ۿ‬ 䈱Ⲵ⭥䈍Ԇ䜭н᧕ˈԯ֋ањ㙻 (lóng, deaf) ᆀլⲴ (shìde, similar)Ǆ

jìnsì 䘁լ v. 3D

rútóng ྲ਼ v. 3C

to be similar to, to be close to (ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬/ ᴹӋ + 䘁լ) (䘁, close; լ, similar)

to resemble (ྲ਼ + object) (ྲ, to like; ਼, the same)

䘉ࠐњ≹ᆇᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬䘁լ, ࡛߉䭉ҶǄ 䘉њ㨌Ⲵણ䚃䘁լҾ䛓њ㨌ˈєњ䜭ྭਲ਼Ǆ ԆⲴୡ⌅䘁լѝഭⲴӜࢗǄ ԆԜ䘁լ⡦ᆀˈ䈱䜭⿫нᔰ䈱Ǆ 䘉њ仌㢢䘁լ㓒㢢ˈᡁௌ⅒Ǆ ԆⲴ䈍䈝ᴹӋ䘁լᣡᙘ (bàoyuàn, complaint)ˈ ᡁԜ䜭ੜࠪᶕҶǄ ྣ‫Ⲵྸྸ਼ྲݯ‬ሿỹ㺴 PLiQ¶ӽRcottonpadded jacket)ˈ઼ྸྸ⢩࡛ӢǄ Ԇ⢩࡛⵰ᙕˈᗳ䟼ྲ਼⵰⚛ ]KiRKXԁWREH on fire) аṧǄ Ԇᇦྲ਼㣡ഝˈࡠ༴䜭ᱟ㣡㥹Ǆ ᒯ൪кࡠ༴䜭ᱟ⚟⚛ˈྲ਼ⲭཙǄ Ԇྲ਼ањሿᆙᆀˈⴻࡠӰѸ䜭㿹ᗇᯠ勌Ǆ Ԇሩᖵᆖ⭏ˈ⣩ྲ㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀǄ ᱕ཙࡠҶˈ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼⣩ྲ㣡Ⲵ⎧⌻Ǆ 㠚Ӿᩜࡠ䘉њᯠ෾ᐲˈԆ⣩ྲㅬ (lóng, cage) ѝⲴ呏ˈᖸቁࠪ䰘Ǆ Ԇ䈫⵰䛓ᵜҖˈ⣩ྲ䎠䘋ㄕ䈍 (fairy tale) Ⲵц ⭼ˈᝏࡠᖸ㖾ྭǄ 㘱ᐸⲴ䈍⣩ྲа㛑 JԃPZ ᱕仾ˈ䇙Ԇᴹ Ҷࣚ࣋Ⲵᯩੁ IƗQJ[LjQJGLUHFWLRQ Ǆ ਼ᆖԜྭᗇ⣩ྲаᇦӪǄ

yóurú ⣩ྲ v. 3D

to be like (⣩ྲ + object) (⣩, just as)

KӽR[LjQJ ྭ‫ ۿ‬v.* 2A

to look as if, to seem, to be like (unlike ԯ֋, not used with ⴨) (ྭ‫ ۿ‬+ object)

ԆԜྭ‫ۿ‬Ӣ‫ݴ‬ᕏаṧˈᱟᖸྭⲴᴻ৻Ǆ ᆙᆀ⋑ਲ਼ᲊ依ˈྭ‫⯵ۿ‬ҶǄ Ӻཙྭ‫ۿ‬ᱟߜཙˈ⢩࡛ߧǄ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬н儈‫ޤ‬Ҷˈ֐⸕䚃ѪӰѸੇ˛ Ԇᇦ䟼ྭ‫ۿ‬ањ㣡ഝˈ᩶┑Ҷ㣡Ǆ ԆⲴ㝨ྭ‫ۿ‬аᕐⲭ㓨ˈਟ㜭ᱟ⯵ҶǄ ԆԜа㿱䶒ˈቡྭ‫ۿ‬ཊᒤⲴ㘱ᴻ৻аṧǄ ԆᮢҶᮢ䰘ˈྭ‫ۿ‬ቻ䟼⋑ӪǄ ᆙᆀԜ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇྭ‫ۿ‬ሿ呏аṧˈਛњн‫ڌ‬Ǆ Ԇㄉᗇㅄⴤ (as straight as a pen)ˈྭ‫ۿ‬ањߋ MǌQDUP\ ӪǄ Ԇⴻк৫ྭ‫ۿ‬ᴹ䈍㾱䈤Ǆ

xiàng ‫ ۿ‬v.* 2A

to resemble, to look like (referring to physical appearance or other types of resemblance)

Ԇ䮯ᗇᖸ‫ۿ‬ԆⲴ⡦Ӣˈнཚ‫⇽ۿ‬ӢǄ Ԇ൘ᮉᇔ䟼ᱟᆖ⭏ԜⲴ㘱ᐸˈਟᱟഎࡠᇦ䟼 ቡ傜к‫ۿ‬ањབྷᆙᆀҶǄ Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕн‫ۿ‬ањ㘱ᐸˈ‫ق‬ᱟ‫ۿ‬ањᆖ⭏Ǆ 䘉аᇊᱟ֐‫ݯ‬ᆀ੗˛ⵏ‫֐ۿ‬Ǆ

hél ਸ⨶

173

䘉ᱟԆ⭫Ⲵ傜ˈ֐ⴻ‫ۿ‬н‫˛ۿ‬ 䘉нཚ‫ۿ‬㤩᷌ṁǄ ԆⲴ᡻ᵪ‫ۿ‬ᡁⲴаṧǄ Ԇᆖ⤇ਛਟ‫ۿ‬஖ʽ Ԇᆖ֐䈤䈍ᆖᗇ‫ۿ‬ᶱҶǄ Ԇᐢ㓿‫ॱޝ‬኱Ҷˈਟ䘈‫ۿ‬ഋॱཊ኱լⲴǄ KӽREӿ ྭ∄ v. 1C

to be just like, to be the same as (ྭ∄ + object)

Ԇྭ∄ᡁⲴབྷକକˈӾሿቡ‫؍‬ᣔᡁǄ ԆⲴ䈍ྭ∄аᢺ࠰ˈ␡␡ൠࡪⰋҶᡁǄ Ԇᖸᙅ⡦Ӣˈ㿱ࡠ⡦Ӣቡྭ∄㘱啐㿱Ҷ⥛Ǆ 䭫⛬ሩԆᶕ䈤ྭ∄ਲ਼依ˈᗵнਟቁ (a must)Ǆ Ԇሩ䘉њᆙᆀᖸྭˈቡྭ∄ሩ㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀǄ ԆⲴ࿫ᆀ䮯ᗇᖸ┲Ӟˈྭ∄⭥ᖡ᰾ᱏǄ Ԇࠪ৫⧙Ⲵᰦ‫∄ྭˈى‬劬‫ݯ‬ᗇ≤ˈᖸᔰᗳ (happy)Ǆ

Note: ¾ The words in this group, although verbs, do not go with Ҷ/ ⵰/ 䗷, nor do they have reduplication form. Only ‫ ۿ‬takes complement or degree adverbs (e.g. ᖸ/ 䶎ᑨ + ‫)ۿ‬. * ԯ֋ DGYµVHHPLQJO\¶DVLQ Ԇ⯵ྭԕਾ, ԯ֋㘱Ҷॱᒤ. * ྭ‫ ۿ‬DGYµSHUKDSV¶DVLQ ᡁԜྭ‫ۿ‬൘ଚ㿱䗷. * ‫ ۿ‬QµSRUWUDLW¶DVLQ Ṽк᩶ⲴᱟԆྣ‫ۿⲴݯ‬. * ‫ ۿ‬DGYµVHHPLQJO\¶DVLQ ӾेӜഎᶕԕਾ, Ԇ‫ۿ‬ਈҶањӪ. ¾ ྭլ YKӽRVuµWREHOLNH¶DVLQ 䛓њሿခ၈ྭլаᵥ㣡, Ӫ㿱Ӫ⡡. ¾ ㊫լ DGMOqLVuµVLPLODU¶, as in ԆҏҠҶа䖶㊫լⲴ⊭䖖. ¾ ⴨լ DGMµVLPLODU¶DVLQ 䘉єᕐ⭫ⴻ䎧ᶕᴹӋ⴨լ. ¾ ⴨䘁 DGM[LƗQJMuQµFORVHVLPLODU¶DVLQ 䘉єњӪᴹ⵰⴨䘁Ⲵᐕ֌㓿শ MƯQJOuH[SHULHQFH . ¾ ⴨‫ ۿ‬Y[LƗQJ[LjQJµWRUHVHPEOH¶DVLQ 䘉єᕐ⭫䶎ᑨ⴨‫ۿ‬. ¾ 䊑 QµHOHSKDQW¶DVLQ Ԇ඀൘བྷ䊑к, ⴻ䎧ᶕ䶎ᑨ儈‫ޤ‬. ¾ ᴹྲ YµWREHMXVWOLNH¶DVLQ ሩԆᶕ䈤, 䈫Җᴹྲਲ਼依аṧ䟽㾱.

KpOӿ ਸ⨶ adj. JǀQJStQJ ‫ޜ‬ᒣ adj. 2D

reasonable fair and equitable (in dealing with things; less referring to money or price) (‫ޜ‬, impartial; ᒣ, equal)

Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ᖸн‫ޜ‬ᒣǄ Ԇ䈤Ⲵᰒ‫ޜ‬ᒣ৸ਸ⨶ KpOӿUHDVRQDEOH Ǆ ‫ڊ‬ӰѸһᛵ䜭㾱‫ޜ‬ᒣਸ⨶Ǆ ‫⭏ڊ‬᜿㾱‫ޜ‬ᒣӔ᱃ MLƗR\uWRGHDO ǃ‫ޜ‬ᒣㄎ ҹ MuQJ]KƝQJWRFRPSHWH Ǆ ᰦ䰤ሩ⇿њӪᶕ䈤䜭ᱟ‫ޜ‬ᒣⲴˈ⇿ཙ䜭ᴹ 24 ሿᰦˈ⇿ᒤ䜭ᴹ 365 ཙǄ 䛓њ⨳ࡔ (pàn, to judge) ᗇн‫ޜ‬ᒣˈᡁԜ䜭 ᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ 䛓ս㘱ᐸᙫᱟ‫ޜ‬ᒣൠሩᖵ⇿ањᆖ⭏ˈབྷᇦ 䜭ᖸௌ⅒ԆǄ

174 Jǀngzhèng ‫ ↓ޜ‬adj. 2 N/A

KpOӿ ਸ⨶ adj. 2B

JǀQJGDR ‫ޜ‬䚃 adj.* 1D

hézuò ਸ֌ fair-minded, just (↓, just)

reasonable, rational (antonym: ᰐ wú ⨶) (ਸ, to suit; ⨶, reason)

just (䚃, way, doctrine )

Ԇᖸ‫↓ޜ‬Ǆ ֐䘉Ѹ䈤 (to make a comment about) Ԇˈᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ нཚ‫↓ޜ‬Ǆ ᡁԜᓄ䈕㔉Ԇањ‫Ⲵ↓ޜ‬䇴ԧ (píngjià, evaluation)Ǆ ⌅ᖻ IӽOԋODZ ᓄ䈕‫↓ޜ‬ᰐ⿱ (Z~VƯVHOIOHVV Ǆ 㾱‫↓ޜ‬ൠሩᖵ⇿ањӪǄ Ԇᱟањ‫Ⲵ↓ޜ‬㻱ࡔઈ (cáipànyuán, referee)Ǆ 䘉н‫ˈ↓ޜ‬ᡁн㜭਼᜿ (tóngyì, to agree)Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ⲵ䈍ᖸਸ⨶Ǆ ᆖ⭏ᓄ䈕ਸ⨶ൠᆹᧂ ƗQSiLWRDUUDQJH ᆖҐ ઼Ձ᚟Ǆ 䘉њ㾱≲нਸ⨶ˈᰐ⨶Ⲵ㾱≲ᡁᱟн㜭᧕ਇⲴǄ ਸ⨶Ⲵᆹᧂ䘀઼ࣘՁ᚟ሩ䓛փᴹྭ༴Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭ਸ⨶ൠᆹᧂᐕ֌઼Ձ᚟ˈᡰԕ䓛փ аⴤ䜭н䭉Ǆ Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ਸᛵ (qíng, feeling) ৸ਸ⨶Ǆ 䛓ᇦ依ᓇⲴԧ䫡нਸ⨶ˈ৫ਲ਼依ⲴӪнཊǄ 䈤ਕ‫ޜ‬䚃䈍 (to be fair)ˈԆୡᗇ䘈н䭉Ǆ 䘉њ依ᓇⲴԧ䫡ᖸ‫ޜ‬䚃ˈᶕਲ਼依ⲴӪнቁǄ 䘉ᇦ᯵侶Ⲵԧ䫡䍥ҶаӋˈնᱟ䘈㇇‫ޜ‬䚃Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪ࣎һаੁ‫ޜ‬䚃ˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸௌ⅒ԆǄ Ԇᱟањ‫ޜ‬䚃Ӫˈ֐ቡ᭮ᗳ੗Ǆ н‫ޜ‬䚃ⲴһᛵԆӾᶕн‫ڊ‬Ǆ ֐䘉ṧሩ (to treat) Ԇˈཚн‫ޜ‬䚃Ҷʽ ⦻㘱ᐸ䘉њӪ‫ޜ‬䚃ᗇᖸˈԆнՊ䘉Ѹ䈤ⲴǄ

Note: *‫ޜ‬䚃 QµMXVWLFH¶DVLQ Ԇаᇊ㾱ѪᆙᆀԜ䇘 WӽRWRGHPDQG എњ‫ޜ‬䚃, ᢺ䘉њሿᆖṑ࣎л ৫.

hézuò ਸ֌ v. xiélì ॿ࣋ v. 3 N/A

xiétóng ॿ਼ v. 3 N/A

to cooperate to unite efforts (ॿ, to join; ࣋, strength)

བྷᇦ਼ᗳॿ࣋ˈᢺ䘉Ԧһ‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭǄ ԆԜཛ࿫‫ ׋࣋ॿؙ‬JǀQJWRVXSSRUWVE financially) ‫ݯ‬ᆀкབྷᆖǄ 喀ᗳॿ࣋᡽㜭࣎ྭ䘉њᆖṑǄ

ԆԜєᇦᐕলॿ਼⭏ӗǄ to work in coordination with, to act Ԇᢺ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔᩜࡠҶ䘉њᾬ䟼ˈԕ‫਼ॿׯ‬ᡁԜ together in harmony (਼, together) ᆼᡀ䘉њབྷ亩ⴞ (xiàngmù, project)Ǆ ԆԜॿ਼֌ᡈ (zhàn, to fight)ˈᢃҶањ┲ Ӟԇ (zhàng, battle)Ǆ

hézuò ਸ֌

175

൘䛓൪䏣⨳䎋ѝˈԆоަԆ䱏ઈॿ਼֌ᡈˈᴰਾ 䎒Ҷ⨳Ǆ xiézhù ॿࣙ v. 3C

xiézuò ॿ֌ v. 3C

to assist, to support (not playing the dominant role)

to collaborate (either all parties playing an equal role or one of them playing a leading role; oft. more than two parties) (antonym: অ GƗQ ᒢ)

hélì ਸ࣋ v. 2 N/A

to join forces (ਸ, join)

hézuò ਸ֌ v. 2B

to cooperate (oft. referring to all SDUWLHV¶FRRSHUDWLRQ ਸ֌ + time) (antonym: ࠶ᐕ)

hùzhù ӂࣙ v. 2C

to help each other (not ӂࣙ + object) (ӂ, mutual)

GƗGjQJ ᩝẓ v.* 1 N/A

to team up, to pair up (ᩝẓ + time) (antonym: অᒢ) (ᩝ, to build; ẓ, files)

Ԇॿࣙᡁ࣎Ҷ䘉њ⭫ኅˈᡁᖸᝏ䉒ԆǄ ൘ॿࣙᕐ㘱ᐸкѝ᮷䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ሿ⦻䇔䇶Ҷ 䛓њᆖ⭏Ǆ Ѫॿࣙ‫ݯ‬ᆀ㘳བྷᆖˈԆ⇿ཙал⨝ቡഎᇦ㔉 ᆙᆀ‫ڊ‬依Ǆ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟॿࣙᆖ⭏∅ъᰦ᢮њྭᐕ֌Ǆ ԆаⴤᱟањӪ‫ڊ‬䘉њᐕ֌ˈ⋑ᴹӪॿࣙǄ ԆԜᇶ࠷ (mìqiè, closely) ॿ֌ˈᢺ䘉њᐕ֌ ‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭǄ ӺᒤⲴ᱕㢲ᲊՊᖸਇ⅒䗾ˈ䘉ᱟᖸཊӪབྷ࣋ ॿ֌Ⲵᡀ᷌ FKpQJJXԁDFKLHYHPHQW Ǆ 䘉⅑ԆԜॿ֌ᗇᖸᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJVXFFHVVIXO Ǆ 䘉њ⭥ᖡᱟ⭡Ԇॿ֌᣽ᩴ SƗLVKqWRVKRRW ⲴǄ ᡁԜн㾱অᒢˈབྷᇦ㾱ཊॿ֌᡽㹼Ǆ ᡁԜ喀ᗳ Tt[ƯQto be of one mind) ਸ࣋᡽㜭 ࣎ྭ䘉ᡰᆖṑǄ ⊭䖖ൿҶˈԆԜࠐњӪਚྭਸ࣋ᢺ䖖᧘ࡠҶ 䐟䗩Ǆ ԆԜ਼ᗳਸ࣋ˈᢺ䛓њൿӪ᤹‫ ق‬jQGӽRWRSXVK down) ൘ൠкǄ Ԇ‫࠶ؙ‬ᐕਸ֌ˈᖸᘛቡᢺ䘉њᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᆼҶǄ 䘉ᵜҖᱟԆ઼ሿ⦻ਸ֌߉ᡀⲴǄ 亩ⴞᱟԆԜ㠚ᐡᆼᡀⲴˈ⋑ᴹ઼࡛Ӫਸ֌Ǆ 䛓ቡ䇙ᡁԜਸ֌а⅑੗Ǆ ᡁԜࠐᇦᐕলਟԕӂ⴨ਸ֌Ǆ ԆԜਸ֌ᗇᖸྭˈӺਾ䘈ᜣਸ֌л৫Ǆ ԆԜᐢ㓿ਸ֌ҶॱࠐᒤҶˈ䶎ᑨᡀ࣏Ǆ Ӫ઼Ӫѻ䰤㾱ӂ⡡ǃӂࣙǄ 䘉єњഭᇦᴹ⵰ӂᜐ (huì, to benefit) ӂࣙⲴ ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ ԆԜ⨝Ⲵ਼ᆖԜഒ㔃 (tuánjié, to hold together) ӂࣙˈ⴨༴ [LƗQJFKԃWRJHWDORQJ ᗇᖸྭǄ ԆԜᱟྭᴻ৻ˈཊᒤᶕаⴤӂᑞӂࣙǄ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬ᩝẓ࣎䎧Ҷ䘉њ依ᓇǄ ྲ᷌֐ᝯ᜿Ⲵ䈍ˈૡԜቡᩝẓᒢ੗Ǆ ઼ԆᩝẓⲴᱟањᖸ㜭ᒢⲴӪǄ 䘉ሩ⭧ྣᩝẓⲴⅼ᡻ᖸਇ⅒䗾Ǆ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬Ӿࠐᒤࡽቡᔰ࿻ᩝẓˈਸ֌ᗇн䭉Ǆ ԕࡽᡁ‫ؙ‬਴㠚অᒢˈ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ᩝẓҶࠐᒤҶǄ

176 KpKXԁ ਸՉ v. 1D

hé ઼ķ to be in partnership (oft. referring to business; can be pejorative) (antonym: অᒢ) (ਸ, to join; Չ, board)

֐Ԝᗇ GČLKDYHWR ਸՉˈањӪঅᒢн㹼Ǆ Ԇ⋑䐏࡛ӪਸՉ‫ˈڊ‬ᱟањӪঅᒢ (go it alone)Ǆ 䘉ᡰᆖṑᱟԆԜਸՉ࣎ⲴǄ 䛓ࠐњӪ㓿ᑨਸՉᒢൿһǄ ԆԜਸՉҠⲴ䛓྇ᡯᆀᖸ┲ӞǄ ֐ᜣнᜣ䐏ᡁਸՉᔰ䘉њ依侶‫˛ݯ‬

Note: * ᩝẓ QµSDUWQHU¶DVLQ ᡁԜᱟ㘱ᩝẓ, ൘а䎧ᐕ֌ॱࠐᒤҶ. ¾ ᩝՉ YGƗKXԁµto share resourFHV¶, as in ᡁԜᩝՉа䎧ਲ਼依,䘉ṧਟԕⴱ VKČQJWRVDYH ⛩‫ݯ‬䫡.

hé ઼ķprep. (see also ઼ĸ) \ԃ о prep. 3B

tóng ਼ prep.* 3-2 B

hé ઼ prep. 2A

JƝQ 䐏 prep.* 2-1 A

with, from, as

together with, with

with, as, from (indicating relationship, comparison, etc.)

with, to, from, as

with

䘉њᐕ֌о֐བྷᆖᆖⲴᴹ‫˛ੇޣ‬ ᡁоԆн਼ˈԆௌ⅒Ⲵᡁнаᇊௌ⅒Ǆ ∅ъԕਾˈᡁаⴤ⋑ᴹоԆ㚄㌫䗷Ǆ ইᯩоेᯩⲴ≄‫ى‬наṧǄ Ԇоᴻ৻ԜⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ᖸྭǄ Ԇᜣоᡁа䎧ࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ ᐕ֌оᆖҐаṧˈ䜭㾱ࣚ࣋᡽㹼Ǆ ⡦⇽㾱ཊ਼ᆙᆀӔ⍱ MLƗROL~WRFRPPXQLFDWH Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ਼ᡁ㚄㌫䗷ˈᡁн⸕䚃ԆⲴൠ൰Ǆ 䛓њӪнཚྭˈн㾱਼ԆӔᖰǄ Ԇ䈤Ԇਟԕ਼ᡁа䎧৫᯵⑨Ǆ ྸྸ਼ྣ‫ݯ‬а䎧৫୶ᓇҠь㾯ҶǄ 㘱ᐸ൘਼Ԇ䈸䈍઒Ǆ ᡁᖸᝯ᜿઼֐а䎧㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᡁ઼Ԇа䎧৫ҶेӜǄ Ԇ઼ᡁнаṧˈԆௌ⅒䏣⨳ˈᡁௌ⅒㈞⨳Ǆ Ԇ઼Ԇ⡦Ӣаṧ儈ҶǄ Ԇᴹオ㓿ᑨ઼⡦⇽а䎧ࠪ৫䎠䎠ˈ඀൘‫ޜ‬ഝ 䟼㙺㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ӻཙ઼᱘ཙ∄ˈ✝ཊҶǄ Ԇ઼ᡁُⲴ䫡ˈӾᶕቡ⋑ᴹ䘈 (huán, to return) 䗷Ǆ Ԇ઼⡦⇽տ൘а䎧ˈᡰԕਲ਼Ⲵǃ்ⲴԆ䜭 н⭘㠚ᐡ㣡䫡Ǆ 䘉䟼䐏䛓䟼аṧˈӪ䜭ᖸཊǄ ֐ᴹӰѸഠ䳮ቡ䐏ᡁ䈤ˈᡁаᇊᑞ֐ⲴᘉǄ Ԇ䐏Ԇ⡦Ӣ䮯ᗇᖸ‫ˈۿ‬аⴻቡ⸕䚃ᱟ⡦ᆀǄ 䘉њ䐏䛓њнаṧˈ䘉њ‫ׯ‬ᇌєඇ䫡Ǆ

hé ઼ĸ

177

ԆⲴҖᱟ䐏ᴻ৻ُⲴǄ ԆᶕᲊҶˈа䘋䰘ቡ䐏ᡁԜ䈤ሩн䎧Ǆ ᰾ཙⴻ⭥ᖡˈ䈱䐏֐а䎧৫˛ Ԇ⋑䐏䛓њӪ䈤䗷䈍Ǆ Note: * ਼ DGMµVDPH¶DVLQ ᡁԜᱟ਼⨝਼ᆖ, ൘а䎧кҶഋᒤབྷᆖ. * 䐏 YµWRIROORZ¶DVLQ Ԇ൘ࡽ䶒䎠, ‫ݯ‬ᆀ൘ਾ䶒䐏⵰Ԇ.

hé ઼ĸconj. (see also ઼ķ) bìng ᒦ conj. 3C

and (oft. linking verbs or clauses)

and

ઘᵛԆ䜭㾱ྭྭᢃᢛᒦᮤ⨶алᡯ䰤Ǆ ӺᒤԆབྷᆖ∅ъˈᒦ㾱᢮ањᐕ֌Ǆ Ӿ㘱ᐸ䓛кˈԆⴻࡠᒦᆖࡠҶᖸཊǄ ൘䘉䰤ሿቻ䟼ˈԆ⭏⍫ᒦᐕ֌ҶॱࠐᒤǄ

jí ৺ conj.* 3B

as well as (connecting juxtaposed ṑ䮯৺㘱ᐸԜ䜭৲࣐ҶᡁԜⲴ㡎ՊǄ nouns or noun phrases; the items ᵪ⾘ǃᣔ➗৺ަᆳь㾯䜭߶༷ྭҶǄ following ৺ are often subordinate) ሿ⦻ǃሿᕐ৺ަԆӪ䜭⋑ᴹᶕǄ 䈧߉кᛘⲴ਽ᆇǃൠ൰৺⭥䈍Ǆ Ԇॱ࠶ᝏ䉒㘱ᐸ৺਼ᆖԜⲴᑞࣙǄ

\ӿMt ԕ৺ conj. 3B

along with (oft. linking more than two items, and used between the last two; also linking clauses; ԕ৺ + generic word; a pause can be placed before ԕ৺)

yԃ о conj. 3B

㹼он㹼ˈቡⴻӺཙҶǄ and (oft. linking verbs or adjectives) ԆԜ㓿ᑨࡠ䘉䟼ᶕୡⅼо䐣㡎Ǆ Ԇ൘䘉䟼ᆖҐоᐕ֌ҶॱᒤҶǄ ᣭ✏о்䞂䜭нᱟྭҐᜟǄ ѝഭоᰕᵜ䜭৲࣐ҶǄ Ԇௌ⅒ⴻǉ㓒о唁Ǌ䘉ᵜҖǄ

ԆҠҶҖǃᵜǃㅄˈԕ৺਴⿽㾱⭘Ⲵ᮷ާǄ 㘱ᐸǃ਼ᆖԕ৺ަԆӪ䜭৫ⴻҶ䏣⨳䎋Ǆ ৫н৫ԕ৺৫Ҷԕਾտ൘ଚ䟼ˈ䘉ӋԆԜ 䘈⋑ᴹᜣྭ઒Ǆ 䘉њབྷᆖᴹѝ᮷ǃ㤡᮷ǃᰕ᮷ǃ⌅᮷ԕ৺ ަᆳ䈝䀰䈮〻 (kèchéng, course)Ǆ Ԇᜣ൘ਾ䲒⿽㣡ǃޫ劬ˈԕ৺޽ᔪањ⑨⌣⊐Ǆ 䘉њሿ୶ᓇআ㭜㨌ǃ≤᷌ǃ⢋ྦԕ৺䶒वѻ ㊫ ]KƯOqLand so on) Ⲵь㾯Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒ᢃ⨳ǃ䐁↕ԕ৺ੜ丣ҀǄ ൘⭥䈍䟼ˈԆ੺䇹ᡁԜ䛓䟼Ⲵ仾Ჟǃ≄‫ˈى‬ ԕ৺ԆᆖҐⲴᛵߥ (qíngkuàng, situation)Ǆ

178

KČQ ᖸ

tóng ਼ conj. 3-2 B

and (oft. linking nouns or pronouns; ⭥ᖡ਼⭥㿶Ԇ䜭ௌ⅒ⴻǄ less used than other words in this ֐਼Ԇ䜭ਟԕ৫Ǆ group) ԆԜ൘⭥䈍䟼䈤ྭҶᰦ䰤਼ൠ⛩Ǆ Ԇ਼㘱⦻䈸Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ǆ

hé ઼ conj. 2A

Ԇ઼ᡁ䜭ᱟѝഭӪǄ and (oft. linking nouns or pronouns, ֐ǃᡁǃሿ⦻઼ԆⲴကက䜭৫ⴻ⨳Ǆ also linking more complex phrases) ԆԜ⋑ᴹ৫䗷ेӜ઼к⎧Ǆ 䘉ӋҖ઼ᵜᆀа‫ޡ‬㣡Ҷཊቁ䫡˛ ྩ઼ྩⲴကက䜭ᖸ┲ӞǄ ㈞⨳઼䏣⨳Ԇ䜭ௌ⅒Ǆ ᰾ཙ൘ଚ‫ݯ‬к䈮઼кӰѸ䈮ᡁԜ䜭н⸕䚃Ǆ ԆⲴ啫ᆀ઼౤䜭ᖸབྷǄ Ԇ઼ᡁ䜭ᱟेӜӪǄ

yòu ৸ conj.* 2 N/A

Ԇ㜭䈤৸㜭ᒢˈᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ and (oft. linking adjectives or verbs, 㤩᷌৸བྷ৸㓒ˈᡁԜਲ਼ҶнቁǄ ৸ + adj./ v. + ৸ + adj./ v.) Ԇ䮯ᗇ৸儈৸བྷˈ‫ۿ‬Ԇ⡦ӢǄ

JƝQ 䐏 conj. 2-1 A

ԆⲴṼᆀк᭮⵰Җ䐏⭥㝁Ǆ and (oft. linking nouns or pronouns) Ԇᱟᆖ⭏ˈᡁ䐏ሿ⦻нᱟᆖ⭏Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌䐏ᆖҐ䜭ᖸྭǄ ᡁ䐏Ԇ䜭ᱟेӜӪǄ ᡁⲴᴻ৻䐏ԆⲴᴻ৻䜭൘ेӜ᯵⑨Ǆ Ԇ䐏ᡁᱟ਼ᆖǄ

Note: * ৺ YµWRPDWFK¶DVLQ 䈤≹䈝, Ԇн৺ᡁ. * ৸ DGYµDJDLQ¶DVLQ Ԇ䈤Ҷ৸䈤, ᡁԜ䜭нᜣੜҶ. ¾ 䘈ᱟ FRQMµRU¶, as in ৫䘈ᱟн৫֐䈤੗, ᡁੜ֐Ⲵ.

KČQ ᖸ adv.

very

jídù ᶱᓖ adv. 3D

exceedingly (usu. + disyllabic adjectives, as ᶱަ below) (ᶱ, extremely; ᓖ, degree)

jíqí ᶱަ adv. 3B

most, extremely, awfully (ަ, that)

㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇᶱᓖ㍗ᕐ (nervous)ˈ⋑ᴹ㘳ྭǄ ഐѪᶱᓖ䍛ഠ (pínkùn, poor)ˈ䘉䟼Ⲵᆙᆀ н㜭кᆖǄ ᶱᓖ‫[ ཻޤ‬ƯQJIqQH[FLWHG ⲴԆањᲊк䜭 ⋑ⶑ⵰㿹Ǆ ᐕ֌Ҷаཙаཌ⋑Ձ᚟ˈԆ㿹ᗇᶱᓖࣣ㍟Ǆ 䘉њ依侶Ⲵ依㨌ᶱަާᴹ⢩㢢 (characteristic)Ǆ ৫ेӜᶱަᯩ‫ˈׯ‬඀伎ᵪǃ⚛䖖䜭ਟԕǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᶱަ㠚⿱ ]uVƯVHOILVK ˈӾᶕнᑞ ࡛ࣙӪǄ

KČQ ᖸ

179

䘉њӪᆖҐᶱަ䇔ⵏˈ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ᖸн䭉Ǆ Ԇᇦ䟼ᶱަഠ䳮ˈ䘎Ҡ㨌Ⲵ䫡䜭⋑ᴹǄ ⡦⇽ሩԆᶱަ‫ޣ‬ᗳˈ㓿ᑨ㔉Ԇᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ Sǀ 亷 adv. 3D

IƝLFKiQJ 䶎ᑨ adv. 2A

fènwài ࠶ཆ adv. 2D

géwài Ṭཆ adv. 2C

KČQ ᖸ adv. 2A

considerably (亷 + monosyllable)

䛓սྣᆀⲴᇩ䊼 (róngmào, looks) 亷֣ MLƗˈ beautiful)Ǆ ሩѝഭ亷ᝏ‫ޤ‬䏓ⲴԆࠐᒤࡽᔰ࿻ᆖҐ≹䈝, ⧠൘ᐢ㓿䈤ᗇᖸн䭉ҶǄ Ԇ൘ཆ䗩ᘉҶаཙˈᲊкഎࡠᇦⲴᰦ‫ى‬亷ᝏ ࣣ㍟Ǆ

ྣ‫ݯ‬എᇦ䗷᱕㢲ˈྩ䶎ᑨ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ very much, greatly, highly ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼Ⲵ㣡䶎ᑨ┲ӞǄ (䶎ᑨ + н) (䶎, not; ᑨ, normal) Ԇ䶎ᑨ㍟ˈഎࡠᇦቡⶑлҶǄ 䘉њ㨌䶎ᑨᇩ᱃‫ڊ‬Ǆ Ӻཙ䶎ᑨߧˈཊク⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨࣚ࣋ൠᆖҐѝ᮷ˈ䘋↕ (to progress) ᗇᖸ ᘛǄ ԆⲴ≹ᆇ߉ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ ԆӺཙ䶎ᑨн㡂ᴽˈཤᖸⰋǄ

particularly (࠶, marking; ཆ, outside)

especially (Ṭ, the normal order of things)

very (ྭᗇᖸ, нᖸྭ µQRWYHU\ JRRG¶YV ᖸнྭ µYHU\EDG¶

ⴻࡠ㠚ᐡ⿽Ⲵ㣡ᔰҶˈԆ࠶ཆ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ྩクк㓒㼉ᆀᰦ࠶ཆ┲ӞǄ ӺᲊཙкⲴᱏᱏ࠶ཆ᰾ӞǄ 䗷⭏ᰕ䛓ཙˈ‫ྣݯ‬䜭എᶕҶˈྸྸ㿹ᗇ࠶ཆ ᒨ⾿Ǆ Ӻཙᱟྩ㔃ႊⲴᰕᆀˈབྷᇦ䜭Ṭཆ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ԆӾሿቡṬཆௌ⅒䑒䏣⨳Ǆ ഐѪሩѝ᮷Ṭཆᝏ‫ޤ‬䏓ˈԆᢃ㇇Ӻᒤ৫ѝഭ ᆖҐǄ Ӻᒤ✝ᗇṬཆᰙˈ⧠൘ቡᴹӪク㼉ᆀҶǄ Ԇ䓛փᖸнྭˈ䴰㾱Ṭཆ‫( ➗ޣ‬to look after)Ǆ ཆ䗩л⵰བྷ䴚ˈᔰ䖖㾱ṬཆሿᗳǄ Ԇᖸ㚚᰾ˈᆖҐҏᖸྭǄ ԆⲴѝ᮷ྭᗇᖸǄ ཆ䶒л⵰ᖸབྷⲴ䴘ˈ֐ㅹаՊ‫޽ݯ‬䎠੗Ǆ ԆᖸՊ䈤䈍ˈᴹᖸཊᴻ৻Ǆ ሿᰦ‫ى‬ᖸᜣᖃ㘱ᐸⲴԆ⧠൘তᖃ५⭏ҶǄ ᐢ㓿‫⛩ޛ‬ཊҶˈԆᖸਟ㜭нᶕҶǄ Ԇ൘䘉䟼տᗇнᖸҐᜟˈ߶༷᰾ཙቡ䎠Ǆ Ԇᴰ䘁䓛փᖸнྭˈ㓿ᑨᗇ GČLKDYHWR ৫ ⴻ५⭏Ǆ

180 jí ᶱ adv. 2A

VKtIƝQ ॱ࠶ adv. 2A

KČQ ᖸ 䘉њ࣎⌅ᶱྭˈቡ䘉Ѹ‫ڊ‬੗Ǆ extremely (oft. ᶱ + monosyllable; Ԇ䈤Ԇᶱнᝯ᜿৫䛓䟼Ǆ ᶱ + adj., adj. + ᶱҶ) Ԇᱟањᶱ㚚᰾ⲴӪˈнՊ䈤䘉⿽䈍ⲴǄ Ԇ䈤䈍䈤ᗇᶱᘛˈ⋑ੜ␵ᾊԆ䈤ӰѸǄ Ӻཙཙ≄ྭᶱҶˈᡁԜ৫‫ޜ‬ഝ⧙‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ

fully, terribly

ᴻ৻Ԝ䜭ᶕѪԆᒶ⾍⭏ᰕˈԆॱ࠶儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ӻཙᱟઘᵛˈབྷ㺇кӪᶕӪᖰˈॱ࠶✝䰩Ǆ Ԇॱ࠶✝⡡㠚ᐡⲴᇦґǄ ྩӺཙクᗇॱ࠶┲ӞǄ ेӜᱟањॱ࠶㖾ѭⲴ෾ᐲǄ ྸྸॱ࠶ᜣᘥ䘌൘ഭཆⲴྣ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᱘ཙᡁ⋑㜭৫ⴻ֐ˈॱ࠶ᣡⅹ (bàoqiàn, to feel apologetic about)Ǆ

tài ཚ adv. 2A

excessively (in the negative), very much (expressing approval or compliment) (oft. in an exclamation, ending with Ҷ/ ஖; нཚྭµQRWYHU\JRRG¶vs. ཚнྭ µYHU\EDG¶

䘉њ㨌ཚྭਲ਼Ҷʽ ֐ᑞҶᡁаཙⲴᘉˈཚᝏ䉒֐Ҷʽ 䘉䟼ཚ㖾஖ʽ ֐ҏཚнᇒ≄ҶˈᘾѸ䘉Ѹ䈤䈍Ǆ 䘉ৼ䶻ཚሿ஖ˈԆクнлǄ 䘉䟼ӪཚཊҶˈᡁԜ৫࡛Ⲵൠᯩ੗Ǆ ӺཙⲴ㘳䈅Ԇ㘳ᗇཚнྭҶǄ

tèbié ⢩࡛ adv. 2C

exceptionally, unusually, specially, especially (⢩, unusual; ࡛, difference)

ԆᆖҐ⢩࡛ࣚ࣋ˈ㘱ᐸᖸௌ⅒ԆǄ 䛓ἥṁ⢩࡛儈ˈᖸ䳮⡜к৫Ǆ Ԇ⢩࡛ᜣҠ䛓䜘 (bù, mw.) ⊭䖖Ǆ Ԇ⢩࡛⡡ਲ਼劬Ǆ ኡ䐟нྭ䎠ˈ֐Ԝ㾱⢩࡛ሿᗳǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᒢӰѸ䜭⢩࡛䇔ⵏǄ ᓄ䈕⢩࡛ᤷࠪⲴᱟˈԆᱟ⨝кᴰྭⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ

ZjQIƝQ з࠶ adv. 2C

extremely, extraordinarily (a stronger word in this group, with a bit of exaggeration; used before or after the predicate) (з, ten thousand/ a lot)

ੜ䈤ᆙᆀ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈྸྸз࠶儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ઼иཛ⿫ႊԕਾˈྩᗳ䟼з࠶Ⰻ㤖Ǆ 㹼ᵾн㿱ҶˈԆз࠶❖ᙕ MLƗRMtvery anxious) ൠࡠ༴᢮Ǆ ᆙᆀн㿱Ҷˈབྷᇦ❖ᙕз࠶Ǆ

]KƝQ ⵏ adv. 2A

really (expressing some kind of strong emotion; ⵏ + ⋑/ н)

䘉㣡ⵏ㖾ʽ ᰦ䰤䗷ᗇⵏᘛʽ 䘉Ӌ⴨⡷ⵏྭⴻʽ Ԇⵏᜣ傜кഎᇦˈਟᱟᐕ֌䘈⋑‫ڊ‬ᆼ઒Ǆ ⵏ䇘় WӽR\jQDSain in the neck)ʽн㾱 ޽㔉ᡁᢃ⭥䈍ҶǄ 䘉њ⭥ᖡⵏнྭⴻˈᡁԜ䎠੗Ǆ ᡁⵏ⋑ⴻࠪᶕᱟ֐ˈ֐ਈᗇᒤ䖫ཊҶǄ

hòuhu ਾᛄ KӽR ྭ adv. 1B

tè ⢩ adv. 1C

WӿQJ ᥪ adv. 1A

quite

181

ྭ䮯ᰦ䰤⋑㿱Ҷˈ֐ᘾѸṧ୺˛ ቻ䟼ᐢ㓿ᴹྭࠐњӪҶˈ֐䘋৫ⴻⴻ੗Ǆ ྭབྷⲴ㤩᷌ʽ Ԇྭཊᒤ⋑㔉ᡁᢃ⭥䈍ҶǄ ᆙᆀⲴ㝨ྭ㓒୺ʽਟ㜭ᱟਁ✗ҶǄ 䘉䖖ᔰᗇྭធʽ ྭ唁Ⲵཙʽ䎠䐟㾱ሿᗳǄ

Ԇ⢩ௌ⅒䛓њྣᆙ‫ˈݯ‬ཙཙ㔉ྩᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ extraordinarily, specially, especially Ԇᐢ㓿‫ॱޝ‬ཊ኱Ҷˈնⴻ䎧ᶕ䘈⢩ᒤ䖫Ǆ (oft. in northern dialect) ԆⲴ⨳ᢃᗇ⢩ྭǄ Ԇ⢩⡡்䞂ˈ⇿ཙ䜭்Ǆ

rather, quite (oft. ᥪ«Ⲵ)

Ԇ䘉њӪᥪྭⲴˈᱟᡁⲴᴻ৻Ǆ 䘉њᡯ䰤ᥪᒢ߰Ⲵˈн⭘ᢃᢛҶǄ ԆᶕᲊҶˈ㿹ᗇᥪнྭ᜿ᙍⲴǄ ԆӺཙᶕᗇᴰᲊˈԆကကᶕᗇҏᥪᲊⲴǄ Ԇᥪнᇒ≄ൠਛ䛓њӪࠪ৫Ǆ ྸྸˈᡁ൘ཆ䗩ᥪྭⲴˈ֐ቡ᭮ᗳ੗Ǆ ᡁᥪᜣᇦⲴˈնᱟ⋑ᰦ䰤എ৫ⴻⴻǄ ԆањӪ൘ཆ䗩ᢃᐕˈҏᥪнᇩ᱃ⲴǄ

Note: нཚ µQRWTXLWH¶DVLQ Ԇ㛊ᆀнཚ㡂ᴽ, ৫ⴻ५⭏Ҷ. 2) Ӻཙཙ≄нཚྭ, ᰾ཙ޽৫੗. 3) ԆⲴᡯ䰤нཚབྷ.

KzXKXӿ ਾᛄ v. KXӿKqQ ᛄᚘ v. 3D

yíhàn 䚇៮ v.* 3C

hzXKXӿ ਾᛄ v. 2B

to regret to repent deeply (ᛄ, to regret; ᚘ, to hate)

µ,W¶Va SLW\WKDW«¶WRUHJUHW (oft. used to express displeasure or to protest in diplomatic rhetoric) (䚇, to leave behind; ៮, to regret)

to regret

ሩ䘉ԦһᛵˈԆॱ࠶ᛄᚘǄ ⋑㜭㿱ࡠ⡦Ӣᴰਾа䶒ˈԆаⴤᛄᚘнᐢ \ӿWRHQG Ǆ Ԇᛄᚘᖃᰦнᓄ䈕䛓Ѹ䈤䈍Ǆ Ԇ⸕䚃䛓ԦһԕਾˈᛄᚘᶱҶǄ Ԇ‫ؙ‬ᴰਾҏ⋑㜭㔃ႊˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸ䚇៮Ǆ ԆഐѪᴹ⯵н㜭ᶕҶˈ䚇៮ᗇᖸǄ ሩᴰ䘁ਁ⭏Ⲵһᛵˈᡁഭ᭯ᓌ ]KqQJIԃ government) ᝏࡠॱ࠶䚇៮Ǆ 䶎ᑨ䚇៮ˈᡁн㜭৫ҶǄ 䈤Ҷ䛓Ӌ䈍ԕਾˈԆॱ࠶ਾᛄǄ ӰѸһᛵ䜭㾱ᜣྭҶ޽৫‫ˈڊ‬н❦֐Պ䶎ᑨ ਾᛄⲴǄ ԆࡊҠҶ䛓䖶⊭䖖ˈ傜кቡਾᛄҶǄ Ԇਾᛄнᓄ䈕ُ䫡㔉࡛ӪǄ ԆѪ䘉ԦһᛵਾᛄҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ǆ

182

hòulái ਾᶕ ֐нੜᡁⲴˈ⧠൘ਾᛄᐢ㓿ᲊҶǄ ԆਾᛄӺᒤ⋑৫᯵⑨ˈ᰾ᒤаᇊ৫Ǆ ᰒ❦ᶕҶˈቡ࡛ਾᛄҶǄ ⋑ੜ㘱ᐸⲴ䈍ˈԆ⧠൘ਾᛄᶱҶǄ

Note: * 䚇៮ QµUHJUHW¶DVLQ ⋑ᴹкབྷᆖᱟԆа⭏Ⲵ䚇៮. * 䚇៮ DGMµUHJUHWIXO¶DVLQ 䛓ᱟаԦ䚇៮Ⲵһᛵ. ¾ ਟᜌ adj. NČ[Ư µXQIRUWXQDWHO\¶DVLQ ੜ䈤ྩӺཙн㜭ᶕҶ, ⵏਟᜌʽ

hòulái ਾᶕ n. ]KƯKzX ѻਾ ph. 3B

MƯQKzX Ӻਾ n. 3-2 B

hòu ਾ n.* 2A

hòulái ਾᶕ n. 2B

later on after that (antonym: ѻࡽ)

from now on (antonym: ԕࡽ)

after (oft. monosyllable + ਾ) (antonym: ࡽ)

later on (only referring to a time in the past; not used at the end of the first clauseEHFDXVHLWGRHVQ¶W indicate a clear starting point in

л⨝ѻਾˈԆᑨᑨ৫ᢃ㈞⨳Ǆ Ԇॱᒤѻࡽ㿱䗷䛓њሿྣᆙˈॱᒤѻਾྩᐢ㓿 ᡀҶањབྷခ၈ҶǄ ∅ъѻਾˈԆቡаⴤ൘䘉䟼ᐕ֌Ǆ йཙѻਾˈԆቡᢺ䫡䘈 (huán) 㔉ᡁҶǄ ԆкҶഋᒤབྷᆖˈѻਾˈ৸кҶйᒤⲴ⹄ウ ⭏ \iQMLǌVKƝQJSRVWJUDGXDWHVWXGHQW Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿ॱ‫ޛ‬኱ҶˈӺਾ㾱㠚ᐡޫ⍫ \ӽQJKXRWR support) 㠚ᐡҶǄ ᡁࡊᶕˈӺਾ䘈䈧ᛘཊ‫➗ޣ‬Ǆ Ԇ䘈ሿˈӺਾ䴰㾱ᆖⲴь㾯䘈ᖸཊǄ ӺਾᡁаᇊྭྭᆖҐˈ㾱ሩᗇ䎧ᡁⲴ⡦⇽Ǆ ԕࡽᡁ்䞂்ᗇཚཊҶˈӺਾ㾱ቁ்⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᘛ∅ъҶˈ֐ሩӺਾᴹӰѸᢃ㇇˛ ӺਾˈᡁԜՊᑨᶕⴻᵋᛘⲴǄ Ԇ᢮ࡠҶྭᐕ֌ˈӺਾⲴᰕᆀՊ䎺ᶕ䎺ྭǄ Ԇ䈤ҶԆӺਾⲴᢃ㇇Ǆ Ԇ䘈ᒤ䖫ˈӺਾⲴ䐟䘈ᖸ䮯Ǆ Ԇ䈮ਾᙫᱟ৫മҖ侶ⴻҖǄ Ԇйཙਾቡᢺ䛓ᵜҖ䘈㔉ᡁҶǄ Ԇ䎠ਾˈᇦ䟼ቡ⋑ᴹӪՊ‫⭥؞‬㝁ҶǄ 䛓њ⭥ᖡԆⴻਾ㿹ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ 㦟ᱟ依ࡽਲ਼䘈ᱟ依ਾਲ਼˛ ԆᜣㅹᰕਾᴹҶ䫡ˈҠањབྷᡯᆀǄ Ԇਾཙ৫ेӜǄ ֐‫ݸ‬ਲ਼ˈᡁਾਲ਼Ǆ Ԇᶕ䗷а⅑ˈਾᶕቡ޽ҏ⋑ᶕҶǄ ԆԜ⭏Ҷањྣ‫ˈݯ‬ਾᶕ৸ᴹҶањ‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ ԆԜࡊ㔃ႊᰦ䛓Ѹྭˈਟᱟਾᶕত⿫ႊҶǄ Ԇਾᶕ৫ଚ䟼Ҷ˛

hòulái ਾᶕ time) (antonym: 䎧‫ݸ‬/ Ӿࡽ)

MLƗQJOiL ሶᶕ n. 2A

the future, in the future (attributive + ሶᶕ) (antonym: 䗷৫)

183

Ԇ䎧‫⋑ݸ‬ᢃ㇇৫ˈਾᶕ৸৫ҶǄ ਾᶕˈᡁ᡽⸕䚃Ԇᱟ֐Ⲵ‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ Ԇ‫ݸ‬䎠Ҷˈн⸕䚃ਾᶕਁ⭏ҶӰѸһᛵǄ Ԇᙫᱟ䈤㾱৫ेӜˈਾᶕ৫Ҷ⋑ᴹ˛ аᔰ࿻䘈ᴹҼॱࠐњᆖ⭏ᶕк䈮ˈࡠਾᶕਚ ᴹࠐњᆖ⭏ҶǄ ᔰ࿻Ԇ䘈㔉ᇦ䟼ᢃ⭥䈍ˈਾᶕቡнᢃҶǄ 䗷৫Ⲵቡ䇙ᆳ䗷৫੗ˈ㾱ཊᜣᜣሶᶕǄ Ԇ䘈⋑ᜣྭሶᶕ㾱᢮ӰѸṧⲴᐕ֌Ǆ ሶᶕ䘰ՁԕਾˈԆᜣࠪ৫᯵⑨аᒤǄ ѪҶᆙᆀԜⲴሶᶕˈԆԜࣚ࣋ൠᐕ֌⵰Ǆ 䘉ᇦ依侶Ⲵ⭏᜿⧠൘䘈ਟԕˈնᱟሶᶕᘾѸ ṧ䘈ᖸ䳮䈤Ǆ Ԇᜣሶᶕ৫ഭཆ䈫ҖǄ ӪӪ䜭ᐼᵋ㠚ᐡᴹањ㖾ྭⲴሶᶕǄ нѵⲴሶᶕˈԆᜣഎेӜᐕ֌Ǆ ԆᐼᵋሶᶕⲴ⭏⍫Պᴤ㖾ྭǄ

\ӿKzX ԕਾ n. 2A

after, then, at a later date (can have ធ䎠ˈԕਾᑨᶕ⧙Ǆ a clear starting point in time) བྷᆖ∅ъԕਾˈԆቡ৫ेӜᐕ֌ҶǄ (antonym: ԕࡽ) 䘉њԕਾ޽䈤੗Ǆ ⡦⇽൘ԆᖸሿⲴᰦ‫ى‬ቡ⿫ႊҶˈӾ䛓ԕਾԆ ቡ޽ҏ⋑ᴹ㿱ࡠ䗷ྸྸǄ Ԇ‫ݸ‬ᢃҶ⭥䈍ˈнѵԕਾቡࠪ⧠൘ᡁ䶒ࡽǄ ԕਾˈ֐Ԝ㾱ཊഎ৫ⴻⴻ㘱ӪǄ Ӿ↔ (Ӻ) ԕਾˈ֐н㾱޽ᶕ䘉䟼ҶǄ Ԇᜣԕਾ৫ेӜᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇᰙкҍ⛩ԕਾ䜭൘࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔǄ ԕࡽԆᑨᶕˈਟᱟԕਾԆнՊ޽ᶕ䘉䟼ҶǄ ‫ޛ‬ᴸԭԕਾˈԆቡ㾱ᶕ䘉䟼ᐕ֌ҶǄ 䈤䈤֐ԕਾⲴᢃ㇇੗Ǆ

ZӽQJKzX ᖰਾ n. 1D

䘉њᐕ֌‫ྭڊ‬Ҷˈᖰਾቡྭ࣎ҶǄ from now on, in the future, later on ֐а࠶䫡䜭⋑ᴹˈᖰਾⲴᰕᆀᘾѸ䗷઒˛ (ᖰ, to go towards) Ԇᖰਾнᜣ޽ᔰ䖖к⨝ҶǄ ᖰਾ֐㾱ᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬ᶕˈн㾱㘱ᱟ䘏ࡠ (chídào, to arrive late)Ǆ ԕࡽԆᑨᑞ֐ˈᖰਾ઒ˈ㾱ⴻ֐㠚ᐡⲴҶǄ ᖰਾˈ䘉⿽һᛵᡁਟнᜣ޽ⴻࡠҶǄ ᖰਾཊ㚄㌫Ǆ

Note: * ਾ QµEDFN¶DVLQ 䛓њᡯᆀ⋑ᴹਾ䰘, ਚᴹањࡽ䰘. * ਾ QµEHKLQGRIDSODFH ¶DVLQ ኡਾᴹа⡷㤩᷌ṁ᷇. ¾ 䎠ਾ䰘 SKµWRVHFXUHDGYDQWDJHVWKURXJKSXOORULQIOXHQFH¶DVLQ 䈱䜭нᓄ䈕䎠ਾ䰘. ¾ ↔ਾ FRQMµDIWHUWKLV¶, as in ྩєᒤࡽ⭏Ҷањᆙᆀ, ↔ਾቡ޽ҏ⋑ᴹᐕ֌䗷Ҷ.

184

KǌUiQ ᘭ❦

¾ ❦ਾ FRQMµWKHQ¶DVLQ Ԇ‫ݸ‬ਲ਼Ҷ⛩‫ݯ‬依, ❦ਾቡ৫ⴻ⭥㿶Ҷ. ¾ ԕᶕ QµVLQFH¶DVLQ 䮯ᵏԕᶕ, Ԇаⴤ൘ѪᆙᆀԜ㘼ࣚ࣋ൠᐕ֌⵰. ¾ Ӿᶕ DGYµDOZD\V¶DVLQ ԆӾᶕ䜭⋑ᴹ㔉ᡁᢃ䗷⭥䈍.

KǌUiQ ᘭ❦ adv. KǌUiQ ᘭ❦ adv. 2A

PČQJ ⥋ adv. * 2C

PČQJUiQ ⥋❦ adv. 2C

WǌUiQ ケ❦ adv.* 2A

\Ưt [Lj]L алᆀ adv. 1B

suddenly suddenly (ᘭ, suddenly; ❦, an adv. or adj. suffix)

with a rush

abruptly (with force and speed)

Ԇ↓൘ⴻҖˈᘭ❦⭥䈍૽Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ ࡊ᡽ཙ䘈ᖸྭˈᘭ❦л䎧བྷ䴚ᶕҶǄ Ԇᘭ❦䐁Ҷࠪ৫ˈᡁԜ䜭н⸕䚃ѪӰѸǄ Ԇᘭ❦н㿱Ҷˈབྷᇦ䜭ᝏࡠᖸཷᙚ (qíguài, strange)Ǆ Ԇ䈤⵰䈤⵰ˈᘭ❦䰤ቡн䈤ҶǄ ᘭ❦ˈԆ᤯ࠪаᢺ࠰ˈབྷᇦ䜭੃ᗇབྷਛҶ䎧ᶕǄ ᴰ䘁ᡯ』⥋⏘ ]KӽQJWRULVH ˈӪԜ䜭ᘛ㾱』н䎧ᡯᆀҶǄ ੜࡠ⭥䈍૽ˈԆ⥋ൠӾᒺк⡜Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ ⥋аഎཤˈԆⴻ㿱䛓њӪ䘈൘䐏⵰ԆǄ Ԇа䱥⥋䐁ˈྭнᇩ᱃᡽䎦кҶ‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖Ǆ Ԇ⥋ൠа䖜䓛ˈੁ‫ޜ‬ഝᯩੁ䎠৫Ǆ ‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖⥋❦‫ڌ‬лˈ৏ᶕᱟ䖖䰘⋑‫ྭޣ‬Ǆ Ԇ䎠⵰䎠⵰ˈ⥋❦䰤 MLƗQduring a definite period of time) ‫ق‬Ҷл৫ˈᡁԜ傜кᢺԆ䘱ᖰ५䲒Ǆ ⥋❦䰤ˈԆӾⶑỖѝ᛺䟂ˈਾᶕቡ޽ҏⶑн ⵰ҶǄ

Ԇケ❦㛊ᆀⰋˈᡁԜᢺԆ䘱ࡠҶ५䲒Ǆ unexpectedly (ケ, to dash forwards) ⭡Ҿ䘉ᱟケ❦ਁ⭏ⲴһᛵˈᡁԜ䜭н⸕䚃 ᘾѸ࣎᡽ྭǄ Ԇケ❦ᢃ⭥䈍ᶕ䈤ԆӺཙн㜭ᶕҶǄ ᴰ䘁ԆⲴփ䟽 Wӿ]KzQJERG\ZHLJKW ケ❦л䱽Ҷ нቁˈԆҏ䈤н␵ᾊᱟѪӰѸǄ ケ❦л䎧䴘ᶕˈᡁԜ䜭ੁᮉᇔ䐁৫Ǆ

all of a sudden (also ал)

ⴻࡠ㘱ᐸᶕҶˈᆖ⭏Ԝалᆀ䜭䶉ҶлᶕǄ Ԇ↓൘ⴻ⭥㿶ˈ⭥алᆀቡ‫ڌ‬ҶǄ ੜ䈤ᕏᕏ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈԆ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇалᆀ䐣Ҷ 䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ䎠ࡠṁлⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬呏алᆀ‫ޘ‬伎䎠ҶǄ Ԇа䈤ˈᡁалᆀቡ䜭᰾ⲭҶǄ Ԇалᆀ᤯нࠪ䘉Ѹཊ䫡ˈཊ㔉Ԇа⛩‫ݯ‬ᰦ 䰤੗Ǆ ԆଝҶаՊ‫ˈݯ‬алᆀ৸ㅁҶ䎧ᶕǄ

K[LƗQJ ӂ⴨

185

Note: * ⥋ DGMµILHUFH¶DVLQ ੜ䈤䛓䗩ኡкᴹєਚ⥋㱾. * ケ❦ DGMµXQH[SHFWHG¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟаԦᖸケ❦Ⲵһᛵ, ᡁԜ䜭⋑ᴹӰѸ߶༷. ¾ ал‫ ݯ‬QµIRUDVKRUWZKLOH¶as in ԆՁ᚟Ҷал‫ݯ‬, ቡ৸᧕⵰ᐕ֌Ҷ. ¾ аՊ‫ ݯ‬Qµin a (little) while¶DVLQ аՊ‫ݯ‬㿱.

K[LƗQJ ӂ⴨ adv. EӿFӿ ᖬ↔ adv.* 3C

hù ӂ adv. 2 N/A

K[LƗQJ ӂ⴨ adv. 2A

[LƗQJK ⴨ӂ adv.* 2B

mutually each other (ᖬ, that; ↔, this)

ᡁԜᖬ↔‫ޣ‬ᗳˈ‫਼ޡ‬䘋↕ (to progress)Ǆ ԆԜᖬ↔н䇔䇶ˈҏ⋑㿱䗷䶒Ǆ ਼ᆖѻ䰤㾱ᖬ↔ᑞࣙǄ Ԇ઼࿫ᆀᐢ㓿㔃ႊҼॱཊᒤҶˈєӪᖬ↔ؑԫ (xìnrèn, to trust)ˈॱ࠶ᚙ⡡Ǆ

ԆԜ䇔䇶ྭཊᒤҶˈаⴤӂᑞӂࣙǄ mutually (usu. ӂ + monosyllable) ∅ъⲴᰦ‫਼ˈى‬ᆖԜӂ䘱⾍⾿Ǆ ԆԜᱟаሩӂᮜӂ⡡Ⲵཛ࿫Ǆ བྷᇦӂ㠤 (zhì, to send) 䰞‫⾍ˈى‬ᯠⲴаᒤᒨ⾿㖾 ྭǄ ԆԜⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫нྭˈ㿱䶒Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ӂн䈤䈍Ǆ ԆԜ൘བྷᆖ䈫Җᰦտ൘ањᡯ䰤䟼ˈնєӪ Ӿᶕ䜭ᱟӂнᒢᢠ JƗQUӽRWRGLVWXUE Ǆ

mutually, each other (⴨, each other)

one another

ԆԜӂ⴨ᆖҐˈӂ⴨ᑞࣙǄ ᴹҶ䰞仈ԕਾˈн㾱ӂ⴨෻ᙘ (mányuàn, to point the finger at)Ǆ ᯠᒤⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬བྷᇦӂ⴨ᢃ⭥䈍ᤌᒤ (bàinián, to wish Happy New Year)Ǆ 䈧བྷᇦӂ⴨ӻ㓽ал੗Ǆ ࠪ䰘൘ཆˈ֐Ԝ㾱ӂ⴨➗亮Ǆ ԆԜӂ⴨䈤Ҷ༠޽㿱ˈቡ䜭⿫ᔰ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔഎᇦҶǄ ԆԜ⴨ӂᆖҐˈ䘋↕䜭ᖸᘛǄ ൘ഠ䳮Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬བྷᇦ㾱⴨ӂ⨶䀓 OӿMLČWR understand)Ǆ ԆԜ⴨ӂӔᖰҶᖸཊᒤˈ‫ޣ‬㌫аⴤ䜭ᖸྭǄ 䙊䗷ањᴻ৻ˈԆԜ⴨ӂ䇔䇶ҶǄ ԆԜཛ࿫ཊᒤˈᐕ֌઼⭏⍫к䜭ᱟ⴨ӂ᭟ ᤱ ]KƯFKtWRVXSSRUW Ǆ

Note: * ᖬ↔ SUEӿFӿµ\RXDQGPH¶DVLQ ᡁԜ䜭ᱟаᇦӪ, 䘈࠶ӰѸᖬ↔? * ⴨ӂ DGMµPXWXDO¶DVLQ ԆԜ⴨ӂⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ᖸн䭉. ¾ ᖬ↔ᖬ↔ µDOOFRQFHUQHGDUHDERXWWKHVDPHDSROLWHH[SUHVVLRQ ¶DVLQ$ ֐Ⲵ≹䈝ⵏྭ. B: 䉒䉒! ᖬ↔ᖬ↔.

186

KXƗ 㣡

¾ ৼᯩ QVKXƗQJIƗQJµERWKVLGHV¶DVLQ ৼᯩ䜭਼᜿ (tóngyì, to agree) Ҷ, ቡ䘉Ѹ࣎੗.

KXƗ 㣡 v. (see also 㣡䍩) hàofèi 㙇䍩 v. 3D

[LƗRIqL ⎸䍩 v. 3B

to squander, to (gradually) consume (time, energy, material, etc.; usu. with a negative connotation) (antonym: 〟㍟ MƯOČL 㙇, to consume; 䍩, to waste)

to consume, to expend (daily commodities) (⎸, to disappear)

to spend

Ԇ൘བྷኡ䟼㙇䍩Ҷ䶂᱕ᒤॾ (youth)Ǆ н㾱൘ᡁ䘉䟼㙇䍩ᰦ䰤ҶˈᡁнՊㆄᓄⲴǄ ԆԜᢺ㋮࣋ MƯQJOuHQHUJ\ 䜭㙇䍩൘ᔰՊ кҶˈնᱟ‫ݹ‬䈤н‫ڊ‬ᱟ⋑ᴹ⭘ⲴǄ 䘉⿽⡼ᆀⲴ⊭䖖∄䖳㙇䍩⊭⋩ (petrol)Ǆ ԆԜӺᲊ൘䛓њ依侶⎸䍩ҶӄⲮཊ‫ݳ‬䫡Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵь㾯䘉Ѹ䍥ˈᡁਟ⎸䍩н䎧Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒䎵ࡽ FKƗRTLiQDKHDGRIWLPH ⎸䍩Ǆ ӄਧᡯ䰤Ⲵ亮ᇒ⎸䍩нཊˈਚ்Ҷ⛩‫ݯ‬ஔ䞂Ǆ ᴹӋӪᱟվ᭦‫ ޕ‬VKǀXULQFRPe) 儈⎸䍩ˈ 㘼ᴹӋӪ৸ᱟ儈᭦‫ޕ‬վ⎸䍩Ǆ

[LƗRKjR ⎸㙇 v. * 3C

ԆѪ䘉Ԧһ⎸㙇Ҷᖸཊᰦ䰤઼㋮࣋Ǆ to use up, to exhaust (energy, time, 䘉ḻᾬⴆҶࠐᒤ䘈⋑ⴆᆼˈ⎸㙇ҶнቁӪ࣋ etc.; oft. wastefully) ઼⢙࣋Ǆ 䘉ѸབྷⲴ⭥㿶ᵪਟ㜭㾱⎸㙇ᖸཊ⭥੗? 䘉⿽䘀ࣘᡰ⎸㙇Ⲵփ࣋ (physical strength) 䶎 ᑨབྷǄ

KXƗIqL 㣡䍩 v. 2D

to spend, to use, to cost (money, ᆙᆀࠪഭ⮉ᆖ㾱㣡䍩ᖸཊ䫡Ǆ time, energy, etc.; oft. not used with ԆѪ߶༷㘳䈅㣡䍩Ҷнቁᰦ䰤Ǆ any specific amount of money) 䈱䜭н⸕䚃ԆѪᆙᆀ㣡䍩Ҷཊቁᗳ㹰 [ƯQ[Xq great care and effort)Ǆ ᴻ৻Ԝ⋑䇙ᡁ㣡䍩ӰѸˈ䜭ᱟԆԜࠪⲴ䫡Ǆ ѪҶࠪഭ᯵⑨ˈᰦ䰤઼䫡Ԇ䜭㣡䍩ҶнቁǄ

]KƯFKǌ ᭟ࠪ v. 2D

KXƗ 㣡 v. 2-1 A

to pay out (money) (᭟, to pay)

Ԇ⇿њᴸ᭟ࠪⲴ䞂䫡ቡᴹࠐⲮ‫ݳ‬Ǆ ԆᱟӾ䘉њ䬦㹼᭟ࠪⲴ䫡Ǆ 䘉ㅄ (mw.) 䫡᭟ࠪⲴᰦ䰤ᱟࡽཙǄ ԆӾ‫ޜ‬ਨ (company) Ⲵᑀ (zhàng, account)к ᭟ࠪҶ䛓ㅄ䫡Ǆ

to spend (money, time, energy etc.; ԆӾᶕ䜭н䲿‫ׯ‬㣡䫡Ǆ can be used with a specific amount 䈕㣡Ⲵቡ㾱㣡ˈн䈕㣡Ⲵቡн㾱㣡Ǆ of money) Ԇ㣡Ҷӄॱඇ䫡ҠҶ䛓ᵜҖǄ Ԇ䘉њᴸⲴ䫡㣡ᗇཚཊҶǄ Ԇ㣡ҶєཙⲴᰦ䰤ⴻᆼҶ䛓ᵜҖǄ 䘉Ӌ䫡ਟԕ㣡ࡠл⅑ਁᐕ䍴 IƗJǀQJ]ƯWRSD\RXW salaries)Ǆ

KXƗIqL 㣡䍩

187

Ԇᶕ䘉䟼ањᴸҶˈᑖᶕⲴ䫡‫ޘ‬㣡ᆼҶǄ fèi 䍩 v. 1B

to cost, to expend, to waste (oft. indicating a sense of waste or excess; used with degree adverbs or complements) (antonym: ⴱ VKČQJ

ԆѪҠ਽⡼‫( ݯ‬míngpáir, famous brand) 䍩Ҷ ᖸཊ䫡Ǆ 䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ཚ䍩ᰦ䰤ˈᡁԜ䘈ᱟᜣ࡛Ⲵ࣎⌅੗Ǆ 䘉њཚ䍩⭥ˈ䘈ᱟҠ䛓њⴱ⭥Ⲵ੗Ǆ ሩн䎧ˈᡁ㔃ႊ䍩Ҷнቁ䫡ˈ⧠൘ᐢ㓿⋑ᴹ 䫡ُ㔉֐ҶǄ ԆԜ䍩Ҷᖸབྷ࣢‫( ݯ‬jìnr, strength) ᡽ᢺ䛓њབྷṼ ᆀᩜഎҶᇦǄ Ԇ㣡䫡䍩ᶱҶˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н⸕䚃ⴱ䫡Ǆ н㾱䐏Ԇ䍩ਓ㠼 NԁXVKpconsiderable talking and persuading) Ҷˈ⋑ᴹ⭘ⲴǄ A: 䉒䉒֐ᑞᘉʽ B: ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈҏн䍩ӰѸһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

Note: * ⎸㙇 n. µFRQVXPSWLRQ¶, as in ྲ᷌䘉⅑Ⲵ⎸㙇ཚབྷⲴ䈍, л⅑ቡ࡛‫ڊ‬Ҷ. ¾ ⹤䍩 YSzIqLµWRSD\IRU¶RIWXVHGDVDSROLWHZRUGE\DJXHVWWRH[SUHVVDSSUHFLDWLRQWRDKRVWZKR spends money for the dinner or gift), as in 䘉依㨌ⵏྭਲ਼, 䇙ᛘ⹤䍩Ҷ.

KXƗIqL 㣡䍩 n. (see also 㣡) fèi 䍩 n. 2B

fèiyòng 䍩⭘ n. 2B

KXƗIHL 㣡䍩 n. 2D

spending

fee

costs, charges (⭘, use)

spending (㣡, to spend)

䘉䟼ᱟ‫ݸ‬ਲ਼依ˈਾӔ䍩Ǆ ֐⇿њᴸⲴҖ䍩ᱟཊቁ˛ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡ˈԈн䎧५㦟䍩Ǆ 䘉њ‫ޜ‬ഝᱟ᭦䍩ⲴǄ ؇䈍䈤 (as the saying goes)ˈ⋑ᴹ‫ ݽ‬PLӽQWR exempt) 䍩Ⲵॸ佀Ǆ ᡯ䍩ԆԈˈᡁԈ≤⭥䍩ǃ➔≄䍩ǃ⭥䈍䍩઼ к㖁 ZӽQJWKH,QWHUQHW 䍩Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵ⭏⍫䍩⭘нཚ儈Ǆ Ԇ䫡нཊˈԈн䎧䘉Ѹаབྷㅄ (mw.) 䍩⭘Ǆ ॱзඇ䫡Ⲵ䍩⭘ཚ儈ҶǄ ᡁԜབྷᇦ࠶ᣵ IƝQGƗQWRVKDUH ৫ेӜ᯵⑨ Ⲵ䍩⭘Ǆ ӺᒤⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬䍩⭘∄৫ᒤⲴཊҶа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆкᆖⲴ䍩⭘ᱟ⡦⇽㔉ⲴǄ ᆙᆀкᆖⲴ㣡䍩ᖸབྷǄ ᇦ䟼Ӫཊˈ㣡䍩ҏቡн㜭ቁҶǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵ㣡䍩нཚཊǄ ⧠൘Ⲵ㣡䍩∄ԕࡽཊҶǄ

188

huài ൿ аⲮඇ䫡ሩԆᶕ䈤ਟᱟаㅄнሿⲴ㣡䍩Ǆ ᇦ䟼䘉њᴸⲴ㣡䍩䜭䇠൘䘉њᵜᆀкҶǄ

NƗL[LƗR ᔰ䬰 n. 2 N/A

NƗL]KƯ ᔰ᭟ n. 2D

[LƗRIqL ⎸䍩 n.* 2 N/A ]KƯFKǌ ᭟ࠪ n. 2D

expenses (䬰, to spend)

expenditure, outgoings (᭟, to pay)

consumption (⎸, to disappear; 䍩, fee )

payout

Ԇ⇿ᴸ்䞂Ⲵᔰ䬰∄䖳བྷǄ кབྷᆖᰦᔰ䬰нཚབྷˈਟᱟᐕ֌ԕਾቡབྷཊҶǄ Ԇ㣡䫡нཊˈањᱏᵏаⲮཊඇ䫡ቡཏԆⲴ ᔰ䬰ҶǄ ԆⲴ䫡㻛࡛Ӫُ৫Ҷˈ䘎㠚ᐡⲴᔰ䬰䜭н⸕ 䚃Ӿଚ‫ݯ‬ᶕҶǄ 䘉њᐕলᖸབྷˈᐕӪᖸཊˈᔰ᭟ҏᖸབྷǄ ᡁԜ㾱߿ቁ MLӽQVKӽRWRUHGXFH ᔰ᭟ˈ࡛ ҡ㣡䫡Ǆ Ԇ൘ᇦн㇑䫡ˈн⸕䚃⇿ᴸⲴᔰ᭟ᱟཊቁǄ ੜ䈤䘉њⅼ঵Ⲵᴰվ⎸䍩ᱟаⲮ‫ݳ‬Ǆ 䘉Ӌᱟਸ⨶ KpOӿUHDVRQDEOH Ⲵ⎸䍩ੇ? 䘉⿽⎸䍩ਟнᱟᡁԜ䘉ṧⲴӪ㜭Ԉᗇ䎧ⲴǄ ᇦ䟼տ⵰ᇒӪˈᡰԕᴰ䘁Ⲵ᭟ࠪ∄䖳བྷǄ Ԇ᭟ࠪ䶎ᑨཊˈᙫᱟ㿹ᗇ䫡нཏ㣡Ǆ Ԇн⸕䚃㠚ᐡ⇿њᴸⲴ᭟ࠪᱟཊቁǄ 䘉ㅄ᭟ࠪᱟ㔉䈱Ⲵ˛ Ԇᱟ⭘᭟⾘ (cheque) Ԉ䘉ㅄ᭟ࠪⲴǄ

Note: * ⎸䍩 v., as in ሩ⇿аս⎸䍩㘵, ᡁԜ䜭㾱䇔ⵏൠᴽ࣑. ¾ 㣡䬰 QKXƗ[LƗRµVSHQGLQJLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇ⇿њᴸⲴ㣡䬰䜭нቁ.

huài ൿ adj. liè ࣓ adj. 3D

chà ᐞ adj.* 2B

bad of inferior quality, bad (of goods, deed, etc.) (antonym: Ո \ǀX

inferior, not up to standard, poor (antonym: ྭ)

䘉ᱟ՚ ZČLIDOVHLOOHJDO ࣓ӗ૱ FKӽQSӿQ product)Ǆ ࣓䍘 (zhì, quality) ӗ૱ቡᱟ޽‫ׯ‬ᇌᡁҏнҠǄ 䛓ᱟа३࣓傜, 䐁нᘛǄ Ӫо \ԃDQG Ӫᓄ䈕ᱟᒣㅹⲴˈ⋑ᴹՈ࣓ѻ ࠶Ǆ ੜ䈤Ԇᴹнቁ࣓䘩 (jì, trace, mark)Ǆ ԆԜ൘䈸࣓ṩᙗ OLqJƝQ[uQJGHHS-rooted bad habits) Ⲵ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇ≹䈝Ⲵੜ઼࣋߉֌䜭нᐞǄ ԆⲴ㤡䈝нᐞˈᰕ䈝ҏᖸྭǄ 依侶ᴰ䘁Ⲵ⭏᜿ VKƝQJ\LEXVLQHVV ᖸᐞˈᶕਲ਼ 依ⲴӪнཊǄ

huì Պ

189

Ԇ᡽ᔰ࿻ᆖཚᶱᤣˈնᢃᗇᒦнᐞǄ Ԇ䇢䈮䇢ᗇᐞᶱҶǄ Ԇ䘉⅑㘳䈅Ⲵᡀ㔙 FKpQJMƯJUDGH ∄䖳ᐞǄ 䘉䖖‫ׯ‬ᇌˈնᱟ䍘䟿 (zhìliàng, quality) ᐞǄ 䛓䟼ⲴᶑԦ (tiáojiàn, conditions) ᐞˈᐕ֌∄ 䖳㢠㤖Ǆ ሩᆖҐᐞⲴᆖ⭏ˈ֐㾱ཊᑞࣙԆԜǄ Ԇୡⅼୡᗇྭˈᡁ∄ԆᐞཊҶǄ cì ⅑ adj.* 2C huài ൿ adj.* 2A

substandard, second-rate

bad, evil, spoiled (ൿ + noun) (antonym: ྭ)

֐ⴻⴻˈ䘉ৼ䶻ཚ⅑Ҷʽ ԆӾᶕнҠ⅑૱ SӿQSURGXFWDQWRQ\P ↓૱)Ǆ ԆӰѸ䜭ྭˈቡᱟ㝮≄ (píqi, temper) ൿǄ ֐䘉њൿ㝮≄ӰѸᰦ‫ى‬᡽㜭᭩઒˛ ԆⲴ㝮≄ൿᶱҶˈ䈱䜭ᙅԆǄ ԆнᱟൿӪˈ֐н㾱䘉Ѹ䈤ԆǄ Ԇਲ਼ൿҶ㛊ᆀˈ৫ⴻ५⭏ҶǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸᐞˈ㓿ᑨ䈤࡛ӪⲴൿ䈍Ǆ

Note: * ᐞ YµWRIDOOVKRUWRI¶DVLQ ⧠൘ᐞॱ࠶є⛩. * ᐞ FKƗᐞ࡛ µGLIIHUHQFH¶ FKƗLࠪᐞ µDEXVLQHVVWULS¶ FƯ৲ FƝQ ᐞ µXQHYHQ¶ * ⅑ PZµWLPHV¶DVLQ Ԇ৫䗷є⅑, ਟᱟ䜭⋑ᴹⴻࡠྩ. * ൿ YµWRJREDG¶DVLQ 䘉њ呑㳻ൿҶ, н㾱ਲ਼. * ൿ DGMµEURNHQ¶DVLQ 䛓њ⭥㿶ᵪൿҶ, н㜭ⴻҶ. * ൿ DGMµH[WUHPHO\¶DVLQ ԆӺཙ㍟ൿҶˈഎࡠᇦቡⶑ㿹ҶǄ

huì Պ v. huìjiàn Պ㿱 v. 3B

huìkè Պᇒ v. 3B

to meet to meet (sb., oft. for diplomacy; meeting sb. of a similar rank or a senior meeting a junior)

to meet a guest (insertable) (ᇒ, guest)

ԆՊ㿱ҶаսཆഭᇒӪǄ 䛓њഭᇦⲴᙫ⨶ ]ԁQJOӿSUHPLHU ԆՊ㿱䗷 є⅑Ǆ ᙫ⨶ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬ൠՊ㿱ҶԆԜˈ䘈઼ԆԜа䎧➗Ҷ ⴨Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘Պ㿱Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ཆ䗩л䎧Ҷབྷ䴘Ǆ ԆᖸᘉˈӺཙн㜭ՊᇒǄ ሩн䎧ˈԆӺཙ⯵Ҷˈн㜭ՊᇒǄ Ԇ᱘ཙՊҶањሿᰦⲴᇒǄ ֐⸕䚃ԆӺཙ㾱ՊӰѸᇒੇ˛ 䈧੺䇹ԆᡁӺཙՊнҶ OLӽR ᇒҶǄ

190

huì Պ

huìtán Պ䈸 v.* 3B

to meet and hold talks (bilaterally or multilaterally; usu. an official event) (䈸, to talk)

ԆԜӺཙлॸ䐏ᶕ䇯ⲴᇒӪՊ䈸ҶǄ ԆԜՊ䈸ᗇᖸᡀ࣏Ǆ ੜ䈤ԆԜєӪՊ䈸ҶйњሿᰦǄ ᴹ‫ޣ‬䘉њ䰞仈ˈৼᯩ↓൘Պ䈸Ǆ Ԇᱟԓ㺘 GjLELӽRWRUHSUHVHQW 䛓њབྷᆖᶕ 䐏ᡁԜՊ䈸ⲴǄ

huìwù ՊᲔ v. 3D

to meet sb. (oft. for diplomacy; meeting sb. of a similar rank) (Ე, to meet)

ԆՊᲔҶࠐսཆഭᇒӪǄ ԆԜՊᲔᗇᖸᡀ࣏Ǆ єഭ亶ሬӪ OӿQJGӽRUpQOHDGHU ᱘ཙ䘋㹼Ҷ ՊᲔǄ

huì Պ v.* 2A

to meet up with (friend, guest, etc.; oft. an informal event) (reduplication: A(а)A)

ԆӺཙ৫ՊҶњᴻ৻ˈа䎧்䞂㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ⯵ҶˈӺཙн㜭৫Պ֐ҶǄ ԆᜣՊሿ⦻а⅑Ǆ Ԇ↓൘Պᇒˈн㜭ᶕ᧕⭥䈍Ǆ ᐢ㓿Պ䗷ԆҶˈᡁԜ䜭䇔䇶ҶǄ Ѫ䘉Ԧһ䈧ˈԆԜՊ䗷є⅑ҶǄ Ԇ৫ᲊҶˈ⋑ᴹՊ⵰ (zhaó, particle ± indicating the completion of an action) 䛓њӪǄ ᡁⲴᴻ৻ᜣՊ(а)Պ֐Ǆ

jiàn 㿱 v.* 2A

to see (reduplication: A(а)A)

jiànmiàn 㿱䶒 v. 2A

to meet (not 㿱䶒 + object; insertable) (reduplication: A(а)AB) (䶒, face)

Ԇ㿱ᡁ䘋ᶕҶˈቡㄉҶ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ৫㿱ањᴻ৻ҶǄ 㘱ᐸਛᡁࡠ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔ৫㿱ԆǄ 䘉ᵜҖᡁӾᶕ⋑ᴹ㿱䗷Ǆ 䘉⿽㣡ᡁԕࡽ㿱ᗇཊҶǄ ྭѵ⋑㿱ˈ֐䘈ྭ੗Ǆ ⵬㿱Ѫᇎ (shí, real)ˈᡁӢ⵬ⴻ㿱ԆᶕҶǄ Ԇᐢ㓿䎠Ҷˈ֐㿱нࡠԆҶǄ 䛓ᡁ‫ݸ‬䎠Ҷˈ᰾ཙ㿱Ǆ Ԇ‫ؙ‬ᜣ‫ݸ‬㿱㿱䶒ˈ䇔䇶алǄ ᡁԜ൘ଚ䟼㿱䶒˛ Ԇᢃ⭥䈍㔉ᡁˈᜣ㿱(а)㿱䶒ˈྭྭ‫ݯ‬㙺㙺Ǆ ᡁ䐏Ԇԕࡽ㿱䗷䶒ˈᡁԜ䇔䇶Ǆ ԆԜᱟ᱘ཙ㿱Ⲵ䶒Ǆ ԆԜ㿱Ҷ䶒ԕਾˈቡа䎧৫ਲ਼依ҶǄ ઼Ԇ㿱а䶒੗ˈԆᴹ䈍㾱䐏֐䈤Ǆ Ԇケ❦⯵ҶˈᡰԕᡁԜ⋑㜭㿱ࡠ䶒Ǆ Ԇ‫ؙ‬ਚ㿱䗷а⅑䶒ˈ䘈нཚ⟏ᚹǄ ᡁᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤⋑ᴹ㿱ࡠྩⲴ䶒ҶǄ

Note: * Պ䈸 QµWDONV¶DVLQ 䘉⅑Պ䈸ሩԆԜᶕ䈤ᖸ䟽㾱. * Պ QµPHHWLQJ¶DVLQ ᰾ཙⲴՊᱟ൘кॸॱ⛩ᔰ. * 㿱 (verb + 㿱 resultative complement), as in 1) ֐ⴻ㿱ྩҶੇ? 2) ᡁੜ㿱ྩ൘䈤䈍.

KXz]KČ ᡆ㘵

191

¾ ৲㿲 YFƗQJXƗQµWRYLVLWVRPHZKHUH ¶DVLQ ԆԜ㾱ࡠेӜབྷᆖ৲㿲. ¾ 㿱䶒⽬ ph. µDJLIWJLYHQDWRQH¶VILUVWPHHWLQJRIWWRDUHODWLYHRIDMXQLRUJHQHUDWLRQ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟԆ਄ ਄㔉Ⲵ㿱䶒⽬. ¾ ᧕㿱 Yµto receive/ meet sb. (oft. sb. of lesser status)¶DVLQ ᙫ⨶᱘ཙ᧕㿱Ҷ䘉Ӌᆖ⭏.

KXz]KČ ᡆ㘵 conj. (see also нᱟ«ቡᱟ)

or

E~ VKu«MLVKu нᱟ«ቡᱟ ph. either...or (usu. limited 2C to two choices)

㜭ᑞࣙԆⲴˈнᱟሿ⦻ቡᱟሿᕐǄ Ԇнᱟ඀‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖ˈቡᱟ㠚ᐡᔰ䖖ᶕǄ Ԇнᱟဃ⦻ˈቡᱟဃᵾǄ Ԇտ൘нᱟ䘉ᶑ㺇ˈቡᱟ䛓ᶑ㺇Ǆ ᡁԜᜣ㿱њ䶒ˈнᱟԆᶕˈቡᱟᡁ৫Ǆ Ԇᜣᆖа䰘ཆ䈝ˈнᱟ㤡䈝ቡᱟ⌅䈝Ǆ ԆлҶ⨝എᇦˈнᱟⴻ⭥㿶ቡᱟᢃ⭥㝁Ǆ ᡁտⲴൠᯩ∄䖳੥ˈнᱟ䘉ᇦⲴᆙᆀଝˈቡ ᱟ䛓ᇦⲴབྷӪਛǄ

háishì 䘈ᱟ conj.* 2A

֐ௌ⅒்૆஑䘈ᱟ்㥦˛ ᕩ䫒⩤ˈ֐Պ䘈ᱟнՊ˛ ֐ᜣ৫䘈ᱟнᜣ৫˛ н㇑֐䘈ᱟԆˈ⧠൘䜭н㾱䘋৫Ǆ ᰐ䇪֐儈‫ޤ‬䘈ᱟн儈‫ˈޤ‬ᡁ䜭㾱৫Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖᱟԆⲴ䘈ᱟ֐Ⲵ˛ ᡁԜ৫ˈ䘈ᱟԆԜᶕ˛ 䘉ᵜҖᱟሿ⦻ُ৫Ҷˈ䘈ᱟሿᕐُ৫Ҷ˛ ੜ䈤֐ᱟ㘱ᐸˈབྷᆖ㘱ᐸ䘈ᱟѝᆖ㘱ᐸ˛ Ԇн⸕䚃ᱟ䈤ྭˈ䘈ᱟн䈤ྭǄ ᡁᜣ㔉ԆҠ⛩‫⽬ݯ‬⢙ˈ֐䈤ᱟҠҖྭ䘈ᱟҠ㺓 ᴽྭ˛ Җᡁ㔉֐ҠҶˈ֐ᶕ᤯䘈ᱟᡁ㔉֐䘱৫˛

or (oft. ᱟ«䘈ᱟ; oft. used in a question)

huò ᡆ conj. 2B

or

huòshì ᡆᱟ conj. 2D

or

᰾ཙሿᕐᡆሿ⦻ᶕᑞᡁᩜᇦǄ ֐᰾ཙᡆਾཙᶕ䜭ਟԕǄ ӺᒤᡁԜᜣࠪ৫᯵⑨ˈ৫ेӜᡆк⎧Ǆ ֐ᢺ䘉њӔ㔉ሿᕐᡆሿᵾǄ Ԇᜣᆖа䰘ཆ䈝ˈѝ᮷ǃ⌅᮷ᡆᱟ丙᮷Ǆ Ӻཙᡆᱟ᰾ཙˈᡁᜣ৫ⴻⴻ֐Ǆ ᡆᱟ৫ˈᡆᱟн৫ˈᡁԜ䜭ᓄ䈕ᰙ⛩‫੺ݯ‬䇹ԆǄ ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼ᴹнቁӪˈԆԜ൘ୡⅼǃ䐣㡎ᡆᱟᢃཚ ᶱᤣǄ

192 KXz]KČ ᡆ㘵 conj. 2A

KXz]KČ ᡆ㘵 or

\jRPH«\jRPH either...or (usu. limited to 㾱Ѹ«㾱Ѹ conj. two choices; connecting 2-1 D two sentences only; a softer tone for suggestions) (also 㾱ᵛ)

Ԇᲊкᑨᑨⴻⴻ⭥㿶ᡆ㘵ੜੜ丣ҀӰѸⲴǄ 㤩᷌ǃ₉ᆀᡆ㘵㪑㨴ˈ֐ᜣ㾱ӰѸ˛ Җⴻᆼԕਾˈ‫ݸ‬᭮൘֐䛓䟼ᡆ㘵㔉ᡁ䘱䗷 ᶕˈ䜭ਟԕǄ ୶ᓇ䟼Ӫᖸཊˈབྷᇦ൘Ҡь㾯ᡆ㘵䰢䙋 (xiánguàng, to stroll)Ǆ 㡎Պ൘֐ᇦᡆ㘵ᡁᇦ࣎ (bàn, to do) 䜭ਟԕǄ ᡁᗇ GČLKDYHWR ⴻ५⭏ˈᕐ५⭏ᡆ㘵⦻५ ⭏䜭㹼Ǆ ᡆ㘵֐৫ˈᡆ㘵Ԇ৫ˈ䈱৫䜭ਟԕǄ ֐৫ᡆ㘵ᡁ৫䜭ਟԕˈ৫ањቡ㹼Ǆ ֐䈤䈍ˈ㾱Ѹ䎠ˈ㾱Ѹн䎠Ǆ Ԇ㾱Ѹⶑ㿹ˈ㾱Ѹਲ਼依ˈቡᱟнⴻҖǄ 㾱Ѹ৫ेӜˈ㾱Ѹ৫к⎧ˈ֐ߣᇊ੗Ǆ ᴰ䘁ཙ≄нྭˈ㾱Ѹл䴚ˈ㾱Ѹл䴘Ǆ 㾱Ѹ৫᯵⑨ˈ㾱Ѹ৫‫ޜ‬ഝˈ֐ᜣ৫ଚ‫˛ݯ‬

Note: ¾ Words in this group link choices with a similar structure, e.g. 㾱Ѹл䴚ˈ㾱Ѹл䴘 (all verbal phrases). * 䘈ᱟ DGYµVWLOO¶DVLQ Ԇ㲭❦⯵Ҷ, ն䘈ᱟᜣ৫ᐕ֌.

MƯKǌ ࠐѾ

193

J MƯKǌ ࠐѾ adv. (see also ᐞнཊ) MƯEČQVKDQJ สᵜк adv. 3 N/A

basically, on the whole (oft. สᵜ к + 䜭) (ส, base; ᵜ, principal)

almost

ԆⲴ≹䈝ᆖᗇᖸᘛˈสᵜк㜭䈤ҶǄ ᡁԜ⨝䟼Ⲵ਼ᆖสᵜк䜭ᱟҼॱཊ኱Ǆ ԆⲴ⯵สᵜкྭҶǄ ԆӪ䘈н䭉ˈᴻ৻䈧ԆᑞᘉˈԆสᵜк䜭৫Ǆ ԆⲴ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙สᵜк䜭䘈н䭉Ǆ ᆖ⭏ᨀⲴ䰞仈䘉њ㘱ᐸสᵜк䜭㜭എㆄǄ

MƯKǌ ࠐѾ adv. 2B

almost, close to (usu. in a positive sentence; not used for sth. wanted E\WKHVSHDNHUWKDWGRHVQ¶WKDSSHQ e.g. ᡁᐞ⛩‫ݯ‬ቡ䎦к伎ᵪҶ, where ࠐѾ cannot be used to replace ᐞ⛩‫)ݯ‬

MLƗQJMuQ ሶ䘁 adv.* 2 N/A

‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴ䖖䎺䎠䎺䘌ˈྸྸаⴤⴻࡠሶ䘁ⴻн㿱Ҷ nearly, close to (ሶ, to get; 䘁, near) ᡽䖜䓛䘋ҶᇦǄ ԆԜⲴབྷᆖ⭏⍫ሶ䘁㔃ᶏ (jiéshù, to end), ਼ᆖԜ ߶༷ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᒶ⾍ᒶ⾍Ǆ ቡ൘ԆⲴҖሶ䘁ᆼᡀⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ䇔䇶Ҷањ┲Ӟ Ⲵྣᆙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ӺཙᶕҶሶ䘁ᴹєॳӪǄ

FKjEGXǀ almost (describing a fact without ᐞнཊ adv.* PXFKLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHVSHDNHU¶V 2-1 N/A feelings, unlike ᐞ⛩‫ ݯ‬below; not in the negative; ᐞнཊ + 䜭/ ‫)ޘ‬

Ԇ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇࠐѾ䐣Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ൘䘉䟼ᖸᴹ਽ˈࠐѾ⋑ᴹӪн⸕䚃ԆǄ Ԇ䮯ᗇ䐏ᡁᕏᕏࠐѾаṧǄ ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼Ⲵ㣡ࠐѾ䜭ᔰҶǄ Ԇ൘䖖кⶑ⵰ҶˈࠐѾⶑ䗷ҶㄉǄ ԆཚᘉҶˈࠐѾᘈҶ৫᧕ᆙᆀǄ ཊᒤ⋑㿱Ⲵ㘱਼ᆖˈ޽㿱ࡠⲴᰦ‫ى‬ᡁࠐѾ⋑䇔ࠪ ԆᶕǄ ⡧⡧ⲴཤਁࠐѾ‫ⲭޘ‬ҶǄ 䘉ᵜҖᖸ䍥ˈࠐѾ㣡ҶԆањᱏᵏⲴᐕ䍴 JǀQJ]ƯZDJH Ǆ

ṁкⲴ㤩᷌ᐞнཊ‫ޘ‬㓒ҶǄ 䘉Ӌ⮉ᆖ⭏ᐞнཊ䜭ᱟӾѝഭᶕⲴǄ 䘉Ӌ⭫ᐞнཊ䜭ᱟԆ⭫ⲴǄ ᲊՊᔰᆼਾˈԆԜᐞнཊ䜭䎠ҶǄ ㅹ࡛Ӫᐞнཊ䜭䈤ᆼҶˈԆ᡽ᔰਓ䈤䈍Ǆ ԆⲴ㺓ᴽᐞнཊ䜭ᱟྸྸ㔉ҠⲴǄ ⴻ⭥ᖡⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁԜᐞнཊ䜭ଝҶǄ ᡁ䘋৫Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇᐞнཊ䈤ᆼҶǄ Ӿ䘉䟼ࡠ⚛䖖ㄉᐞнཊ㾱䎠ॱ࠶䫏Ǆ 䘉њ㤩᷌ⵏབྷˈᐞнཊᴹॺᯔ䟽Ǆ ӺཙⲴ࣏䈮Ԇᐞнཊ‫ڊ‬ᆼҶǄ

194

MƯKXu ᵪՊ

FKjGLӽQU nearly (A: sth. that the speaker ᐞ⛩‫ ݯ‬adv.* GRHVQ¶WZDQWWREHUHDOLVHGFDPH 1B FORVHEXWGLGQ¶WKDSSHQLQWKH end, VRVKHIHHOVµIRUWXQDWH¶,QWKLV case, the positive ᐞ⛩‫ ݯ‬and the negative ᐞ⛩‫ ⋑ݯ‬both mean µWKHZDQWHGKDSSHQHG¶%sth. that the speaker wants to be realised. B1 (positive form): ᐞ⛩‫ ݯ‬means µWKH ZDQWHGFDPHFORVHEXWGLGQ¶W FRPHWKURXJKLQWKHHQG¶VR µXQIRUWXQDWH¶%QHJDWLYHIRUP ᐞ⛩‫ ⋑ݯ‬YPHDQVµWKHZDQWHG did come througK¶DOVR ᐞа⛩‫)ݯ‬

Ԇᖸᘉˈᐞ⛩‫ݯ‬ᘈҶਲ਼依Ǆ[A: ate his meal] Ԇᖸᘉˈᐞ⛩‫⋑ݯ‬ᘈҶਲ਼依Ǆ[A: ate his meal] 䐟к䖖ཚཊˈԆᐞ⛩‫ݯ‬ᶕᲊҶǄ[A: came on time] 䐟к䖖ཚཊˈԆᐞ⛩‫⋑ݯ‬ᶕᲊҶǄ[A: came on time] ᆙᆀ⯵Ҷˈྸྸᙕᗇᐞ⛩‫ݯ‬ଝҶǄ>$GLGQ¶WFU\@ ᆙᆀ⯵Ҷˈྸྸᙕᗇᐞ⛩‫⋑ݯ‬ଝҶǄ>$GLGQ¶W cry] Ԇᐞ⛩‫ݯ‬ቡ䎦к‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖ҶǄ [%SRVLWLYHIRUPGLGQ¶WFDWFKWKHEXV] Ԇᐞ⛩‫⋑ݯ‬䎦к‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖Ǆ [B2: negative form, did catch the bus] Ҡ⾘ⲴӪᖸཊˈᡁᐞ⛩‫ݯ‬ቡҠࡠҶǄ [%SRVLWLYHIRUPGLGQ¶WJHWWKHWLFNHW] Ҡ⾘ⲴӪᖸཊˈᡁᐞ⛩‫⋑ݯ‬ҠࡠǄ [B2: negative form, did get the ticket] ৫ᒤԆᐞ(а)⛩‫ݯ‬㘳кབྷᆖˈӺᒤ䘈㾱޽㘳Ǆ [B1: positive form, GLGQ¶WSDVVWKHH[DP@ ৫ᒤԆᐞ(а)⛩‫⋑ݯ‬㘳кབྷᆖǄ [B2: negative form, did pass the exam]

Note: * ሶ䘁 YµWRDSSUR[LPDWH¶DVLQ Ԇሶ䘁‫ॱޝ‬኱Ҷ, նᱟⴻ䎧ᶕ䘈ᖸᒤ䖫. * ᐞнཊ DGYµPRUHRUOHVV¶DVLQ ԆԜⲴ≹䈝ᐞнཊаṧྭ. * ᐞ⛩‫ ݯ‬DGMµQRWTXLWHWKHUH\HW¶DVLQ ᡁ‫Ⲵڊ‬㨌䘈ᱟᐞ⛩‫ݯ‬, ⋑ᴹྸྸ‫ྭⲴڊ‬ਲ਼. ¾ ᐞн⿫‫ ݯ‬DGMµDOPRVWLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 依‫ڊ‬ᗇᐞн⿫‫ݯ‬Ҷ, ߶༷ਲ਼依੗.

MƯKXu ᵪՊ n. MƯ\ ᵪ䙷 n. 3D

VKtMƯ ᰦᵪ n. 3-2 C

opportunity favourable circumstances, good luck (unexpected and very rare) (ᵪ, chance; 䙷, meet)

a moment of opportunity, a timely chance (mw. њ)

ᡁԜаᇊ㾱ᣃտ ]KXƗ]KWRVHL]H 䘉њᵪ䙷Ǆ ᵪ䙷ሩᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJVXFFHVV ᱟ䟽㾱ⲴǄ Ԇ∅ъєᒤཊҶˈ䘈⋑ᴹ᢮ࡠᐕ֌ˈਟ㜭ᱟ⋑ᴹ ⻠ (pèng, to run into) кᵪ䙷੗Ǆ 䘉⅑ᵪ䙷ሩԆᶕ䈤ᖸ䳮ᗇǄ ԆⲴᵪ䙷нൿ (huài, bad)ˈᐕ֌઼⭏⍫䜭н䭉Ǆ н⸕䚃ᱟнᱟᵪ䙷ˈԆᗇࡠҶ䛓ԭྭᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇ㜭⻠к䘉њᵪ䙷ᱟᖸнᇩ᱃ⲴǄ ԆⲴᒤ喴䘈ሿˈ↓ᱟᆖҐⲴྭᰦᵪˈ㔃ႊㅹԕਾ ޽䈤੗Ǆ ⡨⡨Ӻཙ⢩࡛儈‫ˈޤ‬ᱟ䐏Ԇ䈤䘉ԦһⲴᴰྭᰦ ᵪǄ ‫ݸ‬н㾱⵰ᙕˈㅹᖵ (dài, to wait for) ᴹ࡙ \ԁXOu advantageous) ᰦᵪǄ

MƯKXu ᵪՊ

195

ᰦᵪᐢ㓿ᡀ⟏ (chéngshú, mature)ˈᡁԜᓄ䈕 ੺䇹ԆҶǄ к⅑ᡁԜཡ VKƯWRPLVV ৫Ҷᰦᵪˈ䘉⅑аᇊн 㜭޽ཡ৫ҶǄ 䘉њᰦᵪᖸྭˈᡁԜᓄ䈕৫Ǆ ᰦᵪаࡠˈԆቡ䐣ࠪᶕᦓҡ GӽROXjQWRPDNH trouble)Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱ྭྭᦼᨑ ]KӽQJZzWRVHL]H ᰦᵪˈᢺ ᐕ֌‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ MƯKXu ᵪՊ n. 2A

opportunity, chance (could be created and planned) (mw. ⅑/ њ, etc.) (Պ, meet)

Ԇ㘳䈅㘳ᗇнྭˈ⋑ᴹкབྷᆖⲴᵪՊҶǄ Ԇ⢩࡛ᘉˈ䳮ᗇᴹ઼ᆙᆀԜ൘а䎧ⲴᵪՊǄ ᡁᖸᘉˈ⋑ᴹᵪՊᶕ৲࣐֐Ⲵ⭏ᰕᲊՊҶǄ ࠪഭ⮉ᆖ䘉⿽ᵪՊᖸ䳮ᗇˈ֐аᇊ㾱ྭྭᆖҐǄ а⅑‫ ❦ڦ‬ԁXUiQaccidental) ⲴᵪՊˈԆԜ‫ؙ‬ 䇔䇶ҶǄ ৫ेӜ᯵⑨ⲴᵪՊᖸཊˈ֐л⅑޽৫੗Ǆ 䘉ᱟањྭᵪՊˈॳзн㾱䭉 (cuò, to miss) 䗷Ǆ Ԇ䘈ᒤ䖫ˈ޽㔉Ԇа⅑ᵪՊ੗Ǆ ྲ᷌ᴹᵪՊˈᡁаᇊ৫䛓䟼ⴻⴻǄ Ԇᖸௌ⅒ྩˈаᴹᵪՊቡ㔉ྩᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ Ԇᖸᜣ৫ѝഭⴻⴻˈնаⴤ⋑ᴹᵪՊǄ

KXԁKRX ⚛‫ ى‬n. 1 N/A

crucial or appropriate moment (⚛, fire; ‫ى‬, time: literal meaning, µDPRXQWDQGGXUDWLRQRIKHDW¶ in baking/ cooking/ smelting, etc.; not ྭ + ⚛‫ ;ى‬oft. ⚛‫)ݯى‬

䘉њ㨌䘈ᐞ⛩‫ى⚛ݯ‬Ǆ ԆᖸՊ䈤䈍ˈ⚛‫ᦼݯى‬ᨑᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ ᆖҐ㾱䶎ᑨࣚ࣋ˈ⚛‫ࡠى‬ҶˈՊࠪྭᡀ㔙ⲴǄ ԆⲴ㨌‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭਲ਼ˈ⚛‫ྭ↓ى‬Ǆ Ԇ࠰ᐕ઼⚛‫ى‬䜭ᦼᨑ ]KӽQJZzWRPDVWHU ᗇᖸ ྭǄ

yuán 㕈 n. 1 N/A

predestined relationship, fate

yuánfèn 㕈࠶ n. 1 N/A

predestined affinity, lot or luck by which people/ things are brought together

ԆᖸᴹӪ㕈‫ˈݯ‬ᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ֐Ԝ‫ؙ‬㾱ᱟᴹ㕈Ⲵ䈍ˈԕਾ䘈Պ޽㿱䶒ⲴǄ 䘉ቡਛ³ॳ䟼ᴹ㕈ᶕ⴨Պ (Separated by thousands of miles, we come together as if it was meant to be) ´Ǆ ᡁԜⵏᴹ㕈ԭˈ৸㿱䶒ҶǄ ૡԜ‫⋑ؙ‬ᴹ㕈࠶‫ڊ‬ཛ࿫ቡ㇇ҶǄ 㜭н㜭㔃ႊˈቡⴻ֐Ԝᴹ⋑ᴹ㕈࠶ҶǄ 㕈࠶䘉њь㾯нᱟ䈱ᜣᴹቡਟԕᴹⲴǄ

Note: 㢟ᵪ QOLiQJMƯµJROGHQRSSRUWXQLW\¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟањੁྩ≲ႊ TL~KǌQWRSURSRVH Ⲵ㢟ᵪ, ֐ аᇊ㾱৫.

196

MƯGzQJ ◰ࣘ

MƯGzng ◰ࣘ adj. (see also ᝏࣘ/ 儈‫)ޤ‬ JƗR[uQJ 儈‫ ޤ‬adj.* 2A

happy (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: 䳮䗷) (‫ޤ‬, cheerful)

excited

ӺཙԆᖸ儈‫ˈޤ‬ഐѪᲊк㾱઼ྣᴻ৻৫ⴻ⭥ᖡǄ ੜ䈤‫ݯ‬ᆀ㾱എᇦ䗷᱕㢲ˈԆ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇᖸǄ ྭнᇩ᱃ҠࡠҶ䏣⨳⾘ˈԆ儈‫ޤ‬ҶаཙǄ Ӻཙᱟ᱕㢲ˈᆙᆀԜ儈‫ޤ‬ൠ䐁ᶕ䐁৫Ǆ ԆԜєњ㾱㔃ႊҶˈ䘉ᱟаԦ儈‫Ⲵޤ‬һᛵǄ Ԇа儈‫ޤ‬ቡୡⅼǄ Ԇн儈‫Ⲵޤ‬ᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁнՊ৫✖ԆǄ ᰾ཙቡ㜭㿱ࡠྣᴻ৻ҶˈԆ儈‫ޤ‬ᶱҶǄ ⸕䚃‫ݯ‬ᆀቡ㾱എᇦᶕҶˈԆ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇⶑн⵰㿹Ǆ ࡛н儈‫ޤ‬Ҷˈᡁ᰾ཙ઼֐а䎧৫ቡᱟҶǄ Ԇ䎺䈤䎺儈‫ˈޤ‬ਾᶕቡୡҶ䎧ᶕǄ ࡛䳮䗷ҶˈӺཙᱟ֐Ⲵ⭏ᰕˈᓄ䈕儈‫ޤ‬᡽ᱟǄ ԆԜ儈儈‫ޤޤ‬ൠ൘а䎧ਲ਼Ҷа亯 (mw.) 依Ǆ

MƯGzQJ ◰ࣘ adj.* 2B

excited, agitated (by sth. good or bad; oft. an impulsive reaction) (antonym: ᒣ䶉 píngjìng) (◰, to arouse; ࣘ, to stir)

ੜ䈤‫ݯ‬ᆀ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈԆᖸ◰ࣘǄ Ԇаᔰ࿻ᥪᒣ䶉Ⲵˈ䈤⵰䈤⵰ቡਈᗇ◰ࣘ䎧ᶕǄ ⴻࡠཊᒤ⋑㿱Ⲵ㘱ᴻ৻ˈԆॱ࠶◰ࣘǄ Ԇཚ◰ࣘҶˈ䈍䜭䈤нࠪᶕҶǄ Ԇ◰ࣘᗇଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ ⴻ㿱ҶᡁԜˈԆቡ◰ࣘൠ䐁Ҷ䗷ᶕǄ Ԇаੜ䈤н䇙䘋৫ˈ傜кቡ◰ࣘҶ䎧ᶕǄ ԆⲴᛵ㔚 (qíngxù, mood) ᖸ◰ࣘˈ৸੥৸ਛǄ ⡨⡨ˈн㾱◰ࣘˈ֐ᗳ㜿 [ƯQ]jQJKHDUW нྭǄ ⴻࡠ㘱ᴻ৻ᶕҶˈԆⲴ㝨к䵢ࠪ◰ࣘⲴ㺘ᛵ ELӽRTtQJIDFLDOH[SUHVsion)Ǆ Ԇ䎺䈤䎺◰ࣘˈ䘈ଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ

[ƯQJIqQ ‫ ཻޤ‬adj.* 2B

exhilarated, excited (usu. by sth. pleasant) (antonym: ⋞ї MԃVjQJ (ཻ, to raise)

ⴻҶ䛓њ⭥ᖡԕਾˈབྷᇦ䜭䶎ᑨ‫ཻޤ‬Ǆ ੜࡠ䛓њԔ (lìng, to make) Ӫ‫⎸Ⲵཻޤ‬᚟ [LƗR[L news)ˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇ૆஑்ཊҶˈཚ‫ⶑˈཻޤ‬н⵰㿹Ǆ ቡ㾱㿱ࡠॱᒤ⋑㿱Ⲵ㘱ᴻ৻ҶˈԆ‫ཻޤ‬ൠ䎠ᶕ 䎠৫Ǆ Ԇ‫ཻޤ‬ᗇ䐣Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ 䎒Ҷ䏣⨳䎋ˈབྷᇦ䜭‫ཻޤ‬ᶱҶǄ Ԇᱟ䎒 (yíng, to win) Ҷ⨳ቡ‫ˈཻޤ‬䗃 (shǌ, to lose) Ҷ⨳ቡ⋞їǄ Ԇⴻ⵰ᆙᆀԜ‫Ⲵཻޤ‬ㅁ㝨ˈᝏࡠ䶎ᑨ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ⴻࡠҶᆙᆀⲴ⴨⡷‫ˈݯ‬Ԇᱮᗇ [LӽQGHWRDSSHDU ॱ࠶‫ཻޤ‬Ǆ Ԇ䎺䈤䎺‫ˈཻޤ‬ਾᶕቡㄉ䎧ᶕ䈤ҶǄ

jí ᙕķ

197

Note: * 儈‫ ޤ‬v., as in 1) ૡԜӺᲊа䎧ࠪ৫ਲ਼依, 儈‫ޤ‬儈‫ޤ‬. 2) ᡁ儈‫ޤ‬৫ቡ৫ˈн儈‫ޤ‬৫ቡн৫Ǆ * ◰ࣘ v., as in ԆԜୡ䎧Ҷഭⅼ, ⵏᱟ◰ࣘӪᗳ. * ‫ ཻޤ‬v., as in བྷᇦ䜭㾱ⶑ⵰Ҷ, а䎧ୡњⅼ‫ཻޤཻޤ‬੗. ¾ ߢࣘ adj. FKǀQJGzQJ µimpulsive¶DVLQ н㾱ߢࣘ, ֐‫ݸ‬䇙ᡁᢺ䈍䈤ᆼ. ¾ ᥟཻ Y]KqQIqQµWRLQVSLUH¶, as in ੜҶԆⲴ䈍ԕਾ, ᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭ᖸᥟཻ.

jí ᙕķadj. (see also ᙕĸ/ ᙕᘉ/ ・࡫) jíqiè ᙕ࠷ adj. 3D

eager, anxious (reduplication: A(A)BB) (࠷, anxious)

anxious

Ԇᘰ (huái, to have) ⵰ᙕ࠷Ⲵᗳᛵ [ƯQTtQJ mood) ᶕࡠᆖṑˈ䈒䰞ԆⲴᆙᆀѪӰѸ䘈⋑ᴹ എᇦǄ Ԇㄉ൘䰘ਓˈᙕ࠷ൠㅹ⵰ᇒӪⲴࡠᶕǄ 㘱ᐸᙕ࠷ൠ䰞ᡁԜਁ⭏ҶӰѸһᛵǄ བྷᇦ䜭ᙕ࠷ᐼᵋԆⲴ⯵㜭ᰙ⛩‫ྭݯ‬Ǆ ⭥䈍䟼ՐᶕҶԆᙕ࠷Ⲵ༠丣Ǆ ᙕ࠷Ⲵ∅ъ⭏Ԝ䜭ᜣа∅ъቡ᢮ࡠᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇᙕ࠷ൠㅹᖵ⵰⚛䖖ⲴࡠᶕǄ Ԇᙕ(ᙕ)࠷࠷Ⲵˈᖸᜣ⸕䚃ྩᱟнᱟҏௌ⅒ԆǄ

jízào ᙕ䒱 adj. 3C

irritableLPSHWXRXVXVXRIRQH¶V ੜ䈤Ԇ䘉њӪᖸᙕ䒱ˈᱟੇ˛ disposition) (antonym: 㙀ᗳ QjL[ƯQ Ԇ䘉њӪᙕ䒱ᗇᖸˈᡁнௌ⅒ԆǄ (䒱, impetuous, rash) ᆖҐⲴᰦ‫ى‬н㜭ᙕ䒱ˈ㾱ᴹ㙀ᗳ᡽㜭ᆖྭǄ ㅹҶॺཙˈ䖖䘈⋑ᶕˈԆቡᙕ䒱䎧ᶕǄ ཙ䎺唁ˈԆቡ䎺ᙕ䒱Ǆ ᆙᆀਲ਼Ҷ㦟ԕਾˈቡн䛓Ѹᙕ䒱нᆹҶǄ 䘉њᐕ֌㾱㙀ᗳˈн㜭ᙕ䒱Ǆ

MLƗRMt ❖ᙕ adj. 3C

very uneasy, very anxious (over sth. unresolved and its immediate and pressing outcome; oft. referring to WKHHPERGLPHQWRIRQH¶VDQ[LHW\ (antonym: ᒣ䶉 píngjìng)

Ԇ඀൘䛓䟼ˈᱮᗇ [LӽQGHWRORRN 䶎ᑨ❖ᙕǄ 伎ᵪᐢ㓿ᲊ⛩єњሿᰦҶˈབྷᇦ䜭ㅹᗇᖸ❖ᙕǄ ⴻࡠᆙᆀ䛓ᕐ❖ᙕⲴሿ㝨ˈᡁ傜к㔉Ԇ⡦⇽ᢃҶ ⭥䈍Ǆ Ԇ❖ᙕൠ൘ᡯ䰤䟼䎠ᶕ䎠৫Ǆ ੜ䈤ᆙᆀ⯵ҶˈԆ❖ᙕз࠶Ǆ

MLƗROԋ ❖㲁 adj. 3 N/A

worried, concerned about (sth. unpleasant or difficult; sth. could go terribly wrong; oft. referring to psychological status) (❖, burnt; 㲁, concern)

ᆙᆀⲴ⯵֯Ԇᝏࡠ䶎ᑨ❖㲁Ǆ Ԇᗳ䟼ॱ࠶❖㲁ˈ㿹ҏⶑнྭǄ 䇙Ԇ❖㲁нᆹⲴᱟᆙᆀⲴ⯵Ǆ Ԇ❖㲁ൠ䐁ࠪᇦ䰘ˈ৫᢮ᆙᆀҶǄ ᗳᛵ❖㲁ሩ䓛փнྭˈᓄ䈕ཊᜣаӋ儈‫Ⲵޤ‬һ ᛵ᡽ሩǄ 伎ᵪᲊ⛩ҶˈԆ❖㲁з࠶Ǆ ԆⲴᆖҐ䎺ᶕ䎺нྭˈྸྸҏᝏࡠ䎺ᶕ䎺❖㲁Ǆ

198 jí ᙕ adj.* 2A

jí ᙕĸ anxious, impatient

Ԇࡊᶕቡᙕ⵰㾱䎠Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭࡛ᙕˈᡁ傜кᢃњ⭥䈍৫䰞䰞Ǆ ੜ䈤Ҡнࡠᵪ⾘ˈԆᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ᙕҶǄ нᙕнᙕˈᙕӰѸˈ䘈ᴹᰦ䰤઒Ǆ ⭥䈍ᢃн䙊ˈԆᙕᗇнᗇҶ OLӽR Ǆ ԆаᙕቡᘈҶ‫ޣ‬䰘ˈᔰ⵰䰘䎠ҶǄ ԆⲴᙗᆀ (xìngzi, temper) ⢩࡛ᙕˈ‫ۿ‬Ԇ⡨⡨Ǆ ֐ᘾѸ᡽ᶕˈᡁԜ䜭ᙕ↫ VӿH[WUHPHO\ ҶǄ ᆙᆀн㿱Ҷˈྩᙕᗇⴤ (zhí, continuously) ଝǄ ԆⲴ⵬ⶋ䜭ᙕ㓒ҶǄ

Note: * ᙕ YµWRDQJHU¶DVLQ ֐㾱ᱟнᶕ৲࣐ᡁⲴႊ⽬, ᡁቡⵏ䐏֐ᙕ. * ᙕ DGMµIDVW¶DVLQ ⋣䟼Ⲵ≤ᖸᙕ, л৫⑨⌣㾱ሿᗳа⛩‫ݯ‬. ¾ ⵰ᙕ YµWREHZRUULHGWREHDQQR\HG¶DVLQ 䘉ѸᲊҶ, ᆙᆀ䘈⋑ᴹഎᇦ, ྸྸ䶎ᑨ⵰ᙕ. 2) ࡛⵰ ᙕ, Ԇ䜭ᱟњབྷӪҶ, Պ➗亮ྭ㠚ᐡⲴ. 3) Ԇа⵰ᙕቡ䈤нࠪ䈍ᶕ.

jí ᙕĸadj. (see also ᙕķ/ ᙕᘉ/ ・࡫) jípò ᙕ䘛 adj. 3 N/A

jíqiè ᙕ࠷ adj. 3D

MӿQSz ㍗䘛 adj. 3D

urgent, pressing (of task, need, situation, time, etc.) (ᙕ, urgent; 䘛, urgent)

hurried (of a person or a thing) (࠷, anxious)

pressing (of time, task, job, etc.)

urgent

ᛵߥ (qíngkuàng, situation) ᙕ䘛ˈԆ傜кቡ඀伎 ᵪ৫ҶǄ 䘉ᱟањᙕ䘛Ⲵԫ࣑ (rènwu, task)ˈ㾱傜к‫ڊ‬Ǆ ⭥䈍䟼Ⲵ༠丣ᴹӋᙕ䘛ˈᱟӾ५䲒ᢃᶕⲴǄ ᰦ䰤ॱ࠶ᙕ䘛ˈԆ䘎㺓ᴽ䜭⋑クቡ䐁ࠪ৫ҶǄ Ԇᙕ䘛ൠ䐁Ҷ䘋ᶕˈ᣹⵰ᡁቡᖰཆ䎠Ǆ ⴻ⵰Ԇ䛓ᙕ䘛Ⲵṧᆀˈᡁ傜кᢺ⭥䈍㔉ҶԆǄ ྲ᷌ᛵߥнᙕ䘛ˈᡁԜҏнՊ䘉Ѹᲊᶕ᢮֐ⲴǄ ൘ᙕ࠷ѻѝˈԆ䜭н⸕䚃ᓄ䈕‫ڊ‬ӰѸྭҶǄ ᙕ࠷Ⲵ⭥䈍䫳༠ᢺᡁӾⶑỖѝ੥䟂ҶǄ ᙕ࠷䰤ˈԆᣃ䎧аԦ㺓ᴽቡ䎠ҶǄ ᖸཊӪ䜭ᙕ࠷ൠ䐁Ҷ䗷ᶕˈᜣᑞࣙ䘉ս㘱ӪǄ Ԇᙕ࠷ൠᜣ㿱ࡠ㠚ᐡⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ ᰦ䰤䶎ᑨ㍗䘛ˈᡁԜᘛ৫੗Ǆ 䘉њԫ࣑㍗䘛ൠ᩶൘ҶᡁԜ䶒ࡽˈ䴰㾱ቭᘛ৫ᆼ ᡀǄ 㘳䈅лњᱏᵏቡ㾱ᔰ࿻ҶˈᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭ᴹа⿽ ㍗䘛ᝏ (a sense of urgency)Ǆ ⧠൘ᴰ㍗䘛Ⲵቡᱟ傜кᢺӪ䘱ࡠ५䲒৫Ǆ 䘉њᐕ֌∄䛓њᐕ֌㍗䘛ˈ‫ڊݸ‬䘉њ੗Ǆ ᖒ࣯ (xíngshì, situation) ॱ࠶㍗䘛ˈаᇊ㾱ᘛǄ

jí ᙕĸ pòqiè 䘛࠷ adj. 3B

jí ᙕ adj.* 2B

MӿQ ㍗ adj.* 2C

MӿQMt ㍗ᙕ adj. 2C

pressing (of desire, mood, request, problem, etc.; 䘛࠷ used with or without ൠ)

urgent, pressing (referring to sth. or sb.) (antonym: 㕃 KXӽQ

pressing, close, tight (antonym: ᶮ VǀQJ UHGXSOLFDWLRQ$$

199

ԆᜣкབྷᆖⲴᝯᵋ (yuànwàng, desire) ॱ࠶䘛 ࠷Ǆ ᆖ⭏Ԝ䘛࠷㾱≲മҖ侶ཊҠаӋമҖǄ ⧠൘䘛࠷Ⲵ䰞仈ᱟӪӪ㾱ᴹ依ਲ਼Ǆ 䘉ᱟᆖ⭏ԜⲴ䘛࠷㾱≲Ǆ Ԇᜣ㿱ࡠྩⲴᝯᵋ䘛࠷ᗇᖸǄ кབྷᆖᱟԆⲴ䘛࠷ᝯᵋǄ Ԇ䘛࠷ൠᜣ⸕䚃㠚ᐡⲴ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙Ǆ ԆᜣкབྷᆖⲴᝯᵋ∄ᡁⲴਟ䘛࠷ཊҶǄ Ԇᜣࠪഭ᯵⑨Ⲵᗳᛵ (mood) 䎺ᶕ䎺䘛࠷ҶǄ Ԇᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ᙕһˈ‫ݸ‬䎠ҶǄ 䘉ᱟњᙕԦˈᘛ৫䘱Ǆ ԆⲴྦྦᗇⲴᱟᙕ⯵ˈᐢ㓿䘱ࡠ५䲒৫ҶǄ 䘉ԦһᖸᙕˈᡁԜ㾱傜к࣎Ǆ 㔃ႊⲴһнᙕˈㅹ֐Ԝ䜭∅ъҶ޽䈤੗Ǆ ֐∄ᡁᙕˈ֐‫⭘ݸ‬੗Ǆ ᰦ䰤㍗ˈԫ࣑䟽ˈ֐Ԝ㜭㹼ੇ˛ Ԇ‫ݸ‬䎠Ҷ䘋ᶕˈ㍗᧕⵰䎠䘋ᶕⲴᱟԆⲴကကǄ 䘉ԦһԆۜ FXƯWRXUJH ᗇ㍗ˈ֐ᘛ⛩‫࣎ݯ‬Ǆ 㠚ӾُҶԆ䛓⛩‫ݯ‬䫡ԕਾˈԆቡཙཙ㍗ۜᡁ䘈 (huán, to repay) 䫡Ǆ 䘉Ѹ㍗Ⲵᰦ䰤ˈᡁࡠଚ䟼৫㔉֐᢮Ӫ˛ ᰦ䰤ཚ㍗Ҷˈᡁ‫ڊ‬нᆼ䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ ֐䘉⅑ᶕेӜˈྲ᷌ᰦ䰤н㍗Ⲵ䈍ˈ䈧аᇊᶕᡁ ᇦ඀඀Ǆ ཚ㍗Ҷˈ޽ᶮаӋǄ ԆԜ䘉⅑৫ेӜⲴᰦ䰤㺘ᆹᧂᗇ㍗㍗Ⲵˈ䘎৫ⴻ ᴻ৻Ⲵᰦ䰤ҏ⋑ᴹǄ

ԆԜ↓൘ᔰањ㍗ᙕⲴՊ䇞Ǆ emergent (usu. of sth., not a person) 䘉Ԧһᛵ䶎ᑨ㍗ᙕˈ ֐ᘛ৫੗Ǆ (antonym: Ӿᇩ cóngróng) ྲ᷌ࡽ䶒Ⲵ䖖㍗ᙕࡩ VKƗWREUDNH 䖖ˈ֐ቡ㾱傜к‫ڌ‬䖖Ǆ 䘉ᱟањ㍗ᙕԫ࣑ˈᡁԜ傜кቡ৫Ǆ ᛵߥ㍗ᙕᗇᖸˈᡁԜ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ਲ਼依ҶǄ ԆԜ↓൘㍗ᙕ䳶ਸ (jíhé, to assemble)ˈн⸕䚃㾱 ৫ӰѸൠᯩǄ ྲ᷌ᴹ㍗ᙕᛵߥˈаᇊн㾱㍗ᕐ MӿQ]KƗQJ nervous)Ǆ

Note: * ᙕ YµWRZRUU\¶DVLQ 䘉ѸᲊҶ, Ԇ䘈⋑ᶕ, ⵏᙕӪ. * ᙕ QµHPHUJHQF\¶DVLQ Ԇᢃ⭥䈍ੁ⡦⇽੺ᙕ, 䈤ᐢ㓿⋑䫡ਲ਼依Ҷ. * ᙕ DGMµUDSLG¶DVLQ Ԇ䞂்ᗇᖸᙕ, ்ᆼԕਾቡᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬䞹Ҷ. * ㍗ DGMµWLJKW¶DVLQ 䘉ৼ䶻ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬㍗Ҷ, ᦒаৼབྷаਧⲴ੗.

200

jímáng ᙕᘉ

* ㍗ YµWRWLJKWHQ¶DVLQ 䘉њ㷪э OXyVƯscrew) ᶮҶ, ᡁᢺᆳ㍗а㍗. ¾ ॱз⚛ KXԁILUH ᙕ SKµYHU\XUJHQW¶DVLQ 䘉Ԧһॱз⚛ᙕ, ֐傜кᶕ㿱ᡁ.

jímáng ᙕᘉ adj. (see also ᙕ/ ・࡫)

hurried

FǀQJFǀQJ शश adj. 2D

rushed (less used as a predicate)

FǀQgmáng शᘉ adj. 2C

hasty (indicating unprepared; ᖸ/ ཚ + शᘉ) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ᛐ䰢 \ǀX[LiQ

KXƗQJPiQJ ᝼ᘉ adj. 2C

flustered, nervous (reduplication: ⴻ㿱ᡁᶕҶˈԆᱮᗇ [LӽQGHWRDSSHDU ᴹӋ AABB) (antonym: ⊹⵰ chénzhuó) ᝼ᘉǄ (᝼, confused) ⴻࡠԆ᝼ᘉⲴṧᆀˈᡁԜ䜭䰞ԆࠪӰѸһ‫ݯ‬ҶǄ ᝼ᘉѻѝˈԆᢺᶟᆀᢃҶǄ аⴻ඀䗷ㄉҶˈԆ᝼ᘉлҶ䖖Ǆ ᰙк䎧ᶕᲊҶˈԆ᝼ᘉൠੁᆖṑ䐁৫Ǆ Ԇ᝼᝼ᘉᘉൠ䐁ҶǄ ࡛᝼᝼ᘉᘉⲴˈ⊹⵰⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ

MtFǀQJFǀQJ ᙕशश adj. 2 N/A

in a great hurry

Ԇᑨᑨᱟᶕ৫शशˈᖸቁ䐏࡛Ӫ䈤䈍Ǆ Ԇᖸᘉˈ൘ᆙᆀⲴ⵬䟼Ԇᱟњᶕ৫शशⲴ⡨⡨Ǆ ᰦ䰤शश䗷৫ˈԆケ❦ਁ⧠㠚ᐡ㘱ҶᖸཊǄ Ԇ䘉⅑ᶕᗇशशˈ৫ᗇҏशशǄ 伎ᵪቡ㾱䎧伎ҶˈԆशश੺࡛Ҷ⡦⇽ቡк伎ᵪ৫ ҶǄ Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕᖸशᘉˈ䘎઼ᡁ䈤ਕ䈍Ⲵᰦ䰤䜭⋑ᴹǄ ᰦ䰤ཚशᘉˈᡁ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ਲ਼依ҶǄ ࣏䈮‫ڊ‬ᗇཚशᘉҶˈ‫ڊ‬䭉 (cuò, wrong) ҶнቁǄ शᘉѝˈԆ⋑ᴹ‫ޣ‬䰘ቡ䎠ҶǄ 䘉⅑᯵⑨ˈᡁԜᶕ৫䜭ᖸशᘉǄ Ԇ䎠ᗇᖸशᘉˈ䜭⋑㜭䐏བྷᇦ䈤༠޽㿱Ǆ Ԇशᘉൠ䎠䘋ᶕˈ᤯ҶаᵜҖቡ䎠ࠪ৫ҶǄ 䘉⅑㘳䈅߶༷ᗇཚशᘉˈ⋑㘳ྭǄ Ԇशशᘉᘉൠ䐁ҶǄ ֐ⴻ֐शशᘉᘉⲴṧᆀˈ㾱৫ଚ‫˛ݯ‬ ࡛ᙫᱟशशᘉᘉⲴˈ֐ⴻᡁཊᛐ䰢ˈ඀лᶕ்ᶟ 㥦੗Ǆ

Ԇ䎠ᗇᙕशशⲴˈҏ⋑䈤㾱৫ଚ䟼Ǆ ᡁࡊ᡽൘䐟кⴻ㿱ԆҶˈ䎠ᗇᙕशशⲴǄ ᧕Ҷњ⭥䈍ԕਾˈԆቡᙕशशൠ䎠ҶǄ Ԇᙕशशᗇ䘎≤䜭⋑்ቡ䎠ҶǄ ⴻԆ䛓ᙕशशⲴṧᆀˈаᇊᱟᴹӰѸᙕһǄ ࡛ᙕशशⲴˈ඀лᶕ்ᶟ㥦੗Ǆ ᆙᆀ⯵ҶˈԆᙕशशൠ㔉࿫ᆀᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ кᆖⲴ䐟кˈԆ䎠ᗇᙕशशⲴǄ ‫ڊ‬һ㾱䇔ⵏԄ㓶ˈ࡛ᙫᱟᙕशशⲴǄ

jìhuà 䇑ࡂ jímáng ᙕᘉ adj. 2B

hurried (indicating sth. done hurriedly due to anxiety; not used as an attributive or complement, unless in its AABB form) (reduplication: AABB)

201

⭥䈍૽ [LӽQJWRVRXQG ҶˈԆᙕᘉ৫᧕Ǆ ⴻࡠ⦻㘱ᐸᶕҶˈᡁᙕᘉㄉҶ䎧ᶕǄ ԆаੜᴹӪᮢ䰘ˈቡᙕᘉ৫ᔰ䰘Ǆ лҶ䖖ˈԆቡᙕᘉੁᆖṑ䐁৫Ǆ[when ᙕᘉ is used as an adverbial, no ൠ is needed] Ԇ䎠ᗇᙕᙕᘉᘉⲴˈ䜭⋑䐏ᴻ৻Ԝ䈤༠޽㿱Ǆ Ԇᙕᙕᘉᘉൠ்ᆼ㥦ԕਾˈቡ৫മҖ侶ҶǄ Ԇࡠଚ‫ݯ‬䜭ᱟᙕᙕᘉᘉⲴˈӾᶕ䜭н඀лǄ ֐ⴻ֐䘉ᙕᙕᘉᘉⲴṧᆀˈ㾱৫ଚ䟼˛

Note: ¾ Words in this group are usually not used with degree modifiers (ᖸ/ ॱ࠶/ 䶎ᑨ), except शᘉ. ¾ ᙕ࠷ DGMµDQ[LRXV¶DVLQ Ԇੁᡁُ䫡, ┑㝨ᙕ࠷Ⲵṧᆀ, 䈤ᱟᆙᆀ⯵Ҷ㾱⭘䫡.

jìhuà 䇑ࡂ v.

to plan

cèhuà ㆆࡂ v. 3D

to design, to plot (used positively or pejoratively) (ㆆ, to plan; ࡂ, to draw)

Ԇ㋮ᗳൠㆆࡂҶ䘉൪丣ҀՊˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸᝏ䉒ԆǄ 䘉ԦһᛵԆԜᐢ㓿ㆆࡂྭҶˈ֐ቡ࡛㇑ҶǄ ԆԜѪ䘉њᐢ㓿ㆆࡂҶйњᴸҶǄ ԆԜㆆࡂᗇ䶎ᑨઘᇶ ]KǀXPuWKRURXJK Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘ㆆࡂ⵰ᘾѸᣒࣛ TLӽQJMLpWRURE 䛓њ 䬦㹼Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆԜ᳇ѝ jQ]KǀQJLQVHFUHW ㆆࡂⲴǄ 䘉њᡁԜ䘈⋑ᴹㆆࡂྭǄ ᡁㆆࡂ䗷䘉⿽╄ࠪˈ⸕䚃ᓄ䈕ᘾѸ‫ڊ‬Ǆ 䘉њᓄ䈕ᘾѸ‫ˈڊ‬䈧֐ѪᡁԜㆆࡂалǄ

chóubèi ㆩ༷ v. 3D

to arrange (fees, exhibition, wedding, competition, sports meeting, etc.; usu. ㆩ༷ + noun) (ㆩ, to prepare; ༷, to have)

ԆԜ↓൘ㆩ༷ањ䘀ࣘՊǄ ᲊՊㆩ༷ᗇᖸ亪࡙Ǆ ѪҶ䘉њ䘀ࣘՊˈԆԜᐢ㓿ㆩ༷ҶањཊᴸҶǄ Ԇቡᱟㆩ༷䘉њኅ㿸ՊⲴˈ֐ԜᴹӰѸ䰞仈ቡ䰞 Ԇ੗Ǆ 䛓њՊ֐Ԝㆩ༷ྭҶੇ˛ ѪҶㆩ༷ᆖ䍩ˈԆ⧠൘ᢃйԭ (mw.) ᐕ (to have three jobs)Ǆ н⭘ѪԆԜㆩ༷ҶˈԆ‫⧠ؙ‬൘৸нᜣ㔃ႊҶǄ Ԇㆩ༷䗷ႊ⽬ˈ⸕䚃ᓄ䈕ᘾѸ‫ڊ‬Ǆ

móu 䈻 v. 3D

Ԇࠪഭ䈻⭏৫ҶǄ to work for (usu. in a general sense) ֐⧠൘൘ଚ䟼䈻һ (to work) ઒˛ ᰙᒤཆࠪ䈻⭏Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ䘈нࡠҼॱ኱Ǆ Ԇнᓄ䈕࡙⭘ᐕ֌ѻ‫ׯ‬䈻⿱࡙ VƯOuSHUVRQDO gain)Ǆ བྷᇦаᇊ㾱䇔ⵏᐕ֌ˈ䘉ҏᱟ㔉ᡁԜ㠚ᐡ䈻⾿࡙ (fúlì, welfare)Ǆ

202

jìhuà 䇑ࡂ

jìhuà 䇑ࡂ v.* 2A

to plan LQVWLWXWLRQ¶VSURMHFWVRU personal activities; oft. having a written plan of some sort; 䇑ࡂ + verbal phrase) (reduplication: ABAB) (䇑, to plan)

ԆԜ䇑ࡂ൘䘉䟼‫؞‬䐟Ǆ Ԇ䇑ࡂ᳁‫ٷ‬৫ഭཆ᯵⑨Ǆ ᭯ᓌ ]KqQJIԃJRYHUQPHQW 䇑ࡂ൘䘉䟼ᔪањ伎 ᵪ൪Ǆ 䘉ԦһᛵᡁԜ‫ݯྭྭݸ‬䇑ࡂал޽䈤Ǆ 䘉њ֐Ԝ䇑ࡂྭҶੇ˛ ԆԜ䇑ࡂᗇᖸઘᇶ ]KǀXPuWKRURXJK Ǆ 䘉њԆԜҏ䇑ࡂ䗷ˈਟᱟ⋑‫ڊ‬ᡀǄ ԆԜ↓䇑ࡂ⵰䘉њ᳁‫ٷ‬৫ଚ‫ݯ⧙ݯ‬઒Ǆ 䘉њ᳁‫ٷ‬ᡁ৏ᶕ䇑ࡂᗇᖸྭˈਟᱟ⧠൘⯵Ҷቡଚ ‫ݯ‬ҏ৫нᡀҶǄ ֐ᢺ䘉њ‫ݸ‬䇑ࡂ䇑ࡂǄ

pánsuan ⴈ㇇ v. 2 N/A

to calculate shrewdly, to think over (referring to sth. complex and difficult to deal with; oft. personal matters; can be pejorative) (reduplication: ABAB) (ⴈ, to check; ㇇, to count)

Ԇⴈ㇇⵰㿱ࡠྩⲴᰦ‫ى‬䜭䈤ӋӰѸǄ Ԇཙཙ䜭ⴈ㇇⵰ᘾѸ䎊 (zhuàn, to make) 䫡Ǆ 䘉ԦһԆҏнᱟ⋑ⴈ㇇䗷ˈնᱟᴰਾҏ⋑㜭ᜣࠪ ањྭ࣎⌅Ǆ ૡᇦ䫡нཊˈ㣡䫡аᇊ㾱Ԅ㓶ⴈ㇇алǄ བྷᇦ൘а䎧аⴈ㇇ˈ ቡᢺ䛓ԦһᛵᇊҶлᶕǄ ੜҶԆⲴ䈍ˈᡁᗳ䟼৸ⴈ㇇ᔰҶǄ ֐ᗳ䟼ⴈ㇇ⲴһᛵˈᡁᘾѸ㜭⸕䚃˛ ԆԜаᇦӪѪҶ䘉Ԧһᛵⴈ㇇ҶྭࠐཙǄ Ԇа䗩䎠ˈа䗩нտൠⴈ㇇⵰Ǆ 䘉Ԧһ‫ݯ‬ᖸ䟽㾱ˈᡁԜ㾱ྭྭ‫ⴈݯ‬㇇ⴈ㇇Ǆ

]KԃQEqL ߶༷ v.* 2A

to plan (oft. ߶༷ + verbal phrase; 䘉њ᳁‫ٷ‬Ԇ߶༷৫ेӜ᯵⑨Ǆ interrogative: A н AB) Ԇн߶༷Ӻᒤ䘰Ձˈᜣ޽ཊᐕ֌єᒤǄ (reduplication: ABAB) (߶, to aim) ᡁ↓߶༷㔉Ԇᢃ⭥䈍Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ԆቡᶕҶǄ Ԇ߶༷㘳བྷᆖˈнௌ⅒൘୶ᓇ䟼ᐕ֌ҶǄ ᡁᐢ㓿㿱䗷ԆҶˈн߶༷޽㔉Ԇᢃ⭥䈍ҶǄ ઘᵛᡁԜᵜᶕ (originally) ᱟ߶༷৫‫ޜ‬ഝ⧙‫ݯ‬ ⲴˈնᱟлҶབྷ䴘ቡ⋑৫ᡀǄ ֐߶н߶༷ࡠഭཆ৫᯵⑨˛ ᰾ཙቡ㾱㘳䈅ҶˈᡁӺཙᲊк㾱ཊ߶༷߶༷Ǆ

GӽVXDQ ᢃ㇇ v.* 2-1 A

to intend (oft. referring to casual or personal activities; usu. just a thought not detailed nor in writing; ᢃ㇇ + verbal phrase; interrogative: A н AB) (ᢃ, to make)

᳁‫֐ٷ‬ᢃ㇇৫ଚ䟼⧙‫˛ݯ‬ Ԇᢃ㇇⧠൘৫മҖ侶Ǆ Ԇᢃ㇇Ҡ䘉ᵜҖǄ Ԇнᢃ㇇৫ⴻ⭥ᖡҶǄ ᡁӾᶕቡ⋑ᴹᢃ㇇৫ⴻ⭥ᖡǄ ԆԜᐢ㓿ᢃ㇇ྭҶˈйॱ኱ԕࡽн㾱ᆙᆀǄ 䘉њԆҏᢃ㇇䗷ˈਟᱟᴰਾ⋑ᴹ৫‫ڊ‬Ǆ Ԇ৏ᶕᢃ㇇Ӻᲊᶕˈਟᱟлབྷ䴘ቡ⋑ᶕᡀǄ ֐ᢃнᢃ㇇Ӻᲊᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬എᇦ˛

Note: * 䇑ࡂ QµSODQ¶DVLQ 䘉њӄᒤ䇑ࡂ, ֐ⴻ䗷Ҷੇ?

jì 䇠

203

* ߶༷ YµWRSUHSDUH¶DVLQ Ԇ↓൘߶༷ᰙ依. * ߶༷ QµSUHSDUDWLRQ¶DVLQ ԆԜᐢ㓿‫ྭڊ‬Ҷ∄䎋Ⲵ߶༷. * ᢃ㇇ QµLQWHQWLRQ¶DVLQ ᰾ᒤቡ㾱∅ъҶ, ֐Ⲵᢃ㇇ᱟӰѸ? ¾ 䈻ࡂ YPyXKXjµWRSODQFDUHIXOO\¶DVLQ 䘉Ԧһᖸ䳮࣎, ֐ᑞᡁ䈻ࡂал. ¾ ㆩࡂ YFKyXKXjµWRSODQ¶DVLQ ԆԜ↓൘ㆩࡂကကⲴႊ⽬. ¾ ㆩ࣎ YFKyXEjQµWRSUHSDUH¶DVLQ ԆԜ䜭൘ᘉ⵰ㆩ࣎䘉൪丣ҀՊ.

jì 䇠 v. Mu]ӽL 䇠䖭 v.* 3C

to memorise to put down in writing , to record (sth. significant recorded in an essay/ book/ account; usually historical) (antonym: ᣩ৫ PԁT (䖭, to carry)

䘉ᵜҖⵏᇎൠ䇠䖭Ҷ䛓⇥ (duàn, part) শਢ OuVKӿKLVWRU\ Ǆ 䘉⇥শਢ䇠䖭ᗇᖸ␵ᾊǄ Ԇᢺ䘉⇥শਢ⭘᮷ᆇ䇠䖭ҶлᶕǄ 䘉ᵜҖ䟼䇠䖭⵰аսՏབྷⲴ⇽ӢǄ 䘉њ൘শਢк⋑ᴹ㻛䇠䖭䗷Ǆ ֐ᢺ䘉њ⭥䈍ਧ⸱䇠алˈ࡛ᘈҶǄ 䘉ᱟањ䇠⭏䇽 VKƝngcí, new words) ⲴᵜᆀǄ 䘉Ӌ≹ᆇнᇩ᱃䇠ˈᗇ GČLKDYHWR ཊ䇠ࠐ䙽Ǆ ԆⲴൠ൰ᡁ䇠н␵ҶǄ ᛘ䈤Ⲵ䈍ᡁ䜭䇠൘ᗳ䟼ҶǄ н䇠Ҷˈཚཊь㾯Ҷˈ䇠н䗷ᶕ (too much to write down)Ǆ ֐㔃ႊⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬аᇊ䇠⵰੺䇹ᡁǄ Ԇ䈤ᗇཚᘛҶˈᡁ⋑䇠лᶕǄ ԆⲴ⭥䈍ਧ⸱֐䇠лᶕҶੇ˛ Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭䇠ᰕ䇠Ǆ

jì 䇠 v. 2A

to memorise, to write down (antonym: ᘈ wàng)

jìde 䇠ᗇ v. 2B

to remember (negative form: н; not 䇠ᗇ + ⵰/ 䗷) (antonym: ᘈ䇠)

֐䎠Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬㾱䇠ᗇ‫ޣ‬デǄ ԆⲴൠ൰ᡁн䇠ᗇҶǄ ֐䘈䇠ᗇԆᱟ䈱ੇ˛ 䛓Ԧһᛵᡁ⋑ᴹᘈ䇠ˈ䇠ᗇᖸ␵ᾊǄ Ԇ䘈␵␵ᾊᾊൠ䇠ᗇሿᰦ‫Ⲵى‬һᛵǄ Ԇᒤ䖫ᰦⲴṧᆀᡁ⧠൘䘈㜭䇠ᗇа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䇠ᗇᴹа⅑ˈᡁԜབྷ䴘ཙ䘈൘ཆ䗩䑒⨳Ǆ н⸕䚃ѪӰѸˈԆᮉⲴь㾯ˈᆖ⭏Ԝቡ䇠ᗇᘛǄ ᡁн䇠ᗇԆᱟଚаᒤᶕ䘉䟼ⲴҶǄ ᖸཊᒤ⋑㿱Ҷˈᡁ䜭нབྷ䇠ᗇԆ䮯ᗇӰѸṧҶǄ ֐ࡠҶ䛓䗩ԕਾˈаᇊ䇠ᗇ傜к㔉ྸྸᢃњ⭥ 䈍ˈ㾱нྩՊѪ֐ᣵᗳⲴǄ

jìlù 䇠ᖅ v.* 2B

to take notes, to record (in the form of meeting minutes, photo, book, etc.; by written words or audio/ video; also 㓚ᖅ) (ᖅ, to copy)

Ԇᢺ㠚ᐡⴻࡠⲴ䜭䇠ᖅлᶕҶǄ Ԇ↓൘䇔ⵏൠ䇠ᖅ⵰Ǆ Җ䟼䇠ᖅҶԆа⭏ѝᡰ䎠䗷Ⲵ䐟ˈᡁⴻҶԕਾᖸ ᝏࣘǄ

204

jìjié ᆓ㢲 Ԇ‫ݸ‬ᢺ䘉Ӌ⭘⴨ᵪ᣽Ҷлᶕˈഎ৫ԕਾ޽䘋㹼䇠 ᖅǃᮤ⨶Ǆ 䘉Ӌ➗⡷䇠ᖅҶ䛓⅑⚛ኡ⠶ਁ EjRIƗHUXSWLRQ Ǆ ֐䇠ᖅᆼҶੇǄ Ԇᢺ䛓њ䇠ᖅлᶕ㔉ᡁҶǄ ֐ѪӰѸнᢺԆ䈤Ⲵ䈍䇠ᖅлᶕ˛ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䇠ᖅ䘉Ԧһᛵˈ㿹ᗇᆳн䟽㾱Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖ䇠ᖅҶ䘉њ෾ᐲ䘁ᒤᶕⲴਈॆǄ

jìzhù 䇠տ v. 2 N/A

to bear in mind, to learn by heart (indicating to keep sth. firmly in mind; not 䇠տ + ⵰/ 䗷; insertable) (antonym: ᘈ䇠) (տ, to stay, the complement of 䇠)

㘱ᐸⲴ䈍ᡁ䜭䇠տҶˈнՊᘈ䇠ⲴǄ ԆⲴൠ൰ᡁ⋑ᴹ䇠տǄ ྸྸⲴ䈍֐䇠տҶ⋑ᴹ˛ 䘉Ӌ≹ᆇԆ߉Ҷй䙽ҏ⋑䇠տǄ ֐н⭘ᣵᗳˈԆаᇊ㜭䇠տ֐䈤Ⲵ䈍Ǆ 䇠տˈн㾱੺䇹ྸྸǄ Ԇ⋑䇠տᡁⲴൠ൰ˈਚྭᢃ⭥䈍ᶕ৸䰞Ҷа⅑Ǆ ྲ᷌н䇠տ䘉Ӌ⭏䇽ˈ᰾ཙ㘳䈅нՊ㘳ྭⲴǄ ⭥䈍ਧ⸱ཚ䮯ˈԆ䇠нտǄ ֐᭮ᗳˈ䘉њᡁаᇊ䇠ᗇտǄ

Note: * 䇠䖭 QµDZULWWHQUHFRUG¶DVLQ ᦞ (jù, according to) 䇠䖭, 䘉ᓗ⚛ኡᐢ㓿ᴹєॳཊᒤҶ. * 䇠ᖅ QµWKHPLQXWHV¶DOVR 㓚ᖅ), as in Պ䇞䇠ᖅ൘ଚ‫?ݯ‬ * 䇠ᖅ QµWKHEHVWUHFRUG¶DOVR 㓚ᖅ), as in Ԇ൘䘀ࣘՊкᢃ⹤Ҷᆖṑ⸝䐁аⲮ㊣Ⲵ䇠ᖅ. ¾ 䇠䘠 YMuVKµWRQDUUDWH¶DVLQ 䘉ᵜҖ䇠䘠ҶԆⲴа⭏. ¾ 䇠㾱 Qµa summary of proceedings¶DOVR 㓚㾱), as in 䈧֐ᢺՊ䇞 (huìyì, conference) 䇠㾱᤯㔉ᡁ ⴻⴻ. ¾ 䇠һ YµWRNHHSDUHFRUGRIHYHQWV¶DVLQ 䘉њᵜᆀᱟ䇠һ⭘Ⲵ.

jìjié ᆓ㢲 n.

season

jì ᆓ n.* 2C

season, a particular period of time in a year

jìdù ᆓᓖ n. 2D

quarter (of a year; usu. a company sets its production task and budget quarterly or annually) (ᓖ, limit)

аᒤᴹഋᆓ˖᱕ᆓǃ༿ᆓǃ⿻ᆓǃߜᆓǄ ⧠൘ᱟ䴘ᆓˈཙཙл䴘Ǆ ≤᷌␑ (dàn, slack) ᆓⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬а㡜ᶕ䈤ԧ 䫡Պ䍥аӋǄ 㾱ᦒᆓҶˈ୶ᓇ䟼ߜཙⲴ㺓ᴽ䜭᩶ࠪᶕҶǄ 䘉䟼ഋᆓ࠶᰾Ǆ 䘉њབྷᆖᱟ⿻ᆓᔰᆖǄ Ӿ৫ᒤ᱕ᆓᔰ࿻ˈԆቡ൘䘉䟼ᐕ֌ҶǄ аᒤᴹഋњᆓᓖ˖ㅜаᆓᓖǃㅜҼᆓᓖǃㅜйᆓ ᓖǃㅜഋᆓᓖǄ ⇿ањᆓᓖ䜭ᴹйњᴸǄ 䘉њ୶ᓇㅜഋᆓᓖⲴ㩕ъ仍 \tQJ\q¶pWXUQRYHU 䶎ᑨྭǄ

jìxù 㔗㔝

205

ԆԜᆼᡀҶㅜаᆓᓖⲴ⭏ӗԫ࣑ (rènwu, task)Ǆ 䘉њᆓᓖⲴ⭏ӗԫ࣑ᆼᡀҶੇ˛ ԆᢺㅜഋᆓᓖⲴᆓᓖᣕ੺ (report) ߉ྭҶǄ jìjié ᆓ㢲 n. 2B

shíjié ᰦ㢲 n. 2C

season (㢲, section)

season, period of time (referring to different climates)

᱕ཙᱟ䘉䟼ᴰྭⲴᆓ㢲ˈнߧҏн✝Ǆ ⧠൘ᱟߌ (nóng, farming) ᘉᆓ㢲ˈԆഎ㘱ᇦᑞᘉ ৫ҶǄ ৽ IӽQLQreverse) ᆓ㢲 (unseasonal) 㭜㨌઼≤ ᷌Պ∄䖳䍥аӋǄ 㾯⬌ᆓ㢲ࡠҶˈ┑㺇䜭ᱟআ㾯⬌ⲴǄ Ԇᱟᆓ㢲ᐕˈᒢᆼлњᴸˈ䘈㾱޽᢮ᐕ֌Ǆ 㔉ᆙᆀク㺓ᴽⲴᰦ‫ى‬аᇊ㾱⌘᜿ᆓ㢲Ⲵਈॆˈ㾱 нՊᝏ߂ⲴǄ ӪԜ䜭ௌ⅒൘䘉њᆓ㢲ཆࠪ᯵⑨ˈ䖖⾘ᖸнྭ ҠˈᡁԜㅹаㅹ޽䈤੗Ǆ 䘉⿽㭜㨌⋑ᴹᆓ㢲ᙗ (jìjiéxìng, a seasonal nature)ˈӰѸᰦ‫ى‬䜭ਟԕਲ਼ᗇࡠǄ ⧠൘ᱟ␵᰾ᰦ㢲 (early April)ˈ㓿ᑨл䴘Ǆ ᰦ㢲а䗷ˈ䛓⿽㣡‫ݯ‬ቡⴻн㿱ҶǄ ߌᘉ (nóngmáng, [season] busy for farmer) ᰦ㢲а 䗷ˈԆԜቡ傜к㔃ႊǄ ߜཙᱟ㓳Ґ━䴚Ⲵᴰྭᰦ㢲Ǆ ԆԜᱟ൘᱕᳆㣡ᔰⲴᰦ㢲䇔䇶Ⲵˈаᒤԕਾቡ㔃 ႊҶǄ ᰙ᱕ᰦ㢲ˈ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼Ⲵṁਦᔰ࿻ਈ㔯ҶǄ

Note: * ᆓ QµDIDPLO\QDPH¶DVLQ ᡁԜⲴ㘱ᐸဃᆓ, ᱟањྣⲴ. * ᆓ QµTXDUWHU¶DVLQ 䘉њᵲᘇᱟᴸ࠺ NƗQperiodical), нᱟᆓ࠺ (quarterly).

jìxù 㔗㔝 v.

to continue

(see also нᯝ) chíxù ᤱ㔝 v.* 3-2 D

to sustainWRODVWVWUHVVLQJµᤱ, to KROGRQWR¶LQXQEURNHQVXFFHVVLon, ᤱ㔝 + Ҷ, ᤱ㔝 + specific time duration) (antonym: ѝᯝ ]KǀQJGXjQ

Ԇᐼᵋᴰ䘁Ⲵྭཙ≄㜭ᤱ㔝л৫Ǆ 䘀ࣘՊᤱ㔝Ҷഋཙˈᔰᗇᖸᡀ࣏Ǆ 㲭❦л䴘ҶˈਟᱟԆԜⲴႊ⽬䘈൘ᤱ㔝䘋㹼Ǆ 䘉⿽儈໎䮯 ]ƝQJ]KӽQJLQFUHDVH ᱟᖸ䳮ᤱ㔝 л৫ⲴǄ ྲ᷌䱤䴘ཙ≄ᤱ㔝нਈⲴ䈍ˈᡁԜⲴ∄䎋ቡн㜭䘋㹼ҶǄ 䘉ѸཊᒤᶕˈԆԜⲴ৻䈺 \ԁX\uIULHQGVKLS аⴤ ᤱ㔝⵰ˈӾᶕ⋑ᴹѝᯝ䗷Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵ䱤䴘ཙ≄ᐢ㓿ᤱ㔝Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ҶǄ ԆⲴ䇢╄ᤱ㔝ҶྭࠐњሿᰦǄ

206

MLƗ ᇦķ 䴘ཙᐢ㓿ᤱ㔝ҶањᱏᵏҶǄ Ԇнௌ⅒䘉ᤱ㔝ҶєњᴸⲴ䱤䴘ཙǄ

yánxù ᔦ㔝 v. 3-2 D

to go on VWUHVVLQJµᔦWRSURORQJ¶ to stay the same; oft. referring to behaviour or condition) (antonym: ‫ →ڌ‬WtQJ]Kӿ

䘉⿽‫⌅ڊ‬нሩˈнᓄ䈕޽ᔦ㔝л৫ҶǄ 䘉⿽Ґᜟаⴤᔦ㔝㠣 (zhì, until) ӺǄ ኅ㿸ሶᔦ㔝ࡠӺᒤᒤᓅǄ ⴻ䎧ᶕ䘉䱤䴘ཙ䘈㾱ᔦ㔝ࠐཙǄ

jìxù 㔗㔝 v. 2A

to continue VWUHVVLQJµ㔗, to FRQWLQXH¶LQEURNHQ or unbroken succession) (antonym: ѝ→ ]KǀQJ]Kӿ

л䴘Ҷˈ∄䎋н㜭޽㔗㔝л৫ҶǄ ㈞⨳∄䎋аⴤ㔗㔝ࡠҶлॸǄ ࠐॱᒤᖃѝˈԆԜⲴ৻䈺аⴤ㔗㔝⵰Ǆ Ӻཙቡ䇢ࡠ䘉䟼ˈ᰾ཙ޽㔗㔝੗Ǆ

liánxù 䘎㔝 v. 2B

to keep on VWUHVVLQJµ䘎, to FRQQHFW¶RIWUHIerring to specific items; in unbroken succession; 䘎㔝 + specific time duration)

Ԇ䘎㔝йᒤᱟ⨝䟼㘳䈅Ⲵㅜа਽Ǆ ԆԜ䘎㔝й⅑ᗇҶ㈞⨳∄䎋Ⲵㅜа਽Ǆ ⭡Ҿ䘎㔝ᐕ֌⋑ᴹՁ᚟ˈԆ⯵‫ق‬ҶǄ 䘎㔝н‫Ⲵڌ‬䴘ཙ֯ᗇ∄䎋н㜭䘋㹼Ǆ

Note: * ᤱ㔝 n., as in ԆԜ䈸䇪⵰³ᤱ㔝ᙗਁኅ´VXVWDLQDELOLW\ Ⲵ䰞仈. ¾ 䱶㔝 adv. lùxù µRQHDIWHUDQRWKHULQEURNHQRUXQEURNHQVXFFHVVLRQ ¶DVLQ к䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤ࡠҶ, ᆖ⭏䱶䱶㔝㔝ൠ䎠䘋Ҷᮉᇔ.

MLƗ ᇦķn. (see also ᇦĸ) MLƗMXjQ ᇦⵧ n. 3 N/A

MXjQVKԃ ⵧ኎ n. 3 N/A

RQH¶VIDPLO\, wife (an old usage) (ⵧ, family dependant)

one¶VIDPLO\GHSHQGDQWV, family members, wife and children, relatives (an old usage) (኎, dependant)

family

Ԇ㾱എेӜᢺᇦⵧ᧕ᶕǄ ԆⲴᇦⵧ᱘ཙࡊࡠˈ࿫ᆀ઼ᆙᆀ䜭ᶕҶǄ Ԇᑖ⵰ᇦⵧ઼㹼ᵾˈᙕᙕᘉᘉൠᔰ䖖䎠ҶǄ 䘰Ձ WXu[LǌUHWLUHPHQW ԕਾˈԆᑖ⵰ᇦⵧഎ㘱 ᇦҶǄ ֐Ⲵᇦⵧ൘䘉䟼ੇ˛ ԆԜࠐњᒤ䖫Ӫ⋑ᴹᇦⵧˈ㓿ᑨ৫依侶‫ݯ‬ਲ਼依Ǆ 䘉⅑䎠ᗇ∄䖳शᘉˈԆԜ䈱ҏ⋑ᴹᑖᇦⵧǄ ᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇᢃ⭥䈍㔉ഭ޵Ⲵⵧ኎ᤌᒤǄ ԆԜᱟ³ᴹᛵӪ㓸 ]KǀQJLQWKHHQG ᡀⵧ኎´ (Jack shall have Jill/ The lovers finally get married)Ǆ ᡁԜ䜭Ѫ䘉ሩ³㓸ᡀⵧ኎´ⲴᴹᛵӪ㘼儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ӻᲊˈ䛓ࠐս䍥ᇒ䜭ᑖ⵰ԆԜⲴⵧ኎ᶕ৲࣐ᡁԜ Ⲵ丣ҀՊǄ Ԇ൘䇢䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ケ❦৫ц (qùshì, to die), ᆖṑ傜 кᢃ⭥䈍੺⸕ԆⲴⵧ኎Ǆ

MLƗ ᇦķ MLƗVKԃ ᇦ኎ n. 2C

family dependants, family members, spouse

207

䘉ࠐսᱟ㘱⦻Ⲵᇦ኎Ǆ ᡁⲴᇦ኎н൘䘉䟼ˈԆԜഎ㘱ᇦ৫ҶǄ ྩ৫ᒤ৫Ҷиཛ䛓䟼ˈᖃҶ䲿ߋ VXtMǌQJRDORQJ with an army) ᇦ኎Ǆ ԆԜտ൘ᐕলⲴᇦ኎䲒䟼ˈᆙᆀԜ൘а䎧⧙ᗇᖸ 儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇᰙቡᢺᇦ኎Ӿ㘱ᇦ᧕ᶕ䘉䟼઼Ԇа䎧տҶǄ ԆԜտ൘ল䟼Ⲵᇦ኎ᇯ㠽ᾬ䟼Ǆ

MLƗWtQJ ᇦᓝ n. 2A

family, household (focusing more on spiritual and emotional side of a family; oft. used with disyllables, sometimes with monosyllables as well) (ᓝ, a front courtyard)

ԆⲴᇦᓝᖸᒨ⾿Ǆ Ԇࠪ⭏൘ањᮉᐸᇦᓝˈ Ӿሿቡᖸௌ⅒䈫ҖǄ Ԇᴹањབྷᇦᓝˈа‫ޡ‬ᴹॱҼਓӪǄ ԆⲴᴻ৻ᱟаսᇦᓝᮉᐸǄ ањᒨ⾿ⲴᇦᓝሩԆᶕ䈤ᱟ䶎ᑨ䟽㾱ⲴǄ ԆⲴᇦᓝᮉޫ MLjR\ӽQJXSEULQJLQJ ᖸн䭉ˈሩ Ӫ䶎ᑨᴹ⽬䊼Ǆ ԆԜ㔃Ҷႊˈ㓴ᡀҶањᒨ⾿ⲴሿᇦᓝǄ Ԇ⭏ࠪᶕቡн⸕䚃䈱ᱟ㠚ᐡⲴ⡦⇽ˈӾᶕ⋑ᴹᗇ ࡠ䗷ᇦᓝⲴ⑙᳆ ZƝQQXӽQZDUPWK Ǆ ྩ㔃ႊԕਾˈቡ⋑޽ᐕ֌ҶˈᡀҶᇦᓝྷྣ IQԉZRPHQ Ǆ

MLƗ ᇦ n.* 2-1 A

family, household (focusing more on physical side of a blood-related family; oft. used with monosyllables) (reduplication: AA)

ԆᇦᴹйਓӪǄ Ԇ䘈⋑ᴹᡀᇦ (married) ઒Ǆ Ԇᇦѝᴹєս㘱Ӫ䴰㾱Ԇ➗亮Ǆ Ԇᇦ䟼ᖸᴹ䫡Ǆ Ԇ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪᡁ䜭䇔䇶Ǆ ᡁԜєᇦӪᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ ᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬аᇦӪ‫ޘ‬䜭എᶕ䗷ᒤҶǄ ԆԜ‫ݴ‬ᕏࠐњᰙቡ࠶ᇦਖ䗷 (to divide up family property and live in separate households) ҶǄ Ԇഎ㘱ᇦⴻ⡦⇽৫ҶǄ ⦻ᇦⲴӪሩ䛫ትнཚ৻ྭǄ Ԇ↓൘ⴻаሱᇦؑǄ Ԇᇦᱟ࿫ᆀ㇑ JXӽQWRPDQDJH 䫡Ǆ ᱕㢲ࡠҶˈᇦᇦᡧᡧ䜭൘ᒶ⾍䘉а㢲ᰕǄ

Note: * ᇦ nµKRXVH¶DVLQ Ԇᇦᴹєњᡯ䰤, нབྷնᖸ㡂ᴽ. * ᇦ QµSODFHZKHUHDJURXSRISHRSOHPHHWZKRVKDUHFRPPRQLQWHUHVWVDFWLYLWLHV¶DVLQ ӺᲊⲴ㡎Պ ൘ ³ᮉᐸѻᇦ´Ѯ㹼, ᖸཊᮉᐸ䜭ᜣ৫. * ᇦ VXIIL[µVRPHVRUWRIVSHFLDOLVW¶DVLQ Ԇᱟањ䫒⩤ᇦ/ ֌ᇦ/ ⭫ᇦ/ ⅼୡᇦ/ 、ᆖᇦ.

208

MLƗ ᇦĸ

MLƗ ᇦĸmw. (see also ᇦķ)

measure word

MLƗ ᇦ mw. 2A

measure word used mostly for families or business establishments (e.g. restaurants, hotels, factories) (reduplication: (а)AA, а A а A)

䛓ᇦ依侶Ⲵ㨌ᖸྭਲ਼ˈᡁԜ㓿ᑨ৫Ǆ 䘉ᶑ㺇кᴹєᇦ᯵侶ˈ֐ਟԕ৫ⴻⴻǄ Ԇ൘аᇦᐕলᐕ֌Ǆ 䘉䟼ᴹࠐॱᇦ୶ᓇǄ Ԇᱟаᇦ⭥㿶ਠⲴ䇠㘵 Mu]KČUHSRUWHU Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒ⴻ䛓ᇦᣕ㓨ˈௌ⅒ⴻ䘉ᇦⲴǄ 䘉䟼ᴹࠐᇦ䬦㹼˛ ᱕㢲ࡠҶˈᇦᇦ୶ᓇ䜭ᤲ䎧Ҷ㓒⚟ㅬǄ Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭㾱аᇦᇦൠ৫䘱ᣕ㓨Ǆ Ԇаᇦаᇦൠ䰞ˈⴻᴹ⋑ᴹӪⴻ㿱䗷ԆⲴྣ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

VXԁ ᡰ mw.* 2B

measure word used mostly for buildings (e.g. house, school, hospital, etc.; oft. referring to non-industrial/ non-commercial service industry establishments) (reduplication: а AA, а A а A)

䘉䟼ᴹаᡰ५䲒ǃєᡰᆖṑǄ 䘉ᡰᡯᆀᱟ㔉Ԇ‫ݯ‬ᆀ㔃ႊ⭘ⲴǄ 䛓䗩ᴹєᡰᆖ⭏ᇯ㠽Ǆ 䘉䟼ᴹᆖṑҼॱཊᡰǄ ᴰ䘁ࠐᒤˈ䛓䟼ⴆ (gài, to build) 䎧Ҷаᡰᡰ┲Ӟ ⲴᡯᆀǄ Ӿኡкᖰлⴻˈ⎧䗩䛓аᡰаᡰⲴᡯᆀ䜭㜭ⴻ ᗇᖸ␵ᾊǄ

zuò ᓗ mw. 2A

measure word used mostly for large/ fixed objects (e.g. mountains, bridges, cities, islands, buildings, temples, etc.) (reduplication: а AA, а A а A)

䛓䗩ᴹаᓗኡǄ 䛓ᱟаᓗਔ㘱Ⲵ෾ᐲǄ ⋣кᴹаᓗሿẕǄ ᡁࡊ᡽ⴻࡠԆ䎠䘋䛓ᓗᾬⲴǄ ኡк䛓ᓗ≤ᓃ VKXӿNUHVHUYRLU 䟼䶒ᐢ㓿⋑ᴹ ≤ҶǄ аᓗᓗ儈ᾬ൘䛓䟼ⴆ䎧ᶕҶǄ 䘉њൠᯩਁኅᗇᖸᘛˈⴆ䎧ҶаᓗᓗⲴབྷᐕলǄ ᇦґਈॆᗇཚབྷҶˈⴻ⵰䛓аᓗаᓗⲴ儈ᾬབྷ ৖ˈԆ䜭н䇔䇶䐟ҶǄ

Note: * ᡰ QµLQVWLWXWH¶DVLQ Ԇ൘ањ⹄ウ \iQMLǌUHVHDUFK ᡰ䟼ᐕ֌. * ᡰ particle, used together with 㻛 or Ѫ to indicate the passive voice, as in 䘉ᵜҖѪᆖ⭏Ԝᡰௌ⡡. ¾ ᓗ‫ ݯ‬QµVHDW¶DVLQ 䈧䰞, 䘉њᓗ‫ݯ‬ᴹӪੇ˛

ji~ ‫ٷ‬

MLӽ ‫ ٷ‬adj. [ǌMLӽ 㲊‫ ٷ‬adj. 3D

[ǌZČL 㲊՚ adj. 3D MLӽ ‫ ٷ‬adj. 2B

[ǌ 㲊 adj. 2D VKƗQ]KjL ኡመ adj.* 1 N/A

209

false false, sham (antonym: ⵏᇎ shí)

hypocritical (antonym: ⵏ䈊 ]KƝQFKpQJ

false, artificial (antonym: ⵏ)

empty

unauthorised, illegal, fake unconventional (new word)

Ԇ㲊‫ٷ‬ൠㅁ⵰Ǆ Ԇᖸᇎ൘ (real, solid, honest)ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н㲊‫ٷ‬Ǆ Ԇ㲊‫ٷ‬ᗇᖸˈᡁнௌ⅒ԆǄ ᡁ߉Ⲵ䜭ᱟⵏᇎⲴˈ⋑ᴹа⛩‫ݯ‬㲊‫Ⲵٷ‬ь㾯Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒ⵏ䈊Ⲵᴻ৻ˈнௌ⅒㲊՚ⲴӪǄ Ԇҏཚ㲊՚Ҷʽ Ԇа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н㲊՚Ǆ ⡧⡧Ⲵ‫ٷ‬⢉н㿱ҶǄ 䛓䟼ᴹнቁআ‫ٷ‬㦟ⲴǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ‫ٷ‬Ǆ 㾱䈤ⵏ䈍ˈн㾱䈤‫ٷ‬䈍 (lie)Ǆ 䛓ᱟⵏ㣡‫ˈݯ‬䘈ᱟ‫ٷ‬㣡‫˛ݯ‬ 䘉ਚᱟањ㲊਽ˈ⋑ᴹӰѸ⭘ⲴǄ Ԇ䘉њӪཚ㲊ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬ҏнᇎ൘Ǆ н㾱ཚ⡡㲊㦓 [ǌUyQJempty glory)Ǆ ԆҠҶањኡመ᡻ᵪ, ᖸ‫ׯ‬ᇌǄ ᱘ᲊ֐ⴻኡመ᱕ᲊ (The Spring Festival Evening Gala [broadcast nation-wide]) Ҷੇ˛ Ԇᖸௌ⅒³ኡመ᮷ॆ´Ǆ Ԇ䮯ᗇᖸ‫ྕۿ‬ᐤ傜 (ÀREƗPӽ%DUDFN2EDPD ˈབྷ ᇦ䜭ਛԆ³ኡመྕᐤ傜´Ǆ

Note: * ኡመ n. µIRUWLILHGPRXQWDLQYLOODJH¶DVLQ 䘉њኡመ䟼տ⵰ॱࠐᡧӪᇦ. ¾ ԯ䙐 YIӽQJ]jRµWRLPLWDWH¶DVLQ 䘉њᱟԯ䙐Ⲵ. ¾ ༽ࡦ YI]KuµWRGXSOLFDWH¶DVLQ 䘉ᕐൠമ֐৫༽ࡦаᕐ. ¾ ߂⡼䍗 QPjRSiLKXzµFRXQWHUIHLW¶DVLQ ԆҠⲴᱟањ߂⡼䍗. ¾ ՚䙐 YZČL]jRµWRIRUJH¶DVLQ 䘉ሱؑᱟԆ՚䙐Ⲵ. ¾ ࢭコ YSLƗRTLq µWRSODJLDULVH¶DVLQ Ԇ൘ҖѝࢭコҶ࡛ӪⲴь㾯. ¾ ‫ ߂ٷ‬YMLӽPjRµWRSRVHDV¶DVLQ Ԇ‫߂ٷ‬ᱟањ५⭏, 僇 (piàn, to deceive) ҶнቁӪ. ¾ ≤䍗 QVKXӿKXz µVKRGG\JRRGV smuggled goods LQIRUPDO ¶, as in 1) 䘉ৼ䶻ⵏᱟ≤䍗, ࡊクањᴸ ቡൿҶ. 2) 䘉ᶑ㺇кআⲴь㾯䜭ᱟ≤䍗, Ӿഭཆ䎠⿱ ]ԁXVƯ, to smuggle) 䗷ᶕⲴ. ¾ ⴇ⡸ QGjREӽQµSLUDWHGHGLWLRQRIVRIWZDUHERRNHWF ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟаᵜⴇ⡸Җ.

210

jiàqian ԧ䫡

jiàqian ԧ䫡 n. jiàgé ԧṬ n. 3-2 B

cost price (oft. used in a general/ abstract sense, e.g. price on the stock market or wholesale price) (ԧ, price; Ṭ, section)

ᴰ䘁㛑⾘ JԃSLjRVKDUHV ԧṬ儈ҶᖸཊǄ ᡁ㔉֐Ⲵᱟᢩਁ SƯIƗZKROHVDOH ԧṬˈн㜭 ޽‫ׯ‬ᇌҶǄ 䘉ᵜҖⲴ䴦୞ (língshòu, retail) ԧṬᱟҍॱ ӄ‫ݳ‬Ǆ ᴰ䘁⭥㿶ᵪⲴԧṬ‫ׯ‬ᇌҶнቁǄ 㭜㨌઼≤᷌ⲴԧṬа儈ˈԆᇦቡਲ਼н䎧ҶǄ ൘ԧṬкˈԆ䈤ਟԕ㔉֐޽‫ׯ‬ᇌа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᴰ䘁ࠐᒤˈ୶૱ԧṬ⌒ࣘ EǀGzQJWRIOXctuate) ᖸབྷǄ 䘉њഭᇦⲴ୶૱ԧṬ⋑ᴹཊབྷ⌒ࣘǄ аࡠ༿ཙˈ≤᷌ⲴԧṬቡՊ‫ׯ‬ᇌаӋǄ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟỰሏ MLӽQFKiWRLQVSHFW ⢙ԧǄ ⧠൘Ⲵ⢙ԧཚ儈Ҷʽ ӪԜᐼᵋ⢙ԧн㾱ཚ儈Ǆ Ԇᱟ৫ᒤᩜࡠ䘉䟼ᶕտⲴˈഐѪ䘉䟼Ⲵ⢙ԧվǄ 䎺ᶕ䎺儈Ⲵ⢙ԧ֯ᗇӪԜ䜭Ҡн䎧ь㾯ҶǄ ӺᒤⲴ⢙ԧ∄৫ᒤ儈Ҷа‫( ؽ‬bèi, times)Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭ᖸ‫ޣ‬ᗳ JXƗQ[ƯQWRFRQFHUQ ⢙ԧ䰞仈Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵ⢙ԧᖸ儈ˈн㾱൘䘉䟼Ҡь㾯Ǆ Ԇ䫡ᖸཊˈнཚ‫ޣ‬ᗳ⢙ԧⲴ儈վǄ

wùjià ⢙ԧ n. 3-2 B

price (of commodities; not used with specific numbers) (⢙, thing)

jiàqian ԧ䫡 n. 2-1 C

cost, price (oft. used in a more specific sense than others in this group)

jià ԧ n.* 1C

㤩᷌ӰѸԧ‫˛ݯ‬ price (oft. used with monosyllables; 䘉њь㾯ᘾѸ⋑ᴹḷ ELƗRWRPDUN ԧ˛ also ԧ‫)ݯ‬ 䛓ᱟḷԧ⡼ˈ֐㠚ᐡⴻ੗Ǆ 䘉њ୶ᓇⲴь㾯⢙㖾ԧᓹ ZPČLMLjOLiQˈ excellent quality and reasonable price). ֐ྲ᷌ⵏᜣҠˈቡࠪњԧ੗Ǆ Ԇ⋑ཊቁ䫡ˈਚྭҠаӋᓹԧ (cheap) Ⲵь㾯Ǆ ᢩਁԧᱟཊቁ˛ 䴦୞ԧ∄ᢩਁԧ䍥аӋǄ

䘉њ依ᓇⲴԧ䫡∄䖳‫ׯ‬ᇌˈᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭ௌ⅒৫ˈ 㤩᷌Ⲵԧ䫡ᱟཊቁ˛ Ԇа䰞ԧ䫡ˈ ᡽⸕䚃㤩᷌䍥ҶнቁǄ ᡯᆀআҶањྭԧ䫡ˈԆᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ҡа䜘ྭ䖖Ⲵԧ䫡ཏ㔉ᆙᆀкॱᒤᆖⲴҶǄ ྲ᷌ь㾯ྭˈԧ䫡䍥⛩‫ݯ‬ҏਟԕǄ ᡯᆀԆᜣ޽ㅹㅹˈআњᴤྭⲴԧ䫡Ǆ ഐѪԧ䫡䈸нлᶕ (because he could not haggle the price down)ˈԆቡ⋑ᴹҠǄ ഐѪԧ䫡䈸нк৫ (because he could not negotiate a high enough price)ˈԆቡ⋑ᴹআǄ

MLƗQFKt ඊᤱ

211

䘉䟼Ⲵᡯԧᖸ䍥ˈԆҠн䎧Ǆ 䈤њᴰվԧ੗Ǆ ࡛нྭ᜿ᙍ䇢ԧˈн䇢ⲭн䇢 (it would be a shame not to haggle to save money)Ǆ MLjPӽ ԧ⸱ n.* 1 N/A

marked or listed price (⸱, a sign or thing indicating number)

䘉䟼㾱⭘㖾‫ݳ‬Ҡь㾯ˈԧ⸱⭘Ⲵ䜭ᱟ$Ǆ 䘉྇㾯㻵ⵏ‫ׯ‬ᇌˈ䘉њԧ⸱൘࡛Ⲵൠᯩਚ㜭Ҡ аᶑ㼔ᆀǄ 』䠁Ⲵԧ⸱㾱ⴻൠ⛩ˈྭ४㾱䍥ᖸཊǄ 䘉њᘾѸ⋑ᴹԧ⸱˛ н਼୶ᓇԧ⸱н਼ˈૡԜཊⴻࠐᇦǄ Ԇ䈤Ԇн㜭᧕ਇ䘉њԧ⸱ˈཚ儈ҶǄ 䘉ᕐ⭫‫ݯ‬ḷ ELƗRWRODEHO ࠪҶйз‫Ⲵݳ‬ԧ⸱Ǆ ୶ᓇ䜭ᢺԧ⸱ḷᗇ儈儈ⲴˈᡁਟҠн䎧Ǆ ᴰ䘁⥚㚹Ⲵԧ⸱ॷ VKƝQJWRULVH ᗇᖸᘛˈᡁԜ 䜭ᘛਲ਼н䎧ҶǄ আь㾯ᓄ䈕ḷ᰾ԧ⸱Ǆ

Note: * ԧ QµYDOXH¶DVLQ 䘉њ㣡⬦ᱟᰐԧѻᇍ Z~MLj]KƯEӽRpriceless treasure, invaluable asset). * ԧ⸱ QµSULFHXVHGILJXUDWLYHO\ ¶DVLQ Ԇ⧠൘∄ԕࡽᴹ਽Ҷ, ԧ⸱ҏ儈Ҷᖸཊ. ¾ ԧ٬ QMLj]KtµYDOXHLPSRUWDQFH¶DVLQ 䘉䜘⭥ᖡⲴ㢪ᵟ (yìshù, art) ԧ٬ᖸ儈.

MLƗQFKt ඊᤱ v.

to insist on

EӽRFKt ‫؍‬ᤱ v. 2B

to keep, to remain, to retain (antonym: їཡ VjQJVKƯ (‫؍‬, to protect; ᤱ, to hold)

∅ъԕਾˈᡁԜаⴤ‫؍‬ᤱ㚄㌫ (liánxì, contact)Ǆ 䘉䟼ᱟ५䲒ˈབྷᇦ㾱‫؍‬ᤱᆹ䶉Ǆ Ԇ‫؍‬ᤱ⵰ᰙ䎧䭫⛬ⲴҐᜟǄ ࿫ᆀ‫ڊ‬依Ԇ⍇⻇ˈ䘉൘ԆԜᇦ䟼ཊᒤᶕаⴤ‫؍‬ᤱ нਈǄ Ԇሩ䘉њ䰞仈н޽‫؍‬ᤱ⊹唈 (chénmò, silent) ҶǄ ྸྸࡊ᭦᤮ᒢ߰ᡯ䰤ˈ֐Ԝаᇊ㾱‫؍‬ᤱྭ୺Ǆ Ԇ㾱ᢺ⑨⌣ⲴҐᜟ‫؍‬ᤱл৫Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒ᢺቻ䟼Ⲵ⑙ᓖ‫؍‬ᤱ൘ҼॱᓖᐖਣǄ ཊቁᒤᶕˈԆаⴤ‫؍‬ᤱ⵰н䎠ਾ䰘Ⲵ֌仾 ]XzIƝQJ, an attitude to life, work, etc.)Ǆ Ԇփර Wӿ[tQJILJXUH ‫؍‬ᤱᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ ཊ⿽ (zhòng) ṁਟԕ‫؍‬ᤱ≤൏Ǆ

MLƗQFKt ඊᤱ v. 2A

to insist on, to persevere, to uphold (usu. under difficult conditions; with nominal or verbal object) (reduplication: ABAB) (antonym: ᭮ᔳ fàngqì) (ඊ, unwavering)

Ԇ㲭❦⯵Ҷˈն䘈ᱟаⴤඊᤱᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭ඊᤱ䭫⛬䓛փǄ Ԇᱟањඊᤱ৏ࡉ (yuánzé, principle) ⲴӪǄ Ԇඊᤱнл৫Ҷˈਚྭ᭮ᔳҶ∄䎋Ǆ ཆ䗩ཚߧˈԆඊᤱнտቡ䐁എቻ䟼৫ҶǄ ѪҶᆙᆀˈԆ㾱ࣚ࣋ൠඊᤱл৫Ǆ

212

ji~ndvn ㆰঅ Ԇඊᤱ䈤䘉ԦһᛵнᱟԆ‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ Ԇඊᤱᐡ㿱 RQH¶VRwn view)ˈ࡛ӪⲴ䈍а⛩‫ݯ‬䜭 ੜн䘋৫Ǆ ԆӺཙ㜭ᶕˈ䜭ᱟᡁඊᤱⲴ㔃᷌ MLpJXԁ outcome)Ǆ Ԇ൘≤䟼ඊᤱҶॱ࠶䫏᡽кᶕǄ ֐޽ඊᤱඊᤱˈ५⭏傜кቡࡠǄ

wéichí 㔤ᤱ v. 2C

to maintain, to hold out (oft. more of DSDVVLYHDFWLRQIRUµJHWWLQJ E\¶ sometimes indicating a sense of µWHPSRUDU\¶RUµOLPLWHG¶KDYLQJ nominal objects) (㔤, to maintain)

Ԇࣚ࣋ᐕ֌ˈѪⲴᱟ㔤ᤱаᇦӪⲴ⭏⍫Ǆ Ԇ⯵ᗇᖸ䟽ˈ⧠൘ਚ㜭⭘㦟ᶕ㔤ᤱǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵ⋫ᆹ ]Ku¶ƗQSXEOLFVHFXULW\ аⴤ㔤ᤱᗇ 䶎ᑨྭǄ ԆⲴႊါ KǌQ\ƯQPDUULDJH ᖸ䳮޽㔤ᤱл৫ҶǄ ԆⲴᆖҐᡀ㔙аⴤ㔤ᤱ൘ѝㅹ≤ᒣ VKXӿStQJ level)Ǆ ⡦Ӣ൘㢠䳮 MLƗQQiQKDUG ൠ㔤ᤱ⵰䘉њᇦǄ ⋑ᴹӰѸӪҠь㾯ˈ䘉њ୶ᓇ㔤ᤱҶєњᴸቡ‫ޣ‬ 䰘 (to shut down) ҶǄ ੜ䈤ᆖ䍩䘈ᱟ઼৫ᒤаṧˈ㔤ᤱнਈǄ н㾱ਚᱟ㔤ᤱ⧠⣦ (xiànzhuàng, the status quo), 㾱ࣚ࣋‫ڊ‬ᗇᴤྭǄ

Note: ¾ ‫؍‬ᆈ YEӽRF~QµWRNHHSWRVDYH¶DVLQ Ԇᴹаᕐ‫؍‬ᆈҶࠐॱᒤⲴ⴨⡷. ¾ ᤱ㔝 YFKt[µWRODVW¶DVLQ ӾӺཙᰙкቡᔰ࿻л䴘, аⴤᤱ㔝ࡠᲊк. ¾ ‫؍‬ᣔ YEӽRKµWRSURWHFW¶DVLQ ሿᰦ‫ى‬, ᡁକକᙫᱟ‫؍‬ᣔᡁ.

MLӽQGƗQ ㆰঅ adj.

simple

MLӽQELjQ ㆰ‫ ׯ‬adj. 2C

simple and convenient, handy (usu. of method, operation, procedure, etc.; used positively) (antonym: 㑱⩀ IiQVXԁ ㆰ, simple; ‫ׯ‬, convenient)

䘉⿽ᯩ⌅ IƗQJIӽPHWKRG ㆰ‫ׯ‬᱃㹼Ǆ ⧠൘࣎ᣔ➗Ⲵ᡻㔝 VKԁX[SURFHGXUH ∄ԕࡽ ㆰ‫ׯ‬ཊҶǄ ࣎ᣔ➗Ⲵ᡻㔝ㆰ‫ׯ‬ᗇᖸǄ ࣎ᣔ➗Ⲵ᡻㔝∄䖳ㆰ‫ׯ‬Ǆ ࣎ᣔ➗Ⲵ᡻㔝ㆰ‫ׯ‬ᶱҶʽ 䘉⿽⭥ಘⲴ᫽֌ FƗR]XzRSHUDWLRQ ᖸㆰ‫ׯ‬Ǆ ѪҶㆰ‫ˈׯ‬ᆖ⭏ਟԕ൘㖁к ZӽQJVKDQJWKH Internet) Ӕ֌ъǄ 䘉ᱟᴰㆰ‫Ⲵׯ‬ᯩ⌅ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н㑱⩀Ǆ

MLӽQGƗQ ㆰঅ adj.* 2A

simple, uncomplicated, brief (of a person, content, thing, etc.; used positively or negatively) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ༽ᵲ fùzá) (অ, single)

Ԇਲ਼依ᖸㆰঅˈа㨌а⊔Ǆ Ԇᢺ䘉њ䰞仈ᜣᗇ∄䖳ㆰঅǄ Ԇ߉Ⲵь㾯ㆰঅǃ᰾Ҷ OLӽRWRXQGHUVWDQG Ǆ 䘉њ䰞仈∄ԆᜣⲴㆰঅཊҶǄ Ԇᢺ䘉њһᛵㆰঅൠ䈤ҶалǄ

ji~ndvn ㆰঅ

213

䘉њ䰞仈н‫ۿ‬ԆᜣⲴ䛓Ѹㆰঅˈ༽ᵲᗇᖸǄ Ԇ䘉њӪਟнㆰঅ, ֐Ԝ䜭㾱ሿᗳа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇཤ㝁ㆰঅˈ㓿ᑨ㻛Ӫ僇 (piàn, to fool)Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ⲵ∄֐䈤ⲴㆰঅᗇཊǄ ᴰㆰঅⲴᯩ⌅ቡᱟ㔉Ԇᢃањ⭥䈍䰞␵ᾊǄ н㾱ᙫᱟᢺ䰞仈ᜣᗇཚㆰঅҶˈ㾱ཊᜣᜣՊᴹӰ Ѹഠ䳮Ǆ Ԇㆰㆰঅঅൠਲ਼Ҷа⛩‫ݯ‬依ˈቡࠪ৫ҶǄ MLӽQOzX ㆰ䱻 adj. 2D

simple and crude, humble, primitive (of house, facility, etc.; oft. used pejoratively) (antonym: 喀‫ޘ‬ qíquán, ॾѭ) (䱻, humble)

ԆտⲴᡯᆀ䶎ᑨㆰ䱻ˈ৸ሿ৸唁Ǆ Ԇ൘䘉њㆰ䱻Ⲵᡯᆀ䟼տҶᖸཊᒤǄ ⭏⍫㲭❦ㆰ䱻ˈնԆԜєӪ㿹ᗇᖸᒨ⾿Ǆ 䘉њᐕলㆰ䱻ᗇᖸˈ⋑ᴹӰѸ٬䫡Ⲵь㾯Ǆ 䘉њሿ依ᓇᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ㆰ䱻ˈ ਟᱟ依㨌䘈н䭉Ǆ 䛓䗩ᴹаӋㆰ䱻ǃ⸞ሿⲴᡯᆀǄ Ԇ㲭❦䫡нཊˈնտⲴᡯᆀа⛩‫ݯ‬ҏнㆰ䱻ˈ䟼䶒᩶Ⲵь㾯ॾѭᶱҶǄ 䘉њᡯᆀཚㆰ䱻Ҷˈᡁਟнᜣտ൘䘉䟼Ǆ

MLӽQ\u ㆰ᱃ adj. 2D

simple and easy, simply constructed ࡊᶕ䘉䟼Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ԆԜ‫ⴆݸ‬Ҷањㆰ᱃ᡯǄ and equipped (of house, dictionary, ԆҠҶаᵜǉㆰ᱃㤡䈝Ǌˈᜣᆖ⛩‫ݯ‬㤡䈝Ǆ etc.; rarely used as a predicate; when 䘉њㆰ᱃⋉ਁ඀к৫㡂ᴽੇ˛ used as an attributive, no Ⲵ is Ԇ඀൘䘉њㆰ᱃࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔ䟼ˈᮤཙᘉњн‫ڌ‬Ǆ needed, unlike the rest of the words ᴰ䘁䘉䟼ⴆҶнቁㆰ᱃ᡯˈ』䠁∄䖳‫ׯ‬ᇌǄ in this group) (antonym: ᆼ༷ bèi) Ԇᇦտ൘䛓ḻㆰ᱃ᾬ䟼ⲴйᾬǄ (᱃, easy) 䘉䟼‫؞‬Ҷањㆰ᱃ᵪ൪Ǆ

róngyì ᇩ᱃ adj.* 2A

䘉њ䰞仈н䳮ˈ∄䖳ᇩ᱃Ǆ easy (referring to level of difficulty) ӺᒤⲴ㘳䈅∄৫ᒤⲴᇩ᱃аӋǄ (antonym: 䳮) (ᇩ, to tolerate) ԆԜ䘉њᆙᆀᶕᗇਟнᇩ᱃ੰʽ 䘉ᴰнᇩ᱃‫ڊ‬Ҷˈ䘈ᱟ֐ᶕ੗Ǆ 䘉ս㘱ᐸ䇢䈮ᖸᇩ᱃៲ˈ ᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒ੜǄ Ԇнクⲭ㼔ᆀˈഐѪཚнᇩ᱃⍇ᒢ߰ҶǄ 䘉Ԧһᛵᇩ᱃ᗇᖸˈሿᆙᆀ䜭ਟԕ‫ڊ‬Ǆ 䘉Ѹᇩ᱃Ⲵһᛵн⭘᢮Ԇˈᡁቡਟԕ‫ڊ‬ҶǄ 䈤䈤ᇩ᱃ˈ‫ڊ‬䎧ᶕਟቡ䳮ҶǄ

Note: * ㆰঅ adjµRYHUVLPSOLILHGFDVXDO¶DVLQ 䘉њᖸ䟽㾱, аᇊ㾱䇔ⵏ, н㜭ㆰঅӾһ. * ᇩ᱃ DGMµKLJKO\SUREDEOH¶DVLQ ༿ཙཙ≄✝, ᇩ᱃ਲ਼ൿ㛊ᆀ. ¾ ྭ(н)ᇩ᱃ SKµZLWKJUHDWGLIILFXOW\¶DVLQ Ԇྭ(н)ᇩ᱃᡽ҠࡠҶєᕐ䏣⨳⾘.

214

ji~nmíng ㆰ᰾

MLӽQPtQJ ㆰ᰾ adj.

concise

MLӽQGXӽQ ㆰ⸝ adj. 2D

brief (of content, speech, article, etc.; used positively or negatively) (antonym: ߇ UԁQJ 䮯) (ㆰ, simple; ⸝, short)

㘱ᐸㆰ⸝Ⲵࠐਕ䈍ቡᢺԆ䈤ᴽ (to convince) ҶǄ ഐѪᰦ䰤нཊˈᡰԕԆ䇢ᗇ∄䖳ㆰ⸝Ǆ Ԇ߉Ⲵ᮷ㄐ ZpQ]KƗQJHVVD\ 䜭ᖸㆰ⸝ˈഐ Ѫ߇䮯Ⲵ⋑ӪⴻǄ Ԇㆰ⸝ൠ䈤Ҷ䈤ˈቡࠪ৫ҶǄ എㆄ䰞仈Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬䈧ㆰ⸝аӋǄ Ԇ᱘ཙ㔉‫ݯ‬ᆀ߉Ҷаሱㆰ⸝ⲴؑǄ Ԇഎㆄᗇཚㆰ⸝ˈᓄ䈕޽ཊ䈤аӋǄ

MLӽQMLp ㆰ⌱ adj. 2 N/A

succinct (of speech, writing, style, etc.; used positively) (antonym: 㑱⩀ IiQVXԁ (⌱, clean)

എㆄ䰞仈㾱ㆰ⌱ˈн㾱㑱⩀Ǆ Ԇᢺ䘉Ԧһᛵㆰ⌱ൠ䐏ᡁԜ䈤ҶалǄ ԆⲴ⭫ⴻ䎧ᶕㆰ⌱᰾ᘛǄ 䘉њ⭥ᖡ⭘Ⲵᱟа⿽ㆰ⌱㘼⤜⢩Ⲵ㺘⧠᡻⌅ (a technique of expression)Ǆ 䈤䈍䎺ㆰ⌱䎺ྭǄ ߉᮷ㄐᰦˈㆰ⌱ᙗ (xìng, characteristic) ᖸ䟽㾱Ǆ ԆⲴ᮷ㄐ߉ᗇㆰ⌱㘼Ո㖾Ǆ

MLӽQPtQJ ㆰ᰾ adj. 2D

concise, simple and clear (of writing, speech, principle, etc.; used positively) (antonym: 䈖㓶 [LiQJ[uµGHWDLOHG¶ 㑱߇ IiQUԁQJ µOHQJWK\DQGWHGLRXV¶

߉᮷ㄐ㾱ㆰ᰾ǃ␡࡫ VKƝQNqSURIRXQG Ǆ ԆⲴᣕ੺ (report) ㆰ᰾᢬㾱 (èyào, to the point)Ǆ Ԇㆰ᰾ᴹ࣋ൠ䈤᰾Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴᜣ⌅Ǆ 䘉ᱟаᵜㆰ᰾䇽ިˈᡰԕ⋑ᴹཚཊⲴ䈖㓶䀓䟺 MLČVKuH[SODQDWLRQ Ǆ Ԇ߉ᗇᰒㆰ᰾৸␵ᾊˈᡁ⋑ᴹӰѸ䰞仈ҶǄ ᮷ㄐ㓿䗷‫؞‬᭩ԕਾˈᴤѪㆰ᰾Ǆ

MLӽQ\jR ㆰ㾱 adj. 2D

concise, brief and to the point (of writing, speech, etc.) (antonym: 䈖ቭ xiángjìn) (㾱, important)

Ԇ‫ڊ‬Ҷањㆰ㾱Ⲵᣕ੺Ǆ ԆⲴ᮷ㄐㆰ㾱ǃ␡࡫ˈᡁௌ⅒ⴻǄ ᮷ㄐ㾱߉ᗇㆰ㾱аӋǄ Ԇㆰ㾱ൠᢺ䘉Ԧһ䈤Ҷа䙽Ǆ Ԇ䈤䘉њᣕ੺ཚㆰ㾱Ҷˈਛᡁ߉ᗇ䈖ቭаӋǄ 㿱䶒Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ԆԜӂ⴨ㆰ㾱ൠӻ㓽ҶалǄ

Note: ¾ ㆰ㓳 adjMLӽQOLjQµVXFFLQFW¶DVLQ Ԇ߉Ⲵь㾯᮷ᆇ䶎ᑨㆰ㓳. ¾ ㋮㓳 adMMƯQJOLjQµFRQFLVH¶DVLQ ԆⲴ᮷ㄐ߉ᗇᖸ㋮㓳. ¾ ᢬㾱 DGMµWRWKHSRLQW¶DVLQ Ԇ᢬㾱ൠ䈤Ҷࠐਕቡ⿫ᔰҶ. ¾ ㆰ⮕ DGMMLӽQOqµEULHI¶DVLQ Ԇ㔉ᡁԜ‫ڊ‬Ҷањㆰ⮕Ⲵ䈤᰾.

MLƗQJ\jR ሶ㾱

MLƗQJ\jR ሶ㾱 adv.

215

soon

MtMLƗQJ ণሶ adv. 3C

to be about to, to be on the point of བྷᆖ䘀ࣘՊণሶᔰ࿻ˈᐢ㓿ᶕҶᖸཊӪҶǄ (ণ, immediately; ሶ, to be about ণሶᔰ࿻ᯠⲴ⭏⍫ҶˈԆᝏࡠᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ to) ቡ൘Ԇণሶࠪഭ⮉ᆖⲴᰦ‫ྦྦˈى‬ケ❦⭏⯵տ䘋 Ҷ५䲒Ǆ ԆԜ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪ䜭൘ㅹᖵ⵰䘉њণሶࡠᶕⲴሿ⭏ભ [LӽRVKƝQJPuQJXQERUQEDE\ ᱕㢲‫ٷ‬ᵏণሶ䗷৫ˈԆ৸㾱എ৫к⨝ҶǄ 䘉䟼ণሶᡀѪаᓗབྷᆖ෾ˈᴹйᡰབྷᆖ䜭㾱ᩜᶕ 䘉䟼Ǆ བྷᆖᘛ∅ъҶˈԆԜণሶ䎠ࠪṑ䰘ˈ䎠ੁ⽮ՊǄ

MLƗQJ\jR ሶ㾱 adv. 2B

soon, before long, planned (also indicating the necessity of an approaching event or action)

Ԇ‫ؙ‬ሶ㾱㔃ႊҶˈᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ 䘀ࣘՊሶ㾱Ѯ㹼йཙǄ ሶ㾱‫ڊ‬⡨⡨ⲴԆᴰ䘁ᐕ֌⢩࡛ࣚ࣋ˈᴻ৻Ԝ䜭䈤 Ԇਈᗇᡀ⟏ (chéngshú, mature) ҶǄ བྷᆖ∅ъҶˈԆሶ㾱⿫ᔰ⡦⇽৫ਖཆањ෾ᐲǄ བྷᆖሶ㾱൘䘉䟼ᔪ (jiàn, to build) ањമҖ侶Ǆ Ԇሩሶ㾱৫Ⲵൠᯩа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нҶ䀓Ǆ

jiùyào ቡ㾱 adv. 1 N/A

in no time, very soon (oft. ቡ㾱 + Ҷ; used in a suggestion, same as ᘛ㾱; 傜к/ ਾཙ (a specific time in the future) + ቡ㾱)

伎ᵪ傜кቡ㾱䎧伎Ҷˈ֐ᘛ䘋৫੗Ǆ ྸྸቡ㾱എᶕҶˈԆ䘎ᘉᢺᡯ䰤᭦᤮ҶалǄ ཙቡ㾱唁ҶˈਟᆙᆀԜ䘈⋑ᴹഎᇦǄ ‫ٷ‬ᵏቡ㾱㔃ᶏҶˈԆлњᱏᵏቡഎᆖṑҶǄ ቡ㾱ࡠ᱕㢲Ҷˈབྷᇦ䜭൘ᘉ⵰߶༷䗷ᒤǄ ⇿ཙԆа䎧ᒺቡ㾱ࠪ৫䐁↕Ǆ Ԇቡ㾱৫ᵪ൪Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬᡽⸕䚃伎ᵪᲊ⛩ (to delay) ҶǄ Ԇਾཙቡ㾱৫ेӜҶǄ Ԇєњሿᰦਾቡ㾱䎠ҶǄ

kuàiyào ᘛ㾱 adv. 1 N/A

very soon, shortly (oft. interchangeable with ᘛ)

ཙᘛ㾱л䴘ҶˈᡁԜᘛ⛩‫ݯ‬䎠੗Ǆ ྩᘛ㾱⭏ᆙᆀҶˈᓄ䈕傜к䘱ྩ৫५䲒Ǆ ஔ䞂ᘛ㾱்ᆼҶˈԆ৸৫ҠҶа㇡എᶕǄ Ԇ䮯ᗇᘛ㾱઼⡨⡨аṧ儈ҶǄ ᘛ㾱ࡠᇦⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇⴻ㿱ҶྩǄ

Note: ¾ The antonym of all the words in this group is ᐢ㓿. ¾ ሶ DGYµZLOO¶DVLQ Ԇ᰾ᒤሶᶕѝഭⴻᡁ.

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ji~ng 䇢

MLӽQJ 䇢 v.

to speak

(see also Ӕ䈸) MLӽQJ 䇢 v.* 2A

to speak, to tell (sb. or sth.; more of a descriptive nature especially sth. with plots, e.g. 䇢᭵һ) (reduplication: A(а)A)

ᡁ⋑ੜ䈱䇢䗷䘉ԦһᛵǄ Ԇ䎺⵰ᙕቡ䎺䇢н␵ᾊǄ ᴹӰѸ䈍࡛н䇢ˈ㾱䇢ࠪᶕǄ ᢺ֐ⴻࡠⲴ䇢㔉ᡁԜੜੜǄ Ԇ䇢ᗇᖸྭˈབྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ੜǄ Ԇ䇢Ҷє䙽᡽䇢␵ᾊ䘉ԦһᛵǄ Ԇሩ֐䇢Ⲵᱟⵏ䈍ੇ˛ ᡁ⋑ӰѸ߶༷ˈ䲿‫( ׯ‬suíbiàn, spontaneously) 䇢 ࠐਕ੗ [a polite phrase]Ǆ Ԇ䇢⵰䇢⵰ቡ䇢нл৫ҶǄ ᴹӰѸᜣ䈤Ⲵˈབྷᇦ䜭䇢䇢੗Ǆ Ԇ䘈⋑ᴹᶕˈ䛓ᡁቡ‫ݸ‬䇢а䇢੗Ǆ

MLӽQJKXj 䇢䈍 v.* 2B

Ԇ䇢䈍∄䖳ᇒ≄Ǆ to speak, to give a speech (to sb. or Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ⡡䇢䈍ˈᴹнቁᴻ৻Ǆ on sth.; insertable) (reduplication: 䛓њ䇢䈍ⲴӪᱟᡁԜᆖṑⲴṑ䮯 [LjR]KӽQJ AAB) principal)Ǆ Ԇ䘉⅑䇢䈍Ⲵਓ≄ (tone) ∄к⅑ᇒ≄ཊҶǄ ⦻㘱ᐸˈ㔉ᆖ⭏Ԝ䇢䇢䈍੗Ǆ ӺཙⲴՊкԆ⋑ᴹ䇢ӰѸ䈍Ǆ Ԇ䇢ᆼ䈍ቡ䎠ҶǄ Ԇ൘䛓ᡰབྷᆖⲴṑᒶк䇢䗷а⅑䈍Ǆ ԆᖸՊ䇢䈍ˈ㿱ӰѸӪ䇢ӰѸ䈍Ǆ བྷՊкˈṑ䮯↓䇢⵰䈍Ǆ 䈧㘱ᐸ䇢ࠐਕ䈍੗Ǆ

VKXǀ 䈤 v.* 2A

to say, to talk (A 䈤 or A ሩ B 䈤; oft. of a descriptive nature without too many plots, e.g. 䈤ㅁ䈍ǃ䈤䉌䈝 Pt\ԃµULGGOH¶ (reduplication: A(а)A)

Ԇ䈤Ԇг⛩䫏ᶕǄ Ԇ䐏ᡁ䈤䗷є⅑ˈᡁ⋑ᴹㆄᓄԆǄ ᡁӺཙⴻ㿱ԆҶˈਟᱟԆ⋑ᴹ䈤ӰѸǄ Ԇቡᱟ౤㜭䈤ˈࣘ᡻ቡн㹼ҶǄ Ԇௌ⅒䈤ㅁ䈍ˈᖸᴹ᜿ᙍǄ Ԇᑨᑨᱟਚ䈤н‫ ˈڊ‬ᡁԜ䜭нௌ⅒ԆǄ 䞂侶‫ݯ‬䟼ཚ੥ (cKӽRQRLV\ ˈᡁੜн␵ᾊԆ൘䈤 ӰѸǄ ⴻࡠҶԆˈᡁতаਕ䈍ҏ䈤нࠪᶕҶǄ Ԇ䈤Ⲵሩнሩ˛ н㇑ᡁᘾѸ䈤ˈԆቡᱟн৫Ǆ Ԇн䈤ˈ֐ቡᢺⴻࡠⲴ䐏ᡁԜ䈤䈤੗Ǆ ֐ᐢ㓿䈤ҶнቁҶˈ䇙࡛Ӫ䈤а䈤੗Ǆ

ji~ng 䇢 VKXǀKXj 䈤䈍 v. 2 N/A

to say, to chat, to talk (insertable) (reduplication: AAB)

217

䈤䈍࡛䛓Ѹ䳮ੜˈᇒ≄⛩‫ݯ‬ʽ 㘱ᐸ䇢䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᆖ⭏нᓄ䈕൘ᓅл䈤䈍Ǆ ԆӾሿቡՊ䈤䈍 (smooth-tongued), བྷᇦ䜭 ௌ⅒ԆǄ ᴹᰦ䰤ᑨᶕ⧙‫઼ˈݯ‬ᡁ䈤䈤䈍ӰѸⲴǄ ԆӺᲊ்Ҷ⛩‫ݯ‬䞂ˈ䈤Ҷᖸཊⵏ䈍Ǆ Ԇ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇ䈤нࠪ䈍ᶕǄ ᡁ䐏Ԇ䈤䗷є⅑䈍Ǆ

tán 䈸 v. 2A

to talk about, to discuss, to comment (with two or more people; oft. with a certain purpose; 䈸ᴻ৻ µGDWLQJ¶ 䈸ᙻ⡡ µGDWLQJ¶ 䈸⭏᜿ µKDYLQJDEXVLQHVVQHJRWLDWLRQ¶ (reduplication: A(а)A)

Ԇ䈸Ҷሩ䘉њ䰞仈Ⲵⴻ⌅Ǆ ᡁԜ㓿ᑨ൘а䎧䈸ཙ䈤ൠⲴˈӰѸ䜭㙺Ǆ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬Ӿ৫ᒤᔰ࿻䈸ᙻ⡡ˈ⧠൘ᘛ㾱㔃ႊҶǄ ⭥䈍䟼䈤н␵ᾊˈૡԜ᢮њᰦ䰤䶒䈸੗Ǆ ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ҶˈᡁԜн㜭޽䈸л৫ҶǄ ԆԜ䈸ҶॺཙҶ, 䈸ᗇᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᡁԜᐢ㓿䈸䗷а⅑Ҷˈн⭘޽䈸ҶǄ ԆԜ↓䈸⵰ӰѸˈ֐ㅹаՊ‫޽ݯ‬䗷৫੗Ǆ ֐ᢺ䘉Ԧһ䐏ԆԜ䈸ал‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆԜ䈸ᡀҶ⭏᜿ԕਾˈቡа䎧৫ਲ਼依ҶǄ བྷᇦ↓൘䈸ᐕ֌ˈ ᐢ㓿䈸ҶањлॸҶǄ ᡁԜՊк䈸Ⲵቡᱟ䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ ᴹӰѸᜣ⌅ˈ֐ቡ䈸䈸੗Ǆ ֐ᴹᰦ䰤ੇˈᡁᜣ䐏֐䈸а䈸Ǆ

tánhuà 䈸䈍 v. 2B

to discuss, to talk with (two or more people; oft. a formal conversation with a purpose; insertable) (reduplication: AAB)

֐Ԝ䈸䈍䜭䈸ҶӋӰѸ˛ Ԇн⸕䚃ᡁԜ䈸䈍Ⲵ޵ᇩ (nèiróng, content)Ǆ ԆԜ䈸䈍䈸ҶањሿᰦǄ ‫ݸ‬н㾱䘋৫ˈԆԜ↓൘ቻ䟼䈸䈍઒Ǆ ੜ䈤㘱ᐸ㾱᢮֐䈸䈸䈍ˈ֐ᘛ৫੗Ǆ ֐䐏ṑ䮯䈸䗷䈍ੇ˛ Ԇ઼䛓њᆖ⭏䈸ҶањሿᰦⲴ䈍Ǆ ᡁԜ䘈⋑䈸ᆼ䈍ˈԆቡ䎠Ҷ䘋ᶕǄ Ԇᖸቁ઼࡛Ӫ䈸ᗳ䟼䈍Ǆ

liáo 㙺 v. 1B

to chat (reduplication: A(а)A)

ᡁ䐏Ԇ㙺䗷ࠐ⅑ˈ㿹ᗇԆ䘉њӪн䭉Ǆ Ԇ൘⭥䈍кᐢ㓿㙺Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ҶǄ ԆԜᱟྭᴻ৻ˈ㓿ᑨ൘а䎧㙺ᐕ֌ˈ㙺ᆙᆀǄ Ԇа㿱ࡠ㘱ᴻ৻ˈቡ㙺њ⋑ᆼǄ ԆᶕҶԕਾˈᡁԜ‫ؙ‬ቡ㙺Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ䐏ᡁ㙺Ҷࠐਕቡ䎠ҶǄ Ԇ䘉њӪቡ⡡ⶾ [LƗDLPOHVVO\ 㙺ˈа㙺ቡᱟࠐ њሿᰦǄ Ԇ‫ؙ‬㙺ᗇ䘎依䜭нᜣਲ਼ҶǄ ֐⧠൘ᴹオੇˈᡁᜣ䐏֐㙺㙺Ǆ ᴹӰѸһ઼ᴻ৻㙺а㙺ˈ ࡛ᙫ᭮൘ᗳ䟼Ǆ

218

MLƗRKXjQ Ӕᦒ

OLiRWLƗQU 㙺ཙ‫ ݯ‬ph. 1B

Ԇቡ⡡᢮Ӫ㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ to chat (also 㙺བྷཙ‫ ;ݯ‬insertable) Ԇཚᘉˈ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ (reduplication: AAB) (ཙ, weather) ࡛㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬ҶˈᘛⴻҖ੗ˈ傜кቡ㾱㘳䈅ҶǄ к⨝ᰦ‫ˈى‬ԆӾн㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ‫ؙ‬а䗩ᣭ✏ˈа䗩㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬઒Ǆ ᴹᰦ䰤ཊഎᇦⴻⴻ⡦⇽ˈ઼ԆԜ㙺㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ਲ਼ᆼ依ਾˈԆ઼‫ݯ‬ᆀ㙺ҶаՊ‫ݯ‬ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ лॸᡁԜ൘а䎧㙺བྷཙ‫ݯ‬Ҷˈ࡛ⲴӰѸ䜭⋑ᒢǄ ԆԜ㙺ҶањᲊкⲴཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

WiQWLƗQU 䈸ཙ‫ ݯ‬ph. 1D

⇿ཙਲ਼ᆼ依ԕਾˈԆቡ઼ᴻ৻䈸ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒䈸ཙ‫ˈݯ‬ᴹᰦ䰤ቡௌ⅒ⴻҖǄ ࡛㘱൘ቻ䟼㠚ᐡ඀⵰ˈࠪ৫᢮ᴻ৻䈸䈸ཙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᡁ⋑઼Ԇ䈸䗷ཙ‫ˈݯ‬ԕਾᴹᵪՊаᇊ㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬䈸䈸ཙǄ ઼Ԇ䈸ҶаՊ‫ݯ‬ཙԕਾˈᡁቡഎᇦҶǄ

to chew the fat (insertable) (reduplication: AAB)

Note: * 䇢 YµWRWHDFKWRH[SODLQ¶DVLQ Ԇ䇢䈮䇢ᗇᖸྭ, ᡁԜ䜭ᖸௌ⅒Ԇ. * 䇢 YµWREHSDUWLFXODUDERXW¶DVLQ Ԇᖸ䇢⽬䊼, ሩӪᖸᇒ≄. * 䇢䈍 QµVSHHFK¶DVLQ ṑ䮯Ⲵ䇢䈍ᖸਇᆖ⭏ԜⲴ⅒䗾. * 䈤 YµWR EODPH¶DVLQ1) Ԇ㘳䈅⋑㘳ྭ, ⡨⡨↓䈤Ԇ઒. 2) ֐䈤䈱઒? ᢺ䈍䈤␵ᾊа⛩‫ݯ‬. ¾ The disyllabic/ polysyllabic words in this group have verb + object structure already, so there is no object after them. They are all insertable as well, e.g. 䈤⵰/ 䗷/ Ҷ䈍, 䈤䎧䈍ᶕ,䈤Ҷа⅑䈍, 䈤Ҷ ањᲊкⲴ䈍. ¾ 䇢/ 䈸 YµWRQHJRWLDWH¶DVLQ ԆԜ‫↓ؙ‬൘䇢ԧ MLӽQJMLjWRKDggle). ¾ 䈸䇪 YµWRGLVFXVV¶DVLQ ਼ᆖԜቡ䘉њ䰞仈ᐢ㓿䈸䇪ҶањཊሿᰦҶ. ¾ Ӕ䈸 YµWRKDYHDFRQYHUVDWLRQZLWK¶DVLQ Ӕ䈸ԕਾ, ԆԜቡ䜭എᇦҶ. ¾ ੺䇹 YµWRWHOO¶DVLQ Ԇ੺䇹ᡁᲊкг⛩䫏৫ⴻ⭥ᖡ. ¾ ሩ䈍 YµWRFRQYHUVH¶DVLQ ԆԜ㓿ᑨ⭘≹䈝ሩ䈍, ≹䈝䘋↕ᗇᖸᘛ.

MLƗRKXjQ Ӕᦒ v. (see also ਈॆ/ ᭩) diàohuàn 䈳ᦒ v. 2D

duìhuàn ሩᦒ v. 2 N/A

to exchange

⦻㘱ᐸ⯵ҶˈԆӺཙⲴ䈮㾱઼࡛Ӫ䈳ᦒалǄ to change, to swap (sb./ sth. of same 䈳ᦒҶᐕ֌ԕਾˈԆк⨝⿫ᇦ䘁ҶаӋǄ nature; also ᦹᦒ) (䈳, to shift) 䈳ᦒⲴ৏ഐᱟഐѪԆ᰾ཙ㾱৫᯵⑨Ǆ ᢺ䘉єњᆇ䈳ᦒалቡྭҶǄ 䘉ṧ䈳ᦒ䗷ᶕਟԕੇ˛

to trade, to exchange (ሩ, to fit)

ᡁ⵬ⶋнཚྭˈᡁԜሩᦒалᓗսྭੇ˛ ֐∄ᡁ儈ᖸཊˈᡁԜ‫Ⲵؙ‬㺓ᴽн㜭ሩᦒǄ ᐕ֌ሩᦒҶԕਾˈԆ㿹ᗇᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇ䴰㾱ৼӪᡯˈቡ䐏ᡁሩᦒҶᡯ䰤Ǆ ᡁԜሩᦒ੗ˈ֐⭘ᡁ䘉њǄ

MLƗRKXjQ Ӕᦒ duìhuàn ‫ ᦒށ‬v. 2C

JƝQJKXjQ ᴤᦒ v. 2D

huàn ᦒ v. 2A

to convert (currency) (‫ށ‬, to convert)

to replace (ᴤ, to change)

to change, to exchange (reduplication: A(а)A)

219

֐⸕䚃ଚ‫ݯ‬ਟԕ‫ᦒށ‬ཆᐱ (bì, currency) ੇ˛ Ӻཙ㖾‫ށݳ‬Ӫ≁ᐱⲴ‫ ⦷ᦒށ‬OԋUDWH ∄䖳ྭǄ Ԇᜣ⭘ᰕ‫ᦒށݳ‬Ӫ≁ᐱǄ Ԇᜣᢺᰕ‫ᦒށݳ‬ᡀ⅗ (ƿu, Europe) ‫ݳ‬Ǆ 伎ᵪ൪ਟԕ‫ᦒށ‬䫡Ǆ Ԇ৫䛓䰤䬦㹼‫ᦒށ‬䗷ࠐ⅑㖾‫ݳ‬Ǆ ᡁ⭘䘉њਟԕ‫⧠ᦒށ‬䠁 [LjQMƯQFDVK ੇ˛ Ӻཙ‫Ⲵᦒށ‬㖾‫ݳ‬Ԇ䜭㔉ྸྸҶǄ 䘉њデਓ‫ᦒށ‬нҶཆᐱǄ ԆԜ⨝ӺᒤᴤᦒҶ㘱ᐸǄ ᴤᦒ䘉Ӌᰗ⭥㝁Ⲵᰦ䰤ᱟлњᴸǄ ཙߧҶˈᆙᆀⲴ㺓ᴽ䴰㾱ᴤᦒҶǄ ԆⲴ५⭏ᐢ㓿ᴤᦒє⅑ҶǄ 䛓њኅ㿸侶Ⲵ⭫㓿ᑨᴤᦒˈԆ⇿њᴸ䜭৫ⴻⴻǄ ੜ䈤Ԇᴰ䘁ᩜᇦҶˈ⭥䈍ҏᴤᦒҶǄ Ԇ⭘аԦ㺓ᴽᦒҶаৼ䶻Ǆ ԆԜєᇦᜣᦒалᡯˈਟᱟਾᶕ⋑ᴹᦒᡀǄ Ԇᢺࡽ䶒Ⲵᓗսᦒ㔉ҶᡁˈഐѪᡁ⵬ⶋнཚྭǄ Ԇᜣᦒа྇བྷа⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬ᡯᆀǄ 䘉䟼տⲴӪ䜭ᦒҶˈԆ䈱ҏн䇔䇶Ǆ ৫ཙᆹ䰘㾱ᦒࠐ⅑䖖˛ ᡁԜᜣнᦒӪˈ㹼ੇ˛ ᱕ཙᦒᆓⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ӪԜՊᢺߜཙⲴ㺓ᴽ᭦䎧ᶕǄ ᡁᦒал㺓ᴽቡᶕǄ Ԇᜣᦒ⛩‫ݯ‬䫡৫㖾ഭ᯵⑨Ǆ Ԇᗇ৫ᦒ⛩‫⺜ݯ‬ᐱ (yìngbì, coin) ᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ 䈧ᢺ䘉ᕐ 100 ‫ᦒⲴݳ‬ᡀӄᕐ 20 ‫Ⲵݳ‬Ǆ മҖ侶ᐢ㓿‫ޣ‬䰘ҶˈӺཙҖᱟᦒнҶ OLӽR Ҷ (le)Ǆ ྲ᷌֐нௌ⅒Ⲵ䈍ˈૡ‫˛ᦒᦒؙ‬ ઘᵛࠪ৫䎠䎠ˈᦒаᦒᯠ勌オ≄Ǆ

MLƗRKXjQ Ӕᦒ v. 2B

to exchange, to swap (concrete or abstract items between parties) (reduplication: ABAB) (Ӕ, to hand over)

ԆԜӂ⴨ӔᦒҶ਽⡷ (business card)Ǆ ԆԜ㓿ᑨ൘а䎧ӔᦒᆖҐ㓿傼 MƯQJ\jQ experience)Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘Ӕᦒ൪ൠ FKӽQJGuVLWH Ǆ ԆԜӔᦒҶал᜿㿱 (yìjian, opinion)Ǆ Ԇ‫ؙ‬Ӕᦒ䛞⾘Ⲵᰦ䰤ᱟӺཙлॸй⛩䫏Ǆ ᡁԜᔰњՊˈӔᦒӔᦒ᜿㿱Ǆ

tìhuàn ᴯᦒ v. 2D

ԆӺཙ⯵Ҷˈ䴰㾱࡛ӪᴯᦒԆ৫к䈮Ǆ to substitute for (i.e. the exchange ֐ᴯᦒᡁаཙˈ㹼ੇ˛ of A for B) (ᴯ, to take the place of) Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕᖸ㍟Ҷˈ֐৫ᴯᦒԆалǄ Ԇ㻛ᴯᦒлᶕҶǄ 䘉єњ䇽н㜭⴨ӂ [LƗQJKRQHDQRWKHU ᴯᦒǄ

220

MLƗRWiQ Ӕ䈸

Note: ¾ 䖞ᦒ v. l~QKXjQµWRURWDWHWRWDNHWXUQV¶DVLQ 依ᓇ䟼ᇒӪᖸཊ, ᴽ࣑ઈԜਚྭ䖞ᦒਲ਼依. ¾ Ӕ⍱ YµWRH[FKDQJHXVXUHIHUULQJWRDQDEVWUDFWLWHP ¶DVLQ ԆԜ㓿ᑨ൘а䎧Ӕ⍱ᆖҐ㓿傼 MƯQJ\jQH[SHULHQFH ¾ ᴯԓ YWuGjLµWRVXEVWLWXWHIRURIWUHIHUULQJWRDSHUVRQ ¶DVLQ ൘ᐕ֌кˈ࡛Ӫ䜭ᴯԓнҶ (OLӽR Ԇ.

MLƗRWiQ Ӕ䈸 v. (see also 䇢)

to converse

MLƗRVKq Ӕ⎹ v. 3D

to negotiate, to take up a matter with (reduplication: ABAB) (Ӕ, to intersect; ⎹, to wade)

֐৫઼ԆԜӔ⎹алᆖ⭏㘳䈅Ⲵ䰞仈Ǆ 䘉њ䘈䴰㾱Ԇ৫Ӕ⎹᡽㹼Ǆ 䘉њ䰞仈ਟ㜭䘈㾱޽Ӕ⎹ࠐ⅑Ǆ 䘉⅑Ӕ⎹ᗇᖸн䭉ˈ䉒䉒֐ҶǄ 䘉њᐢ㓿Ӕ⎹ྭҶˈ֐Ԝ৫ቡ㹼ҶǄ 䘉њ䘈⋑Ӕ⎹ᆼ઒ˈ䘈㾱㔗㔝 (jìxù, continuously) Ӕ⎹л৫Ǆ ֐䇔䇶Ԇˈ৫䐏ԆӔ⎹Ӕ⎹੗Ǆ

qiàtán ⍭䈸 v. 3D

to hold talks, to negotiate (usu. referring to business/ official meetings)

ԆԜ↓൘⍭䈸⭏᜿ VKƝQJ\LEXVLQHVV Ǆ ⍭䈸ᆼҶԕਾˈԆԜቡ৫ਲ਼依ҶǄ ԆԜᐢ㓿⍭䈸ҶєњሿᰦҶǄ ԆԜ⍭䈸Ҷй⅑ˈਟ䘈ᱟ⋑㜭䈸ᡀ䘉ㅄ (mw.) ⭏ ᜿Ǆ

JǀXWǀQJ ⋏䙊 v. 2D

to link up the two sides, to communicate (oft. indicating there might be some misunderstandings) (reduplication: ABAB) (antonym: ѝᯝ ]KǀQJGXjQ ⋏, a ditch; 䙊, to open up by poking)

䘉Ԧһᛵᖸ䟽㾱ˈ㾱઼ԆԜ䇔ⵏൠ⋏䙊алǄ ԆнՊ䈤≹䈝ˈᡰԕᖸ䳮઼ᆖ⭏Ԝ⋏䙊Ǆ ൘Պкˈབྷᇦӂ⴨⋏䙊Ҷؑ᚟ (information)Ǆ ԆԜѻ䰤⋏䙊ᗇн䭉ˈᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇ䜭ᖸྭǄ ᡁԜ⋏䙊Ⲵ࣎⌅ᱟ⭘⭥ᆀ䛞Ԧ GLjQ]ӿ\yXMLjQ email; also Ժ࿩‫\ ݯ‬ƯPqLU>WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ@ Ǆ ԆѪ⋏䙊єഭ᮷ॆⲴӔ⍱‫ڊ‬Ҷᖸཊᐕ֌Ǆ ӰѸһ䜭㾱ཊ⋏䙊⋏䙊᡽ྭǄ

MLƗROL~ Ӕ⍱ v.* 2B

to exchange, to intercommunicate Ԇ䘉њӪнབྷՊӔ⍱ᝏᛵ JӽQTtQJIHHOLQJV Ǆ (usu. referring to abstract items) ԆԜ㓿ᑨ㚄㌫ˈӔ⍱ᗇᖸ仁㑱 (pínfán, (reduplication: ABAB) (⍱, to flow) frequent)Ǆ ԆԜ㓿ᑨӂ⴨Ӕ⍱Ǆ ԆԜ൘ᆖҐ઼Ӕ⍱ѝˈធធൠᡀѪҶྭᴻ৻Ǆ ᡁԜࠐњӪ൘а䎧Ӕ⍱Ҷалؑ᚟Ǆ 䐏ᆖ⭏㾱㓿ᑨӔ⍱Ӕ⍱ˈн❦֐ቡн⸕䚃ԆԜ䴰㾱ӰѸǄ

MLƗR ᮉ

221

MLƗRWiQ Ӕ䈸 v. 2C

to converse, to discuss (with a certain purpose; usu. not Ӕ䈸 + object)

Ԇ‫ؙ‬ӺཙлॸӔ䈸䗷ҶǄ ԆԜа䗩ⴻ⭥㿶а䗩Ӕ䈸Ǆ Ԇ઼ᡁԜӔ䈸ҶаՊ‫ݯ‬ቡ⿫ᔰҶǄ Ԇਟԕ⭘≹䈝Ӕ䈸Ǆ ൘ᡁԜӔ䈸Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ䰞Ҷᖸཊ䰞仈Ǆ ԆԜ᢮Ҷањൠᯩ඀лˈቡӔ䈸䎧ᶕǄ

VKƗQJWiQ ୶䈸 v. 2 N/A

to exchange views, to talk about (usu. relating to work, business, etc.) (୶, to consult)

ᡁԜ䘈൘୶䈸䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ ԆԜሩ䘉њ䰞仈୶䈸Ҷԕਾˈቡ֌ࠪҶߣᇊ (juédìng, decision)Ǆ Ԇ‫↓ؙ‬൘୶䈸ᐕ֌Ǆ ԆԜ୶䈸ᗇн䭉Ǆ ԆԜ઼ᡁԜཊ⅑୶䈸ˈն䘈ᱟ⋑ᴹ֌ࠪߣᇊǄ Ѫ䘉Ԧһ‫ˈݯ‬ԆԜ୶䈸ҶйњሿᰦǄ

Note: * Ӕ⍱ QµH[FKDQJH¶DVLQ 䘉єњབྷᆖѻ䰤ᴹнቁᆖᵟ (xuéshù, academic) Ӕ⍱. ¾ Ӕᗳ v. MLƗR[ƯQµWROD\RQH¶s heart bare¶DVLQ ԆԜᱟྭᴻ৻, ᑨᑨ൘а䎧Ӕᗳ䮯䈸. ¾ ᬰ䈸 YSƗQWiQµWRHQJDJHLQVPDOO-WDON¶DVLQ Ԇ൘઼ᴻ৻Ԝᬰ䈸⵰. ¾ 䈸ᗳ YWiQ[ƯQµWRKDYHDKHDUW-to-KHDUWWDON¶DVLQ ԆԜᑨ൘а䎧䈸ᗳ.

MLƗR ᮉ v.

to teach Ԇ↓൘к䈮ˈՐᦸѝ५⸕䇶 ]KƯVKLNQRZOHGJH Ǆ Ԇᢺѝ५⸕䇶Րᦸ㔉ᆖ⭏ԜǄ ԆՐᦸⲴѝ५⸕䇶ᖸᴹ⭘Ǆ 䘉䰘᡻㢪 VKԁX\uFUDIW ᱟ䈱Րᦸ㔉֐Ⲵ˛ ᡁᜣᢺ䘉䰘᡻㢪Րᦸл৫Ǆ 䘉䰘᡻㢪൘Ԇᇦ䟼аԓаԓൠՐᦸлᶕǄ ᢺ֐Ⲵ⸕䇶઼᡻㢪㔉ᒤ䖫ӪՐᦸՐᦸǄ

chuánshòu Րᦸ v. 3D

to pass on (knowledge, skill, etc.) to others (usu. Րᦸ + 㔉 + sth. animate) (reduplication: ABAB) (Ր, to pass on; ᦸ, to award)

JӽQKXj ᝏॆ v. 3D

to influence and reform (a person; 㘱ᐸⲴ䈍ᝏॆҶԆˈԆߣᗳаᇊ㾱‫ڊ‬ањྭ to help sb. to change by persuasion, ᆖ⭏Ǆ setting example, etc.) Ԇ㻛ᴻ৻ԜⲴ⡡ᗳᡰᝏॆǄ н㇑Ԇ⡦⇽‫ڊ‬ӰѸ䜭ᝏॆнҶ OLӽR ԆǄ

MLjRGӽR ᮉሬ v.* 3C

to give guidance to (sb., about thinking, morality, character, manner, etc.; with a complimentary connotation) (ሬ, to guide)

⡦Ӣ㓿ᑨᮉሬᡁԜ㾱ྭྭᆖҐˈࣚ࣋ᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇᮉሬᆖ⭏Ⲵᯩᔿ IƗQJVKuPDQQHU ᖸྭǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨᮉሬᡁԜˈᑞࣙᡁԜǄ 㘱ᐸᮉሬᡁԜ䈤³‫ڊ‬Ӫ㾱䈊ᇎ (chéngshí, honest)Ǆ´ ֐ⲴᆙᆀԜᆖҐ䘉Ѹྭˈ䜭ᱟ֐ᮉሬᴹᯩ (effective teaching) ୺ʽ

222

MLƗR ᮉ

IԃGӽR 䖵ሬ v. 2A

Ԇ䖵ሬᡁԜ≹䈝Ǆ to tutor (sb.), to tutor in (a subject) Ԇ⇿њᱏᵏ㔉ᡁ䖵ሬє⅑Ǆ (reduplication: ABAB) (䖵, to assist) Ԇ䖵ሬᗇᖸྭǄ ԆӺཙлॸ䖵ሬҶањሿᰦǄ Ԇ৫ᒤ䖵ሬ䗷ᮠᆖˈӺᒤ߶༷ҏ䖵ሬ≹䈝Ǆ ᡁⲴᮠᆖнཚྭˈᴹᰦ䰤֐㔉ᡁ䖵ሬ䖵ሬ?

MLƗR ᮉ v. 2A

to teach (sth. or sb., of knowledge or skills) (reduplication: A(а)A) (antonym: ᆖ)

jiàoVXǀ ᮉଶ v. 2D

to egg on, to stir up (with a negative Ԇнնн࣍䱫ˈ৽㘼ᮉଶ࡛Ӫᒢൿ (huài, bad) connotation) (antonym: ࣍䱫 һǄ TXjQ]ԃ ଶ, to incite) н㾱ᮉଶᆙᆀᣭ✏்䞂Ǆ 䘉њᆙᆀធធൠ㻛ᮉଶൿҶǄ ᡁн⸕䚃ᱟ䈱ᮉଶԆ৫ⲴǄ ᆙᆀ䛓ѸሿˈнՊᜣࡠ䘉Ӌˈ䜭ᱟԆᮉଶⲴǄ

jiàoxùn ᮉ䇝 v.* 2B

to lecture sb. (for wrongdoing), ⡦Ӣ↓൘ᮉ䇝‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ to reproach (reduplication: ABAB) Ԇࡊᮉ䇝ҶࠐਕˈᆙᆀቡଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ (䇝, to dress down) ᡁࡊ䘋ቻˈԆቡᮉ䇝䎧ᡁᶕǄ ֐ᮉ䇝ᗇᖸሩˈᱟᡁ‫ڊ‬ᗇнሩǄ Ԇᙫᱟௌ⅒ᮉ䇝ӪǄ Ԇᮉ䇝ӪⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᑨᑨᨀ儈༠丣 VKƝQJ\ƯQ voice)Ǆ ԆӺཙк䈮৸ᶕᲊҶˈ㻛㘱ᐸᮉ䇝Ҷа亯 (dùn, a measure word for meals, reproach, etc.)Ǆ ㅹԆഎᶕˈᡁаᇊྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᮉ䇝ᮉ䇝ԆǄ

jiàoyù ᮉ㛢 v.* 2A

to educate (sb.; could be a life-long process; the subject of the sentence could be sb. or sth.) (reduplication: ABAB) (㛢, to educate)

ԆᮉᆙᆀԜୡⅼ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ൘བྷᆖ䟼ᮉҖǄ Ԇᮉᗇᖸྭˈᆖ⭏䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ԆᮉᡁԜᘾѸ߉≹ᆇǄ Ԇᖸ㚚᰾ˈаᮉቡՊǄ Ԇᮉ䗷ѝ᮷ˈնᱟ⋑ᮉ䗷ᮠᆖǄ ≹䈝ԆᮉҶєᒤˈᮠᆖԆᮉҶйᒤǄ Ԇᱟ⦻ᐸ‫ڵ‬ᮉࠪᶕⲴˈаᇊ䭉нҶǄ 䘉њ⨝∄䖳䳮ᮉˈԆ㿹ᗇᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ᮉнл৫ҶǄ ԆᮉҖᮉᗇнྭˈᆖ⭏ᆖᗇҏнྭǄ 㤡䈝䈮⭡⦻㘱ᐸᶕᮉǄ ֐䗷৫ᮉ(а)ᮉԆᘾѸ‫ڊ‬Ǆ

Ԇᮉ㛢ᆙᆀ㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᆖҐǄ Ԇᮉ㛢ᆙᆀᮉ㛢ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ Ԇᮉ㛢ࠪᖸཊՈ⿰ᆖ⭏Ǆ 㘱ᐸᢺᆙᆀᮉ㛢ᡀᴹ⭘ⲴӪǄ Ԇᣵᗳ䘉ṧⲴᆖ⭏Ԇᮉ㛢нҶ (OLӽR Ǆ Ԇаᇊ㜭ᮉ㛢ྭ䘉њᆖ⭏Ǆ Ԇᢺᆖ⭏ᮉ㛢ᗇᖸྭǄ ֐ᮉ㛢ᆙᆀⲴᯩᔿнཚሩǄ 䛓њ⭥ᖡ֯ᡁԜᖸਇᮉ㛢Ǆ

MLjRVKƯ ᮉᐸ

223

ᮉ㛢ᆙᆀн㜭ᙕˈ㾱ធធᶕǄ ᆙᆀнᝯ᜿ᆖҐˈᡁ㾱ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᮉ㛢ᮉ㛢ԆǄ ]KӿGӽR ᤷሬ v.* 2B

to instruct, to guide, to supervise ԆᶕᡁԜ䘉䟼ᤷሬᐕ֌Ǆ (sb. or sth.) (reduplication: ABAB) Ԇᤷሬᗇᖸ䇔ⵏǄ (ᤷ, to point at) ֐䛓Ѹ㚚᰾ˈᡁਟᤷሬнҶ (OLӽR ֐Ǆ ֐䛓Ѹ㚚᰾ˈн⭘ᡁᤷሬҶǄ ԆᤷሬҶйњ⹄ウ⭏ \iQMLǌVKƝQJSRVWJUDGXDWH students)Ǆ ᡁ≹䈝䈤ᗇнྭˈ䈧ཊᤷሬᤷሬǄ

]KӿGLӽQ ᤷ⛩ v. 2C

ᡁ⋑ᴹੜ᰾ⲭˈ䈧ᤷ⛩алǄ to direct, to point out нሩⲴൠᯩˈ䘈䈧ᛘཊཊᤷ⛩Ǆ (reduplication: ABAB) (⛩, a spot) Ԇ↓൘ᤷ⛩ᆖ⭏Ԝ⭫⭫‫ݯ‬઒Ǆ 䟽㾱ⲴһᛵˈԆ䜭䈧⡦⇽ᤷ⛩Ǆ 㘱ᐸаᤷ⛩ˈԆቡ᰾ⲭҶǄ 䘉䟼䘈䈧ᛘ㔉ᤷ⛩ᤷ⛩Ǆ

]KӿMLjR ᤷᮉ v.* 2 N/A

to give advice or opinions (a polite word; usu. not ᤷᮉ + object) (reduplication: ABAB)

ᡁࡊᶕˈӺਾ䘈䈧ᛘཊཊᤷᮉǄ 䘉ᱟᡁ⭫Ⲵ⭫‫ˈݯ‬䈧‫⭏ݸ‬ᤷᮉǄ ᛘ㜭㣡ᰦ䰤ᤷᮉˈᡁᖸᝏ䉒ᛘǄ ᆙᆀн៲һ‫ˈݯ‬䘈䈧ᛘཊᤷᮉǄ ᡁᆖҐнཚྭˈ䈧㘱ᐸᤷᮉᤷᮉǄ

Note: * ᮉሬ QµJXLGDQFH¶DVLQ ᡁаᇊ䇠տᛘⲴᮉሬ, ≨䘌‫ڊ‬ањྭӪ. * ᮉ䇝 QµOHVVRQ¶DVLQ 䘉⅑㘳䈅㘳ᗇнྭ, ֐㾱᧕ਇᮉ䇝. * ᮉ䇝 YµWREHDWXS¶DVLQ ԆнੜབྷକᛘⲴ䈍, ᡁԜ৫ᮉ䇝ҶԆа亯 (mw.), ᢺԆᢃᗇⴤਛ. * ᮉ㛢 QµHGXFDWLRQ¶DVLQ ԆԜᇦ䶎ᑨ䟽㿶 (zhòngshì, to value) ሩᆙᆀⲴᮉ㛢. * ᤷሬ n. µLQVWUXFWLRQ¶DVLQ ൘⦻㘱ᐸⲴᤷሬл, Ԇ൘ᆖҐк䘋↕ᖸᘛ. * ᤷᮉ QµGLUHFWLRQ¶DVLQ ᛘⲴᤷᮉሩᡁᑞࣙᖸབྷ. ¾ 䇢ᦸ YMLӽQJVKzXµWRWHDFKIRUPDO ¶ as in Ԇ൘བྷᆖ䇢ᦸᮠᆖ. ¾ ᤷᤷ⛩⛩ YµWRFULWLFLVHWRSLFNKROHVZLWKDQHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ ¶DVLQ н㾱ᙫᱟ൘࡛Ӫ㛼ਾᤷᤷ ⛩⛩Ⲵ. ¾ 䈧ᮉ YµWRVHHNDGYLFHIURPVEIRUPDODQGSROLWH ¶DVLQ ᴹӰѸ䰞仈, 㾱ཊੁ㘱ᐸ䈧ᮉ. ¾ ᮉ䈢 QMLjRKXuµHGLILFDWLRQ¶DVLQ ֐аᇊ㾱䇠տ㘱ᐸⲴᮉ䈢, ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᆖҐ. ¾ ㇑ᮉ YJXӽQMLjRµWR discipline¶DVLQ ᡁⲴᆙᆀн⭘֐ᶕ㇑ᮉ. ¾ ᤷ֯ Y]KӿVKӿµto incite ZLWKDQHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ ¶DVLQ 䈤֐нྭᱟԆᤷ֯ᡁⲴ. ¾ ᮉॆ YMLjRKXjµWRPRUDOLVH¶DVLQ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟᮉॆᒢ䗷ൿһⲴ䶂ቁᒤ.

MLjRVKƯ ᮉᐸ n.

teacher

VKƯ]KӽQJ ᐸ䮯 n.* 3D

ᛘᱟᐸ䮯ˈ䈧ᛘ‫ݸ‬䈤Ǆ ൘ᆖṑ㾱ሺᮜ ]ǌQMuQJWRUHVSHFW ᐸ䮯ˈ൘ᇦ䟼㾱ሺᮜ⡦⇽Ǆ

teacher (a respectful word) (ᐸ, teacher; 䮯, a senior person)

224

MLjRVKƯ ᮉᐸ ֐㾱ཊੜᐸ䮯Ⲵ䈍ˈᆖҐ㾱ࣚ࣋Ǆ བྷᆖ∅ъҶԕਾˈԆ䘈㓿ᑨഎ৫ⴻᵋᐸ䮯Ǆ

GӽRVKƯ ሬᐸ n. 2C

IԃGӽR\XiQ 䖵ሬઈ n. 2 N/A

MLӽQJVKƯ 䇢ᐸ n. 2 N/A

supervisor (of a postgraduate/ research student) (ሬ, to guide)

ԆᱟᡁⲴঊ༛ (bóshì, doctor [as an academic degree]) ሬᐸǄ ൘ሬᐸⲴᤷሬлˈԆᆖҐ䘋↕ᖸᘛǄ 䘉ᡰབྷᆖⲴঊ༛⭏ሬᐸᴹаⲮཊ਽Ǆ Ԇ䰞Ҷሬᐸањ䰞仈Ǆ

tutor, counsellor (ઈ, oft. a suffix for Ԇᱟ䖵ሬઈˈ䖵ሬᡁԜᮠᆖǄ an ordinary job, e.g. ᴽ࣑ઈ, ୞⾘ ᡁԜ䖵ሬઈᱟेӜӪǄ ઈ, മҖ㇑⨶ઈ; a term of address) Ԇᖃ䖵ሬઈⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬᡽ॱ‫ޛ‬኱Ǆ (䖵ሬ, to tutor) ԆᱟᡁԜ⨝Ⲵ䖵ሬઈˈнᱟк䈮Ⲵ㘱ᐸǄ Ԇ‫ڊ‬䗷аᡰѝᆖⲴṑཆ䖵ሬઈᐕ֌Ǆ 䖵ሬઈⲴᐕ֌ሩԆᶕ䈤ᖸᴹ᜿ᙍǄ 䖵ሬઈˈ䉒䉒ᛘሩᡁⲴᑞࣙʽ

lecturer (teaching at a university)

Ԇ৫ᒤᡀҶа਽䇢ᐸǄ 䘉ᡰབྷᆖᴹнቁ䇢ᐸǄ ԆⲴ࿫ᆀᱟབྷᆖ䇢ᐸǄ 䇢ᐸ䘉њᐕ֌н䭉ˈԆᖸௌ⅒Ǆ ԆӺᒤࡊᨀॷ WtVKƝQJWRSURPRWH Ѫ儈㓗䇢ᐸǄ

jiàoliàn ᮉ㓳 n. 2C

Ԇᱟа਽㈞⨳ᮉ㓳Ǆ coach, instructor (surname + ᮉ㓳; ⦻ᮉ㓳ᱟањྭӪǄ a term of address) (㓳, to practise) 䘉սᮉ㓳ᖸн䭉Ǆ Ԇн㜭ᖃ㈞⨳ᮉ㓳ˈն㜭ᖃ䏣⨳ᮉ㓳Ǆ ԆԜ䛓䟼ᶕҶаսᯠᮉ㓳Ǆ ᡁԜ䜭ਛԆ⦻ᮉ㓳Ǆ ྲ᷌ᮉ㓳нྭˈᆖઈ޽ࣚ࣋ҏн㹼Ǆ ᮉ㓳ˈᡁ‫Ⲵڊ‬ਟԕੇ˛[ਟԕ is a predicate] ᮉ㓳ˈᡁ‫ڊ‬ᗇਟԕੇ˛[ਟԕ is a complement]

MLjRVKƯ ᮉᐸ n. 2B

teacher , lecturer (emphasising professionalism, oft. Ո⿰/ ⢩㓗 + ᮉᐸ, etc.)

jiàoshòu ᮉᦸ n. 2B

Ԇ൘བྷᆖ䟼ᖃᮉᦸǄ professor (surname + ᮉᦸ; a term 䛓ս㘱ᮉᦸⲴ䓛փᖸྭˈཙཙ䜭ࠪ৫䐁↕Ǆ of address) (ᦸ, to teach) ᡁԜབྷᆖᴹєսѝ᮷ᮉᦸǄ 䘉սेӜབྷᆖⲴᮉᦸ䇢䈮䇢ᗇᖸྭǄ

Ԇ⡦Ӣᱟѝᆖᮉᐸˈ⇽ӢᱟབྷᆖᮉᐸǄ Ӻཙᱟᮉᐸ㢲Ǆ 䛓սᮉᐸᱟԆⲴକକǄ Ԇ൘䛓䟼ᖃ㤡䈝ᮉᐸǄ ԆᱟаսՈ⿰ᮉᐸǄ ᮉᐸԜ䇢䈮䇢ᗇ䜭ᖸн䭉Ǆ ᮉᐸⲴᐕ֌ਟнᇩ᱃‫ˈڊ‬аᇊ㾱䇔ⵏǄ Ԇᱟ⢩㓗 (tèjí, of the best grade or class) ᮉᐸˈ ᮉ䈮ᮉᗇ⢩࡛ྭǄ

MLƝMuQ ᧕䘁

225

⦻ᮉᦸᖸᴹ਽Ǆ Ԇйॱཊ኱ˈ৫ᒤᨀॷѪᮉᦸǄ Ԇᐢ㓿ᖃҶҼॱཊᒤⲴᮉᦸҶǄ 䛓սᮉᦸⲴ䇢䈍ਇࡠҶᆖ⭏ԜⲴ⅒䗾Ǆ ᕐᮉᦸˈᡁਟԕ᰾ཙ৫㿱ᛘੇ˛ jiàoyuán ᮉઈ n. 2B

teacher, instructor (usu. referring to school teachers; also used for being modest; a term of address)

ԆᱟᡁԜѝᆖⲴа਽ᮉઈǄ Ԇᱟᮉѝ᮷ⲴᮉઈǄ ∅ъԕਾˈԆቡᖃҶᮉઈǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨௌ⅒‫ڊ‬ᮉઈǄ ᡁањሿᮉઈҠн䎧䛓Ѹ䍥ⲴᡯᆀǄ Ӻཙᱟઘᵛˈᮉઈ઼ᆖ⭏䜭н൘ᆖṑǄ 䘉ᱟᮉઈ⭘ⲴՁ᚟ᇔǄ 䘉ᡰሿᆖᴹнቁᒤ䖫ⲴᮉઈǄ ⦻ᮉઈˈ֐ྭǄ

OӽRVKƯ 㘱ᐸ n. 2A

teacher, lecturer (surname + 㘱ᐸ; a teUPRIDGGUHVVLQGLFDWLQJDµUROH PRGHO¶QRWQHFHVVDULO\ZRUNLQJ in a school. Nowadays 㘱ᐸ also refers to someone who is respected in a profession)

Ԇᱟа਽ྭ㘱ᐸˈᆖ⭏䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ԆӾሿቡᜣᖃ㘱ᐸˈਟᱟаⴤ⋑ᴹᖃкǄ ֐ԜᯠᶕⲴ㘱ᐸᱟ⭧Ⲵˈ䘈ᱟྣⲴ˛ Ԇ⡨⡨ᱟབྷᆖᮉᦸˈྸྸᱟѝᆖ㘱ᐸǄ ԆᱟབྷᆖⲴᮠᆖ㘱ᐸǄ 㘱ᐸᱟԆᡰௌ⅒Ⲵ㙼ъ (zhíyè, occupation)Ǆ ֐Ⲵ≹䈝䈤ᗇ䘉Ѹྭˈ䜭ਟԕᖃᡁⲴ㘱ᐸҶǄ ᡁԜ㘱ᐸⲴ䓛փнཚྭǄ Ԇᱟᒬ‫ݯ‬ഝ \zX¶pU\XiQNLQGHUJDUWHQ Ⲵ㘱ᐸǄ ⦻㘱ᐸˈᡁᴰௌ⅒ⴻᛘ╄Ⲵ⭥ᖡҶǄ 㘱ᐸˈᡁᴹањ䰞仈Ǆ ᕐ㘱ᐸˈ֐ᰙǄ Ԇᱟањ㘱╄ઈˈབྷᇦ䜭ਛԆ³㘱ᐸ´Ǆ

Note: ¾ The antonyms for words in this group are ᆖ⭏/ ᆖઈ. * ᐸ䮯 QµGLYisional commander (military)¶DVLQ Ԇ⡨⡨ᱟᐸ䮯. ¾ ‫ ⭏ݸ‬QµWHDFKHUDQROGXVDJH ¶DVLQ ԆᱟаսᮉҖ‫⭏ݸ‬. ¾ ঊሬ QEyGӽRµVXSHUYLVRURID3K'VWXGHQWDEEUHYLDWLRQRI ঊ༛ሬᐸ ¶DVLQ Ԇᱟаսঊሬ, ᖸᴹ ਽≄. ¾ ᚙᐸ n. ƝQVKƯµa teacher to whom one is greatly indebted¶DVLQ ԆᱟᡁⲴᚙᐸ.

MLƝMuQ ᧕䘁 v. EƯMuQ 䙬䘁 v. 2D

to approach to close in (of time, space, etc.; with a sense of force, urgency or aggressiveness; oft. with a negative connotation) (antonym: ⿫ᔰ) (䙬, to force; 䘁, close)

㘳䈅䙬䘁, ԆᆖҐᗇᴤ࣐ࣚ࣋ҶǄ ⊭䖖༠䎺ᶕ䎺䙬䘁ҶˈԆᖸᇣᙅǄ 䙬䘁Ҷ䛓ਚ㖺ԕਾˈ㘱㱾алᆀቡᢺᆳ૜տҶǄ Ԇᚴᚴൠ䙬䘁Ҷ䛓ਚ呑ˈᜣᣃտᆳǄ 䆖ሏ䙬䘁Ҷ䛓њᡯᆀˈᡯᆀ䟼ⲴӪ䘈н⸕䚃Ǆ

226

MLƝMuQ ᧕䘁 Ԇа↕↕ൠ䙬䘁ˈᡁа↕↕ൠਾ䘰 (tuì, to move backwards)Ǆ ᭼Ӫ (dírén, enemy) ↓൘䙬䘁ԆԜǄ བྷ⚛䙬䘁Ҷṁ᷇ˈ֐Ԝ㾱傜к⿫ᔰ䛓䟼Ǆ Ӻཙᖸ✝ˈ≄⑙ TuZƝQDLUWHPSHUDWXUH 䙬䘁 ഋॱᓖҶǄ Ԇ䘈н⸕䚃ড䲙 ZƝL[LӽQGDQJHU ↓൘䙬䘁ԆǄ

MLƗQJMuQ ሶ䘁 v. 2D

Ԇሶ䘁ҍॱ኱Ҷˈ䎠䐟ᐢ㓿нཚᯩ‫ׯ‬ҶǄ to be close to (oft. ሶ䘁 + number) ሶ䘁ᲊ⿻ˈཙ≄ਈᗇߧҶ䎧ᶕǄ (ሶ, to be about to) Ԇ൘䘉䟼Ⲵᐕ֌ሶ䘁ᆼᡀˈлᱏᵏቡ㾱⿫ᔰҶǄ 䘉ᡰབྷᆖᴹሶ䘁азњᆖ⭏Ǆ Ӿ䘉䟼ࡠ䛓䟼ሶ䘁Ҽॱ䟼䐟ˈ㾱䎠ᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ǆ 䘉њབྷᾬሶ䘁йॱቲˈ䟼䶒տҶᖸཊӪǄ Ԇ⭘ሶ䘁єᒤⲴᰦ䰤߉ᆼҶ䘉ᵜҖǄ

MLƝMuQ ᧕䘁 v.* 2B

to approach (referring to abstract Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ৻ྭˈ∄䖳ᇩ᱃᧕䘁Ǆ or concrete items) (antonym: 䘌⿫) ԆⲴ≹䈝≤ᒣᐢ㓿᧕䘁儈㓗⨝ҶˈਟԕӾѝ㓗⨝ (᧕, to meet) ৫儈㓗⨝к䈮ҶǄ 䘉њമҖ侶བྷᾬ᧕䘁ᆼᐕˈлњᴸቡਟԕ⭘ҶǄ ᧕䘁᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬བྷᇦ䜭൘ᘉ⵰߶༷䗷ᒤǄ 䎺᧕䘁㘳䈅ˈԆቡ䎺ࣚ࣋ᆖҐǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸቁ䈤䈍ˈнཚᇩ᱃᧕䘁Ǆ 䛓ᶑ⤇ᖸࠦ [LǀQJferocious)ˈ㾱䘌⿫ᆳˈ᧕䘁 нᗇǄ ԆⲴ⯵ྭཊҶˈփ⑙ WӿZƝQERG\WHPSHUDWXUH ᐢ 㓿᧕䘁↓ᑨ (zhèngcháng, normal)Ǆ

kàojìn 䶐䘁 v.* 2C

to be near to, to draw near (usu. of space) (antonym: ⮿䘌 VKǌ\XӽQ (䶐, to lean against)

línjìn Ѥ䘁 v. 2D

to draw on (of space, time, etc.) (Ѥ, just before)

Ԇᇦ䶐䘁ᆖṑˈкᆖᖸᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ 䶐䘁䖖ㄉⲴൠᯩˈㄉ⵰ࠐњӪ൘ㅹ䖖Ǆ Ԇ඀Ⲵ伎ᵪ䎺ᶕ䎺䶐䘁ᵪ൪ҶǄ Ԇធធൠᢺ䖖䶐䘁Ҷᡁˈ‫ڌ‬лᶕ઼ᡁ䈤䈍Ǆ ࡛䶐䘁ˈ䘉䟼ᖸড䲙Ǆ 䶐䘁ҶԕਾˈԆ᡽ⴻ␵ᾊ້к߉ⲴᆇǄ 䶐䘁ṼᆀⲴൠᯩˈ᭮⵰аᢺἵᆀǄ єњӪⲴᗳ䎺ᶕ䎺䶐䘁Ҷˈ‫ޣ‬㌫н޽‫ۿ‬ԕࡽ䛓Ѹ ⮿䘌ҶǄ ඀䗷ᶕˈ䶐䘁а⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆⲴᡯ䰤䶐䘁བྷ㺇ˈнཚᆹ䶉Ǆ ྩѤ䘁⭏ӗ VKƝQJFKӽQWRJLYHELUWK 㛊ᆀ ᖸབྷˈ䎠䐟䜭нཚᯩ‫ׯ‬ҶǄ 㘳䈅Ѥ䘁ˈ֐Ԝ㾱ྭྭ‫༷߶ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇտ൘Ѥ䘁བྷᆖⲴᆖ⭏ᇯ㠽䟼Ǆ ߜཙѤ䘁ˈཙ≄ਈᗇ䎺ᶕ䎺ߧҶǄ ⚛䖖Ѥ䘁ेӜˈԆ傜кቡ㜭઼⡦⇽㿱䶒ҶǄ Ѥ䘁᱕㢲Ҷˈ֐Ԝᇦ䗷ᒤⲴь㾯䜭ҠྭҶੇ˛

jiégu 㔃᷌

227

Note: * ᧕䘁 adj., as in ԆԜ‫Ⲵؙ‬㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ᖸ᧕䘁, 䜭н䭉. * 䶐䘁 adj., as in 䘉єἥṁ⿽ᗇཚ䶐䘁Ҷ, ᓄ䈕⿫䘌а⛩‫ݯ‬. ¾ ᥘ䘁 YƗLMuQµWRJHWRUVWD\FORVHWR¶DVLQ Ԇᥘ䘁Ҷྩ, ᜣ䐏ྩ䈤ࠐਕ䈍. ¾ 䍤䘁 YWLƝMuQµto press close WR¶DVLQ 1)㠚Ӿ䇔䇶ԕਾ, ԆԜ‫Ⲵؙ‬ᗳ䎺ᶕ䎺䍤䘁Ҷ. 2) ԆӾ䍤䘁㜨 ਓ [LǀQJNԁXFKHVW Ⲵਓ㺻 NԁXGDLSRFNHW 䟼᤯ࠪᖸཊ䫡ᶕ. ¾ 䛫䘁 YµWREHQHDUE\¶DVLQ Ԇᇦ䛫䘁ањ‫ޜ‬ഝ, オ≄ᖸྭ.

MLpJXԁ 㔃᷌ n. FKpQJJXԁ ᡀ᷌ n. 2B

KzXJXԁ ਾ᷌ n. 2C

MLpJXԁ 㔃᷌ n. 2C

[LjRJXԁ ᭸᷌ n. 2B

result achievement (oft. referring to team effort; complimentary; mw. њ/ 亩) (ᡀ, to succeed; ᷌, fruit)

consequence (pejorative; mw. њ) (antonym: ࡽഐ)

result (mw. ⿽) (㔃, to produce)

䘉ᱟањᯠᡀ᷌ˈབྷᇦ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ 䈧֐㔉བྷᇦ䇢ал֐ԜⲴᐕ֌ᡀ᷌Ǆ 䘉аᡀ᷌∄ᡁԜᜣ䊑 (to imagine) Ⲵ㾱ྭᗇཊǄ 䘉нᱟᡁԜ‫ˈⲴڊ‬ᱟ࡛ӪⲴᡀ᷌Ǆ ᡀ᷌ௌӪˈ䉒䉒བྷᇦʽ 䘉а䟽བྷᡀ᷌ॱ࠶ᇍ䍥Ǆ 䘉є亩 (xiàng, mw.) ᡀ᷌䜭ᱟԆԜབྷᆖⲴǄ ԆԜ⹄ウᡰ \iQMLǌVXԁUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWH 䘉ࠐᒤ ࠪҶнቁ⹄ウᡀ᷌Ǆ 䘉ᱟањ⹄ウᡀ᷌Ⲵኅ㿸ՊǄ ‫ڊ‬ӰѸһᛵ䜭㾱‫ݸ‬ᜣᜣਟ㜭ӗ⭏Ⲵਾ᷌Ǆ 㘳䈅㘳ᗇнྭⲴਾ᷌ᱟн㜭кབྷᆖǄ 䞂ਾᔰ䖖Ⲵਾ᷌ᱟᖸਟᙅⲴǄ ֐ྲ᷌аᇊ㾱৫Ⲵ䈍ˈਾ᷌㠚䍏 (fù, to bear)Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌н䇔ⵏˈ䙐ᡀҶѕ䟽Ⲵਾ᷌Ǆ ਾ᷌ѕ䟽ˈԆҏн⸕䚃ᘾѸ࣎ྭҶǄ ྸྸᑨᑨ੺䇹Ԇ䈤ˈ‫ڊ‬ӰѸ䜭㾱‫ݸ‬ᜣྭࡽഐਾ᷌ ԕਾ޽৫‫ڊ‬Ǆ ԆԜ䘉⅑䈸Ⲵ㔃᷌ᖸн䭉ˈབྷᇦ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇ䘈н⸕䚃䘉⅑㘳䈅Ⲵ㔃᷌Ǆ ᆖ⭏㇇ࠪⲴ㔃᷌ᴹሩⲴˈҏᴹ䭉ⲴǄ 䘉䜭ᱟབྷᇦࣚ࣋Ⲵ㔃᷌Ǆ 㔃᷌㺘᰾ (to indicate) ԆᱟሩⲴǄ ५䲒Ⲵॆ傼 (huàyàn, lab test) 㔃᷌ࠪᶕҶˈԆⲴ ⯵нཚѕ䟽Ǆ Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬Պᴹє⿽㔃᷌ˈሩԆ䜭нྭǄ Ԇ㇇Ҷй䙽ˈնᱟᗇࠪⲴ㔃᷌䜭наṧǄ 䛓Ԧһᛵ䘈⋑ᴹ㔃᷌ˈԆᖸ⵰ᙕǄ

䘉⿽㦟Ⲵ᭸᷌н䭉ˈԆⲴૣభ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ྭҶǄ effect (oft. a subjective perception 䘉⿽㦟⋑ᴹӰѸ᭸᷌ˈਲ਼Ҷ䐏⋑ਲ਼ᐞнཊǄ or judgement; mw. ⿽) (᭸, effect) Ԇ᭩䘋ҶᆖҐᯩ⌅ IƗQJIӽPHWKRG ˈ᭦ࡠҶᖸབྷ Ⲵ᭸᷌Ǆ

228

MLpKǌQ 㔃ႊ 䘉⿽㦟Ⲵ᭸᷌∄䛓⿽ྭаӋǄ ԆⲴᮉᆖ᭸᷌䎺ᶕ䎺ྭǄ Ԇ䇔ⵏੁ࡛Ⲵ㘱ᐸᆖҐˈਆᗇҶ㢟ྭⲴ᭸᷌Ǆ ྲ᷌֐㿹ᗇ䘉⿽㦟⋑ᴹ᭸᷌ˈቡᦒਖཆа⿽੗Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙ䭫⛬Ⲵ᭸᷌ॱ࠶᰾ᱮ PtQJ[LӽQGLVWLQFW Ǆ ԆⲴ䈍ӗ⭏ FKӽQVKƝQJWREULQJDERXW ҶᖸབྷⲴ ᭸᷌Ǆ 䘉ṧ‫Ⲵڊ‬᭸᷌ਟ㜭ՊнཚྭǄ 㾱ᜣ䗮ࡠ䛓⿽᭸᷌ˈᡁԜቡᗵ享䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬Ǆ 䘉њ丣Ҁ঵Ⲵ丣૽ \ƯQ[LӽQJDFRXVWLFVVRXQG ᭸ ᷌ᖸྭ.

Note: ¾ ᚦ᷌ QqJXԁµHYLOFRQVHTXHQFH¶DVLQ 䘉ቡᱟнྭྭᮉ㛢ᆙᆀⲴᚦ᷌. ¾ ⺅᷌ QVKXzJXԁµJUHDWDFKLHYHPHQW¶DVLQ 㓿䗷ॱࠐᒤⲴࣚ࣋, ԆԜⲴ⹄ウᐢ㓿ᱟ⺅᷌㍟㍟ OČLOČL heaps of) Ҷ.

MLpKǌQ 㔃ႊ v. MLpKǌQ 㔃ႊ v. 2B

jià ჱ v.* 2-1 C

to marry to marry (each other; insertable) (antonym: ⿫ႊ) (㔃, to tie; ႊ, wedding)

(of a woman) to marry (a man) (as opposed to ၦ below)

Ԇ㔃ႊⲴᰦ‫ى‬᡽ॱ‫ޛ‬኱Ǆ ԆԜࡊ㔃ႊࠐњᴸቡ⿫ႊҶǄ ԆԜ㔃ႊ㔃ᗇᖸ✝䰩ˈབྷᇦ䜭ᶕҶǄ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬䘈⋑㔃ႊˈᐕ֌ཚᘉ⋑ᰦ䰤Ǆ ԆԜ㔃ႊॱᒤˈ⭏⍫ᗇᖸᒨ⾿Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡ˈ㔃н䎧ႊǄ ԆԜ㔃Ҷႊԕਾˈቡ৫ഭཆ᯵⑨ҶǄ ԆԜᰙቡᜣ㔃ႊҶˈਟᱟࡠ⧠൘ҏ⋑ᴹ㔃ᡀႊǄ Ԇᐢ㓿㔃䗷є⅑ႊˈ䘉⅑ᱟㅜй⅑Ǆ ԆԜᱟ৫ᒤ㔃Ⲵႊˈ້кᱟ㔃ႊ➗Ǆ ྩ৫ᒤჱӪҶǄ Ԇੜ䈤ྩჱҶӪˈҏቡ⋑ᴹ޽৫᢮ྩҶǄ Ԇྣ‫ݯ‬䘈⋑ჱ઒Ǆ ྩ䘈ሿˈнᜣ䘉Ѹᰙቡჱࠪ৫Ǆ ྩ䈤ྩнᝯ᜿ჱӪǄ Ӿჱ㔉Ԇԕਾˈྩቡᖸቁࠪᶕ䐏ᡁԜа䎧⧙ҶǄ ྩ䈤㾱ჱቡჱњᴹ䫡ⲴиཛǄ ྩჱⲴ㘱‫( ޜ‬husband) ᱟྩⲴѝᆖ਼ᆖǄ 㠚ӾჱࡠԆᇦԕਾˈྩаⴤᖸᒨ⾿Ǆ ྩᖸᜣჱ㔉Ԇˈਟᱟнྭ᜿ᙍ䈤ࠪਓǄ ྩ㠚Ӿ᭩ჱ JӽLjià, to remarry) ԕਾˈቡ⿫ᔰҶ 䘉䟼Ǆ

jiéshù 㔃ᶏ

229

Tԃ ၦ v. 2-1 C

ԆӺᒤၦҶањ㘱ၶ OӽRSRZLIH Ǆ to marry (to take a woman as wife) 䛓ࠐ䖶ၦӢ (to get a wife) Ⲵ䖖ਟⵏ┲Ӟ୺ʽ Ԇၦუྷ‫( ݯ‬xífur, wife) Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬㣡Ҷᖸཊ䫡Ǆ ԆѪၦྩˈ䘎⡦⇽Ⲵ䈍䜭нੜҶǄ Ԇഋॱ኱Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬᡽ၦкањ㘱ၶǄ 㘱Ӫᜣ䇙‫ݯ‬ᆀᘛ⛩‫ݯ‬ᢺྩၦ䗷ᶕǄ 㘱ၶаၦ䘋䰘ˈᇦ䟼ቡਈᗇᒢᒢ߰߰ⲴҶǄ ֐ᱟᘾѸၦࡠ䘉Ѹ┲ӞⲴ㘱ၶⲴ?

EjQ[ӿVKu ࣎ௌһ ph. 1 N/A

to organise a wedding (insertable) (࣎, to manage; ௌһ, happy event, wedding)

ӺཙԆᇦ࣎ௌһˈ‫ݯ‬ᆀ㔃ႊǄ ᴻ৻ᇦ࣎ௌһ, Ԇ㻛䈧৫்ௌ䞂Ǆ Ѫ‫ݯ‬ᆀ࣎ௌһˈ⡦⇽ᰙቡ߶༷ྭҶ䫡Ǆ ࣎ௌһⲴ䛓аཙˈᇦ䟼ᶕҶᖸཊӪǄ 䘉њ依侶‫⇿ݯ‬њᱏᵏ䜭ᴹࠐᇦӪᶕ䘉䟼࣎ௌһǄ ԆԜ࣎ௌһ࣎ᗇᖸ✝䰩Ǆ བྷᇦ儈儈‫ޤޤ‬ൠ࣎⵰ௌһǄ ԆԜ৫ᒤ࣎ҶௌһǄ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬ᱟ৫ᒤ࣎ⲴௌһǄ 䘉њᶁᆀ䟼Ӻᒤ࣎Ҷй⅑ௌһҶǄ Ԇ⯵ᗇᖸ䟽ˈ䘉њᴸ࣎нҶ OLӽR ௌһҶǄ

Note: * ჱ YµWRLPSXWH¶DVLQ ֐н㾱ჱ⾨ҾӪ (jiàhuòyúrén, to lay the blame on sb. else). ¾ In Chinese, a woman ჱ(㔉) a man, but a man ၦ a woman. The two verbs are not interchangeable, unless in a passive sentence (only applicable to a woman). For example, ྩ㻛ањᴹ䫡ӪၦҶ䗷৫ SRVVLEOHµXQZLOOLQJQHVV¶IURPWKHZRPDQ

jiéshù 㔃ᶏ v.

to end

bìmù 䰝ᒅ v. 3C

to lower the curtain (of), to close (conference, exhibition, etc.; insertable; not 䰝ᒅ + object) (antonym: ᔰᒅ) (ᒅ, curtain)

丣ҀՊ൘✝⛸Ⲵᦼ༠ ]KӽQJVKƝQJ clapping) ѝ䰝ᒅҶǄ 䘉њኅ㿸ՊӺཙᔰᒅˈਾཙ䰝ᒅǄ བྷՊ䰝ҶᒅԕਾˈᡁԜቡ䜭⿫ᔰ䛓䟼ҶǄ བྷᇦⲴᦼ༠аⴤн‫ˈڌ‬ᡰԕቡ䰝нҶ OLӽR ᒅǄ

wánbì ᆼ∅ v. 3D

to finish (oft. verbal noun + ᆼ∅; not ᆼ∅ + object) (antonym: ᔰ࿻ VKӿ

൘ेӜབྷᆖⲴᆖҐᆼ∅ԕਾˈԆቡഎࡠҶк⎧Ǆ 㘳䈅ণሶ MtMLƗQJVRRQ ᆼ∅ˈԆᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ╄ࠪᆼ∅ˈབྷᇦ䜭৫ਲ਼依ҶǄ ᐕ֌ᆼ∅ԕࡽˈ䈱䜭н㜭⿫ᔰǄ Ԇᐢ㓿߶༷ᆼ∅ˈਟԕᔰ࿻ҶǄ ᫽㓳ᆼ∅ˈ䀓ᮓ MLČVjQGLVPLVV ʽ

230

jiéshù 㔃ᶏ

]KǀQJ]Kӿ 㓸→ v. 3D

to terminate, to cease (of relations, contracts, etc.) (antonym: 㔗㔝 jìxù) (㓸, end; →, to stop)

䘉єњ᭼ሩ (díduì, hostile) ഭᇦ㓸→ҶᖰᶕǄ ԆԜ䇔䇶ҶཊᒤˈӾᶕ⋑ᴹ㓸→䗷㚄㌫Ǆ ԆԜ⭏⍫ᗇᖸнྭˈᴰਾਚྭ㓸→Ҷႊါ KǌQ\ƯQPDUULDJH ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ ԆԜ䜭㿹ᗇ䘉ṧⲴ⭏⍫ᓄ䈕㓸→ҶǄ 䘉њᐕ֌㓸→ᗇᖸケ❦ˈѪӰѸ઒˛ ԆԜ㓸→Ҷ઼䛓њᐕলⲴਸ਼ (hétong, contract)Ǆ Ԇнᜣ㓸→ԆԜⲴႊါˈਟᱟཚཚнᜣ޽㔗㔝઼ Ԇ⭏⍫൘а䎧ҶǄ ԆབྷᆖⲴᆖҐᱟ৫ᒤ㓸→Ⲵ, ഐѪԆ⋑䙊䗷 WǀQJJXzWRSDVV 㘳䈅Ǆ

jiéshù 㔃ᶏ v. 2A

to end, to conclude, to be over (antonym: ᔰ࿻) (㔃, to tie; ᶏ, to bind)

བྷՊӺཙᔰ࿻ˈਾཙ㔃ᶏǄ 㘳䈅㔃ᶏԕਾ, Ԇቡഎᇦⴻᵋ⡦⇽ҶǄ ㈞⨳∄䎋㔃ᶏᗇᖸᘛˈᡁԜ䎒 (yíng, to win) ҶǄ 䘉њՊлॸ‫⛩ޝ‬ҏ㔃ᶏнҶˈ֐࡛ㅹᡁਲ਼依ҶǄ Ԇ䇢䈍㔃ᶏԕਾˈབྷᇦ䜭ѪԆ啃ᦼǄ ԆԜࡊࡊ㔃ᶏҶа⅑᜹ᘛⲴ䈸䈍Ǆ 㲭❦䘉⅑䇯䰞㔃ᶏҶˈնᡁԜԕਾ䘈Պ޽ᶕǄ ᆖᵏᘛ㾱㔃ᶏҶˈ֐‫ٷ‬ᵏ㾱৫ଚ˛ ᆖᵏа㔃ᶏˈᡁቡࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ

tíng ‫ ڌ‬v. 2A

to stop (‫ ڌ‬+ monosyllable)

WtQJ]Kӿ ‫ →ڌ‬v. 2B

to stop (antonym: ᔰ࿻)

wán ᆼ v.* 2A

wánchéng ᆼᡀ v. 2A

to complete, to end (ᆼ + monosyllable)

to accomplish (insertable)

䴘‫ڌ‬ҶˈᡁԜ䎠੗Ǆ ԆаੜᡁਛԆˈቡ‫ڌ‬ҶлᶕǄ ࡛ᢺ䖖‫ڌ‬൘䘉䟼ˈ䘉䟼н䇨‫ڌ‬䖖Ǆ Ԇ⯵Ҷˈਚྭ‫→ڌ‬ᐕ֌єཙǄ ԆӾᶕ⋑ᴹ‫→ڌ‬䗷ᆖҐˈ䈫ҶᖸཊҖǄ 㾱ᜣᴹањྭ䓛փˈቡн㜭‫→ڌ‬䭫⛬Ǆ ᡁԜᗇ‫ࠐ→ڌݸ‬њሿᰦˈㅹԆᶕҶ޽᧕⵰‫ڊ‬Ǆ ཙл䎧Ҷབྷ䴘ˈ∄䎋нᗇн‫→ڌ‬ҶǄ ԆⲴⅼ༠‫→ڌ‬ҶˈਟᱟᡁԜ䘈⋑ᴹੜཏǄ བྷ䴘‫→ڌ‬ԕਾˈ∄䎋৸ᔰ࿻ҶǄ 䛓њᐕলᐢ㓿‫⭏→ڌ‬ӗҶǄ ᐕ֌䘈⋑ᆼˈ֐н㜭䎠Ǆ 㘳䈅㾱йњሿᰦ᡽㜭ᆼǄ 䘉њབྷᾬлњᴸਟԕᆼᐕǄ ԆԜ߶༷᰾ᒤ㔉‫ݯ‬ᆀᆼႊ (to get married)Ǆ ᡁ傜кቡᆼҶˈ޽ㅹᡁаՊ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐ᆼһҶੇ˛ ᐕ֌ᐢ㓿ᆼᡀҶˈԆᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᐕ֌⋑ᴹᆼᡀˈԆᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᐕ֌нᆼᡀˈԆቡн㜭എᇦǄ 䘉њ䇑ࡂᆼᡀᗇᖸྭǄ

MLČJ 䀓䳷

231

䘉њ䇑ࡂᆼᡀᗇҶ OLӽR ੇ˛ 䘉њᐕ֌ᆼᡀнҶ OLӽR ˈഐѪԆ⯵ҶǄ Ԇҏн⸕䚃䘉њ䇑ࡂᆼᗇᡀᆼнᡀǄ Note: * ᆼ adj., as in Ԇ䈤ᆼ (a resultative complement) ԕਾ, ቡ䎠Ҷ. ¾ ᆼ㔃 YZiQMLpµWREHRYHUDQGGRQHZLWK¶DVLQ Ԇ㣡Ҷᖸཊᰦ䰤, ྭнᇩ᱃᡽ᆼ㔃Ҷ䘉Ԧһᛵ. ¾ ֐ᴹᆼ⋑ᆼ (Have you quite finished)? н㾱޽䈤Ҷ! ¾ ֐ᘾѸ⋑ᆼ⋑Ҷ OLӽRHQG Ⲵ (Why do you want to drag on)? н㾱޽䈤Ҷ! ¾ 㓸㔃 Y]KǀQJMLpµWRILQDOLVH¶DVLQ ԆⲴṸᆀ (ànzi, case) ᐢ㓿㓸㔃Ҷ. ¾ Ҷ㔃 YOLӽRMLpµWRSXWDQHQGWR¶DVLQ ԆᖸᜣҶ㔃䘉њႊါ. ¾ ѝ→ Y]KǀQJ]KӿµWRVXVSHQGPD\UHVXPHODWHU ¶DVLQ 䴘лᗇᖸབྷ, ∄䎋ਚྭѝ→. ¾ ᭦൪ YVKǀXFKӽQJµWR HQGRIWZLWKDSHMRUDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ ¶DVLQ 䘉Ԧһᛵᖸ哫✖ (máfan, troublesome), Ԇ䜭н⸕䚃ᘾѸ᭦൪᡽ྭ.

MLČJ 䀓䳷 v.

to lay off

MLČJ 䀓䳷 v. 3-2 D

to lay off, to terminate an employment contract (oft. used in the passive) (antonym: 䳷⭘) (䀓, to untie; 䳷, employment)

Ԇࡊ㻛䀓䳷ҶǄ ᐕল᱘ཙࡊ䀓䳷ҶєњӪˈӺཙ৸ᯠ䳷⭘Ҷйњ ӪǄ 㘱ᶯ OӽREӽQERVV ҏнᓄ䈕䲿‫ׯ‬䀓䳷ӪǄ ⡦Ӣ㻛䀓䳷ҶԕਾˈԆቡкн䎧ᆖҶǄ ੜ䈤Ԇ㻛䀓䳷ԕਾቡ⿫ᔰҶ䘉䟼ˈ⋑ᴹӪ⸕䚃Ԇ ৫ଚ䟼ҶǄ Ԇ㻛䀓䳷Ҷй⅑ˈ䜭ᱟഐѪн䇔ⵏᐕ֌Ǆ 㻛䀓䳷Ⲵ䛓њӪˈਾᶕ৸᢮ࡠᐕ֌ҶǄ

NƗLFK~ ᔰ䲔 v. 2C

䘉њབྷᆖӺᒤᔰ䲔Ҷєњᆖ⭏Ǆ to expel, to dismiss (usu. for a fault) ‫ۿ‬Ԇ䘉ṧⲴӪˈᰙቡᓄ䈕ᢺԆᔰ䲔ࠪ৫ҶǄ (antonym: ᧕᭦) (䲔, to get rid of) Ԇ㻛䘉њᆖṑᔰ䲔Ҷԕਾˈ࡛Ⲵᆖṑҏ䜭нᝯ᜿ ᧕᭦ԆǄ 㻛ᔰ䲔Ⲵᱟ䈱˛ Ԇ㓿ᑨн৫к⨝ˈਾᶕᐕলቡᢺԆᔰ䲔ҶǄ Ԇ㻛ᔰ䲔Ⲵ৏ഐᱟԆ⋑ᴹ䈤ⵏ䈍Ǆ ᡁ‫ڊ‬䭉ӰѸҶˈѪӰѸ㾱ᔰ䲔ᡁ˛ ֐ྲ᷌޽нᶕк⨝ˈᡁቡᔰ䲔֐ʽ

FKӽR\yX\~ ⛂劯劬 ph. 1 N/A

to sack (originated from Cantonese; a metaphor: when being cooked, squid rolls up, just as when being sacked, one UROOVXSRQH¶V quilt to leave; oft. used in the passive; insertable; not + object) (⛂, to fry; 劯劬, squid)

нྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᐕ֌ᱟ㾱㻛⛂劯劬ⲴǄ ྲ᷌㻛㘱ᶯ⛂劯劬ˈаᇦӪⲴ⭏⍫ᘾѸ࣎˛ ੜ䈤⛂劯劬ᶕ㠚ᒯь䈍Ǆ Ԇᢺ䛓њӪ⛂劯劬ҶǄ Ӻᒤ㻛⛂劯劬Ⲵᐢ㓿ᴹॱࠐњӪҶǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨнк⨝ˈᡰԕ㻛⛂Ҷ劯劬Ǆ Ԇ⛂䗷ॱࠐњӪⲴ劯劬Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿㻛⛂Ҷє⅑劯劬ҶǄ

232

MLČVKu 䀓䟺䘉⅑нᱟԆ㻛⛂劯劬ˈ㘼ᱟԆ⛂Ҷ㘱ᶯⲴ劯劬 (he quit his job)Ǆ

[LjJӽQJ л዇ ph. 1 N/A

WRORVHRQH¶s job, to be fired (insertable) (antonym: к዇) (л, to come off; ዇, sentry duty)

Ԇ৫ᒤࡊк዇ˈᘾѸ䘉Ѹᘛቡл዇Ҷ઒? л዇ԕਾˈԆቡ㠚ᐡᔰҶаᇦ依侶‫ݯ‬Ǆ ࡛ᣵᗳˈᆖṑнՊ䇙֐л዇ⲴǄ Ԇл዇єᒤཊҶˈࡠ⧠൘䘈⋑᢮ࡠᐕ֌Ǆ ֐ᐕ֌ᒢᗇ䛓ѸྭˈлнҶ OLӽR ዇Ǆ

Note: ¾ 䀓㚈 v. MLČSuQ µWRHQGRQH¶VFRQWUDFWIRUPDO 㚈 µFRQWUDFW¶ ¶ as in ԆӺཙ㻛䀓㚈Ҷ. ¾ 䀓㙼 YMLČ]KtµWRGLVPLVVIURPRQH¶VMREIRUPDO 㙼 µGXW\SRVW¶ ¶DVLQ Ԇᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸнྭ, ᴰਾቡ 㻛䀓㙼Ҷ. ¾ 䲔਽ v. µWRKDYHRQH¶VQDPHVWUXFNRIIWKHURVWHURUOLVW¶DVLQ Ԇ㻛䏣⨳䱏䲔਽Ҷ, ഐѪԆнᶕ৲࣐ ⨳䱏Ⲵ䇝㓳 (xùnliàn, training). ¾ 䗎䘰 YFtWXuµWRGLVPLVVSROLWHZRUG ¶DVin ᐕ֌Ҷࠐњᴸԕਾ, н⸕䚃ѪӰѸԆケ❦㻛䗎䘰Ҷ. ¾ Ҡᯝ YPӽLGXjQµWRWDNHYROXQWDU\UHGXQGDQF\QHZZRUG ¶DVLQ Ԇᢃ㇇৫䰞алҠᯝᐕ喴 (length of service) Ⲵһᛵ.

MLČVKu 䀓䟺 v. (see also 㺘⽪)

to explain

MLӽQJMLČ 䇢䀓 v. 3-2 D

to expound (lesson, theory, technology, etc.) (䇢, to speak; 䀓, to untie, to explain)

Ԇ↓൘䇢䀓ㅜа䈮Ⲵ䈮᮷Ǆ ᆖ⭏⋑ᴹੜ᰾ⲭˈԆቡ৸䇢䀓Ҷа䙽Ǆ Ԇ䇢䀓ᗇᖸ␵ᾊǄ Ԇ䇢䀓ᆼԕਾˈᡁԜ䰞Ҷࠐњ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇ䇢䀓ᗇнཚ␵ᾊˈᡁ䘈ᗇ޽㠚ᐡ৫ⴻⴻҖǄ 䈧ᛘᶕ䇢䀓੗Ǆ ֐ᢺ䘉њ㔉ᆖ⭏䇢䀓алǄ Ԇᤷ⵰້кⲴ⭫㔉ᡁԜ䇢䀓⵰Ǆ 㾱ᱟ⋑ᴹӪ䇢䀓ˈᆖ⭏ਟ㜭Պⴻн៲ⲴǄ

MLČVKu 䀓䟺 v.* 3-2 B

to explain (reason, meaning, etc.), to clarify (misunderstanding, etc.) (reduplication: ABAB) (䟺, to release, to explain)

䘉њ≹ᆇᱟӰѸ᜿ᙍˈ䈧䀓䟺ал‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿䀓䟺є䙽ҶǄ Ԇа䀓䟺ᡁԜቡ᰾ⲭҶǄ Ԇ䀓䟺ᗇᖸ␵ᾊˈᡁԜ޽⋑ᴹӰѸ䰞仈ҶǄ Ԇ䀓䟺䭉Ҷˈ䇙ᡁᶕ䀓䟺੗Ǆ 䘉⋑ᴹӰѸˈ䀓䟺᰾ⲭቡ㹼ҶǄ ᡁᶕᱟѪҶ䀓䟺алᡁԜѻ䰤Ⲵ䈟Պ (wùhuì, misunderstanding) ⲴǄ Ԇ䀓䟺ҶॺཙˈਟᱟᡁԜ䘈ᱟн᰾ⲭǄ ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䘉њ䰞仈ˈ䘈㾱ཊ䀓䟺䀓䟺᡽㹼Ǆ 䘉њᡁᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬н␵ᾊˈ㜭н㜭޽䀓䟺䀓䟺Ǆ

jìnzh ⾱→

233

֐䈤Ⲵ䈍֯Ԇᖸн儈‫ޤ‬, ֐ᗇ GČLKDYHWR ੁԆ 䀓䟺䀓䟺Ǆ VKXǀPtQJ 䈤᰾ v.* 3-2 A

to tell about, to show, to illustrate (by sb. or with sth.)

Ԇ䈤᰾ҶᶕᲊⲴ৏ഐ \XiQ\ƯQUHDVRQ Ǆ Ԇ䈤᰾ҶᛵߥԕਾˈᡁԜቡ᤹➗Ԇ䈤Ⲵ৫‫ڊ‬ҶǄ ᓄ䈕ᘾѸ‫ˈڊ‬䈧㔉ᡁԜԄ㓶䈤᰾алǄ Ԇ㜭ُ㔉֐䫡ቡ䈤᰾Ԇ䘈ᱟᝯ᜿ᑞࣙ֐ⲴǄ 㾱䈤᰾Ⲵᱟ䘉⅑Ⲵ㘳䈅઼ԕࡽⲴ㘳䈅наṧǄ 䘉ᕐ➗⡷㜭䈤᰾ӰѸ઒˛ ᆙᆀаⴤ൘ଝˈ䈤᰾Ԇଚ䟼н㡂ᴽᡆ㘵ᱟ侯ҶǄ 㾱䈤᰾Ⲵቡ䘉Ӌˈ䘈ᴹӰѸ䰞仈ੇ˛ 㜭㘳ᗇ䘉Ѹྭˈ䈤᰾Ԇ䘈ᱟлҶнቁᐕཛ (time, work)Ǆ Ԇа䗩‫ˈڊ‬а䗩ੁབྷᇦ䈤᰾䘉䚃 (mw.) 㨌Ⲵ‫ڊ‬ ⌅Ǆ ԆⲴ䈍䶎ᑨ䈤᰾䰞仈Ǆ

Note: * 䀓䟺 QµH[SODQDWLRQ¶DVLQ ֐㜭㔉ᡁԜањ䀓䟺ੇ? * 䈤᰾ n. µLQVWUXFWLRQ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟ⭥㿶Ⲵ䈤᰾Җ, ֐㠚ᐡⴻⴻ੗. ¾ 䀓䈤 YMLČVKXǀµto explicate and comment¶DVLQ Ԇᤷ⵰້кⲴ⭫ѪᡁԜ䀓䈤⵰. ¾ 䇢䘠 YMLӽQJVKµWRWHOODERXW¶DVLQ ⡦ӢੁᡁԜ䇢䘠ҶԆሿᰦ‫Ⲵى‬һᛵ. ¾ 䱀᰾ YFKӽQPtQJµWRFODULI\¶DVLQ Ԇሩ䘉њ䰞仈䱀᰾Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴⴻ⌅. ¾ 䱀䘠 YFKӽQVKµWRHODERUDWH¶DVLQ Ԇ䱀䘠ҶᆖҐⲴ䟽㾱ᙗ.

MuQ]Kӿ ⾱→ v. (see also н䇨/ н㾱)

to prohibit

IiQJ]Kӿ 䱢→ v. 2B

to prevent (unpleasant things) from ߜཙ⍇◑Ⲵᰦ‫≤ى‬н㾱ཚ߹ˈ䱢→ᝏ߂Ǆ happening (䱢, to prevent; Ѫ䱢→ሿ⥛䐁ࠪ৫ˈࠪ৫Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬аᇊ࡛ᘈҶ →, to end) ‫ޣ‬䰘Ǆ Ԇᔰ䖖Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬а⛩‫ݯ‬䞂䜭н்ˈѪⲴᱟ䱢→ࠪ䖖⾨ FKƝKXzFDU accident)Ǆ 䱢→⯵Ӿਓ‫( ޕ‬rù, to enter)Ǆ

MuQ]Kӿ ⾱→ v. 2B

to prohibit (with the strongest tone; ້к߉⵰˖⾱→੨✏Ǆ usu. ⾱→ + verbal object) 䘉њഭᇦ⾱→䘋ਓ䘉⿽ь㾯Ǆ (antonym: ᭟ᤱ ]KƯFKt ⾱, to ban) ᮉᇔ䟼↓൘㘳䈅ˈ䘉䟼⾱→བྷ༠䈤䈍Ǆ 䞂ਾᔰ䖖ᘾѸҏ⾱→нտǄ 䘉ᱟањ⾱→䞹䞂ᔰ䖖Ⲵ࣎⌅Ǆ ᓄ䈕⾱→䎠ਾ䰘 (to pull strings [a metaphor])Ǆ 䘉䟼⾱→‫ڌ‬䖖ˈ֐᢮࡛Ⲵൠᯩ‫ڌ‬੗Ǆ ⾱→བྷਲ਼བྷ்ᱟሩⲴǄ 䘉ᇦ୶൪⾱→Ԇ䘋‫ޕ‬Ǆ

234

MƯQJFKiQJ 㓿ᑨ

]Ku]Kӿ ࡦ→ v. 2C

to stop (from continuing or taking place) (antonym: 啃࣡ JԃOu (ࡦ, to make)

䘉ᱟа⿽н↓ѻ仾 (unhealthy tendency)ˈаᇊ㾱 ࡦ→Ǆ ྲ᷌⧠൘нࡦ→ˈԕਾਟ㜭ቡࡦ→нտҶǄ н㇑ᡁᘾѸࡦ→ˈԆ䘈ᱟ㾱৫Ǆ Ԇнնнࡦ→ˈ䘈઼ሿ⦻а䎧৫ҶǄ Ԇࡦ→нҶ OLӽR 䘉Ԧһˈਚᴹṑ䮯᡽ࡦ→ᗇ Ҷ OLӽR Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱ࡦ→䈧ᇒ䘱⽬Ǆ Ԇᜣ৫ˈਟᱟ㻛㘱ᐸࡦ→տҶǄ Ԇнնн啃࣡ˈ৽㘼ࡦ→ᡁԜ৫Ǆ

]ԃ]Kӿ 䱫→ v. 2C

to hold back XVXVRPHRQHHOVH¶V action, which happened or is happening) (antonym: ‫׳‬䘋 cùjìn) (䱫, to stop)

⡦⇽䱫→Ԇ઼䛓њӪӔᴻ৻Ǆ 䘉⿽һнᱟ֐઼ᡁ㜭䱫→ᗇҶ OLӽR ⲴǄ ᡁ䱫→нҶOLӽR Ԇˈ⭡Ԇ৫੗Ǆ ᆖ⭏Ԝᜣ䈤ӰѸˈਟᱟ㻛㘱ᐸ䱫→ҶǄ н㾱䱫→ԆˈⴻԆ䘈㾱䈤ӋӰѸǄ

Note: ¾ 䱢༷ YIiQJEqLµWRJXDUGDJDLQVW¶DVLQ Ԇᙫᱟ䱢༷ྩˈнሩྩ䈤ᗳ䟼䈍Ǆ ¾ 䱢㤳 YIiQJIjQµWREHRQJXDUGIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ᴰ䘁ཙ≄䶎ᑨ✝ˈᡁԜ㾱ሩኡ⚛ᴹᡰ䱢㤳Ǆ

MƯQJFKáng 㓿ᑨ adj. (see also ᑨᑨ/ а㡜)

regular

\Ưt JXjQ а䍟 adj.* 3D

consistent, persistent (of thinking, style of work, etc.) (antonym: ‫ڦ‬ቄ ԁX¶ČU 䍟, to follow in a continuous line)

䘉ᱟԆа䍟Ⲵ‫⌅ڊ‬Ǆ Ԇа䍟Ⲵ֌仾 (style) ᱟ䈤ࡠ‫ˈࡠڊ‬н‫ڊ‬н䈤Ǆ 㘳䈅ᓄ䈕ᴹа䍟Ⲵḷ߶ ELƗR]KԃQVWDQGDUG Ǆ ᡁԜⲴḷ߶ᱟа䍟Ⲵˈ֐᭮ᗳྭҶǄ ԆᢺԆԜⲴа䍟ḷ߶㔉ᡁԜӻ㓽ҶалǄ

WǀQJFKiQJ 䙊ᑨ adj. 3-2 C

usual (not used as a predicate, nor with adverbs of degree, e.g. ᖸ) (antonym: ⤜⢩ dútè) (䙊, general)

ሩԈᝏ߂ˈ䙊ᑨⲴ࣎⌅ᱟཊ்≤ǃཊՁ᚟Ǆ ᤹➗䙊ᑨഎᇦⲴᰦ䰤ˈԆᓄ䈕傜кቡࡠᇦҶǄ 䘉ᱟ䀓ߣ MLČMXpWRVROYH 䘉⿽䰞仈Ⲵ䙊ᑨ࣎ ⌅Ǆ ൘䙊ᑨᛵߥлˈԆᱟнՊн৫к䈮ⲴǄ 䘉⿽㨌Ⲵ䙊ᑨ‫⌅ڊ‬ᱟ⋩⛨ (yóuzhá, to deep fry)ˈ նԆⲴ‫⌅ڊ‬ᖸ⤜⢩Ǆ ᤹➗䙊ᑨⲴҐᜟˈԆྲ᷌нᶕк⨝аᇊՊᢃ⭥䈍 ᶕ੺䇹ᡁⲴǄ

cháng ᑨ adj.* 2 N/A

constant, frequent, ordinary (ᑨ + monosyllable)

ԆᱟᡁԜᇦⲴᑨᇒǄ Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬ᖸ䳮ᗇࡠᑨӪ (ordinary people) Ⲵ ⨶䀓 OӿMLČXQGHUVWDQGLQJ Ǆ Ԇᑨᒤн൘ᇦˈ࿫ᆀањӪᑖ⵰ᆙᆀᖸ䗋㤖Ǆ ൘ᮠᆖк䘉ਛ‫ڊ‬ᑨ䟿 (chángliàng, constant)Ǆ

MƯQJFKiQJ 㓿ᑨ

235

Ԇᐕ֌ᖸࣚ࣋ˈઘᵛ৫࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔᱟᑨһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉ᱟᑨ䇶 (chángshí, common sense)ˈ֐ᓄ䈕⸕ 䚃Ǆ ֐ᶕᡁᖰ (giving and receiving favours) ᱟӪѻᑨᛵ UpQ]KƯFKiQJTtQJnatural and normal)Ǆ MƯQJFKiQJ 㓿ᑨ adj. 2A

ᲊкᐕ֌ࡠᖸᲊˈ䘉ሩԆᶕ䈤ᱟᖸ㓿ᑨⲴһǄ regular, common (ᖸ/ ᴤ + 㓿ᑨ) ⡨⡨н൘ᇦˈԆн৫кᆖቡᴤ㓿ᑨҶǄ (㓿, regular) а依а㨌ᡀҶԆ㓿ᑨⲴᐕ֌ॸ佀Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒᯵⑨ˈઘᵛࠪ৫᯵⑨ᱟᖸ㓿ᑨⲴǄ к䈮ᶕᲊሩԆᶕ䈤нᱟ㓿ᑨⲴһǄ

píngcháng ᒣᑨ adj.* 2B

usual, common, ordinary (ᖸ/ 䶎ᑨ + ᒣᑨ) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ⢩↺ WqVKǌ ⢩࡛) (ᒣ, flat)

rìcháng ᰕᑨ adj. 2B

day-to-day, regular, everyday (ᰕ, daily)

Ԇᲊкⶑн⵰㿹ᱟᖸᒣᑨⲴһǄ Ԇ䘉њӪਟнᒣᑨˈ࡛ሿⴻҶԆǄ ԆԜⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ਟнᒣᑨˈ䶎ᑨ⢩↺Ǆ 䘉њઘᵛԆ䗷ᗇॱ࠶ᒣᑨǄ ᴹᒣᑨᗳⲴӪՊ䗷ᗇ∄䖳ᘛ⍫Ǆ Ԇクᗇᖸᒣᑨˈ⋑ᴹӰѸ⢩࡛ⲴൠᯩǄ ԆᱟањᒣᑨӪˈᴹ⵰а仇ᒣᑨᗳǄ 䘉ཚᒣᑨҶˈሿᆙ‫ݯ‬䜭ՊǄ 䈍䈤ᗇྭ‫ۿ‬ᖸᒣᑨˈնԆᱟ䈍ѝᴹ䈍Ǆ 䛓ᱟа⇥ཊѸнᒣᑨⲴᰕᆀੰʽ 䘉⿽һ൘䘉䟼ᒣᒣᑨᑨˈ⋑ᴹӪՊ㿹ᗇᴹӰѸн ྭǄ ԆਚᑖҶаӋᰕᑨⲴ㺓ᴽǄ ԆнབྷՊᆹᧂ㠚ᐡⲴᰕᑨ⭏⍫Ǆ ԆⲴ≹䈝ᆖᗇᖸᘛˈਟԕ䈤ᖸཊᰕᑨ⭘䈝ҶǄ Ԇᢺᰕᑨᐕ֌䜭‫ڊ‬ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ ൘ᰕᑨ⭏⍫ѝԆᖸ⌘᜿㠚ᐡⲴ䓛փǄ

Note: * а䍟 DGYµDOODORQJ¶DVLQ Ԇа䍟ᖸௌ⡡ᆙᆀ. * ᑨ DGYµRIWHQ¶DVLQ 1) Ԇᑨ৫ेӜ. 2) Ԇ⿽Ҷࠐἥṁ, ഋᆓᑨ䶂 TƯQJJUHHQ * ᒣᑨ QµRUGLQDU\GD\VDVXVXDO¶DVin ઼ᒣᑨаṧ, ԆлҶ⨝ቡ傜кഎᇦҶ. ¾ ᑨᑨ DGYµRIWHQZLWKDVWURQJHUGHJUHHRIFODLPWKDQ ᑨ ¶DVLQ Ԇᑨᑨ൘⋣䗩ୡⅼ. ¾ а㡜 DGM\ƯEƗQµRUGLQDU\FRPPRQSODLQ¶DVLQ ԆҠⲴ᡻ᵪᖸа㡜, ᴹᴤྭⲴ. ¾ ᒣᰦ QStQJVKtµLQRUGLQDU\WLPHV¶, as in Ԇᒣᰦᖸቁ䈤䈍. ¾ ᒣࠑ DGMStQJIiQµFRPPRQ¶DVLQ ԆᱟањᒣࠑⲴӪ. ¾ ራᑨ adj. xúncháng µXVXDO¶DVLQ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘉Ԧһᛵᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬нራᑨ. ¾ аੁ DGY\Ư[LjQJµDOODORQJ¶as in Ԇаੁௌ⅒丣Ҁ, 㓿ᑨ৫ੜ丣ҀՊ. ¾ ᰦᑨ DGYVKtFKiQJµIUHTXHQWO\¶DVLQ Ԇᰦᑨнਲ਼ᰙ依. ¾ ᖰᖰ DGYZӽQJZӽQJµRIWHQXVXDWHQGHQF\HPHUJHGIURPZKDWKDSSHQHGLQWKHSDVW ¶DVLQ 㘳䈅ᰦ, ԆᖰᖰՊ㿹ᗇᰦ䰤нཏ⭘.

236

MƯQJ\jQ 㓿傼

MƯQJ\jQ 㓿傼 n. yuèlì 䰵শ n. 3 N/A

MƯQJJXz 㓿䗷 n.* 2A

experience experience

the course of events

ԆⲴ⭏⍫ VKƝQJKXyOLIH 䰵শᖸ␡Ǆ ઼䰵শѠᇼⲴ㘱⦻⴨∄ˈᡁ䘈ᐞаӋǄ ཊᒤⲴ䰵শ֯ᗇԆ㜭ᢺ䘉њᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ ӪⲴ䰵শн਼ˈⴻ⌅ҏՊнаṧǄ ԆᢺԆⲴਓ䈅 (oral test/ interview) 㓿䗷䇢㔉ᡁԜ ੜǄ ֐нᢺһᛵⲴ㓿䗷䈤ࠪᶕˈᡁԜᘾѸᑞࣙ֐ੰ˛ 䛓ԦһⲴ㓿䗷ᡁ䜭߉лᶕҶˈ֐ⴻⴻ੗Ǆ 䛓ᵜҖ䟼߉ҶԆ‫ᙻⲴؙ‬⡡㓿䗷ˈᖸᴹ᜿ᙍǄ Ԇ৫ⴻҶ∄䎋ˈ⸕䚃∄䎋Ⲵ‫ޘ‬䜘 (quánbù, entire) 㓿䗷Ǆ

MƯQJOu 㓿শ n.* 2B

RQH¶s past experience (experienced in person; can be used with quantifiers, e.g. єᒤⲴ㓿শˈ as is 㓿傼 below)

ԆⲴᐕ֌㓿শᖸн䭉ˈ∄ᡁⲴྭǄ ‫ݹ‬ᴹᐕ֌㓿শ䘈н㹼ˈ䘈㾱ᴹ⭏⍫㓿শǄ ԆԜᱟ⋑ᴹӰѸ㓿শⲴᆖ⭏ˈ䘈㾱൘ᐕ֌ѝᆖǄ Ԇ䗷৫Ⲵ㓿শ֯ᗇԆᖸ䳮઼࡛ӪӔᴻ৻Ǆ ൘ԆⲴབྷᆖ㓿শѝˈᴰ䳮ᘈⲴቡᱟԆⲴྭᴻ৻Ǆ 䘉⅑ᶕेӜⲴ㓿শ઼к⅑ⲴнཚаṧǄ 䈧㔉ᡁԜ䈤䈤֐৫䛓䟼Ⲵ㓿শǄ ֐䛓ҼॱཊᒤⲴ᯵㹼㓿শᖸᴹ᜿ᙍˈѪӰѸнᢺ ᆳ߉лᶕ઒˛ 䘉䜘⭥ᖡᱟṩᦞ JƝQMDFFRUGLQJWR Ԇ㠚ᐡⲴӢ 䓛㓿শ߉ࠪᶕⲴǄ ֐Ԝ䘉ӋӪᴹ⵰਴⿽н਼Ⲵ㓿শˈਟԕӂ⴨ᆖҐ ᆖҐǄ

MƯQJ\jQ 㓿傼 n. 2A

experience RIRQH¶VRZQRUin a general sense; oft. referring to sth. positive that should be learned by others) (antonym: ᮉ䇝 jiàoxùn)

Ԇᮉ䈮ᖸᴹ㓿傼ˈᆖ⭏䶎ᑨௌ⅒ԆǄ ԆⲴᆖҐ㓿傼ѠᇼᶱҶˈ਼ᆖԜ䜭ੁԆ䈧ᮉǄ Ԇ൘ᐕ֌ѝᗇࡠҶᖸཊ㓿傼ˈᐕ֌䎺‫ڊ‬䎺ྭǄ Ԇᱟањ㓿傼ѠᇼⲴ㘱ᐸǄ ԆᴹҼॱᒤⲴᐕ֌㓿傼ˈ֐Ԝ㾱ཊੁԆᆖҐǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䘉ᯩ䶒Ⲵ㓿傼ˈ䘈ᱟਛ࡛Ӫ৫࣎੗Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱䇠տশਢ OuVKӿKLVWRU\ Ⲵ㓿傼઼ᮉ䇝Ǆ ᡁԜᱟᶕੁᛘᆖҐ㓿傼ⲴǄ 䘉ࠐᒤⲴ㓿শ֯ԆᗇࡠҶнቁᇍ䍥Ⲵ㓿傼Ǆ ṩᦞཊᒤⲴ㓿傼ˈ䛓ս५⭏⋫ྭҶ㘱⦻Ⲵ⯵Ǆ

Note: * 㓿䗷 YµWRSDVVthrough¶DVLQ Ԇ⇿ཙк⨝, 䜭㾱㓿䗷䛓њ䛞ተ. * 㓿শ YµWRJRWKURXJK¶DVLQ 㲭❦ᶕⲴᰦ䰤н䮯, նᱟԆ㓿শҶᖸཊһ. ¾ ㆰশ QMLӽQOuµFXUULFXOXPYLWDH¶DVLQ Ԇᜣ᢮њᐕ֌, ㆰশᐢ㓿߉ྭҶ.

jìngrán ㄏ❦

jìngrán ㄏ❦ adv.

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unexpectedly ԆӺཙ⋑кᆖˈ઼ᴻ৻а䎧৫ⴻ⭥ᖡˈнᯉ㻛 ྸྸⴻ㿱ҶǄ Ԇ৫ҖᓇҠҖˈнᯉ䛓ᵜҖআᆼҶǄ ԆԕѪྩнՊ৫ˈнᯉྩࠪ⧠൘䞂ՊкǄ ᡁԜԕѪԆаᇊՊᶕⲴˈнᯉԆ⋑ᴹᶕǄ

bù(ú)liào нᯉ adv. 2C

unexpectedly ( the weakest word in this group; same as ⋑ᜣࡠ*) (ᯉ, to expect)

jìng ㄏ adv. 2C

WRRQH¶s surprise, eventually ⋑ᜣࡠˈԆㄏᮒ൘୶ᓇ䟼‫ ڧ‬WǀXWRVWHDO ь㾯Ǆ (sometimes indicating disapproval) 䘉ѸሿⲴᆙᆀˈㄏ⡜ࡠ䛓Ѹ儈Ⲵൠᯩʽ (antonym: ᷌ⵏ) ᡁԜн䇔䇶ˈԆㄏ㣡䘉Ѹཊᰦ䰤ᶕᑞࣙᡁǄ Ԇᱟањᮉᐸˈㄏ䘉Ѹ⋑ᴹ⽬䊼Ǆ 䘉ᵜᯠҖаཙㄏআࠪ৫азཊᵜʽ ᡁԜєᒤ⋑㿱ˈ㿱䶒ㄏ䇔нࠪԆҶǄ བྷ䴘ㄏᢺԆᇦⲴᡯᆀߢ‫ق‬ҶǄ

jìngrán ㄏ❦ adv. 2C

unexpectedly, actually (sometimes indicating disapproval) (antonym: ᷌❦)

䘉Ѹ儈Ⲵབྷᾬˈㄏ❦йњᴸቡᆼᡀҶʽ ᱘ᲊⲴ㡎Պㄏ❦ᶕҶаⲮཊњӪǄ 䈤⵰䈤⵰ˈԆㄏ❦ଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ ⋑ⴻ䗷䘉ṧᖃྸྸⲴˈㄏ❦䘎㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀ䜭н ᜣ㿱! Ԇ⿫ᔰⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ㄏ❦⋑䈤а༠޽㿱ቡ䎠ҶǄ Ԇㄏ❦䘎㘳䈅䜭⋑ᴹ৲࣐ቡഎᇦ৫ҶǄ ⋑ᜣࡠˈ䘉⅑∄䎋ԆԜབྷᆖⲴ䏣⨳䱏ㄏ❦ᗇҶㅜ а਽Ǆ Ԇㄏ❦൘к䈮Ⲵᰦ‫⵰ⶑى‬Ҷ!

MǌUiQ ት❦ adv. 2C

beyond expectation, in the end (oft. indicating disapproval) (antonym: ᷌❦)

ⵏⴻнࠪˈԆት❦ᱟ䘉⿽ӪǄ ᖃ⵰ᆙᆀⲴ䶒ˈԆት❦䈤ࠪ䘉Ѹ䳮ੜⲴ䈍ᶕ! 䘉ѸྭⲴᆙᆀት❦ഐѪ⋑䫡㘼кн䎧ᆖˈⵏᱟਟ ᜌ NČ[ƯSLW\ ҶǄ 䘉ѸᲊҶˈት❦䘈ᴹӪᢃ⭥䈍ᶕǄ Ԇ䛓Ѹབྷ༠ਛˈ֐ት❦⋑ᴹੜ㿱! Ԇ⯵Ҷᖸཊཙ⋑ᶕк䈮ˈնᱟ㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ት❦䘈 ᱟ㘳Ҷ‫⨝ޘ‬ㅜаǄ ᡽й኱Ⲵᆙᆀˈት❦Պ߉䘉ѸཊⲴ≹ᆇǄ ࡊᶕк⎧ࠐњᴸˈԆት❦Պ䈤нቁк⎧䈍ҶǄ Ԇት❦⭘єᒤⲴᰦ䰤ቡкᆼҶབྷᆖǄ ᡁԜ䘉Ѹሿ༠䈤䈍ˈԆት❦ੜ㿱ҶǄ

Note: *⋑ᜣࡠ SKµKDYHQRWH[SHFWHGLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ᡁ⋑ᜣࡠԆՊᶕ. 2) ⵏ⋑ᜣࡠ, Ԇ䘎㠚ᐡ Ⲵྣ‫ݯ‬䜭н㾱Ҷ. 3) ֐⋑ᜣࡠⲴһᛵཊ⵰઒!

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MLǌMuQJ ウㄏ

MLǌMuQJ ウㄏ adv. (see also 㓸Ҿ)

actually

bìjìng ∅ㄏ adv. 2C

at (long) last, after all, all in all (used where a fact is known, presumed or identified with; not in a question; placed before or after the subject) (∅, fully)

㲭❦㣡Ҷᖸཊᰦ䰤ˈ∅ㄏԆ䘈ᱟᆖՊҶǄ Ԇ∅ㄏᱟᒤ䖫Ӫˈ䘈䴰㾱ཊᆖᆖǄ ᆙᆀ∅ㄏབྷҶˈ⡦⇽ҏн㜭㇑ᗇཚཊҶǄ ∅ㄏᱟ㘱ᐸˈ Ԇ⸕䚃ᖸཊь㾯Ǆ བྷᆖ⭏∅ㄏᱟབྷᆖ⭏ˈቡᱟ㚚᰾Ǆ Ԇ∅ㄏᱟањ⭧Ӫˈ㔉Ԇ⛩‫ݯ‬䶒ᆀ (miànzi, face) ੗Ǆ Ԇ∅ㄏᱟᆖ䗷≹䈝ˈ㜭䈤аӋǄ ∅ㄏᱟབྷᐸˈ⭫ᗇྭᶱҶǄ ԆᱟᶕᲊҶˈն∅ㄏ䘈ᱟᶕҶǄ ∅ㄏᱟ㘱ҶˈԆⲴ䓛փнྲԕࡽҶǄ Ԇ∅ㄏᱟᡁⲴᴻ৻ˈᡁ䘈ᱟᓄ䈕ᑞалԆǄ

MLǌMuQJ ウㄏ adv.* 2B

actually, after all, what did actually happen or will happen in the end? :KDWRQHDUWK«"XVXXVHGLQD question to push for an exact answer, but not in a yes/ no question with ੇ, not ֐ウㄏᱟᆖ⭏ੇ?; used with 䈱/ ӰѸ, ウㄏ can be put before or after the subject) (ウ, after all; ㄏ, in the end)

֐ウㄏ৫䘈ᱟн৫˛ Ԇウㄏᱟнᱟੜ៲Ҷˈᡁҏнཚ␵ᾊǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䈤䈍ቡ䎠ҶˈウㄏᱟѪӰѸ˛ 䘉ṧ䈤ウㄏሩнሩ˛ ྩ䘈⋑ᴹᜣྭウㄏᱟнᱟ㾱઼Ԇ㔃ႊǄ ֐ウㄏᢺ䛓ᵜҖ᭮ଚ䟼஖˛ ウㄏӰѸӪᢺԆᢃҶ˛ ウㄏ䈱㾱ᶕˈᘾѸ䘉ѸཊӪ൘䘉䟼ㅹ˛ 䘉䟼ウㄏਁ⭏ (to happen) ҶӰѸ? ֐ウㄏᱟ䈱˛ ֐൘བྷᆖウㄏ䈫ӰѸ˛

GjRGӿ ࡠᓅ adv. 1B

after all, at (long) last, exactly, all in all, finally, what on earth? (not in a question with ੇ; oft. subject + ࡠᓅ) (ᓅ, bottom, ࡠᓅ LPSOLHVµWRWKHERWWRPRIVWK¶

֐ࡠᓅ䘈ᱟᶕҶˈᡁԕѪ֐нᶕҶ઒Ǆ Ԇࡠᓅᱟнᱟ֐Ⲵ⭧ᴻ৻˛ ֐аՊ‫ݯ‬䈤䇔䇶ԆˈаՊ‫ݯ‬৸䈤н䇔䇶Ԇˈ ֐ࡠᓅ䇔н䇔䇶Ԇ˛ ᡁҏн⸕䚃Ԇࡠᓅ৫ଚ䟼ҶǄ ֐Ԝєњ䮯ᗇ䜭ᖸᒤ䖫ˈᡁⴻнࠪᶕࡠᓅ䈱 བྷаӋǄ ԆⴻҶᖸཊҖˈࡠᓅᩎ᰾ⲭҶ䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ ࡠᓅ䘈ᱟᒤ䖫Ӫ䓛փྭˈ аᲊкнⶑ㿹ҏ н㿹ᗇᘾѸṧǄ ࡠᓅᘾѸṧ᡽㜭䇙֐儈‫˛ޤ‬

Note: *ウㄏ Qµthe whys and wherefores¶DVLQ Ԇᜣ᢮ྩ䰞њウㄏ. 2) ᴹ‫ޣ‬䘉Ԧһ, ᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭ᜣ ⸕䚃ањウㄏ.

jiùshì ቡᱟ

jiùshì ቡᱟ conj. zòngrán 㓥❦ conj. 3 N/A jíbiàn ণ‫ ׯ‬conj. 2D

MtVKӿ ণ֯ conj. 2C

jiùshì ቡᱟ conj.* 2-1 B

QӽSj ଚᙅ conj. 2-1 B

239

even if even if, even though (with the strongest degree of concession)

even if, even though (oft. interchangeable with ণ֯)

even if, even though

even if, even though (with a lower degree of concession than ቡ㇇)

even if, even though (oft. with some exaggeration)

֐㓥❦ᢺӰѸ䜭㔉ԆˈԆҏнՊሩ֐ྭǄ 㓥❦нਲ਼нⶑˈᡁҏ‫ڊ‬нᆼ䘉Ѹཊᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇᗵ享䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬㓥❦ᱟ࠰ኡ⚛⎧ҏᗇкǄ ণ‫ׯ‬⡦⇽н਼᜿ˈԆҏ㾱઼䛓њྣᆙ㔃ႊǄ ণ‫ׯ‬ᱟ㘱ᐸ䈤ԆˈԆ䜭нՊੜⲴǄ ণ‫֐ׯ‬нᝯ᜿ˈҏᗇᢺ䘉њᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ 䘉њᐕ֌ᖸ䟽㾱ˈণ‫ׯ‬нⶑ㿹ҏ㾱ᢺᆳ‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ 䘉њ⭥ᖡᖸਇ⅒䗾ˈণ‫ׯ‬ᖸᰙ৫Ҡ⾘ˈҏнаᇊ 㜭ҠࡠǄ Ԇ䘉њӪ䶎ᑨᇒ≄ˈণ‫ׯ‬ᱟᖸн儈‫ޤ‬ҏнՊ䈤ࠪ ᶕⲴǄ Ԇᐕ֌ᖸࣚ࣋ˈণ‫ׯ‬ᱟ⭏⯵䜭нՁ᚟Ǆ ণ‫ׯ‬ԆਛᡁԜ৫ˈᡁԜҏнՊ৫Ǆ ণ֯֐൘ᇦˈҏᑞнкӰѸᘉǄ ࡛䈤ԆᱟᡁⲴ⡨⡨ˈণ֯нᱟˈᡁҏՊ৏䈵ԆǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䛓ᵜҖˈণ֯ᴹҏнаᇊُ㔉ᡁˈഐѪᡁ к⅑ُԆⲴҖ䘈⋑䘈㔉Ԇ઒Ǆ ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ᲊкॱа⛩ҶˈᡁԜণ֯ᜣ৫ҏн㹼ˈ ഐѪ୶ᓇᐢ㓿‫ޣ‬䰘ҶǄ Ԇн㓿ᑨⴻ⭥㿶ˈণ֯ⴻᰦ䰤ҏн䮯Ǆ Ԇᖸᘉˈণ֯ᶕҶҏਚ㜭඀аՊ‫ݯ‬ቡ䎠Ǆ ࣏䈮ཚཊҶˈণ֯ᱟྭᆖ⭏ҏ‫ڊ‬нᆼǄ Ԇ㔃ႊᡁԜ䈱䜭н⸕䚃ˈণ֯Ԇ⡦⇽ҏн⸕䚃Ǆ ণ֯ᱟн䇔䇶ⲴӪˈԆ䜭Պ✝ᗳൠᑞࣙԆԜǄ ቡᱟᴹ⯵ˈᡁҏᗇ৫৲࣐㘳䈅Ǆ ᴹӰѸ䈍֐䈤ˈቡᱟ䈤䭉Ҷҏ⋑ᴹ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ Ԇᖸ⡡ྩˈቡᱟ⡦⇽н਼᜿ˈԆҏ㾱઼ྩ㔃ႊǄ ᡁ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ˈቡᱟᴹᰦ䰤ҏнՊ䐏Ԇ৫ⴻ⭥ᖡˈ ഐѪᡁнௌ⅒ԆǄ 䘉䟼ᖸቁ࡞仾ˈቡᱟ࡞仾䜭нཚབྷǄ Ԇнௌ⅒்૆஑ˈቡᱟ்ҏ்ᗇнཊǄ 䘉䟼ቡᱟ༿ཙҏнཚ✝Ǆ Ԇཚ⋑ᴹ⽬䊼Ҷˈቡᱟй኱Ⲵᆙᆀ䜭⸕䚃нᓄ䈕䘉Ѹሩ࡛Ӫ䈤䈍Ǆ Ԇᖸ⡡⭏≄ VKƝQJTuDQJU\ ˈቡᱟа⛩ሿһҏՊ ⭏ॺཙⲴ≄Ǆ ଚᙅᱟнⶑ㿹ˈԆҏ㾱ᢺ࣏䈮‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ ଚᙅᱟлབྷ䴚ˈᡁԜ䜭ᗵ享৫Ǆ ଚᙅ֐ԜӪ޽ཊˈᡁҏнᙅǄ ྩ⢩࡛ௌ⅒䛓䖶䖖ˈଚᙅُ䫡ҏаᇊ㾱ҠǄ

240

jxíng Ѯ㹼 ଚᙅ⋑ᴹᇦާˈᡯᆀᒢ߰ቡ㹼Ǆ ྩ㿹ᗇਚ㾱иཛሩ㠚ᐡྭቡ㹼ˈଚᙅ⋑ᴹ䫡ҏ⋑ ᴹ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ ଚᙅ޽㤖޽㍟ˈԆҏ㾱ᢺᆙᆀԜ➗亮ྭǄ ଚᙅᱟаⲮᒤˈԆҏ㾱ㅹྩഎᶕǄ

jiùsuàn ቡ㇇ conj. 1D

even if, even though

ቡ㇇ᡁُॱзඇ䫡㔉֐ˈ֐ҏ䘈ᱟҠн䎧䛓ᡰབྷ ᡯᆀǄ ቡ㇇ᴹ޽བྷⲴഠ䳮ˈᡁԜҏнᙅǄ ቡ㇇֐ᶕҶҏ⋑ᴹ⭘Ǆ ⋑ᴹ‫ޣ‬㌫ˈቡ㇇Ԇнᶕˈ࡛ӪҏՊᶕⲴǄ ቡ㇇ᴹӪᶕˈҏᓄ䈕нՊཚཊǄ ቡ㇇֐ᵰ VKƗWRNLOO ҶᡁˈᡁҏнՊ੺䇹֐Ǆ

Note: ¾ Words in this group can be used to express supposition, including DQDFWXDOVLWXDWLRQµHYHQWKRXJK¶ or an unreal situation (µHYHQLI¶ . They tend to be used together with ҏ/ 䜭; both are used after the subject (if any) of the second clause or if not, before the verb. * ቡᱟ DGYµMXVW¶DVLQ н㇑ᡁᘾѸ䈤, Ԇቡᱟн৫. ¾ 㲭❦ FRQMµDOWKRXJKXVXIRUDUHDOVLWXDWLRQ ¶DVLQ 㲭❦ԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋, ն䘈ᱟ⋑ᴹ㘳кབྷᆖ.

Mԃ[tQJ Ѯ㹼 v.

to hold

jìnxíng 䘋㹼 v. 2A

to proceed, to carry out (usu. a formal activity; can be continuous; oft. 䘋㹼 + verbal object) (antonym: ‫ →ڌ‬WtQJ]Kӿ 㹼, to do)

ᮉᇔ䟼↓൘䘋㹼㘳䈅ˈ䈧н㾱བྷ༠䈤䈍Ǆ 㘱ᐸሩᆖ⭏Ԝ䘋㹼ҶᆖҐᯩ⌅Ⲵᮉ㛢Ǆ ԆԜሩ䘉њ䰞仈䘋㹼䗷䇘䇪 WӽROQGLVFXVVLRQ Ǆ ᢺ䘉єњᡯᆀ䘋㹼∄䖳ԕਾˈԆቡ⸕䚃ᓄ䈕Ҡଚ ањྭҶǄ 䘉њᐕ֌䘈㾱䘋㹼л৫ˈн㜭‫→ڌ‬Ǆ ∄䎋↓൘亪࡙ൠ䘋㹼⵰Ǆ ∄䎋䘋㹼ᗇᖸ亪࡙Ǆ ᡁԜаᇊᢺ䘉њᐕ֌䘋㹼ࡠᓅǄ Պ䇞ᐢ㓿䘋㹼ҶєњሿᰦҶˈᡁԜՁ᚟ал੗Ǆ

MԃEjQ Ѯ࣎ v. 2C

to organise and run (exhibition, party, etc.; Ѯ࣎ + nominal object; can introduce the organiser) (Ѯ, to act; ࣎, to manage)

᱕㢲ቡ㾱ࡠҶˈᡁԜ߶༷Ѯ࣎ањ᱕㢲ᲊՊǄ 䘉⅑Ѯ࣎ኅ㿸ՊⲴᱟेӜⲴаᡰབྷᆖǄ 㡎ՊѮ࣎н䎧ᶕˈഐѪབྷᇦ䜭ཚᘉˈ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤Ǆ 2008 ᒤⲴྕ䘀Պ (Olympics) ᱟ⭡ѝഭѮ࣎ⲴǄ ԆԜѮ࣎Ҷањ≹䈝ᆖҐ⨝Ǆ ԆᴹѮ࣎丣ҀՊⲴ㓿傼 MƯQJ\jQH[SHULHQFH Ǆ 䘉⅑䘀ࣘՊѮ࣎ᗇᖸᡀ࣏ (chéQJJǀQJ successful)Ǆ

jùyu ާᴹ Mԃ[tQJ Ѯ㹼 v. 2B

to hold (meeting, contest, etc.; emphasising the implementation part of an event; the subject can be a person, activity, etc.; with a nominal or verbal object)

241

ԆԜ᱘ཙѮ㹼ҶՊ䈸Ǆ Ԇケ❦⯵Ҷˈ᰾ཙⲴႊ⽬Ѯ㹼нҶ OLӽR ҶǄ књᴸѮ㹼Ⲵ∄䎋ᴹᖸཊӪ৲࣐Ǆ 丣ҀՊ᰾ཙкॸѮ㹼Ǆ 㡎Պሶ൘ᾬлབྷ঵䟼Ѯ㹼Ǆ ↓൘Ѯ㹼Պ䈸ⲴᱟєњᆖṑⲴṑ䮯Ǆ ╄ୡՊሶҾ᰾ᲊ൘䘉䟼Ѯ㹼Ǆ

Note: Words in this group are used with a disyllabic object.

j\ԁX ާᴹ v. (see also वᤜ)

to possess

Ԇнާ༷ᖃ㘱ᐸⲴᶑԦ (tiáojiàn, qualification)Ǆ Ԇާ༷䘉њᐕ֌ᡰ䴰㾱Ⲵ‫ޘ‬䜘ᢰ㜭 (jìnéng, skills)Ǆ ਚᴹާ༷䘉⿽ᢰ㜭ⲴӪ᡽㜭‫ྭڊ‬䘉⿽ᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇཚሿˈ䘈нާ༷ᔰ䖖ⲴᶑԦǄ ᶑԦ䘈нབྷާ༷ˈ޽ㅹㅹ੗Ǆ 䘉⿽ᢰ㜭ਚᴹԆ᡽ާ༷Ǆ

jùbèi ާ༷ v. 3B

to possess (conditions, skills, qualities, etc.; negation: ⋑ᴹ/ н + ާ༷) (antonym: 㕪ቁ TXƝVKӽR

M\ԁX ާᴹ v. 3B

to possess (ability, meaning, feature, ԆާᴹᖸྭⲴ≹䈝ੜ䈤㜭࣋ (ability)Ǆ confidence, etc.; negation: н + 㭜㨌ާᴹᖸཊሩ䓛փྭⲴь㾯Ǆ ާᴹ) (antonym: ⋑ᴹ) Ԇௌ⅒ާᴹѝഭ⢩㢢Ⲵ㣡ഝǄ Ԇⅼୡᗇᖸྭˈާᴹᣕ㘳丣Ҁᆖ䲒ⲴᶑԦˈնᱟ ⋑ᴹкབྷᆖⲴ䫡Ǆ 䫡ሩྩᶕ䈤ᒦнާᴹᖸབྷⲴ䈡ᜁ࣋ (yòuhuòlìˈ allure)Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱ާᴹؑᗳ (confidence)ˈᐕ֌᡽㜭‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ

cúnzài ᆈ൘ v. 2B

\ԁX ᴹ v. 2A

to exist (of phenomenon, problem, etc.) (antonym: ⎸ཡ [LƗRVKƯ

㘳䈅ѝᆈ൘⵰аӋ䰞仈ˈ䴰㾱ቭᘛ䀓ߣ MLČMXpWR solve)Ǆ Ԇ᢮Ⲵ䛓ᡰབྷᆖṩᵜ JƝQEČQDWDOO ቡнᆈ൘Ǆ 䎠ਾ䰘 (to pull strings) 䘉⿽⧠䊑 (xiànxiàng, phenomenon) ᐢ㓿ᆈ൘ᖸཊᒤҶˈ㾱ᜣ֯ᆳ⎸ཡ ᖸ䳮Ǆ Ԇ䓛кᆈ൘Ⲵ䰞仈䘈нቁ઒Ǆ 䘉⿽⧠䊑нᓄ䈕޽ᆈ൘л৫ҶǄ

to have, to be in existence (concrete Ԇᖸᴹ᡽ॾ (talent, brilliance of mind)Ǆ or abstract items; negation: ⋑ + 㘱⦻ᴹйњᆙᆀǄ ᴹ) (antonym: ⋑) ेӜᴹᖸཊ┲ӞⲴ‫ޜ‬ഝǄ 䘉⿽䶻ᴹབྷਧǃѝਧˈնᱟ⋑ᴹሿਧǄ Ԇᴹ䫡ˈҏᖸ⡡ᑞࣙӪǄ

242

juéde 㿹ᗇ

Note: ᆈ YF~QµWRH[LVW¶DVLQ ᝯᡁԜⲴ৻䈺 \ԁX\uIULHQGVKLS 䮯ᆈ.

juéde 㿹ᗇ v. (see also ᝏࡠ/ ᝏ㿹)

to feel

rènwéi 䇔Ѫ v. 3-2 A

to consider, to deem (based on reasoning; referring to significant or insignificant events)

㘱ᐸ䇔Ѫ䘉њ㘳䈅н䳮ˈਟᱟᆖ⭏ত㿹ᗇᖸ䳮Ǆ Ԇ䇔ѪᡁԜнᓄ䈕৫䛓䟼Ǆ ᡁԜ䜭䇔Ѫ䛓њᆖ⭏ᖸн䭉Ǆ ӪԜ䜭䇔Ѫ઼ᒣ (hépíng, peace) ᱟ㖾ྭⲴǄ ԆԜ䇔Ѫ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ᱟнሩⲴǄ ֐䇔Ѫ䘉ṧਟԕੇ˛ ᡁԕࡽҏ䘉ṧ䇔Ѫ䗷Ǆ Ԇ㻛䇔ѪᱟᡁԜᖃѝᴰ㚚᰾ⲴǄ 䘉ᵜҖᡁԜ䜭䈤ྭˈਟᱟԆ䇔ѪнྭǄ ֐䇔Ѫ䘉ṧྭˈਟᡁн䇔Ѫ䘉ṧྭǄ

[LӽQJ ᜣ v.* 2B

to think, to suppose (based on RQH¶VRZQSHUFHSWLRQV (reduplication: A(а)A)

ᡁᜣԆӺཙаᇊՊᶕⲴǄ ᡁᜣ䘉⅑㘳䈅ਟ㜭㘳нྭǄ ֐ᜣˈԆᘾѸՊӰѸ䜭⸕䚃઒˛ ᡁᜣ֐ྸྸ㿱ࡠ֐аᇊՊᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇ䈤ԆՊᶕ৲࣐ႊ⽬Ⲵˈ֐⋑ᜣࡠ੗˛ ֐ᜣᗇ㖾ˈᡁ᡽нՊُ㔉֐䫡઒Ǆ ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䘉Ԧһˈᡁ޽ᜣᜣ੗Ǆ ֐ᜣаᜣᡁᘾѸՊ䈤Ԇнྭ઒˛

\ӿZpL ԕѪ v. 2A

to reckon, to wrongly think (oft. µ,WKRXJKW$EXWLWWXUQVRXWWREH %¶HJZKDWone thought to be true turns out untrue)

ᡁԕѪ䘉Ѹ‫ڊ‬ᱟሩⲴǄ ԆԕѪᡁՊੜԆⲴˈᡁ᡽н઒Ǆ ԆԕѪਚᴹԆањӪՊ䈤≹䈝ˈަᇎ (qíshí, in fact) ᡁԜ䜭Պ䈤Ǆ ֐䘉ṧ䈤䇙࡛ӪԕѪ֐н儈‫ޤ‬ҶǄ ֐࡛ԕѪ֐ᱟབྷᆖ⭏ቡ∄࡛Ӫ㚚᰾ҶǄ ቻ䟼⋑ᔰ⚟ˈᡁ䘈ԕѪ֐⋑൘ᇦ઒Ǆ ԆⲴᰕ䈝䈤ᗇⵏྭˈᡁ䘈ԕѪԆᱟᰕᵜӪ઒Ǆ 䘉⅑㘳䈅㘳ᗇнྭˈԆԕѪ⡨⡨Պᖸн儈‫⋑ˈޤ‬ ᜣࡠ⡨⡨⋑ᴹн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᡁԕѪᱟሿ⦻઒ˈ৏ᶕᱟ֐Ǆ

juéde 㿹ᗇ v.* 2-1 A

to feel, to think EDVHGRQRQH¶V own feelings; oft. with an unassertive, tentative tone; sometimes to show politeness/ modesty)

ᡁ㿹ᗇᆖ≹䈝ᖸᴹ⭘Ǆ ᡁ㿹ᗇԆ∄ᡁ㚚᰾Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭㿹ᗇᓄ䈕ᑞࣙԆǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ㘱⦻ᖸ㚚᰾ˈਟᡁн㿹ᗇǄ ᡁ⋑ᴹ㿹ᗇԆнௌ⅒ᡁǄ Ԇᙫ㿹ᗇᓄ䈕ཊᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ ᡁаⴤ㿹ᗇྸྸнௌ⅒ᡁˈௌ⅒ᡁ࿩࿩˗ਟᱟྸ ྸ䈤ᡁᜣ䭉ҶǄ

juéde 㿹ᗇ

243

ᡁ㿹ᗇᡁԜᓄ䈕‫ݸ‬䰞䰞ԆǄ ሩн䎧ˈᡁ㿹ᗇ֐Ԝ䘈ᱟࠪ৫䈤䈍ྭаӋˈ䘉䟼 Ⲵ⯵Ӫ䴰㾱Ձ᚟Ǆ Note: ¾ Words in this group often take an object made up RIDµsubject + predicate¶ phrase (e.g. ᡁ㿹ᗇ≹䈝ᖸ ᴹ⭘). All, except ᜣ, tend to have no complement. * ᜣ YµZDQW¶DVLQ ᡁᜣ᰾ཙ৫ⴻ⭥ᖡ. * 㿹ᗇ YµWRIHHOSK\VLFDOO\ ¶DVLQ Ԇ㿹ᗇᴹӋн㡂ᴽ, ቡ‫ݸ‬എᇦ৫Ҷ.

244

NƗLSu ᔰ䗏

K NƗLSu ᔰ䗏 v. (see also ਁኅ) NƗLFӽL ᔰ䟷 v. 3D

NƗLNČQ ᔰූ v. 3D

NƗLSu ᔰ䗏 v. 3B

to mine, to extract (䟷, to pick)

to reclaim wasteland (ූ, to cultivate)

to open up (sth. new), to build (new road, etc.) (䗏, to open up)

to open up

ԆԜ↓൘䘉䟼ᔰ䟷⸣⋩ (shíyóu, petroleum)Ǆ 䛓䟼ᴹ⸣⋩ˈԆԜ߶༷䘋㹼ᔰ䟷Ǆ ⸣⋩ᔰ䟷ᗇ∄䖳亪࡙Ǆ 䘉䟼ᴹབྷ䟿Ⲵⸯӗ NXjQJFKӽQPLQHUDOSURGXFWV 䘈⋑ᴹ㻛ᔰ䟷Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘ᔰූ㦂 KXƗQJEDUUHQ ኡǄ 䛓⡷㦂ኡᐢ㓿ᔰූᆼ∅ˈ⧠൘䜭⿽кҶṁǄ ഐѪᴹᖸཊབྷ⸣ཤˈ䛓⡷㦂ኡᔰූᗇᖸធǄ ԆԜ൘㻛ᔰූࠪᶕⲴ㦂ኡк⿽кҶ᷌ṁǄ ԆԜᐢ㓿൘䛓䟼ᔰූҶєᒤҶǄ 䛓䟼Ⲵа࠷䜭ㅹᖵ⵰֐Ԝ৫ᔰ䗏Ǆ 䘉њ᯵⑨⛩ᱟᯠᔰ䗏ⲴǄ Ԇབྷᆖ∅ъԕਾˈ߶༷৫㾯䜘ᔰ䗏ᯠཙൠǄ ԆԜ↓൘ᔰ䗏аᶑ䙊ᖰኡ䟼Ⲵ‫ޜ‬䐟Ǆ ৫ᒤԆԜ৸ᔰ䗏ҶаᶑӾेӜࡠ䘉䟼Ⲵ㡚㓯 (hángxiàn, an air route)Ǆ ԆӾབྷᆖ∅ъԕਾˈㅜањᐕ֌ቡᱟࡠഭཆ ৫ᔰ䗏ᐲ൪ VKuFKӽQJPDUNHW Ǆ ԆԜ൘ኡкᔰ䗏Ҷаབྷ⡷㦂ൠˈ⿽кҶᖸཊ㤩 ᷌ṁǄ

Note: ¾ ᔰᧈ YNƗLMXpµWRGLJ¶DVLQ ԆԜ↓൘ᔰᧈаᶑൠл䙊䚃 WǀQJGjRpassageway). ¾ ਁᧈ YIƗMXpµWRH[FDYDWH¶as in ᡁԜ㾱ਁᧈ㠚ᐡⲴ▌࣋ (qiánlì, potential). ¾ ᔰࡋ YNƗLFKXjQJµWRVWDUWWRLQLWLDWH¶DVLQ Ԇ൘৫ᒤᔰࡋҶ䘉њᆖṑ. ¾ ᔰਁ४ SKµQHZLQYHVWPHQWDQGGHYHORSPHQW]RQHVRIWLQDVXEXUEDQDUHD ¶DVLQ 䛓䟼ᱟᯠᔪⲴ㓿 ⍾ MƯQJMuHFRQRPLF ᔰਁ४, ᴹᖸཊᯠᐕল.

kàn ⴻķv. (see also ⴻĸĹ) gù 亮 v.* 3C

to turn round and look

to see

ԆࠪҶ䰘ˈ⧟亮ᐖਣˈ❦ਾቡᖰь䗩৫ҶǄ ࡛ᐖ亮ਣ⴬ (pàn, to look around) Ⲵˈᔰ䖖㾱䇔ⵏ ᡽㹼Ǆ ➗⡷кⲴྣᆙഎཤ亮⴬Ⲵṧᆀ┲ӞᶱҶǄ ੜҶ㘱ᐸⲴ䈍ˈԆ‫⴨ؙ‬亮аㅁǄ

kàn ⴻķ JXƗQFKi 㿲ሏ v. 3B

to observe carefully (referring to concrete or abstract items) (reduplication: ABAB) (㿲, to see; ሏ, to look into)

245

Ԇ⯵ᗇᖸ䟽ˈ䴰㾱տ䲒㿲ሏалǄ Ԇ㿲ሏ䰞仈㿲ሏᗇᖸ䇔ⵏǄ 䈧֐䐏ᡁ䈤䈤֐䜭㿲ሏࡠҶӰѸǄ ࡛⵰ᙕˈ‫ݸ‬㿲ሏ㿲ሏ޽䈤੗Ǆ

JXƗQNjQ 㿲ⴻ v. 3C

to view, to watch (usu. concrete items)

JXƗQVKӽQJ 㿲䍿 v. 3D

to view and admire, to appreciate (reduplication: ABAB) (䍿, to enjoy)

Ԇᖸௌ⅒㿲䍿㣡㥹Ǆ Ԇ൘⭫ኅ঵䟼㿲䍿ҶањሿᰦǄ Ԇ㿲䍿劬Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬а඀ቡᱟॺཙǄ Ԇ඀൘㡩кˈ㿲䍿⵰㖾ѭⲴཌᲟǄ ᡁн៲⭫ˈҏнՊ㿲䍿Ǆ ᢺ䛓ᕐ਽⭫᤯ࠪᶕˈ䇙བྷᇦ㿲䍿㿲䍿Ǆ

kàn ⴻ v. 2A

to see, to look (at), to have a look (at), to watch (н/ ⋑ + ⴻ) (reduplication: A(а)A)

Ԇнᜣ޽ⴻл৫Ҷˈቡࠪ৫⧙ҶǄ ֐ⴻˈ䘉㣡‫ݯ‬ཊ┲Ӟ୺ʽ ᡁⴻ␵ᾊҶˈᱟԆǄ ֐ⴻал‫ˈݯ‬䘉њਟԕੇ˛ Ԇⴻ⭥ᖡⴻᗇᖸ儈‫ˈޤ‬䘈ᜣ޽ⴻа䙽Ǆ Ԇᢃ㇇Ҡ䛓ᇦ依侶‫ˈݯ‬᱘ཙԆ৫ⴻҶалǄ ԆԜӺཙࡠኡкⴻ仾Ჟ৫ҶǄ ੜ䈤䛓њབྷᆖᖸн䭉ˈԆᜣ৫ⴻⴻǄ ᡁਟԕⴻⴻ䛓ᵜҖੇ˛ ᡁਟԕⴻаⴻ䛓ᵜҖੇ˛

kànjiàn ⴻ㿱 v. 2A

wàng ᵋ v. 2B

to catch sight of (not ↓൘/ ൘ + ⴻ㿱; insertable; ⋑ + ⴻ㿱; ⴻ + ᗇ/ н + 㿱)

to look into the distance

Ӻཙᶕ㿲ⴻ∄䎋ⲴӪᖸཊǄ ԆԜ↓൘㿲ⴻ╄ࠪǄ ԆԜ㿲ⴻҶєњሿᰦⲴ╄ࠪǄ ԆԜ㿲ⴻᗇ䜭ᖸ䇔ⵏǄ 䘉њኅ㿸Ԇ৫㿲ⴻҶє⅑Ǆ ⦻㘱ᐸⲴ⭫ኅԕࡽԆ㿲ⴻ䗷Ǆ ԆӾᶕ⋑ᴹ㿲ⴻ䗷⭫ኅǄ

Ӻཙᡁⴻ㿱ԆҶǄ ᡁӺཙ⋑ⴻ㿱Ԇᶕк⨝ˈੜ䈤Ԇ⯵ҶǄ Ԇԕࡽ⋑ᴹⴻ㿱䗷䘉⿽㣡Ǆ ᡁⴻ㿱䗷Ԇྭࠐ⅑ҶˈԆ㓿ᑨᶕ䘉䟼ُҖǄ ᡁӺཙⴻ㿱ԆҶˈԆ઼ԆⲴྣᴻ৻൘а䎧Ǆ ඀൘ਾ䶒Ⲵ਼ᆖⴻᗇ㿱ⴻн㿱˛ ᡁⲴ⵬ⶋྭˈⴻᗇ㿱Ǆ Ԇнᑖ⵬䮌ቡⴻн㿱Ǆ Ԇㄉ൘ኡкˈᵋ⵰䘌༴䛓㖾ѭⲴབྷ⎧Ǆ ᵋ⵰ྩ⿫৫Ⲵ䓛ᖡˈԆ⋑ᴹ䈤䈍Ǆ ᷌ṁ᷇ⵏབྷˈа⵬ᵋнࡠ䗩Ǆ ԆᵋҶалཙкˈⴻⴻᱟнᱟ㾱л䴘Ǆ Ԇ䘌䘌ൠᵋ㿱Ҷᡁˈቡ䎠Ҷ䗷ᶕǄ ᡁੁ䛓䗩аᵋˈⴻ㿱䎠䗷ᶕањӪǄ ԆഎཤᵋҶᡁалˈሩᡁ⛩Ҷ⛩ཤǄ

246

kàn ⴻĸ Ԇㄉ൘䰘ਓᵋҶ৸ᵋˈ䘈ᱟ⋑ᴹⴻ㿱‫ݯ‬ᆀഎᶕǄ ਚᴹㄉᗇ儈ˈ᡽㜭ᵋᗇ䘌Ǆ

GƯQJ ⴟ v. 2-1 C

qiáo ⷗ v. 1B

to stare atWRIL[RQH¶s eyes on

Ԇⴟ⵰䛓њྣᆙⴻˈᢺྩⴻᗇ㝨䜭㓒ҶǄ аᇊ㾱ⴟտࡽ䶒䛓䖶䖖ˈᘛ⛩‫ݯ‬ʽ ྸྸᢺԆⴟᗇ㍗㍗Ⲵˈаཙ䜭⋑䇙Ԇࠪ䰘Ǆ ࡛㘱ⴟ⵰ᡁⴻˈᡁ㝨кҏ⋑䮯㣡‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᡁ⋑ⴟ֐ⴻˈ֐нⴻᡁᘾѸՊ⸕䚃ᡁⴻ֐઒˛ 㘱ⴟ⵰Ӫⴻᱟн⽬䊼ⲴǄ ⴟ⵰֐ⴻⲴ䛓њӪˈ֐䇔䇶ੇ˛ Ԇ்ᗇཚཊҶ, ֐ⴟ⵰Ԇ, ॳзн㜭䇙Ԇᔰ䖖.

Ӻཙᱟ᱕㢲ˈᆙᆀԜ䜭ࠪ৫⷗✝䰩 (rènao, to glance at, to look (reduplication: scene of bustle and excitement) ҶǄ A(а)A) ᡁࡊ᡽䘈⷗㿱Ԇ൘䘉䟼ⲴǄ Ԇ᤯䗷৫⷗ҶаՊ‫ˈݯ‬ҏ⋑ᴹ䈤ӰѸǄ Ԇҏ⷗нࠪᶕ䛓ᱟᒢӰѸ⭘ⲴǄ Ԇ⷗Ҷᡁа⵬ˈቡ䎠ࠪ৫ҶǄ ⷗֐ˈ࡛䘉Ѹ㍗ᕐ MӿQ]KƗQJWHQVH Ǆ ֐䗷৫⷗алˈⴻⴻਁ⭏ҶӰѸһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䗷ᶕˈ䇙ᡁ⷗⷗֐Ⲵ᡻ᒢнᒢ߰Ǆ ֐Ԝᶕ⷗а⷗䘉ᱟӰѸǄ

Note: * 亮 YµWRDWWHQGWR¶DVLQ ࡛ਚ亮⧙‫ݯ‬, ֐Ⲵ֌ъ (zuòyè, homework) ‫ڊ‬ᆼҶੇ? ¾ ⴻࡠ YµWRcatch sight of¶DVLQ ᡁӺཙⴻࡠԆҶ. ¾ ⶵ YFKԁXµWRWDNe a look at, to gaze¶DVLQ Ԇ䖜䓛ⶵҶⶵᡁ, ⋑ᴹ䈤ӰѸ. ¾ ሏⴻ YFKiNjQµWRH[DPLQH¶DVLQ 䇙५⭏ᶕሏⴻалԆⲴՔਓ VKƗQJNԁXZRXQG ¾ ḕⴻ YFKiNjQµWRLQVSHFW¶DVLQ ᡁ䗷৫ḕⴻал, ֐ㅹ൘䘉䟼࡛ࣘ. ¾ ⵪ᵋ YWLjRZjQJµWRORRNLQWRWKHGLVWDQFHIURPDKLJKSODFH¶DVLQ Ԇㄉ൘ኡཤк, ⵪ᵋ⵰䘌ᯩ. ¾ ⷕ YSLƝ µWRVKRRWDJODQFHDW¶DVLQ Ԇ䈤⵰䈤⵰, എཤⷕҶᡁа⵬.

kàn ⴻĸv. (see also ⴻķĹ) EjLIӽQJ ᤌ䇯 v. 3C

to pay a visit with respect (to a person or a place; honorific; VXJJHVWLQJµWRYLVLWDUHVSHFWHG SHUVRQ¶FRXOGEHMXVWDFRXUWHV\ call) (ᤌ, to call on; 䇯, to visit)

to visit

᱘ཙᡁ৫ᤌ䇯Ҷ⦻㘱ᐸǄ Ԇᱟᴹ਽Ⲵⅼୡᇦˈᡁᤌ䇯䗷Ԇє⅑Ǆ ᛘྲ᷌ᴹᰦ䰤ˈᡁᜣ৫ᤌ䇯ᛘǄ ᡁᴹᵪՊаᇊ৫ᤌ䇯䍥‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯ company)Ǆ Ԇ৫ᒤᤌ䇯䗷֐Ԝ‫ޜ‬ਨˈ䘈઼֐ԜⲴ㓿⨶ MƯQJOӿPDQDJHU 䈸Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ǆ Ԇ䈤㾱৫㘱⦻ᇦ䟼ᤌ䇯Ǆ ԆӺཙ㾱ᤌ䇯ⲴᱟԆⲴྭᴻ৻Ǆ

kàn ⴻĸ

247

Ԇㅜа⅑৫ᤌ䇯ྣᴻ৻Ⲵ⡦⇽Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬, ᗳ 䟼䘈ⵏᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬㍗ᕐ MӿQ]KƗQJQHUYRXV Ǆ ᙫ⨶ ]ԁQJOӿWKH3ULPH0LQLVWHU ൘ेӜᤌ ՊҶ◣བྷ࡙ӊⲴᇒӪǄ Ԇቡ䘉а䰞仈ᤌՊ䗷䍥ഭབྷ֯ (ambassador), ৼᯩᴮ䘋㹼䗷ॿ୶ [LpVKƗQJQHJRWLDWLRQ Ǆ Ӻཙкॸ⦻ᙫ㓿⨶ (General Manager) ᤌՊҶ ᕐᙫ㓿⨶Ǆ ᤌՊᆼԕਾˈᡁԜቡа䎧৫ਲ਼依ҶǄ ԆԜᤌՊҶањሿᰦǄ

bàihuì ᤌՊ v. 3C

to pay an official visit (a person only; honorific; referring to government, official, diplomatic events, and people of importance) (Պ, to meet)

bàijiàn ᤌ㿱 v. 3 N/A

to pay a formal visit (oft. to a person ԆӺཙ৫ᤌ㿱ⲴᱟԆⲴ㘱ᐸǄ of senior or higher rank; expressing ᤌ㿱ԆⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁԜ䈧ᮉҶᖸཊ䰞仈Ǆ politeness and modesty) Ԇࡽ৫ᤌ㿱䛓њഭᇦⲴᙫ⨶Ǆ ֐㾱৫ᤌ㿱ଚаս˛

IӽQJZqQ 䇯䰞 v. 3A

᱘ཙᴹᖸཊӪᶕᆖṑ䇯䰞Ǆ to call on (someone or somewhere; ࠐᒤࡽˈԆԜ䇯䰞Ҷ㤡ഭǄ oft. an official visit) (䇯, to call on) Ԇ᰾ᒤሶሩᡁഭ䘋㹼䇯䰞Ǆ ᡁԜ䘉⅑䇯䰞ᗇᖸᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJ successful)Ǆ ࠪഭ䇯䰞എᶕԕਾˈ㓿⨶৸৫ҶेӜǄ ቡєཙⲴᰦ䰤ˈԆԜ䇯䰞нҶ OLӽR ཚཊⲴ෾ ᐲǄ

tànwàng ᧒ᵋ v.* 3-2 D

to call on (sb. in prison, hospital, sb. who lives far away, etc.) (᧒, to investigate, to visit; ᵋ, to look into the distance)

bài ᤌ v. 2D

to make a courtesy call, to do ⡧⡧⭏ᰕ䛓ཙˈབྷᇦ䜭ᶕ㔉Ԇᤌሯ (shòu, obeisance to (expressing politeness birthday)Ǆ and modesty) ᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ѝഭӪ䜭ᴹᤌᒤⲴҐᜟǄ Ԇᜣᤌ㘱⦻ѪᐸˈᆖҐ≹䈝Ǆ ᛘⲴབྷ֌ (your work, a polite word) ᡁᐢ㓿ᤌ 䈫 (dú, to read) 䗷Ҷˈ߉ᗇⵏྭǄ ⦻㘱ᐸˈᡁⲴᆙᆀ䘈ሿˈቡᤌᢈ WXǀWR entrust) ᛘҶǄ ᡁԜࡊᩜࡠ䘉ᶑ㺇ˈ᱘ཙ৫ᤌҶᤌ䛫ትԜǄ

kànwàng ⴻᵋ v. 2D

to pay a visit (to a person)

ԆӺཙ৫ⴁ⤡ MLƗQ\SULVRQ ᧒ᵋҶ‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ ⡦⇽տ൘ཆൠˈԆ৫ᒤ᱕㢲৫᧒ᵋ䗷ԆԜǄ Ԇ৫㤡ഭⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬৫᧒ᵋҶཊᒤᵚ㿱Ⲵ㘱ᐸǄ ӺཙᱟઘᵛˈԆ㾱৫᧒ᵋᴻ৻Ǆ Ԇ߶༷৫ेӜ᧒ᵋањ㘱ᴻ৻Ǆ ੜ䈤ਚᴹᱏᵏӄлॸ᡽ਟԕ৫ⴁ⤡᧒ᵋǄ Ԇտ䲒ᰦˈᡁ৫᧒ᵋ䗷Ԇє⅑Ǆ

Ԇ৫ⴻᵋ㘱ᐸҶǄ ᶕⴻᵋ䛓ս㘱ӪⲴᱟԆⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀǄ Ӻཙṑ䮯ᶕᆖ⭏ᇯ㠽ⴻᵋҶᡁԜǄ

248

kàn ⴻĹ 䛓њᴻ৻Ԇᐢ㓿ⴻᵋ䗷ཊ⅑ҶǄ ৫५䲒ⴻᵋԆԕਾˈᡁቡഎᇦҶǄ Ԇᴻ৻нཊˈᒣᰦᖸቁᴹӪᶕⴻᵋԆǄ Ԇ䈤лҶ⨝ቡᶕᇦ䟼ⴻᵋᡁǄ

]ԁXIӽQJ 䎠䇯 v. 2D

kàn ⴻ v. 1A

㘱ᐸ䎠䇯Ҷ䛓њᆖ⭏Ⲵᇦ䮯 MLƗ]KӽQJ to go and see (usu. a business visit, parent)ˈഐѪԆⲴᆙᆀᴰ䘁⋑ᶕкᆖǄ for getting information) Ӻཙᶕ䎠䇯Ⲵ㘱ᐸဃӰѸ˛ 䛓њ䇠㘵ѪҶ߉ྭ䘉ㇷ SLƗQPZ ᮷ㄐ ZpQ]KƗQJDUWLcle)ˈ䎠䇯ҶྭࠐњӪǄ

to visit (a person or a place) (reduplication: A(а)A)

Ԇࠪ৫ⴻᴻ৻ҶǄ Ԇ↓൘५䲒ⴻањ⯵ӪǄ ԆӺཙᴹ⯵⋑ᶕк䈮ˈᡁԜ৫Ԇᇦ䟼ⴻԆ੗Ǆ Ԇⴻ䗷⡦Ӣԕਾˈቡ䎠ҶǄ ⡦⇽ᒤ喴བྷҶˈ֐ᴹᰦ䰤㾱ᑨഎᇦⴻ(а)ⴻǄ

Note: * ᧒ᵋ YµWRORRNDERXW¶DVLQ Ԇ䎠ࡠデਓ, ੁཆ䶒᧒ᵋҶаՊ‫ݯ‬. ¾ ᤌᵋ YEjLZjQJµWRFDOOWRSD\RQH¶VUHVSHFWVDSROLWHZRUG ¶DVLQ Ԇ৫ᤌᵋԆⲴ㘱ᐸ৫Ҷ. ¾ ᧒Ӣ v. WjQTƯQµWRJRKRPHWRVHHWKHIDPLO\¶DVLQ Ԇ⇿ᒤ᱕㢲䜭എᇦ᧒Ӣ.

kàn ⴻĹv. (see also ⴻķĸ) yuèdú 䰵䈫 v. 3B

dú 䈫 v. 2A

to read (usu. silently)

to read (aloud or silently) (reduplication: A(а)A)

to read

Ԇ㓿ᑨ൘‫ޜ‬ഝⲴἵᆀк䰵䈫ᣕ㓨Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿ᢺ䛓ᵜҖ䰵䈫а䙽ҶǄ ᣕ㓨Ԇᐢ㓿䰵䈫䗷ҶǄ Ԇ䰵䈫ᗇᖸԄ㓶Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘‫ڊ‬䰵䈫㓳ҐǄ 䘉ӋҖᱟ㔉㘱ᐸԜ䰵䈫ⲴǄ Ԇࡊᔰ࿻ᆖ㤡᮷ˈ䘈䰵䈫нҶ OLӽR 㤡᮷ᣕ㓨Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿㜭䰵䈫ѝ᮷ᣕ㓨ҶǄ 㘱ᐸਛԆᢺㅜа䈮䈫а䙽Ǆ 㘱ᐸᑖᡁԜ䈫⭏䇽 VKƝQJFtQHZZRUGV Ǆ Ԇ䈫䈮᮷ (text) 䈫ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ Ԇн䈫Җнⴻᣕˈቡௌ⅒்䞂Ǆ Ԇ䈫ҶॺњሿᰦҶˈᐢ㓿䈫㍟ҶǄ 䘉ᵜҖ٬ᗇ (zhídé, to be worthy of) а䈫Ǆ Ԇ᡽ӄ኱ˈᐢ㓿㜭䈫៲བྷӪⲴҖҶǄ ֐㜭ᢺ䘉ਕ㤡᮷䈫ࠪᶕੇ˛ Ԇ䈫н៲Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ቡ৫䰞㘱ᐸǄ ֐ᶕ䈫(а)䈫䘉а⇥ (duàn, paragraph)Ǆ

k~ol 㘳㲁 kàn ⴻ v. 2A

to read (usu. silently) (reduplication: A(а)A)

OӽQJG~ ᵇ䈫 v. 2B

to read aloud (oft. with certain emotions) (antonym: 唈䈫 mòdú) (ᵇ, loud and clear)

niàn ᘥ v. 1A

to read aloud (reduplication: A(а)A)

249

Ԇ↓൘ⴻҖ઒Ǆ ԆⴻҖⴻᗇᖸ㍟Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹⴻᆼ䛓ᵜҖǄ Ԇ඀к‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖ቡⴻ䎧ᣕ㓨ᶕǄ 䛓ᵜҖԆⴻҶє䙽᡽ⴻ៲Ǆ ԆⴻҖⴻᗇཚ䇔ⵏˈᡁ䎠䗷ᶕԆ䜭⋑ᝏ㿹ࡠǄ Ԇ᱘ᲊ⋑ᴹⶑ㿹ˈаਓ≄ (non-stop) ᢺ䛓ᵜҖⴻ ᆼҶǄ Ԇ᤯䗷䛓ᵜҖቡⴻҶ䎧ᶕǄ ᡁ⋑ⴻ䗷䘉ᵜҖˈਟԕُᡁⴻєཙੇ˛ ԆᰙкⴻҶањሿᰦⲴҖǄ ᡁнⴻ䘉⿽ҖǄ ൘⭘ᯠҠⲴ⭥㿶ѻࡽˈ㾱‫(ⴻݸ‬а)ⴻ䈤᰾Җ (instructions)Ǆ ᆖ⭏Ԝ↓൘ᵇ䈫䈮᮷Ǆ Ԇᵇ䈫ᗇᖸ⍱࡙Ǆ 㘱ᐸਛԆ‫ݸ‬唈䈫а䙽ˈ޽ᵇ䈫є䙽Ǆ Ԇᵇ䈫ᆼ䈮᮷ԕਾˈ৸ᔰ࿻ୡⅼǄ ֐ᵇ䈫ал‫ݯ‬䘉а䈮Ǆ ᵇ䈫Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬㾱⌘᜿ਁ丣 (pronunciation)Ǆ Ԇᵇ䈫Ⲵ༠丣ᖸྭੜǄ ֐ᢺᣕ㓨ᘥ㔉ྦྦੜǄ ԆнՊᘥ䘉њ≹ᆇǄ Ԇ᤯䎧ҖቡᘥҶ䎧ᶕǄ ԆᘥҶаՊ‫ݯ‬Җቡкᒺⶑ㿹৫ҶǄ Ԇа䗩䎠а䗩ᘥ⵰㤡᮷Ǆ 䘉ㇷ䈮᮷ཚ䮯ˈॱ࠶䫏ᘥнᆼǄ 䘉њཚ䳮ˈᡁᘥнҶ OLӽR Ǆ ཊᘥ䈮᮷ˈਟԕᑞࣙᆖྭਁ丣Ǆ ֐ᢺؑ㔉ྦྦᘥ(а)ᘥǄ

Note: ¾ 䈫/ ᘥ YµWRDWWHQGVFKRRO¶DVLQ ԆⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀ↓䈫/ ᘥབྷᆖ઒. ¾ 䰵㿸 YµWRUHDGIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇ൘䰵㿸ᇔⴻᣕ㓨. ¾ ᵇ䈥 YOӽQJVzQJµWRUHFLWH¶DVLQ Ԇᵇ䈥ᗇᖸн䭉, བྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ੜ.

NӽROԋ 㘳㲁 v. VƯ ᙍ v. 3D

to consider to speculate

Ԇ‫ڊ‬ӰѸһᛵ䜭㾱ࡽᙍਾᜣⲴǄ ᙍࡽᜣਾਟн‫֐ˈ֐ۿ‬ԕࡽнᱟ䘉ṧⲴǄ ֐ਟ㾱йᙍ㘼ਾ㹼 (to act after thinking it through) ୺ʽ

250

k~ol 㘳㲁䘉Ԧһ٬ᗇ (zhídé, to be worthy of) ᡁԜ␡ᙍ (to do some hard thinking)Ǆ Ԇᙍᶕᜣ৫ˈ㿹ᗇ䘈ᱟкབྷᆖྭǄ

VƯNӽR ᙍ㘳 v. 3C

to think deeply

ᡁ䴰㾱ᰦ䰤ᶕᙍ㘳䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇ↓඀൘䛓䟼ᙍ㘳⵰ӰѸǄ н㜭‫ݹ‬ੜ࡛Ӫ䈤ˈ㾱㠚ᐡཊᙍ㘳Ǆ Ԇ↓൘䟼䶒ᙍ㘳䰞仈ˈ࡛䘋৫Ǆ ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䘉њ䰞仈ˈԆᙍ㘳ᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ҶǄ 㓿䗷䇔ⵏᙍ㘳ԕਾˈԆ඀伎ᵪ৫ҶेӜǄ

VƯVXԁ ᙍ㍒ v. 3C

Ԇа䗩ⴻҖˈа䗩ᙍ㍒⵰Ǆ Ԇᙍ㍒ҶаՊ‫ˈݯ‬ቡᔰ࿻䈤䈍ҶǄ Ԇௌ⅒ࡠമҖ侶䟼৫ᙍ㍒䰞仈Ǆ Ԇᙍ㍒䗷䘉њ䰞仈ˈ㿹ᗇ䘈ᱟ⡦Ӣ䈤ᗇሩǄ Ԇ඀൘⋣䗩ˈᙍ㍒Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ǆ ᆖҐⲴᰦ‫ى‬㾱⭘ᗳᙍ㍒Ǆ 䘉ѸཊᒤᶕˈԆаⴤ൘ᙍ㍒⵰Ӫ⭏Ⲵⵏ䉋 ]KƝQGutrue meaning)Ǆ

to ponder over (sth. complex) (㍒, to search for)

NӽROԋ 㘳㲁 v. 2B

to consider (pros and cons of sth. important) (reduplication: ABAB) (㘳, to study; 㲁, to consider)

[LӽQJ ᜣ v. 2A

to think about (reduplication: A(а)A)

\iQMLǌ ⹄ウ v.* 2B

ӺཙⲴՊᡁԜ㾱⹄ウйњ䰞仈Ǆ to look into (reduplication: ABAB) ᡁԜ㾱⹄ウал᡽㜭‫ߣࠪڊ‬ᇊǄ (⹄, to study; ウ, to investigate) 䘉њᡁԜ޽⹄ウ⹄ウˈ䗷ࠐཙ㔉֐എ䈍 (reply)Ǆ

֐޽㘳㲁ал੗Ǆ 㘳㲁ᗇཚቁᡆ㘵ཚཊ䜭нྭǄ ᴹ⋑㘳㲁ࡠⲴൠᯩˈ 䘈䈧བྷᇦཊ৏䈵Ǆ ᡁᐢ㓿㘳㲁䗷Ҷˈߣᇊн৫ഭཆᐕ֌ҶǄ Ԇ㘳㲁䘈ᱟᓄ䈕䇙‫ݯ‬ᆀкབྷᆖǄ ྲ᷌֐䘈䴰㾱ᰦ䰤㘳㲁ˈ࡛нྭ᜿ᙍ䈤Ǆ ֐㘳㲁ྭҶԕਾˈ䈧㔉ᡁᢃњ⭥䈍Ǆ 㜭ᢺ֐㘳㲁Ⲵ㔃᷌ MLpJXԁRXWFRPH ੺䇹ᡁੇ˛ ֐䜭㘳㲁єཙҶˈᓄ䈕ᴹњ㔃᷌ҶǄ Ԇ㘳㲁޽й (over and over)ˈᴰਾ䘈ᱟ৫ҶǄ ᡁ䘈䴰㾱ᰦ䰤޽㘳㲁㘳㲁Ǆ ᡁ䘈⋑ᴹᜣྭ৫н৫઒Ǆ Ԇ↓൘ᜣ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿ᜣ␵ᾊҶˈн৫ेӜҶǄ ֐ᜣ࣎⌅ᢺԆ䈧ᶕа䎧ਲ਼њ依Ǆ ԆⲴ਽ᆇᡁᜣн䎧ᶕҶǄ ԆᜣҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ˈᴰਾ䘈ᱟ⋑ᴹ৫Ǆ Ԇᜣ⵰ᜣ⵰ቡⶑ⵰ҶǄ ԆᜣҶᜣˈቡ਼᜿ (tóngyì, to agree) ҶǄ ֐ᜣᜣˈᒤ䖫ӪнᆖҐᘾѸ㹼઒˛ кབྷᆖнᱟаԦሿһˈ֐ᓄ䈕ྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᜣᜣǄ ཊ㔉ᡁа⛩‫ݯ‬ᰦ䰤ˈᡁ޽ᜣ(а)ᜣǄ

k~oshì 㘳䈅

251

ᡁаੜࡠԆ䈤³⹄ウ⹄ウ´ˈ ቡ⸕䚃䘉Ԧһᛵਟ 㜭࣎нᡀҶǄ ֐Ԝഎ৫⹄ウ⹄ウ੗ˈᐼᵋ֐Ԝ㜭਼᜿ᡁԜⲴ᜿ 㿱 (yìjiàn, opinion)Ǆ ֐޽ཊ㣡⛩‫ݯ‬ᰦ䰤⹄ウал䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ zuómo ⩒⼘ v. 1D

Ԇаⴤ൘⩒⼘ᘾѸᢺᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇᴤྭǄ to think over (reduplication: ABAB) 䘉ԦһᛵԆᐢ㓿⩒⼘ᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ҶǄ (⩒, to carve; ⼘, to grind) ࡛඀൘䛓䟼ⶾ [LƗIRROLVKO\ ⩒⼘Ҷˈᢃњ⭥䈍䰞䰞ቡ⸕䚃ҶǄ Ԇ䘉њӪቡௌ⅒⩒⼘һ‫ˈݯ‬Ӫҏᖸ㚚᰾Ǆ Ԇ⩒⼘Ҷॺཙҏ⋑ᴹ⩒⼘ࠪӰѸᶕǄ ֐⩒⼘ал䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ਟԕੇ˛ 䘉њᆙᆀᖸՊ⩒⼘བྷӪⲴᗳᙍ [ƯQVL intentions)Ǆ ᡁਚ㜭䈤䘉ӋҶˈަ։ (qíyú, the rest) Ⲵ֐Ԝ㠚 ᐡ⩒⼘੗Ǆ ޽㔉ᡁ⛩‫ݯ‬ᰦ䰤ˈᡁ޽⩒⼘⩒⼘Ǆ

Note: * ⹄ウ YµWRUHVHDUFK¶DVLQ Ԇ⹄ウⲴᱟ≹䈝. ¾ ᯏ䝼 Y]KƝQ]KXyµto consider carefully in detail¶DVLQ 䘉њᡁ䘈䴰㾱ᰦ䰤ᯏ䝼ᯏ䝼. ¾ ራᙍ Y[~QVLµWRWKLQNVWKRYHU¶DVLQ ֐൘ራᙍӰѸ઒? ¾ ᨓ᪙ YFKXӽLPyµWRWU\WRILJXUHRXW¶DVLQ ᡁቡ੺䇹֐Ԝ䘉Ӌˈަ։Ⲵ֐Ԝ㠚ᐡᨓ᪙੗. ¾ ᙍ䟿 YVƯOLDQJµWRFRQVLGHUFDUHIXOO\¶DVLQ ԆԜаᇦӪ޽йᙍ䟿, ᴰਾ䘈ᱟҠлҶ䛓྇ᡯᆀ.

NӽRVKu 㘳䈅 n.

examination

cèshì ⍻䈅 n.* 2C

test (of proficiency or capability; oft. with a wider coverage, e.g. a national test), testing (e.g. machinery, instrument or electrical appliances) (⍻, to measure; 䈅, to try)

Ԇᢃ㇇৲࣐≹䈝≤ᒣ (standard) ⍻䈅Ǆ 㤡䈝≤ᒣ⍻䈅а‫ޡ‬ᴹ‫ޛ‬㓗ˈԆ㘳䗷Ҷㅜഋ㓗Ǆ ੜ䈤Ԇ᤯ࡠҶ㘫䈁й㓗⍻䈅Ⲵ䇱Җ ]KqQJVKǌ certificate)Ǆ ሩ䘉ਠᵪಘⲴ⍻䈅ᐢ㓿‫ڊ‬ᆼҶǄ ⇿ਠ⭥㿶ᵪࠪলࡽ䜭㾱‫⍻ڊ‬䈅Ǆ

cèyàn ⍻傼 n.* 2B

test, quiz (usu. taken by students; oft. less formal/ significant than 㘳ḕ/ 㘳䈅) (傼, test)

ੜ䈤䘉⿽⍻傼∄䖳ᇩ᱃ˈ֐н⭘ᙅǄ 䘉䰘䈮а‫ޡ‬ᴹа⅑㘳䈅ˈӄ⅑⍻傼Ǆ 䘉⅑㲭❦ᱟањሿ⍻傼ˈնԆ䘈ᱟ䇔ⵏൠ߶༷ ⵰Ǆ 㘱ᐸ䈤⍻傼Ⲵᰦ䰤ᱟ᰾ཙлॸє⛩Ǆ 䘉ᱟᡁԜⲴㅜҼ⅑㤡䈝⍻傼Ǆ ԆӪᖸ㚚᰾ˈᲪ࣋ (zhìlì, intelligence) ⍻傼Ⲵ࠶ ᮠᙫᱟᖸ儈Ǆ

252 NӽRFKi 㘳ḕ n.* 2 N/A

NӽRVKu 㘳䈅 n.* 2A

kxy ਟԕ pass/ fail type of exam (oft. different type from 㘳䈅), assessment (of a project, business feasibility, etc.) (㘳, examination; ḕ, to consult)

examination (oft. more formal and significant than ⍻傼/ 㘳ḕ)

㘱ᐸ䈤䘉䰘䈮⋑ᴹ㘳䈅ˈਚᴹ㘳ḕˈቡᱟ䈤ਚᴹ 䙊䗷 WǀQJJXzSDVV ᡆн䙊䗷є⿽ᡀ㔙Ǆ Ԇ䙊䗷Ҷ䘉⅑㘳ḕˈ䶎ᑨ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ 㓿䗷਴⿽਴ṧⲴ㘳ḕˈԆ㓸ҾᗇࡠҶ䘉ԭᐕ֌Ǆ 㓿䗷ཊᯩ䶒Ⲵ㘳ḕˈԆԜߣᇊҠл䘉ᇦ䬦㹼Ǆ 㘳ḕҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ԕਾˈԆ䘈ᱟ⋑Ҡ䛓ᇦ依侶‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐䘉⅑㘳ḕⲴᡀ㔙ᘾѸṧ˛ ᵏᵛ㘳䈅ቡ㾱ࡠҶˈᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭ᖸᘉǄ Ԇ䘉⅑㘳䈅Ⲵᡀ㔙∄к⅑ⲴྭǄ 㘳䈅ԕਾˈԆ߶༷ࠪ৫⧙⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ лњᱏᵏⲴ≹䈝㘳䈅֐߶༷ྭҶ⋑ᴹ˛ Ԇ䈤䘉⅑㘳䈅нཚ䳮Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䙊䗷䘉⅑㘳䈅ˈᗳ䟼ᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᰾ཙᴹањ㘳䈅ˈԆ↓ᘉ⵰ⴻҖ߶༷Ǆ ԆᆖҐнཚྭˈᴰᙅⲴቡᱟ㘳䈅Ǆ 䘉⅑‫ޕ‬ᆖ㘳䈅ˈᡁаᇊᗇ GČLKDYHWR 㘳䗷 (to pass)Ǆ

Note: * ⍻䈅 v., as in ӺཙⲴ㘳䈅ᱟ㾱⍻䈅ᆖ⭏Ⲵਓ䈝㜭࣋. * ⍻傼 v., as in ᡁԜ‫⍻ݸ‬傼ਓ䈝, ❦ਾ޽⍻傼ੜ࣋. * 㘳ḕ v., as in 䘉⅑ѫ㾱ᱟ㘳ḕалᆖ⭏Ⲵ㔬ਸ ]ǀQJKpFRPSUHKHQVLYH 㜭࣋. * 㘳ḕ YµWRUHVHDUFK¶DVLQ Ԇሩ䘉њ䇽Ⲵࠪ༴㘳ḕҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤. * 㘳䈅 v. (not 㘳䈅 + object), as in ֐Ӻཙ㘳䈅㘳ᗇᘾѸṧ˛ ¾ 㘳 YµWRJLYHWDNHDQH[DPLQDWLRQ¶DVLQ Ԇ㘳кҶབྷᆖ. ¾ 㘳Ṩ YµWRFKHFNFDUHIXOO\ZKHWKHURUQRWFHUWDLQ VWDQGDUGVRUUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHEHLQJPHW ¶DVLQ Ԇ Ԝᢃ㇇㘳ṨалᡁⲴ≹䈝ੜ䈤㜭࣋.

NČ\ӿ ਟԕ aux.

can ԆՊᶕⲴˈ֐н⭘⵰ᙕǄ ԆᱟањྭӪˈнՊнᑞࣙ֐ⲴǄ ԆՊ䈤≹䈝Ǆ Ԇ䓛փᖸྭˈнՊ⭏⯵ⲴǄ ԆՊ᰾ⲭⲴˈ㔉Ԇа⛩‫ݯ‬ᰦ䰤Ǆ ӺཙՊнՊл䴘˛ ԆᖸՊ䈤䈍 (He is a smooth talker)ˈ㿱ӰѸӪ䈤 ӰѸ䈍Ǆ ֐ՊнՊ䈤≹䈝˛ ᐢ㓿‫⛩ޝ‬䫏ҶˈԆнՊн൘ᇦⲴǄ

huì Պ aux.* 2B

shall, to have the possibility/ ability WRHPSKDVLVLQJµNQRZKRZ¶RU µKDYLQJFHUWDLQUHTXLUHGVNLOO¶ used with adverbs of degree, ᖸ/ 䶎ᑨ, etc.; нՊн = surely)

NČ\ӿ ਟԕ aux.* 2A

can, may (not used to express 䘉њᡯ䰤ਟԕտєњӪˈնн䇨޽տཊҶǄ µVpeculation¶RQVWKXQFRQWUROODEOH ᡁਟԕᑞࣙ֐ᮤ⨶ᡯ䰤Ǆ (antonym: н䇨 [ԃ 䘉њᆙᆀнਟԕਲ਼㣡⭏ (peanuts)Ǆ

kxy ਟԕ

253

䘉⅑㘳䈅ᡁԜਟԕ⭘䇽ިੇ˛ ᡁਟԕ৫ᵪ൪᧕ԆǄ ֐⧠൘ਟԕ䘋৫ҶǄ 䘉ৼ䶻ᖸ┲Ӟˈᡁਟԕ䈅а䈅ੇ˛ 䘉њൠᯩਟԕ➗⴨ੇ˛ ਚ㾱䇔ⵏᆖˈ֐ᱟਟԕᆖՊⲴǄ ԆⲴ㛊ᆀн⯬Ҷˈਟԕ৫кᆖҶǄ ᡁਟнਟԕ඀൘䘉䟼˛ néng 㜭 aux. * 2A

nénggòu 㜭ཏ aux. 2A

to be able to, can (used with adverbs of degree, ᖸ/ 䶎ᑨ, etc.; positive reply: 㜭/ ਟԕ; negation: н㜭; н㜭н = must)

to be capable of

䘉њᡯ䰤㜭տࠐњӪ˛ Ԇаᇊ㜭ᶕˈ֐ቡ᭮ᗳ੗Ǆ Ԇ䘈ሿˈн㜭㠚ᐡ‫ڊ‬依Ǆ Ԇа࠶䫏㜭ਲ਼а⻇䶒ᶑǄ 䘉䟼н㜭⑨⌣Ǆ 䴘лҶаཙҶˈ֐ⴻ䘉䴘䘈㜭‫˛ੇڌ‬ 䘉њᖸ䟽㾱ˈᡁᘾѸ㜭н䇔ⵏ઒˛ ֐ᖸᘛቡ㜭㿱ࡠԆҶǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨ㜭䈤 (He can talk for a long time)ˈа䈤ቡ ᱟࠐњሿᰦǄ Ԇ㜭⭘≹䈝઼ᡁ䈤䈍ҶǄ Ԇ⯵Ҷˈн㜭৫к䈮ҶǄ ᰾ཙᱟᡁⲴ⭏ᰕᲊՊˈ֐н㜭нᶕǄ ‫ྣݯ‬н㜭нሩ⡦⇽ྭǄ ᰾ᒤԆቡ㜭ཏҠᗇ䎧䘉྇ᡯᆀҶǄ 䘉њᡯ䰤㜭ཏ᭮лањৼӪᒺǄ ᰦ䰤ཚ⸝ˈᡁн㜭ཏᆼᡀ䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ ֐ᱟᡁⲴᴻ৻ˈᡁᘾѸ㜭ཏнᑞ֐઒˛ ֐்䞹Ҷˈᡁн㜭ཏ䇙֐ᔰ䖖Ǆ

Note: * Պ QµPHHWLQJFRQIHUHQFH¶DVLQ 䛓њՊᱟ᰾ཙлॸє⛩ᔰ. * ਟԕ DGMµRND\¶DVLQ ԆⲴ≹䈝䈤ᗇ䘈ਟԕ. * 㜭 DGMµDEOH¶DVLQ Ԇᱟњ㜭Ӫ, ⋑ᴹӰѸԆ‫ڊ‬нҶⲴ. ¾ Regarding a newly acquired ability, Պ and 㜭 can be used interchangeably, e.g. Ԇᐢ㓿㜭/ Պ䈤≹䈝 Ҷ. Regarding a regained ability, use 㜭/ ਟԕ but not Պ, e.g. Ԇ⯵ྭҶ, ৸㜭/ ਟԕкᆖ৫Ҷ. When talking about doing sth. under certain conditions, use 㜭/ ਟԕ but not Պ, e.g. Ӻཙཙ≄ྭҶ, ᡁԜ㜭/ ਟԕࠪ৫᯵⑨Ҷ. ¾ ᖸՊµJRRGDWVWKLQWHUPVRIVNLOIXOQHVV¶ ᖸ㜭µJRRGDWVWKLQWHUPVRIFDSDELOLW\¶ ԆᖸՊਲ਼ (He is a gourmet, knowing what to eat and where to eat) vs. Ԇᖸ㜭ਲ਼ (He eats a lot).

254

kèrén ᇒӪ

kèrén ᇒӪ n.

guest

JXuEƯQ 䍥ᇮ n. 3C

distinguished guest, VIP (of a more ԆԜ䜭ㄉ൘བྷ䰘ਓ䗾᧕䍥ᇮǄ official and formal nature; a polite 䘉ս䍥ᇮᱟӾଚ䟼ᶕⲴ˛ word) (䍥, noble; ᇮ, guest) 䍥ᇮⲴᡯ䰤аᇊ㾱᭦᤮ᒢ߰Ǆ ԆԜᱟӾ㤡ഭᶕⲴ䍥ᇮǄ Ԇ൘䍥ᇮᇔՁ᚟઒Ǆ 䘉ᱟ䍥ᇮⲴ਽অˈа‫ॱޡ‬սǄ Ԇ඀൘䍥ᇮᑝ (seats for guests of honour) кǄ ᡁԜ㾱‫᧕ۿ‬ᖵ MLƝGjLWRSOD\KRVWWRVE 䍥ᇮаṧ ᧕ᖵԆǄ

guìkè 䍥ᇒ n. 3 N/A

ᛘᱟ䍥ᇒˈ䈧඀кᓗ (seat of honour)Ǆ honoured guest (oft. of non-official 䍥ᇒⲴࡠᶕ֯ᡁԜ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ nature; a polite word) 䘉њ䰘ਚᴹ䍥ᇒᶕⲴᰦ‫ى‬᡽ᔰǄ Ӻཙᇦ䟼ᴹ䍥ᇒˈᡁ㾱৫Ҡ⛩‫ྭݯ‬ਲ਼ⲴǄ ԆᱟᡁⲴ䍥ᇒˈ֐ԜሩԆ䜭㾱ᇒ≄⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ৫ᵪ൪᧕аսेӜᶕⲴ䍥ᇒǄ

OiLEƯQ ᶕᇮ n. 3C

guest (invited for ceremonies or gatherings, especially in an official or formal capacity; a polite word)

kè ᇒ n. 2C

visitor, guest (used with monosyllables) (antonym: ѫ)

਴սᶕᇮˈབྷᇦྭʽ ӺཙԆԜᐢ㓿᧕ᖵҶаⲮཊսᶕᇮҶǄ 䚰䈧Ⲵᶕᇮ䜭ࡠҶˈᡁԜᔰ࿻੗Ǆ ԆԜ൘䘉䟼ᇤ (yàn, banquet) 䈧਴ഭⲴᶕᇮǄ ᶕᇮՁ᚟ᇔ൘䛓䗩Ǆ ԆӺཙᇦ䟼ᴹᇒˈ‫ݸ‬л⨝䎠ҶǄ Ԇ৫ᵪ൪䘱ᇒҶˈаՊ‫ݯ‬ቡഎᶕǄ Ԇᇦᇒᴰཊˈ⇿њઘᵛ䜭ᴹӪᶕǄ Ԇᴰнௌ⅒䈧ᇒ䘱⽬Ǆ ᇒ䲿ѫ‫( ׯ‬the guest does whatever the host suggests)ˈ֐்ӰѸᡁቡ்ӰѸǄ ᶕ৲࣐Ԇႊ⽬Ⲵˈྣᇒ∄⭧ᇒཊǄ ᇦ䟼ᶕᇒҶˈྸྸਛ֐ᘛ⛩‫ݯ‬എᇦǄ ԆᇦᶕҶєսᇒӪǄ ᇒӪ䜭ࡠҶˈ⧠൘ਟԕਲ਼依ҶǄ ᇒӪԜ⧙ᗇ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇᑖ⵰ᇒӪ৫ਲ਼依ҶǄ ֐ᱟѫӪˈᡁᱟᇒӪˈᡁੜ֐ⲴǄ ᶕҶࠐսཆഭᇒӪˈ䈱Պ䈤㤡䈝? ᇒӪᜣਲ਼䶒ᶑˈᡁ傜к৫‫ڊ‬Ǆ

kèrén ᇒӪ n.* 2B

guest, visitor (antonym: ѫӪ)

láikè ᶕᇒ n. 2C

Ӻཙᶕᇒ⢩࡛ཊˈᡁԜᘉᗇ依䜭⋑ਲ਼Ǆ guest, visitor (less official capacity) 㡎Պᔰᗇᖸᡀ࣏ˈ⇿њᶕᇒ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᛘᱟ䘌ᯩⲴᶕᇒˈᡁԜ㾱ྭྭ‫்ݯ‬аᶟǄ

ku ਓ

255

ᡁࡠⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᴹӋᶕᇒᐢ㓿䎠ҶǄ Note: * ᇒӪ nµFXVWRPHU¶DVLQ 䘉њ᯵侶Ⲵ 501 ᡯ䰤տ⵰ањӾेӜᶕⲴᇒӪ. ¾ ᇮᇒ QEƯQNqµJXHVW¶DVLQ ֐㜭৫㔉ᇮᇒ䘱ал㥦≤ੇ˛ ¾ ᇮᴻ QEƯQSpQJµJXHVWDQGIULHQG¶DVLQ ӺཙᱟԆⲴгॱབྷሯ (shòu, birthday, a polite word for an HOGHU¶VELUWKGD\ ᇦ䟼ᇮᴻ┑ᓗ. ¾ హᇮ QMLƗEƯQµGLVWLQJXLVKHGJXHVWRIDZHGGLQJRSHQLQJFHUHPRQ\IHVWLYDOFHOHEUDWLRQHWF ¶DVLQ 䈧਴սహᇮ‫ޕ‬ᑝ (rùxí, WRWDNHRQH¶s seat at a banquet, ceremony, etc.).

NԁX ਓ n.

mouth

NԁX ਓ n.* 2A

mouth, taste (of sth. animate/ inanimate; emphasising the inside of a mouth; can be used figuratively)

Ԇ㿹ᗇਓ⑤ˈᜣ்⛩‫≤ݯ‬Ǆ ֐࡛ᕐਓ䰝ਓⲴ䜭ᱟ䫡ˈᡁн⡡ੜǄ ԆⲴਓᖸ䟽ˈ㨌䟼㾱᭮ᖸཊⴀ (yán, salt)Ǆ Ԇቡௌ⅒ਲ਼䘉ਓˈஔ䞂࣐俉㛐 [LƗQJFKiQJ sausage)Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘к≹䈝ਓ䈝䈮Ǆ 䘉њ⬦ਓཚሿˈ᭮н䘋৫Ǆ 䘉ἥṁ‫⻇ۿ‬ਓаṧ㋇ FǌZLGHLQGLDPHWHU)Ǆ ᡁਟнᮒ³㱾ਓᤄ (bá, to pull out) ⢉ (to pull a WRRWKIURPWKHWLJHU¶VPRXWK± to dare to confront WKHJUHDWHVWGDQJHU ´ˈ䘈ᱟ֐৫䐏Ԇ䈤੗Ǆ 䛓њ⤞ᆀབྷਓаᕐˈᖸ੃ӪǄ ⚛䖖ㄉࠪਓ (exit) ൘ᐖ䗩Ǆ Ԇㄉ൘䰘ਓㅹᡁǄ

]Xӿ ౤ n. 2A

mouth (of sth. animate or inanimate; ԆᇦӪⲴ౤䜭䮯ᗇᖸབྷǄ emphasising the outside of a mouth; 䛓њᆙᆀ㓒㓒Ⲵሿ౤‫┲ⵏݯ‬ӞǄ when ሿ + ౤, oft. pronounced 䘋ᶕԕਾˈԆቡаⴤ䰝⵰౤н䈤䈍Ǆ DV]XӿUFDQEHXVHGILJXUDWLYHOy) ⥚౤བྷˈ৸㜭ਲ਼Ǆ ԆⲴ౤кᴹᖸཊ㓒⛩‫ˈݯ‬н⸕䚃ᱟӰѸǄ ሿ呏‫ݯ‬䜭ᕐ⵰ሿ౤‫ˈݯ‬ㅹ⵰呏ྸྸல (wèi, to feed)Ǆ Ԇн㜭⋑ᴹᐕ֌ˈഐѪԆᇦ䟼ᴹྭࠐᕐ౤ㅹ⵰ਲ਼ 依઒Ǆ Ԇн⭘㥦ᶟˈௌ⅒ⴤ᧕Ӿ㥦༦౤‫்ݯ‬㥦Ǆ Ԇ㓿ᑨ⭘✏౤‫( ݯ‬cigarette holder) ᣭ✏Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ㜭䈤ˈᕐ౤ቡᶕǄ Ԇ䘉њӪ౤ᖸᘛˈӰѸһ‫ݯ‬Ԇа⸕䚃ቡՊ੺䇹ᖸ ཊӪǄ

256 ]Xӿba ౤ᐤ n. 1D

kuòdà ᢙབྷ mouth (of sth. animate)

ԆⲴ౤ᐤ䮯ᗇᖸ‫ۿ‬ԆⲴ⡦ӢǄ 䛓⿽呏‫ݯ‬౤ᐤᖸ䮯Ǆ Ԇᝏ߂Ҷˈ啫ᆀн䙊 (blocked nose)ˈ㾱⭘౤ᐤબ ੨ Kǌ[ƯWREUHDWKH Ǆ ԆⲴ౤ᐤ㻛Ӫᢃ㓒ҶǄ ᕐབྷ౤ᐤˈ䇙ᡁⴻⴻ֐Ⲵ⢉Ǆ

Note: *ਓ mw. (used for family members, pigs, food, etc.), as in ԆᇦᴹйਓӪ.

kuòdà ᢙབྷ v.

to enlarge

NXzFKǀQJ ᢙ‫ ݵ‬v. 2D

to expand and extend (military strength, content, function, etc.) (ᢙ, to enlarge; ‫ݵ‬, full)

kuòdà ᢙབྷ v. 2B

to enlarge, to broaden the scope, བྷᆖⲴṑഝᢙབྷҶнቁǄ to enhance (influence, etc.; could be Ԇᜣᢺ㣡ഝᢙབྷаӋǄ either man-made or a natural act) кབྷᆖ֯ԆᢙབྷҶ⵬⭼ (jiè, scope)Ǆ മҖ侶Ⲵ䶒〟 PLjQMƯDUea) ᢙབྷҶа‫ˈؽ‬㜭඀ᗇ лᴤཊⲴᆖ⭏ҶǄ ཙкⲴ䛓ഒ (tuán, mw.) 唁ӁᢙབྷҶᖸཊˈ傜к ቡ㾱л䴘ҶǄ 䘉њ෾ᐲӪ൷ UpQMǌQSHUFDSLWD տᡯ䶒〟∄৫ ᒤᢙབྷҶєᒣᯩ㊣Ǆ ԆԜᜣᢙབྷ⎧ཆᐲ൪ (market)Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘ࣚ࣋ᢙབྷ䘉њӗ૱ FKӽQSӿQSURGXFW Ⲵ ᖡ૽ \ӿQJ[LӽQJLPSDFW Ǆ н㾱ᢺһᛵᢙབྷॆ (huà, -ise/ -ify)Ǆ

kuòjiàn ᢙᔪ v. 2D

䘉њ෾ᐲ䘁ࠐᒤᶕᢙᔪҶнቁ‫ޜ‬ഝǄ to expand (building, etc.), to extend ᐕল䴰㾱ᢙᔪলᡯǄ (factory, mine, etc.) (ᔪ, to build) 䘉њമҖ侶↓൘ᢙᔪǄ 傜к㾱ᢙᔪⲴলᡯᴹйњǄ ᢙᔪਾⲴമҖ侶┲ӞᶱҶǄ ᆖ⭏䎺ᶕ䎺ཊˈᆖ⭏ᇯ㠽ᗵ享ᢙᔪǄ

NXz]KӽQ ᢙኅ v. 2D

to spread, to develop (ኅ, to open up)

䜘䱏 (bùduì, army) ⭡єॳӪᢙ‫ࡠݵ‬ҶйॳӪǄ ԆԜⲴ䜘䱏൘нᯝൠᢙ‫ݵ‬Ǆ ཊ䈫Җ᡽㜭ᢙ‫⸕ݵ‬䇶 ]KƯVKLNQRZOHGJH Ǆ ԆԜⲴ䜘䱏䘁ᒤᶕᢙ‫ݵ‬ᗇᖸᘛǄ ԆԜⲴᇎ࣋ (shílì, strength) ᗇࡠҶᢙ‫ݵ‬Ǆ Ԇᜣᢙ‫ݵ‬ал䘉ᵜҖⲴ޵ᇩ (nèiróng, content)Ǆ

䘉њṑഝнᯝൠੁཆᢙኅǄ 䘉њ෾ᐲᢙኅᗇ䎺ᶕ䎺བྷǄ 䛓њ෾ᐲᢙኅⲴ䙏ᓖ (sùdù, speed) ᘛᶱҶǄ 䘉њᐕলӾањলᡯᢙኅࡠӄњলᡯǄ

kuòdà ᢙབྷ kuz]KƗQJ ᢙᕐ v. 2D

257

to outspread; to overspread (power, 䘉њഭᇦⲴ⎧ߋ KӽLMǌQQDY\ нᯝൠᢙᕐˈ֯ territory, etc.; oft. used pejoratively; ᗇަᆳഭᇦᝏࡠнᆹǄ not ࡠ + numerals) (ᕐ, to spread) 䘁ᒤᶕˈԆԜ䘋а↕ᢙᕐˈᕅ䎧Ҷа൪ᡈҹ ]KjQ]KƝQJZDU Ǆ ࠐᒤⲴᰦ䰤ˈ䘉њഭᇦӾањሿഭᢙᕐᡀҶањ བྷഭǄ ԆԜⲴ࣯࣋ (shìli, power) Ӿ䘉䟼ᢙᕐࡠҶ䛓䟼Ǆ ੜ䈤்䞂ਟԕᢙᕐ㹰㇑ [XqJXӽQEORRGYHVVHO Ǆ

Note: The antonym for all words in this group is 㕙ሿ VXǀ[LӽR

258

OƗ ᣹

L OƗ ᣹ v. bá ᤄ v. 2B

FKČ ᢟ v.* 2C

to pull Ԇ↓൘㣡ഝ䟼ᤄ㥹઒Ǆ to pull out (sth. fixed or hidden, oft. ԆⲴ䛓仇⢉ᤄнлᶕǄ with force; also used figuratively) ԆањӪᤄнࣘˈᡁԜ䗷৫ᑞᑞԆ੗Ǆ Ԇ⭘࣋ᢺ䪹ᆀ GƯQJ]LQDLO ᤄҶࠪᶕǄ Ԇᤄࠪ࠰ᶕˈᆙᆀԜ੃ᗇଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ ࡛ᤄⲭཤਁˈੜ䈤䎺ᤄ䎺ཊǄ ֐ᑞᡁᢺ䘉њᤄࠪᶕˈྭੇ˛ аⴻᡁԜᶕҶˈԆᤄ㞯ቡ䐁Ǆ ᡁԜ൘ᆖ⭏ѝ䘹ᤄᴰྭⲴ৫৲࣐≹䈝∄䎋Ǆ

to tug (sth. light, a quick action) (reduplication: A(а)A)

ԆалᆀቡᢺᡁᢟҶ䗷ᶕǄ Ԇᢟտᡁˈн䇙ᡁ䎠Ǆ Ԇੁᐖаᢟˈ䛓ᶑ⤇ቡ䐏⵰Ԇ䎠ҶǄ ԆᢟҶᡁалˈ䇙ᡁ࡛޽䈤ҶǄ ࡛᣹᣹ᢟᢟⲴҶˈ依䫡ᡁԜаӪԈаॺ੗Ǆ ᆙᆀᢟ(а)ᢟྸྸⲴ㺓䀂ˈ䈤ᜣഎᇦǄ

FKǀX ᣭ v.* 2A

ԆӾаึҖ䟼ᣭࠪҶ䘉ᵜҖǄ to draw out (from among; also used ԆӾ䫡व䟼ᣭࠪаᕐаⲮඇⲴ㔉ᡁǄ figuratively) བྷᇦᘛ䗷ᶕᣭㆮ FKǀXTLƗQWRFDVWORWV ੗Ǆ Ԇᜣᣭа䚃 (mw.) ᇩ᱃а⛩Ⲵ仈 (tí, question)Ǆ ԆԜ⭘ᣭ≤ᵪᣭ≤Ǆ ԆӾؑሱ䟼ᢺؑᣭҶࠪᶕǄ Ԇ䈤Ԇᖸᘉˈᣭнࠪ䓛ᶕ৲࣐䘉њՊǄ 㘱ᐸӾᡁԜ⨝ᣭࠪєњӪ৫ᑞࣙԆԜ⨝Ǆ Ԇᑨᑨᣭᰦ䰤 (to manage to find time, also ᣭオ ‫ )ݯ‬৫ⴻᵋ⡦⇽Ǆ

OƗ ᣹ v.* 2A

to pull (sth./ sb. towards/ with oneself) (reduplication: A(а)A) (antonym: ᧘ WXƯ

ཙ唁Ҷˈᢺデᑈ᣹кǄ ᆙᆀԜ᣹⵰᡻ (hand in hand) ൘䐣㡎Ǆ Ԇᢺἵᆀ᣹䗷ᶕ඀൘ᡁⲴᯱ䗩Ǆ Ԇ᣹䖖᣹ᗇ∄ᡁᘛǄ Ԇը᡻ᢺᡁӾൠк᣹Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ ֐аᇊ㾱᣹տԆˈ࡛䇙Ԇ䎠ҶǄ Ԇ᣹ᔰ䰘ˈ䎠Ҷ䘋৫Ǆ ᡁ᣹нࣘˈ֐ᶕ䈅ал੗Ǆ ࡛᣹Ҷˈ֐㾱᧘䰘᡽㜭䘋৫Ǆ ޽᣹є⅑ቡਟԕ᣹ᆼҶǄ ᢺデᑈᖰл᣹(а)᣹Ǆ

láiw~ng ᶕᖰ WXǀ ᤆ v.* 2B

zhuài ᤭ v. 2-1 D

to tug, to haul (dragging sth. / sb. along some kind of surface, and towards the doer) (reduplication: A(а)A)

to drag, to pull (reduplication: A(а)A)

259

Ԇᤆ⵰ањབྷ㇡ᆀˈ䎠ᗇᖸធǄ ԆⲴ䖖ൿҶˈ䈧Ӫᶕᢺᆳᤆ৫‫⨶؞‬ҶǄ ࡛ᢺἵᆀᤆൿҶǄ Ԇᢺ㇡ᆀӾᒺᓅлᤆҶࠪᶕǄ ԆԜᢺ䛓њᆙᆀӾṁкᤆҶлᶕǄ 䘉њཚ䟽ˈᡁᤆнࣘǄ ᢺᒺᖰ䟼ᤆ(а)ᤆǄ Ԇ᤭⵰䛓њӪᶕ㿱ᡁǄ ࡛᤭ᡁˈᡁ㠚ᐡՊ䎠Ǆ ཙᖸߧˈԆᢺ㻛ᆀᖰк᤭Ҷྭࠐ⅑Ǆ ԆᢺᆙᆀӾൠк᤭䎧ᶕቡа䎧എᇦҶǄ 䘉њн䟽ˈᡁ᤭ᗇࣘǄ 䛓њཚ䟽ˈ֐᤭нࣘǄ ᱟԆᢺᡁӾ⋣䟼᤭Ҷкᶕˈᡁᖸᝏ䉒ԆǄ ᢺデᑈᖰᐖ᤭(а)᤭Ǆ

Note: * ᢟ YµWRWHDURII¶DVLQ Ԇᢺ䛓ᕐ⭫Ӿ້кᢟҶлᶕ. 2) ԆᢺᡁⲴवᢟൿҶ. * ᢟ YµWRFKDW¶DVLQ ࡛ᢺ䈍ᢟ䘌Ҷ. * ᣭ v. µWRLQKDOH¶DVLQ ᣭ✏ሩ䓛փнྭ. * ᣭ YµWRVKULQN¶DVLQ ⑨⌣Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬, ԆⲴ㞯ケ❦ᣭㅻ FKǀXMƯQWRKDYHFUDPS Ҷ. * ᣹ YµWRGHIHFDWH¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉ࠐཙ᣹㛊ᆀ (to suffer from diarrhoea), ⋑ᴹᶕк䈮. * ᣹ YµWRpart¶DVLQ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬㾱ࣘ᡻ᢃᷦ, ᡁᢺԆԜ᣹ᔰҶ. * ᤆ YµWRGHOD\¶DVLQ ԆᤆҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤᡽ᢺ䫡䘈㔉ᡁ. * ᤆ YµWRPRS¶DVLQ Ӻཙᱟઘᵛ, ԆᢺൠᤆҶ, 㺓ᴽҏ⍇Ҷ. 2) аՊ‫ݯ‬ᡁᤆᤆൠ, ֐৫ᢺ㺓ᴽ ⍇Ҷ. ¾ ⢥ YTLƗQµWROHDGDORQJ¶DVLQ Ԇ⢥⵰аཤ⢋൘䐟к䎠⵰.

OiLZӽQJ ᶕᖰ v. ZӽQJOiL ᖰᶕ v.* 3-2 C OiLZӽQJ ᶕᖰ v.* 2C

to come and go to come and go (ᖰ, to go)

to come and go (insertable) (reduplication: AABB)

䐟‫ྭ؞‬Ҷˈ䖖䖶ᖰᶕᯩ‫ׯ‬ҶᖸཊǄ л⨝ᰦ䰤ࡠҶˈ䐟кⲴ㹼ӪᖰᶕнᯝǄ Ӿ䘉䟼ࡠ䛓䟼ˈ㡚オؑᖰᶕ㾱ॱཙǄ ԆᑨᑨᶕᖰҾेӜ઼к⎧ѻ䰤 (personal or business trips)Ǆ ࡽ䶒↓൘‫؞‬䐟ˈн䇨䖖䖶ᶕᖰǄ ‫ޜ‬䐟кⲴ䖖䖶ᶕᖰнᯝˈ䶎ᑨ㑱ᘉǄ 䘉ᶑ䐟‫ྭ؞‬Ҷԕਾˈ䖖䖶ᶕᖰᯩ‫ׯ‬ҶнቁǄ ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼ⲴӪᶕᶕᖰᖰ [idiom]ˈᖸ✝䰩Ǆ 伎ᵪ൪䟼ӪᶕӪᖰ [idiom]ˈབྷᇦ㾱ⴻྭ㠚ᐡⲴ㹼 ᵾǄ ᯵ᓇ䟼տⲴӪᱟইᶕेᖰⲴ [idiom]ˈଚ䟼ⲴӪ䜭 ᴹǄ

260 ZӽQJIӽQ ᖰ䘄 v. 2D

láiyuán ᶕⓀ to go back and forth, to go and return (䘄, to return)

Ԇ⇿ཙкǃл⨝ᖰ䘄㾱ањሿᰦǄ ѪҶᆙᆀкབྷᆖⲴһᛵˈԆᖰ䘄ेӜє⅑Ǆ Ԇᑨᑨᖰ䘄ҾेӜ઼к⎧ѻ䰤 (likely referring to business trips)Ǆ

Note: * ᖰᶕ QµFRQWDFWGHDOLQJVRIWRIQRQ-SHUVRQDOQDWXUH ¶DVLQ 䘉єњഭᇦаⴤ‫؍‬ᤱ⵰৻ྭᖰᶕ. * ᶕᖰ QµFRQWDFWRIWRISHUVRQDOQDWXUH ¶DVLQ Ԇ䐏བྷᆖⲴ਼ᆖԜаⴤᴹᶕᖰ. ¾ ᶕഎ QµWRDQGIURP¶DVLQ ᡁ䎠䐟৫བྷᆖ, ањᶕഎ㾱ॺњሿᰦ. ¾ ᖰ䘄⾘ QµUHWXUQWLFNHW¶DVLQ ԆҠҶаᕐк⎧伎ेӜⲴᖰ䘄⾘.

láiyuán ᶕⓀ n. JƝQ\XiQ ṩⓀ n. 2C

láilì ᶕশ n. 2D

láiyuán ᶕⓀ n.* 2C

Tӿ\XiQ 䎧Ⓚ n.* 2C

source the root cause (ṩ, root; Ⓚ, the cause or source)

past history, background (শ, calendar)

source

origin, birth

Ԇ㔃ႊҶˈնᒦнᒨ⾿ˈṩⓀ൘ҾԆн⡡ྩǄ ਚᴹ᢮ࡠṩⓀˈ᡽㜭䀓ߣ䰞仈Ǆ 䞂ਾᔰ䖖ᱟ䖖⾨ (huò, disaster) ⲴṩⓀǄ 䘉ਟ㜭ᱟ䰞仈ⲴṩⓀѻаǄ нࣚ࣋ᆖҐᱟԆн㜭∅ъⲴṩⓀǄ 䘉њӪᶕশн᰾ˈ֐Ԝ㾱ሿᗳа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ੜ䈤䘉Ԧһᖸᴹᶕশˈ֐৫䰞䰞੗Ǆ 䘉њ਽ᆇᴹӰѸᶕশੇ˛ ֐䈤䈤䘉њь㾯Ⲵᶕশ੗Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䈤䗷㘱⦻Ⲵᶕশˈᡁҏн⸕䚃Ǆ ԆⲴᐕ䫡ᱟᇦ䟼Ⲵ㓿⍾ MƯQJMuILQDQFLDO ᶕⓀǄ ֐ੜ䈱䈤Ⲵ, ᶕⓀਟ䶐 NČNjRUHOLDEOH ੇ˛ 䘉њབྷᆖ࣎ᗇᖸྭˈᆖ⭏ᶕⓀॱ࠶‫ݵ‬䏣 FKǀQJ]~ sufficient)Ǆ ྲ᷌нᐕ֌ˈԆቡ⋑ᴹ⭏⍫ᶕⓀҶǄ ֐⸕䚃Ӫ㊫ (rénlèi, mankind) Ⲵ䎧Ⓚੇ˛ ‫ޣ‬ҾӪ㊫Ⲵ䎧Ⓚˈ䘉ᵜҖ䇢ҶᖸཊǄ ԆሩӪ㊫䎧ⓀⲴ䰞仈ᖸᝏ‫ޤ‬䏓ˈⴻҶᖸཊ䘉ᯩ䶒 ⲴҖǄ ⭏ભ VKƝQJPuQJOLIH Ⲵ䎧ⓀᱟԆ䘉า䈮㾱䇢 ⲴǄ Ԇᖸᜣ⸕䚃᮷ᆇⲴ䎧ⓀǄ

Note: * ᶕⓀ YµWRFRPHIURPIROORZHGE\ Ҿ ¶DVLQ ԆⲴ⎸᚟ [LƗR[LQHZV ᶕⓀҾ㘱⦻. * 䎧Ⓚ YµWRRULJLQDWHIROORZHGE\ Ҿ ¶DVLQ ੜ䈤䏣⨳䎧ⓀҾ㤡ഭ. ¾ Ⓚཤ n. \XiQWyXµhead-waters¶DVLQ ֐⸕䚃䮯⊏ⲴⓀཤ൘ଚ‫?ੇݯ‬ ¾ ᶕཤ QOiLWRXµconnections LQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸᴹᶕཤ.

lèi ㍟

lèi ㍟ adj.

tired

píbèi ⯢᜛ adj. 3D

exhausted (antonym: ㋮࣋‫⋋ݵ‬ MƯQJOuFKǀQJSqL ⯢, tired; ᜛, exhausted)

pífá ⯢ѿ adj. 3-2 D

fatigued (ѿ, lacking)

píjuàn ⯢ٖ adj. 3-2 C

píláo ⯢ࣣ adj. 3-2 B

lèi ㍟ adj.* 2A

261

tired and sleepy (ٖ, weary and sleepy)

worn out, tired (due to overwork) (ࣣ, fatigue)

tired, tiring (referring to sth. animate or inanimate)

Ԇࡊ඀ҶॱࠐњሿᰦⲴ伎ᵪˈն䘈ᱟ㋮࣋‫ˈ⋋ݵ‬ ⋑ᴹ⯢᜛Ⲵṧᆀ (look)Ǆ Ԇ䶎ᑨ⯢᜛ˈ䶐⵰້ቡⶑ⵰ҶǄ Ԇ⯢᜛ᗇ䘎依䜭нᜣਲ਼ҶǄ Ԇ⯢᜛ᗇᖸˈ䇙ԆՁ᚟ал੗Ǆ Ԇ⯢᜛ൠ඀൘ൠкǄ Ԇཚ⯢᜛Ҷˈᐢ㓿аཙаཌ⋑ᴹⶑ㿹ҶǄ ᐕ֌Ҷаཙˈᲊкഎࡠᇦ䟼ᝏࡠॱ࠶⯢ѿǄ Ԇ⯵Ҷˈ䓛к⯢ѿᰐ࣋Ǆ Ԇᖸௌ⅒᯵⑨ˈ൘ཆ䗩⧙аཙҏн㿹ᗇ⯢ѿǄ എࡠᇦ䟼ˈԆᴹ⛩‫⯢ݯ‬ѿˈቡкᒺⶑ㿹ҶǄ Ԇᤆ⵰⯢ѿⲴ䓛ᆀѪ‫ݯ‬ᆀࡠ༴৫㚄㌫ᆖṑǄ Ԇ⯢ѿൠ䰝кҶ⵬ⶋˈᜣՁ᚟аՊ‫ݯ‬Ǆ н⸕䚃ѪӰѸˈԆᴰ䘁ᙫᱟᝏࡠ⯢ٖǄ ᡁ⧠൘ᖸ⯢ٖˈᖸᜣ৫ⶑаՊ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ѪҶ䘉њᇦˈԆн⸕⯢ٖൠ྄ᘉ⵰Ǆ Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕ⯢ٖᶱҶˈਟ㜭᱘ᲊ⋑ᴹⶑ㿹Ǆ Ԇ൘ཆ䶒䐁Ҷаཙˈഎࡠᇦ⯢ٖᗇ䘎依ҏ⋑ਲ਼ቡ ৫ⶑ㿹ҶǄ Ԇ㘱ᱟ൘䈮าкⶑ㿹ˈṧᆀॱ࠶⯢ٖǄ Ԇᝏࡠᖸ⯢ࣣˈлҶ⨝ቡഎᇦՁ᚟৫ҶǄ ⯢ࣣⲴᐕ֌֯ԆⲴ䓛փਈᗇᖸнྭǄ ࡛ཚ⯢ࣣҶˈ䓛փᴰ䟽㾱Ǆ Ԇᒤ䖫Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ӿᶕн㿹ᗇ⯢ࣣǄ ֐ⴻ䎧ᶕᴹ⛩‫ˈࣣ⯢ݯ‬৫Ձ᚟аՊ‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ Ԇᑨᒤн⸕⯢ࣣൠᐕ֌⵰Ǆ Ԇ⯢ࣣᗇ㾱↫ VӿH[WUHPHO\ ˈਚྭ඀лᶕՁ᚟а Պ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䇢ҶаཙⲴ䈮ˈԆ⯢ࣣᶱҶǄ Ԇ൘ཆ䶒䐁Ҷаཙˈᝏࡠ⢩࡛⯢ࣣǄ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᖸ㍟ˈ⇿ཙ㾱ᒢॱњሿᰦԕкǄ Ԇ㍟ᗇ䜭䎠нࣘҶǄ 䛓ᱟањ㍟⍫‫( ݯ‬huór, work), Ԇнᝯ᜿৫ᒢǄ ᡁ䓛փྭˈ㍟а⛩‫ޣ⋑ݯ‬㌫Ǆ ᒤ䖫ӪӾᶕн㿹ᗇ㍟Ǆ ֐䐁㍟Ҷቡ඀лՁ᚟Ձ᚟੗Ǆ Ԇ㍟ᶱҶˈ䘎䈍䜭нᝯ᜿䈤Ǆ ⡜ҶаཙⲴኡˈ㍟↫ᡁҶǄ ֐ᢺҖ‫ⴻޘ‬ᆼҶˈཏ (gòu, enough) ㍟ⲴҶǄ Ԇᙫᱟ‫ڊ‬ᴰ㍟Ⲵᐕ֌ˈⵏᱟњྭӪǄ

262

OČQJ ߧ

Note: * ㍟ YµWRPDNHVEWLUHG¶DVLQ 䘉њᆙᆀⵏ㍟Ӫ, ᲊкнⶑ㿹ⲭཙⶑ㿹. ¾ ѿ DGMIiµWLUHGLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ԆкҶаཙⲴ⨝, എࡠᇦ䟼ᝏࡠѿᶱҶ. ¾ ࣣ㍟ DGMOiROqLµRYHU-ZRUNHG¶DVLQ ࡛ཚࣣ㍟Ҷ, 㾱⌘᜿䓛փ. ¾ ഠ DGMNQµVOHHS\¶as in Ԇᖸഠ, ቡ৫ⶑ㿹Ҷ. ¾ ഠѿ DGMNQIiµVOHHS\DQGIDWLJXHG¶DVLQ Ԇᝏࡠᖸഠѿ, ቡഎᇦⶑ㿹৫Ҷ. ¾ ഠٖ DGMNQMXjQµVOHHS\DQGWLUHG¶DVLQ ᒢҶањᲊк, ԆഠٖᗇнᗇҶ OLӽR нᗇҶ µH[WUHPHO\¶

OČQJ ߧ adj. hán ሂ adj.* 2D

OČQJ ߧ adj.* 2A

liáng ߹ adj.* 2B

cold

freezing, glacial (antonym: ᳁)

cold (colder than ߹) (antonym: ✝)

cool, cold (oft. felt by touching) (antonym: ✝)

ሂߜࡠҶˈཆ䶒л䎧Ҷབྷ䴚Ǆ аᔰ䰘ˈԆቡᝏࡠҶа㛑 (JԃPZ ሂ≄Ǆ ሂ仾੩൘㝨кˈԆ㿹ᗇᴹࠐ࠶ (some) ߹᜿Ǆ ⶑ㿹ᰦਇҶ⛩‫ݯ‬仾ሂˈԆᰙкቡᔰ࿻ਁ✗Ǆ ཆ䗩ཙሂൠ߫ (dòng, freezing) ⲴˈᡁԜ൘ᇦ࡛ࠪ ৫ҶǄ ߜཙ㾱⌘᜿䱢 (fáng, to prevent) ሂ‫؍‬᳆Ǆ ᆖṑ᭮ሂ᳁‫Ⲵٷ‬ᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ㓿ᑨഎᇦⴻ⡦⇽Ǆ ӺཙߧᶱҶǄ ᱘ᲊߧᗇᖸˈᡁ⋑ᴹࠪ৫ˈ൘ᇦⴻҖǄ ཙ≄ཚ✝Ҷˈ৫ᢺߧ≄ (air conditioning, southern dialect) ᢃᔰǄ Ԇௌ⅒்ߧ侞 \ӿQGULQNV Ǆ ᱘ཙ∄ӺཙߧཊҶǄ ᱘ཙᴰߧˈ䘈лҶབྷ䴚Ǆ 䘉ѸߧⲴཙ‫֐ˈݯ‬ቡ࡛ࠪ৫ҶǄ ӺཙⲴ㨌ᴹєњߧⴈ‫( ݯ‬cold dish)ˈ‫ޝ‬њ✝㨌Ǆ ᰙкᥪ߹ˈཊク⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒்߹≤ˈнௌ⅒்✝≤Ǆ ≤ཚ߹ˈн㜭л৫⑨⌣Ǆ ᆙᆀⲴ᡻ⵏ߹ˈᘛᑖԆ䘋ቻ᳆઼᳆઼ QXӽQKXR ੗Ǆ 依߹Ҷˈ৫✝ (v. to heat) ал޽ਲ਼Ǆ ߹߹Ⲵᲊ仾੩൘㝨кˈԆ㿹ᗇᖸ㡂ᴽǄ Ԇௌ⅒ਲ਼߹а⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬侪ᆀǄ Ԇ‫Ⲵڊ‬䛓њ哴⬌߹㨌 (cold dish)ˈᡁᖸௌ⅒ਲ਼Ǆ ༿ཙࡠҶˈԆクкҶ߹䶻 (sandal)Ǆ Ԇⶑ㿹Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬㛊ᆀਇҶ߹ˈ䎧ᶕԕਾ㛊ᆀᖸ⯬Ǆ ཙ≄߹Ҷˈཊク⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽǄ 依䜭᭮߹Ҷˈᘛᶕਲ਼依੗Ǆ 䘉䟼ѝॸ✝ˈᰙᲊ߹Ǆ

lmiàn 䟼䶒

263

Note: ¾ ሂ/ ߧ/ ߹ + monosyllable. * ሂ DGMµbitterly disappointed¶DVLQ Ԇሩ⡦⇽䘉ṧᰐᛵ, ⵏਛӪᗳሂ. * ߧ DGMµFROGILJXUDWLYH ¶DVLQ1) ԆߧߧൠⴻҶྩа⵬, ӰѸҏ⋑ᴹ䈤. 2) Ӻཙ‫ޜ‬ഝ䟼ߧ␵␵Ⲵ, ⋑ᴹӪ. * ߹ DGMµGLVFRXUDJHG¶DVLQ ᡁаੜ, ᗳ䟼ቡ߹Ҷ. * ߹ YOLjQJµWRFRRO¶DVLQ ⊔ཚ✝Ҷ, ߹а߹޽். ¾ ሂߧ DGMµFKLOO\¶DVLQ ेᯩⲴཙ≄ᖸሂߧ, ֐㾱ཊᑖ⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽ. ¾ ߠߧ/ ߠ߹ DGMµLF\¶DVLQ ᆙᆀⲴ᡻㝊ߠߧ/ ߠ߹, ޽㔉Ԇཊク⛩‫ݯ‬㺓ᴽ੗. ¾ ߹ᘛ DGMµQLFHDQGFRRO¶DVLQ བྷ༿ཙਲ਼㾯⬌, ⵏ߹ᘛ!

OӿPLjQ 䟼䶒 n. nèi ޵ n. 3A

nèibù ޵䜘 n. 3B

TtMLƗQ ަ䰤 n. 3D

Tt]KǀQJ ަѝ n. 3B

inside within, inside (oft. referring to scope; used particularly with monosyllables) (antonym: ཆ)

the internal part, inside (antonym: ཆ䜘) (䜘, part)

during this/ that time, among (ަ, that; 䰤, among)

among

Ԇ൘ഭ޵ᖸᴹ਽Ǆ н㾱൘ᇔ޵ᣭ✏Ǆ 䘉ᱟ䈱Ⲵ޵㺓˛ Ԇտ൘ṑ޵Ǆ 䘉䟼ሩ޵нሩཆǄ Ԇᒤ޵ (this year) ᜣ৫а⅑ेӜǄ ५䲒޵ᖸᆹ䶉Ǆ 䲒޵䲒ཆ䜭ᱟ㣡‫ˈݯ‬ᖸ┲ӞǄ 依侶䘉ࠐཙнᔰ䰘ˈ޵䜘㻵‫] ؞‬KXƗQJ[Lǌ renovation)Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱ᔰањ޵䜘Պ䇞Ǆ 䘉њᐕ֌ਚ㾱བྷᆖ޵䜘ⲴӪǄ ԆԜ޵䜘ᖸഒ㔃 (tuánjié, united)Ǆ 䘉ᱟ൘ᆖṑ޵䜘⭘Ⲵ⭥䈍ਧ⸱Ǆ 䘉ᱟ޵䜘⎸᚟ [LƗR[LQHZV ˈᖸཊӪ䘈н⸕䚃Ǆ ԆкབྷᆖкҶйᒤˈަ䰤ᆖࡠҶᖸཊь㾯Ǆ ԆԜᐢ㓿㔃ႊҶࠐॱᒤҶˈަ䰤㓿শ MƯQJOuWR go through) Ҷᖸཊ仾仾䴘䴘Ǆ Ԇᖸሿቡ⿫ᔰҶᇦˈަ䰤ਇҶнቁ㤖Ǆ Ԇ൘ѝഭտҶаᒤˈަ䰤Ԇ৫ҶᖸཊൠᯩǄ Ԇᇦа‫ޡ‬ᴹйњᆙᆀˈަѝᴹєњ⭧ᆙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇᴹᖸཊᴻ৻ˈަѝሿ⦻䐏ԆᴰྭǄ ᡁⴻҶ֐߉Ⲵ䇑ࡂˈަѝᴹнቁ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇ৫䗷ᖸཊњഭᇦˈަѝᴰௌ⅒Ⲵᱟᯠ㾯‫ޠ‬Ǆ Ԇ⿽Ҷᖸཊ᷌ṁˈަѝ㤩᷌ṁᴹнቁǄ Ԇࠪ৫᯵⑨Ҷॺᒤˈަѝєњᴸ൘㤡ഭǄ ᡁԜ⨝∅ъҶॱࠐњӪˈᡁҏ൘ަѝǄ ᡁԜ⨝ᴹഋњѝഭӪˈᡁᱟަѝⲴањǄ

264 ]KƯMLƗQ ѻ䰤 n. 3A

]KƯQqL ѻ‫ ޗ‬n. 3C

]KƯ]KǀQJ ѻѝ n. 3B

GƗQJ]KǀQJ ᖃѝ n. 2C

Oӿ 䟼 n.* 2A

lmiàn 䟼䶒 between (usu. nominal modifier + ѻ䰤, also ѻ޵/ ѻѝ below; also verb/ adverb + ѻ䰤)

within (antonym: ѻཆ)

Ԇ඀൘⡨⡨઼ྸྸѻ䰤Ǆ 䛓єњབྷᾬѻ䰤ᴹањ䘀ࣘ൪Ǆ Ԇᢃ㇇൘ॱаᴸ઼ॱҼᴸѻ䰤৫᯵⑨Ǆ ֐ਟԕ൘ᲊк‫ࡠ⛩ޛ‬ҍ⛩ѻ䰤㔉ᡁᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ 䘉њ⭥㿶ᵪⲴԧṬ൘аॳࡠаॳҼⲮ‫ݳ‬ѻ䰤Ǆ ᡁԜ‫ؙ‬ѻ䰤ӰѸ䈍䜭ਟԕ䈤Ǆ ਼ᆖѻ䰤㾱ӂ⴨ᑞࣙǄ 䈤䈍ѻ䰤ˈԆቡࡠҶǄ ケ❦ѻ䰤ˈаᶑབྷ⤇䐁Ҷ䗷ᶕǄ ኅ㿸侶ѻ޵н߶➗⴨Ǆ ⨳⋑ᴹ㩭൘ⲭ㓯ѻ޵Ǆ Ԇ䇑ࡂйᒤѻ޵Ӿབྷᆖ∅ъǄ 㘳䈅ᗵ享൘йњሿᰦѻ޵ᆼᡀǄ Ӻཙབྷ䴮 (wù, fog)ˈॱ㊣ѻ޵᡽㜭ⴻ㿱ӪǄ ඀伎ᵪˈҼॱ‫ޜ‬ᯔѻ޵Ⲵ㹼ᵾਟԕˈҼॱ‫ޜ‬ᯔѻ ཆⲴਟ㜭н㹼Ǆ ԆⲴ䫡нཊˈਚ㜭ҠҼॱඇ䫡ѻ޵Ⲵ㺓ᴽǄ

Ԇਟ㜭㯿 (cáng, to hide) ൘ṁ᷇ѻѝǄ among, during (noun/ verb + ѻѝ) ᆖ⭏ѻѝᴹᖸཊᱟѝഭӪǄ (antonym: ѻཆ) єњᴸѻѝԆտҶє⅑५䲒Ǆ 䀰䈸ѻѝԆྭ‫ۿ‬ᖸᜣᇦǄ Ԇ൘བྷ䴘ѻѝᢺ䖖ᔰഎҶᇦǄ ᔰՊѻѝԆケ❦ᝏࡠ㛊ᆀ⯬Ǆ 䘉њ䰞仈↓൘䇘䇪 WӽROQWRGLVFXVV ѻѝǄ

among, in the midst of

ᡁԜᖃѝᴹйњӪᱟᆖ⭏Ǆ Ӫ㗔ᖃѝᴹᖸཊᱟ㘱ӪǄ ᇦӪᖃѝԆᴰ㚚᰾Ǆ аᒤᖃѝԆᴰௌ⅒᱕ཙǄ 䘉Ѹཊ䇔䇶ⲴӪᖃѝԆᱟᡁᴰྭⲴᴻ৻Ǆ ᴰ䘁䘉йњᴸᖃѝˈԆ⇿њઘᵛ䜭എᇦⴻ⡦⇽Ǆ 䘉ࠐᒤᖃѝԆӾᶕ⋑ᴹᶕᲊ䗷Ǆ ᇦ䟼Ⲵᆙᆀᖃѝ, ቡԆањӪкҶབྷᆖǄ

ᇦ䟼ԆᴰᘉǄ in, inner (usu. not used as a subject Ԇ൘䟼ቻ઒ˈ֐䘋৫੗Ǆ or object) (reduplication: AA) ཆቻᱟҖᡯˈ䟼䰤ᱟগᇔǄ (antonym: ཆ) Ԇ൘૆஑䟼࣐Ҷа⛩‫ݯ‬㌆Ǆ Ԇ൘ቻ䟼ⴻҖ઒Ǆ Җव䟼䜭ᱟҖǄ Ԇаᒤ䟼ᴰᘉⲴቡᱟ‫ޝ‬ᴸԭǄ Ԇᗳ䟼ਚᴹྩањӪǄ ԆӾ䟼ࡠཆクⲴ䜭ᱟ਽⡼‫( ݯ‬famous brand)Ǆ к䖖ⲴӪ䈧ᖰ䟼䎠Ǆ ᱕㢲ᘛࡠҶˈԆᢺᡯᆀ䟼䟼ཆཆൠᢃᢛҶа䙽Ǆ

lmiàn 䟼䶒 OӿPLjQ 䟼䶒 n. 2B

inside (antonym: ཆ䶒)

265

മҖ侶䟼䶒ᴹᖸཊӪǄ 䟼䶒✝ˈཆ䶒∄䖳߹ᘛǄ Ԇ㛊ᆀ䟼䶒㘱ᱟਛˈਟ㜭ᱟ侯Ҷ੗Ǆ മҖ侶䟼䶒඀┑ҶӪǄ 䘉䟼䶒ᴹнቁ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇ඀൘ᴰ䟼䶒Ǆ

]KǀQJ ѝ n.* 2A

in between, in the middle of (referring to people, time, etc.; also verb + ѝ; oft. no fixed point; ൘«ѝ) (antonym: ཆ)

≤ѝᴹᖸཊ劬Ǆ ‫ٷ‬ᵏѝԆࠪ৫᯵⑨ҶǄ ᆖ⭏ѝԆᆖҐᴰྭǄ ൘བྷᆖⲴйᒤѝˈԆⲴᡀ㔙䜭ᖸྭǄ ԆԜ↓൘䈸䈍ѝǄ ൘ⴻ䗷Ⲵ⭥ᖡѝˈԆᴰௌ⅒䘉䜘Ǆ ੜҶԆⲴ䈍ԕਾˈᡁᗳѝᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ӾҖѝԆᆖࡠҶᖸཊь㾯Ǆ ԆⲴ㥦ѝӾᶕн᭮⢋ྦǄ Ԇ↓൘Ձ᚟ѝˈᡁԜㅹаՊ‫޽ݯ‬䘋৫੗Ǆ Ԇ൘ᒨ⾿ѝᡀ䮯ˈ⡦⇽䜭ᖸ⡡ԆǄ

]KǀQJMLƗQ ѝ䰤 n. 2A

among, between (in the centre of the two ends; oft. having a fixed point or a specific position) (antonym: ཆ䗩‫ݯ‬, єཤ‫)ݯ‬

ѝ䰤Ⲵ䛓䖶㓒䖖ᱟԆⲴˈєཤ‫ݯ‬ᱟ࡛ӪⲴ䖖Ǆ ൘ᡁԜѝ䰤ˈ⋑ᴹӪ৫䗷ѝഭǄ ൘Ԇᇦ઼ᡁᇦѝ䰤ᴹаᇦ依侶‫ݯ‬Ǆ ቻᆀѝ䰤ᴹаᕐṼᆀǄ Ӿ䘉䟼৫മҖ侶ˈѝ䰤㾱ᦒ䖖ੇ˛ 䛓Ӌṁѝ䰤ᴹᖸཊᱟ㤩᷌ṁǄ

OӿELDQ 䟼䗩 n. 1A

OӿWRX 䟼ཤ n. 1C

inside (antonym: ཆ䗩)

inside (antonym: ཆཤ)

ཆ䗩ᖸߧˈնᱟᡯᆀ䟼䗩᳆઼ QXӽQKXR Ǆ ⴻᶕ䘉䟼䗩䘈ᴹнቁᡁԜн⸕䚃Ⲵь㾯Ǆ 䈧ᖰ䟼䗩඀඀Ǆ Җ䟼䗩ⲴӪ⢙ (rénwù, character) ᡁ䜭ᖸௌ⅒Ǆ ᡯᆀⲴᴰ䟼䗩᭮⵰аᕐᒺǄ 䟼䗩ᴹӪੇ˛ 䟼䗩Ⲵᓗսᐢ㓿ᴹӪҶǄ 䘉ᕐୡ⡷‫ݯ‬䟼䗩⋑ᴹᡁௌ⅒ⲴⅼǄ ৘ᡯ䟼ཤⲴһᛵ⭡Ԇᶕ‫ڊ‬Ǆ 䈧ᖰ䟼ཤ䎠䎠ˈ࡛ㄉ൘䖖䰘ᯱ䗩Ǆ ੜҶԆⲴ䈍ˈᡁᗳ䟼ཤᖸн㡂ᴽǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘉䟼ཤᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬䰞仈Ǆ ⻇䟼ཤ⋑ᴹ依Ҷˈᡁ޽৫࣐⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ඀൘ᴰ䟼ཤⲴᱟᡁကကˈᴰཆཤⲴᱟᡁକକǄ Ԇаᒤ䟼ཤ৫Ҷє⅑ेӜǄ

Note: ¾ 7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWHUPVRIµSDUWVRIVSHHFK¶Eetween Chinese and English in this group, for example, 䟼 is a noun in Chinese, EXWLWVWUDQVODWLRQµLQ¶LQ(QJOLVKLVQRW. * 䟼 Qµa unit of length equal to half a NLORPHWUH¶DVLQ Ӿᡁᇦࡠབྷᆖᴹй䟼䐟.

266

lxi~ng ⨶ᜣ

* ѝ DGMµPHGLXP¶DVLQ 䘉⿽㺜㺛, Ԇクѝਧ.

Oӿ[LӽQJ ⨶ᜣ n. (see also ᐼᵋ) KXjQ[LӽQJ ᒫᜣ n. 2C

illusion, fancy, fantasy (oft. not realisable, with a slim chance of coming true) (antonym: ⧠ᇎ xiànshí, suitable to all others in this group, except ྴᜣ) (ᒫ, illusory)

NǀQJ[LӽQJ オᜣ n. 2D

daydream (not realisable, used with slight negativity) (オ, empty)

Oӿ[LӽQJ ⨶ᜣ n.* 2B

ambition, ideal (of an individual or collective; usu. founded and reasonable) (⨶, reason)

PqQJ[LӽQJ Ỗᜣ n.* 2C

dream (with some hope it will come true) (Ỗ, dream)

ZjQJ[LӽQJ ྴᜣ n. 2D

wishful thinking, mirage (usu. not realisable, used pejoratively) (ྴ, irrational)

ambition

ᆙᆀԜᑨᑨᴹᖸཊᒫᜣǄ Ԇᗳѝ‫ ┑ݵ‬FKǀQJPӽQWREHIXOORI ҶᒫᜣǄ 䘉ਚᱟа⿽ᒫᜣǄ ᡁԜ㾱ᢃ⹤ᒫᜣˈ䇔䇔ⵏⵏൠᒢྭᐕ֌Ǆ ᜣаཌѻ䰤ᡀѪⲮзᇼ㗱 (IZƝQJ, a man of wealth)ˈ䛓ਚᱟᒫᜣǄ ֐н㜭㘱⭏⍫൘ᒫᜣѻѝˈ㾱എࡠ⧠ᇎᖃѝᶕǄ Ԇௌ⅒ⴻᒫᜣሿ䈤 (novel)Ǆ н㾱ሩԆᣡᴹཚཊⲴᒫᜣǄ 䘉ᱟањオᜣˈнՊᡀѪ⧠ᇎⲴǄ ԆⲴᜣ⌅䐏オᜣн਼ˈᡁ㿹ᗇᱟਟԕᇎ⧠ (shíxiàn, to realise) ⲴǄ 䛓≨䘌ਚ㜭ᱟа⿽オᜣǄ ԆⲴ䛓ӋオᜣᱟᖸਟㅁⲴǄ ᡁԜ䜭ਛԆ³オᜣᇦ´Ǆ ‫ݹ‬オᜣᱟ⋑ᴹ⭘ⲴǄ ԆⲴ⨶ᜣᱟᖃа਽ᮉᐸǄ 䘉њ⨶ᜣᖸ㖾ྭǄ Ԇᱟањ⋑ᴹ⨶ᜣⲴӪǄ ਚ㾱ࣚ࣋৫‫⨶ˈڊ‬ᜣᱟՊਈᡀ⧠ᇎⲴǄ ԆⲴ⨶ᜣ㓸Ҿ ]KǀQJ\~DWODVW ᇎ⧠ҶǄ ӪԜⲴ⨶ᜣᱟഭᇦᕪབྷˈ⭏⍫ᒨ⾿Ǆ ԆᴹањỖᜣˈᴹаཙ㜭伎ࡠཙк৫Ǆ Ỗᜣᱟ㖾ѭⲴˈնᱟᖸ䳮ਈᡀ⧠ᇎǄ ཊᒤⲴỖᜣ㓸Ҿᇎ⧠ҶˈԆ儈‫ޤ‬ᗇ䐣Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ 䘉ਚᱟањỖᜣˈ㜭н㜭ᇎ⧠䘈ᖸ䳮䈤Ǆ Ԇ㓸Ҿ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈỖᜣᡀⵏ ]KƝQUHDO ҶǄ ⾍བྷᇦỖᜣᡀⵏˈᗳᜣһᡀǄ ԆⲴỖᜣ䘈⋑ᴹᇎ⧠઒Ǆ Ỗᜣ㻛ᢃ⹤ҶˈԆ㿹ᗇᖸՔᗳǄ ᖃа਽ᆷ㡚ઈ \ԃKiQJ\XiQDVWURQDXW ᱟԆሿᰦ ‫Ⲵى‬ỖᜣǄ Ԇᜣᖃ䘉њབྷᆖⲴṑ䮯ˈⵏᱟྴᜣǄ Ⱔᗳ FKƯ[ƯQLQIDWXDWLRQ ྴᜣˈ㔍ሩнਟ㜭ʽ ԆⲴྴᜣᱟнՊᗇ䙎 GpFKČQJWRVXFFHHG ⲴǄ

lì ࣋

267

ྲ᷌䇙ԆԜⲴྴᜣᗇ䙎ˈ䛓ᡁԜቡнՊᴹᒨ⾿ ⲴᇦഝҶǄ Note: * ⨶ᜣ DGMµLGHDO¶DVLQ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘉⿽䖖ᖸ⨶ᜣ. * Ỗᜣ YµWRGUHDP¶DVLQ ԆỖᜣ⵰㜭ᴹањ┲ӞⲴྣᴻ৻. ¾ ᣡ䍏 QEjRIµDPELWLRQRIDQLQGLYLGXDO ¶DVLQ ᒤ䖫Ӫаᇊ㾱ᴹ⨶ᜣ, ᴹᣡ䍏. ¾ Ⱔᜣ QFKƯ[LӽQJµVLOO\WKRXJKWV¶DVLQ ֐Ⲵᜣ⌅ਚᱟа⿽Ⱔᜣ, н㾱޽䘉ѸᜣҶ.

lì ࣋ n.

strength

lì ࣋ n. 2B

strength, power, ability (oft. used with monosyllables; also figuratively)

Ԇ⭘࣋ᢺ䰘᧘ᔰˈ䎠Ҷ䘋৫Ǆ 䘉⿽㦟Ⲵ㦟࣋ᖸབྷˈਲ਼ཚཊਟ㜭нྭǄ Ԇᖸ㍟ˈᰐ࣋޽䐁ҶǄ Ԇᨑ᡻Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ᖸᴹ࣋Ǆ ԆⲴ䈤ᴽ࣋ (persuasiveness) ᖸབྷˈᡁԜ䜭ᝯ ᜿ੜԆⲴǄ ቭ (jìn) ࣋㘼Ѫ WRWU\RQH¶VEHVW ੗Ǆ 䘉ཤབྷ䊑࣋བྷᰐ∄ Z~EӿPDWFKOHVV Ǆ ‫ڊ‬䘉њѝഭ㨌ˈ⚛࣋аᇊ㾱བྷǄ

lìliang ࣋䟿 n. 2B

(physical) strength, power (of a person, machine, nature, etc.; also used figuratively) (䟿, capacity)

Ԇ䓛փྭˈ࣋䟿ҏབྷǄ ᡁⲴ࣋䟿⋑ᴹԆⲴབྷǄ 䘉ᕐབྷṼᆀ㾱єњӪⲴ࣋䟿᡽㜭ᩜᗇࣘǄ ഒ㔃 (tuánjié, solidarity) ቡᱟ࣋䟿Ǆ Ӫཊ࣋䟿བྷǄ ᡁԜ㾱ቭа࠷࣋䟿৫ᑞࣙᆙᆀԜǄ ԆⲴ䈍൘ᆙᆀԜⲴᗳ䟼ӗ⭏Ҷ⾎ཷ (shénqí, magical) Ⲵ࣋䟿Ǆ 䘉њᵪಘⲴ࣋䟿ਟⵏнሿǄ བྷ⎧Ⲵ࣋䟿ᱟᰐェ (wúqióng, infinite) ⲴǄ

lìqi ࣋≄ n. 2B

ᆙᆀଝҶаཙҶˈ⧠൘ᐢ㓿⋑ᴹ࣋≄޽ଝҶǄ (physical) strength, might (usu. of ԆⲴ࣋≄ⵏབྷˈ䘉Ѹ䟽Ⲵ㇡ᆀҏ㜭᤯䎧ᶕǄ sth. animate; also used figuratively) ᑞྣᴻ৻ᒢ⍫‫( ݯ‬gànhuór, to work)ˈԆᴰআ࣋≄ ҶǄ ᇦ䟼Ⲵ࣋≄⍫‫ݯ‬䜭⭡କକᒢǄ ᡁԜ䘉ࠐњӪᖃѝˈԆⲴ࣋≄ᱟᴰབྷⲴǄ Ԇ⭘ҶᴰབྷⲴ࣋≄᡽ᢺᡁ᣹ҶкᶕǄ Ԇ㣡Ҷᖸབྷ࣋≄᡽ᢺ㘱ᐸ䈧ᶕҶǄ Ԇ㍟ᗇ䘎䈤䈍Ⲵ࣋≄䜭⋑ᴹҶǄ 䛓ཤ⢋Ⲵ࣋≄ਟⵏнሿǄ ᡁԜ㾱‫ݸ‬䇑ࡂྭˈ࡛ⲭ (in vain) 㣡 (to spend) ࣋≄Ǆ

268

lìkè ・࡫ ԆⲴᐕ֌㜭࣋ᖸᕪ (qiáng, strong)Ǆ ԆⲴᆖҐ㜭࣋∄ᡁᕪᖸཊǄ ֐ᖸᴹ߉֌㜭࣋ˈᓄ䈕৫ᖃ֌ᇦǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ㠚ᐡ➗亮㠚ᐡⲴ㜭࣋ˈྸྸᖸᣵᗳԆǄ Ԇᴹ㜭࣋ᢺ䘉њᐕ֌‫ྭڊ‬Ǆ Ԇᴹ㜭࣋ˈаᇊՊᱟањྭ㘱ᐸǄ ањӪⲴ㜭࣋ᴹབྷᴹሿˈᑞཊᑞቁ䜭㹼Ǆ Ԇᱟањ⭏⍫㜭࣋нཚᕪⲴӪǄ ᡁ㠚ᐡᆙᆀⲴ㜭࣋ˈᡁᴰ␵ᾊǄ ֐ᴹ䘉њ㜭࣋ੇ˛ ⋑ᴹ㜭࣋ቡ䈤⋑ᴹ㜭࣋ˈ㾱䈤ⵏ ]KƝQWUXH 䈍Ǆ

nénglì 㜭࣋ n. 2B

ability, capacity (usu. of a person; also used figuratively)

qìlì ≄࣋ n. 2D

㾱ᜣᆖྭᮠᆖ (maths)ˈаᇊ㾱㣡བྷ≄࣋᡽㹼Ǆ effort, energy (usu. of sth. animate) ৫ᒤԆ⯵Ҷаᒤˈ≄࣋нྲԕࡽҶǄ (≄, energy) ྩᐢ㓿ҍॱཊ኱Ҷˈ䈤䈍䜭⋑ᴹ≄࣋ҶǄ

shílì ᇎ࣋ n. 2D

actual strength, power (of a person, Ԇᖸᴹᇎ࣋ˈ∄䎋ᙫᱟࡽࠐ਽Ǆ enterprise, organisation, etc.) 䘉њᐕলਁኅᗇᖸྭˈᇎ࣋н䭉Ǆ (ᇎ, fact) 䘉њഭᇦⲴᇎ࣋∄䛓њഭᇦᕪǄ Ԇ㾱ࣚ࣋ᆖҐˈ䘋а↕໎ᕪ㠚ᐡⲴᇎ࣋Ǆ ֐Ԝа⛩‫ݯ‬ᇎ࣋䜭⋑ᴹˈ㜭ⴆᡀ䘉њབྷᾬੇ?

jìnr ࣢‫ ݯ‬n. 1 N/A

(physical) strength, energy (usu. used with monosyllables; also used figuratively)

ԆԜ⭘࣢‫⵰᧘ݯ‬а䖶䖖Ǆ ԆⲴ᡻࣢‫∄ݯ‬ᡁབྷǄ 䐁Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ˈབྷᇦ䜭⋑࣢‫ݯ‬ҶǄ Ԇ䍩Ҷᖸབྷ࣢‫ݯ‬᡽ᢺ‫ݯ‬ᆀ᢮ࡠǄ ֐ᴹ࣢‫ˈݯ‬䗷ᶕᑞᡁалǄ Ԇ䎺ᒢ䎺ᶕ࣢‫ˈݯ‬ᖸᘛቡᒢᆼҶǄ ُ⵰䞂࣢‫ˈݯ‬Ԇሩྩ䈤ࠪҶᗳ䟼䈍Ǆ 䛓ཤ⢋Ⲵ࣢‫ݯ‬ᖸབྷǄ ԆᒢӰѸ䜭䇔ⵏআ࣋ˈⵏᴹ㛑 JԃPZ ࣢‫ݯ‬Ǆ བྷᇦ޽࣐ᢺ (mw.) ࣢‫ˈݯ‬ᢺ䘉њᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᆼǄ

Note: ¾ ࣢ཤ‫ ݯ‬QµSK\VLFDO VWUHQJWKLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 䘉Ӌᒤ䖫Ӫ䓛փྭ, ࣢ཤ‫ݯ‬བྷ. ¾ ⢋࣢‫ ݯ‬QµVWXEERUQQHVV¶DVLQ Ԇакᶕ⢋࣢‫ݯ‬, 䈱Ⲵ䈍ҏнੜ.

lìkè ・࡫ adv.

right away

(see also ᙕ/ ᙕᘉ) dùnshí 亯ᰦ adv. 3-2 C

immediately, in no time (oft. cause + 亯ᰦ + result) (亯, suddenly)

Ԇа䈤ˈᡁ亯ᰦ᰾ⲭҶǄ а䱥བྷ䴘䗷ਾˈオ≄ (air) 亯ᰦ␵ᯠҶᖸཊǄ ᆙᆀⴻ㿱ྸྸ䎠Ҷࠪ৫ˈ亯ᰦቡଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ

lìkè ・࡫ lìjí ・ণ adv. 3-2 B

promptly

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Ԇ䘋䰘ԕਾˈ・ণᢺ⚟ᢃᔰҶǄ Ԇ੺䇹ᡁ・ণᢃ⭥䈍㔉ሿ⦻Ǆ ֐・ণ৫५䲒ˈྸྸࡊ㻛䘱ࡠ५䲒৫ҶǄ Ԇал⨝ˈቡ・ণᶕⴻᡁҶǄ ֐ྲ᷌н・ণ৫伎ᵪ൪Ⲵ䈍ˈਟ㜭ቡՊ඀н к伎ᵪҶǄ

MӿQNXjL ቭᘛ adv. 2D

as soon as possible (stressing µZLOOLQJQHVVWRGRVWKVRRQ¶ (antonym: ᤆᔦ WXǀ\iQ (ቭ, to exhaust)

֐Ԝ㾱ቭᘛᆼᡀ䘉њᐕ֌ˈн㜭ᤆᔦǄ 䈧Ԇቭᘛ㔉ᡁഎњ⭥䈍ˈᡁᴹᙕһ᢮ԆǄ 䈧ቭᘛᢺ䘉ᵜҖӔ㔉ԆˈԆㅹ⵰ⴻ઒Ǆ ྲ᷌ਟ㜭Ⲵ䈍ˈ䈧ቭᘛᢺ䇑ࡂ੺䇹ᡁԜǄ ࡛ᣵᗳˈᡁՊቭᘛᢺ䫡㔉֐ⲴǄ

lìkè ・࡫ adv. 2A

right away, immediately (・࡫ could be sooner or more urgent than 傜к; referring to sth. animate or inanimate) (・, immediate; ࡫, 15 minutes)

Ԇа᧕ࡠ⭥䈍ˈ・࡫ቡ৫⚛䖖ㄉҶǄ ԆભԔ (mìnglìng, to order) ᡁԜ・࡫ࠪਁ FKǌIƗWRVHWRXW Ǆ Ԇࡊࠪᇦ䰘ˈབྷ䴘・࡫ቡлҶ䎧ᶕǄ ᆙᆀаⴻ㿱ྸྸᶕҶˈ・࡫ቡଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ

liánmáng 䘎ᘉ adv. 2B

Ԇаⴻ㿱ᡁˈቡ䘎ᘉ䎠Ҷ䗷ᶕǄ at once, promptly (䘎, in succession) Ԇ䎠Ҷ䘋ᶕˈᡁ䘎ᘉㄉҶ䎧ᶕǄ ੜࡠᴹӪᮢ䰘ˈԆ䘎ᘉㄉ䎧ᶕ৫ᔰ䰘Ǆ ᇒӪа䘋依ᓇˈᴽ࣑ઈ䘎ᘉ䈧ԆԜ඀лǄ 㘱Ӫак䖖ˈࠐњᒤ䖫Ӫቡ䘎ᘉ䇙ᓗǄ 䐟кӪᖸཊˈанሿᗳ䑙 FӽLWRVWHSRQ Ҷ ањӪⲴ㝊ˈԆ䘎ᘉ䈤 ³ሩн䎧´Ǆ

JӽQPiQJ 䎦ᘉ adv. 2-1 C

hurriedly (not used for a future event or in an imperative) (䎦, to hurry through)

⡨⡨എᇦҶˈྩ䎦ᘉ৫㔉Ԇᔰ䰘Ǆ ੜ䈤Ԇ⯵ҶˈᡁԜ䎦ᘉ৫५䲒ⴻԆǄ ᆖ⭏аⴻ㿱㘱ᐸ䎠䘋Ҷᮉᇔˈ䜭䎦ᘉ඀എ㠚 ᐡⲴᓗս৫ҶǄ Ԇ൘ᆙᆀ⋑എᇦѻࡽˈ䎦ᘉᢺ依‫ྭڊݸ‬ҶǄ

JӽQMӿQ 䎦㍗ adv. 1B

hastily, without delay (emphasising the importance of µQRGHOD\¶FDQ be used in an imperative or for a future event) (㍗, to tighten)

Ԇ⯵ᗇᖸ䟽ˈᓄ䈕䎦㍗৫५䲒Ǆ 䎦㍗৫੗ʽᲊҶ֐ቡ䎦нк伎ᵪҶǄ ‫⛩ޛ‬䜭䗷ҶˈૡԜ䎦㍗ᔰՊ੗Ǆ Ԇⴻࡠྣ‫ݯ‬ଝҶˈቡ䎦㍗ᢺྩᣡҶ䎧ᶕǄ ཙ㾱л䴘Ҷˈᡁᗇ GČLKDYHWR 䎦㍗എᇦҶǄ

JӽQNXjL 䎦ᘛ adv. 1B

quickly (stressing the necessity of swiftness; oft. used in an imperative or for a future event, to urge sb. to do sth.)

ᡁྸᢃ⭥䈍ਛᡁ䎦ᘛഎᇦˈᡁᆙᆀ⯵ҶǄ 䎦ᘛʽ䎦ᘛʽ䐏кࡽ䶒䛓䖶䖖Ǆ ֐䎦ᘛᢃњ⭥䈍㔉Ԇˈ䰞䰞Ԇ䘈ᶕнᶕҶǄ Ԇ⵰ᙕ㾱৫к⨝ˈ䎦ᘛਲ਼Ҷєਓ依ቡ䎠ҶǄ 䛓њӪ‫ ڧ‬WǀXWRVWHDO ҶᡁⲴ䫡वˈ䎦ᘛᣃ ]KXƗWRFDWFK տԆ! ᘛࡠᰦ䰤Ҷˈ䎦ᘛク㺓ᴽ䎠੗ʽ 䎦ᘛˈ䘱Ԇ৫५䲒ʽ

270

lìyòng ࡙⭘ 䎦ᘛ்Ҷ੗ˈ㥦䜭ᘛ߹ҶǄ

PӽVKjQJ 傜к adv. 1A

soon, shortly (referring to sth. animate or inanimate)

lìyòng ࡙⭘ v.

֐࡛⵰ᙕˈᡁ傜кቡࡠǄ 傜кቡ㾱к䈮Ҷˈн㾱䈤䈍ҶǄ 䘀ࣘՊ傜кቡ㾱ᔰ࿻ҶˈᡁԜᘛ䘋৫੗Ǆ ཙ傜кቡ㾱唁ҶˈૡԜᘛлኡ੗Ǆ Ԇ傜кቡ㾱∅ъҶˈᐕ֌ᐢ㓿᢮ྭҶǄ ⚛䖖傜кቡ㾱ᔰҶˈ֐ᘛк䖖੗Ǆ ∄䎋傜кቡ㾱ᔰ࿻ҶˈਟᱟԆԜ䘈⋑ᶕǄ 䈧ㅹалˈԆ傜кቡഎᶕǄ 䘉ᱟᡁⲴᇦˈ֐傜к㔉ᡁࠪ৫ʽ

to use ԆᖸՊ࡙⭘ᰦ䰤ˈаᴹオ‫ݯ‬ቡⴻҖᆖҐǄ Ԇᙫᱟᢺᰦ䰤࡙⭘ᗇᖸྭǄ ൘ѝഭⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ‫⭘࡙࠶ݵ‬ҶᡰᆖⲴ≹䈝Ǆ Ԇ࡙⭘ᴻ৻䎠ਾ䰘 (to pull strings)ˈ䘉ᖸнྭǄ ԆԜнᱟᴻ৻ˈਚн䗷ᱟӂ⴨࡙⭘Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵྭኡྭ≤⋑ᴹ㻛ᖸྭൠ࡙⭘Ǆ ԆᖸՊ࡙⭘Ӫˈᡁнௌ⅒ԆǄ Ԇ࡙⭘ᔰՊⲴᵪՊ (opportunity) 䇔䇶ҶнቁӪǄ ԆᱟਇӪ࡙⭘᡽䘉ṧ‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ ᡁԜᓄ䈕ᴤྭൠ࡙⭘䴘≤Ǆ

lìyòng ࡙⭘ v. 2A

to use (indicating an optimal or opportune use; used positively or pejoratively) (࡙, to benefit)

VKӿ\zQJ ֯⭘ v. 2A

to make use of (oft. specific things; 䘉ᱟᯠ⭥㿶Ⲵ֯⭘䈤᰾Ǆ indicating practical or habitual use) བྷᇦⲴ䫡㾱ਸ⨶֯⭘ˈн㜭ҡ㣡Ǆ (֯, to employ) ⡧⡧нՊ֯⭘䘉ਠ⭥㿶ᵪǄ 䘉њ᡻ᵪԆᐢ㓿֯⭘йᒤҶǄ к䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬н㜭֯⭘᡻ᵪǄ ֯⭘ᆳⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬аᇊ㾱ሿᗳǄ ⭡Ҿ֯⭘䗷ᓖ (guòdù, excessively)ˈ䘉ਠ⭥㝁ᖸ ᘛቡൿҶǄ Ԇ⭥㝁֯⭘ᗇᖸ⟏㓳 (shúliàn, skilled)Ǆ

yìngyòng ᓄ⭘ v.* 2B

yùnyòng 䘀⭘ v. 2B

to apply (a theory/ technology in practice)

to utilise (usu. referring to abstract items)

Ԇᢺ䘉⿽ᢰᵟ (jìshù, technology) ᓄ⭘ࡠ⭏ӗ ѝǄ 䘉⿽ᢰᵟᐢ㓿㻛ᓄ⭘ࡠᖸཊൠᯩҶǄ 䘉⿽ᯩ⌅ IƗQJIӽPHWKRG ൘䘉䟼ᓄ⭘ᗇᖸཊǄ 䘉⿽ᢰᵟ൘⊭䖖ࡦ䙐ѝᓄ⭘ᴰཊǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨᢺҖᵜкᆖࡠⲴь㾯䘀⭘ࡠᐕ֌ѝ৫Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘䘀⭘䘉⿽ᢰᵟǄ Ԇ൘䘉䜘⭥ᖡѝ䘀⭘Ҷа⿽ᯠ᡻⌅ (technique)Ǆ 䘉⿽ᢰᵟ䘀⭘ᗇᖸᡀ࣏Ǆ

lìrú ֻྲ

271

ԆԜ䘀⭘ᯠᢰᵟ䀓ߣ MLČMXpWRVROYH Ҷнቁ䰞仈Ǆ Note: * ᓄ⭘ QµDSSOLFDWLRQ¶DVLQ1) 䘉⿽ᢰᵟⲴᓄ⭘ᱟ䶎ᑨᡀ࣏Ⲵ. 2) Ԇ߉Ҷаㇷ (pLƗQPZ ᓄ⭘᮷ (practical writings as opposed to literary work, e.g. writing a business letter). 3) ൘ᇎ䱵 (shíjì, practical) ᓄ⭘ѝ, ԆԜᆖࡠҶнቁь㾯. * ᓄ⭘ DGMµDSSOLHG¶DVLQ ԆᆖⲴᱟᓄ⭘ᮠᆖ (maths).

lìrú ֻྲ v. pìrú 䆜ྲ v. 3C

for instance for instance (䆜, analogy; ྲ, such as)

Ԇ䶎ᑨௌ⅒䘀ࣘˈ䆜ྲ䐁↕ǃ⑨⌣Ǆ Ԇᑖ⵰ᖸཊ䰞仈ᶕ䈧ᮉ㘱ᐸˈ䆜ྲ䈝䀰ࡠᓅᱟ ᘾѸᶕⲴǄ ൘ѝഭˈইᯩ઼ेᯩⲴ≄‫ى‬наṧˈ䆜ྲेᯩл 䴚ˈਟᱟইᯩᖸቁл䴚Ǆ

EӿU~ ∄ྲ v. 2B

ьेൠ४ˈ∄ྲབྷ䘎ǃ⊸䱣ˈߜཙᖸߧǄ for example (also ∄ྲ䈤, but more ᡁԜа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нҶ䀓Ԇˈ∄ྲԆਛӰѸ਽ᆇᡁԜ colloquial) 䜭н⸕䚃Ǆ Ԇ⡡䘀ࣘˈ∄ྲ䈤ᢃ㈞⨳઼䑒䏣⨳Ǆ ԆӰѸ㨌䜭ௌ⅒ਲ਼ˈ∄ྲᐍ㨌ǃӜ㨌Ǆ ԆⲴᴻ৻нቁ䜭൘ᆖ≹䈝ˈ∄ྲ㓖㘠઼བྷছǄ ᴰ䘁䘉䟼㘱ᱟ࡞仾ˈ∄ྲ᱘ཙ઼ӺཙǄ

lìrú ֻྲ v. 2A

ԆՊ䈤ᖸཊ⿽䈝䀰ˈֻྲ㤡䈝ǃ≹䈝ǃᰕ䈝ㅹǄ 䘉њ依侶ᴹᖸཊ⿽㨌ˈֻྲेᯩ㨌ǃᒯь㨌ǃк ⎧㨌ㅹㅹǄ Ԇ‫ڊ‬䗷н਼Ⲵᐕ֌ˈֻྲ㘱ᐸǃᐕӪǃ⭥ᖡ╄ ઈǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨௌ⅒ਲ਼≤᷌ˈֻྲ㤩᷌ǃ㪑㨴ǃ㾯⬌Ӱ ѸⲴǄ 䘉њ୶൪ӰѸ䜭আˈֻྲ㺓ᴽǃҖᣕǃ㭜㨌ǃ≤ ᷌ǃ劬ǃ㚹ˈㅹㅹǄ

EӿIƗQJVKXǀ ∄ᯩ䈤 ph. 1 N/A

for instance (ֻྲ«ㅹ/ ㅹㅹ) (ֻ, example)

such as , as an analogy

Ԇᜣᆖа䰘ཆ䈝ˈ∄ᯩ䈤≹䈝ᡆ㘵㤡䈝Ǆ ԆԜ৫䗷нቁൠᯩˈ∄ᯩ䈤ेӜǃк⎧ǃ俉⑟Ǆ ᡁԜ⨝Ⲵᆖ⭏ᶕ㠚н਼Ⲵഭᇦˈ∄ᯩ䈤ѝഭǃ㤡 ഭǃ◣བྷ࡙ӊǄ нቁӪ䜭ௌ⅒ⴻ⭥ᖡˈ∄ᯩ䈤㘱⦻ઘᵛቡᑨ৫ⴻ ⭥ᖡǄ ԆⲴ⡡ྭᴹᖸཊˈ∄ᯩ䈤᯵⑨઼ੜ丣ҀǄ ԆᇦⲴᆙᆀ䜭ᖸ㚚᰾ˈ∄ᯩ䈤བྷ‫ݯ‬ᆀቡ㘳кҶे ӜབྷᆖǄ

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lì ㋂

Qi«OiLVKXǀ ᤯«ᶕ䈤 ph. WRWDNH«DVDQHxample, as far 1C DV«LVFRQFHUQHG

Ԇ਴ᯩ䶒 (every way) 䜭ᖸՈ⿰ \ǀX[L excellent)ˈ᤯ᆖҐᶕ䈤ˈԆᱟ‫⨝ޘ‬ᴰྭⲴǄ ᤯ᐕ֌ᶕ䈤ˈԆӾᶕ䜭ᱟᖸ䇔ⵏⲴǄ ᤯ク䶻ᶕ䈤ˈԆௌ⅒ᐳ䶻нௌ⅒Ⳟ䶻Ǆ ᤯᧕Ӫᖵᇒᶕ䈤ˈԆ∄ԆⲴᕏᕏՊ䈤䈍Ǆ ᤯⡡ྭᶕ䈤ˈԆⲴ⡡ྭ∄ᡁཊᖸཊǄ ᤯≄‫ى‬ᶕ䈤ˈԆᴤௌ⅒ेᯩˈഐѪߜཙਟԕ━䴚 ઼━ߠǄ 䭫⛬ሩ䓛փྭˈ᤯ᡁᶕ䈤ˈࠐཙн䭫⛬ቡ㿹ᗇᖸ н㡂ᴽǄ

Note: ¾ Ѯֻ YMԃOuµWRJLYHDQH[DPSOH¶DVLQ Ԇ䇢䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬, 㓿ᑨ㔉ᆖ⭏Ѯֻ. ¾ ᢃ∄ᯩ SKµWRJLYHDQH[DPSOH¶DVLQ Ԇ䇢䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬㓿ᑨᢃ∄ᯩ, ᆖ⭏∄䖳ᇩ᱃ੜ៲.

lì ㋂ mw.

for grain-like things

NƝ 仇 mw. 2B

usu. for sphere-like objects, such ԆӺཙᦹҶа仇⢉Ǆ as grains, hearts, pills, teeth, bombs, ᷚ TLƗQJJXQ 䟼ᴹӄ仇ᆀᕩ ]ӿGjQbullet)Ǆ bullets Ӻᲊ㜭ⴻࡠཙкᴹࠐ仇⢩࡛᰾ӞⲴᱏᱏ [ƯQJ stars)Ǆ Ԇ⭫Ҷа仇㓒ᗳǄ Ԇ㔉Ҷᆙᆀє仇㌆Ǆ Ԇ㔉Ҷᡁࠐ仇⿽ᆀ (seeds)Ǆ Ԇᴹ⵰а仇⚛✝Ⲵᗳˈᙫᱟᝯ᜿ᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ Ӻཙཙ≄䶎ᑨ✝ˈԆ㝨к߂ࠪа仇仇Ⲵ⊇⨐ KjQ]KǌEHDGVRIVZHDW Ǆ ԆҠҶа仇ᖸ䍥Ⲵ⧽⨐ ]KƝQ]KǌSHDUO Ǆ 䘉⿽㦟Ѩ‫( ݯ‬wánr, pill) аཙਲ਼й仇Ǆ

lì ㋂ mw. 2B

usu. for grain-like things, such as grains, grapes (oft. referring to things smaller or less valuable than things modified by 仇)

méi ᷊ mw. 2D

⡨⡨Ⲵ亶ᑖкᴹа᷊亶ᑖཀྵ MLƗVWLFNSLQ Ǆ usu. for metal objects such as coins, ԆᗇҶа᷊྆⡼ MLӽQJSiLPHGDO Ǆ medals, rings, rockets Ԇ৫ѪྩҠҶа᷊ᡂᤷ (jièzhi, ring)Ǆ ԆԜਁሴҶа᷊⚛㇝ KXԁMLjQrocket)Ǆ 䘉᷊䠁ᐱ MƯQEuJROGFRLQ ᱟԆⲴǄ

ⴈᆀ䟼ᴹࠐ㋂㣡⭏ (peanuts)Ǆ Ԇ䘈ᴹа㋂ᆀᕩҶǄ Ԇ৸৫᤯Ҷࠐ㋂⿽ᆀᶕǄ Ԇਲ਼Ҷࠐ㋂⬌ᆀ‫( ݯ‬melon seeds)Ǆ ֐౤䗩ᴹа㋂㊣㋂‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉⿽㦟аཙй⅑ˈ⇿⅑а㋂Ǆ ԆᢺൠкⲴ㊣а㋂а㋂ൠᦑ MLӽQWRSLFNXS Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇᖰ㨌䟼᭮Ҷࠐ㋂ⴀ (yán, salt)Ǆ ԆⲴ㝊кᴹࠐ㋂⸲ᆀVKƗ]LVDQG Ǆ

li~ojix Ҷ䀓

273

а᷊᧕а᷊Ⲵ⛞ᕩ (pàodàn, shell) ᢃҶ䗷৫Ǆ ྸྸᡤ⵰а᷊㓒㢢Ⲵ㜨䪸 [LǀQJ]KƝQEURRFK Ǆ Note: ¾ ㋂‫ ݯ‬QµJUDQXOH¶DVLQ Ԇਲ਼依ਲ਼ᗇᖸᒢ߰, ⻇䟼䘎ањ㊣依㋂‫ݯ‬䜭⋑ᴹ࢙ (shèng, to remain) л. ¾ ἥ PZµXVXIRUSODQWVVXFKDVWUHHVFDEEDJHV¶DVLQ ኡкᴹᖸཊἥṁ.

OLӽRMLČ Ҷ䀓 v.

to know

OӿKXu ⨶Պ v.* 2D

Ԇሩᡁ⛩⛩ཤˈᡁ傜кቡ⨶ՊԆⲴ᜿ᙍҶǄ to comprehend (through reasoning) 䘉њ≹ᆇⲴ᜿ᙍ (meaning) н䳮⨶ՊǄ (⨶, to reason; Պ, to understand) ᡁнᱟ䛓њ᜿ᙍˈ֐⨶Պ䭉 (cuò, wrong)ҶǄ

OӿMLČ ⨶䀓 v. 2B

to understand RQH¶VWKLQNLQJ mood, reason, content, etc.) (䀓, to unbind)

Ԇ䶎ᑨ⨶䀓ᡁˈᡁԜᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ ሩ䘉њ䰞仈ˈԆ⨶䀓ᗇᖸྭǄ Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ᡁ㿹ᗇਟԕ⨶䀓Ǆ ᡁԜᓄ䈕⨶䀓ԆⲴ䳮༴ˈཊᑞࣙᑞࣙԆǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ⨶䀓ᡁⲴ᜿ᙍ (yìsi, indication or hint)Ǆ ྲ᷌֐ሩ䘉њ䰞仈н⨶䀓Ⲵ䈍ˈ䈧੺䇹ᡁǄ ᡁԜབྷᇦ㾱ӂ⴨⨶䀓Ǆ ᡁԜሩ䘉њ䰞仈䘈䴰㾱䘋а↕⨶䀓Ǆ 䘉њႊ⽬ᡁн㜭৫ˈᐼᵋ֐㜭⨶䀓ᡁǄ Ԇཚᒤ䖫ˈᖸ䳮⨶䀓⡦⇽ⲴᗳǄ 䘉ᵜҖ∄䖳䳮៲ˈᡁҏн⸕䚃⨶䀓ᗇሩнሩǄ

OLӽRMLČ Ҷ䀓 v.* 2A

to know, to understand (of sb. or sth.) (antonym: н䀓) (Ҷ, to understand)

Ԇ䶎ᑨҶ䀓䘉њӪǄ ሩ㠚ᐡⲴᆖ⭏ˈԆҶ䀓ᗇॱ࠶␵ᾊǄ ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䘉њབྷᆖԆа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нҶ䀓Ǆ ֐Ҷ䀓䘉њӪੇ˛ ᡁሩ䘉䟼нҶ䀓ˈᡰԕҏ䈤нࠪӰѸᶕǄ ᡁሩԆҶ䀓ᗇ䘈нཏǄ ᡁҶ䀓֐ˈ֐Պྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᆖҐⲴǄ

OӿQJKXu 亶Պ v. 2C

to grasp, to follow (through common sense; referring to intention, meaning, etc.) (antonym: н䀓) (亶, to understand)

Ԇ亶ՊᡁⲴ᜿ᙍҶǄ ԆⲴ᜿ᙍ֐亶Պᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ Ԇ亶ՊнҶ䘉䜘⭥ᖡⲴѫ仈 (theme)Ǆ Ԇᢺ䘉Ԧһᛵ㔉亶Պ䭉ҶǄ Ԇа㝨н䀓Ⲵṧᆀˈⴻᶕ䘈ᱟ⋑亶ՊᡁⲴ᜿ᙍǄ

míngbai ᰾ⲭ v.* 2C

to catch on, to understand (antonym: ⁑㋺ móhu)

Ԇ䈤ᗇ∄䖳⁑㋺ˈᡁ⋑ཚੜ᰾ⲭǄ Ԇ᰾ⲭҶᡁⲴ᜿ᙍǄ 㘱ᐸ䇢Ⲵ֐᰾н᰾ⲭ˛ ᡁ᰾ⲭ(Ҷ)Ǆ ᡁ䈤Ⲵ≹䈝ˈ֐᰾ⲭн᰾ⲭ˛

274

li~ojix Ҷ䀓䘉ѸབྷӪҶˈ֐ᘾѸ䘈н᰾ⲭ䘉њ䚃⨶ (dàoli, principle)Ǆ ᡁн᰾ⲭ֐ѪӰѸнᑞࣙԆǄ Ԇᜣ‫ڊ‬ӰѸˈᡁॱ࠶᰾ⲭǄ Ԇᗳ䟼᰾ⲭˈਟᱟ⋑ᴹ䈤ࠪᶕǄ Ԇ䮯བྷҶˈ᰾ⲭҶᖸཊһᛵǄ

WӿKXu փՊ v. 2B

to realise, to appreciate (through RQH¶VREVHUYDWLRQRUH[SHULHQFH (reduplication: ABAB) (փ, to put RQHVHOILQWRVRPHRQHHOVH¶VVKRHV

ԆሿⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬փՊнࡠ⡦⇽Ⲵа⡷㤖ᗳǄ Nԃ[ƯQgreat pains taken for something)Ǆ Ԇሩ䘉俆ⅼփՊᗇ䘈нཏྭǄ ԆᴹҶ㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀԕਾˈ᡽փՊࡠҶѪӪ⡦⇽Ⲵ 䗋㤖 [ƯQNԃhard work)Ǆ ⡦⇽Ⲵ㤖ᗳˈ֐㜭փՊᗇࡠੇ˛ Ԇ䘈⋑ᴹփՊࠪᡁⲴ᜿ᙍǄ Ԇ䎺ᶕ䎺փՊࡠᆖҐⲴ䟽㾱Ǆ ⴻҶԆⲴ╄ࠪਾˈᡁ᡽փՊࡠԆሩ丣ҀⲴ✝ᛵǄ ᡁᜣᢺ䘉ᵜҖ޽ⴻа䙽ˈྭྭ‫ݯ‬փՊփՊǄ

Wӿ\jQ փ傼 v. 2D

䘉Ӌ෾䟼Ⲵᆙᆀ㾱ࡠߌᶁ QyQJFǌQUXUDODUHDV to experience first-hand ৫փ傼⭏⍫ VKƝQJKXyOLIH Ǆ (reduplication: ABAB) (傼, to test) Ԇ⋑ᴹ‫ڊ‬䗷ˈփ傼нҶ䘉⿽ᐕ֌Ⲵ㢠㤖Ǆ ‫ڊ‬⡦ӢⲴௌᛖԆᐢ㓿փ傼䗷ҶǄ 㔃ႊԕਾˈԆ䘋а↕փ傼ࡠҶ⭏⍫ⲴᘛҀǄ Ԇሩ䛓䟼Ⲵ⭏⍫փ傼ᗇ䘈нཏǄ Ԇ䘈⋑ᴹփ傼䗷ᖃ⡨⡨Ⲵᒨ⾿Ǆ Ԇᜣ৫䛓䟼փ傼փ傼Ǆ

Note: ¾ All the words in this group, except ᰾ⲭ, can also be used as nouns, as in ԆⴻᆼҶ䛓њ⭥ᖡԕਾ, ߉ лҶ㠚ᐡⲴփՊ. * ⨶Պ YµWRSD\DWWHQWLRQWRRIWXVHGLQQHJDWLRQ ¶DVLQ Ԇ඀൘䛓䟼ᐢ㓿ᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤Ҷ, ਟᱟ⋑Ӫ⨶ ՊԆ. * Ҷ䀓 YµWRILQGRXW¶DVLQ ֐৫Ҷ䀓Ҷ䀓䛓њӪⲴᛵߥ (qíngkuàng, circumstances). * ᰾ⲭ DGMµFOHDU¶DVLQ ⦻㘱ᐸ䇢䈮䇢ᗇᖸ᰾ⲭ. ¾ ᗳ亶⾎Պ SK[ƯQOӿQJVKpQKXuµWRNQRZRUXQGHUVWDQGZLWKRXWEHLQJH[SOLFLWO\WROG¶DVLQ ሩԆⲴ᜿ᙍ, ᡁᗳ亶⾎Պ. ¾ փણ YWӿZqLµWRDSSUHFLDWHWRWDVWH¶DVLQ ൘བྷ䴚ѝ, ԆփણࡠҶབྷ㠚❦ (zìrán, nature) Ⲵ㖾ѭ. ¾ 亶ᛏ YOӿQJZµWRFRPSUHKHQG¶DVLQ ൘㢠㤖Ⲵᐕ֌ѝ, Ԇ亶ᛏࡠҶӪ⭏Ⲵ᜿ѹ (yìyì, meaning). ¾ 亶⮕ YOӿQJOqµWRKDYHDWDVWHRI¶DVLQ Ԇࡠഭཆ᯵⑨Ҷаᒤ, 亶⮕Ҷ਴ഭⲴ㖾ྭ仾‫ݹ‬. ¾ ⸕䚃 Y]KƯGDRµWRNQRZEXWQRWQHFHVVDULO\ ᰾ⲭµXQGHUVWDQG¶ ¶DVLQ Ԇ⸕䚃ᡁ㾱എഭ, նᱟн᰾ⲭ ᡁѪӰѸ㾱എഭ. ¾ ៲ YGԁQJµWRXQGHUVWDQG¶DVLQ Ԇн៲Ԇྣᴻ৻Ⲵᗳ.

línghuó ⚥⍫

línghuó ⚥⍫ adj. línghuó ⚥⍫ adj.* 2B

línglì զ‫ ؀‬adj. 2D

275

nimble nimble (physically or mentally; usu. 㲭❦ᐢ㓿‫ॱޛ‬ཊ኱ҶˈնԆⲴ᡻㝊䘈ᱟᖸ⚥⍫Ǆ of a person) (antonym: ↫ᶯ VӿEӽQ 㠚Ӿཙཙ䭫⛬ԕਾˈԆ䓛փਈᗇ⚥⍫Ҷ䇨ཊǄ (⚥, clever; ⍫, flexible) ᡁԜ⨝䟼ԆⲴ㝁ᆀ QӽR]LEUDLQ ᴰ⚥⍫Ǆ Ԇ⚥⍫ൠ൘ᡯ亦к䎠ᶕ䎠৫Ǆ Ԇњᆀᖸ儈ˈնᱟᢃ⨳ᢃᗇ䶎ᑨ⚥⍫Ǆ ԆⲴ䓛փᐢ㓿н‫ۿ‬ᒤ䖫ᰦ䛓Ѹ⚥⍫ҶǄ ᕏᕏᴹӋ↫ᶯˈକକ∄ᕏᕏ⚥⍫ᗇཊҶǄ

bright (antonym: ᝊㅘ yúbèn)

䘉њᆙᆀ㚚᰾զ‫ˈ؀‬ᖸਟ⡡Ǆ Ԇਓ喯զ‫ˈ؀‬㜭䈤Պ䚃 (to have the gift of the gab)Ǆ 䈱䈤ྩᝊㅘҶ˛ྩਟ (surely) ᱟањզ‫ྣⲴ؀‬ᆙ ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇզ‫؀‬ൠഎㆄ⵰ᡁԜⲴ䰞仈Ǆ 䘉ᆙᆀⵏզ‫؀‬ʽ

OtQJPӿQ ⚥᭿ adj. 2D

agile, sensitive (of nose, instrument, ԆӪ㚚᰾ˈ৽ᓄ IӽQ\uQJUHDFWLRQ ҏᖸ⚥᭿ˈ etc.) (antonym: 䘏䫍 chídùn) ᡁቡ∄Ԇ䘏䫍ཊҶǄ (᭿, quick) 䘉ਠԚಘ (yíqì, an instrument) нཚ⚥᭿Ǆ ⤇啫ᆀ∄Ӫ啫ᆀ㾱⚥᭿ᗇཊǄ 䘉ᱟа䜘⚥᭿ⲴԚಘˈᖸྭ⭘Ǆ 䘉䜘Ԛಘॱ࠶⚥᭿Ǆ

OtQJTLӽR ⚥ᐗ adj. 2D

skilful, adept (of hands, limbs, body, etc.) (antonym: ㅘᤉ EqQ]KXǀ ᐗ, artful)

ྩⲴ᡻ᖸ⚥ᐗˈӰѸ䜭Պ㠚ᐡ‫ڊ‬Ǆ 㲭❦ᒤ㓚བྷҶˈնᱟྩⲴ㝊↕䘈ᱟ䛓Ѹ⚥ᐗǄ ྩԕࡽॱ࠶ㅘᤉˈ䐏ကကᆖҶࠐњᴸԕਾˈ᡻ ਈᗇ⚥ᐗཊҶǄ 䛓ᆙᆀᴹаᕐ⚥ᐗⲴ౤ˈᖸՊ䈤䈍Ǆ 䘉њ‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸ⚥ᐗˈᡁᢃ㇇ҠањǄ ሿ呏൘ṁк⚥ᐗൠ䐣ᶕ䐣৫Ǆ 䛓њሿᆙ‫⚥ݯ‬ᐗᶱҶˈབྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ 䘉њь㾯ⴻ䎧ᶕᖸ⚥ᐗǄ ྩᇦᴹйက࿩ˈањ∄ањ⚥ᐗǄ

PӿQMLp ᭿ᦧ adj. 2C

swift (of action or reaction), quick/ sharp thinking (antonym: 䘏㕃 FKtKXӽQ ᦧ, prompt)

Ԇᙍ䐟 VƯOWKLQNLQJ ᭿ᦧˈᱟњ㚚᰾ӪǄ Ԇ᭿ᦧൠ൘Ӫ㗔ѝク㹼⵰Ǆ ৽ᓄ᭿ᦧⲴԆഎㆄᗇᖸྭǄ ⡦Ӣᐢ㓿‫ॱޛ‬ཊ኱Ҷˈնࣘ֌䘈ᖸ᭿ᦧǄ 䛓ਚ‫ބ‬ᆀ᭿ᦧᗇᖸˈалᆀቡ䐁ᦹҶǄ Ԇ᭿ᦧൠ䐣Ҷл৫ˈᢺᆙᆀӾ≤䟼ᮁҶкᶕǄ Ԇ᭿ᦧൠᢺ⨳㔉ᣃտҶǄ

276

lìngwài ਖཆ

PӿQUXu ᭿䭀 adj. 2D

ԆⲴⴞ‫ ݹ‬PJXƗQJJD]H ᭿䭀ˈалᆀቡⴻࠪ sharp (eyes, ears, etc.), acute (sense) ҶᡁⲴᗳһǄ (antonym: 䘏䫍 chídùn) (䭀, sharp) ੜҶ㘱⦻Ⲵ䈍ԕਾˈԆ᭿䭀ൠᝏ㿹ࡠҶӰѸǄ ᕏᕏ∄କକ᭿䭀аӋǄ ԆⲴੜ㿹䶎ᑨ᭿䭀ˈ∄ᡁⲴྭཊҶǄ ԆⲴⴞ‫ݹ‬᭿䭀ᗇᖸˈ㜭ⴻࠪ֐ᗳ䟼൘ᜣӰѸǄ Ԇᴹ⵰аৼ᭿䭀Ⲵ⵬ⶋǄ

MƯOLQJ ᵪ⚥ adj. 2-1 D

smart (usu. of sth. animate) (antonym: 䘏䫍 chídùn) (ᵪ, flexible)

líng ⚥ adj.* 1D

Ԇᖸ⚥ˈӰѸь㾯аᆖቡՊ˗н‫ۿ‬ᡁˈ∄䖳ㅘǄ clever, sensitive (antonym: ㅘ bèn) Ԇ䘉њӪ⚥ᶱҶˈ֐н䈤Ԇҏ⸕䚃Ǆ 䘉Ӌᆙᆀ䟼ˈቡᮠ VKԃFRQVLGHUHG Ԇᴰ⚥ҶǄ Ԇ∄କକ⚥ཊҶǄ Ԇн‫ۿ‬࿩࿩䛓ṧᗳ⚥᡻ᐗˈ䲔ҶᮉҖԕཆˈ࡛Ⲵ ӰѸ䜭нՊ‫ڊ‬Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪнᱟᖸ⚥ˈնᱟ㛟ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌Ǆ ԆⲴ㙣ᵥਟ⚥ҶˈᖸሿⲴ༠丣䜭㜭ੜᗇ㿱Ǆ ԆⲴ啫ᆀнཚ⚥ˈ依㋺ (hú, burnt) Ҷ䜭⋑ᴹ䰫 (wén, to smell) ࡠǄ

䘉ᆙᆀ䶎ᑨᵪ⚥ˈ∄བྷӪ䜭Պ䈤䈍Ǆ н㇑བྷᇦ䰞ӰѸˈԆ䜭ᵪ⚥ൠഎㆄҶǄ ԆӪᖸ㚚᰾ˈᵪ⚥ᗇᖸǄ Ԇнཚᵪ⚥ˈᴹӋ䘏䫍Ǆ Ԇ∄କକᵪ⚥Ǆ Ԇᴹ⵰аৼᵪ⚥Ⲵ⵬ⶋˈⴻ䎧ᶕӪᖸ㜭ᒢǄ

Note: * ⚥⍫ adj. línghuó µIOH[LEOHLQGHDOLQJZLWKPDWWHUV ¶DVLQ 䘉њ㘱ᐸ∄䛓њ⚥⍫ཊҶ. * ⚥ DGMµHIILFDFLRXV¶DVLQ 䘉㦟ᖸ⚥, аਲ਼ቡྭ. ¾ ⚥‫ ׯ‬adj. OtQJELDQµQLPEOHLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ԆⲴ㞯㝊нཚ⚥‫ׯ‬, 䘈ᱟᡁ৫੗.

lìngwài ਖཆ conj. (see also 䲔Ҷ«ԕཆ) FK~Fӿ]KƯZjL except (placed at the beginning of 䲔↔ѻཆ ph. the second clause), besides (䲔↔ 3B ѻཆ«䘈/ ҏ/ ਚ/ ৸/ ቡ« also 䲔↔ԕཆ) (䲔, except; ↔, this)

in addition

ᡁਚՊ䈤㤡䈝઼≹䈝ˈ䲔↔ѻཆቡӰѸ䜭нՊ ҶǄ Ԇਲ਼依Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᙫᱟа⻇依ǃа⻏㨌ˈ䲔 ↔ѻཆਚ்аሿ⻇⊔Ǆ к䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁԜੜᖅ丣ǃⴻᖅ‫ˈۿ‬䲔↔ѻ ཆ䘈⭘⭥㝁ᢃ≹ᆇǄ ኡкᴹṁᵘ㣡㥹ˈ䲔↔ѻཆҏᴹࠐᓗ┲ӞⲴ ᡯᆀǄ

lù 䐟 FӿZjL ↔ཆ conj. 3B

lìngwài ਖཆ conj.* 2B

KiL\ԁX 䘈ᴹ conj. 1 N/A

besides, except (abbreviation of 䲔↔ѻཆ)

in addition, besides (ਖ, another)

furthermore, in addition

277

Ԇቡௌ⅒䏣⨳ˈ↔ཆӰѸ䜭нௌ⅒ҶǄ 㤡䈝ǃ≹䈝ᡁ䜭Պˈ↔ཆ䘈Պ䈤⌅䈝Ǆ 㣡ഝ䟼ᴹ㣡ǃṁˈ↔ཆ䘈ᴹнቁ䠁劬Ǆ Ԇቡᴹаս㘱⡦Ӣˈ↔ཆ⋑ᴹ࡛ⲴӢӪǄ Ԇᜣࡠѝഭ৫᯵⑨ˈ↔ཆˈ䘈ᜣ৫ᰕᵜǄ ԆҠҶ㺓ᴽˈਖཆ䘈ҠҶࠐᵜҖǄ ӺཙᡁԜѫ㾱䈸䈸ᐕ֌Ⲵ䰞仈ˈਖཆˈҏਟ ԕ䈸䈸࡛Ⲵ䰞仈Ǆ Ӻཙᶕ᢮֐ˈаᱟᜣⴻⴻ֐ˈ ਖཆҏᜣ䰞 ֐ᱟнᱟਟԕُᡁа⛩‫ݯ‬䫡Ǆ Ӻᲊ֐ᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬എᇦˈ 䘈ᴹ㾱Ҡњ㳻㌅ᑖഎ ᶕˈ㔉ૡ‫ݯ‬ᆀ䗷⭏ᰕǄ ӺཙԆ㾱ᢺ࣏䈮‫ڊ‬ᆼˈ䘈ᴹˈྸྸ৸䇙Ԇ‫ڊ‬ ᲊ依Ǆ ᶕ৲࣐ᲊՊⲴ䲔Ҷྩԕཆˈ䘈ᴹᖸཊަԆⲴ ਼ᆖ઼ᴻ৻Ǆ

Note: * ਖཆ adj./ adv., as in 1) 䘉ᵜҖᡁ↓൘ⴻ, ֐ⴻਖཆаᵜҖ੗. 2) ሩн䎧, ᡁᖸᘉ, ֐ਖཆ৫᢮࡛ Ӫ੗. 3) Ӻཙྣ‫ݯ‬䗷⭏ᰕ, ԆਖཆҠҶнቁྭ㨌. ¾ 䲔↔ѻཆ/ ↔ཆ/ ਖཆ can be used to link clauses, sentences, even paragraphs, as in Ӻཙᡁᜣ৫ⴻⴻ ᡁ⡦⇽, 㔉ԆԜ‫ྭ⛩ڊ‬ਲ਼Ⲵ. ਖཆ, ᡁ䘈㾱৫മҖ侶ُࠐᵜҖ, ߶༷лњᱏᵏⲴ㘳䈅.

lù 䐟 n. dàolù 䚃䐟 n. 3-2 B

MLƝ 㺇 n. 2A

road roadway, road (also used metaphorically)

䘉䟼Ⲵ䚃䐟∄䖳ᇭˈᔰ䖖ᖸᯩ‫ׯ‬Ǆ 䚃䐟є䗩ᴹᖸཊṁǄ ᡁԜ↓൘‫ࡽ؞‬䶒Ⲵ䚃䐟ˈ䈧བྷᇦㅹалǄ ֐䘈ᒤ䖫ˈӺਾ㾱䎠Ⲵ䚃䐟䘈ᖸ䮯Ǆ ൘Ӫ⭏Ⲵ䚃䐟кˈՊ䙷ࡠ (yùdào, to come across) ᖸཊഠ䳮Ǆ кኡⲴ䚃䐟нྭ䎠ˈн㾱ク儈䐏䶻Ǆ

Ӻཙᱟᱏᵏཙˈ䮯ᆹ㺇кӪᖸཊǄ street (can be used in a street name) Ԇн൘ᇦˈк㺇Ҡ㨌৫ҶǄ Ӿ䘉ᶑ㺇㜭৫䛓њ୶ᓇੇ˛ Ԇᖸᘉˈ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤䙋㺇 JXjQJMLƝto stroll around the shops)Ǆ 䘉ᶑ㺇кᴹᖸཊᇦ佀侶Ǆ 㺇䗩ᴹнቁআሿਲ਼ⲴǄ Ԇㄉ൘㺇ሩ䶒ੁᡁᤋ᡻Ǆ Ԇᇦ䰘ਓⲴ㺇⚟нӞҶǄ

278

lù 䐟䛓ᶑ㺇ਛӰѸ਽ᆇ˛ ԆⲴһ‫ݯ‬㺇ཤᐧቮ MLƝWyX[LjQJZČLHYHU\ZKHUH ⲴӪ䜭⸕䚃Ǆ 㺇ᗳ㣡ഝ䟼⿽┑Ҷ勌㣡Ǆ

MLƝGjR 㺇䚃 n. 2B

street (more of a generic term than 㺇)

lù 䐟 n.* 2A

road (also used metaphorically; can be used in a street name)

xiàng ᐧ n. 2C

ࡊл䗷བྷ䴚ˈ㺇䚃к‫ޘ‬䜭ᱟⲭ㢢ⲴǄ ӺཙᱟઘᵛˈԆᇦ䰘ਓⲴ㺇䚃кᖸ✝䰩Ǆ ᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬਴བྷ㺇䚃䜭㻵⛩ (to decorate) ᗇ䶎 ᑨ㖾ѭǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵ㺇䚃∄䛓䟼Ⲵ㺇䚃ᇭ NXƗQZLGH ᖸཊǄ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟᢃᢛ㺇䚃Ǆ 㺇䚃Ⲵє䗩⿽⵰нቁ㣡Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒䎠ኡ䐟Ǆ ֐亪⵰䘉ᶑ䐟䎠ࡠཤˈቡ㜭ⴻࡠ䛓ᡰ५䲒ҶǄ ཙ唁䐟нྭ䎠ˈ֐ሿᗳ⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐ᇦ䰘ਓⲴ䐟‫ྭ؞‬Ҷੇ˛ ࡽ䶒⋑䐟ਟ䎠ҶˈᡁԜഎ৫੗Ǆ 䐟ᱟӪ䎠ࠪᶕⲴˈᐕ֌ᱟӪᒢࠪᶕⲴǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨн䎠བྷ䐟䎠ሿ䐟ˈሿ䐟∄䖳ᆹ䶉Ǆ ᡁԜ਼䐟ˈа䎧৫੗Ǆ 䘉ᱟаᶑ䙊ᖰമҖ侶Ⲵ䐟Ǆ 䐟ᯱ᩶⵰нቁ㠚㹼䖖Ǆ 䘉ᶑ㺇ਛк⎧䐟Ǆ ֐䘈ሿˈӪ⭏Ⲵ䐟䘈ᖸ䮯ˈ㾱ཊࣚ࣋Ǆ

Ԇᇦտ൘аᶑሿᐧ䟼Ǆ alley (can be used in a street name) ᱕㢲ࡠҶˈབྷ㺇ሿᐧ䜭ᢃᢛᗇᒢᒢ߰߰Ǆ Ӿ䘉ᶑᐧᆀ㜭䎠ࠪ৫ੇ˛ ␡ᐧѝᖸ唁ˈԆнᮒ䘋৫Ǆ ᡁⴻ㿱Ԇ䎠䘋Ҷ䛓ᶑሿᐧᆀǄ ԆⲴൠ൰ᱟ㾯ᐧ‫ޝ‬ਧǄ

dàor 䚃‫ ݯ‬n. 1B

path, way

hútòngr 㜑਼‫ ݯ‬n. 1C

lane, alleyway (can be used in a street name, but read hútòng; mw. њ/ ᶑ)

䛓ᶑ䚃‫ݯ‬ᖸ䮯ˈԆ䎠ҶањཊሿᰦǄ ૡԜ䎠䘁䚃‫ݯ‬੗ˈ䐏ᡁᶕǄ ԆӾབྷ䚃‫ݯ‬䎠എᇦҶˈ⋑ᴹ䎠ሿ䚃‫ݯ‬Ǆ 亪⵰䘉ᶑ䚃‫ݯ‬䎠ቡ㜭৫⎧䗩Ǆ 䚃‫ݯ‬ཚ䘌ˈ䘈ᱟᔰ䖖৫੗Ǆ л䴚Ҷˈ䚃‫ݯ‬нྭ䎠ˈࠪ䰘㾱ሿᗳ⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ेӜⲴ㜑਼‫ݯ‬ᖸᴹ਽Ǆ 䛓ᇦ依ᓇ൘ањ㜑਼‫ݯ‬䟼Ǆ ࠐњᆙᆀ↓൘㜑਼‫ݯ‬ਓ⧙Ǆ 㜑਼‫ݯ‬䟼Ⲵ䐟ал䴘ቡਈᗇᖸ䳮䎠ҶǄ 䛓ᱟаᶑ↫ VӿGHDG 㜑਼‫( ݯ‬a dead end)ˈ 䎠н䙊ⲴǄ Ԇᇦտ൘㾯ഋ㜑਼ҼਧǄ

lgu~n ᯵侶

279

ࡽ䗩ᴹњሿ㜑਼‫ˈݯ‬Ӿ䛓䟼ਟԕ৫ᡁᇦǄ 䘉њ㜑਼‫ݯ‬нཚ䮯ˈ⋑ᴹ䛓ᶑ䮯Ǆ 䘉њ㜑਼‫ݯ‬䟼տ⵰нቁӪᇦ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Note: ¾ All the words in this group can use ᶑ as a measure word. * 䐟 QµURXWH¶DVLQ ඀ॱ䐟䖖ਟԕ৫മҖ侶. ¾ 䚃 YµWRVD\¶DVLQ Ԇᢃ⭥䈍ੁᡁ䚃䉒. ¾ 䚃 mw. (referring to some sort of obstacle, e.g. door, wall, procedure, question in an exam, etc.), as in 䘉⅑㘳䈅а‫ޡ‬ᴹॱ䚃仈 (tí, question). ¾ 䟼ᔴ/ ᔴา QOӿOzQJOzQJWiQJµODQHLQIRUPDO6KDQJKDLGLDOHFW ¶DVLQ Ԇ൘䘉䟼տҶࠐॱᒤ, 䟼ᔴ ⲴӪ䜭䇔䇶Ԇ. ¾ 䐟ᆀ QµFRQQHFWLRQ¶DVLQ Ԇ䇔䇶ᖸཊӪ, ࣎һᖸᴹ䐟ᆀ.

OԉJXӽQ ᯵侶 n.

hotel

EƯQJXӽQ ᇮ侶 n. 2B

guesthouse (sometimes used by an organisation or corporation for their visitors; usu. a large and wellequipped hotel, having its own restaurant, bar, conference room, swimming pool, etc.) (ᇮ, guest; 侶, accommodation for guests)

䘉ᇦᇮ侶ᱟेӜᐲ᭯ᓌ ]KqQJIԃJRYHUQPHQW ⲴǄ Ԇտ䘋Ҷањ䊚ॾ (háohuá, luxurious) ᇮ侶Ǆ 䛓ᱟᱏ㓗 [ƯQJMtVWDUTXDOLW\ ᇮ侶Ǆ 䛓ᇦᇮ侶Ⲵᴽ࣑ᖸྭǄ Ԇ↓൘ᇮ侶Ⲵ⑨⌣⊐䟼⑨⌣Ǆ 䘉њᇮ侶ᴹཊቁ䰤ᇒᡯ˛ Ԇ䇔Ѫᇮ侶޽ྭҏнྲᇦ䟼㡂ᴽǄ

fàndiàn 依ᓇ n.* 2A

guesthouse (same kind of standards as ᇮ侶 and 䞂ᓇ, perhaps with even better eating and entertaining facilities)

䘉ᱟаᇦഋᱏ㓗依ᓇˈᴹ‫Ⲯޛ‬ཊњᇒᡯǄ Ԇտ൘ेӜབྷ依ᓇˈ⇿ᲊӄⲮ‫ݳ‬Ǆ ᡁտн䎧䊚ॾ依ᓇǄ ेӜབྷ依ᓇⲴᡯ䰤઼ᴽ࣑䜭ᖸྭǄ Ԇտ൘䘉ᇦ依ᓇᴰ䍥Ⲵ྇ᡯ䟼Ǆ 䘉ᇦ依ᓇⲴаᾬᱟਲ਼依ⲴˈҼᾬԕкᱟտᇯⲴǄ ԆտⲴᱟаᇦ儈㓗依ᓇǄ

MLԃGLjQ 䞂ᓇ n.* 2C

guesthouse (usu. large and equipped with good facilities; oft. used in the name of a hotel, same as ᇮ侶/ 依ᓇ)

Ԇ൘ेӜབྷ䞂ᓇտҶєњᲊкǄ 䘉њ䞂ᓇⲴᡯ䰤઼ᴽ࣑䜭䘈ྭǄ 䛓ᇦᯠᔰⲴ䞂ᓇᴹаⲮཊ䰤ᇒᡯǄ Ԇտ൘䛓ᇦ䞂ᓇⲴ 301 ਧᡯǄ 䘉ᱟᡁԜ䘉䟼ᴰྭⲴ䞂ᓇǄ Ԇ⋑տ䞂ᓇˈ㘼ᱟտ൘Ҷကကᇦ䟼Ǆ 䘉њ䞂ᓇⲴᡯ䰤䜭տ┑ PӽQIXOO ҶǄ

OԉGLjQ ᯵ᓇ n. 2D

inn, motel (oft. used as a generic term)

֐ᜣտ᯵ᓇੇ˛ 䘉ᇦ᯵ᓇⲴᴽ࣑∄䛓ᇦⲴྭཊҶǄ ԆᆖṑⲴሩ䶒ᴹᖸཊᇦ᯵ᓇǄ ֐н⭘᢮᯵ᓇտҶˈࡠᡁᇦᶕտ੗Ǆ

280

lxíng ᯵㹼䱴䘁ᴹ᯵ᓇੇ˛ Ԇ㾱տᒢ߰а⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬᯵ᓇǄ

OԉJXӽQ ᯵侶 n. 2B

hotel (oft. used in a generic sense)

֐৫ेӜտⲴᱟଚᇦ᯵侶˛ ֐Ԝ᯵侶ᴹオᡯ䰤ੇ˛ Ԇᢃ⭥䈍ᇊҶаᇦ᯵侶Ǆ Ԇࠪ৫᯵⑨ˈௌ⅒տྭа⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬᯵侶Ǆ 䘉ᶑ㺇кᴹйᇦ᯵侶Ǆ ሿ᯵侶Ⲵԧ䫡ᑨᑨнཚ䍥Ǆ Ԇ⇿⅑ᶕेӜ䜭տ䘉њ᯵侶Ǆ ᡁԜ䘈ᱟտ᯵侶੗ˈ৫ᴻ৻ᇦ䟼տཚ哫✖Ǆ ᯵侶䟼տ┑ҶᇒӪǄ

Note: * 依ᓇ QµUHVWDXUDQW¶DVLQ Ԇ৫依ᓇਲ਼依Ҷ. * 䞂ᓇ QµUHVWDXUDQW¶DVLQ ԆⲴႊ⽬ᱟ൘ањབྷ䞂ᓇ䟼Ѯ㹼Ⲵ. ¾ ᤋᖵᡰ Q]KƗRGjLVXԁµJXHVWhouse (usu. owned by a work unit, catering for YLVLWRUVWRWKHZRUNXQLW¶ as in Ԇտ൘བྷᆖⲴᤋᖵᡰ. ¾ ᯵㠽 QOԉVKqµLQQ¶DVLQ 䛓ᇦሿ᯵㠽Ⲵઘത‫ޘ‬ᱟṁ. ¾ ᯵⽮ QOԉVKqµKRVWHOFDQEHXVHGLQWKHQDPHRIDKRVWHO ¶DVLQ Ԇ᢮Ҷॺཙ᡽᢮ࡠҶ䛓ᇦ³ेӜ᯵ ⽮´.

Oԉ[tQJ ᯵㹼 v.

to travel

\yXOӽQ ⑨㿸 v. 3B

to go sight-seeing for pleasure (⑨㿸 + scenic spot or site of historical significance; ⑨㿸 + time/ place) (⑨, to wander; 㿸, to view)

൘㤡ഭ䈫ҖⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ⑨㿸ҶᖸཊൠᯩǄ ৫ᒤ൘䛓䟼᯵⑨Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ഐѪ⋑ᴹ⑨㿸䖖ˈԆԜਚྭ⡜кኡ৫ҶǄ ൘ѝഭˈԆԜкॸк≹䈝䈮ˈлॸ⑨㿸Ǆ ԆԜ↓൘⑨㿸䮯෾Ǆ ԆࡊࡠेӜˈ⋑⑨㿸ࡠⲴൠᯩ䘈ᴹᖸཊǄ 䘉њൠᯩ㾱йཙ᡽㜭⑨㿸ᆼǄ Ԇௌ⅒⑨㿸਽㜌ਔ䘩 PtQJVKqQJJԃMƯplaces of historic interest and scenic beauty)Ǆ Ԇ䘉⅑൘к⎧⑨㿸ҶањᱏᵏǄ

Oԉ[tQJ ᯵㹼 v. 2A

to travel, to journey (usu. out of town, for leisure or business; emphasising the journey itself, hence 䮯䙄᯵㹼/ ഭཆ᯵㹼; ᯵㹼 + time; oft. a long distance trip) (᯵, to travel; 㹼, to go)

Ԇᑨᑨࠪ৫᯵㹼Ǆ Ԇࡠѝഭ৫᯵㹼ҶǄ ԆӺᒤᐢ㓿᯵㹼䗷а⅑ҶǄ Ԇ৫ेӜ᯵㹼ҶйཙǄ Ԇ᯵㹼ᗇᖸᔰᗳǄ нቁӪௌ⅒৫᯵㹼㔃ႊ WRJRRQDWULSIRURQH¶V honeymoon)Ǆ ৫ᒤԆ઼ᴻ৻а䎧僁䖖ࠪ৫᯵㹼Ǆ

lxíng ᯵㹼

281

Oԉ\yX ᯵⑨ v. 2C

to travel, to tour (as a tourist; not ᯵⑨/ ᯵㹼 + object, ᡁ᯵⑨Ҷ ѝഭ is incorrect, we should say ᡁ⑨㿸Ҷѝഭ; a long or short distance of travel; ᯵⑨ + time)

Ԇࠪ৫᯵⑨Ҷˈᡁн⸕䚃ԆӰѸᰦ‫ى‬എᶕǄ Ԇ৫ᒤ༿ཙ৫ѝഭ᯵⑨ҶєњᴸǄ Ԇᑨᑨௌ⅒ањӪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ ઘᵛⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁԜаᇦӪᑨᑨᔰ䖖ࡠ䛺ཆ MLƗRZjLoutskirts) ৫᯵⑨Ǆ[not ᯵㹼] Ԇ⋑ᴹ৫᯵⑨ˈᐕ֌ཚᘉ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤Ǆ Ԇ৫ଚ䟼᯵⑨Ҷ˛ ԆԜаᇦӪ᯵⑨ᗇᖸ᜹ᘛǄ Ԇ৫ইᯩ᯵⑨Ҷа䏏Ǆ ᯵⑨ҶйཙԕਾˈԆ㿹ᗇᴹӋ㍟ҶǄ Ԇ↓൘ഭཆ᯵⑨Ǆ

yóu ⑨ v. 2-1 C

to go sight-seeing, to visit, to stroll (emphasising the enjoyment of a trip; oft. used with a monosyllabic word; ⑨ + time/ place)

Ԇн൘ᇦˈ৫৲࣐ѝ⿻⑨ഝᲊՊҶǄ Ԇнௌ⅒ᆖҐˈቡՊ⑨ኡ⧙≤Ǆ лњᱏᵏཙˈԆԜᢃ㇇৫⑨䮯෾Ǆ Ԇ৫哴ኡ⑨Ҷаཙˈഎᶕᰦཙᐢ㓿唁ҶǄ Ӻཙབྷᇦ䜭⑨䮯෾৫ҶǄ 䘉⅑᯵㹼ˈԆ൘ेӜ⑨Ҷйཙˈ൘к⎧⑨Ҷ‫ޝ‬ ཙǄ Ԇ䈤ㅹᴹҶ䫡, аᇊ৫ઘ⑨ц⭼ ]KǀX\yXVKuMLq travel around the world)Ǆ ৫ᒤ⑨ेӜⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ཙ≄ྭᶱҶˈнߧҏн✝Ǆ

yóuwánr ⑨⧙‫ ݯ‬v. 1 N/A

to go sight-seeing (emphasising the enjoyment of a trip), to go out and enjoy oneself

൘㢲‫ٷ‬ᰕⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ㓿ᑨ৫਴ൠ⑨⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ ઼ᴻ৻ࠪ৫⑨⧙‫ݯ‬ᰦˈԆᙫᱟࠪ䫡䈧ᴻ৻ਲ਼依ˈ ᡰԕབྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ਛԆа䎧৫Ǆ ԆӺཙ൘ཆ䶒⑨⧙‫ݯ‬ҶаཙˈഎࡠᇦⲴᰦ‫ى‬ᐢ㓿 ᖸ㍟Ҷˈакᒺቡⶑ⵰ҶǄ

Note: Most words in this group can also be used as nouns, as in 1) ൘ањᴸⲴ᯵㹼ᖃѝ, Ԇ䇔䇶Ҷн ቁᯠᴻ৻. 2) ᡁҠҶєᕐ³䮯෾аᰕ⑨´Ⲵ⾘. 3) 䘉⅑⑨㿸ᱟᆖṑ㓴㓷 (]ԃ]KƯWRRUJDQLVH а䎧৫Ⲵ.

282

m~i Ҡ

M PӽL Ҡ v. FӽLJzX 䟷䍝 v. 3B

gòu 䍝 v. 3C

JzXPӽL 䍝Ҡ v. 3C

PӽL Ҡ v. 2A

to buy to make purchases, to stock (oft. for an organisation or enterprise, in large quantities)

to shop, to order (usu. + monosyllable) (antonym: 䬰 [LƗR

to purchase (usu. + disyllable) (antonym: ࠪ୞/ 䬰୞)

to buy (antonym: আ)

ԆᖸՊ䟷䍝ˈᡁԜ䜭ᝯ᜿઼Ԇа䎧৫Ҡь㾯Ǆ Ӻཙᇦ䟼㾱ᶕᇒӪˈԆᰙкቡࠪ৫䟷䍝ҶǄ ઘᵛ㾱䟾佀 \ČFƗQto picnic)ˈ ԆԜࠪ৫䟷䍝Ҷ аཙǄ 䘉Ӌь㾯ᱟѪᐕল䟷䍝ⲴǄ 䘉⅑䟷䍝Ⲵ㭜㨌ᖸᯠ勌Ǆ ԆѪྸྸ䇒䍝Ҷањ⭏ᰕ㳻㌅Ǆ ᴰ䘁䘉䟼ᯠᔪҶањ䍝⢙ (wù, things) ѝᗳǄ Ԇ㾱㔃ႊҶˈᡁ৫ᑞԆ䘹䍝ᇦާǄ 䘉ᵜҖਟԕ䛞䍝 (to mail-order)Ǆ Ԇ㔉Җᓇᢃ⭥䈍≲䍝аᵜҖǄ ԆԜ߶༷䍝Ҡտᡯԕਾ޽㔃ႊǄ ᱕㢲ࡠҶˈӪԜ䜭൘䍝Ҡᒤ䍗 (huò, goods)Ǆ བྷᆖമҖ侶㓿ᑨ䍝ҠᯠҖǄ Ԇᢃ㇇䍝Ҡа䖶⊭䖖Ǆ Ԇቡᱟ䛓њབྷ䟿䍝Ҡ㛑⾘ JԃSLjRVWRFNV ⲴӪǄ Ԇ߶༷ࠪ୞㛑⾘ˈᡁᢃ㇇䍝Ҡ㛑⾘Ǆ ԆҠҶ㤩઼᷌ẄᆀǄ Ԇ㺓ᴽҠᗇнཊˈҠⲴᴰཊⲴᱟҖǄ 䘉ᱟԆҠⲴṼᆀǄ 䘉Ԧ㺓ᴽᱟྸྸҠⲴǄ 䘉ৼ䶻Ҡᗇн䭉ˈクкᖸ㡂ᴽǄ ྸྸᢺԆ㾱Ⲵь㾯䜭ҠྭҶǄ ԆнՊҠь㾯ˈ㺓ᴽ䜭ᱟྸྸѪԆҠⲴǄ 㨌ҠཊҶˈᡁԜਲ਼нᆼǄ ԆҠнࡠ䛓ᵜҖˈ‫ޘ‬䜭আ‫ݹ‬ҶǄ ᡁнҠ䘉њˈҠ䛓њǄ 㤩᷌н䭉ˈ֐ҠнҠ˛

Note: ¾ 䟷䍝ઈ QµSXUFKDVLQJRIILFHU¶DVLQ ԆᱟᡁԜབྷᆖⲴ䟷䍝ઈ. ¾ 䍝㖞 YJzX]KuµWRSXUFKDVHELJJHUDQGPRUHH[SHQVLYHWKLQJV ¶, as in ԆѪ㔃ႊ䍝㖞Ҷа྇ᯠᇦާ.

mài আ

mài আ v. FKǌVKzX ࠪ୞ v. 3D

shòu ୞ v. 3C [LƗR 䬰 v. 3D

to sell to offer for sale (antonym: 䍝Ҡ)

to sell (antonym: Ҡ)

to market, to sell (antonym: 䍝)

[LƗRVKzX 䬰୞ v. 3D

to distribute, to sell (antonym: 䍝Ҡ)

FKǌPjL ࠪআ v.* 2C

to sell off, to sell (labour, etc.)

mài আ v. 2A

283

to sell (antonym: Ҡ)

䘉њ୶ᓇࠪ୞俆侠ੇ˛ Ԇௌ⅒Ҡ䛓њ劬ᓇࠪ୞Ⲵ勌劬Ǆ 䈧䰞ˈь㾯ࠪ୞Ҷԕਾ㔉н㔉䘰ᦒ (tuìhuàn, to refund or exchange)˛ 䘉њ୶ᓇࠪ୞⭥㝁ˈᡁԜᆖṑ䍝ҠҶॱਠǄ 䘉䟼н߶ࠪ୞伏૱ (VKtSӿQHDWDEOHV Ǆ 䛓䗩ᱟ୞⾘༴ˈ ᡁԜ䗷৫Ҡ⾘੗Ǆ ԆԜⲴ୞ਾᴽ࣑ᖸྭˈབྷᇦҠᗇ᭮ᗳǄ ᡯᆀ儈ԧ୞ࠪˈԆᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ 䘉Ӌ㺓ᴽᱟࠪਓ䖜޵䬰 (to shift export-oriented commodity to home market) ⲴǄ 䘉ᵜҖ䶎ᑨ⭵䬰 FKjQJ[LƗRWRVHOOwell)Ǆ ሩн䎧ˈ䘉⿽䶻㝡䬰 WXǀ[LƗRRXWRIVWRFN ҶǄ 䘉⿽䖖䬰䐟 (saleability) н䭉Ǆ 䘉⿽䖖Ԇкњᴸ᡽䬰୞Ҷа䖶ˈഐѪԧ䫡ཚ䍥ˈ 䍝ҠⲴӪнཊǄ ԆⲴᯠҖ䬰୞ᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ ᯠⅮ NXӽQVW\OH 㺓ᴽаࠪᶕቡ䬰୞аオ (all sold out) ҶǄ Ԇᱟ䶐ࠪআࣣࣘ࣋ (láodònglì, labour) ᥓ䫡ⲴǄ 䘉䖶ྭ䖖Ԇ߶༷儈ԧࠪআǄ Ԇ䴰㾱䫡ˈਚྭࠪআ㠚ᐡⲴᡯᆀǄ Ԇᱟআᣕ㓨ⲴǄ ӺཙҠ勌㣡ⲴӪнཊˈᡰԕ⋑আᆼǄ ੜ䈤֐ᢺ䖖আҶˈѪӰѸ˛ Ԇ↓൘আ㤩᷌઒Ǆ Ӻཙᱟ㢲ᰕˈ勌㣡আᗇᖸཊǄ ԆⲴ䖖আҶє⅑䜭আнࠪ৫Ǆ 䘉њᡯᆀᐢ㓿আࠪ৫єњᴸҶǄ ᡁнআᡯᆀˈ֐᢮䭉ӪҶǄ ֐আ䗷ᣕ㓨ੇ˛ 䘉⿽ҖⴻⲴӪнཊˈআнࣘ (slow to sell)Ǆ

Note: * ࠪআ YµWREHWUD\¶DVLQ ѪҶ⍫ભ KXyPuQJWRVDYHRQH¶VRZQOLIH ԆࠪআҶᴻ৻. ¾ ਛআ YMLjRPjLµWRSHGGOH¶DVLQ Ԇᑨᑨ൘㺇кਛআ, ᡁԜ䜭䇔䇶Ԇ.

284

m~nyì ┑᜿

PӽQ\u ┑᜿ adj.

satisfied

rúyì ྲ᜿ adj.* 3D

as one wishes, pleasing (ྲ, according to; ᜿, wish)

FKqQ[ƯQ 〠ᗳ ph. 2D

desirable, gratifying (antonym: ✖ᚬ IiQQӽo) (〠, suitable; ᗳ, heart)

PӽQ\u ┑᜿ adj.* 2A

satisfied, satisfying (for oneself or by someone else) (┑, full)

㠚Ӿ㔃ႊԕਾˈԆⲴ⭏⍫аⴤᖸྲ᜿Ǆ ⾍བྷᇦᯠᒤᘛҀʽзһྲ᜿ʽ ྩᴰ䘁᢮ࡠҶྲ᜿䛾ੋ (lángjǌQKXVEDQG Ǆ ֐ྲ᷌㿹ᗇнྲ᜿Ⲵ䈍ˈਟԕᦒањǄ Ԇቡௌ⅒ᢃ㠚ᐡⲴྲ᜿㇇ⴈ (suànpán, abacus; ྲ ᜿㇇ⴈ, wishful thinking)Ǆ Ԇ⭏⍫ᗇᖸ〠ᗳˈ⋑ᴹӰѸ✖ᚬⲴһᛵǄ 㠚Ӿ㔃ႊԕਾˈԆ㿹ᗇ〠ᗳᶱҶǄ ৫ᒤԆ㓸Ҿ᢮ࡠҶањ〠ᗳⲴᐕ֌Ǆ 㜭㓿ᑨࠪ৫᯵⑨ˈԆ㿹ᗇ〠ᗳᗇᖸǄ ҠⲴь㾯н〠ᗳˈԆቡഎ୶ᓇ৫ᦒҶǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘉њᐕ֌∄ԕࡽⲴᐕ֌ᴤ〠ᗳǄ Ԇሩ㠚ᐡⲴᐕ֌ᝏࡠ〠ᗳྲ᜿Ǆ 䘉⅑㘳䈅ˈ Ԇሩ㠚ᐡⲴᡀ㔙∄䖳┑᜿Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵཙ≄н䭉ˈԆᝏࡠ┑᜿Ǆ ᴰ䘁Ԇ᢮ࡠҶањ┑᜿Ⲵᐕ֌Ǆ ᡁ㔉֐➗Ⲵ䘉ᕐ‫┑֐ˈۿ‬н┑᜿˛ Ԇᱟањྭ㘱ᐸˈᆖ⭏䜭䶎ᑨ┑᜿Ǆ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬ሩᡁⲴᐕ֌нཚ┑᜿Ǆ ੜҶᡁⲴ䈍ԕਾˈԆ┑᜿ൠㅁҶǄ ᡁԜ৫䮯෾Ҷˈབྷᇦ䜭⧙ᗇॱ࠶┑᜿Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆᴰ┑᜿Ⲵа⅑㘳䈅Ǆ

Note: * ྲ᜿ n. µD&KLQHVHRUQDPHQWDVDV\PERORIJRRGOXFN¶DVLQ 䘉њྲ᜿ⵏ┲Ӟ, ᱟ䈱㔉֐Ⲵ? * ྲ᜿ YµWRWXUQRXWDVRQHZLVKHV¶DVLQ 㠚Ӿ⿫Ҷႊԕਾ, һһ䜭нྲԆⲴ᜿. 2) ᡁᑖ֐৫ањ ൠᯩ⧙, аᇊՊྲ֐᜿Ⲵ. * ┑᜿ v., as in Ԇᖸ┑᜿䘉њ依ᓇⲴᴽ࣑. ¾ ѝ᜿ v. zhòngyì µWRGHVLUHWRFDWFKWKHIDQF\RI¶DVLn Ԇ⢩࡛ѝ᜿䛓њྣᆙ‫ݯ‬. ¾ ⸕䏣 Y]KƯ]~ µWREHFRQWHQWZLWKRQH¶VORW¶, as in ਚ㾱ᇦ䟼Ӫ䜭儈儈‫Ⲵޤޤ‬, Ԇቡ⸕䏣Ҷ. ¾ ┑䶒᱕仾 SKPӽQPLjQFKǌQIƝQJµWRVKLQHZLWKKDSSLQHVV¶DVLQ Ӻཙ‫ݯ‬ᆀ㔃ႊ, ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪ䜭┑䶒᱕仾 Ⲵ. ¾ ┑䏣 YPӽQ]~µWRIHHOVHOI-VDWLVILHG¶DVLQ ਚ㾱ྣ‫ݯ‬㜭䇠ᗇ㔉ᇦ䟼ᢃњ⭥䈍, ྸྸቡᐢ㓿ᖸ┑䏣Ҷ. ¾ ᜜᜿ DGMTLq\uµSOHDVHGIRUPDO ¶, as in Ԇ઼ᆙᆀԜа䎧⧙⵰, ॱ࠶᜜᜿. ¾ 亪ᗳ DGMVKQ[ƯQµVDWLVIDFWRU\¶DVLQ Ԇᐕ֌઼⭏⍫䜭ᖸ亪ᗳ.

PpLJXƗQ[L ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫

PpLJXƗQ[L ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ ph.

285

,WGRHVQ¶t matter

E~ \jRMӿQ A: ሩн䎧ˈ䑙 FӽLWRVWHSon) ࡠᛘⲴ㝊ҶǄ н㾱㍗ ph.* QRWVHULRXVGRQ¶WZRUU\ (insertable) B: н㾱㍗Ǆ 1B (㍗, tight) ᡁ㍟⛩‫ݯ‬н㾱㍗ˈᐕ֌㜭‫ྭڊ‬ቡ㹼Ǆ Ӫཊ⛩‫ݯ‬н㾱㍗ˈ㜭඀лǄ A: ᡁⲴ㛊ᆀᖸ⯬Ǆ B: н㾱㍗ˈ࡛ᣵᗳˈਲ਼⛩‫ݯ‬㦟ቡՊྭⲴǄ ᡁཤ⯬ˈնᱟнབྷ㾱㍗Ǆ ཆ䗩лབྷ䴘ҶˈнᘾѸ㾱㍗ˈᡁԜਟԕᔰ䖖৫Ǆ PpLJXƗQ[L ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ ph.* It doesn¶t matter,W¶VDOOULJKW 1A (insertable) (‫ޣ‬㌫, relation)

A: ሩн䎧ˈᡁᶕᲊҶǄ B: ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ A: ྸྸˈᡁ䘉⅑㘳䈅㘳ᗇнྭǄ B: ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈਚ㾱֐ࣚ࣋Ҷቡ㹼Ǆ A: 㔉ᛘ␫ WLƗQWRDGG 哫✖Ҷˈⵏнྭ᜿ᙍǄ B: ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈн⭘ᇒ≄Ǆ Җн㿱Ҷ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈᡁ䘉䟼䘈ᴹаᵜǄ ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈᆙᆀᰙᲊ (sooner or later) Պ᰾ⲭ⡦⇽Ⲵ ᗳǄ ֐нᜣ৫⋑ӰѸ‫ޣ‬㌫ˈ੺䇹ᡁቡਟԕҶǄ

méishénme ⋑ӰѸ ph. 1B

A: ᡁ᱘ᲊᴹ⛩‫்ݯ‬ཊҶˈⵏሩн䎧Ǆ B: ⋑ӰѸǄ A: ᡁᘈҶ䘈 (huán, to return) ֐ⲴҖҶǄ B: 䘉⋑ӰѸˈᡁн⭘䛓ᵜҖǄ A: ֐ᘾѸҶ˛ B: ⋑ӰѸˈቡᱟᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬н㡂ᴽǄ བྷӪ‫ق‬ᱟ⋑ӰѸˈቡᙅᆙᆀਇнҶ (liӽo)Ǆ ᡁᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬㛊ᆀ⯬ˈн䗷⋑ӰѸˈн⭘৫५䲒Ǆ

IW¶s nothing, never mind

méishìr ⋑һ‫ ݯ‬ph.* ,W¶VRND\QRWKLQJVHULRXV 1 N/A (insertable)

A: ሩн䎧ˈᡁ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤‫ڊ‬ᲊ依Ǆ B: ⋑һ‫ݯ‬, ૡԜ৫依侶ਲ਼੗Ǆ A: 䉒䉒֐Ⲵᑞᘉ! B: ⋑һ‫ݯ‬Ǆ A: 哫✖Ҷˈ䘉Ѹᲊ䘈᢮ᛘǄ B: ⋑һ‫ˈݯ‬䘉ᱟᡁᓄ䈕‫ˈⲴڊ‬ A: ᡁᔰ⵰⚟ⴻҖਟԕੇ˛ B: ⋑һ‫ˈⲴ֐ⴻ֐ˈݯ‬ᡁⶑᡁⲴǄ Ԇⴻ䎧ᶕ⋑һ‫ˈݯ‬ᥪ儈‫Ⲵޤ‬Ǆ ᡁ⋑ӰѸབྷһ‫ˈݯ‬Ձ᚟єཙቡՊྭⲴǄ

Note: * н㾱㍗ SKµ,WPD\DSSHDUWREHDOOULJKWEXW«¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉а䈤н㾱㍗, ྸྸ傜кଝҶ䎧ᶕ. * ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ SKµQRWKLQJWRGRZLWK«¶DVLQ 䘉䐏ᡁ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫, ᡁӰѸҏн⸕䚃. * ⋑һ‫ ݯ‬SKµKDYLQJQRWKLQJHOVHWRGR¶DVLQ ᡁ৽↓ IӽQ]KqQJDQ\ZD\ ҏ⋑һ‫ݯ‬, ࠪ৫⧙⧙ҏྭ.

286

mi~nde ‫ݽ‬ᗇ

PLӽQGH ‫ݽ‬ᗇ conj. \ӿPLӽQ ԕ‫ ݽ‬conj. 3D

lest for fear of, in order to avoid (not ҏ + ԕ‫ݽ‬, unlike ‫ݽ‬ᗇ and ⴱᗇ below) (‫ݽ‬, to avoid)

PLӽQGH ‫ݽ‬ᗇ conj. 2C

lest, so as to avoid

VKČQJGH ⴱᗇ conj. 1C

so as not to LQGLFDWLQJµVDYLQJ WLPHPRQH\HWFE\GRLQJVWK¶ (ⴱ, to save)

miàn 䶒 n. PLjQNԁQJ 䶒ᆄ n. 3C

Ԇഎᶕԕਾ⋑ᴹᢃᔰ⭥㿶ˈԕ‫ݽ‬੥䟂࡛ӪǄ Ԇаࡠ㤡ഭቡ傜к㔉⡦⇽ᢃҶњ⭥䈍ˈԕ‫ݽ‬ԆԜ ᣵᗳǄ 㘱ᐸᢺᰦ䰤䈤Ҷє䙽ˈԕ‫ݽ‬ᆖ⭏Ԝੜ䭉ҶǄ ԆӰѸһᛵ䜭㠚ᐡ‫ˈڊ‬ԕ‫ݽ‬哫✖࡛ӪǄ 㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬㾱䇔ⵏˈԕ‫ࠪݽ‬䭉Ǆ ُമҖ侶ⲴҖ㾱᤹ᰦ䘈ˈԕ‫ݽ‬㻛㖊 (fá, to penalise) 䫡Ǆ н㜭ҡ‫ڌ‬䖖ˈԕ‫ݽ‬ᖡ૽ \ӿQJ[LӽQJWRDIIHFW Ӕ 䙊 MLƗRWǀQJWUDIILF Ǆ ֐ᴰྭ޽㔉Ԇᢃњ⭥䈍ˈ‫ݽ‬ᗇԆᘈҶǄ 䈍㾱ធធൠ䈤ˈ‫ݽ‬ᗇ࡛Ӫੜн␵ᾊǄ ֐޽৫䰞䰞㘱ᐸˈ‫ݽ‬ᗇᡁԜੜ䭉ҶǄ Ԇал⨝ቡഎᇦˈаᱟ㾱‫ڊ‬依ˈਖཆҏ‫ݽ‬ᗇ㘱ၶ OӽRSRZLIH ⭏≄Ǆ Ԇᢺ⊭䖖ᰦ࡫㺘 (schedule) ⴻҶ৸ⴻˈ‫ݽ‬ᗇ඀䭉䖖Ǆ Ӻཙቡտᡁ䘉䟼੗ˈҏ‫ݽ‬ᗇ֐䘉Ѹབྷ䴘䘈ᗇ඀䖖 എᇦǄ ᡁн৫֐ᇦҶˈҏⴱᗇ㔉֐᢮哫✖Ǆ Ԇ൘ᇦ䟼䗷Ⲵ⭏ᰕˈⴱᗇࠪ৫ਲ਼依䘈㾱㣡䫡Ǆ ࡛ᘈҶ㔉ྸྸᢃ⭥䈍ˈⴱᗇྩ⵰ᙕǄ ԆҠҶањ䰩䫏 QjR]KǀQJDODUPFORFN ˈⴱᗇк ᆖ䘏ࡠ (chídào, to arrive late)Ǆ ཆ䶒л䴚Ҷˈཊク⛩‫ⴱˈݯ‬ᗇ⭏⯵Ǆ ࡛クཚཊ㺓ᴽˈҏⴱᗇ✝Ǆ Ԇ㓿ᑨクᰗ㺓ᴽˈⴱᗇ޽㣡䫡ҠᯠⲴǄ ֐ᢃњ⭥䈍ᶕቡ㹼Ҷˈⴱᗇ޽䐁а䏏Ǆ Ԇ亪‫( ׯ‬shùnbiàn, on the way) ᢺҖ㔉ᡁҠᶕҶˈ ҏⴱᗇᡁ⢩᜿ (tèyì, specially) ৫ҠǄ

the face the face (of a person; used positively or pejoratively) (ᆄ, an opening)

䛓ᕐਟᙅⲴ䶒ᆄаࠪ⧠ˈᆙᆀԜቡ੃ᗇଝ䎧ᶕǄ ்Ҷ䞂ԕਾˈԆⲴ䶒ᆄቡᔰ࿻㓒Ҷ䎧ᶕǄ デਓкࠪ⧠аᕐ⟏ᚹⲴ䶒ᆄǄ Ԇ䛓ߧߠߠⲴ䶒ᆄ֯ᡁн⸕䚃䈤ӰѸྭҶǄ Ԇᑨᑨ᩶ࠪа࢟ (mw.) ᮉ䇝 (jiàoxùn, to lecture sb.) ӪⲴ䶒ᆄǄ

miàn 䶒

287

miànmào 䶒䊼 n. 3B

looks (of a person), appearance (of a city; also used figuratively) (䊼, looks)

Ԇ䶒䊼㤡‫\ ׺‬ƯQJMQKDQGVRPH ˈ‫ۿ‬Ԇ⡦ӢǄ ࠐᒤਾ޽㿱ࡠԆⲴᰦ‫ى‬, ԆⲴ䶒䊼᭩ਈҶнቁǄ 䘁ᒤᶕˈ䘉њ෾ᐲ䶒䊼аᯠǄ ᆖ⭏ԜⲴ㋮⾎ MƯQJVKpQVSLULW 䶒䊼ᖸн䭉Ǆ

miànmù 䶒ⴞ n. 3D

features, the face (of a person) (used positively or pejoratively) (ⴞ, eyes)

䖖ཚᘛˈԆ⋑ⴻ␵ᾊᔰ䖖ӪⲴ䶒ⴞǄ ॱࠐᒤ䗷৫Ҷˈ䘉䟼Ⲵ㺇䚃䶒ⴞ‫ޘ‬䶎 IƝLQRW Ǆ ԆⲴсᚦ FKԁX¶qXJO\ 䶒ⴞ㓸Ҿ᳤䵢 (bàolù, to expose) ࠪᶕҶǄ 䘉ᆙᆀ䶒ⴞ␵⿰ TƯQJ[LGHOLFDWHDQGSUHWW\ ˈᖸ ྭⴻǄ

miànróng 䶒ᇩ n. 3D

facial features (ᇩ, looks)

miàn 䶒 n.* 3-2 B

the face, for the sake of (a person; figurative meanings: reputation, prestige, pride or ego)

miànzi 䶒ᆀ n. 2D

IDFHRQH¶VUHSXWDWLRQ, prestige, pride, ego

OLӽQ 㝨 n. 2-1 A

the face (of sth. animate or inanimate; figurative meaning: honour and dignity)

ԆⲴ䶒ᇩᱮᗇ [LӽQGHWRDSSHDU ᴹӋ⯢ٖ (píjuàn, fatigue)Ǆ 䛓њྣӪᴹ⵰┲ӞⲴ䶒ᇩǄ ⴻ⵰Ԇ䛓❖ᙕⲴ䶒ᇩˈᡁҏн⸕䚃䈤ӰѸྭҶǄ ⡦ӢⲴ䶒ᇩᑨᑨࠪ⧠൘ԆⲴ㝁⎧ QӽRKӽLPLQG ѝǄ Ԇ䈤䈍Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ᙫᱟ䶒ᑖᗞㅁˈሩӪᖸ৻ྭǄ Ԇ‫ؙ‬䶒ሩ䶒 (face to face) ൠ඀⵰ˈ䈱䜭н䈤䈍Ǆ ԆԜӾᶕ⋑㿱䗷䶒ˈӂ⴨н䇔䇶Ǆ ྩ䶒㤕ṳ㣡 PLjQUXzWiRKXƗURV\FKHHNV , ᱟањ ┲ӞⲴྣӪǄ ԆⲴ䈍֯ྩ䶒㓒㙣䎔ˈᝏࡠᖸнྭ᜿ᙍǄ аⴻ㿱Ԇˈᡁቡ㿹ᗇԆ䶒⟏ (shú, familiar)Ǆ ֐㜭н㜭ࡠᡁ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔᶕˈᡁԜ䶒䈸 (to talk in person) алǄ Ԇᱟањㅁ䶒㱾 (a smiling tiger, a friendly-looking villain)ˈ֐㾱ሿᗳ⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᡁⴻ൘֐⡦ӢⲴ䶒кˈ䘉⅑ቡ‫ݸ‬᭮䗷֐Ǆ Ԇᖸ⡡䶒ᆀǄ ⴻ൘ᡁⲴ䶒ᆀкˈ֐ቡᑞᑞԆ੗Ǆ ֐Ⲵ䶒ᆀ∄ᡁⲴབྷˈ䘈ᱟ֐৫䈤੗Ǆ ࡛䘉ṧ‫ˈڊ‬㔉Ԇ⡦⇽⮉⛩‫ݯ‬䶒ᆀǄ 䘈ᱟ㘱⦻ᴹ䶒ᆀˈа䈤ቡ㹼ҶǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇᖸђ GLǌWRORVH 䶒ᆀˈ䘎䰘䜭нࠪҶǄ ֐н㜭䘉Ѹ䈤ˈԆՊ㿹ᗇᖸ⋑䶒ᆀǄ ᴹ֐䘉ṧањᴻ৻ˈⵏਛᡁ㿹ᗇᴹ䶒ᆀǄ 䛓њᆙᆀⲴ㝨㓒㓒ⲴˈⵏྭⴻǄ ᡁаᇊྭྭᆖҐˈн㔉⡦⇽ђ㝨Ǆ Ԇ⍇ᆼ㝨ቡкᒺⶑ㿹ҶǄ ԆⲴ㝨кᙫᱟᑖ⵰ᗞㅁǄ Ԇ䘉њӪѪҶ䫡ӰѸ䜭㜭‫ⵏˈڊ‬н㾱㝨Ǆ

288

míngzi ਽ᆇ Ԇ⋑ᴹ㘳кབྷᆖˈ㿹ᗇ⋑㝨㿱ӪǄ Ԇᱟབྷᆖᮉᦸˈањᴹཤᴹ㝨 (with social status) ⲴӪǄ ࡛䈤Ҷˈ֐Ⲵ䈍ⵏਛӪ㝨㓒Ǆ 䛓ᆙᆀⲴሿ㝨‫ݯ‬㜆ѾѾⲴˈӪ㿱Ӫ⡡Ǆ ⥛ௌ⅒⭘⡚ᆀ ]KXӽ]LSDZ ⍇㝨Ǆ Ԇ䛓њ୶ᓇⲴ䰘㝨‫( ݯ‬frontage) нཚབྷˈ

Note: * 䶒 QµIORXU¶DVLQ Ԇௌ⅒ਲ਼䶒, нௌ⅒ਲ਼㊣. ¾ 㝨䶒 QµIDFH¶DVLQ Ԇᖸ㾱㝨䶒, Ӿᶕн䐏࡛Ӫُ䫡. ¾ 㝨Ⳟ QOLӽQStµVHQVHRIVKDPH¶DVLQ 䘉њӪⵏᱟ৊㝨Ⳟ KzXOLӽQStthick-skinned). ¾ Ӫᴹ㝨ṁᴹⳞ µ)DFHLVWRPDQDVEDUNLVWRWUHHV¶ ¾ ౤㝨 Qµlooks or countenance (spoken in contempt)¶DVLQ ԆⲴ౤㝨ⵏਛӪ䇘় WӽR\jQWREH disgusted with)! ¾ 㝨㢢 n. µFRXQWHQDQFH¶DVLQ Ԇᙫᱟⴻ⵰࡛ӪⲴ㝨㢢䈤䈍. ¾ ᛵ䶒 QTtQJPLjQµfeelingsVHQVLELOLWLHVJRRGQDPH¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉њӪа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н䇢ᛵ䶒 (very business-like). ¾ ⴨䊼 Q[LjQJPjRµORRNV¶DVLQ ԆⲴ⴨䊼ᖸ‫ۿ‬ԆⲴ⡦Ӣ. ¾ ᇩ䊼 QUyQJPjRµORRNVDSSHDUDQFHRIDSHUVRQRUDFLW\ ¶DVLQ ྩᇩ䊼␵⿰ TƯQJ[LGHOLFDWH and pretty), ሩӪҏ䶎ᑨᴹ⽬䊼. 2) བྷ䘎䘉њ෾ᐲ䘁ᒤᶕᇩ䊼аᯠ, ਁኅᗇᖸᘛ.

míngzi ਽ᆇ n. FKƝQJKjR 〠ਧ n. 3D

name title conferred (usu. as an honour) (〠, name)

ԆԜⲴ‫ݹ‬㦓 JXƗQJUyQJJORU\ 〠ਧᱟ৫ᒤ㧧ᗇ (huòdé, to obtain) ⲴǄ 䘉ᱟаᇦᴹ³ؑᗇ䗷´〠ਧⲴ୶ᓇǄ ԆᆖҐ⢩࡛ࣚ࣋ˈ㧧ᗇҶ³Ո⿰ᆖ⭏´Ⲵ〠ਧǄ ԆѪ㧧ᗇ䘉ṧⲴ〠ਧ㘼ᝏࡠ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ

PtQJFKƝQJ ਽〠 n. 3D

䘉⿽㣡Ⲵ਽〠ᖸ䮯ˈᡁ䇠нտǄ appellation, scientific/ formal name ⡼ᆀк߉Ⲵᱟ‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ Ⲵ਽〠Ǆ (of sth. inanimate) 䛓ᡰᆖṑⲴ਽〠аⲮཊᒤࡽቡᴹҶǄ ԆԜᢺᰗ਽〠᭩ JӽLWRFKDQJH ᡀҶањᯠ਽ 〠Ǆ 䛓њ਽〠ᱟԆᜣࠪᶕⲴǄ

FKƝQJKX 〠બ n.* 2C

a form of address, the name one wants to be addressed by (બ, to call)

Ԇௌ⅒³ሿ⦻´䘉њ〠બǄ 䈧੺䇹ᡁᘾѸ⭘³ሿက´䘉њ〠બǄ ᴹӪௌ⅒䘉њ〠બˈնᱟҏᴹӪнௌ⅒Ǆ 䘉њ〠બᡁਟнᮒᖃ UHDOO\GRQ¶t deserve this)ˈ 䘈ᱟਛᡁ਽ᆇ੗Ǆ ⭘䘉њ〠બੜ䎧ᶕ∄䖳ᴹ⽬䊼ˈᱟੇ˛ ൘䘉䟼⭘䘉њ〠બྭ‫ۿ‬ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ਟㅁ (funny)Ǆ

mqyn ⇽Ӣ míng ਽ n. 2B

Ԇ߉лҶࠐњӪ਽઼ൠ਽Ǆ name (of sth. animate or inanimate; ֐䇠տ䛓њҖ਽Ҷੇ˛ usu. + monosyllable) Ԇᣕ਽ (to sign up) ৫ᆖҐ≹䈝Ǆ Ԇ㔉ᆙᆀ䎧ҶањᖸྭੜⲴ਽Ǆ ᡁဃ⦻਽а᷇ˈ⦻а᷇Ǆ Ԇᜣ᭩᭩਽Ǆ ԆⲴ਽ᱟ⡧⡧㔉䎧 (to name) ⲴǄ

míngzi ਽ᆇ n. 2A

(full) name (of sth. animate or inanimate), given name (of a person)

xìng ဃ n.* 2A

xìngmíng ဃ਽ n. 2B

surname (usu. + monosyllable)

family name and given name

289

ԆⲴ਽ᆇਛ⦻а᷇Ǆ ᡁ⋑ੜ䗷䘉њ਽ᆇǄ ֐ਛӰѸ਽ᆇ˛ ᡁн⸕䚃䛓њൠᯩⲴ਽ᆇǄ Ԇ߉лҶ䘉⿽ṁⲴ਽ᆇǄ Ԇ‫Ⲵؙ‬਽ᆇаṧǄ ࡛ᇒ≄ˈਛᡁ਽ᆇቡ㹼ҶǄ ԆⲴ਽ᆇᖸᇩ᱃䇠Ǆ 䈧䰞ᛘ䍥ဃ? [polite form] ԆⲴဃ઼ᡁⲴဃн਼Ǆ 䘉њᆙᆀ䐏 (to follow) ԆྸⲴဃˈ⋑ᴹ䐏Ԇ⡨Ⲵ ဃǄ 䈧੺䇹ᡁ֐Ⲵဃ਽ˈྭੇ˛ ဃ਽: ⦻а᷇ ᒤ喴: ‫ޛ‬኱ ⡦ӢⲴဃ਽ᱟ⦻བྷ᷇ˈ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴဃ਽ᱟ⦻ሿ᷇Ǆ Ԇ⭘ѝ᮷߉лҶԆⲴဃ਽Ǆ ᡁ⋑ᴹ䰞ԆⲴဃ਽Ǆ

Note: * 〠બ YµWRFDOO¶DVLQ ᆖ⭏䜭〠બԆ³⦻㘱ᐸ´. * ဃ YµWRKDYHDIDPLO\QDPH¶DVLQ Ԇဃ⦻, ᡁဃᵾ. 2) ‫ ݽ‬PLӽQWRUHPRYH 䍥ဃ⦻. (polite form to respond to 䈧䰞ᛘ䍥ဃ?)

PԃTƯQ ⇽Ӣ n. Pԃ ⇽ n.* 3B

PԃTƯQ ⇽Ӣ n. 3-2 A

mother mother (not used as a form of address; usu. not used on its own)

mother (also used in a generic sense) (Ӣ, intimate)

⇽⡡ᱟᴰՏབྷⲴǄ ‫ݯ‬㹼ॳ䟼⇽ᣵᘗ GƗQ\ǀXWRZRUU\ Ǆ ྩԜᱟ⇽ྣˈҏᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ ԆⲴ⡦⇽ᰙቡн൘ҶǄ Ԇᱟ்⇽ң UԃPLON 䮯བྷⲴǄ ԆⲴ⇽ӢᱟаսᮉᐸǄ ⇽Ӣ㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ㔉⇽ӢҠҶањ⽬⢙Ǆ ԆⲴ㘱⇽Ӣᐢ㓿‫ॱޛ‬ཊ኱Ҷˈնᱟ䓛փ䘈ྭǄ Ԇઘᵛᑨᑨ৫ⴻ⇽ӢǄ

290

mqyn ⇽Ӣ ӺཙᱟԆ⡦Ӣ઼⇽ӢⲴ䠁ႊᰕ (golden jubilee)Ǆ ⇽Ӣ൘Ҽॱ‫ޛ‬኱Ⲵᰦ‫⭏ى‬ҶԆǄ Ԇ߉䚃˖⾆ഭ୺ˈᡁⲴ⇽Ӣʽ

PƗPD ྸྸ n. 2A

niáng ၈ n.* 1C

mum, mummy (also ྸ; used as a form of address)

mum (northern China dialect, especially in the rural areas; old usage; also used as a form of address)

ԆྸྸӺᒤӄॱ኱Ǆ ྸྸᱟԆᴰӢⲴӪǄ ⿫ᔰᇦॱᒤҶˈԆᴰᜣᘥⲴቡᱟྸྸǄ Ԇᖸሿቡ⋑ᴹྸྸҶǄ ྩᱟањᴰਟ⡡ⲴྸྸǄ ԆྸྸवⲴ侪ᆀྭਲ਼ᶱҶǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀᐢ㓿Պਛ³ྸྸ´ҶǄ ྸྸˈᡁഎᶕҶǄ ኡьӪௌ⅒⭘³၈´䘉њ䇽Ǆ ྩഎ၈ᇦ (the home or family of a married ZRPDQ¶Vparents) 䗷᱕㢲৫ҶǄ Ԇሩ⡩ GLƝGDG ၈аⴤ䜭ᖸн䭉ˈᱟњྭ‫ݯ‬ ᆀǄ Ԇ၈н䇙Ԇ৫ˈԆቡ⋑ᴹ৫Ǆ ֐ਟн㜭ၦ TԃWRParry) Ҷუྷ‫( ݯ‬xífur, wife) ᘈҶ၈୺ʽ ၈ˈᛘ䘉ᱟ㾱৫ଚ‫˛ݯ‬

Note: * ⇽ is often used to form a word, as in ⇽Ӣ. * ⇽ DGMµIHPDOH¶DVLQ 䲒ᆀ䟼ᴹєਚ⇽呑. 2) ྩⲴཆਧ (nickname) ᱟ³⇽㘱㱾´ * ⇽ DGMµQDWLYH¶DVLQ ԆⲴ⇽䈝ᱟ≹䈝. * ၈ QµZRPDQ¶DVLQ བྷ၈ (Aunt), ᡁᑞ֐᤯੗. ¾ ྸ QµPRWKHU¶Ds in Ԇྸᱟањѝᆖ㘱ᐸ, ᡁྸᱟањሿᆖ㘱ᐸ.

nánrén ⭧Ӫ

291

N nánrén ⭧Ӫ n. nánshì ⭧༛ n. 3 N/A

nánxìng ⭧ᙗ n. 3D

QiQ]ӿ ⭧ᆀ n. 3-2 C

nánrén ⭧Ӫ n.* 2B

man gentleman (a polite form) (antonym: ྣ༛) (༛, person)

the male sex (antonym: ྣᙗ) (ᙗ, gender)

male, man (oft. used in sports events) (antonym: ྣᆀ)

man (antonym: ྣӪ)

䛓ս⭧༛ᑨѪྣ༛ᔰ䰘ˈሩӪᖸᴹ⽬䊼Ǆ ԆᱟаսਇӪሺᮜⲴ⭧༛Ǆ 䘉ᱟању ]KXƗQVSHFLDOO\ আ⭧༛㺓ᴽⲴ୶ ᓇǄ ⭧༛Ԝ䈧඀ࡠ䘉䗩ᶕǄ Ԇᖸᴹ⭧ᙗⲴ兵࣋ (mèilì, charm)Ǆ 䘉䟼у⋫ ]KXƗQ]KuWRVSHFLDOLVH ⭧ᙗ⯵Ǆ 䘉ᑵ⭫‫ݯ‬㺘⧠ ELӽR[LjQWRVKRZ Ⲵᱟ⭧ᙗ㖾Ǆ ྩԕࡽᖸቁ䐏⭧ᙗа䎧ᐕ֌ˈ䘉ᱟㅜа⅑Ǆ ྩᖸᒤ䖫ˈ䐏⭧ᙗ䈤䈍䘈ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬нྭ᜿ᙍǄ ൘བྷᆖ䟼ᆖ䘉њуъ ]KXƗQ\qVXEMHFW Ⲵ⭧ᙗ∄ ྣᙗཊǄ 䛓њѝᒤ⭧ᆀᱟԆⲴକକǄ ԆᗇҶ⭧ᆀаⲮ㊣⑨⌣∄䎋Ⲵㅜа਽Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭䈤Ԇᱟањ㖾⭧ᆀǄ ⭧ᆀ㈞⨳䎋↓൘䘋㹼Ǆ й਽⭧ᆀ઼є਽ྣᆀа䎧䎠ҶࠪᶕǄ ቻ䟼඀⵰ањ⭧ӪǄ ањབྷ⭧Ӫˈ࡛㘱ᱟၶၶྸྸ (fussy) ⲴǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ⭧ӪнՊ‫ڊ‬依ҏ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ 䛓њクⲭ㢢㾯ᴽⲴ⭧ӪᱟԆⲴᕏᕏǄ ⭧Ӫ㜭‫ྣˈⲴڊ‬Ӫҏ㜭‫ڊ‬Ǆ 䘉њᶁ FǌQYLOODJH 䟼⭧ӪቁˈྣӪཊǄ 䘉ᱟᡁԜྣӪⲴһ‫֐ˈݯ‬Ԝ⭧Ӫ࡛䰞Ǆ Ԇᖸᴹ⭧Ӫણ‫( ݯ‬wèir, taste, character)Ǆ

Note: * ⭧Ӫ QQiQUHQµKXVEDQG¶DVLQ ԆᱟྩⲴ⭧Ӫ. ¾ ‫ ޜ‬DGMµPDOHRIDQDQLPDO ¶DVLQ 䲒ᆀ䟼ᴹаਚ‫ޜ‬呑. ¾ ⭧ DGMµPDOHRIDSHUVRQ ¶DVLQ ԆԜ⨝ᴹ‫ޛ‬њ⭧ᆖ⭏. ¾ ⭧ᆀ≹ QQiQ]ӿKjQ µDUHDOPDQ¶DVLQ Ԇᱟањ⭧ᆀ≹, ᡁԜབྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒Ԇ. ¾ ⭧‫ ݯ‬QµPDQ¶DVLQ ⭧‫ݯ‬ᴹ⌚н䖫ᕩ (Real meQGRQ¶WFU\HDVLO\ ¾ ⭧਼ᘇ QQiQWyQJ]KuµPDOHFRPUDGHVWLOOXVHGDPRQJROGHUJHneration, prevalent from 1949 until the 1990s ¶DVLQ ቻ䟼඀⵰єս⭧਼ᘇ. In recent years, ਼ᘇ has developed a new meaning, µKRPRVH[XDO¶

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nán ই

nán ই n. nánbù ই䜘 n. 3B

nánguó ইഭ n. 3 N/A

south southern part (referring to the southern part of an area, but not a specific place, e.g. it is incorrect to say ᡁᇦ൘୶ᓇⲴই䜘) (䜘, part)

֐৫䗷ѝഭⲴই䜘ੇ˛ ᒯᐎᱟѝഭই䜘Ⲵањ෾ᐲǄ ᯠ㾯‫ޠ‬ই䜘Ⲵ≄‫े∄ى‬䜘ߧǄ 䘉њ෾ᐲսҾ (to situate) ѝഭⲴই䜘Ǆ Ԇ൘ই䜘Ⲵањൠᯩᐕ֌Ǆ

the southern part of the country (literary)

䘉ᱟањާᴹইഭ⢩㢢Ⲵ᯵⑨४Ǆ ইഭ仾‫( ݹ‬scenery) ॱ࠶㖾ѭǄ 䘉䜘⭥ᖡ᧿߉ҶইഭⲴањሿኡᶁ (village)Ǆ

nán ই n. 2A

Ҽ䐟‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖ᖰইᔰǄ south (oft. used with a noun to mean Ӻཙ࡞ই仾Ǆ the southern side of the noun) ෾ই (the southern side of the city) ᴹᖸཊ依侶Ǆ ԆᇦⲴᡯᆀ඀ेᵍই (south facing)Ǆ ањ⭧ᆙ‫ݯ‬඀൘䲒ᆀ (yuànzi, courtyard) Ⲵই້ кǄ

QiQIƗQJ ইᯩ n. 2B

south, the southern part of a country (with a narrower usage than ই䶒 and ই䗩‫ݯ‬, referring to the southern part of a vast area, e.g. a country) (ᯩ, side)

Ԇᇦ৫ᒤᩜࡠইᯩ৫ҶǄ ইᯩⲴཙオ (sky) кケ❦ࠪ⧠Ҷа⡷唁ӁǄ ԆᱟইᯩӪǄ ѝഭⲴইᯩ∄ेᯩ᳆઼Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒ਲ਼ইᯩ㨌Ǆ Ԇ䈤䈍ᴹইᯩਓ丣 (accent)Ǆ Ԇ൘ইᯩⲴањ෾ᐲᐕ֌Ǆ

nánmiàn ই䶒 n. 2B

south, southern part (either the southern side of a place or the southern part within a place) (䶒, side)

ই䶒Ⲵṁ᷇䟼ᴹᖸཊ呏Ǆ 依侶൘䛓ᶑ㺇Ⲵই䶒Ǆ 㣡ഝⲴই䶒ᴹаἥ㤩᷌ṁǄ ই䶒ᴹаᶑᖸ✝䰩Ⲵབྷ㺇Ǆ Ԇࡠই䶒Ⲵ䛓њ依侶‫ݯ‬ਲ਼Ҷа亯依Ǆ

nánbianr ই䗩‫ ݯ‬n. 1A

south, in the south (either of a place or within a place) (䗩, border)

ই䗩‫ݯ‬䜭ᱟṁǄ Ԇᖰই䗩‫ݯ‬৫ҶǄ བྷᾬ䟼ই䗩‫ݯ‬ᴹањҖᓇǄ ই䗩‫Ⲵݯ‬ཙオкᴹа⡷唁ӁǄ ᮉᆖᾬⲴই䗩‫ݯ‬ᱟമҖ侶Ǆ Ԇᇦ൘୶ᓇⲴই䗩‫ݯ‬Ǆ

nántóur ইཤ‫ ݯ‬n. 1 N/A

south, at the southern end (either of a place or within a place) (ཤ‫ݯ‬, end)

ԆӾইཤ‫ݯ‬䎠䗷ᶕҶǄ ᶁইཤ‫ݯ‬ᴹаἥབྷṁǄ ԆⲴҖᡯ൘䲒ᆀⲴইཤ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇտ൘䘉ᶑ㺇Ⲵইཤ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ㄉ൘䘀ࣘ൪ইཤ‫Ⲵݯ‬䛓њӪᱟԆⲴକକǄ

niánlíng ᒤ喴

293

Note: The above similarities and differences among words with ই are also largely applicable to words with े/ ь/ 㾯, see also े/ ь/ 㾯.

niánlíng ᒤ喴 n.

age

niánlíng ᒤ喴 n. 2B

age (of sth. animate or inanimate), time of life (e.g. Ԇ䘈нࡠ㔃ႊⲴ ᒤ喴) (喴, age)

н㾱䲿‫ׯ‬䰞ྣӪⲴᒤ喴Ǆ 䘉њᒤ喴㓴 ]ԃJURXS Ⲵᆖ⭏∄䛓њᒤ喴㓴Ⲵ ᆖ⭏ཊаӋǄ 䲿⵰ᒤ喴Ⲵ໎䮯ˈԆ䎺ᶕ䎺ࣚ࣋ᆖҐҶǄ 䈧൘䘉䟼߉к֐Ⲵဃ਽ǃᒤ喴Ǆ ⨝䟼ԆⲴᒤ喴ᴰሿǄ 䘉ἥབྷṁⲴᒤ喴ᓄ䈕ᴹаⲮཊᒤҶǄ Ԇᇦ䛓ਚ⥛Ⲵᒤ喴ᱟй኱Ǆ 㲭❦ࡠҶ䘰Ձ WXu[LǌWRUHWLUH Ⲵᒤ喴ˈնᱟԆ 䘈൘ᐕ֌Ǆ ԆⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀᐢ㓿ࡠҶкᆖⲴᒤ喴ˈᰦ䰤䗷ᗇⵏᘛǄ ֐⸕䚃ൠ⨳ (earth) Ⲵᒤ喴ੇ˛

niánjì ᒤ㓚 n. 2-1 A

DSHUVRQ¶VDJH, years (not often interchangeable with ᒤ喴; a more general concept) (㓚, record)

Ԇᒤ㓚нབྷˈ↓൘кབྷᆖǄ ӪкҶᒤ㓚ԕਾˈ䓛փቡнྲᒤ䖫Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ҶǄ ࡛ⴻԆሿሿⲴᒤ㓚ˈ⸕䚃Ⲵһᛵ䘈ⵏнቁ઒Ǆ ⡦⇽ᒤ㓚བྷҶԕਾˈᡁቡᢺԆԜ᧕ࡠᇦ䟼а䎧տ Ҷˈ䘉ṧ➗亮ԆԜҏᯩ‫ׯ‬аӋǄ ֐⸕䚃⦻㘱ᐸⲴᒤ㓚ੇ˛ ᡁ䘉Ѹаབྷᢺ (mw.) ᒤ㓚 (quite old) Ҷˈн㜭䐏֐Ԝᒤ䖫Ӫ∄Ǆ ᛘ㘱ཊབྷᒤ㓚Ҷ˛ ֐ᒤ㓚䖫䖫Ⲵˈྭྭᒢ੗Ǆ

suìshu ኱ᮠ n. 1C

DSHUVRQ¶VDJH (኱ᮠ is not used WRDVNDERXWDFKLOG¶VDJH

Ԇ኱ᮠнሿҶˈ䟽⍫ᐢ㓿ᒢнࣘҶǄ ֐⸕䚃ԆⲴ኱ᮠੇ˛ ⡦⇽኱ᮠ䜭བྷҶˈ䴰㾱➗亮Ǆ ֐䜭䘉Ѹབྷ኱ᮠҶˈᘾѸ䘈䐏ᆙᆀаṧʽ ॱᒤ䗷৫ҶˈᡁԜ䜭ᐢ㓿ᱟкҶ኱ᮠⲴӪҶǄ 㘱ྦྦˈᛘ㘱ཊབྷ኱ᮠҶ˛ Ԇ኱ᮠнሿҶˈ䈕㔃ႊҶǄ ԆⲴ኱ᮠ∄ᡁሿǄ

Note: ¾ The words in this group cannot be used with specific numerals, i.e. not Ԇ൘ॱ‫ޛ‬኱ᒤ㓚Ⲵᰦ‫⿫ى‬ᔰ Ҷᇦ. ¾ ᒤһ QQLiQVKuµDJHIRUPDODQGUHIHUULQJWRDQHOGHUO\SHUVRQ ¶DVLQ 㘱Ӫᒤһᐢ儈, 䓛փнྲԕࡽ 䛓ѸྭҶ. ¾ ᒤ኱ QµDJH¶DVLQ ԆԜᒤ኱ᐞнཊ, 䜭ᱟҼॱཊ኱.

294

nrén ྣӪ

¾ ኱ PZµ\HDURIDJH ¶DVLQ Ԇ‫ݯ‬ᆀӺᒤॱ኱Ҷ. ¾ 儈ሯ QJƗRVKzXµDJHRIDQHOGHUO\SHUVRQDSROLWHZRUG ¶DVLQ 䈧䰞ᛘ㘱儈ሯ?

QԉUpQ ྣӪ n.

woman

QԉVKu ྣ༛ n. 3B

lady, Ms., madam (a polite form of address for women) (antonym: ⭧༛) (༛, person)

Qԉ[uQJ ྣᙗ n. 3D

ྩᱟаսᯠྣᙗˈ㜭䈤ҏ㜭ᒢǄ the female sex, womanhood, woman ྩᴹ⵰а⿽ྣᙗ㖾ˈ਼һԜ䜭ௌ⅒ྩǄ (antonym: ⭧ᙗ) (ᙗ, gender) ⧠൘ྣᙗⲴൠս (dìwèi, status) ∄䗷৫儈ཊҶǄ ྩ൘䘉њ⭥ᖡѝᢞ╄аս┲ӞⲴѝഭྣᙗǄ 䛓њ୶ᓇਚআྣᙗ⭘૱ SӿQWKLQJV ˈҠ⭧ᙗ⭘૱ 㾱৫ᯱ䗩Ⲵ୶ᓇ৫ҠǄ

IQԉ ྷྣ n. 3-2 B

women, woman (usu. a generic term) (ྷ, woman)

Qԉ]ӿ ྣᆀ n. 3-2 C

female, woman (oft. used in sports events) (antonym: ⭧ᆀ) (ᆀ, person)

QԉUpQ ྣӪ n.* 2B

woman (antonym: ⭧Ӫ)

ྣ༛Ԝˈ‫⭏ݸ‬Ԝˈབྷᇦᲊкྭʽ ྩᱟаսਇӪሺᮜⲴྣ༛Ǆ ਴սྣ༛ˈ䈧‫( ޕ‬rù, to enter) ᓗǄ ԆᑨᑨѪྣ༛ᔰ䰘ˈሩӪᖸᴹ⽬䊼Ǆ ⭧༛Ԝ‫ݸ‬ㅹㅹˈ䇙ྣ༛‫ݸ‬кǄ 䘉սᱟᕐྣ༛ˈ䛓սᱟ⦻ྣ༛Ǆ

аսྷྣ䎠䗷ᶕҶǄ ྩ൘аᇦྷྣ⭘૱୶ᓇᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇ↓൘઼ањᒤ䖫ྷྣ䈤⵰䈍Ǆ Ӻཙᱟྷྣ㢲ˈᡁԜࠪ৫⧙⧙੗Ǆ ྷྣ㜭亦 GӿQJWRKROG ॺ䗩ཙ (Women hold up half the sky)Ǆ ྩᗇⲴᱟа⿽ྷྣ⯵ˈ५⭏䈤㾱傜кտ䲒Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱‫؍‬ᣔ EӽRKWRSURWHFW ྷྣ઼‫ݯ‬ㄕǄ 䘉ᱟа⿽ѝ㘱ᒤྷྣௌ⅒Ⲵ䘀ࣘǄ ᴹаսྣᆀੁԆ䰞䐟Ǆ ク㓒㺓ᴽⲴྣᆀᱟԆⲴྸྸǄ ྩԜ↓൘৲࣐ྣᆀ㈞⨳䱏Ⲵ∄䎋Ǆ ྣᆀаⲮ㊣⸝䐁∄䎋ቡ㾱ᔰ࿻ҶǄ ᡁањሿྣᆀˈଚ㜭䐏ᛘ∄ʽ(being sarcastic) ྩᱟྣᆀ䏣⨳䱏Ⲵˈྩକକᱟ⭧ᆀ䏣⨳䱏ⲴǄ བྷᇦ䜭䈤ྩᱟањ┲ӞⲴྣӪǄ 䘉ᱟᡁԜྣӪⲴһ‫֐ˈݯ‬ቡ࡛䰞ҶǄ нቁྣӪௌ⅒ク儈䐏䶻Ǆ ྩᱟњྣӪˈն⭧Ӫ㜭ᒢⲴྩҏ䜭㜭ᒢǄ ཆ䗩ᴹањྣӪ㾱㿱֐Ǆ ֐⸕䚃ྩᱟањӰѸṧⲴྣӪੇ˛ ྣӪࡠа䎧⢩࡛ௌ⅒䈸䇪㠚ᐡⲴᆙᆀǄ ᡁԜⲴᯠ㘱ᐸᱟањйॱཊ኱ⲴྣӪǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇᇦ䟼㾱ᴹњྣӪ᡽‫ۿ‬њᇦǄ

nrén ྣӪ

295

֌ѪањྣӪˈྩᱟањྭ࿫ᆀˈྭ⇽ӢǄ ྩᖸᴹྣӪણ‫( ݯ‬wèir, taste, character)ˈሩӪҏᖸ ৻ྭǄ Note: * ྣӪ QQԉUHQµZLIHLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ྩᱟԆⲴྣӪ. ¾ ྣ DGMµIHPDOHRIDSHUVRQ ¶DVLQ ԆԜབྷᆖ䟼ᴹнቁྣ㘱ᐸ. ¾ ⇽ PԃDGMµIHPDOHRIDQDQLPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇᇦᴹаཤ⇽⢋. ¾ ྷӪ QµDPDUULHGZRPDQ¶DVLQ ॱᒤн㿱, ྩᐢ㓿Ӿањሿྣᆙ‫ݯ‬ਈᡀаս䍥ྷӪҶ. ¾ ྣ਼ᘇ QQԉWyQJ]KuµIHPDOHFRPUDGHVWLOOXVHGDPRQJROGHUJHQHUDWLRQSUHYDOHQWIURP1949 until the 1990s ¶DVLQ 䛓䗩඀⵰єսྣ਼ᘇ. In recent years, ਼ᘇ has also taken on a new meaning, µKRPRVH[XDO¶

296

pà ᙅ

P pà ᙅ v. NԁQJM  ᜗ v. 3D

to fear to be terrified (not  ᜗ + object) ( , to fear; ᜗, to dread)

൘䘉ѸཊӪ䶒ࡽୡⅼˈԆᴹ⛩‫ ݯ‬᜗Ǆ ൘⦻㘱ᐸ䶒ࡽԆᙫᱟᝏࡠ䶎ᑨ ᜗Ǆ ᆙᆀԜ ᜗ᗇਛҶ䎧ᶕǄ ᆙᆀ⋑എᇦˈԆањᲊк䜭 ᜗нᆹǄ ॺཌⲴᮢ䰘༠֯Ԇз࠶ ᜗Ǆ

hàipà ᇣᙅ v. 2B

Ԇᴰᇣᙅ㘳䈅ˈഐѪԆᆖҐнཚྭǄ to feel scared, to be afraid (ᇣᙅ + ࡛ᇣᙅˈᡁнՊ੺䇹࡛ӪǄ thing, not + person) (ᇣ, to feel) Ԇ㛶ᆀ GӽQ]LFRXUDJH ᖸབྷˈᒢӰѸ䜭нᇣᙅǄ Ԇᇣᙅᲊк䎠ཌ䚃Ǆ ྣ‫ॺݯ‬ཌ䘈⋑ᴹഎᇦˈԆᗳ䟼ᇣᙅᶱҶǄ ‫ݹ‬ᇣᙅ⋑ᴹ⭘ˈཊᜣᜣᘾѸ࣎੗Ǆ Ԇᇣᙅᗇབྷਛ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ䛓њṧᆀⵏਛӪᇣᙅǄ Ԇаᇣᙅቡ䈤нࠪ䈍ᶕǄ

pà ᙅ v.* 2A

to fear, to worry (in serious or less serious situations; ᙅ + person/ thing)

Ԇ䈱ҏнᙅˈቡᙅ㘱ၶ (wife)Ǆ Ԇа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нᙅ⤇Ǆ Ԇᖸᙅߧˈնᱟнᙅ✝Ǆ Ԇᙅ㘱ၶᙅᗇ䜭нᮒབྷ༠䈤䈍Ǆ Ԇᙅᡁᘉˈቡ⋑㔉ᡁᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ ྸྸᙅԆᝏ߂ˈ㔉ԆཊᑖҶаԦ∋㺓Ǆ ᰾ཙ㾱㘳䈅Ҷˈᙅ㘳䈅ⲴԆⶑн⵰㿹Ǆ 䲒ᆀ䟼唁ᗇᙅӪˈᡁнᮒࠪ৫Ǆ Ԇ㛶ሿᙅһ GӽQ[LӽRSjVKuWLPLG ˈнཊ䈤䈍Ǆ Ԇᙅᡁੜн៲ˈ䈤ᗇᖸធǄ 䘉ᆙᆀཙнᙅˈൠнᙅˈቡᙅ㘱ᐸ᢮Ԇ⡨Ǆ Ԇᴰᙅ㿱ࡠྩҶˈ㿱ࡠྩҏн⸕䚃䈤ӰѸྭǄ

Note: * ᙅ DGYµSHUKDSV¶DVLQ ֐ᘾѸн䈤䈍Ҷ, ᙅᱟ⋑䈍䈤Ҷ੗. ¾ ᛺᝼ DGMMƯQJKXƗQJµSDQLF¶DVLQ аⴻ㿱⡦Ӣ, Ԇᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬᛺᝼. ¾ ᜦ  DGMKXiQJNԁQJµWHUULILHG¶DVLQ ੜҶԆⲴ䈍, ሿ⦻ᜦ ൠㄉҶ䎧ᶕ. ¾ ਟᙅ DGMNČSjµKRUULEOH¶DVLQ ԆᱟањᖸਟᙅⲴӪ. ¾  ᙅ DGYNԁQJSjµSUREDEO\¶DVLQ ֐ᢃ⭥䈍䰞䰞Ԇ,  ᙅԆнՊ৫. ¾ ⭏ᙅ DGYVKƝQJSjµIRUIHDUWKDWLQIRUPDOLPSO\LQJWKDWLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\ ¶DVLQ Ԇࠪ䰘ᰦクҶᖸཊ 㺓ᴽ, ⭏ᙅᝏ߂. ¾ ᙅ↫ Vӿ Ҷ SKµVFDUHGWRGHDWK¶DVLQ ᖃྩॺཌੜࡠཆ䗩ᴹӪଝⲴᰦ‫ى‬, 䜭㾱ᙅ↫Ҷ.

SƯ ᢩ

SƯ ᢩ mw. SƯ ᢩ mw. 2B

qún 㗔 mw. 2B

]ԃ 㓴 mw. 2 N/A

KXԁ Չ mw. 1C

297

a batch a batch/ group/ lot/ shipment (referring to things or people)

a (big) group/ herd of (usu. not organised/ orderly)

a group (set, series) of (people or things; usu. organised and orderly, not а + བྷ + 㓴)

a bunch of (people, oft. together for a certain purpose; can be used with a negative connotation; not а + བྷ + Չ)

䘉њ୶ᓇҠ䘋Ҷаሿᢩ✏䞂Ǆ ୶ᓇ䟼ᴰ䘁ᶕҶབྷᢩᯠ㺓ᴽǄ 俆 VKԁXWKHILUVW ᢩ㦟૱ᐢ㓿⭏ӗࠪᶕҶǄ ੜ䈤മҖᇔᶕҶаབྷᢩᯠҖˈᡁᜣ৫ⴻⴻǄ 㡩кⲴᱟㅜаᢩ䍗 (huò, goods)ˈㅜҼᢩ䍗᰾ཙ ࡠǄ 䘉ᢩҖᱟӾଚ䟼ҠᶕⲴ˛ ᱕ཙࡠҶˈаᢩᢩ⑨ᇒᶕ䘉䟼⑨⧙Ǆ аᢩаᢩⲴབྷᆖ⭏ᶕࡠ䘉䟼ᐕ֌Ǆ བྷᆖӺཙᔰᆖˈаᢩ৸аᢩⲴᆖ⭏ᶕࡠҶ䘉䟼Ǆ ṁкᴹаབྷ㗔呏ˈਛњн‫ڌ‬Ǆ 㣡ഝ䟼а㗔ᆙᆀ䐁ᶕ䐁৫Ǆ ‫ޜ‬ഝⲴ劬⊐䟼ᴹаབྷ㗔䠁劬Ǆ 䛓㗔ሿዋкտ⵰ӪᇦǄ а㗔ᆙᆀ඀⵰ੜ㘱Ӫ䇢᭵һǄ 䛓䗩ᴹа㗔ᾬˈབྷབྷሿሿᖸ࡛㠤 (biézhi, novel)Ǆ а㗔㗔Ⲵ㖺൘㥹ൠкਲ਼㥹Ǆ к䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤ࡠҶˈа㗔а㗔Ⲵᆖ⭏䎠䘋ҶᮉᇔǄ 丣ҀՊቡ㾱ᔰ࿻Ҷˈа㗔৸а㗔ⲴӪᶕࡠҶ䘉䟼Ǆ 䘉㓴≹ᆇᖸᇩ᱃ᆖǄ ᡁⴻ㿱а㓴ᆖ⭏ୡ⵰ⅼ䎠䗷৫ҶǄ 䘉䟼ᴹࠐ㓴മ㓨 (blueprint), ֐᤯৫ⴻⴻ੗Ǆ 䘉㓴ⅼᴢᡁᖸௌ⅒Ǆ Ԇ৫ҠҶє㓴ѝഭഭ⭫Ǆ а㓴৸а㓴ⲴᆙᆀкਠୡⅼǄ аՉӪᖰമҖ侶䎠䗷৫ҶǄ ԆԜ࠶ᡀєՉˈᵍ⵰єњᯩੁ䐁ҶǄ 䘉ՉӪᱟӾेӜᶕⲴǄ аՉӪത (wéi, to surround) տҶԆˈн䇙Ԇ䎠Ǆ 䛓ՉൿӪᢃҶԆቡ䐁ҶǄ аሿՉ↩ᗂ GӽLW~JDQJVWHUV ᢺԆᢃҶǄ

Note: ¾ Reduplication for most words in this group: а AA, а A а A, а A ৸а A. ¾ ᑞ PZµDJURXSRISHRSOHLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ བྷṁл඀⵰аᑞӪ൘㙺ཙ‫ݯ‬.

298

SƯStQJ ᢩ䇴

SƯStQJ ᢩ䇴 v. (see also ᣡᙘ)

to criticise

TLӽQ]p 䉤䍓 v. 3D

to condemn (antonym: 䎎ᢜ FKƝQJ]jQ 䉤, to reproach; 䍓, to blame)

ᖸཊഭᇦሩ䘉⿽ᚦ࣓ (èliè, vile) Ⲵ㹼Ѫ (action) 䘋㹼Ҷ䉤䍓Ǆ བྷᇦ᝔ᙂ (fènnù, angry) ൠ䉤䍓ҶԆǄ ӪӪ䜭Պ䉤䍓䘉⿽ᚦ࣓Ⲵ㹼ѪǄ ⹤ൿ (pòhuài, to destroy) ⧟ຳ (huánjìng, environment) Ⲵ㹼Ѫнն⋑ᴹਇࡠ䉤䍓ˈ৽㘼ਇ ࡠҶ䎎ᢜǄ

SƯSjQ ᢩࡔ v. 3-2 B

to condemn, to denounce, to critique (of a thought, theory, conduct, etc.)

Ԇ䈤ᡁԜᓄ䈕ᢩࡔআഭѫѹ ]Kԃ\ì, -ism)Ǆ ᮷ॆབྷ䶙ભ (Wénhuàdàgémìng, the Cultural Revolution) ѝˈԆ൘བྷՊк㻛ᢩࡔ䗷Ǆ ሩҾআഭѫѹᓄ䈕䘋㹼ᢩࡔǄ Ԇ߉ҶаㇷᢩࡔআഭѫѹⲴ᮷ㄐ ZpQ]KƗQJ article)Ǆ

SƯStQJ ᢩ䇴 v. 3-2 A

to criticise (others or oneself) (antonym: 㺘ᢜ ELӽR\iQJ

mà 傲 v. 2B

to scold, to tell sb. off

SƯ ᢩ v. 2B

to be critical of, to scold

Ԇ㓿ᑨн৫к䈮ˈਇࡠҶᢩ䇴Ǆ 㘱ᐸᢩ䇴ᗇሩˈ֐н㜭нᶕк䈮Ǆ Ԇሩᆙᆀᖸ‫ ↓ޜ‬JǀQJ]KqQJIDLU ˈ䈕ᢩ䇴ቡᢩ 䇴ˈ䈕㺘ᢜቡ㺘ᢜǄ Ԇᢩ䇴䗷䛓њᆖ⭏є⅑Ǆ 㘱ᐸᢺԆᢩ䇴ᗇଝҶǄ 㘱ᐸᢩ䇴Ԇн䇔ⵏᆖҐǄ ᡁԜ㾱㓿ᑨ֌㠚ᡁᢩ䇴ˈ᡽㜭䘋а↕ᨀ儈㠚ᐡǄ ᴹ䈍ྭྭ䈤ˈн㾱傲ӪǄ 䛓њྣӪ㓿ᑨ傲(བྷ)㺇 (to shout abuse in the street)ˈᡁԜ䜭ᙅྩǄ н㇑ᘾѸṧˈ傲ӪᙫᱟнሩⲴǄ ᆙᆀ⋑ᴹ৫кᆖˈ㻛⡨⡨傲Ҷа亯 (dùn, mw.)Ǆ ྸྸ傲ԆнྭྭᆖҐˈ⋑ᴹࠪ᚟ (prospect)Ǆ Ԇ傲Ӫ傲ᗇਟ䳮ੜҶˈӰѸ䈍䜭㜭傲ࠪᶕǄ 㣡⬦ᐢ㓿ᢃҶˈ֐傲Ԇҏ⋑ᴹ⭘Ǆ ྭᆙᆀн䈤傲ӪⲴ䈍Ǆ Ԇᐢ㓿傲ҶањሿᰦҶǄ ⋑ᴹҠࡠ䏣⨳⾘ˈԆ傲傲૗૗ OLƝOLƝ to be foulmouthed) ൠ䎠ҶǄ Ԇн䇔ⵏᐕ֌ˈ䈕 (ᓄ䈕, should) ᢩǄ Ԇк⨝ᙫᱟᶕᲊˈӺཙ৸ᥘ ƗLto suffer from [passive mood, implying adversity]) ᢩҶǄ 㠚Ӿк⅑ᢩҶԆа亯ԕਾˈԆ᭩ҶнቁǄ ֐ᢩᗇሩǄ

piàn 僇

299

൘ӺཙⲴՊкˈԆᥘҶа䙊‫( ݯ‬tòngr mw., an array of) ᢩǄ Note: ¾ ᯕ䍓 YFKu]pµWRFKLGHPRVWO\YHUEDOO\ ¶DVLQ ⴻࡠԆᢃᆙᆀ, ᡁᯕ䍓ҶԆ. ¾ ᙚ㖚 YJXjL]XuµWREODPH¶DVLQ ྲ᷌ᒢнྭ, ֐н㾱ᙚ㖚ᡁ. ¾ ᢩ傣 YSƯEy µWRUHIXWH¶DVLQ Ԇᢩ傣Ҷ䘉⿽䭉䈟 (cuòwù, wrong) Ⲵ䈤⌅. ¾ ᮠ㩭 YVKԃOXRµWRGLVDSSURYHRILQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇ㔃ႊҶྭཊᒤ䘈⋑㾱ᆙᆀ, ྸྸᑨᑨᮠ㩭Ԇ. ¾ 䍓䳮 Y]pQjQµWRFHQVXUH¶, as in Ԇ⋑ᴹ䭉, ֐нᓄ䈕䍓䳮Ԇ. ¾ ᤷ䍓 Y]Kӿ]pµWRUHEXNH¶DVLQ ԆⲴ䭉䈟‫⌅ڊ‬ਇࡠᤷ䍓.

piàn 僇 v. (see also 僇ᆀ) TƯSLjQ Ⅺ僇 v. 3B

zhàpiàn 䇸僇 v. 3B

piàn 僇 v. 2B

Kǌ\RX ᘭᛐ v. 1 N/A

to deceive (Ⅺ, to fool, to bully)

to defraud (䇸, to pretend, to mislead)

to cheat

to jerk sb. around, to lead by the nose (new word, originated from northeast dialect and popularised by Zhao Benshan, a famous Chinese comedian; slightly humorous) (ᘭ, suddenly; ᛐ, to swing)

to cheat

ԆⅪ僇ҶᡁԜǄ ԆᱟањྭӪˈӾᶕнⅪ僇ӪǄ Ⅺ僇ԆⲴнᱟ࡛Ӫˈ↓ᱟԆⲴକକǄ ᡁ⋑ᴹᜣࡠԆՊⅪ僇㠚ᐡⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ ᴹӪ⭘Ѫ࡛Ӫ᢮ᐕ֌ᶕ䇸僇䫡Ǆ ੜ䈤Ԇ䇸僇ҶᖸཊӪǄ ൘䘉䟼䇸僇ᆼԕਾˈԆቡ䐁ࡠਖཆањ෾ᐲ৫ ҶǄ ֐僇Ӫ! ᡁнؑʽ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸ㚚᰾ˈ䈱䜭僇нҶԆǄ ֐僇ᗇҶӺཙˈ僇нҶ᰾ཙǄ ࡛ᙫᱟᜣ僇ӪˈᰙᲊՊ㻛Ӫ⸕䚃ⲴǄ ԆԜѻ䰤㓿ᑨᱟ֐僇ᡁˈᡁ僇֐ⲴǄ ⸕䚃㻛Ԇ僇Ҷԕਾˈᡁᖸ⭏≄ (to be angry)Ǆ ࡛ᘭᛐҶˈ⋑ᴹӪؑ֐Ⲵ䈍Ǆ ᡁ㻛Ԇ㔉ᘭᛐҶˈҿ (NXƯWRORVH Ҷнቁ䫡Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪቡ⡡ᘭᛐӪˈ֐⿫Ԇ䘌⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ҡь㾯Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬аᇊ㾱ሿᗳ࡛㻛ӪᘭᛐҶǄ ᡁ㻛Ԇᘭᛐ䗷є⅑ˈ⧠൘Ԇ䈤ӰѸᡁ䜭нؑԆ ҶǄ ൘ᡁԜ⨝䟼ˈԆᱟᴰ㜭ᘭᛐⲴǄ

Note: ¾ Ⅺ僇/ 䇸僇 can also be used as nouns, as in 䘉ᱟа⿽Ⅺ僇, ᡁн㜭䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬. ¾ ૴僇 YKԁQJSLjQµWRWULFN¶DVLQ Ԇᢺ䛓њᆙᆀ૴僇кҶԆⲴ䖖. ¾ 䈡僇 v. yòupiàn µWRGHFHLYHVELQQRFHQWDQGQDLYH¶DVLQ 䛓њྣᆖ⭏㻛䈡僇ࡠҶԆⲴᇦ. ¾ 㫉僇 v. PpQJSLjQµWRKRRGZLQN¶DVLQ Ԇ㫉僇Ҷ䘉Ѹཊᒤˈࡠ⧠൘ᡁԜ᡽⸕䚃ԆⲴⵏ਽ⵏဃ. ¾ ᤀ僇 YJXӽLSLjQµWRDEGXFW¶DVLQ ྩ㻛ᤀ僇ࡠҶ䛓䟼, আҶࠪ৫.

300

piànzi 僇ᆀ

¾ ඁ僇 YNƝQJSLjQµWRFKHDWby lying¶DVLQ ᡁԜ䜭㻛Ԇඁ僇Ҷ. ¾ ਇ僇 YVKzXSLjQµWREHWDNHQLQWREHFKHDWHG¶DVLQ Ԇ䘈㇇ᱟ㚚᰾, ⋑ᴹਇ僇. ¾ 㹼僇 v. xíngpiàn µWRSractise fraud¶DVLQ Ԇᑨᑨ൘䘉䟼㹼僇.

piànzi 僇ᆀ n. (see also 僇) piànzi 僇ᆀ n. 2 N/A

WXǀr ᢈ‫ ݯ‬n.* 1 N/A

swindler, cheat

hustler, impostor (new word) (ᢈ, sth. serving as a support)

swindler

Ԇнᱟ僇ᆀǄ ሿᗳ僇ᆀʽ Ԇᱟањ⊏⒆僇ᆀ (mountebank, charlatan)Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭䈤Ԇᱟ᭯⋫ (zhèngzhì, political) 僇ᆀǄ བྷᇦ䜭⋑ᴹⴻࠪᶕԆᱟњ५ᢈ‫( ݯ‬a hustler who cheats others relating to medical matters) ԆӺཙ൘୶ᓇ䟼䇔ࠪҶањᢈ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䛓њӪྭ‫ۿ‬ᱟањᢈ‫ˈݯ‬ᡁԜ㾱ሿᗳ⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ кਠ (tái, stage) ৫⥞ (xiàn, to present) 㣡‫Ⲵݯ‬䛓 њӪਟ㜭ᱟањᢈ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

Note: *ᢈ‫ ݯ‬has become a popular word in China. It refers to sb. who pretends to be one of us, falsely commending a product to others. For example, in a hospital a ५ᢈ‫ ݯ‬may pretend to be a patient and recommend a doctor/ medicine to other patients by giving false testimony. In a magic show, a ᢈ‫ ݯ‬can act as an audience member to support the act of the magician.

piàoliang ┲Ӟ adj.

pretty

PČLJXƗQ 㖾㿲 adj. 3C

pleasing to the eye, beautiful to look at (not used of a person) (㿲, to watch)

\ǀXPČL Ո㖾 adj. 3B

graceful (Ո, excellent)

PČL 㖾 adj. 2B

䛓ᓗᾬᖸ㖾㿲Ǆ 䘉ᶑ㼉ᆀ㖾㿲৸བྷᯩ (graceful in style)Ǆ ᡁԜབྷᆖⲴᯠമҖ侶ⴻ䎧ᶕ㖾㿲ᶱҶǄ 䘉䖶䖖ᴹањ㖾㿲ⲴཆᖒǄ ᢺ䘉ᕐṼᆀ᭮൘䘉䟼нཚ㖾㿲Ǆ ᡁੜࡠҶԆ䛓Ո㖾Ⲵⅼ༠Ǆ ྩ䎠䐟ⲴṧᆀᖸՈ㖾Ǆ ྩ㡎䐣ᗇՈ㖾ᶱҶǄ 䘉䟼仾ᲟՈ㖾ˈ≄‫઼⑙ى‬Ǆ

䘉䟼Ⲵ仾Ჟཊ㖾ੰʽ beautiful, gorgeous (of sth. animate ྩᒤ䖫Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ᱟањབྷ㖾ӪǄ or inanimate) (antonym: с FKԁX Ԇᇦᐳ㖞 (bùzhì, to furnish) ᗇ⢩࡛㖾Ǆ ԆⲴ⭫㖾ᶱҶˈ䘉Ѹ㖾Ⲵ⭫ᖸቁ㿱Ǆ ྩԜ‫ؙ‬ањ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡ㖾ˈањ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡсǄ ྩⲴиཛᱟањ㖾⭧ᆀǄ

piàoliang ┲Ӟ PČLOu 㖾ѭ adj. 2B

beautiful, splendid (of sth. animate or inanimate, excluding men; also referring to abstract items) (antonym: с䱻 FKԁXOzX ѭ, beautiful)

piàoliang ┲Ӟ adj.* 2A

pretty (of sth. animate or inanimate) ྩᱟањ┲ӞⲴྣᆙ‫ݯ‬Ǆ (reduplication: AABB) (┲, pretty; Ԇ∄କକ䮯ᗇᴤ┲ӞǄ Ӟ, bright) ֐ԜⴻˈཙкⲴᱏᱏཊ┲Ӟ୺ʽ 䘉њ㣡ഝ䶎ᑨ┲Ӟˈ∄䛓њ┲ӞཊҶǄ ྸྸഎᶕԕਾˈᇦ䟼৸ᔰ࿻┲ӞҶ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ㓒㢢ᴰ┲ӞǄ Ӻཙ‫ݯ‬ᆀ㔃ႊˈᡁԜ䜭㾱クᗇ┲Ӟ⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘉䟼Ⲵ仾Ჟнཚ┲ӞǄ ྩ⇿ཙ䜭クᗇ┲┲ӞӞⲴǄ

\ƯQJMQ 㤡‫ ׺‬adj. 2D

handsome (of a man) (㤡, outstanding; ‫׺‬, handsome)

301

㣡ഝ䟼Ⲵ㣡‫ݯ‬䶎ᑨ㖾ѭǄ ሿྣᆙ䛓㖾ѭⲴㅁ㝨‫ۿ‬㣡ᵥаṧǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵ仾Ჟ㖾ѭྲ⭫Ǆ 䛓њഭᇦཚ㖾ѭҶʽ 䶂᱕ (youth) ᱟᴰ㖾ѭⲴǄ

Ԇᱟањ㤡‫׺‬ᴹѪ (promising) Ⲵ䶂ᒤǄ Ԇ䮯ᗇ䶎ᑨ㤡‫׺‬Ǆ Ԇⵏཏ㤡‫֐ˈⲴ׺‬䇔䇶Ԇੇ˛ Ԇ൘㡎ਠкᱟᢞ╄㤡‫׺‬ሿ⭏ WKH\RXQJPDQ¶V role) ⲴǄ

KӽRNjQ ྭⴻ adj.* 1A

good-looking, nice (of sth. animate ԆⲴ㣡ഝⵏྭⴻʽ or inanimate; sth. visual) (antonym: 䛓њᆙᆀ䮯ᗇ䶎ᑨྭⴻǄ 䳮ⴻ) 䛓ᕐ⭫ྭⴻᶱҶǄ 䘉ᕐ⭫∄䛓ᕐྭⴻཊҶǄ 䘉њᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬䳮ⴻˈ䛓њྭⴻаӋǄ ྸྸҠҶаԦྭⴻⲴ㺓ᴽǄ 䘉䟼⋑ᴹӰѸྭⴻ (worth looking at) ⲴˈᡁԜ䎠 ੗Ǆ ᡁク䘉Ԧ㺓ᴽྭⴻнྭⴻ˛

jùn ‫ ׺‬adj. 1D

cute, beautiful (of a person; northern dialect) (antonym: с FKԁX

shuài ᐵ adj. 1D

handsome, graceful (of a man or sth.)

Ԇᱟањ‫׺‬ሿՉᆀˈᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ Ԇྣ‫ੰ׺ྭݯ‬ʽ ྩ∄ᡁ‫ˈ׺‬њᆀҏ∄ᡁ儈Ǆ 䘉ᆙᆀ䎺䮯䎺‫׺‬Ǆ 䛓䗩ク㓒㺓ᴽⲴ‫׺‬ခ၈ᱟԆⲴྣᴻ৻Ǆ କକᱟᇦ䟼ᴰ‫ˈⲴ׺‬ᡁᱟањ³сሿ呝´ (ugly duckling)Ǆ ᡁԜ䜭ਛԆᐵକǄ Ԇ䮯ᗇ䶎ᑨᐵǄ ԆⲴ㡎↕ⴻ䎧ᶕⵏᐵʽ ྩ߉Ҷа᡻ྭᐵⲴ≹ᆇǄ

302

pò ⹤

Note: * ┲Ӟ DGMµRXWVWDQGLQJ¶DVLQ Ԇ䑒Ҷањᖸ┲ӞⲴ⨳. * ྭⴻ DGMµLQDQHPEDUUDVVLQJVLWXDWLRQ¶DVLQ ੜ䈤Ԇ൘ཆ䗩䘈ᴹањྣӪ. ྲ᷌Ԇ࿫ᆀ⸕䚃Ҷ, ਟ ቡᴹԆྭⴻⲴҶ. ¾ ӝӝ⦹・ SKWtQJWtQJ\OuµVOLPDQGJUDFHIXO¶DVLQ ࠐᒤн㿱, ྩᐢ㓿䮯ᡀӝӝ⦹・Ⲵབྷခ၈Ҷ. ¾ 䞧 DGMNµFRROQHZORDQZRUGIURP(QJOLVK ¶DVLQ ԆⲴṧᆀᖸ䞧. ¾ ‫׿‬ѭ DGMTLjROuµFXWHDQGEHDXWLIXO¶DVLQ ྩク⵰‫׿‬ѭⲴ㼉ᆀ. ¾ ‫׺‬㖾 DGMMQPČLµKDQGVRPH¶DVLQ Ԇクк䘉Ԧ㺓ᴽᖸ‫׺‬㖾. ¾ ‫ ׿׺‬DGMMQTLjRµSUHWW\DQGFKDUPLQJ¶DVLQ ྩᱟањ‫Ⲵ׿׺‬ခ၈. ¾ ‫ ⿰׺‬adj. jùnxiù µRIGHOLFDWHEHDXW\¶ as in ྸྸᴹаᕐ‫Ⲵ⿰׺‬㝨. ¾ ḷ㠤 DGMELƗR]KuµFRPPRQO\SHUFHLYHGDVEHDXWLIXO¶DVLQ 䛓њྣӪḷ㠤ǃབྷᯩ. ¾ ᐵ੶ GƗLstruck dumb) Ҷ (struck dumb E\DPDQ¶VKDQGVRPHQHVV ¾ 㠝㖾 DGMFKzXPČLµRYHUO\NHHQRQRQH¶VRZQORRNVVPXJSUHVXPSWXRXV¶DVLQ ሿ⦻ਟ㠝㖾Ҷ, 䫡‫ޘ‬ 㣡൘㺓ᴽкҶ. ¾ 䶃 liàQJµSUHWW\RULJLQDOO\IURP&DQWRQHVHUHIHUULQJWRD\RXQJSHUVRQ ¶DVLQ 䛓䗩ᴹࠐњ䶃ྣ઼䶃 Ԅ ]ӽL\RXQJPDQ ൘ୡⅼ.

pò ⹤ adj. huài ൿ adj.* 2A

làn ⛲ adj.* 2B

pò ⹤ adj. 2A

broken bad, spoiled, out of order (usu. no longer usable/ edible) (antonym: ྭ)

broken, rotten, worn-out (oft. not usable/ edible)

Ԇᢺ⭥㿶㔉᪄ VKXƗLto break by falling or throwing down) ൿҶǄ ࡛ᢺ㣡⬦⻠ (pèng, to bump) ൿҶǄ ᱘ཙⲴ依㨌᭮ൿҶˈн㜭޽ਲ਼ҶǄ ԆᢺᡁⲴ᡻ᵪ⭘ൿҶǄ ࡛ᢺྭ㤩઼᷌ൿ㤩᷌᭮൘а䎧Ǆ 䖖ൿҶˈᡁԜ䎠䐟৫੗Ǆ ᱟ䈱ᢺ⻇㔉ᢃ⛲Ҷ˛ Ԇᢺ㼔ᆀ䜭᪄⛲ҶǄ 䘉ᆙᆀањᴸቡク⛲Ҷєৼ䶻Ǆ ԆӾᶕнਲ਼⛲≤᷌Ǆ 㤩᷌䜭⛲Ҷˈਲ਼ҶՊ᣹㛊ᆀ (to suffer from diarrhoea) ⲴǄ

Ԇᢃ⹤Ҷєњ⻇Ǆ broken, damaged, worn-out (may ԆⲴҖव⹤Ҷˈᜣ޽ҠањǄ still be usable; not referring to food) ԆӾᶕнク⹤㺓ᴽǄ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡ˈクⲴ䜭ᱟ⹤㺓ᴽǄ 䘉ᵜ䇽ިᴹ⛩‫ˈ⹤ݯ‬ਟᱟ䘈㜭⭘Ǆ ԆⲴ᡻㻛࠰ࡂ (huá, to cut the surface of) ⹤ҶǄ 䘉њ䫡वཚ⹤ҶˈҠњᯠⲴ੗Ǆ 䘉ᶑ㼉ᆀ⹤ᗇн㜭޽クҶǄ ᡁཙཙᔰ⵰䛓䖶⹤䖖৫к⨝Ǆ

pò ⹤ suì ⺾ adj. 2B

shattered or broken to pieces, fragmentary

ањ䞂⬦㻛ᢃ⺾ҶǄ ൠкᴹࠐњ⺾⻇⡷‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉њᱟ⭘⺾ᐳ‫ڊ‬ᡀⲴǄ

Note: ¾ Words in this group can be used after a verb, as a complement, as in Ԇᢺ⻇ᢃ⺾Ҷ. * ൿ DGMµWRDJUHDWHUH[WHQWH[WUHPHO\¶DVLQ Ԇаཙ⋑ਲ਼依, 侯ൿҶ. * ⛲ DGMµsoft or mushy through overcooking¶DVLQ 㘱Ӫ⢉нྭ, 依㨌㾱➞ᗇ⛲аӋ. ¾ ⹤⺾ DGMµWDWWHUHG¶DVLQ ൠк‫ޘ‬ᱟ⹤⺾Ⲵ⻇઼⻏ᆀ. ¾ ⹤⛲ DGMµUDJJHG¶DVLQ Ԇク⵰⹤⛲Ⲵ㺓ᴽ.

303

304

TƯ]L ࿫ᆀ

Q TƯ]L ࿫ᆀ n. IǌUHQ ཛӪ n. 3A

tàitai ཚཚ n. 3B

wife Madam, Mrs., wife (a respectful form) (ཛ, husband)

Mrs., wife

ྩᱟᙫ㔏 ]ԁQJWԁQJWKH3UHVLGHQW ཛӪǄ ᵾཛӪˈᛘྭʽ ԆཛӪⲴ㤡䈝ᖸн䭉Ǆ ᐲ䮯 VKu]KӽQJPD\RU ཛӪˈ䈧䘉䗩䎠Ǆ 䘉սཛӪⲴ㹼ᵾᐢ㓿᭮ࡠ䖖䟼৫ҶǄ ᡁཛӪဃᵾǄ ཛӪˈ䈧䰞ᛘ䍥ဃ˛ Ԇཚཚᱟаսབྷᆖ㘱ᐸǄ Ԇ↓൘Ѫаսཚཚਛࠪ』⊭䖖Ǆ 䘉սᱟ⦻ཚཚˈྩᱟेӜӪǄ ᛘཚཚⵏ┲Ӟʽ ੁ⦻ཚཚ䰞ྭǄ ⦻ཚཚˈᛘྭʽ Ԇཚཚ‫Ⲵڊ‬㳻㌅ਟ (so) ྭਲ਼ҶǄ Ԇ⡡ӪᱟаսᮉᐸǄ ྩ઼⡡Ӫа䎧৫᯵⑨ҶǄ Ԇ৫५䲒ⴻ⡡Ӫ৫ҶǄ Ԇᴻ৻Ⲵ⡡ӪᱟेӜӪǄ ᡁ઼ᡁ⡡Ӫᱟབྷᆖ਼ᆖǄ ֐ᘾѸ⋑઼⡡Ӫа䎧ᶕ˛

àiren ⡡Ӫ n. 2A

spouse (once a popular word, now used primarily by older generation; not used as a form of address)

TƯ]L ࿫ᆀ n. 2B

Ԇ࿫ᆀᱟањᖸ㚚᰾ⲴӪǄ wife (not used as a form of address) ֐ᱟᴹ࿫ᆀⲴӪҶˈ㾱‫ڊ‬ањྭиཛǄ ྩᖸ㜭ᒢˈᱟањྭ࿫ᆀǄ иཛ઼࿫ᆀ䜭ဃᕐǄ ᡁᗇ GČLKDYHWR എᇦ઼࿫ᆀ୶䟿୶䟿Ǆ ֌Ѫ࿫ᆀˈ֐ᗇཊᑞࣙ֐иཛǄ

OӽRSR 㘱ၶ n. 1C

wife, better half

Ԇഋॱཊ኱Ҷ䘈⋑ၦ TԃWRPDUU\DZRPDQ 㘱 ၶǄ Ԇ㘱ၶӪᖸ┲ӞǄ Ԇ䈤Ԇнᙅ (pà, to fear) 㘱ၶǄ 㘱ၶн൘ᇦˈԆቡ৫依侶‫ݯ‬ਲ਼依Ǆ ᡁᗇ㔉ᡁ㘱ၶᢃњ⭥䈍Ǆ 㘱ၶˈ֐ⵏྭʽ ԆᴹҶ㘱ၶԕਾቡᖸቁࠪ৫்䞂ҶǄ

qíshì ↗㿶 xífur უྷ‫ ݯ‬n. 1C

wife (dialect, used in northern part of China, more in rural areas)

305

ԆӺཙၦუྷ‫ˈݯ‬аབྷᰙቡ䎧ᶕҶǄ Ԇ઼უྷ‫ݯ‬㔃ႊࠐॱᒤҶˈᆙᆀԜҏ䜭བྷҶǄ Ԇუྷ‫ݯ‬ᱟњ⡡䈤䈍ⲴӪˈᡁԜ䜭䇔䇶ྩǄ Ԇ䘈⋑ᴹუྷ‫ݯ‬઒ˈ↓൘᢮Ǆ უྷ‫ݯ‬, ֐Ӻཙⵏ┲ӞǄ Ԇሩྩუྷ‫ݯ‬нཚྭˈਾᶕԆ‫ؙ‬ቡ⿫ႊҶǄ

Note: უྷ Q[tIµGDXJKWHU-in-ODZ¶DVLQ ԆⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀ઼‫ݯ‬უྷӺᒤࡊ㔃ႊ.

qíshì ↗㿶 v. EӿVKu 䝉㿶 v. 3 N/A PLӽRVKu 㰀㿶 v. 3 N/A

to discriminate against to despise, to look down upon (䝉, low; 㿶, to look at)

н㾱䝉㿶ᇦ䟼⋑ᴹ䫡ⲴӪǄ ԆഐѪн䇢ⵏ䈍㘼ਇӪ䝉㿶Ǆ ሩ䘉⿽ӪԆӾᶕ䜭ᱟ䝉㿶ⲴǄ

to defy, to see sb./ sth. as inferior (㰀, to despise)

㰀㿶᭼Ӫ (dírén, enemy) ᡽㜭ᡈ㜌 (zhànshèng, to defeat) ᭼ӪǄ 䈱䜭нᓄ䈕㰀㿶⌅ᓝ IӽWtQJFRXUW Ǆ

mièshì 㭁㿶 v. 3D

Ԇ㭁㿶㠚⿱ ]uVƯVHOILVK ⲴӪǄ to disdain, to scorn (㭁, to disdain) 㭁㿶⌅ᖻ IӽOԋODZ ⲴӪнՊᴹྭ㔃᷌ MLpJXԁHQGLQJ Ǆ ሩᆖҐнྭⲴᆖ⭏ԆнնнᑞࣙԆԜˈ৽㘼㭁㿶ԆԜǄ ᡁԜ㾱㭁㿶ഠ䳮 (kùnnan, difficulty)ˈࣚ࣋‫ྭڊ‬ ᐕ֌Ǆ

wúshì ᰐ㿶 v. 3 N/A

to ignore, to disregard (ᰐ㿶 + sth. inanimate; with a pejorative connotation) (ᰐ, nil)

н㾱ᰐ㿶࡛ӪⲴᝏᛵ (JӽQTtQJ, feeling)Ǆ ᰐ㿶ᆖ⭏Ⲵਸ⨶ (KpOӿUHDVRQDEOH 㾱≲, 䘉ᱟᖸ нሩⲴǄ Ԇᑨᑨᰐ㿶ᴻ৻ԜⲴ‫ޣ‬⡡ˈᡁнཚௌ⅒ԆǄ Ԇᰐ㿶а࠷ˈ䘈ᱟཚᒤ䖫Ǆ

GƯJǌ վՠ v. 3-2 N/A

to underestimate (վ, low; ՠ, to estimate)

ԆվՠҶ䘉྇ᡯᆀⲴԧṬ (jiàgé, price)Ǆ н㾱վՠ֐㠚ᐡǄ Ԇᙫᱟ儈ՠ㠚ᐡˈվՠ࡛ӪǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇԆⲴ㜭࣋㻛վՠҶǄ

qíshì ↗㿶 v. 3-2 D

to discriminate against (with a pejorative connotation) (↗, divergent)

н㾱↗㿶ྷྣ (IQԉ, women)Ǆ ሩӰѸӪ䜭н㜭↗㿶Ǆ 䈱䜭нᓄ䈕ਇࡠ↗㿶Ǆ

to make light of (䖫, light)

Ԇ∄䖳䖫㿶᮷、 (ZpQNƝOLEHUDODrts)Ǆ ᒤ䖫Ӫнᓄ䈕䖫㿶ᆖҐǄ ⭡Ҿ䖫㿶Ҷ䘉⅑㘳䈅ˈԆⲴᡀ㔙нཚྭǄ

TƯQJVKu 䖫㿶 v. 3-2 C

306

qìhòu ≄‫ى‬ ᡁԜሩ㠚ᐡⲴ䓛փ‫ڕ‬ᓧззнਟ (definitely not) 䖫㿶Ǆ

NjQEXTӿ ⴻн䎧 v. 2B

Ԇᑨᑨⴻн䎧ཆൠӪ (not a local person)Ǆ WRWXUQXSRQH¶Vnose at ഐѪ⋑ᴹᐕ֌ˈԆᙫ㿹ᗇ㻛࡛Ӫⴻн䎧Ǆ (oft. interchangeable with ⷗н䎧) ᱟ֐ⴻн䎧ᡁˈᡁਟ⋑ᴹⴻн䎧֐Ǆ Ԇ䶎ᑨⴻн䎧䘉⿽ӪǄ

NjQGƯ ⴻվ v. 2 N/A

to belittle

TLiREXTӿ ⷗н䎧 v. 1 N/A

to see sb./ sth. as not measuring up (northern dialect) (⷗, to see)

[LӽRNjQ ሿⴻ v. 1 N/A

[LӽRTLiR ሿ⷗ v. 1 N/A

to think little of

to belittle (northern dialect)

JԁX\ӽQNjQUpQGƯ ⤇⵬ⴻӪվ ph.* to think less of others (used 1* N/A metaphorically)

֐㾱ྭྭᐕ֌ˈн㜭䇙ӪⴻվǄ Ԇᙫᱟⴻվ㠚ᐡˈⴻ儈࡛ӪǄ ԆᢺᆖҐⲴ䟽㾱ᙗⴻվҶǄ Ԇ⷗н䎧䛓ӋӪǄ ࡛䘉ṧ䈤䈍ˈ㻛Ӫ⷗н䎧Ǆ ࡛㘱ᱟ⷗н䎧䘉⿽ᐕ֌ˈᐕ֌н࠶䍥䍡 (jiàn, lowly)Ǆ ሿⴻӪʽ 㾱ᜣн㻛࡛Ӫሿⴻˈቡ㾱ྭྭᆖҐǄ 䘉њᖃᒤ㻛ӪሿⴻⲴྣᆙ‫⧠ݯ‬൘ᐢ㓿ᡀѪа ਽ྣᕪӪ (very strong and successful woman)ҶǄ ࡛ሿⴻӪˈԆᒦн∄֐ᐞཊቁǄ ሿ⷗Ӫʽ ॳз࡛ሿ⷗ҶԆˈԆਟнᱟа㡜Ӫ \ƯEƗQUpQ ordinary people)Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇ㻛Ӫሿ⷗Ҷˈᗳ䟼ᖸн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ᡁਟнᮒሿ⷗֐ˈ֐ཊহᇣ (lìhai, powerful) ੰʽ[with sarcasm] Ԇᱟањ⤇⵬ⴻӪվⲴӪǄ ⤇⵬ⴻӪվ, ࡛⨶ (Oӿ, to notice) Ԇʽ ֐ӰѸᰦ‫ى‬ਈᗇ䘉Ѹ⤇⵬ⴻӪվⲴ˛

Note: * The literal meaning of ⤇⵬ⴻӪվ LVµin the eyes of a dog, everybody has short legs¶ RUµin the eyes of a cock, nobody can lay eggs¶. ⤇ (dog) often has a negative connotation in Chinese language.

qìhòu ≄‫ ى‬n. qìhòu ≄‫ ى‬n. 2B

climate climate (also used figuratively) (≄, air; ‫ى‬, season)

䘉䟼Ⲵ≄‫∄ى‬䖳ྭǄ ѝഭेᯩⲴ≄‫∄ى‬ইᯩߧǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵ≄‫ى‬нཚྭˈ༿ཙ⢩࡛✝Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒䛓䟼Ⲵ≄‫ˈى‬ᡰԕ⋑৫䛓䟼ᐕ֌Ǆ ԆⲴ㘱ᇦаᒤഋᆓ≄‫⑙ى‬᳆, ⵏᱟањྭൠᯩǄ ᴰ䘁Ⲵ᭯⋫ (zhèngzhì, political) ≄‫ى‬нཚྭǄ

qiántú ࡽ䙄

307

н⭘ᣵᗳˈԆᡀнҶӰѸབྷ≄‫( ى‬ᡀ≄‫ى‬, to prevail)Ǆ qìxiàng ≄䊑 n. 2B

climatic phenomenon (also used figuratively) (䊑, appearance)

WLƗQTu ཙ≄ n. 2A

weather

WLƗQ ཙ n.* 1A

weather (oft. + monosyllable)

Ԇ൘བྷᆖᆖⲴᱟ≄䊑ᆖ (meteorology)Ǆ ኡкᴹањ≄䊑ㄉ (weather station)Ǆ ≄䊑മ (meteorological map) ⭫ࠪᶕҶǄ ᱕㢲㾱ࡠҶˈ䘉䟼ᱟа⡷㢲ᰕⲴ≄䊑Ǆ Ԇᱟаս≄䊑ᐕ֌㘵ˈ㓿ᑨࡠኡ䟼Ⲵ≄䊑ㄉ৫Ǆ ཆ䗩ཙ≄нྭˈԆ൘ᇦ⋑ᴹࠪ৫Ǆ ᴰ䘁䘉䟼Ⲵཙ≄䶎ᑨ✝ˈᲊк䜭ⶑн⵰㿹Ǆ ഐѪཙ≄Ⲵ䰞仈ˈ伎ᵪ⋑ᴹ᤹ᰦ䎧伎Ǆ ཙ≄ሩԆᶕ䈤н䟽㾱ˈᲤཙ䴘ཙ䜭⋑‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ Ӻཙཙ≄ᖸߧǄ н㇑ཙ≄ྭൿˈԆ䜭ᗇ GČLKDYHWR ৫Ǆ ֐ੜཙ≄亴ᣕ (yùbào, forecast) Ҷੇ˛᰾ཙлн л䴘˛ ᱘ཙཙྭˈԆ৫⡜ኡҶǄ а䱤ཙ \ƯQWLƗQFORXG\ ԆⲴ㞯ቡ⯬Ǆ ᢮њྭཙᡁԜа䎧৫᯵⑨Ǆ ཙ߹Ҷˈཊク⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ བྷ✝Ⲵཙˈ࡛ࠪ৫ҶǄ 㾱ਈ (biàn, to change) ཙҶˈࠪ৫ᑖкՎǄ

Note: * ཙ n. µVN\¶DVLQ ཙк伎䗷Ҷаᷦ伎ᵪ. ¾ ཙ‫ ݯ‬n. µVRPHWLPHGXULQJWKH GD\¶, as in ཙ‫ݯ‬нᰙҶ, ᡁ䈕䎠Ҷ.

qiántú ࡽ䙄 n.

prospects Ԇ㚚᰾ྭᆖˈࡽ〻䘌བྷ (promising future)Ǆ ້к߉⵰: ࡽ〻լ䭖 (լ sì, similar to; 䭖 MӿQ, brocade, bright and beautiful)Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇӾᴰྭⲴབྷᆖࠪᶕⲴ∅ъ⭏ࡽ〻з䟼Ǆ ѪҶ㠚ᐡⲴࡽ〻ˈԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋Ǆ

qiánchéng ࡽ〻 n. 3D

the journey ahead, expectations (oft. with positive connotation, and in an individual capacity) (〻, a stage of a journey)

TLiQMӿQJ ࡽᲟ n. 3D

ԆԜ‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ ⲴࡽᲟᖸྭǄ the outlook (usu. in a non-individual Ԇሩ䘉њ‫ޜ‬ਨⲴਁኅࡽᲟнཚⴻྭ (to see good capacity) (Ჟ, scenery) in)Ǆ 䘉њഭᇦᴹ⵰‫ݹ‬᰾ⲴࡽᲟǄ 䘉њ‫ޜ‬ਨབྷྭⲴࡽᲟ֯ᡁԜ䜭ᝯ᜿ᶕ䘉䟼ᐕ֌Ǆ ԆੁᡁԜኅ⽪ ]KӽQVKuWRVKRZ Ҷ䘉њ෾ᐲⲴ㖾 ѭࡽᲟǄ ᡁԜєњഭᇦⲴਸ֌ (cooperation) ࡽᲟ‫ݹ‬᰾Ǆ

308 MLƗQJOiL ሶᶕ n. 2A

qiántú ࡽ䙄 n. 2B

wèilái ᵚᶕ n. 2B

TLƗRTLƗR ᚴᚴ the future

prospects (䙄, road)

the future (in a more ideological sense) (ᵚ, not yet)

TLƗRTLƗR ᚴᚴ adv. jQ¶àn ᳇᳇ adv. 2C

TLƗRTLƗR ᚴᚴ adv. 2B

Ԇ㿹ᗇкབྷᆖᱟѪҶањ㖾ྭⲴሶᶕǄ ѪҶᆙᆀⲴሶᶕˈԆ൘ࣚ࣋ൠᐕ֌⵰Ǆ ֐Ⲵሶᶕ㜭н㜭ᒨ⾿㾱ⴻ֐⧠൘ᱟнᱟྭྭᆖҐ ઼ᐕ֌Ǆ ᆙᆀԜⲴሶᶕՊ∄ᡁԜᴤྭǄ ֐ҏнሿҶˈཊ㘳㲁㘳㲁 NӽROԋWRWKLQNRYHU 㠚 ᐡⲴሶᶕǄ 䘉њ෾ᐲⲴሶᶕՊᴤ㖾ྭǄ ྲ᷌нྭྭᆖҐˈ֐ቡ⋑ᴹӰѸࡽ䙄Ǆ 䘉њᒤ䖫Ӫࡽ䙄ᰐ䟿 (wúliàng, unlimited)Ǆ ֐䘈ᒤ䖫ˈࡽ䙄㖾ྭǄ ᆖ䘉њуъ ]KXƗQ\qVXEMHFW ᴹࡽ䙄ੇ˛ Ԇ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡ⋑ᴹӰѸࡽ䙄Ǆ ⇿ањӪ䜭൘Ѫ㖾ྭⲴࡽ䙄㘼ࣚ࣋ᐕ֌⵰Ǆ 䇙ᡁԜ᡻᣹᡻䎠ੁᵚᶕǄ ‫ݯ‬ㄕ (értóng, children) ᱟᡁԜⲴᵚᶕǄ ԆԜሩ㠚ᐡⲴᵚᶕ‫┑ݵ‬Ҷᐼᵋ [ƯZjQJKRSH Ǆ ⡦⇽䜭ᐼᵋ‫ྣݯ‬ᴹањ㖾ྭⲴᵚᶕǄ Ԇሩ䘉њ‫ޜ‬ਨⲴᵚᶕᖸᴹؑᗳ (confidence)Ǆ ањӪⲴᵚᶕ㾱⭡Ԇ㠚ᐡᶕࡋ䙐 (chuàngzào, to bring about)Ǆ

quietly secretly RIWGHVFULELQJVE¶V mental activity; ൠ is optional) (antonym: ‫ޜ‬ᔰ)

quietly (doing sth.; ൠ is optional) (antonym: ‫ޜ‬ᔰ)

ੜҶ㘱⦻Ⲵ䈍ԕਾˈԆ᳇᳇儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ 㘱ၶケ❦എᇦˈԆ᳇᳇㍗ᕐ MӿQ]KƗQJQHUYRXV Ǆ Ԇ᳇᳇ൠлߣᗳˈаᇊ㾱ྭྭᆖҐǄ Ԇᗳ䟼᳇᳇ൠ傲 (mà, to verbally abuse) Ҷ㘱⦻а ਕǄ аⴻ㿱Ԇˈᡁ᳇᳇ਲ਼Ҷа᛺ MƯQJto be surprised/ frightened)Ǆ ᰙкᆙᆀԜ䘈൘ⶑ㿹ˈԆቡᚴᚴൠ⿫ᔰҶᇦǄ ԆᶕᲊҶˈᚴᚴൠ䎠䘋ᶕ඀൘ਾ䗩Ǆ ᱕仾ᚴᚴൠ੩㔯ҶབྷൠǄ Ԇ൘ᚴᚴᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ Ԇᚴᚴൠ䈤³ሩн䎧ˈᡁᶕᲊҶǄ´ Ԇᚴᚴ৫୶ᓇᢺ䛓ৼ䶻Ѫྣ‫ݯ‬ҠഎᶕҶǄ ԆⲴ⤇ᚴᚴൠ䏤 SƗto lie on the belly) ൘ԆⲴ䓛 ᯱǄ Ԇᚴᚴൠᢺࠪഭ⮉ᆖⲴ᡻㔝࣎ྭҶǄ Ԇ⋑‫ޜ‬ᔰ䈤䘉Ԧһᛵˈਚᱟᚴᚴൠ੺䇹Ҷ㘱⦻Ǆ

TƯQTLq Ӣ࠷ WǀXWǀX ‫ ڧڧ‬adv. 2B

к䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ‫਼઼ڧڧ‬ᆖ䇢䈍Ǆ stealthily (carrying out an action; Ԇ൘‫ڧڧ‬ൠᣭ✏ˈᙅӪⴻ㿱Ǆ ൠ is optional) (antonym: ‫ ❦ޜ‬rán) Ԇ‫ڧڧ‬ᢺ⡨⡨Ⲵ䖖ᔰ䎠ҶǄ Ԇ‫ڧڧ‬᪨᪨ Pǀ ൠᢺҖ᤯䎠ҶǄ ᆙᆀ⯵ᗇᖸ䟽ˈ⡦⇽‫ڧڧ‬ൠ⍱⵬⌚ OL~\ӽQOqLWR cry)Ǆ Ԇ‫ڧڧ‬ㅁҶалˈ⋑ᴹ䈤ӰѸǄ ሿ⥛‫ڧڧ‬ᢺ䛓ⴈ劬㔉ਲ਼ҶǄ Ԇ‫ڧڧ‬ൠᢺ䫡Ӿ䬦㹼᤯ࠪᶕҶǄ ྣᴻ৻⿫ᔰਾˈԆ‫ڧڧ‬ൠଝ NǌWRFU\ Ҷྭ䮯ᰦ 䰤Ǆ

TƯQTLq Ӣ࠷ adj. mìqiè ᇶ࠷ adj. 2B

TƯQPu Ӣᇶ adj. 2D

309

friendly close (occasionally used as an attributive; among individuals, organisations, countries, etc.) (antonym: ⮿䘌 VKǌ\XӽQ (ᇶ, dense; ࠷, to be close to)

intimate (reduplication AABB) (antonym: ⮿䘌 VKǌ\XӽQ

ԆԜⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ JXƗQ[uUHODWLRQVKLS ᖸᇶ࠷Ǆ єᇦӪᶕᖰᇶ࠷ˈᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ ԆԜⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ᴰ䘁ᔰ࿻ᇶ࠷䎧ᶕǄ 䘉єњഭᇦⲴӔᖰ䎺ᶕ䎺ᇶ࠷Ǆ Ԇ‫ޣؙ‬㌫ᴰ䘁ਈᗇ∄䖳⮿䘌ˈн‫ۿ‬ԕࡽ䛓Ѹᇶ࠷ ҶǄ ᐼᵋᡁԜབྷᆖѻ䰤㜭ᇶ࠷ਸ֌Ǆ 䭫⛬઼䓛փ‫ڕ‬ᓧᴹ⵰ᇶ࠷Ⲵ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ ԆԜӢᇶൠӔ䈸⵰Ǆ Ԇ઼ྣᴻ৻᡻᣹⵰᡻ˈᱮᗇ䶎ᑨӢᇶǄ Ԇ‫ؙ‬ᱟӢᇶⲴᴻ৻Ǆ ྩԜӢᇶᗇᖸˈ‫ۿ‬Ӣက࿩аṧǄ བྷ㺇кˈ֐‫ؙ࡛‬ཚӢᇶҶˈਛ࡛Ӫⴻ㿱нྭǄ ԆԜа㿱䶒ቡӢӢᇶᇶⲴˈ⋑ᴹа⛩‫⮿ݯ‬䘌Ⲵ ᝏ㿹 JӽQMXpIHHOLQJimpression)Ǆ

TƯQTLq Ӣ࠷ adj. 2B

ԆഎᇦґⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᝏࡠа࠷䜭ᖸӢ࠷Ǆ friendly, cordial, amiable (antonym: ԆӢ࠷ൠ઼ᡁԜаа (one by one) ᨑ᡻Ǆ ߧ␑ OČQJGjQ Ԇ䈤ᗇᖸӢ࠷ˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸᝏࣘǄ ԆӢ࠷Ⲵ䈍䈝аⴤ૽ [LӽQJto sound) ൘ᡁⲴ㙣䗩Ǆ ԆሩӪᖸߧ␑ˈа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нӢ࠷Ǆ ⡨⡨ሩ‫ݯ‬ᆀ䶎ᑨӢ࠷Ǆ ԆᱟањӢ࠷Ⲵ㘱ᐸǄ ԆӢ࠷Ⲵ䈍䈝֯ᡁᝏࡠᖸ⑙᳆Ǆ

TƯQUq Ӣ✝ adj. 2C

ԆԜӢ✝ൠӔ䈸⵰Ǆ affectionate, intimate (reduplication ֐ሩ֐Ⲵྣᴻ৻㾱Ӣ✝а⛩‫ˈݯ‬н㾱䛓Ѹߧ␑Ǆ AABB) (antonym: ߧ═ OČQJPz ࡛䗷࠶ (too much) Ӣ✝ˈ䇙Ӫⴻ㿱нྭǄ ⴻࡠྸྸᶕҶˈԆ傜кӢ✝ൠкࡽ৫䰞‫ى‬Ǆ

310

TƯQ]u Ӣ㠚 аᇦӪӢӢ✝✝ൠˈཊྭ୺ʽ

Note: Ӣ䘁 DGMTƯQMuQµLQWLPDWH¶DVLQ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬Ӣ䘁ᗇᖸ.

TƯQ]u Ӣ㠚 adv. TƯQVKƝQ Ӣ䓛 adv.* 2B

TƯQVKԁX Ӣ᡻ adv. 2D

TƯQ]u Ӣ㠚 adv. 2B

in person first-hand (oft. experiencing a major event; also referring to an abstract item) (Ӣ, in person; 䓛, body)

ZLWKRQH¶s own hands (usu. sth. on a small scale) (᡻, hand)

in person, personally (㠚, self)

ԆӢ䓛㓿শ MƯQJOuWRH[SHULHQFH 䗷བྷൠ䴷 (dìzhèn, earthquake)Ǆ ԆӢ䓛ᝏਇࡠҶᴻ৻ԜⲴ‫ޣ‬ᗳ઼⡡ᣔǄ ᡁ⋑ᴹӢ䓛㓿শ䗷ൠ䴷Ǆ ԆӢ䓛৲࣐䗷䛓њབྷᆖⲴ䘀ࣘՊǄ ֐㾱Ӣ䓛փ傼 Wӿ\jQWRWDVWH ал䛓⿽≄≋ TuIƝQDWPRVSKHUH ᡽㜭⸕䚃Ǆ ԆӢ᡻ᢺ䫡Ӕ㔉Ҷ࿩࿩ˈнՊᴹ䭉ⲴǄ 䘉ᶑ㼉ᆀᱟᡁ㠚ᐡӢ᡻‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ 䘉ᱟаᕐ⦻㘱‫⭏ݸ‬Ӣ᡻⭫Ⲵኡ≤⭫Ǆ Ԇᱟ⦻㘱ᐸӢ᡻ᮉࠪᶕⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ Ԇཚᘉˈ⋑ᴹӢ᡻‫ڊ‬䘉Ԧһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉ᱟྸྸӢ᡻वⲴ侪ᆀǄ ԆѪᆙᆀӢ㠚৫Ҷа䏏ेӜǄ Ԇ⯵Ҷˈн㜭Ӣ㠚ᶕǄ ֐ᗵ享Ӣ㠚ࠪ傜 (to go into action) ᡽㹼Ǆ Ԇҏн⭘Ӣ㠚ࠪ䶒ˈਛ࡛Ӫ࣎ቡਟԕҶǄ ԆӢ㠚㔉ᇒӪ‫ق‬кҶ㥦Ǆ ֐Ӣ㠚৫䰞䰞ԆྭҶǄ 䘉Ԧһ‫ݯ‬ᖸ䟽㾱ˈ֐аᇊ㾱Ӣ㠚৫‫ڊ‬Ǆ

Note: * Ӣ䓛 adj., as in Җ䟼߉Ⲵ䜭ᱟԆⲴӢ䓛㓿শ. ¾ Ӣ⵬ DGYµWRVHH ZLWKRQH¶VRZQH\HV¶DVLQ ᡁӢ⵬ⴻ㿱Ԇ䎠䘋മҖ侶Ҷ. ¾ Ӣਓ DGYµWRWHOO IURPRQH¶VRZQPRXWK¶DVLQ ᱟԆӢਓ੺䇹ᡁⲴ. ¾ Ӣ㙣 DGYµWRKHDU ZLWKRQH¶VRZQHDUV¶DVLQ 䘉њᱟԆӢ㙣ੜࡠⲴ. ¾ Ӣㅄ DGYµWRZULWH LQRQH¶VRZQKDQGZULWLQJ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟԆӢㅄ߉Ⲵؑ.

TǌELp ४࡛ v. biànbié 䗘࡛ v. 3-2 D

to differentiate to discern (䗘, to distinguish; ࡛, to differentiate)

֐㜭䗘࡛ࠪଚӋᱟᡁ߉Ⲵᆇੇ˛ ཙཚ唁ˈԆ䗘࡛нࠪьই㾯ेҶǄ Ԇ䗘࡛ᱟ䶎 IƝLZURQJ Ⲵ㜭࣋ᖸᕪǄ

TǌELp ४࡛

311

൘ഋ䟽 (chóng) ୡ (a vocal quartet) ѝˈԆ㜭䗘 ࡛ࠪ㠚ᐡ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴ༠丣Ǆ biànrèn 䗘䇔 v. 3-2 D

to identify (usu. concrete items, and with eyes) (reduplication: ABAB) (䇔, to recognise)

IƝQELjQ ࠶䗘 v. 3-2 D

to tell apart, to recognise (࠶, to divide into parts)

jiànbié 䢤࡛ v. 3-2 D

shíbié 䇶࡛ v. 3-2 D

to distinguish (according to a standard), to appraise (things based on specialised experience) (䢤, to inspect)

to recognise, to distinguish from (䇶, to recognise)

IƝQELp ࠶࡛ v.* 2D

to separate A from B

TǌELp ४࡛ v.* 2B

to differentiate (४, section)

䈧䗘䇔алˈ䘉ᱟ֐Ⲵㆮ਽ TLƗQPtQJVLJQDWXUH ੇ˛ Ԇ䗘䇔Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ˈᴰਾྭᇩ᱃᡽䗘䇔ࠪᶕǄ ᆇ߉ᗇཚ㥹 (very sloppy)ˈԆ䗘䇔нࠪᶕǄ ➗⡷ᖸᰗˈᖸ䳮䗘䇔␵ᾊк䶒ⲴӪǄ 㘱Ӫ䗘䇔ᗇᖸԄ㓶Ǆ ൘аབྷึ㹼ᵾѝԆ䗘䇔ࠪҶ㠚ᐡⲴ㇡ᆀǄ ֐䗷ᶕⴻⴻˈ䗘䇔ал䘉Ӌ➗⡷‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐޽Ԅ㓶䗘䇔䗘䇔ˈⴻⴻଚњᱟ֐ⲴǄ ԆᆖՊҶᘾṧ࠶䗘㪑㨴䞂ⲴྭൿǄ Ԇሩਓ丣 (accent) ࠶䗘ᗇᖸ␵ᾊˈ֐а䈤䈍Ԇቡ ⸕䚃֐ᱟଚ䟼ӪǄ Ԇ࠶䗘нࠪ⭥䈍䟼ᱟ䈱Ǆ 䴘ཚབྷˈᖸ䳮࠶䗘␵ᾊࡽ䶒Ⲵ䐟Ǆ ൘䘉њ䰞仈кˈԆ࠶䗘н␵䈱ᱟ䈱䶎Ǆ Ԇн៲⭫‫ˈݯ‬ᡰԕҏቡ࠶䗘нࠪⵏ‫] ٷ‬KƝQMLӽ real/ fake)Ǆ ԆᖸՊ䢤࡛ѝഭ⬧ಘ (cíqì, porcelain)Ǆ Ԇ䢤࡛нࠪᶕ䘉њ⬧⬦ᱟଚњᒤԓⲴǄ 䈧ᑞᘉ䢤࡛ал䘉њь㾯Ⲵⵏ‫ٷ‬Ǆ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟ䢤࡛ਔ JԃDQFLHQW ⭫Ǆ 䛓є⿽ਓ丣ᖸᇩ᱃䇶࡛Ǆ 䘉ᵜ䇽ި⭘ᗇᐢ㓿ᖸᰗҶˈᴹӋᆇᐢ㓿䇶࡛н ࠪᶕҶǄ ሩӰѸһ‫ݯ‬䜭㾱䇶࡛ⵏ‫ٷ‬Ǆ ൘䛓ࠐњӪᖃѝˈԆ䇶࡛ࠪҶ䛓њ‫ ڧ‬WǀX to steal) Ԇ䫡वⲴӪǄ 䇶࡛ањӪⲴྭൿˈн㜭ਚੜԆᘾѸ䈤ˈ䟽㾱Ⲵ ᱟ㾱ⴻԆᘾѸ‫ڊ‬Ǆ ྩԜက࿩‫ؙ‬䮯ᗇᖸ‫࡛ˈۿ‬Ӫᖸ䳮࠶࡛ࠪᶕଚњᱟ ကကଚњᱟ࿩࿩Ǆ ᆙᆀཚሿˈ 䘈࠶࡛нࠪሩ䭉 (duìcuò, right/ wrong)Ǆ ྭӪ઼ൿӪᡁԜ㾱࠶࡛␵ᾊǄ ᆙᆀཚሿˈ䘈н៲ᘾṧ४࡛ྭӪ઼ൿӪǄ Ԇ⵬ⶋнྭˈ४࡛нҶ䘉є⿽仌㢢Ǆ Ӿ༠丣кˈԆ㜭४࡛ࠪကက઼࿩࿩Ǆ ֐४࡛ал䘉єњ≹ᆇⲴн਼Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱ᢺྭⲴ઼нྭⲴ४࡛ᔰᶕǄ

312

TǌELp ४࡛ 䘉ᵜҖ४࡛Ҿ䛓ᵜҖˈ߉ⲴнᱟྣӪⲴһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䘉єњ䰞仈н਼ˈ㾱४࡛ሩᖵ (dài, to treat)Ǆ

TǌIƝQ ४࠶ v. 2D

to tell/ separate ... from; to discriminate

䘉є⿽仌㢢ᐞнཊˈᖸ䳮४࠶Ǆ Ӿਓ丣кˈԆ㜭४࠶㖾ഭӪ઼࣐᤯བྷӪǄ 㾱ᜣᢺ䘉є⿽ь㾯४࠶ᔰᶕᓄ䈕н䳮Ǆ Ԇ४࠶нࠪᶕ㪑㨴䞂ⲴྭൿǄ

Note: * ࠶࡛ YµWRSDUW¶DVin 傜кቡ㾱઼ྸྸ࠶࡛Ҷ, Ԇᗳ䟼ᥪ䳮䗷. * ४࡛ QµGLIIHUHQFH¶DVLQ 䈧᢮ࠪ䘉ࠐњᆇѻ䰤Ⲵ४࡛. ¾ ࡂ࠶ YKXjIƝQµWRGLYLGH¶DVLQ Ԇᢺ㤩᷌Ⲵྭൿࡂ࠶ᡀйњㅹ㓗 GČQJMtJUDGH

rèqíng ✝ᛵ

313

R rèqíng ✝ᛵ adj.

enthusiastic

rèliè ✝⛸ adj. 2B

warm, welcoming (with an emphasis on atmosphere; usu. not referring to a person) (antonym: ߧ␵ OČQJTƯQJ ⛸, intense)

丣ҀՊкˈབྷᇦⲴᦼ༠ ]KӽQJVKƝQJFODSSLQJ 䶎ᑨ✝⛸Ǆ 䈮าкᡁԜ䇘䇪 WӽROQWRGLVFXVV ᗇᖸ✝⛸Ǆ ᆖ⭏Ԝ✝⛸ൠ⅒䗾ᯠ㘱ᐸⲴࡠᶕǄ ԆਇࡠҶ✝⛸Ⲵ⅒䗾Ǆ Ӫ㗔஺䚃˖⅒䗾! ⅒䗾ʽ✝⛸⅒䗾ʽ ԆԜ↓൘ᔰањ✝⛸Ⲵ⅒䗾ՊǄ

rèqíng ✝ᛵ adj. 2A

enthusiastic (with an emphasis on emotion; usu. not referring to a scene or atmosphere) (antonym: ߧ␑ OČQJGjQ (ᛵ, feeling)

ԆሩӪᖸ✝ᛵˈਟԆကကሩӪতᖸߧ␑Ǆ ✝ᛵྭᇒⲴԆ㓿ᑨ䈧ᴻ৻ࡠᇦ䟼ਲ਼依Ǆ Ԇ✝ᛵൠ䈧ᡁԜࡠቻ䟼඀Ǆ Ԇ✝ᛵᗇᖸˈབྷᇦ൘Ԇᇦ䟼⧙ᗇ䶎ᑨ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ✝ᛵⲴ㘱⦻㔉ᡁԜ‫ڊ‬Ҷа亯㖾佀Ǆ Ԇ䛓Ӌ✝ᛵⲴ䈍֯ᡁԜ䜭ᖸᝏࣘǄ Ԇௌ⅒ᶕ䘉䟼ਲ਼依ˈഐѪ䘉䟼ᴹ✝ᛵⲴᴽ࣑ઈǄ

Uq[ƯQ ✝ᗳ adj.* 2B

warm-hearted, ardent (implying doing sth. beyond the call of duty, with an emphasis on action) (ߧ═ OČQJPz

Ԇᱟањ✝ᗳⲴӪˈ㓿ᑨᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ ⦻㘱ᐸᑞࣙᆖ⭏ᖸ✝ᗳǄ Ԇሩ䘉Ԧһ‫✝ݯ‬ᗳᶱҶǄ Ԇ✝ᗳൠᮉᡁᆖ≹䈝Ǆ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬нཚ✝ᗳˈሩ䘉Ԧһᛵᴹ⛩‫═ߧݯ‬Ǆ

Note: * ✝ᗳ v., as in ཊᒤᶕԆаⴤ✝ᗳҾ᝸ழһъ (císhàn shìyè, charity undertaking)Ǆ ¾ ✝ᛵ/ ✝ᗳ can also be used as a noun, as in ᆖ⭏Ԝ৲࣐㈞⨳䎋Ⲵ✝ᛵᖸ儈Ǆ ¾ ✝ᘡ QUqFKpQµHQWKXVLDVPDQGGHYRWLRQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 䘉Ӌᒤ䖫ӪⲴ⡡ഭ✝ᘡ䶎ᑨ儈Ǆ ¾ ✝䈊 adj. rèchéng µZDUPDQGVLQFHUH¶DVLQ Ԇሩᴻ৻ᖸ✝䈊Ǆ ¾ ✝࠷ DGMµHDUQHVW¶DVLQ Ԇ✝࠷ൠㅹᖵ⵰ྣᴻ৻ⲴࡠᶕǄ ¾ ✝ᗳ㛐 SKUq[ƯQFKiQJµVEZLWKDELJKHDUWLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ֐ⵏᱟањ✝ᗳ㛐ˈ䉒䉒ʽ

rénmen ӪԜ n. mínzhòng ≁Շ n. 3D dàzhòng བྷՇ n. 3-2 C

people masses, common people (oft. referring to political issues; also Ӫ≁བྷՇ)

Ԇᱟањ≁Շᡰௌ⅒Ⲵᐲ䮯 VKu]KӽQJ, mayor)Ǆ 䘉ᱟ≁ՇⲴᜣ⌅ੇ˛ ਴ൠⲴ≁Շ䜭৽ሩ (to argue against) 䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬Ǆ

the general public (Շ, crowd, numerous)

䘉ᱟаᇦབྷՇ依侶‫ˈݯ‬৸‫ׯ‬ᇌ৸ྭਲ਼Ǆ 䘉њ⭥ᖡᖸਇབྷՇⲴ⅒䗾Ǆ ᒯ੺ (ads) 㾱བྷՇॆ (in a popular style) аӋǄ

314

rìjì ᰕ䇠䘉ᱟаᵜᴹ‫ޣ‬བྷՇ᮷ॆ (culture) ⲴҖǄ

qúnzhòng 㗔Շ n. 3-2 B

the masses, non-party members (㗔Շ vs. ‫ފ‬ઈ GӽQJ\XiQSDUW\ member; 㗔Շ vs. ᒢ䜘 gànbù, cadre) (㗔, crowd, group)

ᒢ䜘㾱㓿ᑨੜੜ㗔ՇⲴ᜿㿱 (yìjiàn, view)Ǆ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᗇࡠҶ㗔ՇⲴྭ䇴 (píng, comment)Ǆ ԆᑨᑨѪӪ≁㗔Շ䈤䈍Ǆ ৫ᒤԆ⭡а਽㗔ՇᡀѪҶа਽‫ފ‬ઈǄ

rénmín Ӫ≁ n. 3-2 A

the people (with somewhat political flavour; oft. occurs in political discourse, together with ഭᇦ, ᭯ᓌ ]KqQJIԃJRvernment, etc.) (≁, the people)

ᡁԜⲴᐕ֌⋑ᴹ‫ˈྭڊ‬㔉ഭᇦ઼Ӫ≁䙐ᡀ (zàochéng, to cause) ҶнሿⲴᦏཡ (VԃQVKƯ, loss)Ǆ ԆԜᱟӪ≁Ⲵᆀᕏ‫( ޥ‬the SHRSOH¶VVROGLHUV Ǆ ᡁԜаᇊ㾱ѪӪ≁ᴽ࣑Ǆ Ԇ൘ǉӪ≁ᰕᣕǊᐕ֌Ǆ Ӫ≁᭯ᓌቡᓄ䈕ѪӪ≁䈤䈍Ǆ

EӽL[uQJ Ⲯဃ n. 2 N/A

civilian, the common people (Ⲯဃ literal meaning, µDKXQGUHG VXUQDPHV¶

᭯ᓌ㾱ཊ‫ޣ‬ᗳⲮဃⲴ⭏⍫Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡᱟањᒣ≁ (commoner) Ⲯဃˈሩ 䘉⿽һᛵн⭘‫ޣ‬ᗳǄ

rénmen ӪԜ n. 2A

people, men, the public

ԆᱟӪԜᡰௌ⡡Ⲵ⭥ᖡ᰾ᱏ (movie star)Ǆ ཙ䘈⋑ӞˈӪԜ䜭൘⟏ⶑѻѝǄ ԆⲴҖ㔉ӪԜкҶаา䈮Ǆ

OӽREӽL[uQJ 㘱Ⲯဃ n. 1B

common folks, men in the street (㘱Ⲯဃ vs. ᖃᇈ‫ݯ‬ JXƗQURIILFLDO Ⲵ)

䘉䟼Ⲵ㘱Ⲯဃሩᖃᇈ‫Ⲵݯ‬ᴹнቁ᜿㿱 (objection)Ǆ ᖃᇈ‫Ⲵݯ‬ᓄ䈕ཊ䰞䰞㘱Ⲯဃ䜭ᜣ㾱ӰѸǄ ᡁਚᱟањሿ㘱Ⲯဃˈ䈱㜭ੜᡁⲴ䈍˛

rìjì ᰕ䇠 n.

diary

Eǀkè ᫝ᇒ n. 2 N/A

YLGHRFOLSVEURDGFDVWLQJRQH¶VEORJ Ԇ䶎ᑨௌ⅒‫ڊ‬㠚ᐡⲴ᫝ᇒǄ (new word) (᫝, to broadcast; ԆⲴ᫝ᇒᖸਇ⅒䗾Ǆ ᇒ, guest) 䛓њӪⲴ᫝ᇒ‫ڊ‬ᗇнཚྭǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨⴻᴻ৻ԜⲴ᫝ᇒǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇ᫝ᇒ∄ঊᇒᴤ⚛ KXԁSRSXODU Ǆ

bókè ঊᇒ n. 2 N/A

blog VKRUWYHUVLRQRIµZHEORJ¶ new word, transliteration from English) (ঊ, wide)

ԆⲴঊᇒ߉ᗇᖸྭˈᡁ䶎ᑨௌ⅒ⴻǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨк㖁 (online) ߉ঊᇒǄ Ԇ⭘ঊᇒ઼ᆖ⭏Ӕ⍱ MLƗROL~, to communicate)Ǆ

diary (usu. of a private nature) (ᰕ, daily; 䇠, notes)

Ԇཙཙ߉ᰕ䇠Ǆ ྸྸ‫( ڧ‬WǀXstealthily) ⴻҶԆⲴᰕ䇠ˈԆᖸн儈 ‫ޤ‬Ǆ ԆҠҶаᵜ 2010 ᒤⲴᰕ䇠ᵜǄ

rìjì ᰕ䇠 n. 2B

rúgu ྲ᷌ rìzhì ᰕᘇ n. 2 N/A

daily record, logbook (usu. work-related) (ᘇ, records)

315

䛓ᱟаᵜᐕ֌ᰕᘇǄ Ԇ↓൘ⴻ䘉њᴸⲴ⭏ӗᰕᘇǄ ᱘ཙл⨝ѻࡽ֐䇠٬⨝ ]KtEƗQRQGXW\ ᰕᘇҶ ੇ˛

U~JXԁ ྲ᷌ conj. MLӽU~ ‫ ྲٷ‬conj. 3C

rú ྲ conj. 3B

U~JXԁ ྲ᷌ conj. 2B

yàoshi 㾱ᱟ conj. 1A

if supposing (that) (oft. used before the subject) (‫ٷ‬, false)

‫ྲٷ‬ᡁᱟ֐ˈᡁՊ㔉ྩᢃњ⭥䈍䰞␵ᾊⲴǄ ‫ྲٷ‬᰾ཙл䴘ˈԆቡнᶕҶǄ ‫ྲٷ‬Ԇ䈤ᗇнሩˈ䛓֐ቡᓄ䈕੺䇹ԆǄ ‫ྲٷ‬ᡁ㜭伎кཙⲴ䈍ˈ䛓䈕ཊྭ୺ʽ ‫ྲٷ‬ᡁ᰾ᰙ‫⛩ޝ‬н䎧ᒺⲴ䈍ˈ䈧ਛᡁалǄ ‫ྲٷ‬⡦Ӣ䇙ᡁ৫ˈᡁ傜кቡਟԕ䎠Ǆ ֐䈤֐аᇊ㾱৫ˈਟᱟ‫ྲٷ‬㘱ᐸн䇙֐৫઒˛

ᛘྲнௌ⅒ˈਟԕᦒањǄ provided that (used more with ᡁྲᴹᰦ䰤ˈаᇊᶕⴻᛘǄ monosyllables, and after the subject) ᩜᇦྲ䴰ᑞᘉˈ䈧੺⸕Ǆ ྲн㡂ᴽⲴ䈍ˈᓄ䈕傜к৫ⴻ५⭏Ǆ ֐ྲ৫㿱Ԇˈ䈧ԓᡁ䰞ԆྭǄ

if (ྲ᷌ used before or after the subject, same as 㾱ᱟ below)

suppose, in case, if

ྲ᷌᰾ཙл䴘ˈ֐ቡн⭘ᶕҶǄ 㘱ᐸྲ᷌нᶕˈᡁԜቡн㜭к䈮ҶǄ ྲ᷌Ԇн᤹ᰦ䎧ᒺˈк䈮ቡՊ䘏ࡠⲴǄ ֐ྲ᷌༿ཙᶕⲴ䈍ˈቡਟԕл৫⑨⌣ҶǄ ᆖ⭏ྲ᷌ᴹഠ䳮ˈԆᙫᱟᑞࣙԆԜǄ 㾱ᱟԆ⸕䚃֐৫Ⲵ䈍ˈаᇊՊᖸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ֐㾱ᱟнᶕⲴ䈍ˈ䈧㔉ᡁᢃњ⭥䈍Ǆ 㾱ᱟ⡦Ӣ䰞Ⲵ䈍ˈቡ䈤ᡁ৫മҖ侶ҶǄ 㾱ᱟ‫ׯ‬ᇌˈᡁቡҠєԦǄ ֐㾱ᱟ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤Ⲵ䈍ˈቡн⭘ᶕҶǄ ᆙᆀԜ㾱ᱟ侯ҶⲴ䈍ˈቡਛԆԜ‫ݸ‬ਲ਼੗Ǆ 㾱ᱟ֐৫മҖ侶ˈ䈧ᑞᡁᢺ䘉ᵜҖ䘈 (huán)ҶǄ 㾱ᱟᜣ㘳кབྷᆖˈቡᗇ GČL ྭྭᆖҐǄ

Note: ¾ Words in this group can all add Ⲵ䈍 to the end of the first clauVHWRUHLQIRUFHWKHVHQVHRIµLI¶ especially with 㾱ᱟ. ¾ Ⲵ䈍 SDUWLFOHµLI¶DVLQ ཙл䴘Ⲵ䈍, ᡁԜቡнࠪ৫Ҷ. ¾ 㾱нᱟ FRQMµLILWZHUHQRWIRU¶DVLQ 㾱нᱟԆ੺䇹ᡁ, ᡁਟ㜭ࡠ⧠൘䘈н⸕䚃઒. ¾ ‫ٷ‬䇮 FRQMMLӽVKqµRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDW¶DVLQ ‫ٷ‬䇮֐ᱟᡁⲴ䈍, ֐ՊᘾѸ࣎? ¾ ‫ٷ‬㤕 FRQMMLӽUXzµVXSSRVLQJWKDWIRUPDO ¶ as in ‫ٷ‬㤕⚛䖖઼伎ᵪаṧᘛ, 䛓ᡁҏՊ඀⚛䖖৫Ⲵ. ¾ ‫ ֯ٷ‬FRQMMLӽVKӿµLQWKHHYHQWWKDWIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ‫֯ٷ‬ᡁᱟ֐ྸ, ᡁнՊ䇙֐৫Ⲵ. ¾ ‫و‬㤕 FRQMWӽQJUXzµSURYLGHGIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ‫و‬㤕Ԇ㜭㘳кབྷᆖ, ⡦ӢቡՊ㔉ԆҠа䜘⭥㝁.

316

rúgu ྲ᷌

¾ ྲ㤕 FRQMU~UXzµLIIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ྲ㤕⋑ᴹԆⲴᑞࣙ, ቡнՊᴹ䘉൪丣ҀՊҶ.

VKƗQJ[ƯQ Քᗳ

317

S VKƗQJ[ƯQ Քᗳ adj. (see also ᛢⰋ) nánguò 䳮䗷 adj.* 2B

nánshòu 䳮ਇ adj.* 2B

VKƗQJ[ƯQ Քᗳ adj. 2B

sad (antonym: 儈‫( )ޤ‬䳮, hard; 䗷, to pass)

unhappy, unbearable (antonym: ᘛ⍫ huó) (ਇ, to bear)

heartbroken (insertable) (antonym: ᜹ᘛ) (Ք, to hurt; ᗳ, heart)

heartbroken

ੜҶԆⲴ䈍ԕਾˈᡁԜ䜭ᝏࡠ䶎ᑨ䳮䗷Ǆ ⴻࡠԆ䳮䗷ⲴṧᆀˈᡁԜ䜭н޽䈤ㅁҶǄ ⿫ႊԕਾˈԆаⴤ䳮䗷ᗇнᗇҶǄ ⴻࡠ䘉а࠷ˈԆ䳮䗷ൠ䎠ҶǄ ࡛䳮䗷ˈл⅑֐Պ‫Ⲵྭڊ‬Ǆ 㘳䈅㘳ᗇнྭˈᕏᕏ䳮䗷ᗇ依䜭нਲ਼Ҷ OLӽR Ǆ ᐢ㓿䘉ṧҶˈ֐䳮䗷ҏ⋑ᴹ⭘Ǆ ֐аՊ‫ݯ‬儈‫ˈޤ‬аՊ‫ݯ‬৸䳮䗷ˈਁ⭏ҶӰѸһ ᛵ˛ ԆⲴ䈍֯ᡁ䳮ਇᶱҶǄ ⴻࡠ䓪൘⯵ᒺкⲴྣ‫ྸྸˈݯ‬㿹ᗇᖸ䳮ਇǄ ⧠൘⸕䚃䳮ਇҶˈᰙᒢӰѸҶ˛㘳䈅ѻࡽˈ֐㾱 ᱟྭྭ‫༽ݯ‬ҐнቡྭҶʽ ֐ҏн⭘䳮ਇˈᆙᆀབྷҶᰙᲊᱟ㾱䎠ⲴǄ Ԇ⸕䚃㠚ᐡ䭉Ҷˈ䳮ਇᗇ䜭ᘛ㾱ଝҶǄ Ԇаᜣ䎧⡦Ӣ⯵䟽Ⲵһ‫ˈݯ‬ቡ䳮ਇᗇᖸǄ ࿫ᆀ઼Ԇ⿫ႊҶˈԆ䶎ᑨՔᗳǄ Ԇ䎺ᜣ䎺ՔᗳǄ ԆՔᗳᗇଝҶ䎧ᶕǄ ԆՔᗳൠ᩷Ҷ᩷ཤˈӰѸҏ⋑ᴹ䈤Ǆ ࡛Քᗳˈ֐Պྭ䎧ᶕⲴǄ ྸྸ⯵䟽ˈԆଝᗇᖸՔᗳǄ аᜣ䎧䗷৫ⲴՔᗳһ‫ˈݯ‬Ԇቡ儈‫ޤ‬н䎧ᶕǄ ⭧‫ݯ‬ᴹ⌚н䖫ᕩˈਚഐᵚࡠՔᗳ༴ (Real men GRQ¶WFU\ easily when they are not heartbroken)Ǆ ᆙᆀнᆖྭˈⵏਛӪՔ䘿 (tòu, to penetrate) Ҷ ᗳǄ

Note: ¾ All three words in this group are also considered as verbs, especially 䳮ਇ. * 䳮䗷 DGMµKDUGJRLQJ¶DVLQ ԆⲴᰕᆀᖸ䳮䗷, 依䜭ਲ਼нк. * 䳮ਇ DGMµXQZHOO¶ as in Ԇཤ⯬, 㿹ᗇᖸ䳮ਇ. ¾ Քᝏ DGMVKƗQJJӽQµVHQWLPHQWDO¶DVLQ ⴻࡠᴻ৻䜭⿫Ԇ㘼৫, ԆᴹӋՔᝏ. ¾ ᛢՔ DGMEƝLVKƗQJµVRUURZIXO¶DVLQ 䛓ᵜҖ䇢Ҷањ䶎ᑨᛢՔⲴ᭵һ (gùshi, story).

318

VKƗQJOLDQJ ୶䟿

VKƗQJOLDQJ ୶䟿 v.

to consult Ԇ㓿ᑨࠪ৫⍭䈸⭏᜿ VKƝQJ\uEXVLQHVV Ǆ ԆԜ⍭䈸ᗇᖸᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJVXFFHVVIXO Ǆ ԆԜ㾱⍭䈸ᴹ‫࣎ޣ‬ᐕলⲴ䰞仈Ǆ ᴹ‫ޣ‬䘉Ӌ䰞仈ˈᡁԜ᰾ཙ䘋㹼⍭䈸Ǆ ԆԜ⍭䈸ᆼԕਾˈቡа䎧৫ਲ਼依ҶǄ

qiàtán ⍭䈸 v. 3D

to hold (business) talks (⍭, to consult with)

VKƗQJWӽR ୶䇘 v. 3D

to discuss, to talk over (oft. big, complex, non-personal issues) (୶, to discuss; 䇘, to ask for)

ՊкԆԜ୶䇘Ҷ࣎ᆖṑⲴһᛵǄ 䘉њ䰞仈䘈䴰㾱䘋а↕୶䇘Ǆ ԆԜ䇔ⵏ୶䇘Ҷԕਾ᡽֌ࠪҶ䘉њߣᇊ (juédìng, decision)Ǆ Ѫ㘳䈅ⲴһᛵˈԆԜ୶䇘ҶࠐњሿᰦǄ

[LpVKƗQJ ॿ୶ v. 3D

to consult with each other (usu. important issues) (antonym: ⤜ᯝ dúduàn) (ॿ, to assist)

ᴹ䰞仈ˈབྷᇦᓄ䈕ॿ୶䀓ߣ MLČMXpWRUHVROYH н㜭⤜ᯝǄ ॿ୶Ҷࠐ⅑ԕਾˈ䘉њ䰞仈ᴰਾᗇࡠҶ䀓ߣǄ ֐৫઼ԆԜॿ୶алˈቭᘛ䀓ߣ䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ ⋑ᴹ䐏ᡁԜॿ୶ˈ֐Ԝн㜭‫ߣࠪڊ‬ᇊǄ 㓿䗷ৼᯩॿ୶ˈ䰞仈ᗇࡠҶ䀓ߣǄ

VKƗQJOLDQJ ୶䟿 v. 2B

to consult, to discuss (issues big or small, personal or business) (reduplication: ABAB) (䟿, to measure)

ԆԜ↓൘୶䟿ᆙᆀкབྷᆖⲴһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䐏ᡁ୶䟿ቡҠҶ䘉྇ᡯᆀǄ ѪҶ䘉њˈԆԜ୶䟿ҶॺཙǄ ԆԜ୶䟿нࠪᶕањྭ࣎⌅ EjQIӽZD\WRKDQGOH affairs)Ǆ ྭ੗ˈᡁԜ୶䟿алǄ ԆԜ୶䟿ᶕ୶䟿৫ˈᴰਾߣᇊ᧕᭦䘉њᆖ⭏Ǆ 䘉њᖸ䟽㾱ˈᡁԜ㾱ྭྭ‫୶ݯ‬䟿୶䟿Ǆ

tánpàn 䈸ࡔ v. 2B

to negotiate, to bargain (usu. non-personal and important issues) (ࡔ, to decide)

ԆԜ↓൘䘋㹼䈸ࡔǄ 䘉⅑ԆԜ䈸ࡔᗇ∄䖳ᡀ࣏Ǆ ԆԜ䈸ࡔҶєཙˈᴰਾ䈸ᡀҶǄ 㲭❦䈸ࡔҶй⅑ˈնᱟԆԜ䘈ᱟ⋑ᴹᡀ࣏Ǆ ԆᖸՊ䐏࡛Ӫ䈸ࡔˈᙫᱟᗇࡠԆᜣ㾱ᗇࡠⲴǄ

Note: ¾ ୶ᇊ YVKƗQJGuQJµWRGHFLGHWKURXJKFRQVXOWDWLRQ¶DVLQ ԆԜ୶ᇊҶ䘉Ԧһ‫ݯ‬. ¾ ୶䈸 YVKƗQJWiQµWRH[FKDQJHYLHZVXVXYHUEDOO\ ¶DVLQ Ԇ‫↓ؙ‬൘୶䈸ᐕ֌. ¾ ⻻୶ YFXǀVKƗQJµWRH[FKDQJHYLHZVIRUPDODQGRIWHQDORQJDQGUHSHDWHGSURFHVV ¶DVLQ 䘉њ䘈䴰㾱䘋а↕⻻୶. ¾ ୶ῧ YVKƗQJTXqµWRGHOLEHUDWHRYHUDSROLWHZRUGIRUVHULRXVDFDGHPLFLVVXHVDQLQWUDQVLWLYHYHUE ¶ as in 䘉њ䰞仈٬ᗇ (zhídé, to deserve) ୶ῧ. ¾ ୶䇞 YVKƗQJ\uµWRFRQIHUWRJHWKHUIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ᡁԜਟԕа䎧୶䇞䘉њ䰞仈Ǆ ¾ ॿ䇞 Y[Lp\uµWRQHJRWLDWHDQGDJUHHRQ¶DVLQ ԆԜᱟॿ䇞⿫ႊⲴ.

VKtMLƗQ ᰦ䰤

VKtMLƗQ ᰦ䰤 n. suìyuè ኱ᴸ n. 3D

319

time years (indicating a long long time)

䛓ᱟа⇥ (duàn, period) 䳮ᘈⲴ኱ᴸǄ ൘╛䮯Ⲵ኱ᴸѝ, ԆⲴཤਁធធൠਈⲭҶǄ 㹰о⚛Ⲵ኱ᴸ֯ԆਈᡀҶањඊᕪ MLƗQTLiQJ strong) ⲴӪǄ ኱ᴸн侦 (ráo, to spare) Ӫˈ⡦⇽⧠൘䜭㘱ҶǄ

shídài ᰦԓ n. 2B

times, era (with trendy generational ⧠൘Ⲵᒤ䖫Ӫ઼ᡁԜ䛓њᰦԓⲴӪн਼ҶǄ characteristics; a relatively ԆԜᱟєњᰦԓⲴӪˈᜣⲴ઼‫Ⲵڊ‬䜭н਼Ǆ longer duration) (ԓ, generation) Ԇ䶂ᒤᰦԓᱟ൘ेӜᓖ䗷ⲴǄ 䘉ᵜҖ䇢ⲴᱟԆ⡦⇽䛓њᰦԓⲴһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ⧠൘䘉њᰦԓˈ⭏⭧⭏ྣ䜭аṧǄ ᡁԜᐢ㓿䘋‫ޕ‬Ҷањؑ᚟ (information) ᰦԓǄ ᒤ䖫Ӫ䓛кᴹ⵰а⿽ᰦԓᝏ (vogue)Ǆ

VKtMLƗQ ᰦ䰤 n. 2A

time, hour (duration or a point in time, specific or unspecific or abstract) (䰤, between)

shíkè ᰦ࡫ n.* 2B

the time of day, moment (࡫, a quarter of an hour)

Ԇ䘉њઘᵛ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤Ǆ к䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤᭩Ҷˈ࡛৫ᲊҶǄ Ԇ㿹ᗇᰦ䰤ᱟᴰᇍ䍥ⲴǄ Ԇаᴹᰦ䰤ቡ৫ⴻᵋ⡦⇽Ǆ ້кᴹаᕐᆖ⭏к䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤㺘 (timetable)Ǆ ֐߉䘉ᵜҖ⭘Ҷཊ䮯ᰦ䰤? ⧠൘Ⲵᰦ䰤ᱟᰙк‫⛩ޛ‬йॱ࠶Ǆ ޽㔉єཙⲴᰦ䰤ˈᡁቡਟԕ‫ڊ‬ᆼҶǄ 㓿䗷䮯ᰦ䰤Ⲵ߶༷ˈབྷᆖ䘀ࣘՊ᰾ཙѮ㹼 Mԃ[tQJWRKROG Ǆ ྣ‫⭏ࠪݯ‬ᱟԆа⭏ѝᴰᒨ⾿Ⲵᰦ࡫Ǆ ԆⴻҶⴻ伎ᵪᰦ࡫㺘 (schedule)Ǆ ԆᘈнҶྣᴻ৻⿫Ԇ㘼৫Ⲵ䛓аᰦ࡫Ǆ Ԇаⴤᐕ֌ࡠ⭏ભ VKƝQJPuQJOLIH Ⲵᴰਾᰦ ࡫Ǆ

VKtTƯ ᰦᵏ n. 2B

a period in time or history, days (can be modified by adjectives with specific characteristics, e.g. 䮯/ ⸝/ ྭ/ ഠ䳮) (ᵏ, period)

൘⸝ᰦᵏ޵ˈ䘉њഭᇦⲴਈॆᖸབྷǄ ᆖ⭏ᰦᵏⲴԆ‫┑ݵ‬Ҷ✝ᛵ઼⨶ᜣ Oӿ[LӽQJ dream)Ǆ ᡈҹ ]KjQ]KƝQJZDU ᰦᵏⲴ⭏⍫ᖸнᆹᇊǄ ੜ䈤‫ޛࡠޝ‬኱ᱟᆖ䈝䀰ⲴྭᰦᵏǄ ⧠൘ᱟ䶎ᑨ (extraordinary) ᰦᵏˈᡁԜབྷᇦ㾱⢩ ࡛ሿᗳǄ

JǀQJIX ᐕཛ n. 1B

time (to do sth.; long or short period; also written as ࣏ཛ) (ᐕ, work; ཛ, man)

Ԇᖸᘉˈ⋑ᴹᐕཛ઼ᆙᆀԜ⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ㣡ҶањᱏᵏⲴᐕཛᢺ䘉ᵜҖⴻᆼҶǄ ᰾ཙᴹањ㡎Պˈ֐ᴹᐕཛᶕੇ˛ аՊ‫Ⲵݯ‬ᐕཛˈԆቡᢺ依‫ྭڊ‬ҶǄ Ԇ⭘ҶєᒤⲴᐕཛᆖ≹䈝Ǆ

320

shìqing һᛵ ൘ᆖҐк㛟лᐕཛⲴӪ᡽㜭ᆖྭǄ

rìzi ᰕᆀ n. 1A

shíhou ᰦ‫ ى‬n. 1A

date, day, days

moment, time (oft. an unspecific time; not used as an object)

Ԇᢺ㔃ႊⲴᰕᆀᇊ൘‫ޛ‬ᴸ‫ޛ‬ᰕǄ ൘བྷᆖⲴᰕᆀ䟼ˈᡁԜᱟᴰ㾱ྭⲴᴻ৻Ǆ ᰕᆀаཙཙൠ䗷৫ҶˈਟᱟԆаⴤ⋑ᴹᶕǄ Ӿк⅑ⴻ㿱֐ࡠ⧠൘ᴹӋᰕᆀҶˈ֐䗷ᗇਟྭ˛ 䛓ӋᰕᆀˈԆᑨᑨ⭏⯵Ǆ ᰕᆀа䮯ˈԆ઼ᡁԜቡ⟏ᚹ VK~[ƯWREHIDPLOLDU with) 䎧ᶕǄ Ԇᶕ䘉䟼⋑ཊቁᰕᆀˈቡᜣഎᇦҶǄ ӺཙᱟԆབྷௌⲴᰕᆀˈ‫ޘ‬ᇦӪ䜭⢩࡛儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ Ԇሿᰦ‫ى‬ᱟ઼ྦྦտ൘а䎧ⲴǄ ᰦ‫ى‬䘈ᰙ઒ˈ޽඀аՊ‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ Ԇ䘋ᶕⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᡁ↓൘ⴻҖǄ ֐ӰѸᰦ‫ى‬ᶕ˛ ֐䎠Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ਛᡁалˈᡁ䐏֐а䎧䎠Ǆ ԆᇦӪ൘ਲ਼依Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬䜭ௌ⅒ⴻ⭥㿶Ǆ ቡ൘䛓ᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇ䎠䘋ᶕҶǄ

Note: * ᰦ࡫ QµDOOWKHWLPHDOZD\V¶DVLQ Ԇᰦ࡫䇠ᗇྸྸሩԆ䈤Ⲵ䈍. ¾ ᰦ QµZKHQ¶DVLQ к䈮ᰦ㾱䇔ⵏੜ㘱ᐸ䇢䈮. ¾ ᰦ‫ ݹ‬QVKtJXƗQJµGD\VIRUPDODQGOLWHUDU\ ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟԆа⭏ѝᴰ㖾ྭⲴᰦ‫ݹ‬. ¾ ‫ݹ‬䱤 QJXƗQJ\ƯQµWLPHIRUPDODQGOLWHUDU\ ¶DV in ‫ݹ‬䱤լ㇝ (sìjiàn, as fast as arrows ± the flight of time). ¾ ࣏ཛ QµDFFRPSOLVKPHQWVNLOOVLQPDUWLDODUW¶DVLQ ԆՊѝഭ࣏ཛ (Kung Fu), ᡁ↓൘䐏Ԇᆖ. ¾ ᒤཤ‫ ݯ‬QQLiQWyXUµ\HDUVLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 䘉ᒤཤ‫ݯ‬, ᐕ֌ᖸ䳮᢮. ¾ ᒤᴸ QµWLPHXVXUHIHUULQJWRSDVWWLPH ¶DVLQ 䛓ᒤᴸ㜭ਲ਼価ቡн䭉Ҷ, 䘈кӰѸབྷᆖ୺ʽ ¾ ᒤԓ Qµ\HDUVRIWVKRUWHUWKDQ ᰦԓ ¶DVLQ ൘䛓њᒤԓ䟼, ӪԜ䜭⋑ᴹཊቁ䫡. ¾ ᒤԓ QµDGHFDGH¶DVLQ Ԇ൘‫ॱޛ‬ᒤԓࠪ⭏.

shìqing һᛵ n.

matter

shìjiàn һԦ n. 3B

event, incident (usu. a major 䘉ᱟа䎧᭯⋫ (zhèngzhì, political) һԦǄ social, political or historical 䘉њশਢ OuVKӿKLVWRU\ һԦ᭩ਈҶԆⲴӪ⭏Ǆ event; mw. ൪/ 䎧/ њ) (Ԧ, piece) 䛓њһԦਁ⭏൘৫ᒤǄ Ԇሩ䛓њһԦ⸕䚃ⲴнཊǄ 䘉аһԦᱟᘾѸഎһ˛ Ԇᱟ൘⭥㿶кᗇ⸕ Gp]KƯto learn of) 㖾ഭ ³9/11´һԦⲴǄ

shìgù һ᭵ n. 2C

accident, slip (usu. man-made and occurring at work or on the road; mw. ൪/ 䎧) (᭵, causes)

ੜ䈤ᐕল䟼Ӻཙਁ⭏Ҷһ᭵Ǆ ൘䛓൪һ᭵ѝˈєњᐕӪਇҶՔ VKƗQJLQMXU\ Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䇔ⵏỰḕˈᡰԕ䙐ᡀҶ䘉൪һ᭵Ǆ

s ↫

321

㠚ӾᐕՔһ᭵ԕਾˈԆቡ޽ҏ⋑ᴹᐕ֌ҶǄ 䘉ᱟа䎧 (mw.) 䞹䞂傮 (jià, to drive) 䖖ⲴӔ䙊 MLƗRWǀQJWUDIILF һ᭵Ǆ ࡽ䶒ྭ‫ࠪۿ‬Ӕ䙊һ᭵ҶǄ shìqing һᛵ n. 2A

matter (usu. of everyday things) (ᛵ, situation)

shì һ n.* 2-1 A

thing, business (also һ‫ ݯ‬shìr in spoken Chinese)

ԆӺཙᴹᖸཊһᛵ㾱‫ڊ‬Ǆ ֐᢮ᡁᴹӰѸһᛵੇ˛ 䘉Ѹ䟽㾱Ⲵһᛵˈ֐ᘾѸ㜭ᘈҶ઒˛ һᛵᒦн‫֐ۿ‬䈤Ⲵ䛓ṧǄ 䘉ԦһᛵԆ࣎ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ ࡛੺䇹ԆᡁⲴһᛵǄ 䘉ࠐཙԆᇦ䟼ⲴһᛵᖸཊǄ Ԇᴹһ‫ݯ‬᢮֐Ǆ ⋑һ‫ݯ‬ᑨᶕᡁ䘉䟼඀඀Ǆ ֐࡛⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮һ‫( ݯ‬to look for trouble)ʽ ԆᑨᑨѪབྷᇦ࣎ྭһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆⲴһᖸ䳮࣎Ǆ Ԇ䈧Ⲵᱟһ‫( ٷ‬leave of absence for personal reasons)ˈнᱟ⯵‫( ٷ‬sick leave)Ǆ Ԇ‫ޜ‬һ‫ˈ࣎ޜ‬䶎ᑨ䇔ⵏǄ Ԇ⿫ᔰ⡦⇽ԕਾˈһһ䜭㾱㠚ᐡ‫ڊ‬Ǆ ⾍བྷᇦзһྲ᜿ WRJHWDOORQH¶Vwishes)!

Note: * һ QµMRE¶DVLQ Ԇ⧠൘൘䬦㹼‫ڊ‬һ. ¾ һ‫ ݯ‬QµPLVKDS¶DVLQ Ԇࠪһ‫ݯ‬Ҷ, 㻛ӪᢃҶ. ¾ һਈ QµLQFLGHQWHYHQWRISROLWLFDORUPLOLWDU\VLJQLILFDQFH ¶DVLQ ੜ䈤䛓њഭᇦਁ⭏Ҷߋһ MǌQVKu, military) һਈ, ᡁԜᴰྭ࡛৫䛓䟼᯵⑨Ҷ. ¾ һ࣑ QVKuZµDIIDLU¶DVLQ Ԇᐕ֌ᖸᘉ, һ࣑ᖸཊ.

Vӿ ↫ v.

to die

qùshì ৫ц v. 3D

to depart this life (of an adult; a euphemistic and respectful word) (antonym: ൘ц) (৫, to leave; ц, the world)

Ԇ⡦Ӣᱟ৫ᒤ৫цⲴǄ Ԇ৫цⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ᆙᆀԜ䜭н൘䓛䗩Ǆ ⡦Ӣ൘цᰦˈᇦ䟼Ⲵ⭏⍫ቡ∄䖳ഠ䳮˗⡦Ӣ৫ц ԕਾˈᇦ䟼ቡᴤഠ䳮ҶǄ аੜࡠ⇽Ӣ৫цⲴ⎸᚟ [LƗR[LPHVVDJH ˈԆ傜 к඀伎ᵪഎᇦ৫ҶǄ

shìshì 䙍ц v. 3C

to pass away (of a renowned person) (antonym: 䈎⭏ GjQVKƝQJ 䙍, to disappear)

ԆⲴ䙍ц֯ᡁԜз࠶ᛢⰋǄ ᙫ㔏 ]ԁQJWԁQJWKH3UHVLGHQW 䙍цˈӪԜ䜭⊹ Ⰻൠ䘋㹼૰᛬ ƗLGjRWRFRQGROH Ǆ Ӻཙᱟࡽᙫ㔏䙍цаઘᒤ (anniversary) ⲴᰕᆀǄ

322

sòngxíng 䘱㹼 Ԇ䙍цҼॱᒤҶˈӪԜ䘈൘␡␡ൠᘰᘥ (huáiniàn, to cherish the memory of) ⵰ԆǄ

[ƯVKƝQJ ⢪⢢ v.* 3B

ԆᱟॱᒤࡽѪ⾆ഭ⢪⢢ⲴǄ to sacrifice oneself (⢪⢢ + object) ᡈ༛ (zhànshì, soldier) Ԝ⭘⢪⢢㠚ᐡᦒᶕҶᡁԜ ӺཙⲴ㖾ྭ⭏⍫Ǆ Ԇᆱਟ QuQJNČUDWKHU ⢪⢢㠚ᐡˈҏ㾱ᢺ䛓њᆙ ᆀᮁ (jiù, to rescue) кᶕǄ ԆⲴ‫ݯ‬ᆀ৫ᒤ⢪⢢൘ᡈ൪ (battlefield) кҶǄ

VӿZiQJ ↫ӑ v. 3-2 C

to decease (of sth. animate) (antonym: ⭏ᆈ VKƝQJF~Q (ӑ, to die)

Vӿ ↫ v.* 2-1 A

to die (of sth. animate) (antonym: ⍫ huó)

䘉൪བྷ⚛ѝˈᴹаӪ↫ӑǄ Ԇഐ䟽⯵㘼↫ӑǄ Ԇ↫ӑⲴ৏ഐ \XiQ\ƯQUHDVRQ 䘈н␵ᾊǄ ᴰ䘁བྷ䟿ṁᵘ↫ӑˈᡁԜ䘈н⸕䚃ѪӰѸǄ ԆᇦⲴሿ⥛᱘ཙ↫ҶǄ Ԇ৫ᒤᗇҶа൪ (mw.) 䟽⯵ˈᐞа⛩‫↫ݯ‬ҶǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⿫ᇦࠪ䎠ᖸཊᒤҶˈ⋑Ӫ⸕䚃Ԇᱟ↫ᱟ⍫Ǆ ੜ䈤Ԇ⡧⡧᱘ᲊ⯵↫൘५䲒䟼Ǆ н⸕䚃ѪӰѸˈᴰ䘁ԆᇦⲴ㖺↫ҶнቁǄ Ԇ䈤аᇦӪቡᱟ↫ҏ㾱↫ࡠа䎧Ǆ ࡛ଝҶˈа⛩‫ݯ‬ሿ⯵↫нҶ OLӽR Ǆ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ↫ѻࡽˈ䜭⋑㜭㿱к⇽Ӣа䶒Ǆ

Note: * ⢪⢢ YµWRVDFULILFH¶DVLQ Ԇ⢪⢢ҶՁ᚟ᰦ䰤ᶕᑞᡁԜᩜᇦ. * ↫ DGMµVWLII¶DVLQ 䘉њ㘱ᐸк䈮∄䖳↫, ᖸቁᴹᆖ⭏৫ੜԆⲴ䈮. * ↫ DGMµH[WUHPHO\¶DVLQ Ӻཙ✝↫Ҷ. ¾ ཝᣈ Y\ƗR]KpµWRGLH\RXQJ¶DVLQ Ԇ‫ݯ‬ᆀӄ኱Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ቡཝᣈҶ. ¾ 䗷ц YJXzVKuµWRGLHRIDQHOGHU ¶DVLQ 㘱Ӫᱟ৫ᒤ䗷цⲴ. ¾ ৫㿱傜‫ݻ‬ᙍ SKTMLjQ0ӽNqVƯµWRJRWRVHHKarl Heinrich Marx (the founder of Marxism; a popular euphemism prior to the 1980s; meaning ³to kick the bucket´ ¶DVLQ Ԇᰙቡ৫㿱傜‫ݻ‬ᙍҶ. ¾ н൘Ҷ SKµQRORQJHUKHUHDHXSKHPLVPIRU³dead´ ¶ as in 㘱Ӫᐢ㓿н൘Ҷ. ¾ ⋑Ҷ SKµGLVDSSHDUHGDHXSKHPLVPIRU³dead´ ¶DVLQ Ԇ⡧⡧ᰙቡ⋑Ҷ. ¾ 䎠Ҷ SKµJRQHDHXSKHPLVPIRU³dead´ ¶DVLQ ྦྦ⯵Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ˈ৫ᒤ䎠Ҷ. ¾ 䮯ⵐ YFKiQJPLiQµWRKDYHDORQJVOHHSDHXSKHPLVPIRU³dead´, 䮯ⵐ SODFHIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 䘉Ѹ ཊᒤᶕ, Ԇаⴤ䮯ⵐ൘䘉䟼. ¾ 䗎ц v. císhì µWRVD\JRRGE\HWRWKHZRUOGIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇ䗎цԕਾ, ᡁԜ䜭ᖸᛢⰋ.

sòngxíng 䘱㹼 v. gàobié ੺࡛ v. 2B

to wish sb. bon voyage to bid farewell (usu. the subject is the one who leaves; insertable) (੺, to tell; ࡛, to leave)

Ԇੁབྷᇦ੺࡛Ҷԕਾቡ䎠ҶǄ ∅ъⲴᰦ‫਼ˈى‬ᆖԜӂ⴨੺࡛Ǆ ᔰᆼՊԕਾˈᡁԜᨑ᡻੺࡛Ǆ ֐ᓄ䈕੺࡛䗷৫ˈ䟽ᯠ᢮എ㠚ᡁǄ

suy ᡰԕ

323

Ԇ䜭⋑ᴹ઼ᡁԜ੺࡛ቡањӪ䎠ҶǄ ᡁᱟᶕ઼֐੺࡛Ⲵˈᡁ㾱ࡠഭཆᆖҐ৫ҶǄ ੺࡛ҶेӜˈԆᶕࡠҶ㤡ഭǄ Ԇ઼ᴻ৻Ԝаа (one by one) ੺࡛ԕਾˈ᡽ᔰ䖖 ⿫ᔰǄ ֐൘䘉䟼ㅹалˈᡁ䘋৫䐏ԆԜ੺њ࡛Ǆ sòngxíng 䘱㹼 v. 2B

sòng 䘱 v.* 2-1 B

to wish sb. bon voyage (insertable; not 䘱㹼 + object) (㹼, to go)

ᡁԜ↓൘ѪԆ䘱㹼Ǆ ᴻ৻Ԝ䜭ࡽᶕ䘱㹼ˈབྷᇦ䘈а䎧➗Ҷ‫ۿ‬Ǆ Ԇ㾱৫ཆൠҶˈྸྸ৫ᵪ൪㔉Ԇ䘱㹼Ǆ ᲊՊкˈᡁԜѪԆ䘱Ҷ㹼Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭䛓Ѹᘉˈн⭘䘱ӰѸ㹼ҶǄ

to send off, to see sb. off (䘱 + Ԇ৫䘱ᇒӪҶˈ傜кቡഎᶕǄ object/ complement) (reduplication: Ԇᴻ৻ᖸཊˈઘᵛ㓿ᑨᱟ䗾ᶕ䘱ᖰⲴǄ A(а)A) (antonym: ᧕) Ԇᢺ‫ݯ‬ᆀ䘱кҶ⚛䖖Ǆ н⭘䘱Ҷˈ䈧എ੗Ǆ Ԇᢺᴻ৻䘱ࡠҶ⊭䖖ㄉǄ ֐৫ᑞᡁ䘱алᇒӪǄ Ԇ䘱ᆼҶᴻ৻ቡഎᇦҶǄ Ԇᴹһ‫ˈݯ‬䘱нҶ OLӽR ֐ҶǄ Ԇ䘱ᡁ䘱ࠪҶᖸ䮯а⇥䐟᡽എ৫Ǆ ᡁ䘱(а)䘱֐੗Ǆ

Note: * 䘱 YµWRGHOLYHU¶DVLQ ԆᢺҖ㔉ᡁ䘱䗷ᶕҶ. * 䘱 YµWRDFFRPSDQ\¶DVLQ Ԇᰙкཙཙ䘱ᆙᆀ৫ᆖṑ. ¾ 䚃࡛ YGjRELpµWRVD\JRRGE\H¶DVLQ Ԇ઼㘱ᐸ䚃࡛ਾ, ቡ⿫ᔰҶ. ¾ 䘱࡛ YµWRVHHVERII¶DVLQ ᴻ৻Ԝᶕ䘱࡛, Ԇ↓䐏ԆԜ䈤䈍. ¾ ੺䗎 YJjRFtµWRWDNHOHDYHRIRQH¶VKRVW ¶DVLQ ᰦ䰤нᰙҶ, ᡁ੺䗎Ҷ.

VXԁ\ӿ ᡰԕ conj.

therefore

\ƯQFӿ ഐ↔ conj. 3B

hence (emphasising the result; also starts a new sentence, as do the other three words in this group) (⭡Ҿ« ഐ↔«

⭡ҾԆᱟᡁⲴྭᴻ৻ˈഐ↔ᡁᢺ䫡ُ㔉ҶԆǄ ཙ≄ᖸнྭˈഐ↔伎ᵪᲊ⛩ҶǄ Ԇ䇢䈮䇢ᗇྭˈഐ↔ᆖ⭏ᆖ䎧ᶕቡᇩ᱃аӋǄ ᆙᆀн⡡ਲ਼依ˈഐ↔䓛փнཚྭǄ ᡁᖸᙅ✝ˈഐ↔нᜣ৫䛓䟼ᐕ֌Ǆ ԆӪᖸ㚚᰾ˈᆖҐҏᖸࣚ࣋Ǆഐ↔ˈԆӺᒤ㘳к ҶаᡰᖸྭⲴབྷᆖǄ

\ƯQ¶pU ഐ㘼 conj. 3B

thus (emphasising the reasoning: condition then result/ conclusion) (⭡Ҿ« ഐ㘼«

⭡Ҿ߶༷ᗇྭˈഐ㘼Ԇ㘳䈅㘳ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ ཙ≄ᱟ㠚❦⧠䊑 (zìrán xiànxiàng, natural phenomenon)ˈഐ㘼ᡁԜ᭩ਈнҶǄ Ԇཙཙ䭫⛬䓛փˈഐ㘼䓛փн䭉Ǆ

324

suy ᡰԕ Ԇᝯ᜿ᑞ࡛ࣙӪˈഐ㘼བྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ བྷᆖ᭮‫ٷ‬Ҷˈഐ㘼ᆖ⭏Ԝਟԕ৫᯵⑨ҶǄ

VXԁ\ӿ ᡰԕ conj. 2A

yúshì Ҿᱟ conj. 2B

therefore (with a flexible position: ഐѪ/ ⭡Ҿ« ᡰԕ«« ѻᡰԕ, ᱟഐѪ«« ቡᱟ «ѻᡰԕ«

as a result, consequently « Ҿᱟ«« «Ҿᱟ«

ഐѪཆ䗩л䴘ˈᡰԕԆࠪ䰘ᰦ᤯Ҷаᢺ䴘ՎǄ ᡁԜᱟྭᴻ৻ˈᡰԕᡁᖸҶ䀓ԆǄ Ԇѻᡰԕ৫ѝഭᐕ֌ˈᱟഐѪԆᜣᆖҐ≹䈝Ǆ ԆᱟᡁⲴ⡦Ӣˈ䘉ቡᱟԆѻᡰԕҶ䀓ᡁⲴ৏ഐ \XiQ\ƯQUHDVRQ Ǆ ⦻㘱ᐸ⯵Ҷˈᡰԕᡁᶕ㔉֐Ԝк䈮Ǆ ⭡ҾӪཚཊˈᡰԕ依㨌нཏਲ਼ҶǄ ⧠൘ᱟߜཙˈ༿ཙⲴ㺓ᴽ⋑ӪҠҶǄᡰԕˈ⧠ ൘Ҡ༿ཙ㺓ᴽ∄䖳‫ׯ‬ᇌǄ କକᖸᲊ䘈⋑എᇦˈҾᱟྸྸᢃ⭥䈍ࡠ༴䰞Ǆ བྷᆖᔰ࿻᭮‫ٷ‬ҶˈҾᱟᡁቡࠪ৫᯵⑨ҶǄ Ԇケ❦⯵ҶˈҾᱟᡁԜਚྭᦒҶ࡛ӪǄ ԆᑨᑨᑞࣙᡁˈᡁⲴ≹䈝Ҿᱟᨀ儈ᗇᖸᘛǄ བྷᇦ䜭⿫ᔰҶˈҾᱟᡁҏ䎠ҶǄ

tèdi~n ⢩⛩

325

T WqGLӽQ ⢩⛩ n. WqGLӽQ ⢩⛩ n. 2B

tèsè ⢩㢢 n. 2D

characteristic characteristic (antonym: ‫)⛩਼ޡ‬ (⢩, special; ⛩, point)

distinguishing feature, style, speciality (usu. with a positive connotation; oft. describing specific items) (㢢, colour)

䘉њ⭥ᖡⲴ⢩⛩ᱟ⭫䶒㖾ѭǄ ԆⲴҖ⋑ᴹӰѸ⢩⛩Ǆ 䘉њൠᯩⲴ⢩⛩ᱟߜཙ䴘⢩࡛ཊǄ ԆⲴ⢩⛩ᱟ䶎ᑨௌ⅒ᑞࣙӪǄ Ԇ䈤᰾Ҷ䘉⿽㣡Ⲵ⢩⛩Ǆ Ԇᜣ⸕䚃䘉Ӌь㾯Ⲵ‫ˈ⛩਼ޡ‬ҏᜣ⸕䚃ᆳԜ਴㠚 Ⲵ⢩⛩Ǆ ✝ᗳྭᇒᱟ䘉䟼ӪⲴ⢩⛩Ǆ 䇔ⵏԄ㓶ᱟԆᐕ֌кⲴ⢩⛩Ǆ ԆⲴ⢩⛩ᱟн⡡䈤䈍Ǆ ᯠࠪⲴ⭥㿶ᵪᴹӰѸ⢩⛩ੇ˛ 䘉ԭᣕ㓨Ⲵ⢩⛩ᱟᯠ䰫 [ƯQZpQQHZV ᣕ䚃 (report) ∄䖳ཊǄ ԆⲴᇦާᴹѝഭ⢩㢢Ǆ 䘉њ୶ᓇআⲴ㺓ᴽ⋑ᴹӰѸ⢩㢢Ǆ Ԇௌ⅒ੜᑖᴹґᶁ⢩㢢Ⲵ丣ҀǄ 䘉ᕐ⭫Ⲵ⢩㢢ᱟ仌㢢 (yánsè, colour) ሩ∄勌᰾Ǆ Ԇ‫ࠪ╄Ⲵؙ‬਴ᴹ⢩㢢Ǆ ԆԜ依ᓇⲴ⢩㢢㨌䶎ᑨྭਲ਼Ǆ Ԇⅼୡᗇᖸᴹ⢩㢢, ᡁௌ⅒ੜǄ

tèxìng ⢩ᙗ n. 2D

special (internal) property, trait (antonym: ‫ޡ‬ᙗ) (ᙗ, nature)

Ԇнཚ␵ᾊ䘉Ӌ㦟Ⲵ⢩ᙗǄ ԆᖸҶ䀓䘉ਚ⤇Ⲵ⢩ᙗǄ ֐⸕䚃䘉Ӌь㾯Ⲵ‫ޡ‬ᙗ઼⢩ᙗੇ˛

Wq]KƝQJ ⢩ᖱ n. 2C

(external) character, feature (antonym: Პ䙽ᙗ SԃELjQ[uQJ (ᖱ, sign)

䛓њӪⲴ⢩ᖱᱟᴹањ⢩࡛བྷⲴ㓒啫ᆀǄ 唁⵬ⶋǃ唁ཤਁᱟѝഭӪⲴ⢩ᖱǄ Ԇ䓛кᴹаӋ୶ VKƗQJEXVLQHVV ӪⲴ⢩ᖱǄ

tóngyì ਼᜿ v. SƯ]KԃQ ᢩ߶ v. 2B

to consent to authorise (usu. by an authority) (antonym: ᤂ㔍 jùjué) (ᢩ, to grant; ߶, to allow)

ԆⲴㆮ䇱 TLƗQ]KqQJYLVD ᐢ㓿㻛ᢩ߶ҶǄ Ԇᢩ߶ҶᡁⲴ⭣䈧 VKƝQTӿQJDSSOLFDWLRQ Ǆ ল䟼⋑ᴹᢩ߶ԆՁ‫ٷ‬Ǆ ṑ䮯нᢩ߶ˈᡁԜቡн㜭৫Ǆ ԆⲴ⭣䈧ᢩ߶ҶˈਟᡁⲴত㻛ᤂ㔍ҶǄ

326

tóngyì ਼᜿

UyQJ[ԃ ᇩ䇨 v. 2C

to tolerate, to allow (antonym: ⾱→ MuQ]Kӿ ᇩ, to tolerate; 䇨, to allow)

⡦⇽нᇩ䇨Ԇᣭ✏ˈ䘈⾱→Ԇ்䞂Ǆ ѪҶᆉᆀˈԆᇩ䇨‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴ‫ޘ‬ᇦ઼Ԇа䎧տǄ ᡁн㜭ᇩ䇨֐䈤ᡁྭᴻ৻Ⲵൿ䈍Ǆ

tóngyì ਼᜿ v. 2A

to consent, to accept (request/ viewpoint, etc.; 䶎ᑨ + ਼᜿) (antonym: ৽ሩ IӽQGXu ਼, same; ᜿, intention)

ᡁ䶎ᑨ਼᜿ԆⲴᜣ⌅Ǆ ֐ᱟ਼᜿䘈ᱟ৽ሩ˛ ল䟼਼᜿Ԇ৫ѝഭањᴸǄ 㘱ᐸн਼᜿ᡁԜ৫Ǆ Ԇ਼᜿䇙ᡁՁ‫ٷ‬ҶǄ

\ԃQ[ԃ ‫ݱ‬䇨 v. 2B

to permit, to allow (by a person or Ԇ‫ݱ‬䇨ᡁ䈧‫ٷ‬єཙǄ by circumstances) (antonym: н䇨) ྲ᷌ᰦ䰤‫ݱ‬䇨ˈᡁՊ৫മҖ侶ُҖǄ (‫ݱ‬, to allow) 㘱ᐸн‫ݱ‬䇨ˈᆖ⭏ቡн㜭⿫ᔰᆖṑǄ 䈧‫ݱ‬䇨ᡁᢺ䈍䈤ᆼˈྭੇ˛ Ԇн‫ݱ‬䇨‫ݯ‬ᆀᔰ䖖Ǆ ᡁн‫ݱ‬䇨֐䘉ṧ䐏⡦⇽䈤䈍ʽ 䈧‫ݱ‬䇨ᡁԓ㺘 GjLELӽRWRUHSUHVHQW ṑ䮯䈤ࠐਕ 䈍Ǆ ҠᡯᆀˈᡁԜ⧠൘ⲴᶑԦ (tiáojiàn, condition) 䘈 н‫ݱ‬䇨ˈԕਾ޽䈤੗Ǆ

]KԃQ[ԃ ߶䇨 v. 2D

to approve, to allow (usu. by an authority) (antonym: н䇨)

]KԃQ ߶ v.* 2-1 C

GƗ\LQJ ㆄᓄ v.* 1B

to grant, to permit, to give green light to (usu. by an authority)

to agree (usu. to a request; ㆄᓄ + complement, e.g. Ԇㆄᓄᗇᖸᘛ) (antonym: എ㔍 huíjué) (ㆄ, to answer; ᓄ, to reply)

Note: * ߶ DGMµVWDQGDUG¶DVLQ Ԇ≹䈝Ⲵਁ丣ᖸ߶.

䘉њൠᯩн߶䇨ཆӪ䘋৫Ǆ 䘉䟼߶䇨ᣭ✏ੇ˛ 䘉䟼н߶䇨䙊㹼 WǀQJ[tQJWRSDVVWKURXJK Ǆ ㅹԆ߶䇨Ҷԕਾˈᡁ傜к㔉֐ᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ ५䲒᱘ཙ䘈䈤н䇨Ԇࠪ䲒, ӺཙᘾѸ৸߶䇨Ԇࠪ 䲒Ҷ઒˛ Ԇ߶ҶᡁⲴ‫ٷ‬Ǆ 䘉䟼н߶੨✏Ǆ 䛓䟼н߶‫ڌ‬䖖Ǆ ањӪਚ߶Ҡєᕐ⾘Ǆ к䈮ᰦˈн߶ᔰ᡻ᵪǄ Ԇн߶‫ݯ‬ᆀ்䞂Ǆ Ԇㆄᓄᶕ৲࣐ᡁⲴႊ⽬ KǌQOӿZHGGLQJ Ǆ ⡨⡨⋑ᴹㆄᓄԆⲴ䈧≲ TӿQJTL~UHTXHVW Ǆ ֐н⭘৫䰞ҶˈԆнՊㆄᓄ֐ⲴǄ Ԇаᔰ࿻н㛟ˈਾᶕㆄᓄҶˈਟᱟㆄᓄᗇᖸࣹᕪ PLӽQTLӽQJUHOXFWDQW Ǆ ሩн䎧ˈᡁ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ˈㆄᓄнҶ֐Ǆ Ԇᢺ䘉Ԧһ‫ݯ‬ㆄᓄлᶕҶǄ Ԇ౤кᱟㆄᓄҶˈਟ‫ڊ‬н‫ڊ‬ቡн⸕䚃ҶǄ ㅜа⅑Ԇഎ㔍ҶᡁˈㅜҼ⅑᡽ㆄᓄǄ

tóngzhì ਼ᘇ

327

* ㆄᓄ YµWRDQVZHU¶DVLQ ᆙᆀਛྩ³ྸྸ´, ྩ傜кㆄᓄҶ. ¾ ߶Ҹ Y]KԃQ\ԃµWRJUDQWIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ᆖṑ߶ҸԆ∅ъ. ¾ 䇔ਟ QUqQNČµHQGRUVHPHQW¶DVLQ ᆖ⭏ᨀࠪ (to put forward) Ⲵ䇑ࡂᗇࡠҶ㘱ᐸⲴ䇔ਟ. ¾ 䇨ਟ Q[ԃNČµSHUPLVVLRQ¶DVLQ ⋑ᴹ‫ڌ‬䖖䇨ਟ䇱 (zhèng, permit), н㜭൘䘉䟼‫ڌ‬䖖. ¾ 䇨 YµWRDOORZXVXXVHGLQQHJDWLRQLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇн䇨‫ݯ‬ᆀ৫. ¾ ߶䇨/ ‫ݱ‬䇨/ ਼᜿/ ᢩ߶ also used as nouns, as in ⋑ᴹṑ䮯Ⲵᢩ߶, ᡁԜн㜭৫.

tóngzhì ਼ᘇ n. tóngrén ਼ӱ n. 3 N/A

comrades colleagues, people of the same trade (an old word; usu. a form of address) (਼, same; ӱ, humanity)

tóngháng ਼㹼 n. 2D

people of the same trade or occupation (㹼, trade)

tóngshì ਼һ n. 2D

colleagues at work (usu. referring to white collar professionals) (һ, thing)

਴ս਼ӱˈ⧠൘ᔰ࿻ᔰՊҶǄ ‫ޘ‬փ਼ӱˈ⾍བྷᇦᯠᒤᘛҀʽ Ԇੁ਴ս਼ӱ㺘⽪ᝏ䉒Ǆ ᡁԜ਼㹼ˈ䜭ᱟᮉᐸǄ Ԇ઼ᡁ䗷৫ᱟ਼㹼ˈ⧠൘нᱟҶǄ ؇䈍䈤: ਼㹼ᱟߔᇦ 6~KXjVKXǀWyQJKiQJVKu \XƗQMLD$VWKHVD\LQJJRHVWZRRIDWUDGHFDQQHYHU agree)Ǆ ਼һѻ䰤ᓄ䈕ӂ⴨ᑞࣙǄ ྩⲴаս਼һ⯵ҶǄ Ԇ൘䐟к㿱ࡠҶԕࡽⲴ਼һˈ㙺ҶॺཙǄ аս਼һ㔃ႊˈ䈧བྷᇦ৫்ௌ䞂Ǆ Ԇ઼ᡁᱟབྷᆖⲴ਼⨝਼ᆖǄ ԆԜᡀ・Ҷањ਼ᆖՊǄ ⡦ӢⲴ㘱਼ᆖᶕⴻԆҶǄ Ԇ⨝䟼ᴹњ਼ᆖᱟӾѝഭᶕⲴǄ Ԇ઼нቁ਼ᆖᴹ㚄㌫Ǆ

tóngxué ਼ᆖ n. 2A

classmates, schoolmates (ᆖ, study)

tóngzhì ਼ᘇ n.* 2A

comrades (a customary title used among older people; becoming an old word now) (ᘇ, aspiration)

਼ᘇѻ䰤㾱ӂ⴨ᑞࣙǄ 㘱਼ᘇˈᛘ᢮䈱˛ 䘉ᱟ⦻਼ᘇⲴྣ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ⭧਼ᘇ㜭‫਼ྣˈⲴࡠڊ‬ᘇҏ㜭‫ࡠڊ‬Ǆ ཊ䉒਼ᘇԜࡽᶕ৲࣐ᡁⲴႊ⽬Ǆ ਼ᘇˈ䈧䰞മҖ侶൘ଚ‫˛ݯ‬ ଚս਼ᘇ㔉䘉ս㘱਼ᘇ䇙њᓗ‫˛ݯ‬

]KjQ\ԁX ᡈ৻ n. 2C

comrade-in-arms (used in an affectionate way) (ᡈ, war; ৻, friend)

ԆԜᱟᡈ৻ˈҏᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ ࡊ᡽ᴹӪᢃ⭥䈍ᶕ᢮֐ˈ䈤ᱟ֐ӾࡽⲴᡈ৻Ǆ 䘉ѸཊᒤⲴ㘱ᡈ৻Ҷˈ࡛ᇒ≄ʽ ԆԜࠐњᡈ৻㓿ᑨ൘а䎧ᢃ㈞⨳Ǆ

328

tòngk Ⰻ㤖

Note: * ਼ᘇ was a popular word in China, but is much less used now, particularly among the younger generation. Currently, its usage is limited to the circle of Chinese officials and the older generation. * ਼ᘇ QµKRPRVH[XDOVQHZXVDJH ¶DVLQ 䛓њ䞂੗ᱟ³਼ᘇ´ᑨ৫Ⲵൠᯩ. ¾ ᩝẓ/ ᣽ẓ QGƗGjQJSƗLGjQJµSDUWQHUDWZRUNLQIRUPDOORDQZRUGIURP(QJOLVK ¶as in ԆԜ‫ؙ‬ᱟ ࠐॱᒤⲴ㘱ᩝẓҶ. ¾ ਼Չ QWyQJKXԁµSDUWQHURIWZLWKDSHMRUDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ ¶DVLQ Ԇ઼єњ਼Չа䎧ᣒ TLӽQJWR rob) Ҷ䛓њ䬦㹼. ¾ ↫‫ ފ‬QVӿGӽQJµVZRUQIROORZHUVZLWKDVWURQJSHMRUDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQEXWVRPHWLPHVXVHGLQD humorous way without DQ\QHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ ¶DVLQ ᡁ↫‫ྣⲴފ‬ᴻ৻઼Ԇ࠶᡻ (to break up) Ҷ. ¾ ਼‫ ފ‬QWyQJGӽQJµDVVRFLDWHRIWZLWKD SHMRUDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ ¶DVLQ ԆⲴӄ਽਼‫⧠ފ‬൘䜭൘依侶 ‫ݯ‬䟼ਲ਼依. ¾ ਼ґ QWyQJ[LƗQJµa person from the same village, city or province¶DVLQ ԆᱟᡁⲴ਼ґ. ¾ ਼䈻 n. tóngmóu µDFFRPSOLFH¶, as in Ԇҏᱟањ਼䈻. ¾ ਼デ QµFODVVPDWHXVXRIWKHVDPHXQLYHUVLW\ ¶ Ԇᱟᡁབྷᆖ਼デ. ¾ ਼‫ ܊‬n. WyQJOLiRµFROOHDJXHDQROGZRUG ¶DVLQ ྩⲴᐕ֌ᗇࡠҶ਼‫܊‬ԜⲴ䎎ᢜ (zànyáng, praise). ¾ ਼㜎 QWyQJEƗRµERUQRIWKHVDPHSDUHQWVIHOORZFRXQWU\PDQ¶DVLQ ྩԜᱟ਼㜎က࿩, ਟᱟ䮯ᗇа ⛩‫ݯ‬䜭н‫ۿ‬. ¾ ᐕ৻ QµZRUNPDWHRIWUHIHUULQJWREOXHFROODUZRUNHUV ¶DVLQ ᡁᴯᐕ৻ᢺ依ҠഎᶕҶ. ¾ ୶৻ QµEXVLQHVVSHRSOHZKREHIULHQGHDFKRWKHUQHZZRUG ¶DVLQ ୶৻ՊⲴ࣎‫ޜ‬ᇔ൘Ҽᾬ.

WzQJNԃ Ⰻ㤖 adj. bù(ú)xìng нᒨ adj.* 3B

painful unfortunate (also indicating sth. Ԇⵏнᒨˈࡊࡊཡ৫ VKƯTWRORVH Ҷᐕ unwished-for and unexpected) ֌ˈ⧠൘৸ᗇҶ䟽⯵Ǆ (antonym: зᒨ) (ᒨ, good fortune) ⿫ႊᱟԆа⭏ѝᴰнᒨⲴһǄ Ԇࡊࡊੜ䈤ањᴻ৻нᒨ䓛ӑ VKƝQZiQJWR die) ҶǄ

NԃQӽR 㤖ᚬ adj. 3D

䘉њ䰞仈֯Ԇᖸ㤖ᚬǄ ࿫ᆀ㾱≲⿫ႊˈ Ԇ㤖ᚬᶱҶǄ Ԇᴰ㤖ᚬⲴᱟ‫ݯ‬ᆀᆖҐнྭǄ Ԇ㤖ᚬൠⴻ⵰ᡁˈॺཙҏ⋑ᴹ䈤䈍Ǆ

distressed (antonym: ᘛҀ) (㤖, bitter; ᚬ, annoyed)

WzQJFKԃ Ⰻᾊ adj. 3B

suffering (emphasising an LQGLYLGXDO¶VPHQWDODQJXLVK (ᾊ, distress)

ⴻࡠྣ‫ݯ‬䎠ҶˈԆᝏࡠᖸⰋᾊǄ ྣᴻ৻䐏Ԇ࠶᡻ҶˈԆᗳ䟼ॱ࠶ⰋᾊǄ ԆⰋᾊൠⴻ⵰デཆˈаਕ䈍ҏ⋑䈤Ǆ ⴻࡠԆ䛓ⰋᾊⲴ㺘ᛵ ELӽRTtQJIDFLDO expression)ˈᡁҏ㿹ᗇᖸнྭਇǄ

VKƗQJ[ƯQ Քᗳ adj.* 2B

sad, broken-hearted (Քᗳ: Ք + ᗳ, verb + object construction) (antonym: 儈‫( )ޤ‬Ք, to hurt; ᗳ, heart)

ྣ‫ݯ‬㾱ࠪჱ FKǌMLjWRJHWPDUULHG ҶˈԆ 㿹ᗇ৸儈‫ޤ‬৸ՔᗳǄ Ԇཙཙ䜭儈儈‫ۿྭˈⲴޤޤ‬Ӿᶕ⋑ᴹӰѸ Քᗳһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ࡛ՔᗳҶˈᆙᆀབྷҶ䜭㾱⿫ᔰᇦⲴǄ

tòngkuai Ⰻᘛ

329

ԆՔᗳൠሩᡁ䈤³֐㾱䎠ቡ䎠੗Ǆ´ WzQJNԃ Ⰻ㤖 adj.* 2B

Nԃ 㤖 adj. 2-1 A

ੜࡠ䘉њ⎸᚟ [LƗR[LQHZV ˈབྷᇦ䜭ॱ࠶Ⰻ painful (mental anguish or physical 㤖Ǆ pain, of an individual or group) Ӫ൘Ⰻ㤖Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ᑨᑨՊᜣᇦǄ ԆⰋ㤖ൠ⿫ᔰҶ䘉䟼ˈ޽ҏ⋑ᴹഎᶕ䗷Ǆ

bitter (usu. used figuratively) (antonym: ⭌ tián)

ഐѪиཛᑨᒤн൘ᇦˈྩⲴ⭏⍫ᖸ㤖Ǆ ཙཙ䜭㾱ᆖҐࡠᖸᲊˈԆᝏࡠ㤖ᗇᖸǄ Ԇᇦᖸᴹ䫡ˈӾᶕн⸕䚃ӰѸਛ㤖ᰕᆀǄ 䘉ᶟ૆஑ᖸ㤖ˈԆнᜣ்Ǆ 䈱㤖䈱⭌䈱⸕䚃ˈᡁҏнཊ䈤ҶǄ

Note: * нᒨ QµPLVIRUWXQH¶DVLQ ᡁԜӺཙ᡽⸕䚃ԆⲴнᒨ, Ԇԕࡽ⋑ᴹ䈤䗷. * Քᗳ YµWRKXUWLQVHUWDEOH ¶DVLQ ྸྸሩ֐䛓Ѹྭ, ֐н㾱ՔྩⲴᗳҶ. * Ⰻ㤖 QµSDLQ¶DVLQ ᡁнᝯ᜿ᢺ㠚ᐡⲴⰋ㤖੺䇹㔉࡛Ӫ.

tòngkuai Ⰻᘛ adj. JČQJ]Kt 㙯ⴤ adj. 2 N/A

VKXӽQJNXDL ⡭ᘛ adj. 2D

direct upright, honest and frank (antonym: ਜ਼㫴 hánxù) (㙯, honest and just; ⴤ, frank)

frank and open (with readiness) (antonym: ᘨᙙ QLԃQt ⡭, clear)

ԆѪӪ㙯ⴤˈᱟᡁⲴྭᴻ৻Ǆ 㙯ⴤǃ✝ᛵⲴ㘱⦻ᱟањेᯩӪǄ ԆᱟњྭӪˈնᱟᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ཚ㙯ⴤҶǄ Ԇ㙯ⴤᗇᖸˈᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ᕏᕏ∄䖳ਜ਼㫴ˈକକ䶎ᑨ㙯ⴤǄ ԆѪӪ䶎ᑨ⡭ᘛǄ Ԇᱟањ⡭ᘛӪǄ ᴻ৻ੁԆُ䫡ˈԆ⡭ᘛൠㆄᓄҶǄ Ԇ䘉њӪ⡭ᘛᶱҶˈᖸ‫ۿ‬ԆⲴ⡦ӢǄ ྩᴹӋᘨᙙˈн‫ۿ‬ကက䛓Ѹ⡭ᘛǄ

VKXӽQJOӽQJ ⡭ᵇ adj. 2 N/A

bright and clear (of a voice, etc.), straightforward (of temperament, etc.; with a positive connotation) (ᵇ, loud and clear)

ቻᆀ䟼ՐࠪԆ䛓⡭ᵇⲴⅼ༠Ǆ Ԇᱟањᖸ⡭ᵇⲴӪˈབྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ੜҶᡁⲴ䈍ԕਾˈԆ⡭ᵇൠㅁҶ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ✝ᛵǃ⡭ᵇˈᑨᑨᑞ࡛ࣙӪǄ

WӽQEiL ඖⲭ adj. 2D

honest, candid (sometimes used to say something unpleasant) (ඖ, open; ⲭ, pure)

Ԇᱟањ㾏ᘰ (MƯQKXiLbosom, mind) ඖⲭⲴӪǄ ඖⲭൠ䈤ˈᡁн਼᜿֐Ⲵᜣ⌅Ǆ ԆѪӪ↓ⴤ (zhèngzhí, straightforward)ǃඖⲭǄ Ԇᇎ (shí, true) 䈍ᇎ䈤ˈ䶎ᑨඖⲭǄ

WӽQVKXjL ඖ⦷ adj. 2 N/A

straightforward (with a positive connotation) (⦷, frank)

ԆԜᱟྭᴻ৻ˈӂ⴨ѻ䰤䶎ᑨඖ⦷Ǆ Ԇඖ⦷ൠഎㆄҶᡁⲴ䰞仈Ǆ ԆѪӪ䶎ᑨඖ⦷ˈᴹӰѸ䈤ӰѸǄ

330

tòngkuai Ⰻᘛ ԆԜ䘋㹼ҶєњሿᰦⲴඖ⦷Ӕ䈸Ǆ

zhíshuài ⴤ⦷ adj. 2 N/A

]KtVKXӽQJ ⴤ⡭ adj. 2 N/A

JƗQFXu ᒢ㜶 adj. 1B tòngkuai Ⰻᘛ adj.* 1B

ᡁᱟњⴤ⦷Ӫˈྲ᷌䈤䭉Ҷ䈧֐৏䈵Ǆ outspoken, direct, rash (ⴤ, straight) 䈤䈍ཚⴤ⦷ˈՊᗇ㖚 (dézuì, to offend) ӪⲴǄ Ԇⴤ⦷ൠ䈤ࠪҶ㠚ᐡⲴⴻ⌅Ǆ Ԇ䈤䈍∄Ԇကကⴤ⦷ˈကကᑨᑨᴹ䈍н䈤ࠪᶕǄ

openhearted (with a positive connotation)

ԆⲴᙗṬ (xìnggé, temperament) 䶎ᑨⴤ⡭Ǆ Ԇаੁⴤ⡭ˈᴹӰѸ䈤ӰѸǄ Ԇᱟањⴤ⡭ⲴӪǄ Ԇⴤ⡭ᗇᖸˈᢺⴻࡠⲴ䜭䈤ࠪᶕҶǄ

without further ado, clear-cut

Ԇ䈤䈍ᙫᱟᒢ㜶࡙㩭 (lìluo, well-executed)ˈ нཊ䈤аਕ⋑⭘Ⲵ䈍Ǆ ֐ᒢ㜶⛩‫ݯ‬ʽ৫䘈ᱟн৫˛

direct (with a positive connotation) Ԇ䈤䈍઼࣎һ䜭ᖸⰋᘛǄ (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ԆᱟањⰋᘛӪˈ∄ԆକକྭǄ 䘏⯁ chíyí) ᡁ䈧ԆᑞᘉˈԆㆄᓄᗇᖸⰋᘛǄ ࡛޽䘏⯁Ҷˈ֐Ⰻᘛ⛩‫ྭݯ‬нྭ? ԆⰋⰋᘛᘛൠㆄᓄҶᴻ৻Ⲵ䈧≲Ǆ

zhíláizhíqù ⴤᶕⴤ৫ ph. straight to the point (antonym: 1 N/A ੎੎ੀੀ WǌQWǌQWԃWԃ

Ԇቡᱟ䘉ṧањⴤᶕⴤ৫ⲴӪǄ ⴤᶕⴤ৫∄੎੎ੀੀྭǄ Ԇ䈤䈍Ӿᶕ䜭ᱟⴤᶕⴤ৫Ⲵˈᡁᐢ㓿ҐᜟҶǄ

Note: * Ⰻᘛ DGMµMR\IXO¶DVLQ ԆԜӺཙᲊк൘ཆ䶒⧙ᗇᖸⰋᘛ. ¾ ⡭ implies openness, so words with ⡭, such as ⴤ⡭/ ⡭ᘛ/ ⡭ᵇ, tend to have a positive connotation. ⦷ can imply rashness or hastiness, ⴤ⦷ does not necessarily have a positive FRQQRWDWLRQLWPHDQVµRXWVSRNHQ¶µGLUHFW¶RUµUDVK¶ ¾ ⛞ㆂᆀ QSjRWԁQJ]L µVEZKRVSHDNVZLWKRXWWKLQNLQJOLNHWKHway a cannon ⛞ㆂᆀ fires, a metaphor RIWHQZLWKDVOLJKWSHMRUDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ ¶DVLQ Ԇᱟњ⛞ㆂᆀ, 㓿ᑨᗇ㖚Ӫ. ¾ ⴤ㛐ᆀ Q]KtFKiQJ]LµVEZKRLVIUDQNDQGRXWVSRNHQDPHWDSKRU ⴤ³straight´㛐ᆀ³intestines´ ¶DV in Ԇᱟњⴤ㛐ᆀ, ᴹӰѸ䈤ӰѸ.

ZiQ]KČQJ ᆼᮤ

331

W ZiQ]KČQJ ᆼᮤ adj.

intact

qíquán 喀‫ ޘ‬adj. 3-2 D

complete, with nothing missing (usu. of things) (喀, all ready)

wánbèi ᆼ༷ adj. 3-2 C

perfect, complete (usu. of things) (antonym: ⅐㕪 TLjQTXƝ ᆼ, complete; ༷, preparedness)

䘉њമҖ侶ᖸབྷˈҖҏᖸ喀‫ޘ‬Ǆ ֐৫䛓њ୶ᓇⴻⴻˈԆԜⲴ୶૱ VKƗQJSӿQ goods) ∄䖳喀‫ޘ‬Ǆ Ԇࠪ৫᯵⑨ѻࡽᢺь㾯߶༷ᗇᖸ喀‫ޘ‬Ǆ ь㾯䜭喀‫ޘ‬ҶԕਾˈᡁԜቡᔰ࿻ⴆᡯᆀҶǄ ԆⲴ⮉ᆖ᡻㔝 VKԁX[SURFHGXUH 䘈н喀‫ޘ‬Ǆ 䗷ᒤⲴь㾯䘈⋑ᴹҠ喀‫ޘ‬઒Ǆ ࠪഭ᯵⑨䴰㾱᡻㔝喀‫ޘ‬᡽㹼Ǆ 䘉њ⭥ᐕⲴᐕާ (tools) 䶎ᑨᆼ༷Ǆ ֐Ⲵ᡻㔝䘈нᆼ༷ˈ⅐㕪нቁь㾯Ǆ Ԇᇦ䟼ӰѸᇦާ䜭ᴹˈᖸᆼ༷Ǆ Ԇᴹа྇ᆼ༷Ⲵѝ᮷䖟Ԧ UXӽQMLjQVRIWZDUH Ǆ ᦞнᆼ‫ޘ‬㔏䇑 WԁQJMì, statistics)ˈӺཙᶕҶєз ཊӪǄ ԆԜਆᗇ TԃGpWRJHW Ҷᆼ‫Ⲵޘ‬㜌࡙ (shènglì, success)Ǆ 䘉ԦһԆ㾱䍏 (fù, to take) ᆼ‫ޘ‬䍓ԫ (zérèn, responsibility)Ǆ 䘉њ߉ᗇнᆼ‫ޘ‬Ǆ 䘉њ䰞仈Ԇഎㆄᗇнཏᆼ‫ޘ‬Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹ䈤ᆼ‫ˈޘ‬ᡁ޽䈤ࠐਕǄ ֐ᓄ䈕ᆼᆼ‫ޘޘ‬ൠᢺԆᘈᦹǄ

wánquán ᆼ‫ ޘ‬adj. 2A

entire, complete, full (reduplication: AABB)

ZiQ]KČQJ ᆼᮤ adj. 2B

intact, whole (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ↻㕪 FiQTXƝ ᮤ, whole)

䘉ᵜਔҖ‫؍‬ᆈ EӽRF~QWRNHHS ᗇᖸᆼᮤǄ 㥦⻇ᢃҶањˈᐢ㓿нᱟа྇ᆼᮤⲴ㥦ާҶǄ 䘉ԭ䇠ᖅ (jìlù, record) 䶎ᑨᆼᮤǄ Ԇሩ䛓Ԧһᛵᴹ∄䖳ᆼᮤⲴ䇠ᖅǄ ԆⲴ䛓྇ҖᱟᆼᮤⲴˈ֐ਟԕੁԆُǄ Ԇ൘ኅ㿸ՊкⴻҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ˈᗇࡠҶањᆼᮤⲴ ঠ䊑 (yìnxiàng, impression)Ǆ ԆᢺᡁⲴҖ‫؍‬ᆈᗇᆼᆼᮤᮤⲴˈᡁᖸᝏ䉒ԆǄ

\XiQPӽQ ശ┑ adj. 2C

perfect (of result, answer, etc.) (antonym: ↻㕪 FiQTXƝ ശ, round; ┑, full)

ԆⲴᐕ֌ᆼᡀᗇ䶎ᑨശ┑Ǆ Ԇ㔉Ҷ⡦⇽ањശ┑ⲴഎㆄǄ ԆԜⲴՊ䈸нᱟॱ࠶ശ┑Ǆ ᴰਾˈ䰞仈ᗇࡠҶശ┑Ⲵ䀓ߣ MLČMXpWRVROYH Ǆ ᡁԜࠐњӪᖃѝˈԆⲴᇦᓝ⭏⍫ᴰശ┑Ǆ ⾍བྷՊശ┑ᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJVXFFHVVIXO Ǆ

332

wèi Ѫ

Note: ¾ ᆼ㖾 DGMµSHUIHFW¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉њӪ䶎ᑨᆼ㖾. ¾ ᆼ┑ DGMZiQPӽQµVXFFHVVIXO¶DVLQ Ԇᜣᢺᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇᴤᆼ┑аӋ. ¾ 㖾┑ DGMµKDSS\¶DVLQ ԆⲴ⭏⍫нཚ㖾┑. ¾ 喀༷ DGMTtEqLµFRPSOHWHDQGDOOUHDG\¶DVLQ 䘉њ୶ᓇӰѸ䜭ᴹ, ь㾯ᖸ喀༷.

wèi Ѫ prep. wèi Ѫ prep. 2A

wèile ѪҶ prep. 2A

for for (the purpose of), in the interest of (Ѫ and ѪҶ are often interchangeable)

for (the sake of), in order to

Ѫ㘳кབྷᆖˈԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋Ǆ ѪᆙᆀˈԆӰѸ䜭‫ڊ‬Ǆ ԆѪᆖ⭏‫ڊ‬ҶᖸཊһᛵǄ ԆѪ䫡ӰѸ䜭ਟԕ‫ڊ‬Ǆ 䇙ᡁԜѪ‫ڕ‬ᓧ㘼ᒢᶟʽ[not ѪҶ] ྸྸѪԆ‫ྭڊ‬Ҷ依㨌Ǆ[not ѪҶ] Ԇ↓൘Ѫᆙᆀク㺓ᴽǄ[not ѪҶ] ᡁԜ䜭ѪԆ㘳кབྷᆖ㘼儈‫ޤ‬. [not ѪҶ] ѪҶᆙᆀ㜭ᴹਲ਼ᴹクˈԆᐕ֌⢩࡛ࣚ࣋Ǆ ѪҶк䈮н䘏ࡠˈԆаབྷᰙቡ䎧ᒺҶǄ ѪҶ᢮ࡠᐕ֌ˈԆᢃҶᖸཊ⭥䈍Ǆ Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬䜭ᱟѪҶᆙᆀǄ ԆཙཙᆖҐ≹䈝ᱟѪҶ᰾ᒤ৫ѝഭᆖҐǄ ྸྸ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬䜭ᱟѪҶ֐ྭǄ ԆѪҶᆖѝ५㘼ᶕࡠҶѝഭǄ Ԇᆖ५ᱟѪҶᑞ࡛ࣙӪˈ㘼нᱟѪҶ䫡Ǆ ѪҶᆖҐᯩ‫ˈׯ‬Ԇ൘བྷᆖ䱴䘁』Ҷа䰤ᡯᆀǄ

Note: ¾ ഐѪ FRQMµEHFDXVH¶DVLQ ഐѪл䴘, ᡁԜ⋑ᴹࠪ৫ᢃ⨳. ¾ ⭡Ҿ SUHS\yX\~µRZLQJWR¶DVLQ ⭡ҾԆⲴࣚ࣋, 䘉⅑Ԇ㘳䈅Ⲵᡀ㔙ᖸн䭉. ¾ ѪⲴᱟ SKµVRDVWR¶DVLQ Ԇ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ѪⲴᱟ㜭ᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬㿱ࡠ‫ݯ‬ᆀ.

[Ư 㾯

333

X [Ư 㾯 n.

west

[ƯE 㾯䜘 n. 3B

western (referring to the western part of an area, but not a specific place, e.g. it is incorrect to say ᡁᇦ൘୶ᓇⲴ㾯䜘) (䜘, part)

[Ư 㾯 n. 2A

Ҽ䐟‫⊭ޡޜ‬䖖ᖰ㾯ᔰǄ west (not verb + 㾯; noun + 㾯 = Ӻཙ࡞㾯ই仾Ǆ µWKHZHVWHUQVLGHRIWKHQRXQ¶ ෾㾯 (the western side of the city) ᴹᖸཊ依侶 ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇᖰ䐟㾯৫ҶǄ

[ƯIƗQJ 㾯ᯩ n. 2B

[ƯPLjQ 㾯䶒 n. 2B

[ƯELDQU 㾯䗩‫ ݯ‬n. 1A

[ƯWyXU 㾯ཤ‫ ݯ‬n. 1 N/A

Ԇௌ⅒ⴻ㖾ഭ㾯䜘⭥ᖡǄ Ԇᇦտ൘㾯䜘Ⲵањ෾ᐲǄ 㾯䜘Ⲵ≄‫∄ى‬䘉䟼᳆઼аӋǄ 䛓њൠᯩսҾ (to situate) ѝഭⲴ㾯䜘Ǆ ԆԜࡠ㾯䜘᯵⑨৫ҶǄ

the West, the western part of sth. (ᯩ, direction)

ᴹࠐњ㾯ᯩӪ (westerners) ↓൘䰞৫䮯෾Ⲵ䐟Ǆ 㾯ᯩⲴཙオ NǀQJVN\ ࠪ⧠Ҷа⡷唁ӁǄ Ԇᱟᮉ㾯ᯩ᮷ॆ (wénhuà, culture) ⲴǄ н㇑ᱟьᯩӪ䘈ᱟ㾯ᯩӪˈ䜭ௌ⅒䘉њ⭥ᖡǄ

west, western part (either the western side of a place or the western part within a place) (䶒, side)

㾯䶒Ⲵṁ᷇䟼ᴹᖸཊ呏Ǆ 依侶‫ݯ‬൘䛓ᶑ㺇Ⲵ㾯䶒Ǆ 㣡ഝⲴ㾯䶒ᴹаἥ㤩᷌ṁǄ Ԇᖰ㾯䶒৫ҶǄ

west, in the west (either of a place or within a place) (䗩, side)

west, at the western end (either of a place or within a place) (ཤ, end)

㾯䗩‫ݯ‬ᱟമҖ侶Ǆ Ԇᖰ㾯䗩‫ݯ‬৫ҶǄ བྷᾬ䟼Ⲵ㾯䗩‫ݯ‬ᴹањҖᓇǄ Ԇᇦ൘㾯䗩‫֐ˈݯ‬䎠䭉ᯩੁҶǄ ᡁᇦտ൘୶ᓇⲴ㾯䗩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ԆӾ㾯ཤ‫ݯ‬䎠䗷ᶕҶǄ ᶁ FǌQYLOODJH 㾯ཤ‫ݯ‬ᴹаἥབྷṁǄ ԆⲴҖᡯ൘䲒ᆀ (yuànzi, courtyard) Ⲵ㾯ཤ‫ݯ‬Ǆ

Note: The above similarities and differences among words with 㾯 are also applicable to words with े/ ь/ ই, see also े/ ь/ ই.

334

[ƯZjQJ ᐼᵋ

[ƯZjQJ ᐼᵋ v. (see also ⨶ᜣ) TƯZjQJ ᵏᵋ v. 3D

NČZjQJ ⑤ᵋ v. 2C

pànwàng ⴬ᵋ v. 2B

[ƯZjQJ ᐼᵋ v. 2A

pàn ⴬ v. 1C

to anticipate, to look forward to (of a future event) (ᵏ, to expect; ᵋ, to hope)

to thirst for, to crave (sth. for oneself or others) (⑤, thirsty)

to yearn for

to hope (sth. for oneself or others; with a lesser degree of certainty than ᵏᵋ; not ᐼᵋ + ⵰) (ᐼ, to hope)

to long for

to hope

ᡁԜ䜭ᵏᵋ䘉ᡰབྷᆖ㜭࣎ᗇᴤྭǄ 㘱ᐸᵏᵋᆖ⭏Ԝ䜭㜭亪࡙∅ъǄ བྷᇦ䜭ᵏᵋ⵰䘉ᶑ䫱䐟㜭ᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬䙊 (WǀQJ 䖖 (to open to traffic)Ǆ ԆӾሿቡॱ࠶⑤ᵋкབྷᆖǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨ⑤ᵋᴹањ⑙᳆ⲴᇦǄ བྷᇦ䜭⑤ᵋ⵰઼䛓ս᰾ᱏ㿱䶒Ǆ Ԇ⑤ᵋ㠚ᐡ㜭ᆖՊ≹䈝ˈሶᶕࡠѝഭ৫ᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇ䶎ᑨ⴬ᵋᆙᆀ㜭ᘛ⛩‫ݯ‬䮯བྷᡀӪǄ Ѫ㾱ањᆙᆀˈԆԜ⴬ᵋҶॱࠐᒤҶǄ ࡊՁᆼ‫ٷ‬എᶕˈԆ৸⴬ᵋ⵰лањ‫ٷ‬ᵏҶǄ ྸྸаⴤ⴬ᵋ⵰‫ݯ‬ᆀ㜭എᇦ䗷ᒤǄ 䛓ሱؑԆ⴬ᵋҶᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤᡽᭦ࡠǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨᐼᵋᴻ৻Ԝ㜭ᶕ৲࣐ԆⲴႊ⽬Ǆ Ԇᖸᐼᵋ㜭ཏᑞࣙᴻ৻Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆнᐼᵋⴻࡠⲴǄ ∅ъԕਾˈԆᐼᵋ㜭ᘛ⛩‫ݯ‬᢮ࡠањᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇᐼᵋ㠚ᐡሶᶕ㜭ᡀѪа਽५⭏Ǆ ӪԜ䜭ᐼᵋ᰾ཙՊᴤ㖾ྭǄ 䘉ᱟᡁ㔉֐‫⭏Ⲵڊ‬ᰕ঑ NӽFDUG ˈᐼᵋ֐㜭ௌ ⅒Ǆ ᐼᵋ᰾ཙ࡛л䴘ˈᡁᢃ㇇৫⡜ኡǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⴬⵰ྸྸഎᇦǄ ሿᰦ‫ˈى‬Ԇཙཙ⴬䗷ᒤǄ Ԇㅹ୺⴬୺ˈ㓸Ҿᢺྣᴻ৻⴬എᶕҶǄ Ԇ⴬Ҷєᒤˈਟᱟᡯᆀ䘈ᱟ⋑ᴹⴆ (gài, to build) 䎧ᶕǄ 䛓ሱؑˈԆ⴬Ҷᖸѵ᡽⴬ᶕǄ Ԇ⴬ᱏᱏ⴬ᴸӞˈྭнᇩ᱃⴬ࡠҶഎᇦⲴᰕᆀǄ

Note: ¾ ྒᵋ QVKƝZjQJµto entertain hopes beyond one¶s ability to realise¶DVLQ Ԇнྒᵋ㜭ᢺ㠚ᐡⲴ⯵⋫ ྭ, ਚ㾱㜭ཊ⍫ࠐཙቡ㹼Ҷ. ¾ ᐤᵋ YEƗZjQJ µWRORRNIRUZDUGWRLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇᐤᵋ֐৫нҶ, Ԇቡਟԕ᤯֐Ⲵ⾘৫Ҷ. ¾ ⽸ᵋ YTtZjQJµWRKRSHIRUIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ᯠᒤሶ㠣 MLƗQJ]KuWRFRPHVRRQ ⽸ᵋ‫ݯ‬㜭ᰙᖂ JXƯ to return). ¾ ᤷᵋ Y]KӿZDQJµWREDQNRQ¶DVLQ ᡁԜᇦቡᤷᵋ֐㜭㘳кབྷᆖҶ. ¾ ᐼᵋ/ ᵏᵋ n., as in ᡁаᇊнՊ䗌䍏 JǌIWRIDLO 㘱ᐸሩᡁⲴᵏᵋ (expectation).

xíguàn Ґᜟ

335

xíguàn Ґᜟ n. IƝQJV~ 仾؇ n. 2B

xíguàn Ґᜟ n.* 2A

xísú Ґ؇ n. 2D

habit long-standing social custom; etiquette (of a community) (仾, practice; ؇, custom)

habit (of person or group) (Ґ, practice; ᜟ, to be used to)

custom, habit (of a community)

Ԇ㔉ᆖ⭏Ԝ䇢Ҷᴹ‫ޣ‬ѝഭ᱕㢲Ⲵ仾؇Ǆ ཆഭ仾؇Ґᜟ䐏ᡁԜⲴн਼ˈᡰԕ㾱ӂ⴨Ҷ䀓Ǆ ੜ䈤䘉ᱟа⿽ᖃൠ (local) Ⲵ仾؇Ǆ 䘉䟼ᴹ⢩࡛Ⲵ仾؇ˈ䈧㔉ᡁԜӻ㓽ал੗Ǆ ѝഭӪᴹѝ⿻㢲ਲ਼ᴸ侬Ⲵ仾؇Ǆ ԆᮉⲴᱟ仾؇ᆖǄ Ԇᴹᰙⶑᰙ䎧ⲴҐᜟǄ 䘉ᱟԆⲴҐᜟ‫⌅ڊ‬Ǆ ԆⲴ䘉⿽Ґᜟᱟሿᰦ‫ى‬ቡᴹⲴǄ ԆⲴҐᜟ∄ᡁⲴҐᜟྭǄ ᣭ✏ᱟањнྭⲴҐᜟǄ ᲊкⶑ㿹ࡽⴻаՊ‫ݯ‬Җᐢ㓿ᡀѪԆⲴҐᜟҶǄ 䘉ᱟᖃൠⲴа⿽Ґ؇Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒н᮷᰾ (uncivilised) ⲴҐ؇Ǆ 䘉њൠ४䘈‫⮉؍‬Ҷнቁᰗ (jiù, old) Ґ؇Ǆ 䗷᱕㢲व侪ᆀᱟѝഭӪⲴҐ؇ѻаǄ Ԇሩ⇿њഭᇦⲴҐ؇䜭ᖸᴹ‫ޤ‬䏓 (xìngqù, interest)Ǆ

Note: * Ґᜟ YµWREHDFFXVWRPHG WR¶DVLQ Ԇᶕ䘉䟼ᐢ㓿ᖸཊᒤҶ, ሩ䘉䟼Ⲵ≄‫ى‬ᐢ㓿ҐᜟҶ. ¾ 仾≄ n. µJHQHUDOOLNHVDQGGLVOLNHV¶DVLQ ਲ਼ਲ਼்்Ⲵ仾≄нྭ, н㾱޽䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬Ҷ. ¾ 仾ቊ QIƝQJVKjQJµYRJXHIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ሺ㘱⡡ᒬ ]ǌQOӽR¶jL\zXWRUHVSHFWHOGHUVDQGORYHFKLOGUHQ ᱟа⿽ྭ仾ቊ. ¾ Ґ≄ QµXQKHDOWK\EDG KDELW¶DVLQ Ԇ䓛кᴹаӋൿҐ≄, ֐н㾱䐏Ԇᆖ. ¾ Ґᙗ n. xíxìng µEHKDYLRXURISHRSOHRUDQLPDOV ¶DVLQ Ԇሩ㖺ⲴҐᙗᖸҶ䀓.

[u[ƯQ 㓶ᗳ adj.

careful

]KǀXPu ઘᇶ adj. 3D

attentive to every detail, thorough (antonym: ㋇⮿ FǌVKǌ ઘ, all; ᇶ, meticulous)

䘉њ䇑ࡂ (jìhuà, plan) ߉ᗇᖸઘᇶǄ ᯵㹼ᆹᧂᗇ䶎ᑨઘᇶˈᡁԜ䜭ᖸ┑᜿Ǆ Ԇઘᇶൠ‫ڊ‬Ҷањ䇑ࡂǄ 䘉њ䇑ࡂ䘈нཚઘᇶǄ 䘉ᱟањઘᇶⲴ䇑ࡂˈᖸн䭉Ǆ

[u[ƯQ 㓶ᗳ adj. 2B

careful (oft. of attitude or personality) (antonym: ㋇ᗳ Fǌ[ƯQ 㓶, careful; ᗳ, heart)

Ԇᱟањ㓶ᗳӪǄ 㘳䈅Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬аᇊ㾱㓶ᗳǄ Ԇаⴤ䜭൘㓶ᗳൠੜ⵰Ǆ Ԇੜᗇᖸ㓶ᗳǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᐕ֌нཚ㓶ᗳǄ

336

xiànzài ⧠൘ ‫ڊ‬һ㓶ᗳ⛩‫ݯ‬ቡਟԕቁࠪ䭉‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇᒤ䖫Ⲵᰦ‫∄ى‬䖳㋇ᗳˈ⧠൘㓶ᗳཊҶǄ 㓶ᗳⲴԆ傜кቡⴻࠪҶྸྸࡊࡊଝ (NǌWRFU\ 䗷Ǆ

xìzhì 㓶㠤 adj. 2C

detailed, meticulous (antonym: ㋇㌉ FǌFƗR 㠤, delicate)

䘉њ䇑ࡂ߉ᗇ∄䖳㓶㠤Ǆ ५⭏䇔ⵏ㓶㠤ൠѪԆỰḕҶ䓛փǄ 䘉њᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇнཚ㓶㠤Ǆ 䘉ᕐമ⭫ᗇ∄䖳㓶㠤ˈ䛓ᕐᴹӋ㋇㌉Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌㓶㠤ˈਇࡠҶྭ䇴 (píng, appraisal)Ǆ

[LӽR[ƯQ ሿᗳ adj.* 2B

Ԇ䘉њӪ䈤䈍ᙫᱟᖸሿᗳˈ㘱ᱟᙅ࡛Ӫн儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ cautious (also used in an imperative) Ԇ䶎ᑨሿᗳൠᢺ䛓њ㣡⬦᭮൘ҶṼᆀкǄ (antonym: 傜㱾) Ԇᱟањ࣎һॱ࠶ሿᗳⲴӪǄ 䗷傜䐟Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬аᇊ㾱ሿᗳǄ ֐н㾱ᙫᱟ傜傜㱾㱾Ⲵˈ㾱ሿᗳа⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ ֐ⴻ֐ˈቡᱟнሿᗳˈ৸ᢺ㣡⬦ᢃ⹤Ҷʽ Ԇанሿᗳቡᢺ㣡⬦ᢃҶǄ ሿᗳʽᴹ䖖ᶕҶǄ

]ӿ[u Ԅ㓶 adj. 2B

meticulous (indicating thoroughness) (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: ㋇⮕ FǌOq

Ԇੜᗇ䶎ᑨԄ㓶Ǆ 䘉єњ≹ᆇᖸ‫ˈۿ‬Ԅ㓶ⴻ᡽㜭ⴻࠪн਼ᶕǄ 䘉ਟᱟњԄ㓶⍫‫( ݯ‬huór, work)ˈᡁᒢнҶ OLӽR Ǆ Ԇᖸ㋇ᗳˈнᱟањԄ㓶ⲴӪǄ ᴰྭ࡛ਛԆ৫ˈԆ‫ڊ‬һнཚԄ㓶Ǆ ᒢ⍫‫ݯ‬㾱Ԅ㓶⛩‫࡛ࠪˈݯ‬䭉Ǆ 䘉ᵜҖᡁਚᱟ㋇⮕ൠⴻҶⴻˈㅹԕਾᴹᰦ䰤޽Ԅ Ԅ㓶㓶ൠⴻа䙽Ǆ

Note: * ሿᗳ YµWREHFDUHIXO¶DVLQ ሿᗳ䐟━ (huá, slippery)! ¾ аэн㤏 SK\ƯVƯEJԁXµSXQFWLOLRXVIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇሩᐕ֌аэн㤏, ᡁԜ䜭ௌ⅒Ԇ. ¾ ㋮ᗳ DGYMƯQJ[ƯQµPHWLFXORXVO\¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟԆ㋮ᗳࡦ֌Ⲵ⭏ᰕ㳻㌅. ¾ ‫ޘ‬䶒 DGMµFRPSUHKHQVLYH¶DVLQ Ԇ䈤ᗇᖸ‫ޘ‬䶒.

xiànzài ⧠൘ n. GƗQJTLiQ ᖃࡽ n. 3B

now ᡁԜᖃࡽᴰ䟽㾱Ⲵᐕ֌ቡᱟᢺ䈮ᮉྭǄ at present, present (usu. referring to ᖃࡽ↓ᱟߌᘉᰦᵏˈԆ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ a collective item) (antonym: Ӿࡽ) ᖃࡽⲴᖒ࣯ (xíngshì, situation) ሩԆԜᖸн࡙ (lì, advantage)Ǆ

[LƗQJ[uQ ⴨ؑ

337

ⴞࡽⲴᖒ࣯ሩᡁԜᖸн࡙Ǆ ഐѪᐕ֌ᘉˈⴞࡽᡁ䘈н㜭傜кᶕेӜˈԕਾ ޽䈤੗Ǆ ࡠⴞࡽѪ→ ]KӿWLOO ˈԆᐢ㓿ⴻᆼєᵜҖҶǄ Ԇⴞࡽ䘈⋑ᴹ㔃ႊǄ ⴞࡽˈབྷᆖ↓൘᭮‫ٷ‬Ǆ

mùqián ⴞࡽ n. 3A

these days, for the moment (antonym: ԕਾ/ ሶᶕ) (ⴞ, eye)

U~MƯQ ྲӺ n. 3-2 B

today, nowadays (oft. implying a contrast with the past) (antonym: ԕࡽ/ 䗷৫)

xiànzài ⧠൘ n. 2A

Ԇ⧠൘൘ᇦ䟼Ǆ now, currently (a short moment or a Ԇ⧠൘Ⲵᐕ֌ᱟབྷᆖ㘱ᐸǄ long period) (antonym: 䗷৫/ ሶᶕ) Ӿ∅ъࡠ⧠൘ˈᡁԜаⴤᴹ㚄㌫Ǆ Ԇ⧠൘Ⲵ≹䈝∄䗷৫ྭཊҶǄ ⧠൘ᖃᆖ⭏⋑ӰѸ䫡ˈㅹᐕ֌ԕਾቡྭҶǄ ྭ䮯ᰦ䰤⋑㿱Ҷˈ֐⧠൘䗷ᗇ䘈ྭੇ˛ ԆᜣࡠҶᆙᆀⲴ⧠൘ˈҏᜣࡠᆙᆀⲴሶᶕǄ ⧠൘ࠐ⛩Ҷ˛

\ӽQTLiQ ⵬ࡽ n. 1B

\ӽQ[Lj ⵬л n. 1D

right now, this moment

this point in time, at this stage

[LƗQJ[uQ ⴨ؑ v. [LƗQJ[uQ ⴨ؑ v. 2A

ྲӺԆ䐏ԕࡽнаṧҶˈᐢ㓿ᖃ⡨⡨ҶǄ 䗷৫Ⲵሿ෾ᐲˈྲӺਈᡀањ✝䰩Ⲵབྷ෾ᐲҶǄ ྲӺਁ⭥ᣕ (telegraph) ⲴӪᐢ㓿ᖸቁҶǄ ྲӺⲴѝഭ઼йॱᒤࡽⲴѝഭ⴨∄ˈਈॆⵏབྷǄ һࡠྲӺ (as things stand now)ˈҏਚྭ䘉Ѹ‫ڊ‬ ҶǄ ྲӺ޽䘉ṧሩᖵᆙᆀਟн㹼ҶǄ

⵬ࡽ䘈⋑ӰѸһ‫ˈݯ‬ᴹһ‫ݯ‬ᡁՊ੺䇹֐ⲴǄ Ӫн㜭ਚᜣ⵬ࡽˈ㾱ᜣ䮯䘌а⛩Ǆ ྭ≹нਲ਼⵬ࡽҿ +ӽRKjQEFKƯ\ӽQTLiQNXƯ$ wise man knows when to retreat)Ǆ ⵬ࡽԆҠᡯⲴ䫡䘈нཏǄ ⵬ࡽⲴ䘉ӋҖ䴰㾱ањᴸ᡽㜭ⴻᆼǄ ⵬лᱟ༿ཙˈཙ≄∄䖳✝Ǆ Ԇ⵬лⲴᐕ֌ᥪྭˈᇦ䟼Ⲵ⭏⍫ҏн䭉Ǆ ֐ਚ⸕䚃⵬лᱟн㹼ⲴǄ ⵬лԆᐕ֌䶎ᑨᘉˈ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤ࠪ৫᯵⑨Ǆ

to believe (in) to believe (in), to trust (a person, oneself, things, thoughts, etc.) (⴨, mutually; ؑ, to believe)

Ԇ䶎ᑨ⴨ؑԆⲴ⡦⇽ˈሩԆԜⲴ䈍Ӿнᘰ⯁Ǆ ֐н㜭ӰѸӪ䜭⴨ؑǄ Ԇн⴨ؑሿ⦻䈤Ⲵ䈍Ǆ Ԇᱟ⴨ؑҶᡁⲴ䈍᡽ҠⲴǄ ᡁ⴨ؑ䗷Ԇˈնᱟ⧠൘нؑҶǄ ֐㾱⴨ؑ֐㠚ᐡǄ ᡁ⴨ؑሶᶕⲴ⭏⍫ՊᴤྭǄ

338

xìngqù ‫ޤ‬䏓

xìnlài ؑ䎆 v. 2D xìnrèn ؑԫ v. 2C

xìn ؑ v. 1B

to count on (䎆, to rely on)

to trust (ԫ, to appoint)

to believe (in)

Ԇᱟਟԕؑ䎆ⲴǄ 䘉њ‫ޜ‬ਨ JǀQJVƯFRPSDQ\ ᱟнਟؑ䎆ⲴǄ ੜ䈤Ԇᱟ٬ᗇ (zhídé, to be worthy of) ؑ䎆ⲴǄ ֐ؑԫԆˈᡁ䘈нؑԫԆ઒Ǆ ԆᱟњྭӪˈᱟਟԕؑԫⲴǄ 䘉ս㘱ᐸ䶎ᑨؑԫԆⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ н㻛ӪؑԫᱟᴰⰋ㤖ⲴһᛵǄ Ԇ䈤䈍ᡁԜ䜭ؑǄ ࡛ؑԆˈԆнᱟањྭӪǄ Ԇؑᗇ䗷ሿ⦻ˈቡᢺ䫡Ӕ㔉ሿ⦻ҶǄ Ԇ㜭㘳кབྷᆖˈ֐ؑнؑ˛ ᡁ੺䇹ԆҶˈਟᱟԆнؑǄ

Note: ¾ The antonym for all the words in this group is ᘰ⯁ huáiyí. ؑԫ/ ؑ䎆 can also be used as nouns, as in 㘱ᐸ䇙Ԇᑖ䱏 (duì, team), 䘉ᱟሩԆⲴа⿽ؑԫ. ¾ ؑᗇ䗷 SKµWUXVWZRUWK\LQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇᱟањؑᗇ䗷ⲴӪ.

xìngqù ‫ޤ‬䏓 n. (see also ⡡) àihào ⡡ྭ n.* 2B

interest

hobby

ԆⲴ⡡ྭᱟ丣ҀǄ Ԇᱟањ⋑ᴹ⡡ྭⲴӪǄ ԆⲴ⡡ྭ઼ᡁⲴ⡡ྭнаṧǄ ԆᴰབྷⲴ⡡ྭᱟ⑨⌣Ǆ

lèqù Ҁ䏓 n. 2D

enjoyment (oft. coming from doing Ԇᢺᑞ࡛ࣙӪⴻ֌ᱟа⿽Ҁ䏓Ǆ sth.) (antonym: 㤖㺧 Nԃ]KǀQJ ᆙᆀⲴࠪ⭏㔉‫ޘ‬ᇦӪᑖᶕҶᖸབྷⲴҀ䏓Ǆ (Ҁ, joyful; 䏓, interesting) ⡧⡧ⲴҀ䏓ቡᱟ⇿ཙ৫‫ޜ‬ഝ䎠䎠Ǆ Ԇ൘ᐕ֌ѝ᢮ࡠҶҀ䏓Ǆ ⭏⍫ VKƝQJKXyOLIH ѝᴹ㤖㺧ˈҏᴹҀ䏓Ǆ

xìngqù ‫ޤ‬䏓 n. 2B

interest (in sb. or sth.; ᖸ/ 䶎ᑨ/ ԆⲴ‫ޤ‬䏓н൘ကက䓛кˈ㘼ᱟ൘࿩࿩䓛кǄ ᴹ⛩‫ ݯ‬+ ᴹ/ ⋑ᴹ/ ᝏ/ нᝏ + ԆⲴ䈍ᕅ䎧 \ӿQTӿWRDURXVH ҶབྷᇦⲴ‫ޤ‬䏓Ǆ ‫ޤ‬䏓) (‫ޤ‬, to rise) ԆሩᆖҐ≹䈝䶎ᑨᝏ‫ޤ‬䏓Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ԇ⋑ᴹӰѸ‫ޤ‬䏓઼⡡ྭǄ Ԇሩ㈞⨳а⛩‫ݯ‬ҏнᝏ‫ޤ‬䏓Ǆ Ԇᘰ (huái, to have) ⵰ᶱབྷⲴ‫ޤ‬䏓৲㿲Ҷ⭫ኅǄ

Note: * ⡡ྭ YµWREHIRQGRI¶DVLQ Ԇ⡡ྭ䏣⨳. ¾ ఌྭ QVKuKjRµKREE\DGGLFWLRQRIWSHMRUDWLYH ¶DVLQ Ԇᴹᣭ✏Ⲵఌྭ. ¾ ‫ޤ‬㠤 Q[uQJ]KuµPRRGWRHQMR\IRUPDO ¶DVLQ ӺཙԆ‫ޤ‬㠤ᖸ儈, ᴹ䈤ᴹㅁⲴ.

xìnggé ᙗṬ

339

¾ Ⲇྭ QSӿKjR µIDYRXULWHKREE\¶DVLQ ޫ呏ᱟ⡧⡧ⲴⲆྭ. ¾ 䏓ણ QTZqLµGHOLJKWWDVWH¶DVLQ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬䏓ણ⴨਼ (same).

xìnggé ᙗṬ n. xìngqíng ᙗᛵ n. 3D

gèxìng њᙗ n. 2C

xìnggé ᙗṬ n. 2B

píqi 㝮≄ n. 2-1 B

character disposition (of living beings; relatively spontaneous and obvious to others; primarily referring to RQH¶VVRFLDOPDQQHU ᙗ, nature; ᛵ, sentiment)

personality (antonym: ‫ޡ‬ᙗ) (њ, individual)

character (of a person; inherent) (Ṭ, pattern or form)

temperament (㝮, spleen; ≄, breath)

ᡁн䇔䇶Ԇˈн⸕䚃ԆⲴᙗᛵྭнྭǄ Ԇнௌ⅒䛓њӪⲴᙗᛵǄ Ԇ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴᙗᛵ઼ྣ‫Ⲵݯ‬ᖸн਼Ǆ Ԇᒤ㓚䎺བྷˈᙗᛵቡ䎺⑙઼Ǆ Ԇᇦ䟼Ⲵ⥛ᙗᛵᖸᙕˈਲ਼ь㾯ᖸᘛǄ Ԇᱟањᙗᛵ䲿઼ (easy going) ⲴӪǄ Ԇᖸᴹњᙗˈ઼࡛ӪнаṧǄ Ԇњᙗнཚᕪ (qiáng, strong)Ǆ ԆⲴњᙗнཚ᰾ᱮ PtQJ[LӽQGLVWLQFW Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒⋑ᴹњᙗⲴӪǄ Ԇњᙗྭ (hào, to yearn for) ᕪˈӰѸ䜭㾱‫ڊ‬ᗇ∄ ࡛ӪྭǄ ‫ޡ‬ᙗ઼њᙗᱟһ⢙ (shìwù, thing) Ⲵєњᯩ䶒Ǆ ԆⲴᙗṬн䭉Ǆ Ԇᴹ⵰ањࡊᕪ JƗQJTLiQJWRXJK ⲴᙗṬǄ Ԇ䲿 (suí, to follow) ⡦ӢˈᙗṬᖸྭǄ 䮯བྷҶԕਾˈԆⲴᙗṬਈҶнቁǄ ԆᙗṬ޵ੁ (introvert), ԆကကᙗṬཆੁǄ Ԇ‫ؙ‬ᙗṬнਸ (hé, to suit)ˈᖸ䳮൘а䎧⭏⍫Ǆ ԆᱟेᯩӪˈᴹ⵰ेᯩӪⲴᙗṬǄ Ԇ㝮≄ྭˈᆙᆀнᙅԆǄ ԆⲴ㝮≄䐏କକаṧǄ ഐѪ㝮≄ൿᗇᖸˈԆ⋑ᴹӰѸᴻ৻Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪ㝮≄བྷ (hot-tempered)ˈ֐ሿᗳ⛩‫ݯ‬Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭⸕䚃ԆⲴ㝮≄ˈ䇙⵰Ԇ⛩‫ݯ‬ҏቡ㇇ҶǄ ֐࡛⨶ OӿWRSD\DWWHQWLRQWR ԆˈԆቡᱟ䛓њ㝮 ≄Ǆ

Note: ¾ ᙗᆀ QµWHPSHULQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇᱟњធᙗᆀ. ¾ ⿹ᙗ QEӿQJ[uQJµinnate disposition (in the genes)¶DVLQ ⊏ኡ᱃᭩, ⿹ᙗ䳮〫 -LƗQJVKƗQ\uJӽL EӿQJ[uQJQiQ\t7KHoutside ZRUOGLVHDVLHUWRFKDQJHWKDQRQH¶VLQQDWHGLVSRVLWLRQ

340

\Ưu EƗQ а㡜

Y \Ưu EƗQ а㡜 adj.

general

(see also ᑨᑨ/ 㓿ᑨ) SԃELjQ Პ䙽 adj. 2B

universal, prevalent (antonym: њ࡛) (Პ, universal; 䙽, all over)

䘉нᱟњ࡛䰞仈ˈ㘼ᱟањᲞ䙽Ⲵ䰞仈Ǆ 㘳䈅ᱟᆖ⭏ԜᲞ䙽‫ޣ‬ᗳⲴһᛵǄ 䘉њབྷᆖᱟᲞ䙽‫ޜ‬䇔 (recognised) ⲴྭབྷᆖǄ ҂҃⨳䘀ࣘ൘ѝഭᖸᲞ䙽Ǆ ൘ѝഭˈаᇦањᆙᆀ䶎ᑨᲞ䙽Ǆ

SԃWǀQJ Პ䙊 adj. 2B

common, ordinary (not н + Პ䙊) Ԇௌ⅒䗷Პ䙊ӪⲴ⭏⍫Ǆ (reduplication: AABB) (antonym: Ԇ‫ݯ‬ᆀкⲴᱟᲞ䙊ѝᆖǄ ⢩↺ WqVKǌ ⢩࡛) ԆⲴᐕ֌ᖸᲞ䙊ˈ䫡ҏнཚཊǄ 䘉⿽⭥㿶ᖸᲞ䙊ˈ⋑ᴹӰѸ⢩↺ⲴൠᯩǄ 䘉ਟнᱟањᲞ䙊Ⲵ㣡⬦ˈ㾱ॱཊз‫ݳ‬઒Ǆ Ԇᖸᴹ䫡ˈਟᱟᔰⲴ䖖তᲞ䙊ᗇᖸǄ 䛓ᱟа䰤ᲞᲞ䙊䙊Ⲵᡯᆀˈ⋑ᴹӰѸ⢩࡛ⲴǄ

\Ưu EƗQ а㡜 adj. 2A

general, ordinary (can stand alone as a predicate) (antonym: ⢩↺) (㡜, kind)

\Ưt GuQJ аᇊ adj.

а㡜ᶕ䈤ˈ䘉䟼Ⲵ༿ཙнཚ✝Ǆ ԆⲴ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ᖸа㡜Ǆ ᡁӰѸ䜭а㡜ˈ᢮нࡠཚྭⲴᐕ֌Ǆ Ԇਟна㡜ˈӪ⢩࡛㚚᰾Ǆ

definite

bìrán ᗵ❦ adj. 3B

Ԇᑨᑨᑞ࡛ࣙӪˈᴻ৻ཊҏᱟᗵ❦ⲴǄ inevitable (not нᗵ❦) (antonym: ԆᆖҐ⢩࡛ྭˈ㘳кབྷᆖᱟᗵ❦ⲴһᛵǄ ‫ ❦ڦ‬ԁXUiQ ᗵ, it must be the case 䘉єњ䰞仈⋑ᴹᗵ❦Ⲵ㚄㌫ (liánxì, relation)Ǆ WKDW« ❦, like that) 䲿⵰᱕ཙⲴࡠᶕˈ⭏⯵ⲴӪҏᗵ❦Պཊ䎧ᶕǄ 䘉ԦһⲴਁ⭏нᱟᗵ❦Ⲵˈ㘼ᱟ‫Ⲵ❦ڦ‬Ǆ Ҡ㛑⾘ JԃSLjRVWRFN ቡᗵ❦Պᴹ仾䲙 IƝQJ[LӽQULVN Ǆ

NČQGuQJ 㛟ᇊ adj.* 2 N/A

affirmative, positive (antonym: ੖ᇊ IԁXGuQJ 㛟, to agree; ᇊ, fixed)

Ԇഎㆄᗇнཚ㛟ᇊǄ Ԇ㔉Ҷᡁањ㛟ᇊⲴഎㆄǄ Ԇॱ࠶㛟ᇊൠ੺䇹ᡁˈԆՊᶕ৲࣐㡎ՊǄ བྷᇦሩԆⲴᐕ֌䘈ᱟ∄䖳㛟ᇊⲴǄ Ԇ䈤ᗇ䶎ᑨ㛟ᇊǄ ᡁᐼᵋԆⲴഎㆄᱟ㛟ᇊⲴˈ㘼нᱟ੖ᇊⲴǄ

yy(ì)q а䎧 quèdìng ⺞ᇊ adj.* 2B

\Ưt GuQJ аᇊ adj.* 2A

specified, decided (⺞, real)

definite, fixed (not ᖸ + аᇊ) (antonym: ᵚᗵ wèibì)

341

Ԇሩ䘉њ䰞仈䘈⋑ᴹањ⺞ᇊⲴᜣ⌅Ǆ ֐㾱ቭᘛ㔉ᡁԜањ⺞ᇊⲴഎㆄǄ Ԇн⸕䚃ᔰՊⲴ⺞ᇊᰦ䰤Ǆ ᰦ䰤⋑⺞ᇊˈᡁԜቡн㜭䇒⾘Ǆ ᔰՊⲴᰦ䰤䘈⋑ᴹ⺞ᇊǄ к䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤ᐢ㓿⺞ᇊҶˈн㜭᭩ਈǄ Ԇ‫ؙ‬㜭н㜭㔃ႊ䘈наᇊǄ Ԇᙫᱟ൘аᇊⲴᰦ䰤ࠪ⧠൘䖖ㄉкǄ Ԇ᤹➗аᇊⲴᰦ䰤ਲ਼依ⶑ㿹ˈᡰԕ䓛փн䭉Ǆ

Note: * 㛟ᇊ YµWRUHFRJQLVH¶DVLQ Ԇ㛟ᇊҶᡁԜⲴᐕ֌, བྷᇦ䜭ᖸ儈‫ޤ‬. * ⺞ᇊ YµWRFRQILUP¶DVLQ 伎ᵪ⾘Ⲵᰦ䰤ᐢ㓿⺞ᇊҶ, лњᱏᵏйᰙкॱ⛩䫏. * аᇊ DGYµPXVW¶DVLQ лњᱏᵏᡁ㔃ႊ, ֐аᇊ㾱ᶕ. * аᇊ DGMµFHUWDLQVRPH¶DVLQ Ԇ䈤Ԇਟԕ㔉ᡁԜаᇊⲴᑞࣙ. 2) Ԇ⇿ཙ䜭⭘аᇊⲴᰦ䰤ᆖ≹ 䈝. 3) 䘉єԦһⲴਁ⭏ᴹаᇊⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫. ¾ ᗵᇊ DGYµXQGRXEWHGO\¶DVLQ ᐕ֌кᗵᇊՊᴹഠ䳮, ᡁԜ㾱‫༷߶ྭڊ‬. ¾ ⺞࠷ DGMTXqTLqµH[DFW¶DVLQ ᡁԜ䘈⋑ᴹ⺞࠷Ⲵ⎸᚟ [LƗR[LQHZV ¾ ⺞ᇎ DGMTXqVKtµFHUWDLQ¶DVLQ ᡁᗇࡠҶԆ㾱㔃ႊⲴ⺞ᇎ⎸᚟.

\Ưu Tӿ а䎧 adv. \Ư(ì)tóng а਼ adv. 3-2 B

\Ư(í)dào а䚃 adv. 2B

\Ưu Tt а喀 adv. 2B

all together at the same time (and place), together (antonym: ਴㠚 gèzì) (਼, same)

alongside with (antonym: ਴㠚 gèzì) (䚃, road)

simultaneously, all at once (喀, together)

ԆԜа਼৫ҶेӜǄ ᒤ䖫Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ԆԜ㓿ᑨа਼৫кᆖǄ Ԇ⯵Ҷˈн㜭઼ᡁԜа਼ᢃ⨳ҶǄ ԆԜа਼ᓖ䗷Ҷањ㖾ྭⲴཌᲊǄ ቺᰦ (jièshí, when the time comes), ᡁԜаᇊа਼ ࡽᖰǄ ᡁԜᱟа਼඀䖖৫ˈ䘈ᱟ਴㠚ᔰ䖖৫˛ Ԇ‫ؙ‬ཙཙа䚃к⨝ˈа䚃л⨝Ǆ ԆԜᱟа䚃ᶕ䘉䟼ⲴǄ Ԇн㜭઼ᡁԜа䚃䎠ҶǄ ԆԜа䚃৫ҶമҖ侶Ǆ ԆԜа喀ୡ䎧ⅼᶕǄ བྷᇦа喀ࣘ᡻ˈᢺҖ䜭᭮ࡠҖᷦк৫ҶǄ Ԇ䎠Ҷ䘋ᶕˈᡁԜа喀ㄉҶ䎧ᶕǄ 䛓ࠐњӪа喀ࡠҶǄ ੜࡠҶᮢ䰘༠ˈԆ‫ؙ‬а喀ੁ䰘ਓ䐁৫Ǆ н⸕䚃ѪӰѸˈ䛓ࠐᵜҖа喀н㿱ҶǄ

342 \Ưu Tӿ а䎧 adv. 2A

\Ưt NXjLU аඇ‫ ݯ‬adv. 1A

yqián ԕࡽ all together, in company with (antonym: ࠶࡛)

all of a lump, together (antonym: ࠶ᔰ)

֐䐏䈱а䎧৫˛ Ԇ৫བྷᆖˈ֐䐏Ԇа䎧৫੗Ǆ ԆᢺҖ઼֌ъᵜа䎧ᑖᶕҶǄ Ԇ઼ᴻ৻а䎧৫்䞂ҶǄ ԆԜа䎧ᐕ֌ҶᖸཊᒤǄ ԆԜᱟа䎧ᶕⲴѝഭǄ ᢺ䘉єሱؑа䎧ᇴ੗Ǆ ԆԜᱟྭᴻ৻ˈᑨᑨаඇ‫ݯ‬৫⧙‫ݯ‬Ǆ ӺᰙԆԜᱟаඇ‫Ⲵࠪݯ‬䰘Ǆ ᡁԜаඇ‫ݯ‬䎠੗Ǆ 依㨌Ⲵ䫡ᡁаඇ‫ݯ‬Ԉˈ࡛࠶ᔰ㔉ҶǄ ֐ᢺҖ઼֌ъᵜаඇ‫ݯ‬᤯䎠੗Ǆ

Note: а䎧/ аඇ‫ ݯ‬n., as in ԆԜ൘а䎧/ аඇ‫ݯ‬տҶйᒤ.

\ӿTLiQ ԕࡽ n. ZӽQJUu ᖰᰕ n. 3D

]KƯTLiQ ѻࡽ ph. 3B

cóngqián Ӿࡽ n. 2A

guòqù 䗷৫ n.* 2A

\ӿTLiQ ԕࡽ n. 2A

before old days (antonym: Ӻᰕ) (ᖰ, past)

ӺᰕⲴ⭏⍫∄ᖰᰕྭཊҶǄ 㲭❦ᒤ㓚བྷҶˈնᱟԆ䘈ᴹ⵰ᖰᰕⲴ仾䟷Ǆ IƝQJFӽLHOHJDQWGHPHDQRXU Ǆ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ⿫ᔰԕਾˈᇦ䟼⋑ᴹҶᖰᰕⲴ⅒ㅁǄ

ago, before (usu. not used on its own) (antonym: ѻਾ) (ѻ, this)

єཙѻࡽˈᡁ㔉Ԇᢃ䗷⭥䈍Ǆ ৫ेӜѻࡽˈԆᶕ䗷а⅑˗എᶕԕਾˈᡁ䘈⋑㿱 ࡠԆǄ ৫৲࣐㡎ՊѻࡽˈԆ⢩᜿ҠҶа྇ᯠ㺓ᴽǄ

some time ago, once upon a time

past, in the past, old (antonym: ⧠൘)

before, ago (a long time ago or a UHFHQWWLPHFRXOGPHDQµEHIRUHD WLPHLQWKHIXWXUH¶ antonym: ԕਾ)

䛓䜭ᱟӾࡽⲴһҶˈн㾱޽ᨀҶǄ Ӿࡽᴹањ‫ޜ‬ѫ (princess)ˈ䮯ᗇ䶎ᑨ┲ӞǄ Ԇ∄Ӿࡽ㜆ཊҶǄ Ԇ䐏Ӿࡽаṧˈ䘈ᱟ䛓Ѹௌ⅒ᔰ⧙ㅁǄ ⧠൘Ⲵᒤ䖫Ӫ઼ӾࡽнаṧҶǄ ᜣᜣӾࡽˈԆ㿹ᗇ⧠൘Ⲵ⭏⍫ྭཊҶǄ 䘉ᱟаӋ䗷৫Ⲵ➗⡷Ǆ 䗷৫䘉䟼䘎⭥䜭⋑ᴹǄ Ԇௌ⅒ੜ䗷৫ⲴаӋ㘱ⅼǄ 䗷৫䘉䟼ӰѸ䜭⋑ᴹˈ⧠൘䜭ⴆкབྷᾬҶǄ Ԇ䗷৫ᱟ५⭏ˈ⧠൘ᖃᮉᐸҶǄ ԕࡽⲴһн㾱޽䈤ҶǄ ԕࡽᡁн䇔䇶ԆˈᡁԜᱟӺཙ᡽䇔䇶ⲴǄ ൘䘉ԕࡽˈԆаⴤ઼ကကտ൘а䎧˗ԕਾԆቡ㠚 ᐡտҶǄ

yìjiàn ᜿㿱

343

᱕㢲ԕࡽˈབྷᇦ䜭ᘉ⵰Ҡ䗷ᒤⲴь㾯Ǆ ԆⲴ㤡䈝∄ԕࡽྭཊҶǄ ԆԜ㔃ႊᱟᖸѵԕࡽⲴһҶǄ ԆԕࡽӾᶕ⋑ᴹ৫䗷ѝഭǄ ཙ唁ԕࡽˈԆаᇊՊഎᶕⲴǄ [LƗQTLiQ ‫ ࡽݸ‬n. 1D

previously (antonym: ⧠൘)

‫ࡽݸ‬ᡁԜᴮ㓿а䎧൘བྷᆖᆖҐ䗷Ǆ ԆⲴ≹䈝∄‫ྭࡽݸ‬ཊҶǄ Ԇ‫ࡽݸ‬а⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нௌ⅒䭫⛬䓛փˈ⧠൘н਼ҶǄ

Note: ¾ 7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWHUPVRIµSDUWVRIVSHHFK¶EHWZHHQ&KLQese and English in this group. For example, ԕࡽ is a noun (time) in Chinese, but its WUDQVODWLRQµEHIRUH¶in English is not. * 䗷৫ YµWRJRRYHU¶DVLQ Ԇ䎠䗷৫ⴻҶⴻ䛓ἥṁ. ¾ ᱄ᰕ Q[ƯUuµIRUPHUGD\V¶DVLQ ᱄ᰕⲴ᭼Ӫ (dírén, enemy) ਈᡀҶ⧠൘Ⲵᴻ৻. ¾ ᖰᒤ QµSDVW\HDUV¶DVLQ ᖰᒤԆᇦ䗷ᒤⲴᰦ‫⋑ى‬ᴹӺᒤ䘉ѸཊӪ. ¾ ᖰһ QµSDVWHYHQWV¶DVLQ 䘉Ӌ⴨⡷‫֯ݯ‬Ԇᜣ䎧Ҷᖰһ. ¾ ࡽ QµSULRUWR ¶DVLQ 依ࡽ㾱⍇᡻. ¾ ԕᖰ QµEHIRUH¶DVLQ ӺᒤⲴཙ≄∄ԕᖰ䜭ྭǄ

yìjiàn ᜿㿱 n.

opinion

MLjQMLČ 㿱䀓 n. 3C

insight, view (oft. important or theoretical issues; well thought out; mw. ⿽) (㿱, to perceive; 䀓, to solve)

Ԇ䈤ࠪҶа⿽઼བྷᇦ䜭н਼Ⲵ㿱䀓Ǆ 䘉є⿽㿱䀓∄䖳ᴹᯠ᜿ [ƯQ\uLQQRYDWLYH Ǆ ֐ᓄ䈕ᢺ㠚ᐡⲴ㿱䀓䈤ࠪᶕǄ ᡁ䇔ѪԆሩ䘉њ⭥ᖡⲴ㿱䀓∄䖳␡࡫ (profound)Ǆ Ԇаⴤඊᤱ㠚ᐡⲴᆖᵟ (xuéshù, academic) 㿱䀓Ǆ

JXƗQGLӽQ 㿲⛩ n. 3-2 B

viewpoint (a general one or from a particular aspect) (㿲, view; ⛩, point)

Ԇ൘䘉ᵜҖѝᨀࠪҶањᯠ㿲⛩Ǆ ԆԜⲴ㿲⛩઼ᡁԜⲴн਼Ǆ ԆᜣҶᖸѵˈᴰਾ৸᭩ਈҶ㠚ᐡⲴ㿲⛩Ǆ Ԇሩᖸཊ䰞仈䜭ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴ㿲⛩ˈ䘉ᖸྭǄ ՊкԆᢺ㠚ᐡⲴ㿲⛩䈤ҶࠪᶕǄ

NjQIӽ ⴻ⌅ n. 2B

point of view, opinion (mw. ⛩) (⌅, the law)

䘉ቡᱟᡁⲴⴻ⌅ˈ֐㿹ᗇᘾѸṧ˛ ֐Ⲵⴻ⌅઼ᡁⲴнаṧǄ ֐ᓄ䈕ཊੜੜ࡛ӪⲴⴻ⌅Ǆ བྷᇦⲴⴻ⌅н਼ˈᡁԜᓄ䈕ᔰՊ䈸а䈸Ǆ ࡛ӪሩԆⲴⴻ⌅нཚྭǄ ᡁ䈤䈤ᡁњӪ (myself) Ⲵⴻ⌅ˈнаᇊሩǄ ൘ՊкˈԆ䈸Ҷє⛩ⴻ⌅Ǆ

344

\ǀX[L Ո⿰

[LӽQJID ᜣ⌅ n. 2B

thought, idea (mw. њ)

yìjiàn ᜿㿱 n. 2A

opinion, feedback, suggestion (oft. expressed for others to comment; mw. ᶑ) (᜿, intention)

]Kԃ~ \L ѫ᜿ n. 2-1 A

idea, plan, solution (oft. specific) (ѫ, master)

Ԇ䘉њᜣ⌅ᖸྭǄ 䘉ᱟᡁⲴᜣ⌅ˈҏн⸕䚃ሩнሩǄ བྷᇦ਴ᴹ਴Ⲵᜣ⌅ˈ䘉ᖸ↓ᑨ (normal)Ǆ 䈤䈤֐Ⲵᜣ⌅੗Ǆ н㾱ᙫᱟੜ࡛ӪⲴˈ㠚ᐡ㾱ᴹ㠚ᐡⲴᜣ⌅Ǆ 䈸䈸֐Ⲵ᜿㿱੗Ǆ ՊкᡁԜབྷᇦӂ⴨ӔᦒҶ᜿㿱Ǆ ԆⲴєᶑ᜿㿱ᨀᗇᖸྭˈ䶎ᑨᴹ⭘Ǆ ԆੜਆҶᡁⲴ᜿㿱Ǆ ᡁⲴ᜿㿱ᱟૡԜ᰾ཙቡ৫ेӜǄ ሩ䘉њ䇑ࡂ (jìhuà, plan)ˈ֐Ⲵ᜿㿱ᘾѸṧ˛ ṑ䮯ੁབྷᇦᖱ≲ ]KƝQJTL~WRVHHN ᜿㿱ˈᡁԜ ᨀࠪҶᖸཊᔪ䇮ᙗ (jiànshèxìng, constructive) Ⲵ ᜿㿱Ǆ ້кᤲ⵰ањ᜿㿱㇡ (suggestion box)Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸᴹѫ᜿ˈᡁԜ䜭ੜԆⲴǄ 䘉ᱟањྭѫ᜿ˈᡁԜਟԕ䘉Ѹ࣎Ǆ ᡁԜ䜭᤯нᇊ (cannot make) ѫ᜿Ǆ ֐ᱟབྷକˈ䘉һ‫֐ݯ‬㔉᤯њѫ᜿੗Ǆ 䘉њѫ᜿ᱟᡁԜབྷᇦᜣࠪᶕⲴǄ 䘉ᱟ䈱ࠪⲴѫ᜿˛ Ԇ৸൘ᢃ࡛ӪⲴѫ᜿Ҷ (He is again thinking of a plan to trick others)Ǆ

Note: ¾ 㿱ൠ QMLjQGuµLQVLJKW¶DVLQ Ԇ䈤Ⲵ䈍ᖸᴹ㿱ൠ. ¾ 㿱䇶 QMLjQVKLµH[SHULHQFHNQRZOHGJH¶DVLQ Ԇ㿱䇶ཊ, Ӫҏྭ. ¾ ᡀ㿱 n. chéngjiàQµSUHMXGLFH¶DVLQ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬ሩᡁᴹᡀ㿱. ¾ 㿲ᘥ QJXƗQQLjQµLGHDRIWRIDJHQHUDOQDWXUH FRQFHSW¶DVLQ ԆⲴ⌅ࡦ Iӽ]Ku legal system) 㿲ᘥ ᖸᕪ (qiáng, strong). ¾ ᜿㿱/ ⴻ⌅ QµREMHFWLRQQHJDWLYHRSLQLRQWRZDUGVVWKVE¶DVLQ Ԇሩᡁᣭ✏ᖸᴹ᜿㿱/ ⴻ⌅.

\ǀX[L Ո⿰ adj. OLiQJKӽR 㢟ྭ adj. 2B

excellent ԆⲴ⯵ྭҶˈ⧠൘ᝏ㿹㢟ྭǄ all right, desirable, nicer (not 㢟ྭ ԆᆖҐࣚ࣋ˈ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙 (chéngjì, grade) 㢟ྭǄ + person) (㢟, fine) 㓿ᑨ䭫⛬䓛փᱟањ㢟ྭⲴҐᜟǄ Ӿሿቡޫᡀ㢟ྭⲴҐᜟᱟᖸ䟽㾱ⲴǄ ԆԜӺཙ䈸ᗇн䭉ˈ䘉ᱟањ㢟ྭⲴᔰㄟ NƗLGXƗQEHJLQQLQJ Ǆ

yuyì ৻䈺 \ǀXOLiQJ Ո㢟 adj. 2B

good, fine (not Ո㢟 + person) (Ո, excellent)

\ǀX[L Ո⿰ adj. 2B

excellent, outstanding (of a person or thing) (⿰, outstanding)

\ǀX\u Ոᔲ adj. 2D

exceedingly good, exceptional (usu. of grade or performance; not Ոᔲ + person) (ᔲ, different)

345

ԆᆖҐᖸ⭘࣏ˈᡀ㔙Ո㢟Ǆ ԆԕՈᔲⲴᡀ㔙㘳кҶབྷᆖǄ Ԇ㔉ᆖ⭏䇢ҶнቁѝഭⲴՈ㢟Ր㔏 FKXiQWԁQJ tradition)Ǆ 䘉⿽⭥㿶䍘䟿 (zhìliàng, quality) Ո㢟ˈ㜭⭘ᖸ䮯 ᰦ䰤Ǆ ԆᱟањՈ⿰Ⲵᆖ⭏Ǆ Ԇᡀ㔙Ո⿰ˈᱟ⨝䟼Ⲵྭᆖ⭏Ǆ Ԇᱟа਽Ո⿰Ⲵ㈞⨳䘀ࣘઈǄ 䘉ᡰབྷᆖ䟼ᴹᖸཊՈ⿰Ӫ᡽ (talented people)Ǆ ԆⴻҶа䜘䶎ᑨՈ⿰Ⲵ⭥ᖡǄ ԆᆖҐᡀ㔙Ոᔲˈᱟ⨝䟼ᴰྭⲴᆖ⭏Ǆ ⋑ᴹՈᔲⲴ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ˈԆᱟ䘋нҶ䛓ᡰᴹ਽Ⲵབྷ ᆖⲴǄ ԆԜ䏣⨳䱏ԕՈᔲⲴᡀ㔙ਆᗇҶㅜа਽Ǆ 䘉⿽䖖ᴹ⵰ՈᔲⲴᙗ㜭 (xìngnéng, performance)Ǆ

Note: ¾ Words in this group can be ordered in terms of degree of excellence: 㢟ྭ/ Ո㢟/ Ո⿰/ Ոᔲ. ¾ In China, the grade system usually is: н৺Ṭ (fail, D), ৺Ṭ (jígé, pass, C), 㢟(credit, B), Ո (distinction/ high distinction, A). ¾ վ࣓ GƯOLq ㋇࣓ FǌOLq ᚦ࣓ èliè are antonyms for the words in this group. ¾ Ո QµGLVWLQFWLRQKLJKGLVWLQFWLRQ¶DVLQ Ԇ㘳䈅ᗇҶањՈ. ¾ 㢟 DGMµILQH¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟа३ SӿPZ 㢟傜.

\ԁX\u ৻䈺 n. \ԁX¶jL ৻⡡ n. 2C \ԁXTtQJ ৻ᛵ n. 2D

\ԁX\u ৻䈺 n. 2A

friendship affection (between friends) (৻, friend)

good-fellowship (among individuals) (ᛵ, affection)

friendship (also among countries) (䈺, friendship)

৻⡡ሩᡁԜᶕ䈤ᱟᖸ䟽㾱ⲴǄ ᴻ৻ѻ䰤Ⲵ৻⡡֯Ԇᝏࡠᖸ⑙᳆Ǆ ԆԜѻ䰤㕪ቁа⿽৻⡡Ǆ ԆԜⲴ৻ᛵᖸ␡৊ VKƝQKzXGHHSDQGVROLG Ǆ བྷᆖഋᒤˈᴰ䇙Ԇ䳮ᘈⲴቡᱟ਼ᆖⲴ৻ᛵǄ Ԇ൘䘉њ⭥ᖡ䟼‫৻ڊ‬ᛵ╄ࠪ (guest appearance)Ǆ ৻ᛵнᱟ⭘䠁䫡ਟԕҠࡠⲴǄ 䘉єњഭᇦⲴ৻䈺䮯䗮ҼॱᒤѻѵǄ ৻䈺ㅜаˈ∄䎋ㅜҼʽ 䛓ᇦ୶ᓇਛ৻䈺୶ᓇǄ ৻䈺ሩԆᶕ䈤䶎ᑨ䟽㾱Ǆ ѪᡁԜєഭⲴ৻䈺ᒢᶟ!

346

yumíng ᴹ਽

Note: ¾ ᛵ䈺 QTtQJ\uµORYHIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ྩԜѻ䰤ᴹ⵰က࿩аṧⲴᛵ䈺. ¾ ৻ྭ and ৻⡡: ৻⡡ is used among individuals, ৻ྭ is also used between countries (e.g. 䘉єњഭ ᇦⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫䶎ᑨ৻ྭ adj.).

\ԁXPtQJ ᴹ਽ adj.

well-known

zhùmíng 㪇਽ adj. 3B

celebrated, renowned (complimentary) (㪇, to show)

FKǌPtQJ ࠪ਽ ph. 2D

famous, infamous (complimentary or pejorative; usu. ࠪ਽ + Ⲵ, insertable)

\ԁXPtQJ ᴹ਽ adj. 2A

well-known (complimentary; usu. ᴹ਽ + Ⲵ)

䘉ᱟ㪇਽Ⲵѝഭ㥦Ǆ ᡁԜӺཙ৫Ҷ㪇਽Ⲵ䮯෾Ǆ Ԇᱟᴰ㪇਽Ⲵ╄ઈѻаǄ ѝഭ㪇਽ⲴൠᯩԆ䜭৫䗷Ǆ Ԇᱟаս㪇਽⭫ᇦǄ Ԇ൘ᆖ⭏䟼ᖸࠪ਽ˈᆖҐ⢩࡛ྭǄ 䘉䟼Ⲵ㪑㨴ᖸࠪ਽Ǆ 䘉⿽ஔ䞂ࠪ਽ᗇᖸǄ ԆⲴҖнཚࠪ਽ˈᡁԜ䜭⋑ᴹੜ䈤䗷Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪᱟࠪ਽Ⲵ㠚⿱ ]uVƯVHOILVK Ǆ ԆᱟࠪҶ਽ⲴབྷྭӪǄ ԆҠҶє⬦ᴹ਽Ⲵ㓒䞂Ǆ ԆⲴⅼ䶎ᑨᴹ਽Ǆ 䘉䜘⭥ᖡнᘾѸᴹ਽Ǆ ԆⲴ⭫‫ݯ‬ᖸᴹ਽Ǆ 䘉䟼Ⲵ㾯⬌ᱟᴰᴹ਽ⲴǄ

Note: ¾ ⸕਽ DGMµeminent¶DVLQ ԆⲴ⸕਽ᓖ (dù, degree) ᖸ儈. ¾ བྷ਽唾唾 ph. dàPtQJGӿQJGӿQJµYHU\well-NQRZQ¶DVLQ Ԇቡᱟབྷ਽唾唾Ⲵ⦻ᮉᦸ (jiàoshòu, professor). ¾ 䰫਽ DGMZpQPtQJµIDPRXVIRUIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟа⿽䘌䘁䰫਽Ⲵྭ䞂. ¾ 傠਽ YFKtPtQJµWRUHVRXQGIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 䘉⿽㪑㨴䞂傠਽ѝཆ.

yuánliàng ৏䈵 v. OLjQJMLČ 䈵䀓 v. 3C

to forgive to tolerate, to understand RWKHUV¶ behaviour, etc.) (䈵, to forgive; 䀓, to understand)

ᡁⲴ䖖ൿҶˈᲊᶕҶаՊ‫ˈݯ‬䈧བྷᇦ䈵䀓Ǆ ᴹӰѸ➗亮нࡠⲴൠᯩˈᐼᵋ֐㜭䈵䀓Ǆ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬н㜭䈵䀓ᡁǄ Ԇᴰ䘁ᗳᛵнྭˈᡁ㜭䈵䀓ԆǄ ᡁԜ㾱ཊ䈵䀓ԆⲴ㤖㺧 Nԃ]KǀQJGLIILFXOWLHV that one is reluctant to mention)

yuànyì ᝯ᜿

WӿOLjQJ փ䈵 v. 2D

yuánliàng ৏䈵 v. 2A

to show understanding for, to be considerate RIRWKHUV¶GLIILFXOWLHV PRRGHWFSURQRXQFHGDVWӿOLDQJ in spoken Chinese) (reduplication: ABAB) (փ, to put oneself into VRPHRQHHOVH¶VVKRHV

to forgive RWKHUVRURQH¶VRZQ fault, etc.) (৏, to forgive)

347

ᡁԜ㾱փ䈵ԆⲴഠ䳮Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱ӂ⴨փ䈵ˈӂ⴨ᑞࣙǄ Ԇа⛩‫ݯ‬䜭нփ䈵࡛Ӫˈ䘉ṧᖸнྭǄ Ԇ䶎ᑨփ䈵ԆⲴᆖ⭏ԜǄ ԆᗳྭˈᖸՊփ䈵ӪǄ ᆙᆀ㾱ཊփ䈵փ䈵⡦⇽Ǆ ྭѵ⋑㔉ᛘᢃ⭥䈍Ҷˈ䈧ᛘ৏䈵Ǆ Ԇ৏䈵Ҷᡁˈᡁᖸᝏ◰ԆǄ ֐ቡ৏䈵Ԇ䘉а⅑੗Ǆ 䘉⅑ቡ৏䈵֐ˈл⅑н㾱޽䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ҶǄ Ԇ⣟ (fàn, to make) Ҷнਟ৏䈵Ⲵ䭉䈟 (cuòwù, misconduct)Ǆ Ԇ䈤䘎Ԇ㠚ᐡ䜭н㜭৏䈵㠚ᐡǄ

Note: ¾ ᡁ৏䈵Ԇ, he is at fault; ᡁ䈵䀓Ԇ, he is not necessarily at fault, but even if he were, what he did is understandable. ¾ 㿱䈵 YMLjQOLjQJµWRIRUJLYHPHSDVVLYHIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ሩн䎧, ᡁ⋑ᴹ䫡ُ㔉֐, 㿱䈵. ¾ ⨶䀓 YOӿMLČ µWR XQGHUVWDQG¶DVLQ ԆӪᖸྭ, ᖸ㜭⨶䀓Ӫ. ¾ փ䍤 YWӿWLƝ µWRVKRZFRQVLGHUDWLRQ¶DVLQ ԆᖸՊփ䍤Ӫ.

yuànyì ᝯ᜿ aux. yuànyì ᝯ᜿ aux. 2A

NČQ 㛟 aux. 1B

to like to to like to, to want (oft. indicating an agreement; oft. pronounced as yuànyi)

to be willing to (oft. also putting into action)

Ԇᝯ᜿઼ᡁа䎧৫Ǆ Ԇнᝯ᜿்䞂Ǆ ྲ᷌֐ᝯ᜿䈤ˈቡ䈤੗Ǆ ᡁԜ䜭ᝯ᜿ᑞࣙԆǄ ֐ᝯ᜿䎠ቡ䎠੗Ǆ ֐ᝯ᜿৫ੇ˛ ֐ᝯнᝯ᜿৫˛ ֐ᝯ᜿нᝯ᜿৫˛ Ԇ䶎ᑨ㛟㣡ᰦ䰤ᆖҐǄ Ԇн㛟䐏ᡁᶕǄ ᡁ䰞Ԇሿ⦻৫ଚ䟼ҶˈԆн㛟ሩᡁ䈤Ǆ 䘉ᆙᆀа࠶䫏䜭н㛟ᆹ䶉Ǆ н㇑ᡁԜᘾѸ䈤ˈԆቡᱟн㛟ᶕǄ Ԇ㛟ᑞࣙӪˈབྷᇦ䜭ௌ⅒ԆǄ ਚ㾱㛟ᆖˈ֐аᇊՊᆖՊⲴǄ Ԇ৸㚚᰾৸㛟ਲ਼㤖ˈᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ Ԇ㛟ᶕੇ˛ Ԇ㛟н㛟ᶕ˛

348 lèyì Ҁ᜿ aux.* 1D

yuàn ᝯ aux. 1C

yuànyì ᝯ᜿

to be happy to

to desire, to want

ԆҀ᜿Ѫᆙᆀ‫ڊ‬һǄ ֐ᰒ❦нҀ᜿৫ˈ䛓ቡ࡛৫ҶǄ ֐Ҁ᜿䐏Ԇ䎠ੇ˛ ֐ҀнҀ᜿䐏Ԇ䎠˛ ֐Ҁ᜿нҀ᜿䐏Ԇ䎠˛ Ԇᝯ䐏ᡁ䈤ѝ᮷Ǆ Ԇ㾱ᱟ৫ˈᡁҏᝯ৫Ǆ Ԇнᝯྸྸ⸕䚃䘉ԦһᛵǄ ֐ᝯ䐏Ԇ㔃ႊੇ˛ ֐ᝯнᝯ䐏Ԇ㔃ႊ˛ Ԇᝯ䈅 (to give it a go)ˈቡ䇙Ԇ䈅ал੗Ǆ

Note: * Ҁ᜿ aGMµSOHDVHG¶DVLQ Ԇྭ‫ۿ‬ᴹӋнҀ᜿, ֐⸕䚃ᱟѪӰѸੇ? ¾ ᛵᝯ aux. qíngyuàn µZRXOGUDWKHU¶DVLQ Ԇᛵᝯ⿫ᇦࠪ䎠, ҏ㾱઼ྩ൘а䎧.

zài ޽

349

Z zài ޽ adv. chóng 䟽 adv.* 2B

again

again (modal verb before 䟽)

䛓њ⭥ᖡⵏྭˈԆᜣ䟽ⴻа䙽Ǆ Ԇᢃ㇇᰾ᒤ᱕ཙ䟽⑨ेӜǄ 㘱ᐸˈᡁ⋑ᴹੜ៲ˈ䈧䟽䇢ал‫ݯ‬Ǆ 㘳䈅⋑䗷ˈԆਚྭ䟽㘳Ҷа⅑Ǆ ࡛ଝҶˈᴹᰦ䰤ᡁ䘈ᶕⴻ֐Ǆ 䈤Ҷ䘈䈤, ᡁнᜣੜҶǄ Ԇ䘈ᜣُаᵜҖǄ Ԇ䘈㾱৫а⅑ेӜǄ

hái 䘈 adv. 2 N/A

again (usu. not used for a past event; modal verb after 䘈)

yòu ৸ adv. 2A

(once) again (usu. referring to an actual event; modal verb after ৸; also used between number + mw.)

䛓њ⭥ᖡᖸᴹ᜿ᙍˈᡁ᱘ཙ৸ⴻҶа䙽Ǆ Ԇ᱘ཙቡᶕ䗷ҶˈӺཙ৸ᶕҶǄ[complaining] 䲔Ҷᡁԕཆˈ৸ᴹєњӪҠҶ䘉ᵜҖǄ ᡁ৸ᘈ䇠㔉֐ᑖҖᶕˈሩн䎧Ǆ лњᱏᵏ৸㾱㘳䈅ҶǄ ᰾ᒤ᱕㢲֐‫ݯ‬ᆀ৸ਟԕഎᶕⴻ֐ҶǄ ⯵ྭҶԕਾˈԆ৸㾱എᆖṑк䈮ҶǄ Ԇᖸௌ⅒䘉ᵜҖˈⴻҶ৸ⴻǄ Ԇ்Ҷаᶟ৸аᶟˈᴰਾ்䞹ҶǄ

zài ޽ adv. * 2A

again, once more (usu. not used for a past event; emphasising subjectivity, e.g. suggestion, request, intention; modal verb before ޽)

䛓ᵜҖ߉ᗇⵏྭˈᡁᜣ޽ⴻа䙽Ǆ ԕਾн㾱޽㔉Ԇᢃ⭥䈍ҶˈԆнᜣ㿱֐Ǆ ᰦ䰤䘈ᰙˈ޽඀аՊ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ԇ޽ҏн৫䛓䟼ҶǄ ᡁⲴ૆஑нཏ⭌ˈ޽࣐⛩‫ݯ‬㌆੗Ǆ Ԇᓄ䈕޽߉а䙽Ǆ ∅ъԕਾˈᡁ޽ҏ⋑㿱ࡠ䗷ԆǄ[past/ present experience, not a past event]

Note: * 䟽 DGM]KzQJµKHDY\¶DVLQ 䘉њ㇡ᆀᖸ䟽. * ޽ DGYµHYHQ¶DVLQ ᡁ߉ᗇ޽ᘛ, ҏ⋑ᴹ֐ᢃᆇᘛ. ¾ 䟽༽ YFKyQJIµWRUHSHDW¶DVLQ ᡁ⋑ᴹੜ␵ᾊ, Ԇ৸䟽༽Ҷа䙽. ¾ 䟽ᯠ DGYµDJDLQDIUHVK¶DVLQ Ԇ䟽ᯠ᭦᤮Ҷᡯ䰤. ¾ ޽⅑ DGYµIRUWKHVHFRQGWLPH¶DVLQ Ӻᒤ᱕ཙԆ޽⅑ᶕࡠҶѝഭ.

350

z~ochén ᰙᲘ

]ӽRFKpQ ᰙᲘ n. límíng 哾᰾ n. 3-2 C

língchén ߼Ი n. 3-2 D

TƯQJFKpQ ␵Ი n. 3-2 C ]ӽRFKpQ ᰙᲘ n. 2A

TƯQJ]ӽR ␵ᰙ n. 1D

early morning daybreak (used more literarily) (antonym: 哴᰿) (哾, black)

བྷ⎧кˈ哾᰾ᰦ࠶ᆹ䶉㘼㖾ѭǄ Ԇᑨᑨ൘哾᰾Ⲵ⋣䗩߉䈇 VKƯSRHP ֌⭫Ǆ Ԇᐕ֌ᖸᘉˈӾ哾᰾ᘉࡠ哴᰿Ǆ 哾᰾ⲴᲟ㢢ᱟᴰࣘӪⲴǄ

ԆӺཙ߼Იഋ⛩䫏ቡ䎧ᒺҶǄ from midnight to before dawn ߼Იˈཆ䶒л䎧Ҷ䴚Ǆ (antonym: 哴᰿) (߼, to approach) ߼ᲘⲴ㺇кⴻнࡠӰѸӪǄ ԆⲴ伎ᵪᱟ߼Იй⛩ࡠ䗮ⲴǄ

between dawn and early morning (between ␵ᰙ and ᰙᲘ)

early morning (antonym: ‫ڽ‬ᲊ EjQJZӽQ

around dawn

␵Ი, ԆᶕࡠҶ⋣䗩䭫⛬䓛փǄ ӺཙԆ␵Იቡࠪ䰘ҶǄ ␵ᲘⲴᲟ㢢㖾ѭᶱҶǄ ᰙᲘྭʽ ᰙᲘԆᑨᑨ৫⋣䗩䐁↕Ǆ ԆӺཙн൘ˈ֐᰾ཙᰙᲘ޽ᶕ੗Ǆ Ԇᢺ䐁↕Ⲵᰦ䰤ӾᰙᲘ᭩ࡠҶ‫ڽ‬ᲊǄ ᰙᲘˈṁ᷇䟼Ⲵ呏ਛњн‫ڌ‬Ǆ ԆᰙᲘ‫⛩ޛ‬к䈮Ǆ а␵ᰙ֐нྭྭⶑ㿹ˈ੥ӰѸ˛ Ӻཙ㾱㘳䈅ˈԆаབྷ␵ᰙቡ䎧ᒺҶǄ ⇿ཙ␵ᰙԆ䜭㾱㔉‫ޘ‬ᇦӪ߶༷ᰙ依Ǆ Ԇ␵ᰙ䎧ᶕቡ৫⡜ኡˈഐѪᰙкオ≄⢩࡛ྭǄ

Note: ¾ 7KHZRUGVLQWKLVJURXSDUHµIX]]\ZRUGV¶ZLWKQRFOHDU-cut meaning boundaries. ¾ ᣲᲃ QI~[LӽRµGDZQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ᣲᲃ, ཙ䗩ࠪ⧠ҶӞ‫ݹ‬. ¾ ⹤ᲃ YSz[LӽRµWRGDZQ¶DVLQ ཙࡊ⹤ᲃ, ԆԜቡࠪਁҶ. ¾ аᰙ Q\Ư]ӽRµHDUO\LQWKHPRUQLQJLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇаᰙቡ৫к⨝Ҷ. ¾ аབྷᰙ QµYHU\HDUO\LQWKHPRUQLQJLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇаབྷᰙቡ৫ᆖṑҶ. ¾ ᰙк n. µmorning LQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇᰙк‫⛩ޛ‬㾱৫⚛䖖ㄉ. ¾ кॸ QµDP¶DVLQ Ԇкॸॱа⛩㾱৫⚛䖖ㄉ.

]ČQPH ᘾѸ pr. rúhé ྲօ pr. 3B

how what about, how (oft. used as a predicate; ྲօ + verb)

ᴰ䘁ᛘⲴ䓛փྲօ˛ ⴻࡠԆଝ NǌWRFU\ ҶˈᡁԜ䜭н⸕䚃ྲօᱟ ྭǄ Ԇᜣ⸕䚃ྲօᆖྭ≹䈝Ǆ Ԇ൘ᮉᡁԜྲօ᣽➗⡷Ǆ

zhàngfu иཛ ]ČQPH ᘾѸ pr.* 2A

]ČQ\jQJ ᘾṧ pr. 2A

]ČQPH\jQJ ᘾѸṧ pr. 1A

how (usu. ᘾѸ + verb)

351

ԆԜн⸕䚃ᘾѸ䗷⋣Ǆ ԆᱟᘾѸ⸕䚃Ⲵ˛ Ԇ↓൘ᆖᘾѸव侪ᆀǄ ֐ᱟᘾѸᢺ⭥㿶‫˛Ⲵྭ؞‬ ԆᱟᘾѸᶕⲴˈ䰞Ԇ㠚ᐡ᡽⸕䚃Ǆ л䘉Ѹབྷ䴚ˈᡁԜᘾѸ৫઒˛

how, what about (oft. ᘾṧ + verb/ verbal phrase)

Ԇн⸕䚃ᘾṧ᡽㜭֯ྸྸ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ ֐Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖᗇᘾṧҶ˛ Ԇ੺䇹ᡁԜᘾṧ᡽㜭ᢺ≹䈝ᆖྭǄ ⡨⡨ᮉᡁԜᘾṧ‫ڊ‬ӪǄ

how, what about

Ԇ䰞ᡁᘾѸṧ᡽㜭᢮ࡠሿ⦻Ǆ ֐⸕䚃ᘾѸṧव侪ᆀੇ˛ Ӻཙཙ≄ᘾѸṧ˛

Note: * ᘾѸ SUµZK\¶DVLQ ֐ᘾѸᶕᲊҶ? * ᘾѸ DGYµVRPHZKDWXVXLQQHJDWLRQ ¶DVLQ ԆнᘾѸௌ⅒ᆖҐ. ¾ ᘾѸ/ ᘾṧ/ ᘾѸṧSUµZKDWHYHUKRZHYHU¶DVLQ ࡛ӪᘾѸ‫ڊ‬, ֐ቡᘾѸ‫ڊ‬.

zhàngfu иཛ n. [LƗQVKHQJ ‫ ⭏ݸ‬n.* 3-2 A

àiren ⡡Ӫ n. 2A

zhàngfu иཛ n. 2B

husband husband (antonym: ཚཚ)

spouse (husband or wife)

husband (antonym: ࿫ᆀ TƯ]L) (и, to measure; ཛ, man)

ྩ‫⭏ݸ‬൘䬦㹼ᐕ֌Ǆ 䇙ᡁᶕӻ㓽алˈ䘉ᱟᡁ‫⭏ݸ‬Ǆ ྩ⢩࡛⡡ྩⲴ‫⭏ݸ‬Ǆ ᡁ䇔䇶ԆԜཛ࿫ˈ‫⭏ݸ‬ᱟेӜӪˈཚཚᱟк⎧ ӪǄ ྩᢺྩ‫Ⲵ߉⭏ݸ‬Җ䘱㔉ҶᡁаᵜǄ ֐‫⭏ݸ‬൘ᇦੇ˛ ྩ⡡Ӫਛ⦻᰾ˈ൘ᡁԜ୶ᓇᐕ֌Ǆ ᡁ䇔䇶ྩ⡡ӪǄ ྩ઼⡡Ӫᱟ৫ᒤ㔃ႊⲴǄ ྩ⡡Ӫᱟ㘱ᐸǄ ྩӺᲊ‫Ⲵڊ‬ᱟྩ⡡Ӫௌ⅒ਲ਼Ⲵ㨌Ǆ иཛ㾱৫⑨⌣ˈਟᱟ࿫ᆀ㾱৫䐣㡎Ǆ ྩиཛᱟेӜӪǄ ԆᱟྩⲴㅜҼњиཛˈㅜањиཛ઼ྩ⿫ႊҶǄ ᡁ䇔䇶ሿ⦻ⲴиཛǄ ᖃиཛⲴᓄ䈕ཊ‫ޣ‬ᗳ࿫ᆀǄ

352 OӽRJǀQJ 㘱‫ ޜ‬n. 1 N/A

]KƗRSuQ ᤋ㚈 husband (originated from Cantonese; used also as a term of address) (antonym: 㘱ၶ po) (‫ޜ‬, male)

㘱‫ˈޜ‬䗷ᶕᑞᡁал‫ݯ‬Ǆ 䛓њク哴㺓ᴽⲴᱟᡁကကⲴ㘱‫ޜ‬Ǆ ྩ㘱‫ޜ‬ᐕ֌ᖸᘉˈᖸቁ൘ᇦǄ ֐ⴻӪᇦ㘱‫ޜ‬㘱ၶཊᒨ⾿ʽ

Note: * ‫ ⭏ݸ‬QµWHDFKHUROGXVDJH ¶DVLn ᇦ䟼㔉Ԇ䈧Ҷаս‫⭏ݸ‬, ᮉԆ≹䈝. Nowadays ‫⭏ݸ‬, as a polite word, also refers to a respected person, regardless of gender. ¾ ⭧ᆀ≹བྷиཛ SKµUHDOPDQ¶DVLQ ⭧ᆀ≹བྷиཛ, ӰѸ䜭нᙅ (pà, to fear).

]KƗRSuQ ᤋ㚈 v.

to recruit

SuQTӿQJ 㚈䈧 v. 3D

to hire, to engage (in a private or corporate, long- or short-term capacity; usu. the invited is highly skilled and well respected) (antonym: 䀓㚈 MLČSuQ 㚈, to engage the service of)

ԆѪᡯቻⲴ䰞仈㚈䈧Ҷа਽ᖻᐸ OԋVKƯODZ\HU Ǆ Ԇ㻛བྷᆖ㚈䈧Ҷаᒤቡ৸㻛䀓㚈ҶǄ ԆቡᱟᡁԜ㚈䈧ⲴӪˈᖸᴹ਽Ǆ བྷᆖ㚈䈧Ԇᶕ֌ањ䇢ᓗ (a public lecture)Ǆ ԆԜਁᶕҶ㚈Җ (letter of appointment)ˈ㚈䈧ᡁ єᒤǄ 䘉⅑Ԇ⋑ᴹ㻛㚈䈧ˈᗳ䟼нཚ儈‫ޤ‬Ǆ

lùyòng ᖅ⭘ v.* 3-2 D

to employ (one-off action, not + ⵰; see 㚈⭘ below) (antonym: 䗎䘰 cítuì) (ᖅ, to hire)

Ԇࡊ㻛аᇦ依ᓇᖅ⭘Ҷˈᐕ䍴 JǀQJ]ƯVDODU\ 䘈 н䭉Ǆ ԆᶑԦ (tiáojiàn, qualification)нཏˈᡁԜ⋑ᴹ ᖅ⭘ԆǄ Ԇᐕ֌нྭˈᖅ⭘Ҷࠐњᴸԕਾˈቡ㻛䗎䘰ҶǄ

]KƗRSuQ ᤋ㚈 v. 3-2 D

to recruit (oft. through ads) (antonym: 䀓㚈 MLČSuQ ᤋ, to attract)

ԆԜ䘉⅑ᤋ㚈ᗇ∄䖳亪࡙Ǆ 䘉ᡰ५䲒㾱ᤋ㚈ࠐ਽५⭏Ǆ ᴰ䘁㖁к (the Internet) Ⲵᒯ੺ (ad)ˈᖸཊ䜭ᱟᤋ 㚈㘱ᐸⲴǄ Ԇᜣ㔉ᆙᆀ䳷ањ‫؍‬࿶ EӽRPԃQDnny)Ǆ 䛓њӪᱟᯠ䳷ᶕⲴᐕӪǄ 䘉ᇦ依ᓇཚᘉҶˈ䴰㾱޽ཊ䳷аӋӪǄ

gù 䳷 v. 2C

to hire (usu. referring to ordinary jobs)

TӿQJ 䈧 v. 1A

to hire, to get (oft. referring to private tutor, nanny, etc.; polite)

Ԇ߶༷㔉ᆙᆀ䈧њᇦᮉ (private tutor) ᴰ䘁依侶‫ݯ‬ᖸᘉˈԆᜣ޽ཊ䈧ањӪǄ Ԇᇦ䈧Ҷањ‫؍‬࿶Ǆ Ԇቡᱟᡁ䈧ᶕⲴ䫒⩤㘱ᐸǄ

to hire (for all sorts of jobs, skilled or not; not ᤋӪ + object)

ੜ䈤֐Ԝ依ᓇᤋӪˈᱟੇ˛ 䘉䟼књᴸᤋӪҶǄ ྲ᷌֐⸕䚃ଚ䟼ᤋӪˈ䈧੺䇹ᡁалǄ ⧠൘ᣕ㓨кᤋӪⲴᒯ੺нཚཊҶǄ

]KƗRUpQ ᤋӪ v. 1 N/A

]KƝWHQJ ᣈ㞮

353

Note: * ᖅ⭘ YµWRDFFHSW¶DVLQ ԆⲴ᮷ㄐ ZpQ]KƗQJDUWLFOH 㻛аᇦᵲᘇᖅ⭘Ҷ. ¾ 㚈 YSuQµto engage the service of¶DVLQ Ԇᇦᴹ䫡, 㚈ᗇ䎧ᖻᐸ. ¾ 㚈ԫ YSuQUqQµWRDSSRLQWVEWRDQRIILFLDOSRVLWLRQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ ԆԜབྷᆖᯠ㚈ԫҶаսᖻᐸ. ¾ 㚈⭘ YSuQ\zQJµWRHPSOR\㚈⭘ + ⵰ ¶DVLQ 1) Ԇ㻛㚈⭘Ѫ依ᓇ㓿⨶ MƯQJOӿPDQDJHU Ҷ. 2) Ԇ ᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸн䭉, аⴤ㻛བྷᆖ㚈⭘⵰. 3) 䘉њঅս߶༷㚈⭘Ԇӄᒤ. ¾ ᤋ᭦ Y]KƗRVKǀXµWRWDNHLQWRUHFUXLWFDQEHDQXQVNLOOHGZRUNHU ¶DVLQ ԆԜབྷᆖӺᒤᤋ᭦Ҷᖸ ཊᆖ⭏. 2) 䛓њ㤩᷌ഝ↓൘ᤋ᭦᪈㤩᷌ⲴӪ. ¾ ᖅਆ YOTԃµWRPDWULFXODWH¶DVLQ 䘉њᆖṑᖅਆҶࠐⲮ਽ᯠ⭏. ¾ ᢮ v. ]KӽRµWRKLUHLQIRUPDO ¶DVLQ Ԇ㔉ᆙᆀ᢮Ҷањ䫒⩤㘱ᐸ.

]KƝWHQJ ᣈ㞮 v. zhémo ᣈ⼘ v. 2C

to torment to torture, to harass (emotionally or physically) (ᣈ, to break; ⼘, to wear down)

䘉Ԧһаⴤ൘ᣈ⼘⵰ԆǄ ֐н㾱޽ᣈ⼘㠚ᐡҶˈᘛᢺྩᘈᦹ੗Ǆ Ԇ㻛䛓ࠐњӪᣈ⼘ᗇᘛ↫ҶǄ

PpLVKuU]KӽRVKur ⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮һ‫ ݯ‬ph. to nitpick, to try hard to find 1 N/A fault, to look for trouble

Ԇ䘉њӪᙫᱟ⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮һ‫ˈݯ‬ᡁнௌ⅒ԆǄ Ԇᖸ㚚᰾ˈнՊ⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮һ‫Ⲵݯ‬Ǆ ࡛⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮һ‫ݯ‬Ҷˈᡁਟнᜣ޽‫ڊ‬а䙽Ǆ

nàoteng 䰩㞮 v. 1 N/A

to make a loud noise, to make merry, to cause trouble (䰩, to make a noise; 㞮, to jump)

ԆӺཙ㔃ႊˈᶕҶᖸཊӪˈ䰩㞮ҶаཙǄ н⸕䚃䛓䗩ࠪӰѸһҶˈ䰩㞮ᗇᖸǄ ᆙᆀਁ✗ˈ᱘ᲊ䰩㞮ҶаཌǄ ֐Ԝ࡛޽䰩㞮Ҷˈ䇙ᡁ䶉а䶉Ǆ

]KƝWHQJ ᣈ㞮 v. 1D

to torment (emotionally, physically ࡛ᣈ㞮ӪҶˈᡁਟнᜣ৫Ǆ or politically), to toss and turn ᡁԜഭᇦ䴰㾱Ⲵᱟ઼䉀 (héxié, harmony)ˈн㾱޽ (ᣈ, to break) ᣈ㞮ҶǄ Ԇቡᝯ᜿ⶾ (xiƗ, blindly) ᣈ㞮ˈᑨᑨ⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮ һ‫ݯ‬Ǆ Ԇⶑн⵰㿹ˈ൘ᒺкᣈ㞮ҶањᲊкǄ

]KƝQJ ҹ v. duó ཪ v. 2B

to compete for to take (by force)

䛓њᆙᆀᢺ⨳ཪҶ䗷৫Ǆ ᴹњӪཪлԆⲴ䫡वቡ䐁ҶǄ བྷ≤ (flood) ཪ䎠ҶԆᒤ䖫Ⲵ⭏ભ VKƝQJPuQJ life)Ǆ 䘉⅑䏣⨳䎋Ⲵㅜа਽㻛ԆԜ䱏ཪлҶǄ 䘉ᑵ⭫ⵏᱟᐗཪཙᐕ TLӽRGXyWLƗQJǀQJ supernatural ingenuity) ୺ʽ

354

zhèngqián ᥓ䫡

GXyTԃ ཪਆ v. 2C

Ou]KƝQJ ࣋ҹ v. 2C

to capture, to achieve (ਆ, to get)

to work hard for (࣋, strength)

]KƝQJGXy ҹཪ v. 2C

to fight for

]KƝQJTԃ ҹਆ v. 2B

to strive for, to persuade (reduplication: ABAB) (antonym: ᭮ᔳ fàngqì)

]KƝQJ ҹ v. 2-1 B

to compete for, to dispute

zhèngqián ᥓ䫡 v.

ԆԜᖸᘛቡཪਆҶ䛓њኡཤǄ 䘉Ӌ↖ಘ ZԃTuZHDSRQ ᱟӾ᭼Ӫ (dírén, enemy) ᡻䟼ཪਆⲴǄ ৫ᒤˈᡁഭⲴߌъ (nóngyè, agriculture) ཪਆҶབྷ Ѡ᭦ IƝQJVKǀXDEXPSHUFURS Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭࣋ҹ䏣⨳䎋Ⲵㅜа਽Ǆ Ԇࣚ࣋ᆖҐˈ࣋ҹ㘳кབྷᆖǄ ᡁՊ࣋ҹᢺҖᰙᰕ߉ᆼⲴǄ ԆѪᆖ⭏ᦞ⨶ MOӿRQWKHEDVLVRIUHDVRQ ࣋ҹǄ 䘉єњ㈞⨳䱏↓൘ҹཪㅜа਽Ǆ 䛓ࠐњᆙᆀྭ‫ۿ‬൘ҹཪ⵰ӰѸǄ ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟѪᯠӗ૱ FKӽQSӿQSURGXFW ҹཪᐲ൪ (market)Ǆ ‫ݴ‬ᕏ‫ؙ‬Ѫҹཪ⡦⇽ⲴᡯᆀᢃҶ䎧ᶕǄ ྭྭ‫\ ⯵ޫݯ‬ӽQJEuQJWRUHFXSHUDWH ˈҹਆᰙ⛩ ‫ࠪݯ‬䲒Ǆ ҹਆࡠ䘉њᐕ֌нᇩ᱃ˈᡁаᇊྭྭ‫ݯ‬ᒢǄ ᡁԜᗵ享ҹਆᰦ䰤ˈн❦ቡ䎦нк伎ᵪҶǄ ֐ቭ䟿 MӿQOLjQJWRWKHEHVWRIRQH¶VDELOLWLHV ҹਆ ੗ˈҹਆнࡠቡ㇇ҶǄ Ԇਟ㜭Պᶕˈ֐޽㔉Ԇᢃњ⭥䈍ˈҹਆҹਆǄ ᆙᆀԜҹ⵰ੁࡽ䐁৫Ǆ ԆԜѪҶаᵜҖˈҹҶॺཙǄ ྭҶˈ࡛ҹᶕҹ৫ⲴҶǄ Ԇ䘉њӪӾᶕн৫䐏࡛ӪҹӰѸǄ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬䜭ᜣԈ依䫡ˈ䘈ҹҶ䎧ᶕǄ Ԇ㜭䈤ˈᡁҹн䗷ԆǄ

to earn money

zhèngqián ᥓ䫡 v. 2 N/A

to earn money (through doing normal jobs), to earn a living, to work for a living (insertable) (ᥓ, to earn)

Ԇቡ⸕䚃ᥓ䫡ˈн⸕䚃㣡䫡Ǆ ᇦ䟼ਚᴹ⡦Ӣᥓ䫡ˈ⇽Ӣ⋑ᴹᐕ֌Ǆ ᡁнࠪ৫ᥓ䫡ˈᆙᆀਲ਼ӰѸ˛ ԆᥓҶࠐॱᒤⲴ䫡ˈਟᱟࡠ㘱Ҷа࠶䫡䜭⋑ᴹǄ Ԇᱟ५⭏ˈᥓнቁ䫡Ǆ Ԇᇦᱟᥓཊቁ䫡ˈ㣡ཊቁ䫡Ǆ

zhuànqián 䎊䫡 v. 2 N/A

to make a profit, to make money (oft. through doing business and the like; insertable; sometimes with a pejorative connotation)

䘉ᇦ依侶‫⭏ݯ‬᜿ VKƝQJ\uEXVLQHVV ྭˈᖸ䎊䫡Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸՊ䎊䫡ˈаᒤቡ䎊ҶࠐⲮзǄ Ԇ䎊䫡䎊ᗇӰѸ䜭ᘈҶǄ

zhíxíng ᢗ㹼

OƗRTLiQ ᦎ䫡 v. 1 N/A

(antonym: 䎄䫡 péiqián) (䎊, to make a profit)

‫⭏ڊ‬᜿ᴹ䎊䫡Ⲵˈቡᴹ䎄䫡ⲴǄ Ԇআᡯᆀ䎊Ҷнቁ䫡Ǆ Ԇ䘉њӪнՊ‫⭏ڊ‬᜿ˈ䎊нҶ OLӽR 䫡Ǆ

to trawl for money (possibly by improper means; with a pejorative connotation; insertable) (ᦎ, to scoop up from)

Ԇ䘉њӪᖸՊѪ㠚ᐡᦎ䫡Ǆ ੜ䈤Ԇ࡙⭘ᐕ֌ѻ‫ᦎׯ‬䫡Ǆ Ԇᦎ䫡ᦎᗇཚн‫ۿ‬䈍 (outrageous) ҶǄ 䘉⅑ԆਟᦎҶнቁ䫡Ǆ ԆᦎҶаབྷㅄ䫡ԕਾˈቡн㿱ҶǄ

zhíxíng ᢗ㹼 v.

355

to execute

Oԉ[tQJ ን㹼 v. 3D

to fulfil, to honour (referring to responsibility, contract, procedure, etc.) (antonym: 䘍㛼 wéibèi) (ን, to fulfil; 㹼, to do)

ㆮҶਸ਼ (contract) ቡ㾱䇔ⵏን㹼ˈнᗇ (bùdé, must not) 䘍㛼Ǆ ৼᯩ (the two parties) 䜭㾱䇔ⵏን㹼ਸ਼Ǆ ን㹼ਸ਼Ⲵᰦ䰤ᱟлњᴸǄ Ԇን㹼Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴ䈪䀰 (nuòyán, promise)Ǆ ⇿ањӪ䜭㾱ን㹼‫( ≁ޜ‬citizen) Ⲵѹ࣑ (yìwù, obligation)Ǆ

VKƯ[tQJ ᯭ㹼 v. 3D

to come into force, to implement (usu. referring to specific items) (antonym: ᓏ→ IqL]Kӿ ᯭ, to carry out)

ᯠ⌅㿴 IӽJXƯOHJLVODWLRQ ᯭ㹼ᗇ∄䖳亪࡙Ǆ ᵜ (this) ⌅㿴㠚Ӻᰕ䎧ᯭ㹼Ǆ 䘉྇⌅㿴ᯭ㹼䎧ᶕՊᴹഠ䳮Ǆ ᯭ㹼Ҷ䘉њ⌅㿴ԕਾˈһ᭵ (accident) ቁҶа ӋǄ Ԇ䇔Ѫᯭ㹼փ㖊 WӿIicorporal/ physical punishment) нሩˈᓄ䈕ᓏ→Ǆ

VKtVKƯ ᇎᯭ v. 3C

to put into effect, to enforce (of law, policy, programme, etc.; according to certain rules) (antonym: ᓏ䲔 fèichú) (ᇎ, reality)

ᯠ⌅Ṹ Iӽ¶jQELOO ӾӺཙᔰ࿻ᇎᯭǄ ᯩṸ (IƗQJ¶jQSODQ ᇎᯭԕਾˈབྷᇦ䜭ᖸ┑᜿Ǆ 䘉њᯩṸᐢ㓿ᇎᯭҶањཊᴸҶǄ 䘉Ӌᱟᇎᯭ㓶ࡉ (xìzé, bylaws)ˈ㾱䇔ⵏ➗࣎Ǆ 䛓њ⌅ṸӾᇎᯭࡠᓏ䲔ਚᴹаᒤⲴᰦ䰤Ǆ

shíxíng ᇎ㹼 v. 3-2 B

to put into practice, to carry out (of policy, plan, etc.; with a wider range of usage) (antonym: ‫ →ڌ‬WtQJ]Kӿ

䘉њ᭯ㆆ (zhèngcè, policy) 傜кቡ㾱ᇎ㹼ҶǄ ഐѪṑ䮯н਼᜿ˈ䘉њᯩṸн㜭ᇎ㹼Ǆ ᡁԜ㾱ᇎ㹼⭧ྣ਼ᐕ਼䞜 (chóu, remuneration)Ǆ 䘉њ᭯ㆆᇎ㹼ᗇнཚ亪࡙ˈᴹਟ㜭㻛‫→ڌ‬Ǆ ᭯ㆆᇎ㹼ԕਾˈᆖṑਈॆᖸབྷǄ ᇎ㹼᭩䶙 JӽLJé, reform) ᔰ᭮㔉⽮Պ (shèhuì, society) ᑖᶕҶᖸབྷⲴਈॆǄ ӄཙᐕ֌ᰕᐢ㓿ᇎ㹼Ҷᖸ䮯ᰦ䰤ҶǄ

356 zhíxíng ᢗ㹼 v. 3-2 B

zh ਚ to execute (law, order, policy, plan, task, etc.; usu. with nominal objects) (antonym: 䘍ᣇ wéikàng) (ᢗ, to hold, to attend to)

]Kӿ ਚ adv.

only

MӿQ ӵ adv. 2B

only (referring to range, time, etc.; oft. ӵ + monosyllable)

MӿQMӿQ ӵӵ adv. 2B

barely; merely (the reduplicated form of ӵ, more emphatic than ӵ; oft. ӵӵ + disyllable)

jiù ቡ adv. * 2C

к㓗ⲴભԔ (mìnglìng, order) аᇊ㾱ᢗ㹼ˈнᗇ 䘍ᣇǄ нᢗ㹼ભԔⲴᱟԆˈнᱟᡁǄ 䘉њ⌅㿴ᢗ㹼ᗇ∄䖳ྭǄ ԆԜᢺ䘉њ᭯ㆆᢗ㹼ᗇᖸྭǄ Ԇᢗ㹼ᆼԫ࣑ (rènwu, task) ቡഎᶕҶǄ 䘉њ䇑ࡂ (jìhuà, plan) ⧠൘䘈ᢗ㹼нҶǄ 䆖ሏ MӿQJFKiSROLFH ↓൘ᢗ㹼‫( ࣑ޜ‬official business, line of duty)Ǆ

just

ӵᆖҶࠐњᴸˈԆቡн޽ᆖҶǄ ӵ⭘аཙⲴᰦ䰤ˈԆቡᢺ䘉ᵜҖⴻᆼҶǄ ԆԜӵ㿱Ҷа⅑䶒ቡ㔃ႊҶǄ Ԇྣᴻ৻䗷⭏ᰕⲴᰦ‫ˈى‬ӵҠ䞂ቡ㣡Ҷнቁ䫡Ǆ ԆⲴҖᖸཊˈӵ≹䈝ҖቡᴹаⲮཊᵜǄ ѪҶᑞࣙᴻ৻ˈԆᢺӵᴹⲴ䫡䜭᤯ࠪᶕҶǄ Ԇ㘳䈅㘳ᗇн䭉ˈӵ⅑Ҿ (cìyú, next/ second best to) ሿ⦻Ǆ Ԇӵӵॱ‫ޛ‬኱ˈቡᱟєњᆙᆀⲴ⡨⡨ҶǄ ᰾ཙ㾱㘳䈅ˈԆᲊкӵӵⶑҶйњሿᰦǄ ⢋ྦӵӵཏањӪ்Ⲵˈ޽৫Ҡ⛩‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ ӵӵањᴸˈ䛓ḻᾬቡⴆྭҶǄ ᡁԜӵӵᱟ਼ᆖˈᒦнᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ Ԇ‫ؙ‬ӵӵᱟ䇔䇶ˈ䘈нᱟྭᴻ৻Ǆ ӵӵഐѪаਕ䈍ˈԆቡ⿫ᇦࠪ䎠Ҷˈ޽ҏ⋑ᴹഎ ᶕǄ Ԇн⸕䚃ᡁⲴൠ൰ˈӵӵ⸕䚃ᡁⲴ਽ᆇǄ ӵӵԆањӪ⸕䚃䘉Ԧһ‫࡛ˈݯ‬Ӫ䜭н⸕䚃Ǆ ቡԆањӪ⋑ᶕˈ࡛Ӫ䜭ᶕҶǄ Ԇቡᴹањྣ‫ˈݯ‬Ӻᒤॱ኱Ǆ ቡࠐᵜҖˈн䟽Ǆ ԆቡՊ䈤㤡䈝ˈнՊ䈤≹䈝Ǆ ԕࡽቡ䇔䇶Ԇˈ⧠൘ᡁᐢ㓿䇔䇶нቁӪҶǄ ԆቡᆖҶйњᴸⲴ≹䈝ˈ㜭䈤ᡀ䘉ṧᐢ㓿ᖸྭ ҶǄ ᡁԜ䘉ӋӪᖃѝˈቡԆՊ䈤㤡䈝Ǆ 䘉ӋӪᡁ䜭䇔䇶ˈቡ⋑㿱䗷ԆǄ ӺཙԆቡҠҶаᵜҖˈ࡛ⲴӰѸ䜭⋑ᴹҠǄ

zh ਚ ]Kӿ ਚ adv. * 2A

GƗQ অ adv. * 1B

JXƗQJ ‫ ݹ‬adv.* 1B

only, nothing but

solely, only (also used as অঅ, which is more emphatic)

merely, alone

357

ԆਚՊ䈤㤡䈝Ǆ ԆⲴ䫡ਚཏҠєᵜҖⲴǄ ԆਚᴹањᆙᆀǄ ਚᱟᆖ䍩ቡ㣡Ҷазඇ䫡Ǆ Ӻཙк䈮Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬ਚᴹԆањӪ⋑ᴹᶕǄ Ԇᑨᑨਚ䈤н‫ڊ‬Ǆ Ԇਚௌ⅒ⴻҖˈ࡛ⲴӰѸ⡡ྭ䜭⋑ᴹǄ ᲊՊкˈԆਚ்Ҷа⛩‫ݯ‬ஔ䞂Ǆ ᡁਚ⸕䚃Ԇဃ⦻ˈн⸕䚃ਛ⦻ӰѸǄ ᡯ䰤ᖸሿˈਚ㜭᭮лаᕐঅӪᒺǄ Ӫ䜭ᶕҶˈঅቁԆањӪǄ ᆖҐঅᴹ✝ᛵн㹼ˈ䘈䴰㾱ࣚ࣋Ǆ བྷᇦ䜭ᶕᲊҶˈѪӰѸঅ䈤 (to tell sb. off) ᡁа њӪǄ ӺཙૡԜн䈤࡛Ⲵˈቡঅ䈤䘉Ԧһ‫ݯ‬੗Ǆ ࡛Ӫ䜭䈤ྭˈঅԆ䈤нྭǄ བྷᇦ䜭к䖖඀ྭҶˈঅԆ㾱к৅ᡰ FqVXԁ toilet)Ǆ ࠪഭ᯵⑨н‫ׯ‬ᇌˈঅ伎ᵪ⾘ቡ㾱ࠐॳඇ䫡Ǆ ӺཙӪཚཊˈ᭩ཙ JӽLWLƗQVRPHRWKHUGD\ ᡁঅ 䈧֐ⲴᇒǄ Ԇঅঅௌ⅒䘉њྣᆙˈ࡛ⲴྣᆙԆ䜭нௌ⅒Ǆ Ԇ‫ݹ‬඀൘䛓䟼ˈаਕ䈍䜭⋑ᴹ䈤Ǆ ࡛‫ݹ‬䈤䈍Ҷˈཊਲ਼⛩‫ݯ‬依Ǆ Ԇ‫ⴻݹ‬ҖҶˈᘈҶ㔉ᴻ৻ᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ ‫ݹ‬⍇㺓ᴽቡ㣡ҶԆалॸⲴᰦ䰤Ǆ ‫ݹ‬ᡁԜᇦˈቡ৫ҶӄњӪǄ н‫ݹ‬Ԇнᜣ৫ˈᡁҏнᜣ৫Ǆ ‫ݹ‬ଝ⋑ᴹ⭘ˈᘛᜣњᯩ⌅੗Ǆ н‫ݹ‬ԆањӪˈᡁҏௌ⅒䘉њ⭥ᖡǄ ‫ݹ‬ᴰ䘁‫ޝ‬њᴸˈԆቡ⯵Ҷй⅑Ǆ

Note: * ቡ SUHSµZLWKUHJDUGWR¶DVLQ ቡᆖҐᶕ䈤, Ԇ∄ᡁྭ. * ቡ DGYµDWRQFH¶DVLQ ㅹал, ᡁቡᶕ. * ਚ PZµIRUDQLPDOVRQHRIDSDLU¶ 䛓ਚ⥛ᢺаਚ㻌ᆀ (wàzi, sock) ᣃ䎠Ҷ. * অ DGMµVLQJOH¶DVLQ ቻᆀ䟼ᴹаᕐঅӪᒺ. * ‫ ݹ‬n. µOLJKW¶DVLQ ԆⲴቻᆀ䟼ᴹ⚟‫ݹ‬. * ‫ ݹ‬YµEDUH¶DVLQ Ԇ‫⵰ݹ‬㝊, ⋑ᴹク䶻. * ‫ ݹ‬DGMµILQLVKHG¶DVLQ Ԇᢺ依ਲ਼‫ݹ‬Ҷ.

358

zhh~o ਚྭ

]KӿKӽR ਚྭ adv.

have to

EPLӽQ н‫ ݽ‬adv. 3C

cannot avoidFDQ¶WKHOS (н‫ ݽ‬+ positive expression; used after the subject) (‫ݽ‬, to avoid)

ཙ唁лᶕҶˈԆн‫ݽ‬ᴹӋ⵰ᙕǄ ⡦⇽ᒤ㓚བྷҶˈн‫ݽ‬Պᘈһ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ⴻࡠҶ㘱਼ᆖˈԆн‫ݽ‬ᜣ䎧൘ᆖṑⲴ㖾ྭᰦ‫ݹ‬Ǆ

ZqLPLӽQ ᵚ‫ ݽ‬adv.* 3D

unavoidably (ᵚ‫ ݽ‬+ ᴹӋ/ ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬SROLWHFDXVH« ᵚ‫ݽ‬ + effect) (ᵚ, not)

Ԇ䘈ᒤ䖫ˈᵚ‫ݽ‬ᴹӋн៲һǄ ԆԜཚ儈‫ޤ‬Ҷˈ䈤䈍Ⲵ༠丣ᵚ‫ݽ‬ᴹӋ儈Ǆ Ԇᱟᇦѝᴰሿˈᵚ‫ݽ‬ᴹӋ့ᜟ MLƗRJXjQ, spoiled)Ǆ

]KӿKӽR ਚྭ adv. 2A

]KӿQpQJ ਚ㜭 adv. 2D

have to (used before or after the subject)

can only (used before or after the subject)

ԆнՊ䈤㤡䈝ˈਚྭ䈧ᴻ৻ᶕᑞᘉǄ Ԇл⨝䎠Ҷˈᡁਚྭᢺ⭥䈍ᢃࡠԆᇦ䟼Ǆ Ԇнௌ⅒ⴻ⭥ᖡˈᡁԜਚྭн৫ҶǄ Ԇ䘈⋑ᴹᶕˈᡁԜਚྭ‫ݸ‬䎠ҶǄ ࡛Ӫ䜭ᘉˈਚྭᡁањӪ৫Ǆ Ԇ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤‫ڊ‬依ˈਚྭ৫依ᓇਲ਼Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆᇦˈᡁԜਚ㜭ੜԆⲴǄ Ԇнᜣ䎠ཌ䐟ˈਚ㜭൘䘉䟼䗷ཌҶǄ ᡁнՊୡⅼˈਚ㜭֐ᶕୡҶǄ

]Kӿ\ԁX ਚᴹ adv.* 2C

ཆ䗩䴘лᗇཚབྷˈᡁԜਚᴹㅹаㅹ޽ࠪ৫ҶǄ ⋑ᴹӪ㜭᤯ࣘ䛓њ㇡ᆀˈਚᴹԆ᡽㹼Ǆ ᇦ䟼⋑ᴹਲ਼ⲴҶˈᡁԜਚᴹ৫依侶ਲ਼Ǆ ԆԜ䜭н৫ˈਚᴹᡁ৫ҶǄ

none but (used before or after the subject)

bùdébù нᗇн ph. 1B

cannot but, have to (нᗇн + positive expression; used after the subject)

Ԇ⋑ᴹ䫡Ҷˈнᗇнᢃ⭥䈍䰞ྸྸ㾱䫡Ǆ ᰦ䰤нᰙҶˈᡁԜнᗇн䈤޽㿱ҶǄ ⊭䖖ൿҶˈԆнᗇн䎠䐟എᇦǄ Ԇ㾱䎦伎ᵪˈнᗇнᰙ⛩‫ݯ‬䎧ᒺǄ Ԇ⯵Ҷˈнᗇн൘ᇦՁ᚟Ǆ

]KӿGp ਚᗇ adv. 1C

have no choice but to, to be obliged to (used before or after the subject; usu. not used in negation; also SURQRXQFHGDV]KӿGČLLQ spoken Chinese)

Ԇ⯵Ҷˈਚᗇ䓪൘ᒺкՁ᚟Ǆ Ԇ㾱ᩜᇦˈь㾯ཚཊˈਚᗇ䈧ᴻ৻ᶕᑞᘉǄ ҠⲴ䶻ཚབྷҶˈԆਚᗇ᤯എ৫ᦒǄ ⚛䖖⾘ҠнࡠˈԆਚᗇ඀伎ᵪ৫Ǆ ࡛Ӫ䜭ᑞнкᘉˈਚᗇ֐㠚ᐡ‫ڊ‬ҶǄ

Note: * ᵚ‫ ݽ‬DGYµUDWKHU$>DFWLRQDIIDLU@ ᵚ‫ ݽ‬+ judgement of A; oft. + ੗ WRVRIWHQWKHWRQH ¶DVLQ1) ⧠൘ቡ䈸䘉Ӌ, ᵚ‫ݽ‬ᴹӋཚᰙҶ੗. 3) ֐䈤䘉䈍, ᵚ‫ݽ‬ᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬ཚнᇒ≄Ҷ੗. * ਚᴹ coQMµRQO\LI¶DVLQ ਚᴹੜ⵰丣Ҁ, Ԇ᡽㜭ⴻ䘋৫Җ. ¾ ⋑࣎⌅ SKPpLEjQIӽµQRZD\RXW¶DVLQ ⋑࣎⌅, ᡁਚྭ৫а䏏Ҷ. ¾ ᰐླྀ DGMZ~QjLµKHOSOHVV¶DVLQ Ԇᰐླྀൠ඀൘䛓䟼, ҏн⸕䚃ᓄ䈕䈤⛩‫ݯ‬ӰѸྭ. ¾ нᗇᐢ SKEGp\ӿµWRDFWDJDLQVW RQH¶VZLOO¶DVLQ Ԇнᗇᐢൠ䐏⵰⡦ӢഎᇦҶ.

]KǀQJ\~ 㓸Ҿ

359

¾ 䳮‫ ݽ‬DGMQiQPLӽQµOLNHO\EXWQRWQHFHVVDULO\LQHYLWDEOH ¶DVLQ ᆙᆀ䘈ሿ, 䳮‫ݽ‬ᑨ⭏⯵. 2) Ԇᆖ㤡䈝ᰦ䰤н䮯, 䳮‫ݽ‬ᑖᴹਓ丣. 3) Ԇㅜа⅑⿫ᔰᇦ, 䳮‫ݽ‬ᴹӋᜣᇦ. ¾ ᰐਟླྀօ SKZ~NČQjLKpµKDYHQRRWKHUZD\¶DVLQ Ԇ㿹ᗇᇎ൘ᱟᰐਟླྀօ, ਚྭ⭡ᆙᆀ৫੗.

]KǀQJ\~ 㓸Ҿ adv. (see also ウㄏ) ]KǀQJMLǌ 㓸ウ adv. 3D

]KǀQJ\~ 㓸Ҿ adv. 2B

]ԁQJ ᙫ adv. 2-1 A

GjRGӿ ࡠᓅ adv.* 1B

eventually (oft. predicting sth. will happen) (㓸, end; ウ, after all)

finally, at last

will always, at the end of the day, after all (oft. for future events)

in the end, after all (ᓅ, end)

finally

䞹䞂ᔰ䖖㓸ウᱟ㾱ࠪһⲴǄ Ԇ㓸ウᱟ֐Ⲵ⡦Ӣˈ䘈ᱟ⡡֐ⲴǄ ֐㓸ウՊⴻ␵ᾊԆᱟањӰѸӪⲴǄ ањӪⲴ࣋䟿 (lìliang, strength) 㓸ウᱟнཏⲴˈ ֐䴰㾱བྷᇦⲴᑞࣙǄ ྭӪ㓸ウՊᴹྭᣕ (reward) ⲴǄ Ԇ㓸ҾᶕҶǄ ᆖ⭏Ԝ㓸Ҿ㘳ᆼ䈅ҶǄ ⡨⡨㓸ҾഎᇦҶǄ ањᱏᵏԕਾˈԆ㓸ҾⴻᆼҶ䛓ᵜҖǄ 䈫Җᙫᱟᴹ⭘ⲴǄ ਚ㾱ࣚ࣋ˈᙫՊᡀ࣏ FKpQJJǀQJVXFFHHG ⲴǄ н㾱ᣵᗳˈ֐ᙫ㜭᢮ࡠ֐⡡ⲴӪⲴǄ н㾱䈤 (to blame) ԆҶˈԆᙫ䘈ᱟњᆙᆀǄ н㇑ᘾѸ䈤ᡁԜᙫ䘈ᱟаᇦӪˈᴹ䈍ྭ䈤Ǆ һᛵᙫᴹаཙՊᔴ (nòng, to make) ␵ᾊⲴǄ ԆԜᱟཊᒤⲴཛ࿫ˈӰѸһ‫ݯ‬ᙫ㜭䈤ᗇᔰⲴǄ Ԇࡠᓅ䘈ᱟ䈤Ҷˈ䇙ᡁԜ⵰ᙕҶॺཙǄ 㓿䗷аᒤ㢠㤖ⲴᆖҐ, Ԇࡠᓅ㘳кҶབྷᆖǄ ࡠᓅᱟབྷ෾ᐲˈӰѸ䜭ᴹǄ ेᯩࡠᓅᱟेᯩˈߜཙߧᶱҶǄ Ԇࡠᓅᱟ䈫Җཊˈ⸕䚃Ⲵ∄ᡁཊǄ ࡠᓅ䘈ᱟྣӪˈ∄䖳㓶ᗳǄ ࡠᓅᱟᆙᆀˈᜣ䰞仈ቡᱟㆰঅ MLӽQGƗQVLPSOH Ǆ

Note: * ࡠᓅ DGYµRQHDUWKRIWXVHGLQDTXHVWLRQ ¶DVLQ ֐ࡠᓅᜣ㾱ᒢӰѸ? ¾ 㓸ᖂ DGY]KǀQJJXƯµHYHQWXDOO\¶DVLQ Ԇ㓸ᖂ䘈ᱟ㾱എᇦⲴ. ¾ ᴰ㓸 DGY]Xu]KǀQJµXOWLPDWHO\¶DVLQ Ԇᴰ㓸䘈ᱟഎࡠҶ⇽ӢⲴ䓛䗩. ¾ ᴰਾ QµWKHHQG¶DVLQ Ԇᴹһ‫ݸ‬䎠Ҷˈ⋑ᴹⴻࡠ⭥ᖡⲴᴰਾ.

360

zhújiàn 䙀⑀

zhújiàn 䙀⑀ adv.

gradually

jiàn ⑀ adv. 3C

ߜཙᶕѤˈཙ≄⑀ߧǄ gradually (used with monosyllables) 䲿⵰л⨝ᰦ䰤Ⲵࡠᶕˈ䐟кⲴ䖖䖶⑀ཊǄ (antonym: ケ❦) ཙ唁Ҷˈ㹼Ӫ⑀ቁˈԆҏ࣐ᘛҶ㝊↕Ǆ ⴻ⵰ᆙᆀ⑀ⱖⲴ䓛փˈྸྸᖸ⵰ᙕǄ 䖖༠⑀䘁ˈа䖶㓒㢢Ⲵ⊭䖖ᔰ䘋Ҷ䲒ᆀǄ

jiànjiàn ⑀⑀ adv. 3-2 B

little by little (when used at the beginning of a sentence, using ⑀⑀ൠ) (antonym: 僔❦ zhòurán)

ᆙᆀ⑀⑀ൠᆹ䶉ҶлᶕˈаՊ‫ݯ‬ቡⶑ⵰ҶǄ ᵋ⵰⡦Ӣ䛓⑀⑀䘌৫Ⲵ䓛ᖡˈᡁᝏࡠᖸ䳮ਇǄ Ԇ⑀⑀ൠҶ䀓ҶᡁˈᡁԜ⧠൘ᐢ㓿ᡀҶྭᴻ৻Ǆ ⑀⑀ൠˈԆௌ⅒кҶྩǄ ⚛䖖⑀⑀ൠᔰ䎠ҶǄ ཆ䗩Ⲵ䴚⑀⑀ൠਈሿҶǄ

zhúbù 䙀↕ adv. 3-2 B

step by step (managed consciously by the doer, emphasising the distinction between phases; usu. describing human behaviour; used with verbal, not adjectival, expressions) (antonym: ᘭ❦) (䙀, one by one; ↕, step)

Ԇ䙀↕ᆖՊҶᘾѸ⭘⭥㝁Ǆ ሩа⿽᮷ॆⲴҶ䀓ᱟањ䙀↕ᆖҐⲴ䗷〻 (guòchéng, process)Ǆ ԆⲴҖᱟ䙀↕ᆼᡀⲴˈ㓿䗷Ҷᖸ䮯а⇥ᰦ䰤Ǆ Ԇ䙀↕䎒ᗇ (yíngdé, to gain) Ҷᆖ⭏ԜⲴௌ⡡Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ԇ㾱䙀↕৫ᦹ䓛кⲴаӋнྭⲴҐᜟǄ ԆᆖҐᖸࣚ࣋ˈ㘳䈅ᡀ㔙ҏ൘䙀↕ᨀ儈Ǆ

zhújiàn 䙀⑀ adv. 3-2 B

ཙ䙀⑀✝Ҷ䎧ᶕˈԆᦒкҶ㺜㺛Ǆ gradually (antonym: ⥋❦ PČQJUiQ к䈮Ⲵᰦ䰤ᘛࡠҶˈᮉᇔ䟼Ⲵᆖ⭏䙀⑀ཊ䎧ᶕǄ ԆԜ䙀⑀⡡кҶሩᯩ (the other side)Ǆ ਲ਼Ҷ㦟ԕਾˈԆⲴ⯵䙀⑀ൠྭҶǄ ԆԜ䙀⑀ᡀҶྭᴻ৻Ǆ བྷᇦ䙀⑀ൠ᭩ਈҶሩԆⲴⴻ⌅Ǆ

Note: ¾ ធធ DGYµVORZO\¶DVLQ ֐ធធ䈤, ࡛⵰ᙕ. ¾ ⑀䘋 YMLjQMuQµWRSURJUHVV VWHSE\VWHS¶DVLQ ᆖҐᱟањ⑀䘋Ⲵ䗷〻.

zhùhè ⾍䍪 v. qìnghè ᒶ䍪 v. 3B

zhùfú ⾍⾿ v.* 3D

to congratulate to felicitate, to celebrate (an event) (reduplication: ABAB) (ᒶ, to celebrate; 䍪, to congratulate)

to bless (⾍, to wish; ⾿, good fortune )

‫ݯ‬ᆀ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈаᇦӪ↓൘ᒶ䍪Ǆ ѪԆ᢮ࡠҶᐕ֌ˈᡁԜᒶ䍪ҶањᲊкǄ ԆᖃкҶᐲ䮯 (mayor)ˈᴻ৻Ԝ䜭ࡽᖰᒶ䍪Ǆ ਾཙᱟ֐Ⲵ⭏ᰕˈᡁԜаඇ‫ݯ‬ᒶ䍪ᒶ䍪੗Ǆ Ԇаⴤ൘Ѫ⡦⇽⾍⾿ˈ⾍ԆԜ䓛փ‫ڕ‬ᓧ MLjQNƗQJKHDOthy)Ǆ ᱕㢲ࡠҶˈᴻ৻Ԝᢃ⭥䈍ӂ⴨⾍⾿Ǆ

zìj 㠚ᐡ

361

ᡁ⾍⾿བྷᇦ䮯ભⲮ኱ (longevity)Ǆ zhùhè ⾍䍪 v.* 3B

to congratulate

zhùyuàn ⾍ᝯ v.* 3C

to wish (ᝯ, hope)

qìngzhù ᒶ⾍ v. 2B

to celebrate (oft. through action, as opposed to verbal expressions) (reduplication: ABAB)

zhù ⾍ v. 2A

to express good wishes

Ԇᢃ⭥䈍ᶕ⾍䍪ᡁ‫ݯ‬ᆀⲴ⭏ᰕǄ ‫ݯ‬ᆀ㘳кҶབྷᆖˈབྷᇦ䜭ࡽᶕ⾍䍪Ǆ Ǆ Ԇ㘳Ҷㅜа਽ˈੁԆᶕ⾍䍪ⲴӪᴹᖸཊǄ ⾍䍪֐⭏Ҷањॳ䠁 (TLƗQMƯQDFRXUWHRXV H[SUHVVLRQUHIHUULQJWRDQRWKHU¶s daughter)Ǆ Ԇ⾍ᝯᴻ৻Ԝа䐟亪仾 (have a good trip)Ǆ ⾍ᝯ਴ս᱕㢲ᘛҀʽ 㺧ᗳ⾍ᝯᡁԜєഭⲴ৻䈺 \ԁX\uIULHQGVKLS зਔ 䮯䶂 ZjQJԃFKiQJTƯQJHYHUODVWLQJ Ǆ ֐ᜣᘾѸᒶ⾍֐Ⲵ⭏ᰕੰ˛ ѪҶᒶ⾍᱕㢲ˈԆҠҶᖸཊஔ䞂Ǆ ᖸཊӪ൘ཙᆹ䰘ᒯ൪кᒶ⾍ഭᒶ㢲 (National Day)Ǆ ѪҶᒶ⾍᱕㢲ˈᡁԜᔰҶањ㡎ՊǄ лњᱏᵏቡ㾱᭮‫ٷ‬ҶˈᡁԜᓄ䈕ᒶ⾍ᒶ⾍Ǆ ⾍֐⭏ᰕᘛҀʽ 䇙ᡁᶕѪབྷᇦ⾍䞂 (to toast)Ǆ ⾍֐Ԝа䐟亪仾! ⾍⡦⇽䓛փ‫ڕ‬ᓧˈзһྲ᜿ (wànshìrúyì, may all your wishes come true)Ǆ ⾍ᆼ䞂ԕਾˈབྷᇦቡᔰ࿻䐣㡎ҶǄ

Note: * ⾍⾿ QµEOHVVLQJ¶DVLQ ᯠᒤྭʽᡁ㔉བྷᇦ䘱৫ᯠᒤⲴ⾍⾿. * ⾍䍪 QµFRQJUDWXODWLRQV¶DVLQ Ԇሩᴻ৻ԜⲴ⾍䍪㺘⽪ᝏ䉒Ǆ * ⾍ᝯ QµZLVK¶DVLQ 䘉ᱟԆⲴањ㖾ྭ⾍ᝯ. ¾ ᚝䍪 YJǀQJKqµWRFRQJUDWXODWH¶DVLQ ᚝䍪ᯠ⿗ (Happy New Year)ʽ ¾ ᚝ௌ Qµ&RQJUDWXODWLRQVXVXVD\LQJLWUHSHDWHGO\ ¶DVLQ ੜ䈤֐‫ݯ‬ᆀ㾱㔃ႊҶ, ᚝ௌ! ᚝ௌʽ ¾ 䚃ௌ YµWRFRQJUDWXODWHVERQDKDSS\RFFDVLRQ¶DVLQ ੜ䈤֐‫ݯ‬ᆀ㾱㔃ႊҶ, 㔉֐䚃ௌҶ. ¾ ᒶ n. µDQQLYHUVDU\¶DVLQ Ӻᒤᱟ䘉ᡰབྷᆖⲴаⲮᒤṑᒶ.

]uMӿ 㠚ᐡ pr. (see also ਴) EČQUpQ ᵜӪ pr. 3C

oneself

myself, self (indicating a serious tone; emphasising the one referred to) (ᵜ, RQH¶VWKHVSHDNHU¶s)

䘉нᱟᡁᵜӪⲴㆮ਽ TLƗQPtQJVLJQDWXUH Ǆ ᱟⲴˈᡁӢ㙣ੜԆᵜӪ䈤ⲴǄ н⭘֐ᵜӪᶕˈ࡛Ӫਟԕᴯ֐ᶕ᤯Ǆ 㔃ႊ㾱ԆԜᵜӪ਼᜿ (tóngyì, to agree) ᡽㹼Ǆ 䘉ᖸ䟽㾱ˈᡁаᇊ㾱㿱ࡠԆᵜӪǄ

362 EČQVKƝQ ᵜ䓛 pr. 3C

zìj 㠚ᐡ itself, self (of sth. animate or inanimate)

丣Ҁᵜ䓛ᱟ⋑ᴹഭ⭼ (guójiè, border) ⲴǄ 䘉һ‫ݯ‬ᵜ䓛ቡᴹ⛩‫ཷݯ‬ᙚ (qíguài, strange)Ǆ 䛓ᡰབྷᆖᵜ䓛ቡᴹањᖸྭⲴമҖ侶Ǆ ⭏⍫ᵜ䓛ቡнᇩ᱃, 䘉њ䈱䜭⸕䚃Ǆ Ԇᵜ䓛ቡнᜣ৫ˈᡁҏ⋑ᴹӰѸ࣎⌅Ǆ 㘳䈅⋑㘳ྭᱟ֐ᵜ䓛Ⲵ䰞仈ˈ䐏࡛Ӫ⋑ᴹ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ ᡁњӪ䇔Ѫ䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ᱟሩⲴǄ 䘉ᱟᡁњӪⲴᜣ⌅ˈнаᇊሩǄ ᡁњӪ‫⋑ق‬ᴹӰѸˈѫ㾱ᱟѪҶᆙᆀǄ 㾱䈤Ⲵབྷᇦ䜭䈤ҶˈᡁњӪ޽⋑ӰѸ㾱䈤ⲴҶǄ

gèrén њӪ pr.* 2C

myself, individual

gèzì ਴㠚 pr. 2C

བྷᇦ਴㠚ӻ㓽ал੗Ǆ eachRQH¶VRZQ਴, each; 㠚, self) 㡎ՊԕਾˈᡁԜቡ਴㠚എᇦҶǄ 䘉ࠐ䜘⭥ᖡᴹ਴㠚Ⲵ⢩⛩ (characteristic)Ǆ

zìMӿ 㠚ᐡ pr. 2A

]uVKƝQ 㠚䓛 pr. 2C

]uJČU 㠚њ‫ ݯ‬pr. 1 N/A

oneself, itself (antonym: ࡛Ӫ/ ࡛Ⲵ)

self

ԆᘾѸ㠚ᐡнᶕˈਛ֐ᶕ˛ Җҏ⋑ᴹ䮯㞯ˈ㠚ᐡнՊ䐁ⲴǄ ֐㠚ᐡਲ਼੗ˈᡁᴹһ㾱‫ݸ‬䎠Ǆ ᆙᆀⲴһ‫⭡ݯ‬ԆԜ㠚ᐡ֌ѫ (to decide) ੗Ǆ ࡛ᇒ≄ˈᡁ㠚ᐡᶕǄ 㣡⬦нՊ㠚ᐡᢃ⹤Ⲵˈ䈱ᒢⲴ˛ 䘉ᱟѝഭ㠚ᐡࡦ䙐 (zhìzào, to make) ⲴǄ ⡦⇽ᙫᱟ੺䇹ᡁ㠚ᐡⲴһᛵ㾱㠚ᐡ‫ڊ‬Ǆ Ԇᙫ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡ∄࡛Ӫ㚚᰾Ǆ ֐㠚䓛ҏᴹ䰞仈ˈн㾱ਚ䈤࡛ӪǄ 䘉ᱟԆԜ㠚䓛Ⲵһ‫ˈݯ‬䐏֐⋑‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ Ԇ㿹ᗇ䘎㠚䓛䜭䳮‫ ؍‬QiQEӽRKDUGWRSURWHFW ҶǄ

৫䘈ᱟн৫֐㠚њ‫࣎⵰ⴻݯ‬੗Ǆ self (also 㠚਴‫ݯ‬, northern dialect) Ԇ㠚њ‫ݯ‬䘈ᱟњᆙᆀˈቡᖃ⡨⡨ҶǄ 㠚њ‫ݯ‬㇑ྭ㠚њ‫ݯ‬ቡ㹼ҶǄ Ԇᱟ㠚њ‫ݯ‬ᶕⲴˈԆྣᴻ৻ᴹһ‫ݯ‬н㜭ᶕǄ

Note: * њӪ QµSHUVRQDODIIDLUV¶DVLQ ֐ᒤ㓚ᐢ㓿нሿҶˈᓄ䈕㘳㲁алњӪ䰞仈 (relationship/ marriage) Ҷ. ¾ 㠚ᇦ SU]uMLƗµRQH¶VRZQGLDOHFW ¶DVLQ 䜭ᱟ㠚ᇦӪ, ࡛ᇒ≄.

zng(shì) ᙫ(ᱟ)

]ԁQJVKu ᙫ(ᱟ)adv. lìlái শᶕ adv.* 3D

xiànglái ੁᶕ adv. 3-2 C

\Ưí)xiàng аੁ adv. 3-2 C

363

always constantly, all through the ages (usu. used in a positive sentence; not referring to a specific action) (শ, all previous)

usually, all along (ੁ, hitherto)

(hitherto) always

Ԇশᶕྲ↔ U~FӿVR ˈаⴤ䜭ᱟ䛓Ѹௌ⅒ᑞࣙ ࡛ӪǄ Ԇশᶕ䇔ⵏᆖҐˈࣚ࣋ᐕ֌Ǆ ᱕㢲Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬Ԇশᶕ䜭ᱟഎ㘱ᇦ䗷ᒤǄ ԆᱟњᖸྭⲴӪˈੁᶕሩ࡛Ӫ䜭ᖸᇒ≄Ǆ Ԇੁᶕௌ⅒᯵⑨Ǆ ੁᶕ⡡䈤⡡ㅁⲴԆӺཙケ❦н䈤䈍ҶǄ Ԇᱟњ᰾ⲭӪˈੁᶕн৫䛓⿽ൠᯩǄ ᛘ㘱аੁਟྭ˛ Ԇаੁྭᇒˈᇦ䟼㓿ᑨᴹᇒӪǄ Ԇ⡦⇽аੁտ൘ґлˈԆԜௌ⅒ӪቁⲴൠᯩǄ

cónglái Ӿᶕ adv. 2B

all the time HPSKDVLVLQJµIURPWKH SDVWWLOOWKHSUHVHQW¶RIWXVHGLQ negative or positive sentences; often used with 䜭/ ⋑)

ᡁӾᶕ⋑㿱䗷Ԇˈн⸕䚃ԆਛӰѸ਽ᆇǄ Ԇቡ⸕䚃Ԇ㠚ᐡˈӾᶕ䜭н‫ޣ‬ᗳ࡛ӪǄ ሩҾᴻ৻ˈԆӾᶕ䜭ᱟቭ࣋ᑞࣙⲴǄ ԆӾᶕ⋑৫᯵⑨䗷ˈᖸᜣࠪ৫ⴻⴻǄ ྩᖸ⡡᭦᤮ˈᇦ䟼Ӿᶕ䜭ᱟ䛓Ѹᒢ߰Ǆ Ӿᶕ⋑ⴻ㿱֐䘉Ѹ儈‫ޤ‬䗷ˈᴹӰѸௌһ‫?ݯ‬

\Ưu ]Kt аⴤ adv.* 2B

continuously (can be used for a specific action; used for sth. lasting for a long/ short period of time, in the past/ present/ future) (ⴤ, vertical)

ӾሿࡠབྷˈԆаⴤᖸௌ⅒ྩǄ ᡁаⴤ䜭н⸕䚃ԆнᱟѝഭӪˈഐѪԆⲴ≹䈝䈤 ᗇ䐏ѝഭӪаṧྭǄ 䘉ࠐཙаⴤл䴘ˈ ᡁԜਚྭ‫ݸ‬нࠪ৫᯵⑨ҶǄ Ӿ৫ᒤᔰ࿻ˈԆⲴ䓛փቡаⴤнཚྭǄ н㇑Ӻਾਁ⭏ӰѸˈᡁՊаⴤ઼֐൘а䎧ⲴǄ

]ԁQJVKu ᙫ(ᱟ) adv. 2A

always, invariably (emphasising that the same thing happened many times; usu. ᙫ and ᙫᱟ interchangeable; ᙫᱟµPDQ\ WLPHV¶ аⴤµDWDOOWLPHV¶

֐ⴻ֐ᙫ(ᱟ)䛓Ѹᇒ≄ˈԕਾᶕаᇊн㾱 ޽ҠӰѸь㾯ҶǄ Җᙫ(ᱟ)ᴹ⭘Ⲵˈ㣡⛩‫ݯ‬䫡ҠҖҏᓄ䈕Ǆ ਚ㾱֐ࣚ࣋ˈᙫ(ᱟ)Պᴹ᭦㧧 VKǀXKXz gain) ⲴǄ Ԇ䘉ࠐཙᙫ(ᱟ)ཤ⯬Ǆ Ԇᙫ(ᱟ)н᧕⭥䈍ˈн⸕䚃ѪӰѸǄ 䘉ѸཊᒤᶕˈԆᙫ(ᱟ)‫ޣ‬ᗳ➗亮䛓њᆙᆀǄ ᲊ依ਾˈᡁԜᙫ(ᱟ)৫⋣䗩ᮓ↕Ǆ ᴰ䘁Ԇᙫ(ᱟ)்䞹䞂ˈᐕ֌‫ڊ‬ᗇҏ⋑ᴹԕࡽ䛓Ѹ ྭҶǄ

OӽR 㘱 adv. 1B

all the time, forever (oft. used with another monosyllabic word, and in an imperative; 㘱 and ᙫ are oft. interchangeable, except that ᙫ

Ԇ㘱৫മҖ侶ⴻҖˈᡰԕሩ䛓䟼ᖸ⟏ᚹǄ ֐࡛㘱ᶕ✖ᡁˈᡁᘉ⵰઒Ǆ ੺䇹Ԇ࡛㘱৫ˈྩнᜣ㿱ԆǄ ֐н㾱㘱ᨀ䛓Ԧһ‫ݯ‬Ҷˈᡁнᝯ᜿ੜǄ

364

zuhòuménr 䎠ਾ䰘‫ݯ‬ DOVRPHDQVµPXVWEH¶DQGµDIWHUDOO¶ ֐нᱟ㘱䈤㾱എᇦґⴻⴻੇ˛ 㘱ᜣ৫ेӜᐕ֌ⲴԆˈ㓸Ҿ൘ेӜ᢮ࡠҶа ԭᐕ֌Ǆ

OӽRVKu 㘱ᱟ adv. 1B

all the time HPSKDVLVLQJµIRUD ORQJWLPH¶ RIWHQ㘱 and 㘱ᱟ usu. interchangeable)

ᡁ㔉ԆᢃҶྭࠐ⅑⭥䈍ˈԆ㘱ᱟн൘ᇦǄ ֐ѪӰѸ㘱ᱟᰙкн䎧ᒺ˛ Ԇ㘱ᱟ哫✖࡛Ӫˈᴻ৻Ԝнཚௌ⅒ԆǄ ࡛㘱ᱟ൘ቻ䟼ⴻ⭥㿶ˈ㓿ᑨࠪ৫䎠䎠Ǆ ᡁ㘱ᱟᜣ৫᯵⑨ˈਟቡᱟ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤Ǆ ᴰ䘁ཙ≄нྭˈ㘱ᱟл䴘Ǆ ྩԜᱟྭᴻ৻ˈ㘱ᱟ൘а䎧Ǆ Ԇᴰ䘁㘱ᱟⶑн⵰㿹ˈн⸕䚃ѪӰѸǄ

Note: * শᶕ adj., as in 䘉ᱟᡁԜশᶕⲴ‫⌅ڊ‬, ֐ҏᓄ䈕䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬. * аⴤ DGYµVWUDLJKWDKHDG¶DVLQ Ӿ䘉аⴤᖰࡽ䎠, ൘ㅜҼњ䐟ਓᖰᐖᤀቡᱟҶ. ¾ The negations of the above are Ӿ⋑/ Ӿᵚ (cóngwèi, formal)/ Ӿн (never). The former two tend to be used for a period starting from the past till the present and with 䗷, as in ҼॱཊᒤҶ, ԆӾ⋑䈧䗷 а⅑⯵‫ٷ‬. Ӿн focuses more on current habits and cannot be used with 䗷, as in ྩᙅ㜆 (pàng, fat), Ӿнཊਲ਼.

]ԁXKzXPpQU 䎠ਾ䰘‫ ݯ‬ph.

to pull strings

E~ ]KqQJ]KƯIƝQJ н↓ѻ仾 ph. 2D

unhealthy tendency, malpractice (e.g. corruption) (antonym: є㻆␵仾 OLӽQJ[LTƯQJIƝQJ (↓, correct; ѻ, of)

䈧ᇒ䘱⽬ᱟа⿽н↓ѻ仾Ǆ Ԇᖃབྷᆖṑ䮯Ⲵᰦ‫ˈى‬Ӿᶕнᩎ JӽRWRGR н↓ѻ仾Ǆ н↓ѻ仾൘䘉䟼⋑ᴹӰѸᐲ൪Ǆ ᆖ⭏ҏՊਇࡠ⽮Պ (shèhuì, society) кн↓ѻ仾 Ⲵᖡ૽ \ӿQJ[LӽQJLQIOXHQFH Ǆ

ZƗLIƝQJ[LpTu ↚仾䛚≄ ph. 2 N/A

evil influences, contagion (↚, crooked; 䛚, evil; ≄, air)

н㾱ᩎ↚仾䛚≄Ǆ བྷᇦሩ↚仾䛚≄䜭ᖸ৽ᝏ IӽQJӽQWREHGLVJXVWHG with)Ǆ ྲ᷌བྷᇦ䜭нᮒࠪᶕ䈤䈍ˈ䛓↚仾䛚≄ቡਟ㜭㾱 ᣜཤ (táitóu, to rise)Ǆ аᇊ㾱ࡩ VKƗWRVWRS տ䘉㛑 JԃPZIRU something string-shaped) ↚仾䛚≄Ǆ

]ԁXKzXPpQU 䎠ਾ䰘‫ ݯ‬ph. 2-1 C

to pull strings (metaphor, OLWHUDOPHDQLQJµWRHQWHU WKURXJKWKHEDFNGRRU¶

Ԇᱟ䎠ਾ䰘‫ݯ‬ᗇࡠⲴ䘉њᐕ֌Ǆ 䎠ਾ䰘‫ݯ‬ᱟнሩⲴǄ Ԇ䎠ਾ䰘‫ݯ‬䎠ᗇᴰཊǄ Ԇ㲭❦ᱟṑ䮯ˈնӾᶕн䎠ਾ䰘‫ݯ‬Ǆ ൘䘉䟼ˈ࣎һᑨᑨ䴰㾱䎠ਾ䰘‫ݯ‬Ǆ

zuìjìn ᴰ䘁

zuìjìn ᴰ䘁 n. jìnlái 䘁ᶕ n. 3-2 B

MuQTƯ 䘁ᵏ n. 3-2 D

365

recently 䘁ᶕԆ䓛փнཚྭˈ㓿ᑨ⭏⯵Ǆ lately, these days (antonym: ԕᖰ) 䘁ᶕˈ䘉䟼ཙ≄ᖸ✝Ǆ (䘁, recent) ֐䘁ᶕ൘ᘉӋӰѸ઒˛ 䘁ᶕԆ᭦ࡠⲴ⭥䈍䜭ᱟྩᢃᶕⲴǄ 䘁ᶕⲴᐕ֌⢩࡛ᘉˈԆ㿹ᗇᴹ⛩‫ݯ‬㍟Ǆ Ԇ䘁ᶕⲴᗳᛵ (mood) нཚྭˈੜ䈤ᱟഐѪ઼ྣ ᴻ৻੥ᷦ FKӽRMLjWRTXDUUHO ҶǄ 䘁ᶕᖸቁⴻ㿱Ԇᶕк䈮ˈн⸕䚃Ԇ৫ଚ䟼ҶǄ Ԇ䘁ᶕᖸቁࠪ৫᯵⑨ҶˈᆖҐཚᘉǄ ᱕ཙࡠҶˈ䘁ᶕᝏ߂ⲴӪཊҶ䎧ᶕǄ

recent times, in the near future (ᵏ, a period of time)

[ƯQMuQ ᯠ䘁 n. 3-2 D

freshly (referring to sb. or sth., ZKLFKPXVWEHµQHZ¶

zuìjìn ᴰ䘁 n.* 2A

recently (could be a few days, months, even years)

䘉њᐕ֌䘁ᵏቡ㾱ᆼᡀҶǄ ੜ䈤Ԇ䘁ᵏ㾱㔃ႊǄ Ԇ䰞Ҷалྩ䘁ᵏⲴ⭏⍫Ǆ Ԇ䘁ᵏⲴᐕ֌ᖸ亪࡙ˈ∄ԕࡽྭཊҶǄ ԆԜ䘁ᵏ㾱৫ഭཆ᯵⑨Ǆ 䘁ᵏⲴᯠ⭥ᖡᖸཊˈնᱟᡁ⋑ᴹᰦ䰤৫ⴻǄ 䘉ᵜҖሶҾ䘁ᵏࠪ⡸ (FKǌEӽQWRSXEOLVK Ǆ Ԇ䘁ᵏᱟнՊᶕ䘉䟼Ⲵˈ᰾ᒤᴹਟ㜭Ǆ Ԇᱟᯠ䘁‫ޕ‬ᆖⲴᆖ⭏ˈ൘䘉Ⲵᴻ৻䘈нཊǄ മҖ侶ᯠ䘁ᶕҶнቁҖˈᡁࡊ৫ُҶࠐᵜഎᶕǄ 䘉ᱟањᯠ䘁Ⲵӗ૱ FKӽQSӿQSURGXFW ˈн⸕䚃 ྭнྭǄ 䛓њ依侶ᱟᯠ䘁ᔰⲴˈ依㨌‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭਲ਼Ǆ Ԇᱟᯠ䘁ᩜ䘋ᡁԜᇯ㠽ⲴǄ ᴰ䘁Ⲵཙ≄ᖸн䭉Ǆ Ԇᴰ䘁ࠐཙᑨᑨཤ⯬Ǆ ᴰ䘁Ԇᴹањ㘳䈅Ǆ ֐ᴰ䘁ᘉӰѸ઒˛ 䘉ᱟаᵜᴰ䘁ࠪ⡸ⲴҖˈᡁࡊҠⲴǄ 䘉њ⭥ᖡቡᱟ֐ᴰ䘁ⴻⲴ䛓њੇ˛ ᴰ䘁Ԇ⋑ᴹ㔉ᡁᢃ⭥䈍Ǆ ᴰ䘁Ԇ৫Ҷа⅑ेӜǄ ᴰ䘁ࠐཙ䘉䟼аⴤ൘лབྷ䴘Ǆ ᴰ䘁ࠐᒤ䘉䟼ᖸቁл䴘Ǆ

Note: ¾ 7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWHUPVRIµSDUWVRIVSHHFK¶EHWZHHQ&Kinese and English in this group. For example, ᴰ䘁 is a nRXQWLPH LQ&KLQHVHEXWLWVWUDQVODWLRQµUHFHQWO\¶in English is not. * ᴰ䘁 QµLQWKHQHDUIXWXUHVRRQ¶DVLQ Ԇᴰ䘁㾱ࠪഭ᯵⑨. * ᴰ䘁 SKµWKHPRVWUHFHQWFORVH¶DVLQ ᴰ䘁аᵏⲴǉѝ᮷ǊᵲᘇᶕҶੇ?

366

‫ڊ‬ķ

¾ ᰕਾ QµLQWKHIXWXUH¶DVLQ ㅹᰕਾᴹ䫡, ԆᜣҠањབྷа⛩‫Ⲵݯ‬ᡯᆀ. ¾ ᰕࡽ QµDIHZGD\VDJRIRUPDO ¶DVLQ 䘀ࣘՊᰕࡽ൘䘉䟼ਜᔰ. ¾ 䘁ᰕ QµUHFHQWO\¶DVLQ 䘁ᰕཙ≄ਈ᳆, 㣡㥹䮯ᗇ⢩࡛ྭ.

zuò ‫ڊ‬ķv.

to make

(see also ‫ڊ‬ĸ) VKƝQJFKӽQ ⭏ӗ v.* 2A

to produce (used widely, from agriculture to industry) (antonym: ⎸䍩 [LƗRIqL ⭏, to produce; ӗ, to yield)

ԆԜᐕল⭏ӗ⭥㿶ᵪǄ 䘉䟼н⭏ӗ⊭䖖Ǆ ᡁԜল⭏ӗⲴⳞ㇡∄ԆԜলⲴྭǄ ԆԜкњᴸ⭏ӗࠪҶйⲮ䖶⊭䖖Ǆ ⭏ӗ޽ཊˈ⋑ᴹӪ⎸䍩ҏн㹼Ǆ

zào 䙐 v.* 2B

to build, to make (oft. large things or large quantities, e.g. house, plane; also referring to paper, etc.)

Ԇᇦ↓൘㠚ᐡ䙐ᡯᆀǄ ԆԜল䙐Ⲵ㓨ᖸਇ⅒䗾Ǆ 䛓ᓗẕᱟҼॱཊᒤࡽ䙐ⲴǄ 䙐伎ᵪ䴰㾱ᖸཊ䫡Ǆ Ԇ䙐䗷㡩Ǆ ԆԜ䘈䙐нҶ OLӽR 伎ᵪǄ ֐⭘䘉њ≹ᆇ䙐ањਕᆀ (jùzi, sentence)Ǆ

zhìzào ࡦ䙐 v.* 2B

to manufacture (oft. machinery, e.g. TV set, car, plane, etc.) (ࡦ, to make)

ԆԜলⲴ⭥㿶ᵪࡦ䙐ᗇᖸྭǄ 䘉ᱟањࡦ䙐伎ᵪⲴᐕলǄ 䘉њলࡦ䙐Ⲵ⊭䖖ᖸᴹ਽Ǆ 伎ᵪԆԜল䘈ࡦ䙐нҶ OLӽR Ǆ 䘉ᱟԆԜ৫ᒤࡦ䙐ࠪᶕⲴ⊭䖖Ǆ 䘉䖶⊭䖖ᱟѝഭࡦ䙐ⲴǄ

zhìzuò ࡦ֌ v. 2C

to make (indicating a manufacturing ԆⲴᐕ֌ᱟࡦ֌㌆઼᷌侞ᯉ \ӿQOLjREHYHUDJH Ǆ process, e.g. making movies, sweets, 䘉њলࡦ֌Ⲵᇦާᖸ┲ӞǄ furniture, crafts, etc.) 䘉њь㾯ࡦ֌ᗇнཚྭǄ 䘉Ӌ㋮㖾Ⲵ⭘૱䜭ᱟԆࡦ֌ⲴǄ 䛓䜘⭥ᖡ㾱ࡦ֌ᆼҶǄ ⭥ᖡ⋑ࡦ֌ࠪᶕѻࡽˈབྷᇦ䜭ՊᖸᘉǄ

zuò ‫ ڊ‬v. 2A

ԆՊ‫ڊ‬依Ǆ to make (clothes, food, handicrafts, Ԇᴰௌ⅒ਲ਼ྸྸ‫Ⲵڊ‬㨌Ǆ etc.) Ԇ‫ڊ‬㺓ᴽ‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭǄ Ԇ⭘ᵘཤ㠚ᐡ‫ڊ‬ҶаᕐṼᆀǄ 㾱ਲ਼依ҶˈᡁԜᘛ⛩‫ڊݯ‬੗Ǆ ྸྸᮉᡁ‫ڊ‬㺓ᴽǄ 䘉њ⭏ᰕ঑ᱟԆѪྸྸ‫Ⲵڊ‬Ǆ

Note: * ⭏ӗ YµWRJLYHELUWK¶DVLQ ྩᱟ൘䘉ᇦ५䲒⭏ӗⲴ.

zuò ‫ڊ‬ĸ

367

* 䙐 YµWRIDEULFDWH¶DVLQ ᱟ䈱䙐Ⲵ䉓 (yáo, rumour)? * ࡦ䙐 YµWRIDEULFDWH¶DVLQ н㾱ࡦ䙐䉓䀰 (yáoyán, rumour [formal]).

zuò ‫ڊ‬ĸv. (see also ‫ڊ‬ķ)

to do

zuò ֌ v.* 2A

to do (in addition to specific items, ֌ can also be used with abstract nouns; more classical than ‫ڊ‬, hence ֌ is used in set phrases, e.g. а啃 ֌≄ \ƯJԃ]XzTuµLQRQHJRDWRQH VLWWLQJ¶ (reduplication: A(а)A)

Ԇሩ䘉њ䰞仈֌Ҷ࠶᷀ IƝQ[ƯDQDO\VLV Ǆ ֐ᱟ㠚֌㠚ਇ (WRVXIIHUIRURQH¶s own actions)Ǆ ᡁԜѪᑞࣙԆ֌ࠪҶࣚ࣋Ǆ Ԇ᰾ཙ㾱㔉ᡁԜ֌ањᣕ੺ (bàogào, speech)Ǆ Ԇ֌Ⲵᴢᆀ Tԃ]LPHORG\ ᖸྭੜǄ ᡁԜ㾱䐏ൿӪൿһ֌ᯇҹ GzX]KƝQJILJKW Ǆ аᴹᰦ䰤ˈԆቡௌ⅒֌(а)֌⭫ˈੜ(а)ੜⅼᴢӰ ѸⲴǄ

zuò ‫ ڊ‬v.* 2A

to do (oft. referring to specific or concrete items) (reduplication: A(а)A)

Ԇ‫ڊ‬ᐕ֌ᖸ䇔ⵏǄ ֐⇿ཙк⨝䜭‫ڊ‬ӰѸ˛ Ԇ䘉њӪ‫ڊ‬нᡀབྷһǄ 䘉䚃仈⋑‫ڊ‬ሩˈ֐޽‫ڊ‬а䙽Ǆ ᡻ᵟ VKԁXVKVXUJical operation) ‫ڊ‬ᗇᖸྭˈ֐ ᭮ᗳ੗Ǆ Ԇ൘ᆖṑ䟼‫ڊ‬һ (work)Ǆ 䘉њᐕ֌ᡁ‫ڊ‬ᗇҶ (liӽo)ˈ⋑ᴹӰѸ䰞仈Ǆ Ԇ൘䛓њᐕল‫ڊ‬ᐕǄ ྩ৫‫ڊ‬ཤਁ WRJHWRQH¶VKDLUGRQH ҶǄ ⡦⇽Ӿሿቡᔰ࿻ᮉԆᘾṧ‫ڊ‬ӪǄ ‫ڊ‬ᆼ֌ъ (zuòyè, assignment/ homework)ˈԆቡ ࠪ৫⧙ҶǄ 䘉њᐕ֌ᡁ⋑ᴹ‫ڊ‬䗷ˈ‫(ڊ‬а)‫ⴻڊ‬੗Ǆ

gàn ᒢ v. 1A

to do (oft. referring to common jobs, concrete items) (reduplication: A(а)A)

Ԇᒢᐕ֌ᒢᗇᖸ䇔ⵏǄ 䘉њᐕ֌Ԇᒢᗇᖸн䭉Ǆ 㾱л⨝Ҷˈᘛ⛩‫ݯ‬ᒢˈᴰྭӺཙᒢᆼǄ Ԇⵏ㜭ᒢ⍫‫( ݯ‬huór, work)ʽ 䘉њᐕ֌ᡁᒢнҶ OLӽR Ǆ ⴆᡯᆀˈ֐ՊнՊᒢ˛ ֐൘ᒢӰѸ઒˛ ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ˈᒢ(а)ᒢቡՊҶǄ

JӽR ᩎ v. 1A

to be engaged in (emphasising µPDNLQJVRPHVRUWRIHIIRUW¶ (reduplication: A(а)A)

֐ࣚࣚ࣋ˈᢺᆖҐᩎк৫Ǆ Ԇᢺᐕ֌ᩎᗇ䶎ᑨྭǄ ԆᱟᩎᮠᆖⲴ (He is a mathematician)Ǆ ⊭䖖ൿҶˈԆᩎҶйཙҏ⋑ᩎྭǄ Ԇ䘉њӪᖸՊᩎ‫ޣ‬㌫ JXƗQ[uFRQQHFWLRQ Ǆ

368

]Xz¶jL ‫ڊ‬⡡ ԆᩎҶањ䈝䀰䈳ḕ \ԃ\iQGLjRFKiOLQJXLVWLF survey)Ǆ Ԇ⇿ཙഎࡠᇦˈᩎ(а)ᩎ䘉њˈᘉ(а)ᘉ䛓њˈҏ ⋑ᴹཊቁᰦ䰤ⴻ⭥㿶Ǆ

nòng ᔴ v.* 1B

to get, to do sth. about, to figure out HPSKDVLVLQJµJRLQJWKURXJKVRPH VRUWRIWURXEOH¶ reduplication: A(а)A)

ᡁⴻ NƗQWRZDWFK ᆙᆀˈ֐৫ᔴ⛩‫ݯ‬依Ǆ Ԇᑞᡁᢺ⭥㿶ᵪᔴྭҶǄ нᔴњ᰾ⲭˈᡁᱟнՊ䎠ⲴǄ ԆⲴ䖖ൿҶˈᔴ䎧ᶕ㾱㣡нቁ䫡Ǆ 䘉һ‫ݯ‬㾱ᔴࠪњ㔃᷌ MLpJXԁRXWFRPH ᡽㹼Ǆ ԆԜࠐњӪᢺ䫒⩤㔉ᔴкᾬᶕҶǄ ᘛ৫ᔴ(а)ᔴ੗ˈᆙᆀଝᗇн㹼ҶǄ

Note: * ֌ YµWRDFWDV¶DVLQ ൘䛓њ⭥ᖡ䟼, Ԇᱟ֌⡨⡨Ⲵ. * ֌ YµWRUHJDUGVEVWKDV¶DVLQ ᡁаⴤᢺ֐ⴻ֌ྭᴻ৻. * ֌ QµZULWLQJ¶, as in ᡁ䈫䗷ᛘⲴབྷ֌, ߉ᗇ䶎ᑨྭ. * ‫ ڊ‬YµWRXVHDV¶DVLQ 䘉Ӌ䫡㾱⭘‫ڊ‬ᆖ䍩. * ‫ ڊ‬YµWRIRUPDUHODWLRQVKLS¶DVLQ 䇙ᡁԜ‫ڊ‬ᴻ৻੗. * ‫ ڊ‬Yµto organise (a party, reception, etc.)¶DVLQ ᆙᆀԜ↓൘߶༷㔉⡦Ӣ‫ॱޛڊ‬བྷሯ (shòu, birthday). * ᔴ YµWRJHWHQMR\PHQWIURPGRLQJVWK¶DVLQ Ԇ䘰Ձ WXu[LǌWRUHWLUH ൘ᇦ, ௌ⅒ᔴᔴ (also ᩶ᔴ) 㣡‫ݯ‬ӰѸⲴ. ¾ ᒢ/ ‫ ڊ‬YµWREHFRPH¶DVLQ Ԇ൘依ᓇᒢ/ ‫ڊ‬䗷ᴽ࣑ઈ. ¾ ᩎ/ ᔴ YµWRVHFXUH¶DVLQ Ԇྭнᇩ᱃᡽ᩎ/ ᔴࡠҶ䘉ᕐ⾘.

]Xz¶jL ‫ڊ‬⡡ v.

to make love

[uQJMLƗR ᙗӔ v. 3 N/A

to have sexual intercourse (ᙗ, sex; Ӕ, to join)

tóngfáng ਼ᡯ v. 2 N/A

to sleep together (usu. of a married couple; a euphemism) (਼, same; ᡯ, room)

]Xz¶jL ‫ڊ‬⡡ v. 2 N/A

to make love (of people) (‫ڊ‬, to make; ⡡, love)

ᙗӔᰦˈᓄ䈕ᑖ䚯ᆅ྇ (bìyùntào, condom)Ǆ аཤ‫ޜ‬⢋઼аཤ⇽⢋↓൘ᙗӔǄ ᙗӔѻਾˈԆᙫᱟௌ⅒⍇њ◑Ǆ Ԇ䈤Ԇ䘎ᘾѸᙗӔ䜭нՊǄ ⡦⇽㿹ᗇԆ‫ؙ‬䘈⋑ᴹ㔃ႊˈнᓄ䈕਼ᡯǄ 㔃ႊ䛓ཙᲊкˈ࿫ᆀнᝯ᜿઼Ԇ਼ᡯǄ ㅜа⅑਼ᡯˈԆ‫ؙ‬䜭ᖸнྭ᜿ᙍ EKӽR\uVLWR feel embarrassed)Ǆ 㔃ႊ਼ᡯԕਾˈԆԜቡᔰ࿻Ҷᒨ⾿Ⲵཛ࿫⭏⍫Ǆ ԆԜ䘈⋑਼ᡯ઒ˈଚ㜭⭏ᆙᆀ˛ ‫ڊ‬⡡֯ԆԜ⡡ᗇᴤ␡ҶǄ Ԇ㓿ᑨ઼࿫ᆀ‫ڊ‬⡡Ǆ 㲭❦ᒤ㓚བྷҶˈնᱟԆ䘈ᱟᑨᑨ‫ڊ‬⡡Ǆ ӺཙԆ㍟Ҷˈнᜣ‫ڊ‬⡡Ǆ

]Xz¶jL ‫ڊ‬⡡

369

gànnàshìr ᒢ䛓һ‫ ݯ‬ph. µGRLQJLW¶(a euphemism) (ᒢ, 1 N/A to do; һ, thing)

࡛䘋৫ˈԆ‫↓ؙ‬൘ᒢ䛓һ‫ݯ‬઒Ǆ ੜ䈤Ԇ‫ؙ‬ᐢ㓿ᖸѵ⋑ᒢ䛓һ‫ݯ‬ҶǄ ᘉᱟᘉˈնᱟԆ䘈ᱟ㓿ᑨᒢ䛓һ‫ݯ‬Ǆ ᒢ䛓һ‫ݯ‬ᘾѸҶ˛䐏֐ᴹӰѸ‫ޣ‬㌫˛ ֐‫ؙ‬ᒢ䗷䛓һ‫˛ੇݯ‬ ྩ઼ањ⭧Ӫᒢ䛓һ‫ˈݯ‬㻛ྩиཛ⸕䚃ҶǄ ᖃԆ઼࡛ⲴྣӪᒢ䛓һ‫Ⲵݯ‬ᰦ‫ྭ↓ˈى‬㻛Ԇ㘱ၶ ⴻࡠ, ҾᱟԆԜቡ⿫ႊҶǄ

shàngchuáng to go to bed (having sex) кᒺ v.* (of people; a euphemism) 1 N/A (к, to go to; ᒺ, bed)

䛓њྣӪᖸ䲿‫ˈׯ‬㓿ᑨ䐏н䇔䇶ⲴӪкᒺǄ 䲔Ҷ㠚ᐡⲴиཛˈྩ⋑䐏࡛Ӫк䗷ᒺǄ ࡛ⲴӰѸ䜭ྭ䈤ˈкᒺቡᱟн㹼Ǆ Ԇ䘈ᒤ䖫ˈӾᶕ⋑ᴹ䐏࡛Ӫк䗷ᒺǄ Ԇк䗷ྩⲴᒺǄ

Note: * кᒺ YµWRJRWREHG¶DVLQ ӺཙԆ㍟Ҷ, ᖸᰙቡкᒺⶑ㿹৫Ҷ. ¾ Ӂ䴘 Y\~Q\ԃµOLWHUDOPHDQLQJ±³FORXGDQGUDLQ´; to have sexual intercourse (formal and literary, a HXSKHPLVP ¶DVLQ ԆԜ൘ᒺкӁ䴘Ҷа⮚ \uIƗQDZKLOH ¾ ശᡯ Y\XiQIiQJµWRFRQVXPPDWHWKHPDUULDJHXVXRQWKHZHGGLQJQLJKW ¶DVLQ ᯠႊ䛓ཙᲊкശҶ ᡯԕਾ, ԆԜᖸᘛቡᴹҶᆙᆀ. ¾ ਼ት YWyQJMǌµWROLYHWRJHWKHUDVDFRXSOHXVXZLWKRXWPDUULDJH ¶DVLQ ԆԜࡊ䇔䇶Ҷࠐཙቡ਼ት Ҷ. ¾ ਼ᒺ YµWRVOHHSLQWKHVDPHEHGLPSOLFLWO\UHIHUULQJWR³sexual relationship´ ¶DVLQ ԆԜ‫ؙ‬ᱟ਼ᒺᔲ Ỗ (yìmèng, different dreams ± to be strange bedfellows; to hide different intentions behind the semblance of accord), ਴ᴹ਴Ⲵᢃ㇇. ¾ ਼ᡯ/ ਼ቻ QµURRPPDWH¶DVLQ кབྷᆖⲴᰦ‫ى‬, Ԇ઼ᡁᱟ਼ᡯ.

370

Bibliography Online Resources and Software: Baidu Ⲯᓖ http://www.baidu.com/search/dict.html CCL Corpus, Centre for Chinese Linguistics, Beijing University ेӜབྷᆖ≹䈝䈝䀰ᆖ⹄ウѝᗳ䈝ᯉᓃ http://ccl.pku.edu.cn:8080/ccl_corpus/index.jsp?dir=xiandai Chinese Language Corpus (ഭᇦ䈝င)䈝ᯉᓃ, Institute of Applied Linguistics, Ministry of Education, China ᮉ㛢䜘䈝䀰᮷ᆇᓄ⭘⹄ウᡰ http://124.207.106.21:8080 Chinese TA (software for teaching Chinese, version 1.1), Silicon Valley Language Technologies, LLC, USA. Online Jinshan Ciba 䠁ኡ䇽䵨. Using Synonyms series published by Cambridge University Press Batchelor, Ronald E. 2003. Using Spanish Synonyms. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. Batchelor, Ronald E. and Malcolm H. Offord 2004. Using French Synonyms. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. Durrell, Martin 2000. Using German Synonyms. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. Moss, Howard and Vanna Motta 2000. Using Italian Synonyms. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. Wade, Terence and Nijole White 2004. Using Russian Synonyms. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. Chinese Synonyms Dictionaries LIU, Naishu and AO Guihua ࡈѳ਄ and ᮆṲॾ 2003. Collocation and Differentiation of Chinese Near-Synonyms 䘁ѹ䇽֯⭘४࡛. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press. LIU, Shuxin et al. ࡈ਄ᯠѫ㕆 2004. Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Synonyms ⧠ԓ≹䈝 ਼ѹ䇽䇽ި. Tianjin: Nankai University Press. LU, Fubo ঒⾿⌒ 2000. Comparative Illustration of Common Chinese Words and Expressions ሩཆ≹ 䈝ᑨ⭘䇽䈝ሩ∄ֻ䟺. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press. MA, Yanhua and ZHUANG Ying 傜⠅ॾ and ᒴ㧩 2002. Dictionary of Chinese Synonyms ≹䈝䘁ѹ䇽䇽ި. Beijing: Beijing University Press. TENG, Shou-hsin et al. 䛃ᆸؑѫ㕆 1996. Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ≹㤡≹䈝ᑨ⭘ 䘁ѹ䇽⭘⌅䇽ި. Beijing: Beijing Language Institute Press. TONG, Huijun and MEI Licong et al.֏ភੋ and ẵ・ጷѫ㕆 2002. Dictionary of Chinese Synonyms ≹䈝਼ѹ䇽䇽ި. Beijing: The Commercial Press International Ltd. WANG, Huan et al. ⦻䘈ѫ㕆 2005. A Dictionary of Chinese Synonyms ≹䈝䘁ѹ䇽ި. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press. YANG, Jizhou and JIA Yongfen ᶘᇴ⍢ and 䍮≨㣜 2005. 1700 Groups of Frequently Used Chinese Synonyms 1700 ሩ䘁ѹ䇽䈝⭘⌅ሩ∄. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press. ZHANG, Qingyuan et al. ᕐ␵Ⓚѫ㕆 1994. Synonym Dictionary ਼ѹ䇽䇽ި. Chengdu: Sichuan 3HRSOH¶V3UHVV ZHAO, Xinyu and ZHAO Xinmao et al. 䎥䗋Ҹ and 䎥䗋㤵ѫ㕆 2005. Multi-functional Dictionary of Near-Synonyms and Antonyms ཊ࣏㜭䘁৽ѹ䇽ި. Beijing: The Commercial Press International Ltd. ZHOU, Yonghui et al. ઘ≨ᜐѫ㕆 2004. Synonym and Antonym Dictionary ਼ѹ䇽৽ѹ䇽䇽ި. Chengdu: Sichuan Dictionary Press.

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Other Dictionaries Dictionary Department, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ѝഭ⽮Պ、ᆖ䲒䈝䀰⹄ウᡰ䇽ި㕆䗁ᇔ 2002. The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary ⧠ԓ≹䈝䇽ި. Beijing: The Commercial Press. Dictionary Department, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ѝഭ⽮Պ、ᆖ䲒䈝䀰⹄ウᡰ䇽ި㕆䗁ᇔ 2002. The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Chinese±English Edition) ⧠ԓ≹䈝䇽ި (≹㤡ৼ䈝). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. HSK Examination Centre of Beijing Language and Culture University ेӜ䈝䀰᮷ॆབྷᆖ≹䈝≤ᒣ㘳䈅ѝᗳ 2000. Chinese Proficiency Test Vocabulary Guideline±A Dictionary of Chinese Usage: 8000 Words. HSK ѝഭ≹䈝≤ᒣ㘳䈅䇽≷བྷ㓢±≹䈝 8000 䇽䇽ި. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press. WU, Guanghua et al. ੤‫ॾݹ‬ѫ㕆 1998. Chinese±English Dictionary ≹㤡䗎ި. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press. XU, Yumin et al. ᗀ⦹᭿ѫ㕆 2005. LearnHU¶V'LFWLRQDU\RI&RQWHPSRUDU\&KLQHVH (Elementary Level) ᖃԓ≹䈝ᆖҐ䇽ި (ࡍ㓗ᵜ). Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.

372

English Index 㤡䈝㍒ᕅ Items below are listed alphabetically with WKHLUNH\ZRUGV)RUH[DPSOHµDEOHWRWREH¶µadvice, to JLYH¶DQGµH[SHULHQFHSDVW ¶

A ability 㜭࣋ ······································ 268 able to, to be 㜭·································· 253 about/or ᐖਣ ······································ 99 about to, to be ণሶ ····························· 215 abroad ഭཆ ······································ 167 abruptly ⥋❦ ···································· 184 abundant ‫ݵ‬䏣 ····································· 60 abundant/rich Ѡᇼ······························ 121 accident һ᭵ ································ 69, 320 accomplish, to ᆼᡀ····························· 230 accomplishment ᡀቡ ···························· 56 according to ᤹➗ ···································6 according to ṩᦞ ···································7 accuse, to 䎆 ······································· 21 achieve, to 䗮ࡠ ··································· 82 achieve/be awarded, to 㧧ᗇ ···················· 84 achievement ᡀ᷌ ······························· 227 achievement ᡀ㔙 ································· 56 acute ᭿䭀 ········································ 276 address, a form of 〠બ ························ 288 adept ⚥ᐗ ········································ 275 adequate 䏣ཏ ····································· 60 adjacency ᯱ䗩 ·································· 128 adjust, to 䈳ᮤ ··································· 132 advice, to give ᤷᮉ ···························· 223 advise and urge, to ౡી ······················· 120 affection ৻⡡ ··································· 345 affectionate Ӣ✝ ································ 309 affirmative 㛟ᇊ ································· 340 afraid, to be ᇣᙅ ································ 296 afraid, to be ᙅ ····································· 75 after ਾ ············································ 182 after all ∅ㄏ ····································· 238

after all/actually ウㄏ ·························· 238 after all/in the end ࡠᓅ ························ 359 after all the trouble ྭнᇩ᱃ ················· 171 after/at a later date ԕਾ ························ 183 after that ѻਾ ··································· 182 again 䘈 ··········································· 349 again 䟽 ··········································· 349 again/once again ৸ ····························· 349 again/once more ޽ ····························· 349 age ᒤ㓚 ·········································· 293 age ᒤ喴 ·········································· 293 age ኱ᮠ ·········································· 293 agile ⚥᭿ ········································ 275 ago/before ѻࡽ ································· 342 agree, to ㆄᓄ ···································· 326 aid, to ᨤࣙ ········································· 12 aircraft 伎ᵪ ····································· 169 airliner on a scheduled flight ⨝ᵪ ··········· 169 alike ⴨լ ·········································· 51 alike, to look ⴨‫ ································ ۿ‬51 all around ഋ༴ ···································· 81 all around ഋઘ ·································· 128 all over ࡠ༴ ······································· 81 all people བྷՉ‫ ································· ݯ‬73 all the time Ӿᶕ ································· 363 all the time 㘱ᱟ ································· 364 all the time/forever 㘱 ·························· 363 alley ᐧ ··········································· 278 allow, not to н㹼 ································· 46 almost ᐞнཊ ··································· 193 almost ࠐѾ ······································ 193 along 亪(⵰) ······································· 54 along ⋯(⵰) ······································· 54 along with ԕ৺ ································· 177 alongside with а䚃 ···························· 341

English Index 㤡䈝㍒ᕅ

373

alter, to ਈॆ ······································· 32

approximate 䘁լ ································· 50

alter, to ᭩ࣘ ····································· 131 alteration, to make ᴤ᭩·························· 32 always аੁ ······································ 363 always ᙫ ········································· 359 always/invariably ᙫ(ᱟ) ······················· 363 ambition ⨶ᜣ ··································· 266 amend, to ‫؞‬᭩ ·································· 133 amend, to ‫ ·································· ↓؞‬131 among ᖃѝ ······································ 264 among ަѝ ······································ 263 among/between ѝ䰤 ··························· 265 among/during ѻѝ ····························· 264 amused ᔰᗳ ····································· 144 and ᒦ ············································· 106 and (oft. linking v. or clause) ᒦ ·············· 177 and (oft. linking n. or pr.) 䐏 ·················· 178 and (oft. linking n. or pr.) ઼ ·················· 178 and (oft. linking n. or pr.) ਼ ·················· 178 and (oft. linking adj. or v.) ৸ ················· 178 and (oft. linking v. or adj.) о ················· 177 and/but 㘼 ········································ 106 and so on ㅹㅹ····································· 86 announce, to ੺⸕ ······························· 146 anticipate, to ᵏᵋ······························· 334 anxious, very ❖ᙕ ······························ 197 anxious about, to be ᣵᘗ ························ 74 anxious/impatient ᙕ ··························· 198 any ࠑ ············································· 111

approximately བྷ㓖 ······························· 71 area ൠ४ ··········································· 88 around ઘത ······································ 128 around/about ࡽਾ ································ 99 around/more or less кл ························ 99 arouse, to ◰ ····································· 137 arrange, to ㆩ༷ ································· 201 arrive, to ࡠ䗮 ····································· 82 arrive, to ᣥ䗮 ····································· 82 artificial ‫ ······································· ٷ‬209 as an analogy ∄ᯩ䈤 ··························· 271 as far as«LVFRQFHUQHG ሩ«ᶕ䈤 ············· 98 as for 㠣Ҿ ········································· 94 as if ԯ֋ ········································· 171 as soon as possible ቭᘛ ······················· 269 as well as ৺ ····································· 177 ashamed, to be ђӪ⧠⵬ ············ 90, 134, 168 assist, to ᭟ᨤ ······································ 12 assist/support, to ॿࣙ ·························· 175 assistance, to provide ॿࣙ ······················ 11 assure, to ‫؍‬䇱 ····································· 17 at ൘ ················································· 79 at that moment ᖃᒤ ······························ 80 at that time ᖃࡍ ··································· 80 at that time 䛓ᰦ ··································· 80 at the beginning of ࡍ ···························· 61 at this stage ⵬л ································ 337 at times нᰦ ······································· 52

any ࠑᱟ ·········································· 111 apartment ‫ޜ‬ሃ ·································· 117 apologetic about, to feel ሩнտ ················ 96 apologise, to 䚃ⅹ ································· 83 apologise, to 䎄 ···································· 83 apology, to make an 䎄⽬䚃ⅹ·················· 83 appear, to ᱮ䵢 ···································· 35 appellation ਽〠 ································· 288 apply, to ᓄ⭘···································· 270 approach, to ᧕䘁 ······························· 226 approve, to ߶䇨································· 326

attain, to ਆᗇ ······································ 84 attentive to every detail ઘᇶ ·················· 335 authorise, to ᢩ߶ ······························· 325 avoid, to 䚯‫ ······································ ݽ‬30 awkward ⤬⣸ ··································· 134

B back and forth ᶕഎ ····························· 112 background ᶕশ ································ 260 bad/out of order ൿ ······························ 302 bad/spoiled ൿ ··································· 189

374


bag/bundle व ······································ 13

but/yet ਟᱟ ········································ 78

based on ᤹···········································6 basically สᵜк ································ 193 batch/group/lot/shipment, a (mw.) ᢩ ········ 297 be moved, to ᝏࣘ ······························ 136 bear in mind, to 䇠տ ··························· 204 beautiful 㖾 ······································ 300 beautiful 㖾㿲 ··································· 300 beautiful 㖾ѭ ··································· 301 become, to ਈᡀ ··································· 32 before/ago ԕࡽ ································· 342 believe (in), to ⴨ؑ ···························· 337 believe (in), to ؑ ······························· 338 belittle, to ⴻվ ·································· 306 belittle, to ሿ⷗ ·································· 306 below average/vulgar վл ······················ 60 besides ᒦф ····································· 106 besides/except ↔ཆ····························· 277 bestow, to 㔉Ҹ ·································· 150 between ѻ䰤 ···································· 264 beyond expectation ት❦······················· 237 bitter 㤖 ··········································· 329 blame, to ᙚ ········································ 21 blame, to ᙚ㖚 ····································· 21 blame, to 䍓༷ ····································· 20 bless, to ⾍⾿ ···································· 360 blissful ᒨ⾿ ····································· 144 block, to 䱫⺽···································· 116 blog ঊᇒ ········································· 314

but/yet 㘼 ··········································· 78 buy, to Ҡ ········································· 282

bootlick, to ᣽傜ቱ ······························· 38 brief ㆰ⸝ ········································ 214 bright զ‫ ··································· ؀‬65, 275 bright and clear ⡭ᵇ ··························· 329 broken/damaged ⹤ ····························· 302 broken/rotten ⛲ ································· 302 building, storeyed ᾬ ··························· 117 building, storeyed ᾬᡯ ························ 118 bunch of, a (mw.) Չ ···························· 297 bundle व㻡 ········································ 13 but նᱟ ············································ 78

C call, to make a courtesy ᤌ····················· 247 call on, to 䇯䰞 ·································· 247 call on, to ᧒ᵋ ·································· 247 calm ⊹䶉 ··········································· 3 can only ਚ㜭 ···································· 358 can/may ਟԕ ···································· 252 candid ඖⲭ ······································ 329 cannot нਟ ········································ 45 cannot avoid н‫ ······························· ݽ‬358 cannot but нᗇн······························· 358 FDQ¶WKHOS н⾱ ···································· 43 FDQ¶WKHOS н⭡ᗇ ································· 43 FDQ¶WKHOS н⭡㠚ѫ ······························ 43 canteen 伏า ····································· 114 capable of, to be 㜭ཏ ·························· 253 capacious ᒯ䱄 ·································· 162 capacious ᇭᒯ ·································· 162 capture, to ཪਆ ································· 354 care and protect, to ⡡ᣔ ························· 17 care for, to ⡡ᣔ ···································· 3 care for, to ‫؍‬ᣔ ··································· 18 careful 㓶ᗳ ······································ 335 carry out, to 䘋㹼································ 240 carry out, to ᇎ㹼································ 355 carry with oneself, to ᑖ·························· 63 catch sight of, to ⴻ㿱 ·························· 245 cause trouble, to 䰩㞮 ·························· 353 cause, the root ṩⓀ ····························· 260 cautious ሿᗳ ···································· 336 celebrate, to ᒶ䍪 ······························· 360 celebrate, to ᒶ⾍ ······························· 361 change, to ਈ ······································· 33 change, to ਈࣘ ···································· 32 change, to ਈ䗱 ···································· 31 change, to ᴤ᭩ ·································· 130


375

change, to ᦒ ································· 33, 219

clumsy ㅘᤉ ······································· 27

change over, to ᭩ਈ······························ 32 change (over to)/replace, to ᭩ᦒ ············· 131 change/revise, to ᭩ ····························· 131 character ᙗṬ ··································· 339 character/feature ⢩ᖱ ·························· 325 characteristic ⢩⛩ ······························ 325 charges 䍩⭘ ····································· 187 chat, to 㙺 ········································ 217 chat, to 㙺ཙ‫ ·································· ݯ‬218 cheat, to 僇 ······································· 299 cheerful ⅒ᘛ ···································· 142 cherish, to ⡡ᜌ······································2 chew the fat, to 䈸ཙ‫ ························ ݯ‬218 child ᆙᆀ ········································ 166 child ሿᴻ৻ ······································ 166 children ‫ݯ‬ㄕ ···································· 166 Chinese language ≹䈝 ························· 168 Chinese language ॾ䈝 ························· 169 Chinese language ѝ᮷ ························· 169 chirpy ᘛ⍫ ······································ 144 circumstance ᛵᲟ ······························ 124 civilian/the common people Ⲯဃ ············ 314 classmates ਼ᆖ ································· 327 clean ᒢ߰ ········································ 133 clean ⌱߰ ········································ 133 clean and tidy ᮤ⌱ ····························· 134 clear-cut ᒢ㜶···································· 330 clever 㚚᰾ ········································· 64

clumsy (in speech) ㅘਓᤉ㠼 ··················· 27 clumsy-handed ㅘ᡻ㅘ㝊 ························ 27 coach ᮉ㓳 ······································· 224 cold ߧ ············································ 262 collaborate, to ॿ֌ ····························· 175 colleagues ਼ӱ ································· 327 colleagues at work ਼һ························ 327 come and go, to ᶕᖰ ··························· 259 come and go, to ᖰᶕ ··························· 259 commend, to ཨ྆ ································ 37 commendable ਟ䍥 ······························· 16 communal ‫ ································· ⭘ޜ‬156 communicate, to ⋏䙊 ·························· 220 compare, to ∄䖳 ·································· 29 compare with, to ⴨∄ ···························· 29 compete, to ∄ ····································· 29 compete for, to ҹ ······························· 354 complain, to ᣡᙘ ································· 21 complain, to ᙘ ···································· 21 complete 喀‫ ··································· ޘ‬331 complete, to ᆼ ·································· 230 complete/entire ᆼ‫ ··························· ޘ‬331 complete/perfect ᆼ༷ ························ 331 compliment, to 〠䎎 ······························ 37 comply with, to ‫ ································· ׍‬7 comprehend, to ⨶Պ ··························· 273 comprise, to वਜ਼ ································· 14 comrade-in-arms ᡈ৻·························· 327

clever ⚥ ·········································· 276 climate ≄‫ ····································· ى‬306 climatic phenomenon ≄䊑 ···················· 307 close ᇶ࠷ ········································ 309 close (conference, etc.), to 䰝ᒅ ·············· 229 close (book, etc.), to ਸ ························ 159 close down, to ‫ޣ‬䰝····························· 158 close in, to 䙬䘁 ································· 225 close to, to be ሶ䘁 ····························· 226 close to, to be ⴨䘁 ······························· 51 close to/good enough ᐞн⿫‫ ················ ݯ‬51

comrades ਼ᘇ ··································· 327 concerned, to be ‫ ·························· ࠷ޣ‬159 concerned for, to be ‫ޣ‬ᗳ ······················ 159 concise ㆰ᰾ ····································· 214 concise and to the point ㆰ㾱 ················· 214 condemn, to 䉤䍓 ······························· 298 congratulate, to ⾍䍪 ··························· 361 consent, to ਼᜿ ································· 326 consequence ਾ᷌ ··························· 57, 227 consequently Ҿᱟ ······························ 324 consider, to 㘳㲁 ································ 250

376


consider, to 䇔Ѫ ································ 242

crucial or appropriate moment ⚛‫ ········· ى‬195

considerably 亷 ·································· 179 considerate, to be փ䈵 ························· 347 consistent а䍟 ·································· 234 constantly н‫ ···································· ڌ‬43 constantly ᰦᰦ ···································· 53 constantly/all through the ages শᶕ ········· 363 consult, to ୶䟿·································· 318 consult with each other, to ॿ୶ ·············· 318 consume, to 㙇䍩································ 186 consume, to ⎸䍩································ 186 consumption ⎸䍩······························· 188 contagion ↚仾䛚≄ ···························· 364 contain, to ਜ਼ᴹ ··································· 14 continue, to 㔗㔝 ································ 206 continuously аⴤ······························· 363 contrast, to ሩ∄ ··································· 29 contrast, to ሩ➗ ··································· 29 contribution ࣏㔙 ································· 56 contribution ࣏ࣣ ································· 57 convenient ‫ ································· ࡙ׯ‬115 convenient ᯩ‫ ·································· ׯ‬115 converse, to Ӕ䈸································ 221 convert (currency), to ‫ ···················· ᦒށ‬219 convey, to 㺘䗮···································· 34 cooperate, to ਸ֌······························· 175 copy (mw. for books, etc.) ᵜ ··················· 26 copy (mw. for books, etc.) ޼ ··················· 26 cordial 䈊᥊ ········································ 58

cunning ⤑⥮ ······································ 65 custom 仾؇ ····································· 125 custom Ґ؇ ······························· 126, 335 custom (social) 仾؇ ···························· 335 cute/beautiful ‫ ································· ׺‬301

cordial Ӣ࠷ ······································ 309 correct ሩ ··········································· 94 correct, to 㓐↓ ·································· 132 correction, to make ᴤ↓ ······················· 130 cost, to 䍩 ········································ 187 costly ᰲ䍥 ········································· 15 count on, to ؑ䎆 ································ 338 course (of events) 㓿䗷 ························ 236 create, to ࡋ䙐 ···································· 109 critical of, to be ᢩ ······························ 298 criticise, to ᢩ䇴 ································· 298

D dad ⡨ ················································ 8 dad ⡩ ················································ 8 dad 㘱⡨ ············································· 9 daddy ⡨⡨ ·········································· 8 daily record ᰕᘇ ································ 315 daybreak 哾᰾ ··································· 350 daydream オᜣ ·································· 266 days ᰕᆀ ········································· 320 deal with, to ༴⨶ ································· 97 decease, to ↫ӑ ································· 322 deceive, to Ⅺ僇 ································· 299 defend, to ‫؍‬ছ ···································· 16 defend, to ᥽ছ ···································· 16 defer, to ᔦᵏ ······································ 76 definite аᇊ ····································· 341 defraud, to 䇸僇 ································· 299 defray, to ᭟ࠪ ··································· 126 defy, to 㰀㿶 ····································· 305 delay, to 㙭ᨱ ······································ 77 delay, to 㙭䈟 ······································ 76 delighted ᘛҀ ··································· 143 denounce, to ᢩࡔ ······························· 298 depart this life, to ৫ц ························· 321 department 䜘䰘 ··································· 75 describe, to 䇢 ··································· 147 desirable 〠ᗳ ··································· 284 desirable 㢟ྭ ··································· 344 desire, to ᝯ ······································ 348 despise, to 䝉㿶 ································· 305 despite н䇪 ········································ 44 detailed/meticulous 㓶㠤······················· 336 develop, to ਁኅ ································· 110


377

deviation ‫ٿ‬ᐞ ····································· 68

GRQ¶WZRUU\ н㾱㍗ ····························· 285

devote, to ᣅ‫ ···································· ޕ‬49 diary ᰕ䇠 ········································ 314 die, to ↫ ·········································· 322 differentiate, to ४࡛···························· 311 difficulty, with great ྭᇩ᱃ ·················· 171 dining car (of a train) 佀䖖 ···················· 113 dining hall/room 佀঵ ·························· 113 dining room/hall 依঵ ·························· 114 direct Ⰻᘛ ······································· 330 direct, to ᤷ⛩ ··································· 223 disadvantage 㕪⛩ ································ 69 disallow, to нᇩ ·································· 45 disallow, to н䇨 ·································· 46 disburse, to ᭟Ԉ ································ 126 discern, to 䗘࡛·································· 310 disclose, to ᨝ਁ··································· 22 discover, to ਁ⧠ ································ 109 discriminate, to ↗㿶 ··························· 305 discriminate, to ४࠶ ··························· 312 discuss, to ୶䇘·································· 318 discuss, to 䈸䇪·································· 146 disdain, to 㭁㿶·································· 305 disgraced, to be ђ㝨 ····························· 89 dishonoured, to be ђӪ ·························· 89 dismal ߴ߹ ········································ 25 dismiss, to ᔰ䲔 ································· 231 display, to ᩶····································· 118 display, to ᱮ⽪···································· 35

dormitory ᇯ㠽 ·································· 118 drag, to ᤭ ········································ 259 drag on, to ᤆ ······································ 77 draw on, to Ѥ䘁································· 226 dread, to  ᙅ ······································ 75 dream Ỗᜣ ······································· 266 during this/that time ަ䰤 ······················ 263

disposition ᙗᛵ ································· 339 disrespected, to be ⋑䶒ᆀ ······················· 90 distinguish, to 䢤࡛ ····························· 311 distressed 㤖ᚬ ·································· 328 do, to ᒢ ·········································· 367 do, to ֌ ·········································· 367 do, to ‫ ·········································· ڊ‬367 do sth. about, to ᔴ ······························ 368 GRQ¶W н㾱 ·········································· 47 GRQ¶WKDGEHWWHUQRW ࡛ ··························· 47 GRQ¶WQRQHHGWR ⭝ ······························· 47

E each ਴ ············································ 148 each ਴㠚 ··································· 149, 362 each and every one ਴њ ······················· 149 each and every one/everybody њњ ········· 148 each one ⇿њӪ··································· 73 each other ᖬ↔ ·································· 185 eager ᙕ࠷ ········································ 197 earnest 䈊ᗳ䈊᜿ ·································· 57 east ь··············································· 90 east/at the eastern end ьཤ‫ ···················ݯ‬91 east/eastern part ь䶒 ····························· 91 east/in the east ь䗩‫ ··························· ݯ‬91 east/the eastern part of a vast area ьᯩ ······· 90 eastern part ь䜘 ·································· 90 easy ᇩ᱃ ········································· 213 eatery 依侶‫ ···································· ݯ‬114 educate, to ᮉ㛢 ································· 222 effect ᡀ᭸ ········································· 56 effect ᭸᷌ ··································· 57, 227 efficacy ࣏᭸ ······································ 56 effort ≄࣋········································ 268 either...or нᱟ«ቡᱟ ····················· 45, 191 either...or 㾱Ѹ«㾱Ѹ ························· 192 elaborate, to 䱀᰾ ································· 34 elementary ࡍ㓗 ··································· 61 embarrassed, to be ⋑㝨 ·············· 90, 134, 168 embody, to փ⧠ ··································· 35 emerge, to ࠪ⧠ ································· 108 emergent ㍗ᙕ ··································· 199 emotion ᝏᛵ ···································· 139

378


emotion ᛵᝏ ···································· 139

everybody བྷᇦ ··································· 72

employ, to ᖅ⭘ ································· 352 empty 㲊 ·········································· 209 encourage, to ◰࣡ ······························ 136 end, to 㔃ᶏ ······································ 230 enforce, to ᇎᯭ ································· 355 engaged in, to be Ӿһ ··························· 49 engaged in, to be ᩎ····························· 367 enjoin, to ਖ਼ી ··································· 120 enjoyment Ҁ䏓 ································· 338 enlarge, to ᢙབྷ ································· 256 enough ཏ ·········································· 60 enough 䏣 ·········································· 60 enter, to 䘋‫ ······································ ޕ‬49 enthusiasm ✝ᛵ································· 139 enthusiastic ✝ᛵ ································ 313 entrust, to 䍻Ҹ ·································· 149 entrust, to ౡᢈ ·································· 120 era ᰦԓ ·········································· 319 error 䭉‫ ·········································· ݯ‬69 error 䭉䈟 ·········································· 68 especially Ṭཆ ·································· 179 especially ⢩ ····································· 181 esteem and love, to ⡡ᡤ ···························1 etc. ㅹ ··············································· 86 even ᴤ ··········································· 152 even if ণ‫ ······································ ׯ‬239 even if ণ֯ ······································ 239 even if ቡᱟ ······································ 239

everyday ᰕᑨ ··································· 235 everyone ਴ս ····································· 72 everywhere ༴༴ ·································· 81 exactly ࡠᓅ ····································· 238 exam 㘳ḕ ········································ 252 examination 㘳䈅 ······························· 252 exceedingly ᶱᓖ ································ 178 excellent ἂ ······································ 170 excellent Ո⿰ ··································· 345 except 䲔↔ѻཆ ································ 276 except 䲔Ҷ ········································ 62 except/besides 䲔Ҷ«ԕཆ ····················· 62 exceptionally ⢩࡛ ······························ 180 excessive 䗷ᓖ ··································· 163 excessively ཚ ··································· 180 exchange, to ሩᦒ ······························· 218 exchange, to Ӕᦒ ······························· 219 exchange views, to ୶䈸 ······················· 221 excite, to ◰ࣘ ··································· 137 excited ◰ࣘ ····································· 196 excited ‫ ····································· ཻޤ‬144 Excuse me ࣣ傮 ··································· 97 Excuse me/I am sorry ሩн䎧 ··················· 96 execute, to ᢗ㹼 ································· 356 exempt, to ‫ݽ‬䲔 ··································· 30 exhausted ⯢᜛ ·································· 261 exhilarated ‫ ································· ཻޤ‬196 exist, to ᆈ൘ ····································· 241

even if ቡ㇇ ······································ 240 even if ଚᙅ ······································ 239 even if 㓥❦ ······································ 239 even more ᴤ࣐ ··························· 101, 152 even more 䘈 ····································· 101 even more 䎺ਁ ································· 153 even more/furthermore ᴤ ······················ 101 even more/yet 䘈 ································ 152 event һԦ ········································ 320 eventually 㓸ウ·································· 359 every ⇿ ·········································· 149

exorbitant 䗷࠶ ·································· 163 expand, to ᔰᤃ ·································· 110 expand, to ᢙ‫ ·································· ݵ‬256 expand (building, etc.), to ᢙᔪ ··············· 256 expansive 䗭䱄 ·································· 161 expectations ࡽ〻 ······························· 307 expenses ᔰ䬰 ··································· 188 experience 㓿傼 ································· 236 experience 䰵শ ································· 236 experience (past) 㓿শ ························· 236 experience and feeling ᝏਇ ··················· 137


379

experience, to ᝏਇ ····························· 135

farewell, to bid ੺࡛ ···························· 322

experience first-hand, to փ傼 ················· 274 explain, to 䀓䟺 ································· 232 explain, to 䈤᰾ ··································· 35 explain (oneself), to 㺘ⲭ ························ 34 explain/demonstrate, to 䈤᰾ ·················· 147 explicate, to 䇢䀓 ······························· 146 exploit, to ᔰਁ ·································· 110 expose, to ᳤䵢 ···································· 22 expound, to 䱀䘠 ·································· 34 expound, to 䇢䀓 ································ 232 express, to 㺘⽪ ··································· 35 extensive ᒯঊ ··································· 161 extraordinary Ҷнᗇ ····························· 42 extraordinarily з࠶ ···························· 180 extreme нᗇҶ ··································· 42 extremely ᶱ ····································· 180 extremely/most ᶱަ ··························· 178

fashion or custom, prevailing 仾ቊ ··········· 125 fate/predestined relationship 㕈 ··············· 195 father ⡦ ············································· 8 father ⡦Ӣ ·········································· 8 fatigued ⯢ѿ ···································· 261 fault ∋⯵ ··········································· 69 fawn on, to Ⓦ享᣽傜 ···························· 38 fear, to ᙅ ········································· 296 feature ⢩㢢 ······································ 325 fee 䍩 ·············································· 187 feel, to ᝏࡠ ······································ 135 feel, to 㿹ᗇ ······································ 242 fellowship ৻ᛵ ································· 345 female ྣᆀ ······································ 294 female sex, the ྣᙗ ···························· 294 fetch, to ਆ ·········································· 85 fight for, to ҹཪ ································ 354 finally 㓸Ҿ ······································ 359 finish, to ᆼ∅ ··································· 229 fired, to be л዇ ································· 232 first-hand Ӣ䓛 ·································· 310 flatter, to ᚝㔤 ····································· 37 flatter, to 䱯䈰ཹ᢯ ······························· 36 flight or voyage (scheduled) 㡚⨝ ············ 170 flustered ᝼ᘉ ···································· 200 folk, common 㘱Ⲯဃ ·························· 314 foolish ᝊ㹒 ········································ 27 foot the bill, to Ԉ䍖 ···························· 127

F face 㝨 ············································ 287 face (of a person) 䶒ᆄ ························· 286 face, to ᵍ ·········································· 92 face/features 䶒ⴞ ······························· 287 face/for the sake of (a person) 䶒 ············· 287 IDFHRQH¶VUHSXWDWLRQ 䶒ᆀ ····················· 287 facial features 䶒ᇩ ····························· 287 fad ᰦቊ ·········································· 125 fair ‫ޜ‬ᒣ ·········································· 173 faithful ᘐ䈊 ······································· 58 fake ኡመ ········································· 209 false 㲊‫ ········································ ٷ‬209 family ᇦ ········································· 207 family ᇦᓝ ······································ 207 family dependants ᇦ኎ ························ 207 family dependants ⵧ኎ ························ 206 family members ᇦⵧ ·························· 206 famous ࠪ਽ ····································· 346 famous and precious ਽䍥 ······················· 16 fancy, to ྭ ···········································2

for Ѫ ·············································· 332 for ѪҶ ··········································· 332 for example ∄ྲ ································ 271 for fear of ԕ‫ ·································· ݽ‬286 for instance ֻྲ ································ 271 for instance 䆜ྲ ································ 271 for the moment ⴞࡽ···························· 337 for the most part བྷཊ ·························· 104 forbid, to ⾱ ········································ 45 foreign country ཆഭ ··························· 167 forgive, to ৏䈵 ·································· 347

380


foster, to ᢦᤱ ····································· 11 fraction (the way that a fraction is read) «࠶ѻ«········································· 55 frank and open ⡭ᘛ ···························· 329 freezing ሂ ······································· 262 frequent ᑨ ······································· 234 freshly ᯠ䘁 ······································ 365 friendship ৻䈺 ·································· 345 from Ӿ ············································· 66 from Ӿ«䎧 ······································· 67 from ⭡ ············································· 66 from 㠚 ············································· 66 from now on Ӻਾ······························· 182 from now on/later on ᖰਾ····················· 183 from the point of view of Ӿ«ᶕⴻ············ 67 IURP«to Ӿ«ࡠ ·································· 67 from/since ᢃ ······································ 66 from/starting off Ӿ«ࠪਁ ······················ 67 fulfil, to ን㹼 ···································· 355 full and rounded 価┑ ···························· 15 fully ॱ࠶ ········································ 180 furthermore 䘈ᴹ ································ 277 future, the ሶᶕ ···························· 183, 308 future, the ᵚᶕ ·································· 308

G gain, to 䎒ᗇ ······································· 84 general а㡜 ····································· 340 generally བྷփ ····································· 71 generally speaking བྷࠑ ······················· 111 gentleman ⭧༛·································· 291 get, to ᗇ ············································ 85 girl ྣᆙ‫ ······································· ݯ‬157 girl ခ၈ ·········································· 157 girl, teenager ቁྣ ······························ 156 girl, young 䰪ྣ ································· 157 girl student ྣ⭏ ································ 157 give, to 㔉 ········································ 150 give rise to, to ӗ⭏ ····························· 108 glad ௌᛖ ········································· 142

glance at, to ⷗··································· 246 go, to ᖰ ············································ 93 go and see, to 䎠䇯 ······························ 248 go back and forth, to ᖰ䘄 ····················· 260 JREDFNRQRQH¶VZRUGWR ਈখ ················· 33 go on, to ᔦ㔝···································· 206 go to, to ࡠ ········································· 82 good Ո㢟 ········································ 345 good, exceedingly Ոᔲ ························ 345 good/in vogue 䞧 ································ 171 good many/good deal, a ྭཊ ················· 100 good/nice ྭ ····································· 170 good/not bad н䭉 ······························ 170 goodbye, to say ੺࡛ ··························· 145 good-looking ྭⴻ ······························ 301 govern, to ㇑䗆 ·································· 160 graceful Ո㖾 ···································· 300 gradually ⑀ ······································ 360 gradually 䙀⑀ ··································· 360 grant, to ߶ ······································· 326 grant/impose, to Ҹԕ··························· 150 grasp/follow, to 亶Պ ··························· 273 grateful, to feel ᝏ◰ ···························· 140 great quantity of, a བྷ䟿 ························· 74 greater part/most ཊॺ ·························· 103 greatly 䶎ᑨ ······································ 179 group/herd, a (mw.) 㗔 ························· 297 group/set/series, a (mw.) 㓴 ··················· 297 grumble, to ෻ᙘ ·································· 21 guarantee, to ᣵ‫ ································· ؍‬17 guest ᇒ ··········································· 254 guest ᇒӪ ········································ 254 guest ᶕᇮ ········································ 254 guest ᶕᇒ ········································ 254 guest, distinguished 䍥ᇮ ······················ 254 guest, honoured 䍥ᇒ ··························· 254 guesthouse ᇮ侶 ································· 279 guesthouse 依ᓇ ································· 279 guesthouse 䞂ᓇ ································· 279 guidance, to give ᮉሬ ························· 221

English Index 㤡䈝㍒ᕅ guide, to ᤷሬ···································· 223

H habit Ґᜟ ·································· 125, 335 habit (unhealthy) Ґ≄ ························· 125 habitual behaviour Ґᙗ························ 125 handsome 㤡‫ ·································· ׺‬301 handsome/graceful ᐵ ·························· 301 handy/easy ‫ׯ‬ᖃ································· 115 handy/not troublesome ⴱһ ·················· 115 happen, to ਁ⭏·································· 109 happy 儈‫ ······································· ޤ‬196 happy to, to be Ҁ᜿ ···························· 348 hard, very ᖸнᇩ᱃ ···························· 171 harvest ᭦㧧 ······································· 57 hastily 䎦㍗ ······································ 269 hasty शᘉ ········································ 200 hate, to ᙘᚘ ······································· 20 haul, to ᤆ ········································ 259 have, to ᴹ ···································· 14, 241 have to ਚྭ ····································· 358 heartbroken Քᗳ ································ 317 heartrending ᛢⰋ ································· 24 help, to ᑞᘉ ······································· 12 help, to ᑞࣙ ······································· 12 help/donate, to ᑞ ································· 12 help each other, to ӂࣙ ························ 175 hence ഐ↔ ······································· 323 hinder, to ࿘⺽··································· 116 hint, to ⽪᜿········································ 36 hire, to 䳷 ········································· 352 hire, to 㚈䈧······································ 352 hire, to 䈧 ········································· 352 hire, to ᤋӪ······································ 352 hobby ⡡ྭ ······································· 338 hold, to ਜ਼ ·········································· 14 hold, to Ѯ㹼 ····································· 241 hold back, to 䱫→ ······························ 234 hold (business) talks, to ⍭䈸 ················· 318 honest/dependable ᇎ൘ ·························· 59

381

honest/well behaved 㘱ᇎ ······················· 59 honour, to 㺘ᖠ ···································· 36 hope, to ᐼᵋ ···································· 334 hotel ᯵侶 ········································ 280 house ᡯᆀ ······································· 117 house/building ᡯቻ ···························· 117 house/room ᡯ ··································· 116 how ᘾѸ ········································· 351 how many/a few ࠐ ····························· 102 how many/much ཊቁ ·························· 102 +RZ«:KDW! ཊ ····························· 102 +RZ«:KDW«! ཊѸ ························· 102 +RZ:KDW«! օㅹ ·························· 102 how/what about ྲօ ··························· 350 how/what about ᘾѸṧ ························ 351 how/what about ᘾṧ ··························· 351 however ❦㘼 ······································ 77 hurried ᙕᘉ ····································· 201 hurried ᙕ࠷ ····································· 198 hurriedly 䎦ᘉ ··································· 269 hurry, in a great ᙕशश ························ 200 husband 㘱‫ ···································· ޜ‬352 husband ‫ ···································· ⭏ݸ‬351 husband иཛ ···································· 351 hustler ᢈ‫ ······································ ݯ‬300 hygienic/sanitary ছ⭏ ························· 134 hypocritical 㲊՚ ································ 209

I idea ѫ᜿ ····································· 10, 344 identify, to 䗘䇔 ································· 311 idiotic 㹒············································ 28 if ྲ᷌ ············································ 315 ignore, to ᰐ㿶 ··································· 305 illusion ᒫᜣ ····································· 266 illustrate, to 䈤᰾ ································ 233 immediately 亯ᰦ ······························· 268 imperfection 㕪䲧 ································· 68 implement, to ᯭ㹼 ····························· 355 improve, to ᭩䘋 ································ 131

382


improve, to ᭩ழ ································ 132

inspect, to 㿶ሏ ···································· 48

in 䟼 ··············································· 264 in (of time) Ҿ ····································· 79 in accordance with ‫··························· ➗׍‬6 in addition ਖཆ ································· 277 in any event ᰐ䇪ྲօ ··························· 44 in between ѝ ···································· 265 in case 㾱ᱟ ······································ 315 in charge of, to be 㓿㇑ ························ 160 in coordination with, to work ॿ਼ ··········· 174 in high spirits ‫ޤ‬儈䟷⛸ ······················· 142 in light of ➗ ·········································7 in no time ቡ㾱 ·································· 215 LQRQH¶VH\Hs ൘«⵬䟼 ·························· 98 in partnership, to be ਸՉ ······················ 176 in person Ӣ㠚 ··································· 310 in the direction of ᖰ······························ 92 in the opinion of ൘«ⴻᶕ ······················ 98 in the way, to be ⺽һ ·························· 116 in those days or years ᖃᒤ ······················ 80 in time ৺ᰦ ··········································6 inaccuracy 䈟ᐞ ··································· 68 incessantly нտ ··································· 43 include, to वᤜ ··································· 14 income ᭦‫ ····································· ޕ‬154 individual њӪ ·································· 362 inevitable ᗵ❦ ·································· 340 inferior վ࣓ ······································· 60 inferior ࣓ ········································ 188

instructor ᮉઈ ··································· 225 instrumentality ᡻⇥ ······························ 10 intact ᆼᮤ········································ 331 intend, to ᢃ㇇ ··································· 202 intercommunicate, to Ӕ⍱ ···················· 220 intercourse, to have ᙗӔ ······················ 368 interest ‫ޤ‬䏓 ····································· 338 internal part ޵䜘································ 263 intimate Ӣᇶ ···································· 309 invent, to ਁ᰾ ··································· 109 invoice ਁ⾘ ····································· 108 irritable ᙕ䒱 ····································· 197 ,WGRHVQ¶WPDWWHU ⋑‫ޣ‬㌫ ······················· 285 ,W¶VQRWKLQJ ⋑ӰѸ ····························· 285 ,W¶VRND\QRWKLQJVHULRXV ⋑һ‫ ············· ݯ‬285 itself ᵜ䓛 ········································ 362

inferior/not up to standard ᐞ ················· influence and reform, to ᝏॆ ················· inform, to ੺ ····································· inform politely about withdrawing, to ੺䘰 innovate, to ࡋᯠ ································ insight 㿱䀓 ······································ inside 䟼䗩 ······································· inside 䟼䶒 ······································· inside 䟼ཤ ······································· inside ޵ ·········································· insist on, to ඊᤱ ································

188 221 146 145 109 343 265 265 265 263 211

J jerk sb. around, to ᘭᛐ ························ 299 join, to ࣐‫ ········································ ޕ‬49 join forces, to ਸ࣋ ····························· 175 joyful ⅒Ҁ ······································· 142 just ‫ޜ‬䚃 ·········································· 174 just ‫ ·········································· ↓ޜ‬174 just ቡ ············································· 356 just a moment ago ࡊࡊ ························ 141 just/a very short time ago ᡽ ·················· 141 just fine 䘈ਟԕ ································· 165 just now ࡊ᡽ ···································· 141

K keen, to be ⡡ྭ ···································· 1 keep, to ‫؍‬ᤱ ······································· 19 keep away from, to 䚯ᔰ ························· 31 keep on, to 䘎㔝 ································· 206 NHHSRQH¶VPLQGRQVWKWR ᆹᗳ ············· 119 kid ሿᆙ‫ ······································· ݯ‬167 knack ソ䰘‫ ······································ ݯ‬11

English Index 㤡䈝㍒ᕅ know, to Ҷ䀓···································· 273

L Ladies and Gentlemen 䈨ս ····················· 72 lady ྣ༛ ········································· 294 landscape ኡ≤ ·································· 124 landscape Ჟ⢙ ·································· 123 lane 㜑਼ ········································· 278 large amount of, a བྷᇇ ·························· 73 large number of, a བྷ䟿 ························ 100 large quantity of, a བྷᢩ ························· 74 lass ћཤ ·········································· 157 lately 䘁ᶕ ······································· 365 later on ਾᶕ ····································· 182 lavatory ছ⭏䰤 ··································· 50 lay bare, to ᨝䵢 ··································· 22 lay off, to 䀓䳷 ·································· 231 leak, to ⋴䵢 ······································· 22 leak (information), to 䎠┿仾༠ ················ 23 leak out, to 䎠┿ ··································· 23 leave, to take ੺䗎 ······························ 145 lecturer 䇢ᐸ ····································· 224 lest ‫ݽ‬ᗇ ·········································· 286 let alone օߥ ···································· 106 let down, to ሩн䎧 ······························· 96 let the cat out of the bag, to 䵢侵‫ ············ ݯ‬23 like, to ௌ⅒ ··········································2 like, to be ⣩ྲ ·································· 172 like, to be just ྭ∄ ····························· 173 little boy or girl ሿᴻ৻ ························ 166 little by little ⑀⑀······························· 360 location ༴ ········································· 88 long ᛐѵ ··········································· 52 long for, to ⴬ ···································· 334 long time, a ྭѵ ·································· 11 long-standing 䮯ѵ································ 52 long-term 䮯䘌 ···································· 52 look into the distance, to ᵋ ··················· 245 look after, to ‫ ······························· ➗ޣ‬159 look around, to 亮 ······························· 244

383

look forward to, to ᵏᖵ·························· 86 look into, to ⹄ウ································ 250 look upon, to ⴻᖵ ································ 98 looks 䶒䊼 ········································ 287 lose face, to ђ䶒ᆀ ······························· 89 love, to ⡡ ··········································· 1 love deeply and passionately, to ✝⡡ ·········· 1 low վ ·········································· 61, 87 low/vulgar վ㓗 ··································· 61 loyal ᘐ䍎 ·········································· 58 loyal/faithful ᘐᇎ ································ 58 luck, good ᵪ䙷 ································· 194

M Madam/Mrs./wife ཛӪ ························ 304 maintain, to ‫ ·································· ޫ؍‬18 maintain, to 㔤ᤱ ································ 212 majority, great བྷཊᮠ ························· 103 majority/most ཊᮠ ····························· 104 majority of བྷ䜘࠶ ······························ 103 make, to 䙐 ······································· 366 make, to ࡦ֌ ···································· 366 make, to ‫ ······································· ڊ‬366 make clear, to 㺘᰾ ································ 34 make light of, to 䖫㿶 ·························· 305 make love, to ᒢ䛓һ‫ ························ ݯ‬369 make love, to кᒺ ······························ 369 make love, to ‫ڊ‬⡡ ······························ 368 make sth. better, to ᭩㢟 ······················· 132 make use of, to ֯⭘ ···························· 270 male ⭧ᆀ ········································ 291 male sex, the ⭧ᙗ ······························ 291 man ⭧Ӫ ········································· 291 manage, to ㇑ ···································· 161 manage, to ㇑⨶ ································· 160 Mandarin ഭ䈝 ·································· 168 Mandarin Პ䙊䈍 ······························· 169 manufacture, to ࡦ䙐 ··························· 366 many/a lot of/much 䇨ཊ······················· 100 many/much ཊ ··································· 100

384


many/much ᖸཊ ································ 100

money, to earn ᥓ䫡 ···························· 354

many/quite a lot ྭӋ ·························· 101 many times ཊ⅑ ································ 112 marry, to ჱ ······································ 228 marry, to 㔃ႊ ··································· 228 marry, to ၦ ······································ 229 masses, the 㗔Շ ································ 314 masses/common people ≁Շ ················· 313 match, to ∄ᤏ ····································· 28 matched ⴨ᖃ ······································ 51 matter һᛵ ······································ 321 0D\,DVN« 䈧䰞« ····························· 97 maybe  ᙅ ········································ 71 means ࣎⌅ ········································ 10 measures ᧚ᯭ ·······································9 meet, to Պ㿱 ···································· 189 meet, to 㿱䶒 ···································· 190 meet a guest, to Պᇒ ··························· 189 meet and hold talks, to Պ䈸 ··················· 190 meet sb., to ՊᲔ ································ 190 meet up with, to Պ······························ 190 memorise/write down, to 䇠 ··················· 203 merely ӵӵ ······································ 356 merely/alone ‫ ································· ݹ‬357 method ᯩ⌅ ·········································9 meticulous Ԅ㓶 ································· 336 mine/extract, to ᔰ䟷 ··························· 244 mirage ྴᜣ ······································ 266 miserable ᛢ᜘ ···································· 24

money, to make 䎊䫡 ··························· 354 more again ޽ ···································· 153 more/much ཊ ····························· 101, 152 more/over ཊ ······································· 99 more than half བྷॺ····························· 103 moreover 㘼ф ··································· 106 moreover ߥф ··································· 106 moreover/and 㘼ф ····························· 106 morning ߼Ი ···································· 350 morning ␵Ი ···································· 350 morning ␵ᰙ ···································· 350 morning ᰙᲘ ···································· 350 most ཊᮠ ········································ 105 mostly བྷ䜭 ······································ 104 motel ᯵ᓇ ······································· 279 mother ⇽ ········································· 289 mother ⇽Ӣ ······································ 289 mournful ᛢ࠷ ····································· 24 mouth ౤·········································· 255 mouth ౤ᐤ ······································ 256 mouth/taste ਓ ··································· 255 Mrs./wife ཚཚ ·································· 304 muddleheaded ㅘཤㅘ㝁························· 28 mum ྸྸ ········································ 290 mum ၈ ··········································· 290 must ᗵ享 ·········································· 30 must not н߶ ······································ 46 mutually ӂ ······································ 185

miserable ߴ᜘ ···································· 25 misplaced/mispronounced character ⲭᆇ····· 70 misplaced/mispronounced character ࡛ᆇ····· 70 miss (a train, etc.)/hinder, to 䈟 ················· 77 Miss/young lady ሿက ·························· 156 mistake ᐞ䭉 ······································· 69 miswritten character 䭉ᆇ ······················· 70 modify, to ਈᴤ···································· 31 moment ᰦ࡫ ···································· 319 moment/time ᰦ‫ ······························ ى‬320 money, to trawl for ᦎ䫡 ······················· 355

mutually ӂ⴨ ··································· 185 mw. for buildings ᡰ ···························· 208 mw. for families or business establishments ᇦ ················································ 208 mw. for grain-like things ㋂ ··················· 272 mw. for large/fixed objects ᓗ ················ 208 mw. for long/thin/flat-surfaced/soft/fabric/ liquid objects ᶑ ······························ 151 mw. for long/thin/pillar-shaped/non-liquid objects ṩ‫ ··································· ݯ‬151 mw. for long/thin/stick-like objects ᷍······· 151 mw. for metal objects ᷊ ······················· 272

English Index 㤡䈝㍒ᕅ mw. for sphere-like objects 仇 ················ 272

N name ਽ ··········································· 289 name ਽ᆇ ········································ 289 name ဃ਽ ········································ 289 narrate, to 䇢䘠 ··································· 146 near, to draw 䶐䘁 ······························ 226 nearby 䱴䘁 ······································ 128 nearly ᐞ⛩‫ ····································ݯ‬194 nearly ሶ䘁 ······································· 193 neat and fresh ␵⌱ ····························· 133 need ᗇ ············································· 30 need not нᗵ ······································ 46 negligence 䗷ཡ ··································· 67 negotiate, to Ӕ⎹ ······························· 220 negotiate, to ⍭䈸 ······························· 220 negotiate, to 䈸ࡔ ······························· 318 never having done sth. нᴮ ····················· 40 newspaper ᣕ ······································ 20 newspaper ᣕ㓨 ··································· 20 newspapers and periodicals ᣕ࠺ ··············· 19 nimble ⚥⍫ ······································ 275 nitpick, to ⋑һ‫ݯ‬᢮һ‫ ······················ ݯ‬353 no matter н㇑ ····································· 44 no need to н⭘···································· 47 none but ਚᴹ ···································· 358 normally 䙊ᑨ ····································· 53 north े ············································· 25 north/at the northern end ेཤ‫ ··············· ݯ‬26 north/in the north े䗩‫ ························ ݯ‬26 north/northern part े䶒 ························· 26 north/the north part of ेᯩ ····················· 25 northern part े䜘 ································ 25 northern part of the country ेഭ ··············· 25 not ⋑ ··············································· 40 not ⋑ᴹ ············································ 40 not ᵚ ··············································· 40 not bad 䘈ྭ ····································· 165 noW«EXW нᱟ«㘼ᱟ ···························· 45

385

not merely нਚ ··································· 41 not/no н············································ 40 not only нն ······································ 41 not simply нঅ ··································· 41 not the only one н‫ ····························· ݹ‬41 not the only one нӵ ····························· 41 not too bad ࠁਸ ································· 165 notes, to take 䇠ᖅ ······························ 203 now/currently ⧠൘ ····························· 337 nowadays ྲӺ ·································· 337 numerous Շཊ ······························ 74, 100 nurse, to 䈳⨶ ······································ 18

O obliged, to be ਚᗇ ······························ 358 observe, to 㿲ሏ ································· 245 obstruct, to 䳌⺽ ································· 116 obtain, to ཪᗇ ····································· 84 obtain, to 㧧ਆ ····································· 84 offer, to 㔉ԕ ···································· 150 office ᵪ‫ ········································· ޣ‬76 offshore ຳཆ ···································· 167 offspring ᆀྣ ··································· 166 often ᑨ ············································· 53 often ᑨᑨ ·········································· 53 often 㓿ᑨ ·········································· 53 often/every so often ᰦᑨ ························ 53 okay 䘈㹼 ········································ 165 okay ྭ ············································· 94 okay/correct 㹼 ···································· 94 old days ᖰᰕ ···································· 342 on schedule ᤹ᵏ ··································· 5 on time ᤹ᰦ ········································ 5 once upon a time Ӿࡽ ························· 342 one another ⴨ӂ ································ 185 one tenth ᡀ ········································ 55 one tenth ࠶ ········································ 55 one tenth (discount) ᣈ ··························· 55 oneself 㠚ᐡ ····································· 362 only ӵ ············································ 356

386


only/nothing but ਚ ····························· 357

particularly ࠶ཆ ································ 179

open up, to ᔰ䗏 ································· 244 openhearted ⴤ⡭ ······························· 330 opinion ⴻ⌅ ····································· 343 opinion/what one has learned ᗳᗇ ··········· 138 opportunity ᵪՊ ································ 195 opportunity, a moment of ᰦᵪ ··············· 194 opposite to, to be ሩ ······························ 93 or 䘈ᱟ ············································ 191 or ᡆ ··············································· 191 or ᡆᱟ ············································ 191 or ᡆ㘵 ············································ 192 ordinary ᒣᑨ ···································· 235 ordinary Პ䙊 ···································· 340 organise, to Ѯ࣎ ································ 240 organise, to ᔰኅ ································ 110 origin 䎧Ⓚ ······································· 260 other ࡛Ⲵ ·········································· 38 other ࡛Ӫ ·········································· 39 other ަᆳ ·········································· 39 other ަԆ ·········································· 39 other people ᯱӪ ································· 39 other people Ӫᇦ ································· 39 others ԆӪ ········································· 38 outgoings ᔰ᭟ ·································· 188 outlook ࡽᲟ ····································· 307 outspoken ⴤ⦷ ·································· 330 outspread, to ᢙᕐ······························· 257 over and over again ޽й ······················ 112

pass away, to 䙍ц ······························ 321 pass on, to Րᦸ ································· 221 passion ◰ᛵ ····································· 138 past/in the past 䗷৫ ···························· 342 path 䚃‫ ········································· ݯ‬278 pay ᐕ䫡 ·········································· 155 pay, to Ԉ ········································· 127 pay, to ԈⅮ ······································ 126 pay the bill, to Ҡঅ ····························· 127 pay kind attention to, to ‫ޣ‬ᘰ ················· 159 pay money, to Ԉ䫡 ····························· 127 pay out, to Ԉࠪ ································· 127 pay out, to ᭟ࠪ ································· 186 pay up, to 㔃䍖 ································· 127 payment 䞜ࣣ ···································· 154 payment, to make a ӔԈ······················· 126 payout ᭟ࠪ ······································ 188 peaceful ᒣ䶉 ······································· 4 people, the Ӫ≁ ································· 314 people of the same trade or occupation ਼㹼 327 people/the public ӪԜ ························· 314 perceive, to ᝏ㿹 ································ 135 perfect ശ┑ ······································ 331 perhaps ᡆ䇨 ······································· 71 perhaps ᙅ ·········································· 72 period in time or history, a ᰦᵏ ·············· 319 period of time ᰦ㢲 ····························· 205 permit, to ‫ݱ‬䇨 ·································· 326

overdone 䗷⚛ ··································· 163 overdone/too much 䗷ཤ ······················· 164 overseas ⎧ཆ ···································· 167

personality њᙗ ································· 339 pertaining to ‫ޣ‬Ҿ ································· 93 place ൠ ·············································· 88 place ൠᯩ ·········································· 89 place, to ᭮ ······································· 119 placid 仾ᒣ⎚䶉 ···································· 3 plan, to 䇑ࡂ ····································· 202 plan, to ߶༷ ····································· 202 play a part in, to ৲о ···························· 49 plead, to ਞౡ ···································· 120 pleasant ᜹ᘛ ···································· 144

P painful Ⰻ㤖······································ 329 pair, a ሩ‫ ········································· ݯ‬95 pair, a ࢟ ············································ 95 pair, a ৼ ············································ 95 parcel व㼩 ········································· 13 participate, to ৲࣐································ 49


387

pleased 儈‫ ····································· ޤ‬143

prohibit, to ⾱→ ····························· 46, 233

pleasing/as one wishes ྲ᜿··················· 284 plentiful ‫ ································ ⋋ݵ‬59, 122 plot, to ㆆࡂ······································ 201 plump Ѡ┑ ········································ 15 ponder over, to ᙍ㍒ ···························· 250 possess, to ާ༷ ································· 241 possess, to ާᴹ ································· 241 possessive of sth., to be ੍ᜌ······················2 postpone, to ᧘䘏 ································· 76 practice, common 仾≄ ························· 124 praise 㺘ᢜ ········································· 37 praise and admire, to 䎎㖾 ······················· 37 praise and appreciate, to 䎎䍿 ··················· 37 praise/boast, to ཨ ································· 38 praises of, to sing the 䎎਩ ······················ 37 precious 䍥䟽 ······································ 15 predestined affinity 㕈࠶······················· 195 present/at present ᖃࡽ ························· 336 preserve, to ‫؍‬ᆈ ·································· 19 pressing ㍗䘛 ···································· 198 pressing 䘛࠷ ···································· 199 pressing/tight ㍗ ································· 199 pretty ┲Ӟ ······································· 301 prevent, to 䱢→ ································· 233 previously ‫ ································· ࡽݸ‬343 price ԧ ··········································· 210 price ԧṬ ········································ 210 price ԧ䫡 ········································ 210

prolong, to ᤆᔦ ··································· 76 promptly 䘎ᘉ ··································· 269 property/trait ⢩ᙗ ······························ 325 prospects ࡽ䙄 ··································· 308 prosperous and strong ᇼᕪ ··················· 121 protect, to ‫؍‬ᣔ ···································· 17 protect, to ‫؍‬䳌 ···································· 16 protect, to ᣔ ······································· 18 provide, to ࣐ԕ ································· 149 provided (that) ྲ ······························· 315 public ‫ ·········································· ޜ‬155 public, the general བྷՇ ························ 313 public/common ‫ ··························· ޡޜ‬155 publicly owned ‫ޜ‬ᴹ ··························· 156 pull, to ᣹ ········································· 258 pull out, to ᤄ ···································· 258 pull strings, to 䎠ਾ䰘‫ ······················· ݯ‬364 punctually ߶ᰦ ···································· 6 purchase, to 䍝Ҡ ································ 282 purchase, to Ҡ ··································· 282 put, to ᨱ ·········································· 119 put off/decline, to ᧘ ······························ 77 put right, to ᭩↓ ································ 132

price ⢙ԧ ········································ 210 price, marked or listed ԧ⸱ ··················· 211 primary ࡍㅹ······································· 61 probably བྷॺ ··································· 104 probably བྷᾲ ······························· 71, 104 probably ҏ䇨 ····································· 71 probably/roughly བྷᾲ ··························· 71 procedure ↕僔 ······································9 produce, to ⭏ӗ································· 366 professor ᮉᦸ ··································· 224 profound ⧽䍥 ····································· 16

Q quarter ᆓᓖ ······································ 204 quickly 䎦ᘛ ····································· 269 quick-witted ᵪᲪ ································· 65 quiet ᆹ䶉 ··········································· 4 quiet ␵䶉 ··········································· 4 quietly ᚴᚴ ······································ 308 quite ྭ ··········································· 181 quite ᥪ ··········································· 181 quiz ⍻傼 ········································· 251

R rapturous ⅒ཙௌൠ ····························· 143 reach, to 䗮 ········································· 81

388


reach, to 㠣 ········································· 82

replace, to ᴤᦒ ························ 32, 130, 219

read, to 䈫 ········································ 248 read, to ⴻ ········································ 249 read, to 䰵䈫 ····································· 248 read aloud, to ᵇ䈫 ······························ 249 read aloud, to ᘥ ································· 249 realise, to փՊ ·································· 274 really ⵏ ·········································· 180 rearrange, to ᴤࣘ ······························· 130 reasonable ਸ⨶ ································· 174 receipt ᭦ᦞ ······································ 108 receipt ᭦ᶑ‫ ··································· ݯ‬108 receive, to ᗇࡠ···································· 84 recent times 䘁ᵏ ······························· 365 recently ᴰ䘁 ···································· 365 reckon, to ԕѪ ·································· 242 reclaim, to ᔰූ ································· 244 recognise, to 䇶࡛ ······························· 311 record, to 䇠䖭··································· 203 recruit, to ᤋ㚈 ·································· 352 rectify, to ⸛↓ ·································· 130 redundant (in quantity) 䗷䟿 ·················· 163 reflect, to ৽᱐····································· 36 reflection ᝏᜣ··································· 138 reform, to ਈ䶙 ···································· 31 reform, to ᭩䶙 ·································· 131 regarding ሩ ········································ 93 regardless of ᰐ䇪 ································· 44 region ᯩ ··········································· 88

reproach, to ᮉ䇝 ································ 222 resemble, to ྲ਼ ······························· 172 resemble, to ‫ ·································· ۿ‬172 reserve, to ༷ۘ ···································· 62 respect and love, to ᮜ⡡ ·························· 1 restaurant 佀侶 ·································· 113 restaurant 依ᓇ ·································· 113 restaurant 䞂ᓇ ·································· 114 restaurant/tavern 䞂ᇦ ·························· 114 result 㔃᷌···································· 57, 227 result, positive ᡀ᷌ ······························ 56 results received ᭦᭸ ····························· 56 retain, to ‫؍‬ᤱ ··································· 211 retain, to ‫؍‬տ ····································· 18 retain/reserve, to ‫ ···························· ⮉؍‬19 reveal, to ᨝⽪ ····································· 22 reveal, to ⍱䵢 ····································· 34 revise, to ᭩ ········································ 33 revise, to ‫؞‬䇒 ···································· 131 reward ᣕ䞜 ······································ 154 reward 䞜䉒 ······································ 154 rich ᇼ············································· 122 rich ᇼᴹ·········································· 121 right ᱟ·············································· 94 right away ・࡫ ································· 269 right now ⵬ࡽ··································· 337 road 䚃䐟 ········································· 277 road 䐟 ············································ 278

regret, to ਾᛄ ··································· regret, to 䚇៮ ··································· regular 㓿ᑨ ······································ rejoicing with excitement ⅒ௌ ··············· relieved, to feel ᭮ᗳ ··························· remember, to 䇠ᗇ ······························ renowned 㪇਽ ·································· repay ᣕ‫······································· گ‬ repeatedly 䟽༽·································· repeatedly ৽༽·································· repent, to ᛄᚘ ···································

room ᡯ䰤 ········································ 117 room ቻᆀ ········································ 118 room/house ቻ ··································· 118 roomy ᇭᮎ ······································ 162 roughly བྷ㠤 ······································· 71 rudimentary ࡍ↕ ································· 61 run, to 㓿㩕 ······································ 160 rush, with a ⥋ ··································· 184 rushed शश ······································ 200

181 181 235 143 119 203 346 153 112 112 181


389

S

sensation ᝏ㿹 ··································· 138

sack, to ⛂劯劬 ·································· 231 sacrifice oneself, to ⢪⢢······················· 322 sad 䳮䗷 ·········································· 317 sad Քᗳ ·········································· 328 sad and indignant ᛢ᝔ ··························· 24 sad, very ᛢՔ ····································· 24 safe ᆹ‫············································· ޘ‬5 safe ᒣᆹ ·············································5 safe っ࿕ ·············································5 safeguard, to 㔤ᣔ································· 17 salary ᐕ䍴 ······································· 154 sale, to offer for ࠪ୞ ··························· 283 same, about the н⴨кл ······················· 50 satisfied ┑᜿ ···································· 284 save/preserve, to ۘᆈ ···························· 62 say, to 䈤 ··································· 147, 216 scene Ჟ䊑 ······································· 123 scenery Ჟ‫ ····································· ݯ‬124 scenery Ჟ㢢 ····································· 123 scenery/landscape 仾Ჟ ························ 124 scold, to 傲 ······································· 298 scold, to 䍓ᙚ ······································ 20 season ᆓ ········································· 204 season ᆓ㢲 ······································ 205 second, the ㅜҼ································· 107 secretly ᳇᳇ ····································· 308 see, to 㿱 ········································· 190

separate A from B, to ࠶࡛ ···················· 311 serene ᆱ䶉·········································· 4 set, a ྇ ············································· 95 settle an account, to 㔃㇇ ······················ 126 shall/have the possibility or ability, to Պ ··· 252 shall not нᗇ ······································ 46 shallow ⍵ ·········································· 87 sharp ⚥ ············································· 65 shattered ⺾ ······································ 303 shelter, to ᒷᣔ ···································· 17 shield, to ᧙ᣔ ····································· 17 shift, to 䖜ਈ ······································· 33 shop, to 䍝 ········································ 282 short ⸝ ············································· 91 short (duration) ⸝‫ ····························· ׳‬91 short (of height) ⸞ ································ 87 short (of length) ⸝ ································ 87 short while ago, a ࡊ ···························· 141 shortcomings ⸝༴ ································ 68 shortly ᘛ㾱 ······································ 215 show, to 㺘⧠ ······································ 36 shrewd ㋮᰾ ······································· 65 shut, to 䰝 ········································ 158 shy, to feel ᇣ㗎 ································· 168 side ᯱ ············································ 128 sight-seeing, to go ⑨ ··························· 281 sight-seeing, to go ⑨㿸 ························ 280 sight-seeing, to go ⑨⧙‫ ····················· ݯ‬281

see/look (at), to ⴻ ······························ see sb./sth. as not measuring up ⷗н䎧 ····· seem, to ྭ‫···································· ۿ‬ self ᵜӪ ·········································· self 㠚њ‫······································· ݯ‬ self 㠚䓛 ·········································· sell, to আ ········································· sell, to ୞ ········································· sell/distribute, to 䬰୞ ·························· sell/market, to 䬰 ································ sell off, to ࠪআ ·································· send off, to 䘱 ···································

silent (solemnly) 㚳䶉 ····························· 4 silly ۫ ·············································· 28 similar ᐞнཊ ····································· 51 similar ㊫լ ········································ 50 similar to, to be 䘁լ ··························· 172 simple ㆰ‫ ······································ ׯ‬212 simple and crude ㆰ䱻·························· 213 simple and easy ㆰ᱃ ··························· 213 simple/uncomplicated ㆰঅ ··················· 212 simultaneously а喀 ···························· 341 since 㠚Ӿ ·········································· 66

245 306 172 361 362 362 283 283 283 283 283 323

390


since 㠚ᢃ ·········································· 66

spouse ⡡Ӫ ································ 304, 351

sincere ᚣ࠷ ········································ 58 sincere and genuine ⵏ䈊 ························ 58 sincere and honest 䈊ᚣ ·························· 58 site ൠ⛩ ············································ 89 situation ຳൠ ······································ 88 sleep together, to ਼ᡯ ························· 368 slip ཡ䈟 ············································ 68 slip of the tongue, to make a 䈤┿౤ ··········· 23 slow-witted ੶ ····································· 28 smart ᵪ⚥ ··································· 65, 276 so as not to ⴱᗇ ································ 286 solely অ ·········································· 357 solution ⌅ᆀ ······································ 10 sons and daughters ‫ ······················· ྣݯ‬166 soon ሶ㾱 ········································ 215 soon 傜к ········································ 270 sorrowful ᛢ૰ ···································· 24 so-so 傜傜㱾㱾 ·································· 165 soundless 䶉ᚴᚴ ···································4 source ᶕⓀ ······································ 260 south ই ··········································· 292 south/at the southern end ইཤ‫ ············· ݯ‬292 south/in the south ই䗩‫ ······················ ݯ‬292 south/southern part ই䶒 ······················· 292 south/the southern part of ইᯩ ··············· 292 southern part ই䜘 ······························ 292 southern part of the country ইഭ············· 292 spacious and open ᔰ䱄 ························ 162

spread, to ᢙኅ ·································· 256 stare at, to ⴟ ····································· 246 stealthily ‫ ··································· ڧڧ‬309 step by step 䙀↕ ································ 360 still ᇲ䶉 ············································· 4 stimulate, to ◰ਁ ······························· 136 stir up, to ᮉଶ ··································· 222 stop, to ‫ ········································ ڌ‬230 stop, to ‫ ····································· →ڌ‬230 stop, to ࡦ→ ····································· 234 stop actively sth. from occurring, to 䱢→ ····· 30 store, to ۘ㯿 ······································ 62 store, to ᆈۘ ······································ 63 straight to the point ⴤᶕⴤ৫················· 330 straightforward ඖ⦷···························· 329 street 㺇 ··········································· 277 street 㺇䚃 ········································ 278 street-smart ⥤‫ݯ‬㋮ ······························· 65 strength ࣋䟿 ···································· 267 strength ࣋≄ ···································· 267 strength, actual ᇎ࣋ ···························· 268 strength/power/ability ࣋······················· 267 strive for, to ҹਆ ······························· 354 stupid ㅘ ············································ 27 stupid 㕪ṩᕖ‫ ··································· ݯ‬28 style ᯩᔿ··········································· 10 substandard ⅑ ··································· 189 substantial ‫ݵ‬ᇎ ··································· 59

spacious/wide/generous ᇭབྷ ················· 162 speak, to 䇢 ······································ 216 speak highly of, to 䎎ᢜ ·························· 37 specified ⺞ᇊ ··································· 341 speculate, to ᙍ ·································· 249 speech, to give a 䇢䈍 ·························· 216 spend, to 㣡 ······································ 186 spend, to 㣡䍩 ··································· 186 spending 㣡䍩 ··································· 187 spot, on the ᖃ൪ ·································· 80 spotless аቈнḃ······························· 133

substitute for, to ᴯᦒ ·························· 219 succinct ㆰ⌱ ···································· 214 sudden, all of a алᆀ ························· 184 suddenly ᘭ❦ ··································· 184 suffering Ⰻᾊ ··································· 328 sufficient ‫ ····································· ࠶ݵ‬59 suggestion ᜿㿱 ································· 344 supervisor ሬᐸ ·································· 224 support, to ᭟ᤱ ··································· 12 supposing ‫ ·································· ྲٷ‬315 surname ဃ ······································· 289


391

surplus ᇼ։ ····································· 122

therefore ᡰԕ ··································· 324

VXUSULVHWRRQH¶V ㄏ ···························· sustain ᤱ㔝 ······································ swap, to 䈳ᦒ ···································· swift ᭿ᦧ ········································ swindler 僇ᆀ ····································

thing/business һ ································ 321 things like that ӰѸⲴ ··························· 87 think, to ⴈ㇇ ···································· 202 think, to ᙍ㘳 ···································· 250 think (of), to 㿹ᗇ ······························· 136 think about, to ᜣ ································ 250 think less of others, to ⤇⵬ⴻӪվ ·········· 306 think little of, to ሿⴻ··························· 306 think over, to ⩒⼘ ······························ 251 think/suppose, to ᜣ····························· 242 thirst for, to ⑤ᵋ ································ 334 though/but then н䗷 ····························· 78 though/just ਚᱟ ··································· 78 thought/idea ᜣ⌅ ······························· 344 thoughts and feeling ᝏ䀖 ····················· 137 thoughts and understanding փՊ ············· 138 thus ഐ㘼 ········································· 323 time ᐕཛ ········································· 319 time ᰦ䰤 ········································· 319 time after time ኑ⅑ ···························· 111 time and again а޽ ···························· 112 times 䙽 ············································· 63 times ⅑ ············································· 64 times എ ············································· 64 times 䏏 ············································· 64 tired ㍟ ············································ 261 tired ⯢ࣣ ········································· 261 tired and sleepy ⯢ٖ ··························· 261

237 205 218 275 300

T take (by force), to ཪ···························· 353 take (by force), to ཪਆ ·························· 84 WDNH«DVDQH[DPSOHWR ᤯«ᶕ䈤 ··········· 272 take care of, to ‫؍‬㇑ ······························ 19 take care of, to ➗亮 ···························· 160 take delight in, to ௌ⡡ ·····························1 take good care of, to થᣔ ·························3 take precautions against, to 亴䱢 ··············· 31 talk, to 䈤䈍 ······································ 217 talk about, to 䈸 ································· 217 talk/chat about, to 䈸 ··························· 148 talk with, to 䈸䈍 ································ 217 tavern 䞂侶‫ ····································ݯ‬114 teach, to ᮉ ······································· 222 teacher ᮉᐸ ····································· 224 teacher 㘱ᐸ ····································· 225 teacher ᐸ䮯 ····································· 223 team up/pair up, to ᩝẓ ······················· 175 technique ᡻⌅ ······································9 tell, to ੺䇹 ······································ 147 tell (secretly), to 䘿 ······························· 23 tell apart, to ࠶䗘 ································ 311 temperament 㝮≄ ······························ 339 terminate, to 㓸→ ······························· 230 terrified, to be  ᜗ ····························· 296 test ⍻䈅 ·········································· 251 thank, to ཊ䉒···································· 140 thank, to ᝏ䉒···································· 140 thank, to 䉒······································· 140 thank, to 䉒䉒···································· 140 that very day ᖃཙ ································ 80 then 䛓Պ‫ ········································ ݯ‬81

title conferred 〠ਧ ····························· 288 to ሩ ················································· 92 to ੁ(⵰) ············································ 54 to/in the direction of ᖰ ·························· 54 together аඇ‫ ································· ݯ‬342 together а਼ ···································· 341 together, all а䎧 ································ 342 toilet ৅ᡰ ·········································· 50 tolerate, to ᇩ䇨 ································· 326 too ashamed to show one's face ᰐൠ㠚ᇩ ·· 134 torment, to ᣈ㞮 ································· 353

392


torture, to ᣈ⼘ ·································· 353

unhealthy tendency н↓ѻ仾················· 364

touch, to ᢃࣘ···································· 136 tour, to 㿲‫ ······································· ݹ‬48 tour, to ᯵⑨ ····································· 281 towards ᵍ ·········································· 92 towards ᵍ(⵰)····································· 54 towards ੁ ·········································· 92 towards, to turn ੁ ································ 93 transform, to 䖜ॆ································· 33 transform/reconstruct, to ᭩䙐 ················· 132 transient ⸝Ჲ ······································ 91 travel, to ᯵㹼 ··································· 280 treasure, to ⧽ᜌ ·····································3 treat, to ሩᖵ ······································· 97 trust, to ؑԫ ····································· 338 truthful 䈊ᇎ ······································· 58 tug, to ᢟ ········································· 258 turn off/close, to ‫ ····························· ޣ‬158 WXUQXSRQH¶VQRVHDWWR ⴻн䎧 ·············· 306 tutor 䖵ሬઈ ····································· 224 tutor, to 䖵ሬ····································· 222 two Ҽ ············································· 107 two ‫ ············································· ؙ‬107 two є ············································· 107

unite efforts, to ॿ࣋ ···························· 174 universal Პ䙽 ··································· 340 untroubled ᆹᆱ ···································· 3 up to (a time) ࡠ ··································· 79 update/renew, to ᴤᯠ ·························· 130 upright 㙯ⴤ ····································· 329 urgent ᙕ·········································· 199 urgent ᙕ䘛 ······································ 198 use, to ࡙⭘ ······································ 270 use up, to ⎸㙇··································· 186 usual 䙊ᑨ ········································ 234 usually ᖰᖰ ······································· 53 usually/all along ੁᶕ ·························· 363 utilise, to 䘀⭘ ··································· 270

U unavoidably ᵚ‫ ······························· ݽ‬358 unceasingly нᯝ ·································· 42 unconsciously н㿹 ······························· 43 unconsciously н⸕н㿹 ························· 43 uncover, to ᨝······································ 22 underestimate, to վՠ ························· 305 understand, to ⨶䀓 ····························· 273 understand, to փՊ ······················· 135, 273 understand/tolerate, to 䈵䀓 ··················· 346 unexpectedly ㄏ❦ ······························ 237 unexpectedly ケ❦ ······························ 184 unfold/start, to ኅᔰ ···························· 110 unfortunate нᒨ ································ 328 unhappy 䳮ਇ ···································· 317

V valuable ᇍ䍥 ······································ 15 vary, to ਈᦒ ······································· 32 vast ᒯབྷ ········································· 161 very ᖸ ············································ 179 vicinity 䛫䘁 ····································· 128 YLGHRFOLSVEURDGFDVWLQJRQH¶VEORJ ᫝ᇒ ··· 314 view 仾‫ ········································ ݹ‬123 view Ჟ㠤 ········································ 123 view and admire, to 㿲䍿 ··················· 48, 245 view and observe, to 㿲ⴻ ······················· 48 viewpoint 㿲⛩ ·································· 343 vigorous ᰪⴋ ································ 15, 122 visit, to 䇯䰞 ······································· 48 visit, to ⴻ ········································ 248 visit, to pay a ᤌ䇯 ······························ 246 visit, to pay a ᤌՊ ······························ 247 visit, to pay a ᤌ㿱 ······························ 247 visit, to pay a ⴻᵋ ······························ 247 visit and look around, to ৲㿲 ··················· 48 volume (mw. for books) ধ ······················ 26


W wages 㯚䠁 ······································· 154 wages 㯚≤ ······································· 155 wait, to ㅹ ·········································· 86 wait, to ᚝‫ ······································· ى‬85 wait for, to ᖵ ······································ 86 wait for, to ㅹᖵ···································· 85 wander, to 䙋 ······································ 48 want, to ᝯ᜿ ···································· 347 warm-hearted ✝ᗳ ····························· 313 washroom ⍇᡻䰤································· 50 watch, to 㿲ⴻ ··································· 245 way ⛩ᆀ ··········································· 10 wealthy ᇼ㼅····································· 122 wear, to ク ········································· 63 wear (accessories), to ᡤ ························· 63 weather ཙ ········································ 307 weather ཙ≄ ····································· 307 wedding, to organise a ࣎ௌһ ················ 229 welcoming ✝⛸ ································· 313 well-known ᴹ਽ ································ 346 west 㾯 ·········································· 333 west/at the western end 㾯ཤ‫ ··············· ݯ‬333 west/in the west 㾯䗩‫ ························ ݯ‬333 west/the western part of 㾯ᯩ ················· 333 west/western part 㾯䶒 ························· 333 western 㾯䜘 ··································· 333 when ᖃ ············································· 79 when, just ↓ᖃ ···································· 79 while ᖃ«Ⲵᰦ‫ ································ ى‬79 while, quite a ॺཙ ································ 11 wide ᇭ䱄 ········································ 163 wide-ranging ᒯ⌋ ······························ 161 wife 㘱ၶ ········································· 304

393

wife ࿫ᆀ ········································· 304 wife უྷ‫ ······································ ݯ‬305 willing to, to be 㛟 ······························ 347 win, to 㧧 ··········································· 83 wish, to ⾍ ········································ 361 wish, to ⾍ᝯ ····································· 361 wish sb. bon voyage, to 䘱㹼 ·················· 323 with о ············································ 176 with, together ਼ ································ 176 with/as ઼········································· 176 ZLWKRQH‫ތ‬s own hands Ӣ᡻ ···················· 310 with regard to ሩҾ ······························· 93 with/to 䐏 ········································· 176 within ѻ޵ ······································ 264 woman ྷྣ ····································· 294 woman ྣӪ ····································· 294 work for, to 䈻 ··································· 201 work hard for, to ࣋ҹ ·························· 354 work unit অս····································· 76 worried, to be ਁᜱ ······························· 75 worried, to be ᘗ㲁 ······························· 74 worried/concerned about ❖㲁 ················ 197 worry, to ᜱ ········································ 75 worry, to ᣵᗳ ····································· 74 worry about, to ᫽ᗳ ······························ 75

Y yearn for, to ⴬ᵋ ······························· 334 years ኱ᴸ ········································ 319 yet ն················································ 77

Z zone ൠᑖ··········································· 88

Using Chinese Synonyms

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