Glossary ACEA The European association for automotive manufacturers works together with lubricant producers to test the lubricants on their parts. As innovation in both industries impacts the other, this relationship is beneficial for both. Additive Chemicals, used to improve the base oils properties so the lubricant can handle certain situations better. Most additives packages try to better the service life and wear protection of the oil. During the refining stage base oils can be gradually improved and changed so certain parameters are superior. owever, owev er, mineral mineral oils can only be adapt adapted ed to a limi limited ted e!tent. "ynthetic "ynthetic base oils are chemi chemicaly caly engineered engineered and e!ceed the limits natural mineral oils have. "till, certain parameters, characteristics characteristics or costs will make the lubricant producer opt to use base oil additives. These in base oil dissolved chemicals gives the lubricant abilities which it could not have on its own. As engines and machines keep evolving, so does the additives industry. #ndustrial lubricants can be $uite specific in use and a need for tailormade lubricants for machinery has increased steadily over the years. Additives can be used to make the base oil stock stock suit the the application neatly.Additiv neatly.Additives es are either for the general general engine motor oil industry or the specific industrial oil market. The engine additives are for passenger car motor oils, heavy% duty engine oils, marine engine oils and small engine &'T or (T) motor oils. Additives for specific oils such as automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, tractor fluids, greases, metalworking fluids and compressor fluids are tailor% made depending on the final use. There are also so%called aftermarket additives which can be bought in supermarkets or gas stations. Marketed towards car owners, they can replace depleted additives in older motor oils. owever, most claims made by these products are highly suspect and not proven. #n some cases they will do nothing or even damage the engine, so be careful when contemplating to use these additives.Anti%foam agentAn additive package that combats e!cessive foam formation and hastens bubble bursting. Anti-oxidant Additive that tries tries to bind free o!ygen in the oil so o!idative resistance is increased increased and with it service life. Anti-wear agent An additive that minimi*es damage damage done because of metal%on%metal metal%on%metal surface surface contact. API The American +etroleum +etroleum #nstitute is a " trade association representing any company that has something to do with the petroleum industry. As a historically important organi*ation for the petroleum industry, it has produced several standards which are used worldwide to measure the $uality of the industry. The The grades for motor oils take the form of a ring with the $uality grade written within &the so%called donut) on the label. API classification of base oils +ls take info from http-www.shamrock.com.cy http-www.shamrock.com.cycontentabout%base contentabout%base%oilsapi%classific %oilsapi%classification%base%oils ation%base%oils Base Oil The main substance in lubricants, base oils are refined from crude oil. The $uality of base oils are depended on the refinement processes that have been performed./ink to more info &pls take from http-www.shamrock. http-www .shamrock.com.cyc com.cycontentabout%base%oils) ontentabout%base%oils) Base oils Group I According to A+# to A+# &American +etroleum #nstitute) #nstitute) 0roup # % "olvent 1ree*ing
0roup 2 base oils are the least refined of all the groups. They are usually a mi! of different hydrocarbon chains with little or no uniformity. 3hile some automotive oils on the market use 0roup # stocks, they are generally used in less demanding applications. Base oils Group II According to A+# &American +etroleum #nstitute) 0roup ## % ydro processing and 4efining 0roup ## base oils are common in mineral based motor oils currently available on the market. They have fair to good performance in lubricating properties such as volatility, o!idative stability and flashfire points. They have only fair performance in areas such as pour point, cold crank viscosity and e!treme pressure wear. Base oils Group III According to A+# &American +etroleum #nstitute) classification 0roup 5 ### ydro processing and 4efining 0roup ### base oils are sub6ected to the highest level of mineral oil refining of the base oil groups. Although they are not chemically engineered, they offer good performance in a wide range of attributes as well as good molecular uniformity and stability. They are commonly mi!ed with additives and marketed as synthetic or semi%synthetic products. Base oils Group IV According to A+# &American +etroleum #nstitute) classification 0roup #7 % Chemical 4eactions 0roup #7 base oils are chemically engineered synthetic base stocks. +olyalphaolefins &+A89s) are a common e!ample of a synthetic base stock. "ynthetics, when combined with additives, offer e!cellent performance over a wide range of lubricating properties. They have very stable chemical compositions and highly uniform molecular chains. 0roup #7 base oils are becoming more common in synthetic and synthetic%blend products for automotive and industrial applications. Base oils Group V According to A+# &American +etroleum #nstitute) classification 0roup 7 % As #ndicated 0roup 7 base oils are used primarily in the creation of oil additives. Esters and polyolesters are both common 0roup 7 base oils used in the formulation of oil additives. 0roup 7 oils are generally not used as base oils themselves, but add beneficial properties to other base oils. "ome e!amples of 0roup 7 :ase 8ils are- Alkylated ;aphthalene, Esters, +oly%alkylene glycols, "ilcones, +olybutenes. Base oil production process :ase oil production process works as follows2. '. <.
1eedstock is separated into distillates and vacuum gas oils 3a!y vacuum gas oil molecules flow to the hydrocracker to begin conversion ydrogen is introduced to saturate the molecules and remove impurities such as nitrogen, sulfur, o!ygen and heavy metals. (. ydrocracking, under conditions of e!treme temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst, converts aromatics molecules into saturated paraffins. =. The altered stock is noticeably lighter in color due to the absence of contaminants. >. /ong wa!y paraffin molecules are restructured into shorter, branched isoparaffins that resist gelling and improve low temperature pumpability. ?. ydrogen is introduced again to remove any remaining aromatics and impurities, enhancing the o!idation and thermal stability of the now colorless oil. Base oils uality Control :ase oils and all other petroleum products are continuously tested to determine their current characteristics. Depending on the results these analyses produce, the mineral oils are categorised. @uality is the defining factor for the future use of base oils as some of them are perfect for one application while others are definitely not. The function of the lubricant will influence the choice of which base oil is selected to produce the final product. As an e!ample, "; 2= has a lower viscosity value than "; >=, this makes "; 2= good to be used in lubricating oils for
fast rotating engines while "; >= will be used for motor oils of big, slower turning engines. As conditions change during active usage, the lubricating agent must adapt to the different situation. 8f course with the increasing standards, other factors apart from lubricating become 6ust as important &such as engine cleaning, environmental impact and performance improvement). 3ith petroleum products being traded worldwide, standards in $uality control and $uality testing are essential for businesses to ensure correct and fair global trading. @uality testing is either done by the manufactures9 own lab andor accredited neutral inspection laboratory. The manufacturer will test the petroleum products also during production as to monitor the refining processes and detect any problems in the installation via $uality control. Third party testing laboratories are professional labs which test at re$uest of their clients the $uality of an item, in "hamrocks case base oils and other petroleum products. The results that laboratories provide to their client are official proof of the $uality of the specific item tested and thus are used to trade with customers. The inspection labs are accredited, both commercially and by governments, their results can9t be influenced by their clients or they will risk legal penalties and lose their accreditation. 3ell know labs are "0", "aybolt or #ntertek. @uality control is usually also performed by the inspection laboratory and includes services such as $uantity control, certification of cleaning and loading surveillance. These controls are implemented to guarantee good practice while handling the product and ensure the $uality of the cargo during the whole supply chain. "hamrock samples its products at all stages of cargo handling so we can provide our customers with the most up to date $uality reports and see to it all goes according to regulations. "hould there be a discrepancy in the results samples will be retested as they are kept at least for B days after sampling as a safety feature. The commonly tested parameters for base oils are color, viscosity, density, sulphur content, water content, flash point and pour point. Color is an indication of how well it is refined and if there9s any contamination. A rule of thumb is the more color a base oil has, the less it is refined. #f the solution is clouded, water has contaminated the sample. The density is used as an e!tra identifier for the li$uid product. #t will differ should the sample be contaminated. 7iscosity is perhaps the most important parameter as it is used to categori*e the mineral oil. The result of the viscosity tests will place the base oil in its grade and provide its name i.e. "; = is a 0roup # base oil with a viscosity of = "" at 21. A good $uality base oil is e$ual to a base oil with good viscosity inde!. The inde! shows how well a base oil can work at different temperatures. "ulphur and water levels are restricted and their precise concentration is needed for further processing of the base oil. 1lash and pour point have to be known to determine if the mineral oil is suited for certain purposes. +our point determines in which minimum temperatures the finished product can operate &although this can be improved with additives). 1lash point is used to characteri*e the fire ha*ard of base oils. #t measures when an oil vapor%air mi!ture will ignite. Although most labs vary greatly in the e$uipment and methods they use, some brands are recogni*ed to be essential in any lab-"pectro#nc., Mettler Toledo, Metrohm and oehler amongst others. Base stoc!s :ase oils have variety of several different names- ;eutrals &2 ;, 2= ;, > ;, ), :right "tocks, grades &with regard to their finished lubricant- "AE =, 2F or standard tests- #"8 '', <',...). The most common names are for 0roup # &";- "olvent ;eutral), for 0roup ## &;- ;eutrals) and 0roup ### grade names refer to the viscosity &(cst, >cst, Gcst ) at 2C. 0rade names can also refer to trademarks. Bio-based base oils :io%based base oils were used much earlier than mineral based oils as they were more readily available, however these biological lubricants were abandoned at the advent of petroleum based lubes. ;ow, a renewed interest for environmental reasons has spurned a rapid evolving industry around bio%based base oils. Carbon residue As oil gets hot and o!idi*es, a layer of sooth is formed. This sooth is carbon residue which impacts the effectiveness of machinery as it can interfere with not only the lubrication but also the mechanics. Catalyst sed in catalytic converters, chemical compounds will convert the pollutants in the e!haust to less harmful gasses. /ubricants and certain additives can interfere with these catalysts, other additives will try to negate or protect the catalytic converters.
Corrosion in"ibitor An additive which lowers the rate of corrosion by either the formation of a thin protective layer or by binding any dissolved o!ygen #e$ulsibility The ability of lubricants to separate from water if mi!ed. #ensity Density is the weight per volume of a substance. #n oils, it is usually indicated in the temperature of H2=C or H'C, in units kgm<. /ubricant densities range between about ? and B= kgm<, depending on the $uality, viscosity and additive content of the lubricant. #ru$s A standard barrel for the transport of chemicals is about ' liters &or == gallons). 8ther volumes are available with a range from ' to '= liters. 4ead more ... #etergent An additive which that helps the engine to be kept clean by minimi*ing oil sludge build%up. #t keeps contaminants suspended in the lubricant and thus prevents oil sludge formation. E%VI and V%VI base oils E7# and 77# &E!teme igh% and 7ery igh 7iscosity #nde!) oil, produced from crude oil using special processes, can be made to have properties close to those of synthetic oils. 4aw material of the base oil is the paraffinic hydrocracking fraction which is further improved by removing wa!es using the solvent e!traction method. The use of these base oils as components of modern motor oils is increasing, due to engine constructions that are more demanding in terms of lower emission properties and the new $uality re$uirements of vehicle manufacturers. &las" point The lowest temperature at which vapor from a sample of a petroleum product or other combustible fluid will IflashJ in the presence of an ignition source. The flash can be seen in the form of a small spark over the li$uid. &inis"ed 'ubricants :ase oil is used to make finished lubricants. These products vary both in function and make%up but all are used for industrial applications to ensure a good continuation of movement, transfer of heat and clean up of particulate matter. 1unctionality of a lubricant is determined by the base stock it is formulated from. "ynthetic base oils have a very low pour point and are therefore ideal to make lubricant which operate in sub*ero conditions. Motor oils are by far the most commonly used lubricant as they are needed in all vehicles. Considering the large diversity in the automotive industry &from 1ormula 2 race cars to a ' year old second hand family car) very different oils are made to suit the engine type and history. #ndustrial production processes re$uire lubricating agents to keep machinery operating at an optimum level. 0reases, heat transfer fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids or transformer oils, each will help processes to perform as needed. 8ur company can offer bulk deliveries of the following finished lubricants &motor oils)
"AE<, CC $uality "AE<, CC $uality, specifically for ama* trucks and #karus buses "AE< CD $uality "AE( C: $uality
&ire Point The lowest temperature at which a combustible fluid will burst into flame in the presence of an e!traneous ignition source. 7ery little additional heat is re$uired to reach the fire point from the f lash point. &lexitan! To deliver li$uids in standard containers, a fle!ibag, which is filled with the li$uid, is placed in a container so it can be shipped by rail, vessel or truck. 4ead more ...
&riction #t is the force resisting the relative movement of surfaces or layers. 1riction results in a decrease in energy and will result in wear or degradation of some kind. &uel Econo$y #t stands for the amount of fuel used per distance travelled. 1uel consumption is the fuel economy for a distance of 2 km. &uel In(ection #t is a system for providing combustion engines with a good fuelair mi! to improve engine performance. The fuel in6ector forces the fuel through a small no**le at high pressure to obtain a good mi!. &uel oil The heavier fraction that is obtained from refining crude oil, it contains long hydrocarbon chains. #t is mainly used to heat buildings and as fuel for heavy engines Grease A thickened lubricant which possesses a certain plasticity. Their consistency can range from being fluid to hard solid. Group I :ase oils are divided in groups &from 2 to =) with the difference between each group being either the refinement process andor sulphur content and viscosity inde!. %ydrocarbons The combinations of carbon and hydrogen atoms are named hydrocarbons. /ubricants are made of the compounds in which a few differences can be observed- the number of carbon atoms, the smaller the lighter the molecule, and the structure of the substance, naphtenic have many cyclic structures, paraffinic are made of long strings. %ydro treating A refining process in which base oil is e!posed to high concentrations of hydrogen so it will replace any impurities such as sulphur or saturate any unsaturated hydrocarbons. IBC pac!aging 4ead more ... I')AC Kust as many other organi*ations, the #nternational /ubricant "tandardisation ans Approval Committee *ineral base oil Modern mineral base oils are the result of several distillation and refining processes. The feedstock used is crude oil. This substance is not of uniform $uality but consists of several thousands of hydrocarbon compounds. All these molecules e!ist in various grades of comple!ity and si*e, ranging from ring structures to long chains. The hydrocarbons can be divided into three main groups- paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic. The distillation process in the refinery separates the hydrocarbons contained in the crude into cuts based on the molecule si*e andor structure.+araffinic hydrocarbons can be further divided into two subgroups- normal paraffinic and isoparaffinic. +araffinic hydrocarbons are the best lubricants because of their relative inertness while they disperse air and heat, ideal properties for a lubricant. 1urthermore, many unwanted substances as possible are removed in the process, such as a too high sulphur content, aromatic hydrocarbons, paraffin wa!, etc. #n other words the mineral oil production is a physical cleaning process and the end product is a ¶ffinic) base oil. Most of the hydrocarbons in the base oil are paraffinic, but it also contains naphthenic and aromatic molecules. The final outcome can also be so%called naphthenic base oil, when the paraffinic content is less than ==L to >L. Due to their structure their cold properties and sludge forming properties are e!cellent. They will be used for products which need such $ualities, i.e.- motor oils in cold climates. *+BE,EB+E
Derived from crude oil or natural gas, they are used as additives for fuel for gasoline engines. Methyl Tertiary%butyl ether and Ethyl tertiary butyl ether raise the o!ygen content of the fuel, promotion a more complete o!idation, ap"ta A fraction of petroleum that has the typical characteristic of being very volatile, it is produced with the distillation of petroleum. #t is commonly used as a solvent or, lighter fuel. atural gas condensate #t is a low%density mi!ture of hydrocarbon li$uids that are present as gaseous components in the raw natural gas produced from different oil wells. 'GI The ;ational /ubricating 0rease #nstitute is a trade association that represents the grease and gear lubricant industry and is heavily involved with research and technological developments in their industry. They established the ;/0# grade for categori*ing greases. 'GI Grade "et by the ;/0#, it represents the consistency of a grease, going from fluid &) to hard and solid &>). OE* 8riginal E$uipment Manufacturer in the automotive industry refers to parts that are made to the specification of a producer by that producer. This is done so the correct replacement parts are easy to identify. Many motor oils are tested on various specific engines which are 8EM specified so the results can be compared &to a certain degree). Oxidation #t is a term to describe the binding of o!ygen with other atoms, which generally will result in the deterioration of the substance &such as rust). 3ith lubricants this will result in sludge formation, acid build%up or sooth production which all interfere with the lubrication process. 8!idation is stronger at higher temperatures. Oxidation stability As o!idation will cause deterioration, lubricants are re$uired to be tested on how well they can stand against o!idation, this is called the o!idation stability. PAO
+A8 stands for +oly%alpha%olefins &or poly%%olefins), they are polymers made of alkenes which have their double bond on the alpha or first carbon atom of the molecule. 1or e!ample, 2%he!ene is an alkene with > carbon atoms and the double bond between the first and second carbon atoms &see right). The polymerisation process will link the monomers into one giant chain. The carbon atoms after the second carbon will form branches onto the polymer chain and will influence the characteristics of the polymer. +A8 have a very low free*ing point as the polymer branches prevent crystallisation. Coupled with the fact that these chains can be highly chemically engineered for different properties, +A8 make e!cellent lubrication products for even the most demanding and high tech machinery. these polymers possess a high viscosity inde! and because of their production process they do not have any pollutants as mineral oils would have. Pour Point A widely used low temperature flow indicator, depicted as <C above the temperature to which a normal li$uid petroleum product maintains fluidity. #t is a significant factor in cold weather start%up. 8il thickens as the temperature falls. At a certain temperature it no longer flows by its own weight. This temperature is called the pour point. The pour point depends on the viscosity and chemical structure of the oil. #n paraffinic oils,
stiffening is caused by the wa! in the oil, which become crystals. The more the oil cools down the bigger the crystals grow, eventually forming a flow%preventing network within the oil. ;aphthenic oils have less or no wa!, and they remain fluid in lower temperatures than paraffinic oils. The oil eventually becomes so stiff that it no longer flows with its own weight. 1ully synthetic oils do not contain wa! and their cold properties are e!cellent. The pour point can be improved by using an additive that prevents the growth and interconnection of wa! crystals. 3ith the pour point, it is possible to describe appro!imately the cold start properties of oil, but in many cases it is not enoughF it is more important to know the true oil viscosity at the starting temperature. .EAC% The 4egistration, Evaluation, Authori*ation and 4egistration of Chemicals is the current regulation in the E concerning the production and use of chemical substances. #t is seen as the strictest law for regulating the chemical industry and affects everything being imported or produced in the E. .ust in"ibitor An additive package which specifically protects ironsteel from rusting by either forming a protective layer or absorbing the materials that may cause the rusting. )AE The "ociety of Automotive Engineers is an international organi*ation that develops worldwide accepted standards for the engineering of powered vehicles. They have established a code for grading motor oils which corresponds with the viscosity characteristics of the oil. )AP) The pollutants "ulphated Ash, +hosphorus and "ulphur are know under this abbreviation. They are grouped together as they hinder e!haust clean up and stricter emission standards. )aturates #t stands for the saturated hydrocarbon compounds. #n these molecules all carbon atoms are bonded to either another carbon atom or a hydrogen atom. They are not very reactive molecules. ) /01 "; 2= is defined as a light grade base oil at the lower end of the specifications for 0rade # light base oils. They are mainly used in lubricant and lubricant additives production. #t is a 0roup # base oil which has undergone solvent refining and solvent dewa!ing processes. 1inally it was treated with hydrogen to clear out any impurities. "; 2= serves as a base stock for several industrial lubricants0eneral purpose oils Mould oil Transmission fluids 0ear oils Metal working fluids Additives and also
ydraulic oils Transformer oils "; = is defined as a light grade base oil at the upper end of the specifications for 0rade # base oils. They are mainly used in lubricant production. #t is a 0roup # base oil which has undergone solvent refining and solvent dewa!ing processes. 1inally it was treated with hydrogen to clear out any impurities.
"; = serves as a base stock for several industrial lubricants
Engine oils 0reases Transmission fluids
0ear oils Metal working fluids and also
ydraulic oils Transformer oils
)ulp"ur A ma6or contaminant of petroleum as it is a strong o!idi*er or reducing agent. #t causes pollution and damage to engines if present in large concentrations, therefore legislation worldwide has banned the use of fuels with a high sulphur content. )ynt"etic base oil The group of synthetic base oils covers many different substances- synthetic hydrocarbons, organic esters, polyalkyline glycols, etc. Common to synthetic base oils is their production by chemical synthesis. "ynthetic +A8 &+olyalphaolefine) hydrocarbons are manufactured in a process that results in isoparaffins, the desired types of hydrocarbon molecules. The raw material used is reprocessed into ethene gas &C'(). #t is thus possible to produce the best possible lubricating oil, which entirely lacks the unwanted components, through chemical processes. This is the most commonly used synthetic base oil in modern engine lubricants. +B The Total :ase ;umber represents the reserve alkalinity in a lubricant or acidic resistance. As acids are formed during combustion, they need to be reduced to delay wear. The TA; or Total Acid ;umber is the inverse measurement of T:; +urbo A turbocharger, powered by the e!haust gasses, presses the air and fuel mi!ture into the cylinders of the engine to improve performance. /ubricants specified for engines with a turbocharger have higher $uality standards to prevent damage to the mechanical device. Vapor Pressure The measure of a li$uids volatility. The higher the pressure at a standard test temperature, the more volatile the sample, and the more readily it will evaporate. Viscosity Measure of a fluid9s resistance to flow. #t is measured by timing how long a fluid flows through a standard orifice at a certain temperature. The higher the value, the more viscous the fluid. 7iscosity differs with temperature so measurements always mention the temperature at which it was conducted. Tests are typically done at (C and 2C. The thicker a fluid is, the greater its viscosity. /ubricant viscosity is usually e!pressed with the units centistoke &mm's) and centipoise &m+as). Centistoke &c"t) is a unit of kinematic viscosity, based on the amount of force re$uired to beat the internal friction of fluid. Centipoise &c+) is a unit of dynamic viscosity, often used for e!pressing the internal friction of oil in low temperatures. The connection of c"t and c+ is c+ N c"t ! fluid density. The temperature must always be given when e!pressing viscosity with any unit. All oils become much thinner as the temperature rises. A typical viscosity of motor oil "AE 23 at a temperature of %' C may be ', c+, but if it heats up to a temperature of H2 C the viscosity is only =.' c"t. inematic viscosity is measured by the pictured bbelohde viscometer. #t measures the time the oil re$uires to flow from point 2 to point '. Viscosity Index The measure of the rate of change of viscosity with temperature. eating tends to make lubricants thinner, cooling makes them thicker. The higher the viscosity inde! is on a particular fluid, the less of a change in viscosity there will be over a given temperature range. The viscosity inde! &7.#.) describes the fluidOs tendency to thin as the temperature rises. The stronger the fluid thinning the smaller the viscosity inde!. The 7.#. of single%grade motor oils is about B=% 22, and that of multi%grade motor oils can be higher than '.
Volatility The property of a li$uid that defines its evaporation characteristics. The more volatile, the lower the boiling temperature and the faster the evaporation rate will be of a li$uid. 2axes 3a!es are materials which have changing properties such as having a solid state at room temperature while li$uefying at higher temperatures. They can be made from several sources naturally, be it animal, vegetable or mineral, or synthetically via modern processes. Mineral wa!es are derived from the refining of crude oil, during this petroleum is vacuum distilled to create paraffinic wa!es while petrolatum is de%oiled to make microcrystalline wa!es. Due to their changing nature, the lubricating effect and light breaking properties they are used in a variety of industries and applications. Most common are candle%making, coating of paper or clothing to make them water resistent, binding agent, chewing gum additive &food grade), ingredient in cosmetics, steel polisher, crayon fabrication and thermal printing inks.
