Through English / Hindi with my novel scientific way
Those who do not know Hindi can learn Hind& too!
by Ratnakar Narale
SANSKRIT HINDI RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TORONTO
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Lesson 1 The Urdu Alphabet (Nasta@]l&q and Naskh) Less Lesson on 2 The The Urdu Urdu Acce Accent nt Mark Markss (nukte) Lesson 3 Joining Urdu Letters English
3 8 9 Hindi A)
14
English ih>dI ba)
15
English ih> dI pa)
16
English ih>dI ta)
18
English ih>dI @)
19
English ih>dI sa) English j ih> ih>dI ja)
English
ih>dI ca)
English ih>dI h) English
20 22 23 25
ih>dI S[a)
26
English ih>dI d)
27
English ih>dI D)
29
English ih>dI j[a)
30
English ih>dI r)
32
English ih> dI D[) English
ih>dI Ja, j[a)
English ih> dI j[ya) English ih>dI sa) English
35 36 38
ih> dI oa)
39
English ih>dI sa)
41
English ih>dI j[a)
42
English ih>dI ta)
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33
44
English English English
ih>dI j[a)
45
ih>dI ], A)
47
ih> dI g[a)
48
English ih>dI f[ ) English
Hindi k[ k[)
51
English
Hindi k) k)
52
English
Hindi ga) ga)
English
Hindi La) La)
55
English
Hindi ma) ma)
56
English Eng.
57
Hindi va, va, q)
59
English Hindi h) h) English Hindi } } )
English Hindi ya, ya, }) ]) English Hindi ])
Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Les Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11 Lesson 12
Writing Hindi and English Vowels in Urdu Urdu Diacritical Accent Marks The Urdu Numerals Th MAKI MAKING NG YOUR OUR OWN OWN URD URDU SE SENTE NTENCE NCES, Presen esent,t, past, futur ture Making Sentences for Completed Actions Ratnakar’s Brain Surgery of Urdu Grammar Use of the Case Suffixes (post-positions) Adjectives and Adverbs General Knowledge and Vocabulary Urdu Verbs Lesson 13 Urdu Conversational Road map Lesson 14 Urdu Literature
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53
Hindi na) na)
Eng. Hindi h) h)
u
49
60 62 65 66
68
70 73 80 85 98 102 104 113 117 130 131 138
1.
alif
2.
be
3.
pe
4.
te
5.
t>e
6.
se
7.
j&m
8.
che
9.
he
10.
khe
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1`.
da@l
12.
d
13.
laj
14.
re
15.
ad
16.
jhe
17.
zhe
18.
s&n
19.
sh&n
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20.
sua@d
21.
jua@d
22.
toe
23.
zoe
24.
ain
25.
gain
26.
fe
27.
qa@f
28.
ka@f
29.
ga@f
30.
la@m
31.
m&m
32.
nu@n
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33.
va@o
34.
chhot>& he
35.
do chashm& he hamza@
36.
37.
chhot>& ye
38.
bad<& ye
NOTE : Please remember the resembling sounds in Urdu
ﮦ
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THE DOTS / MARKS
In Urdu@ many letters are recognized simply by looking at the dots (marks) attached to them. Following are the letters which can can be identified with dots or no-dots. no-dots.
(i) Write each of the letters with w ith the dot. Remove the the dot and tell it changes. (ii) Similarly, write each character character without the dot. dot. Add the the dot and tell how it changes. changes.
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It is important for English and Hindi knowing people to understand how the letters are truncated or symbolozed when two, three or more letters come together. I hope you have learned previous lessons well and you are able to read individual Urdu letters easily, if not, please go back to lesson 1.
THE 39 URDU CHARACTERS Style Style : The 39 Urdu Charact Characters ers
ﮦ Naskh Style : 39 Urdu Characters
In order to understand Urdu clearly and easily, consideration of the following Three things (ppp) is essential. (A) Character Properties; (B) Character Positions and (C) the Connector Points. Points.
(A) THE CHARACTER PROPERTIES : Unique for a Language born in dia, most of the characters of the Urdu can be recognized simply simply by looking looking at the ‘placem ‘placement, ent, number number and presence presence or absence’ absence’ of the dot/dots dot/dots or a mark mark (
them. Some say there are 37 characters in Urdu language, most people say there are 38 ) in them.
characters, I say there are 39 characters. These 39 characters can be grouped into sets, according to their properties. (a) According to their ‘shapes,’ the Urdu lettere may be grouped into the following two sets.
i. 1, 2 or 3 dots dots :
é(=
)
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ﮦ
ii. No dots :
(
(
(
)
(
(
( )
(
(
(
)
( )
(
) (
)
(b) Again, unique for the Language Language originated from Sanskrit, Urdu is not only written Right to Left, but the Nasta@]l&q words and letters can be stacked and compacted, vertically and/or diagonally. e.g.
f[ (f[ja,
jah²ma, (jah²ma, Hell), Sa> (Sa>jar, Daggar), hnaIf[ (hnaIf[I, Religious), ihjjaIr, (ihjjaIr, One’s iksaIsae nature), zar, (zar, House), bacapana, (bacapana, Childhood), (iksaIsae, To someone), bataS[ (bataS[ a, Duck), mau (mau hmmad, Muhammad), paICe naIcae (paICe, Behind), (naIcae, Below), ﯿﭻ baIca, (baIca, between) ...etc. Mountain pass),
(B) THE CHARACTER SHAPES :
Also, unique for the Languages of India, characters of the Urdu language are written in four shapes, depending up on their position in a word.
(1) STAND ALONE POSITION : When a single letter is written as a stand-alone character, it is written
in complete shape, along with its dot (
),), if any. e.g. see the 39 Stand-alone Urdu
characters shown above.
When there are two or more letters in a word, the first first letter is written in “Starting Position.’ the last letter in its End position and the rest in their Middle position. saba sab (all)
(Lesson)
s&n (
;
(s&n is written in Starting shape, and be in End shape) sabak[ sabaq
is written in Starting shape, be in Middle positi position on and qa@f in End shape)
NOTE : Urdu words can start st art from 37 of the t he 39 characters characte rs shown above. Their Starting Start ing shapes are : 37 Urdu Characters in Starting position
) r z wd ¥ ¢ › ˜ ” ‘ Š ‡ „ a µ²Zz( é è å â ß Û Ø Õ ÒÏ Ì É Æ Ã À½º · never comes in Starting position
37 Urdu Characters in Starting position
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English
a
ƒ
Stand Alone
End Position
a
ƒ Middle Position
ƒ
Stand Alone
ƒ
End Position
M i d d l e P o s i t i on
Hindi
A)
a S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
a S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
(i) No letter is connected on the LEFT SIDE of the Letter AiLaf[ alif (A a ). (ii) alif can be connected connected to the letter on its its right side side only. Therefore, in the Middle Middle position and in i n End position, the t he shape of alif remains same.
Hindi
(for the letters be and pe , please see Lessons 3.1 and 3.2 or the Back Cover of the book) (i)
( ) ( ) : Aba ab (now) (now) = Right Right to Left Left $ ba b + A a =
(ii) (as Initial letter, alif AiLaf[
+ =
must be written written in Stand-alone Stand-alone shape; therefore, therefore, be bae
also becomes a Stand-alone letter).
ƒ
( ) : baapa ba@p (father) = Right to Left $ pa p + a A + ba b =
(iii) +
=
+
ƒ +„=
(Naskh
+
) (be is written in Starting shape, alif in Middle
pe is written detached from alif , in Stand position is attached to be, but it is detached from pe. Letter pe alone shape). See TIP 5
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ƒ
( ) : Abbaa abba@ = Right to Left $ a A
(iv)
ƒ
+ ba b
„ + a A ƒ =
+ a A
+ ba b
= a A
(Naskh ) (alif is in Starting shape, be is in Middle position and second
alif [ is written in End shape, which is same as its Middle position shape). See TIP 4
al ( ), jal ( When the AiLaf[ alif (A a ) comes after the Urdu@ letters dal ( ), d
) and zhe ( ) , the alif is written as a Stand-alone letter. eg\
English
b Stand Alone
† End Position
b Stand Alone
), re ( ),
† End Position bae be (
pae pe pe ( ), pae
…
„
M i d d l e P o s i t i on
…
S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
„
M i d d l e P o s i t i on tae te ( ), tae
ba)
ih> dI
@e t>e ( ), @e
S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
) and sae se (
) ar e firs t
group of the five letters that can easily be identified by looking at their dots (nukte ).). books-india.com
ﮯ
Hindi
(for letters ‘s’ and ‘q’ please see Lessons 3.18 and 3.27 or see the back cover of the book) ( )
(i)
=
„
+
( ) : e.g. basa basa bas (Enough!) = Right to Left $ sa s + ba b
(ii) = (iii) +
End-pos ition) on) ³+ „ = (Naskh ) ( is in Starting position and s&n is in End-positi (…) : e.g. sabak[ sabak[ sabaq (Lesson) = Right to Left $ k[ q + ba b + sa s = = Ì + „ + ± = (Naskh ) (s&n is written in ‘Starting shape,’ is + be
be
written in ‘Middle shape’ and qa@f is written in End shape).
(iv)
=
(
†+ ± =
†) : e.g. saba saba sab (All) Right to Left $ b ba + s sa =
(Naskh ) (s&n is written in ‘Starting shape,’ and be is written in End
shape).
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times ( Nasta@ Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) : (Nasta@]l&q)
+
(Naskh)
2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : ( Nasta@ Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) Aba ab (Now), sabak[ sabak[ sabaq (Lesson), saba saba sab, (All), basa bas (Enough!)
English
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pa)
ih> dI
p
‰
Stand Alone
ˆ
End Position
p
M i d d l e P o s i t i on
‰
Stand Alone
‡
ˆ
End Position
S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
‡
M i d d l e P o s i t i on
S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
Hindi
for letters ‘re ’ and ‘che ’ please see Lessons 3.14 and 3.3, or see the back cover of the book (i)
(
)
‡
( ) e.g. par (Wing) Right Right to Left Left $ r r + pa p = par par (Wing)
(ii) +
‡ =
+
=
) (
(Naskh
pe pe is in Starting position and letter re is in End-position)
ˆ + = Œ + ˆ+› =
( ) : e.g. capata slap) Right Right to Left Left $ t ta capata chapat (a slap) ta + p pa + ch ca =
(iii)
+
(Naskh
) (che is written in ‘Starting
shape,’ pe is written in ‘Middle shape’ and te is written in End shape.
(iv)
+
(
=
‰) : e.g. tapa tapa tap (Feaver, Heat) Right to Left $ pa p + ta t =
† + Š =
(Naskh ) (te is written in ‘Starting shape,’ and pe is written
in End shape.
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WRITING HINDI BREATH CHARACTERS IN URDU
H i n d&
Urdu@
e.g.
+
=
rSa rakh (keep)
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
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zar zar ghar (home)
Cta chhat (roof)
Ja@ jhat> (quick)
La# lat>h (stick)
$ba d
pa$[ pad
rYa rath (Chariot)
+
=
+
=
+
=
Stand Alone
i Stand Alone
End Position
ê End Position
é
fLa phal (fruit)
English
ê
Zana dhan (wealth)
Ba@ bhat> (warrior)
ya, })
Hindi
è
M i d d l e P o s i t i on
é M i d d l e P o s i t i on
S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
è S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
y when comes as initial character, but mostly used as (1) chhot>& ye is sometimes used as consonant ya y vowel } } or }| i or & when it comes after a consonant.
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ya@ (chhot>& ye + alif ) e.g. (i) yaa ya@
(ii) kI ki (ka@f + chhot>& ye )
(2) In itial position in a sentence, letter } i is written as a slante line ( zer ) drawn under the letter alif . ( ) e.g. }Zar idhar (On this side) (3) In itial and Middle positions, chhot>& ye is recognized by the conspicuous two dots under the letter. e.g. }| }|d &d
(ain + chhot>& ye + da@ d a@l)
(4) chhot>& ye is mostly used for Feminine words. w ords. e.g. bae bae@I bet>& & (daughter)
(be + chhot>& ye + t>e + chhot>& ye )
(i)
(
è
( ) : e.g. yaa yaa ya@ (Or), Right to Left $ A a + ya y =
(ii)
=ƒ +è =
+
(nask ) (chhot>& ye is in itial shape and alif is in End position) posit ion)
é
( ) : e.g. taIna taIna t&n (Three) Right to Left $ na n + }| & + ta t
(iii) =
)
+
= Ý+ é + Š =
+
(nask
)
(te is in Starting shape, chhot>& ye
is in Middle position and nu@n is in End position).
ê
( ) : e.g. paI paI p& (Drink) Right to Left $ }| & + pa p =
(iv)
= ê +‡
=
)
(nask
pe is in Starting shape and chhot>& ye is in End position). ( pe
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times ( Nasta@ Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) : (Nasta@]l&q)
(Naskh)
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+
2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : ( Nasta@ Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) kI k& (Did), paI p& (Drank), LaI LaI l& Took), dI dI d& (Gave), yaa yaa ya@ (Or), ibana ibana bin(Without)
])
English
e Stand Alone
ë
é
End Position
Hindi
è
M i d d l e P o s i t i on
e
ë
é
Stand Alone
End Position
M i d d l e P o s i t i on
S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
è S t a r t i ng P o s i t o i n
chhot>& ye, ye, bad<& ye is also used as vowel ] e when comes after another vowel or Similar to the chhot>
ya@ (chhot>& ye + alif alif ) ( ) ii) saeba seb (s&n + bad<& ye + be ) a consonant. eg. (i) yaa ya@
(ii) saI s& (s&n + chhot>& ye )
(
) (ii) sae se (s&n + bad[& ye )
Similar to Letters daLa da@l ( ), DaLa DaLa d
ja@l ( ), j[ j[aaLa ja@
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(
)
(
)
jhe ( ), ); re re re ( ), AD[e ad
jyae zhe (
) and va@o vaaAae ( ), let lette terr bad<& ye (
) also does not connect to the letter on its left
side. Therefore, in starting position, it is written as a Stand alone letter. e.g. mae maera mera@
(m&m (m&m
+ bad<& ye + re + alif)
In Middle positions, sometimes chhot>& ye is used in place of the bad<& ye. and then then it is easily easily recognized by the conspicuous two dots under the letter. e.g. (1) bae ksa bekas
(be + bad<& ye + s&n) (2) ]k ek (aik)
(alif + chhot>& ye +
ka@f) bad<& ye is mostly used for Masculine words and chhot>& ye for Feminine words.
ﮯﯾ ﮉ (i)
(
)
è
( ) : In Starting position, alif and chhot>& ye is used in place
(ii)
]bak ebak (Slave), Right to Left $ k k + ba b + ] e + A a = of bad<& ye. .e.g. ]bak
+
= Ñ+ … +
Š + a =
)
(nask
+
+
itial shape, be is in (alif and chhot>& ye are in itial
Middle shape and ka@f is in End position)
ë) : e.g. bae baeksa brkas (Hurt, sad) Right to Left $ sa s + k (nask ) = ³+ Ï+ è + „ = +
(iii)
(
k + ] e + ba b =
+
+
(be is in Starting shape, bad<& ye and ka@f are in Middle Middle position position and s&n is in End position).
(iv)
(
= ë +Õ
=
ë) : e.g. Lae Lae le (Take!) Right to Left $ ] e + La l =
(nask
)
(la@m is in Starting shape and bad<& ye is in End
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+
position).
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times ( Nasta@ Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) : (Nasta@]l&q) (Naskh)
2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : ( Nasta@ Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) Lae le (Take), de de (Give), mae maera mera@ (My), bae baeksa bekas (Sad), yaa yaa ya@ (Or)
For producing the sound of Short vowel ‘a’, as the first ‘A’ in the English word ‘America’ ‘America’ AmaerIka, or Hindi word Aba ab, please see Urdu@ U rdu@ letter in Section 3.1 above. eg. AmarIka amrika@ (America)
(i) To write the Long vowel ‘a@’ (Aa ) sound at the begining of a word, like Aa a@ in the word Aaga a@g (Fire), write the letter alif and put a ‘tilde’ ‘tilde’ like sign ( ~ ) above to make it look like (Fire)
(Naskh
)
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e.g. Aaga a@g
(ii) The Long ‘a@’ sound within or at the end end of the word : like like Aa a@ in the the word maataa ma@ta@
(Naskh )
...etc.
‘ is always written as SUPERSCRIPT (above). Its shape is like French ‘acute accent.’ Appearing initially, Zabar should be placed over letter alif. It ipmarts a plain sound (like A a ) to the consonant below it. e.g.
= (A + A, a + a )
= ba` (ba` + A, b + a )
= pa` (pa` + A, p +
a)
(Naskh )
...etc.
‘ is always written as SUBSCRIPT (bolow). Its shape is like French ‘accent aigue.’ It adds a sound of } } i to the consonant above it. Appearing initially, Zer should be placed under letter alif. = ipa pi, pa` e.g. = } i, = iba bi, ba` ( + }, b + i ),), (pa` + }, p + i )
(Naskh )
...etc.
is always written as SUPERSCRIPT. Its shape is like English ‘comma.’ ‘comma.’ q u to the consonant It adds a sound of q consonant below below it. Appearing initially, Pesh should be placed over letter alif. e.g.
= q u,
= bau bu, ba` ), (ba` + q, b + u ),
= pau pi, pa` (pa` + q, p + u )
(Naskh ) ‘
is always written as SUPERSCRIPT. Its shape is like Spanish ‘tilde.’ It gives a sound of Aa a@ to the letter alif . ‘mad’ should be placed over letter alif. books-india.com
READ the Urdu@ words and WRITE W RITE them. Understand and remember as many as possible. I maE> maiÜ ( ﮟﯿ Am hU ã hu@Ü ( ﮨ ) Is hE hai ( ﮯ Are hE> haiÜ ( ﮟﯿﮨ ) ) ) I am maE> hU ã maiÜ hu@Ü ( ﮨ ﮟﯿ ) This yah, yae yah, ye ( ﯾ ) ) We hma ham ( ﮨ We are hma hE> ham haiÜ ( ﮟ ﯿ ﮨ ﮨ ) ) You Aapa a@p ( ) You tauma tum ( You are tauma hae tum ho ( ﮨ You are taU hE tu@ hai ﮯ ( ) ) He-She vah, vaae vah, vo ( ﮦ ) They vah vah ) ( ﮦ ) ) To us hmae> hameÜ ( ﮟﯿ ﮨ To you Aapakae a@p ko ( ﮐ To him qsakae us ko ( ﮐ To them qnakae un ko ( ﮐ ), ) ) I maE>nae maiÜ ne ( ﮯ ﮟﯿ He-She qsanae us ne ﮯ ( ) ( ) You Aapanae a@p ne ﮯ You taU nae tu@ ne ( ﮯ ) ( ) ) You taumanae tum ne ( ﮯ To me mau Jae mujhe ﮯﮭ From you Aapasae a@p se ﮯ From me mauJasae mujh se ﮯ ﮫ ( ( ) ) ) ) From you tauJasae tujh se ( ﮯ ﮫ From you taumasae tum se ﮯ ( From Him-her qsasae us se ﮯ From them qnasae un se ﮯ ( ( ) ) ( ﯿ For me maere iLayae mere liye ﯿ ﮯ For you Aapak’ iLayae a@pke liye ﮐﯿ ﮯ ﮯ ) ( )
For us hmaare iLayae hama@re liye ﮯﯿ
(
) For them qnak’ iLayae unke liye ﮐﯿ ﮯ ﮯ
( )
) My maera mera@ ( ﯿ My maerI mer& ( ﯿ ) My maere mere ( ﯿ ) Our hmaara hama@ra@ ( ﮨ ) Our hmaarI hama@r& ( )\ Our hmaare hama@re ( ) ), Your AapakI a@p k& ( ﯽﮐ ) Your Aapak’ a@p ke ﮯﮐ Your Aapaka a@p ka@ ( ﮐ (
)
mujh me meÜÜ ﯿ ﮫ In me mauJamae> mujh ( ) ) In you Aapamae> a@p meÜ ﮟﯿ ( ( ) In them qnamae> un meÜ ﮟﯿ On you tauma par tum par ( ﭘ ) ) On you Aapa par a@p par ( ﭘ ) On this }sa par is par ( ﭘ ﯾ
tujh me meÜÜ ( ﮟﯿ ﮫ In you tauJamae> tujh ) ) In that qsamae> us meÜ ﮟﯿ ( ( ) On me mauJa par mujh par ﭘ ﮫ On you tau Ja par tujh par ( ﭘ ﮫ ) ﭘ ﮫ ) On that qsa par us par ( ﭘ ) On them qna par un par ( ﭘ
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0 sifr
isaf`r
1 ek
]k
ì
2 do
dae
ì
ì
Two books. dok kita@beÜ ﮐﯿ ﮯ
(
3 t&n
taIna
ì
ì
ì Three books t&n kita@beÜ
ﯿ ( ﯿ ﮐﯿ ﮯ
One book. ek kita@b ]k iktaaba_
( ﯾﮏ ﮐﯿ )
)ﮐﯿ ﮯ
4 cha@r
caar
ì
ì
ì
ì
5 p a @ n ~c h
paaã ca
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
6 chhah
Ch
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
7 sa@t
saata
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
8 a@t>h
Aa#
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
9 nau
naaE
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
10 das ì
dsa
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
ì
EXERCISE 13 : (1) Read the numbers in Urdu@ : 1 7 9 4 0 3 2 8 5 6
(2) Read the following Urdu numerals : (3) Read and Write the following Urdu@ numerals :
ﯾﮏ ﮫ ﭽ ﭘ ﮫ ﭨ
ﭼ
(
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)
)
ﮯ ﭘ
ﮯ
ﮯ
ﯽ ﮐ
ﮏ
hai hE) 1 MAKING SIMPLE SIMPLE SENTENCES - about a ‘Present’ event, with ‘IS’ ( hai
The Ü sign is a nasal nasal tone added to the vowel under that Ü ( ﮟﯿ )
maE> (maiÜ)
I You He, she, that This, it My
maera (mera@)
Our
hmaara ( hama@ hama@ra@)
S u bj e c t I He, that She, that We You You You They These
Aapa (a@p)
am are is They your
( )
( ﮦ ) ( ﯾ ) ( ﯿ )
vah (vah) yah (yah)
) maE> maiÜ ( ﮟﯿ
( )
hE> (haiÜ)
( ﮨ ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ )
hE (hai)
( ﮯﮨ )
hU ã (hu@Ü)
) ( ﮦ Aapaka (a@p-ka@) ﮐ ( )
vah ( vah)
Hisöher qsaka (us-ka@)
am is hU ã (hu@Ü) ( ﮨ )
) hE (hai) ( ﮯﮨ
vah vah ( ﮦ )
hE (hai) ( ﮯﮨ )
Aapa a@p
(
tau ma tum
) (
taU tu@ vah vah yah yah
(
a re
vah vah ( ﮦ ) hma ham ( ﮨ )
ﮐ
hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ ) hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ )
)
) hae (ho) ( ﮨ hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ )
( )
hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ )
( )
( ﯾ )
hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ )
(i) A Present Event is shown by suffix hu@Ü, hai or haiÜ hU hU,ã hE, hE>
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( ﮨ ), ( ﮯ ), ( ﮟﯿﮨ )
)
I am a boy You are a boy He is a boy boy This is a boy
I am a girl You are a girl She is a girl girl This is a girl
maE >> LaDñka hUã taU LaDñka hE vah LaDñka hE yah LaDñka hE
maE> LaDñkI hU ã taU LaDñkI hE vah LaDñkI hE yah LaDñkI hE
maiÜ lad
maiÜ lad
( ﮨ ﮐﮍ ﮟﯿ )
( ) ( ﮯﮨ ﮐﮍ ﮦ ) ( ﮯ ﮨ ﮐﮍ ﯾ ) ﮯﮨ ﮐﮍ
( ﮨ ﯽﮐﮍ ﮟﯿ)
( ) ( ﮐﮍ ﮦﮯﮨ ﯽ ) ( ﮯﮨ ﯽﮐﮍ ﯾ ) ﮯﮨ ﯽﮐﮍ
Popular and difficult English words
as if they were Urdu words.
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for your help) 1. I am a man. maiÜ a@dam& hu@Ü. maE maE> AadmaI hU ã_ ( ﮟﯿ ﮨ ﯽ ) ( ﯿ ) 2. I am a woman. maiÜ aurat hu@Ü. maE maE> AaErta hU ã _ ﮨ 3. I am a Cashier. maiÜ cashier hu@Ü. maE maE> cashier hU_ã ( ﮨ ﯿ ﯿﮐ ﮟﯿ ) 4. I am a Judge. maiÜ judge hu@Ü. maE maE> jaja hUã_ ( ﮨ ﮟﯿ ) ( ﮨ ) maE> surgeon hU_ã ﮟﯿ 5. I am a Surgeon. maiÜ surgeon hu@Ü. maE Ü > chemist hU_ã ( ﮨ ﭧ ﯿ ﯿﮐ ﮟﯿ ) 6. I am a Chemist. maiÜ chemist hu@ maE ) 7. It is good. yah achha@ hai yah AcCa AcCa hE_ ( ﮯﮨ ﮭﭽﭼ ﯾ 8. I am an Inspector. maiÜ inspector hu@Ü. maE maE> inspector hU ã_ ( ﮨ ﭩﮑﭙ ﮟﯿ ) 9. She is a Midwife. vah midwife hai . vah vah midwife hE_ ( ﮟﯿ ﯿ ﮉﯿ ﮨ ) vah conductor hE_ ( ﮐ ﮦ ﮯﮨ ﭩﮐﮉ ) 10. He is a Conductor. vah conductor hai . vah 11. I am alright (ok). maiÜ t>h&k hu@Ü. maE maE> #Ik hU ã _ ( ﮨ ﮏﯿﮭﭨ ﮟﯿ ) rama @einasa iSaLaaDñI hE_ 12. Ra@ma is a Tennis player. Ra@m tenn&s khila@d<& hai . rama ﯿﮭ ﮐ ﯿ ﯿﭨ ( ﮯﮨ ) ﮐ ( ﮯ ﮨ 13. My name is Ratnakar/ mera@ na@m Ratna@kar hai. maera naama rtnaakr hE_ﯿ
)
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USING URDU PLURAL PLURAL WORDS WORDS : (Sin (Singgular ular to Plu Plural) ral) : If the word is Masculine ending in a@ (Aa), the a@ (Aa) changes to e (]) in plural. eg\ singular m\ Boy LaDñka lad kita@beÜ ( ﮯ ﯿﮐ ) : If the word is Feminine ending in & (}|), the & (}|) changes to iya@Ü (}yaaã ) in plural. e.g. Singular f\ Girl LaDñkI lad ( ﯿﭼ ) (ch&jeÜ ) Thing (f\) caIja (ch&j) ( ﮯ ﮔ) # Cows ( ﮯ ﮔ ) (ga@eÜ) Cow Co w (f\ (f\) gaaya (ga@y) gaa]ã *Teacher (m\) qstaad (usta@d) ( ) # Teachers qstaad (usta@d) ( ) PLURALS hma LaDñk’ hE> We are boys Aapa LaDñk’ hE> You are boys They are boys boys vah LaDñk’ hE> These are boys yah LaDñk’ hE>
. ham lad
We are girls hma LaDñikyaaã hE> You are girls Aapa LaDñikyaaã hE> They are girls vah LaDñikyaaã hE> These are girls yah LaDñikyaaã hE>
ham lad
( ﮟﯿ ﮨ ﮯﮐ ﮍ ﮨ)
( ) ( ﮟﯿ ﮨ ﮯ ﮐﮍ ﮦ ) ( ﮟﯿ ﮨ ﮯﮐ ﮍ ﯾ) ﮟﯿﮨ ﮯﮐﮍ
) ﮟﯿﮨ ﯾ ( ) ( ﯾ ﮍ ﮦ ﮟﯿﮨ ) ( ﯾ ﯾ ﮍ ﮟﯿﮨ ) ﮍ ﮨ ﮟﯿﮨ
( ﯾ
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help) 1. We are men. ham a@dam& haiÜ. hma hma AadmaI hE_> ( ﮨ ﮟﯿﮨ ﯽ ) books-india.com
( ﮨ ) 2. We are women. ham aurateÜ haiÜ. hma AaErtae> hE>_ ﮟﯿﮨ ﮯ yah zar hE_ ( ﮯﮨ ﮭﮔ ﯾ hai . yah ) 3. This is a house. yah ghar hai. ) 4. Those are houses. vah ghar haiÜ. vah vah zar hE>_ ( ﯿﮨ ﮭﮔ ﮦ hai . yah ) 5. This is a dog. yah kutta@ hai. yah kÖ Taa hE_ ( ﮯﮨ ﮐ ﯾ ) 6. Those are dogs. vah kutte haiÜ. vah vah kÖ Tae hE>_ ( ﮯﮨ ﮐ ﮦ ) vah ibaLLaI hE_ ( ﯽ ﮦ ﮯﮨ 7. That is a cat. vah bill& hai. vah yah ibaiLLayaaã hE>_ ( ﯾ ﯿ ﮟﯿﮨ ) billiya @Ü haiÜ. yah 8. These are cats. yah billiya@ 9. You are a Painter. ( a@p painter haiÜ. Aapa paen@r hE> ) ( ﮟﯿ ﮨ ﭩ ﯿﭘ ) kit a@beÜ haiÜ. yah qdU | iktaabae> ﯾhE>) ( ﮟ ﯿ ﮨ ﮯ ﯿ ﮐ ) 10. These are Urdu books. ( yah Urdu kita@ 11. Those are red cars. ( vah la@l ga@diya@Ü haiÜ. vah ) vah LaaLa gaaiDñyaaã hE>) ( ﯾ ﮔ ﮦ ﮟﯿﮨ ( ﯾ ﮔ ﮦ ) 12. Those cars are red. ( vah ga@diya@Ü la@l haiÜ. vah vah gaaiDñyaaã LaaLa hE>) ﮟﯿﮨ (ﮯ ﮨ ﮨ ) 13. Kha@n is a Weaver. ( Kha@n jula@ha@ hai. Saana jau Laaha hEﮭ )ﮐ ( ﮨ ﮦ vah ih> dustaanaI hE) ﮯﮨ ﯽ ) 14. She is an Indian. ( vah Hindustan& hai. vah ) 15. You are American. ( a@p Amrican haiÜ. Aapa AmarIkna hE> )( ﮯ ﮨ ﮑ ﯾ ﮦ ) 16. They are Chinese. ( vah Ch&n& haiÜ. vah caInaI hE>) ( ﮯﮨ ﯽ ﯿﭼ ﮦ ) )ﮭ
Ü ( ﮩﯾ )),, Ü ( ﮨ ), = yaha@ yahaã = vaha@ vahaã g[arIba ( ﯾ ), ), =am&r AmaIr ( ﯿ = gar&b g[ tak ( ﮏ )
S u bj e c t was (m\) was (f\) ) Yaa tha@ tha@ ( ﮭ ) YaI th& ﯽﮭ maE> maiÜ ( ﮟﯿ I ( ) vah vah ( ﮦ ) Yaa tha@ ( ﮭ ) He YaI th& ﯽﮭ She vah vah ( ﮦ ) ( ) hma ham ( ﮨ ) We
= kaha@Ü khaã khaã ( ﮩﮐ ) ), = mata ( = tak
w e r e ( m \)
were (f\)
Yae the ﮯﮭ
ﮭ ( ﮟﯿ ) YaI> th&Üﮟﯿﮭ
( )
You
Aapa a@p
(
Yae the ﮯﮭ
)
( )
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ﮭ ( ﮟﯿ ) YaI> th&Üﮟﯿﮭ
You
tau ma tum
Yae the ﮯﮭ
) (
ﮭ ( ﮟﯿ ) YaI> th&Üﮟﯿﮭ
( )
You
taU tu@
YaI th& ﯽﮭ
( )
Yaa tha@ ( ﮭ )
( ) They
vah vah ) ( ﮦ
Yae the ﮯﮭ
ﮭ ( ﮟﯿ ) YaI> th&Üﮟﯿﮭ
( )
These yah yah
( ﯾ )
Yae the ﮯﮭ
ﮭ ( ﮟﯿ ) YaI> th&Üﮟﯿﮭ
( )
(i) Suffixes for the Past events are tha@, th&, the, th&Ü (Yaa YaI Yae YaI>) ( ﮭ ),), ( ﯽﮭ ),), ( ﮯﮭ )),, ( ﮟﯿﮭ ) (ii) Ending ‘a@’ (Aa) stands for masculine gender, singular subject (I, you, he) (iv) Ending ‘&’ (}|) shows a feminine singular subject (I, she) (v) Ending ‘e’ (]>) stands for masculine plural subject (we, you, they) (vi) Ending letter ‘&Ü’ (}|>) stands for feminine plural subject (we, you, they)
I was We were You were Where were you He was was here here They They were were here here * It was here here These were here I was poor He was rich Who were poor?
maiÜ tha@ hma Yae ham the a@p the Aapa Yae a@p kaha@Ü the? Aapa kha{ Yae? vah yaha@Ü tha@ vah yahaã Yaa vah yaha@Ü the vah yahaã Yae yah yaha@Ü tha@ t ha@ yah yahaã Yaa yah yahaã Yae yah yaha@Ü the maiÜ gar&b tha@ maE> g[arIba Yaa vah AmaIr Yaa vah am&r tha@ g[arIba kaEna Yae? gar&b kaun the
I was We were
maE> YaI
) ( ﮭ ﮟﯿ
maE> Yaa
hma YaI>
maiÜ th& ham th&Ü
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( ﮯﮭ ﮨ )
( ) ( ﮯ ﮭ ﮩ ﮐ ) ( ﮭ ﮩﯾ ﮦ ) ( ﮯﮭ ﮩﯾ ﮦ ) ( ﮭ ﮩﯾ ﯾ ) ( ﮯﮭ ﮩﯾ ﯾ ) ﮯﮭ
ﮟﯿ
ﯾ
( ﮭ )
( ﮭ ﯿ ﮦ ) ﯾ
ﮐ
ﮯﮭ
( )
( ﯽ ﮭ ﮟ ﯿ ) ( ﮟ ﯿ ﮭ ﮨ)
You were Where were you She was here here They They were were here here * It was here here These were here I was poor She was rich Who were poor?
a@p th&Ü Aapa kha{ YaI>? a@p kaha@Ü th&Ü? vah yaha@Ü th& vah yahaã YaI vah yaha@Ü th&Ü vah yahaã YaI> yah yaha@Ü th& t h& yah yahaã YaI yah yahaã YaI> yah yaha@Ü th&Ü t h&Ü maE> g[arIba YaI maiÜ gar&b th& vah AmaIr YaI vah am&r th& g[arIba kaEna YaI>? gar&b kaun th&Ü?
ﮟﯿﮭ
Aapa YaI>
ﮩﮐ ﮩﯾ ﮦ ﮩﯾ ﮦ ﮩﯾ ﯾ ﮟﯿﮭ ﯽﮭ ﯽﮭ ﮟﯿﮭ
( ) ( ﮟ ﯿﮭ ) ( ﯽﮭ ) ( ﮟﯿ ﮭ ) ( ﯽ ﮭ ) ( ﯾ ﮩﯾ ) ( ﮟﯿ ﯾ ) ( ﯿ ﮦ ) ( ﯾ ﮐ )
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help) ), = nah&Ü nahI> = aur AaEr = ya@ yaa nahI> ( ﮟﯿﮩ ), ( ), yaa ( ﯾ ) = bh& BaI ( ﯽﮭ ), = h& hI (ﯽﮨ 1. I was an engineer. main engineer tha@. maE maE> engineer Yaa_ ( ﮟﯿ ﯿ ﯿ ﮭ ) 2. She was dentist. vah dentist th&. vah vah dentist YaI_ ( ﯾ ﮦ ﯿﭩ ﭧ ﯽﮭ ) 3. Where was she? vah kaha@Ü th&. vah vah khaã YaI_( ﯽ ﮭ ﮩﮐ ﮦ ) ) 4. He is a thief. vah chor hai. vah vah caaer hE_( ﮯ ﮨ ﭼ ﮦ ) 5. They are thieves. vah chor haiÜ. vah caaer hE>_( ﮟ ﯿ ﮩ ﭼ ﮦ 6. You were there. a@p vaha@Ü the. Aapa vahaã Yae_ ﮯﮭ ﮨ ( )
1. 2. 3. 5. 6.
Let us learn in the following five ways I normally ‘do’ (habitual) (you do; he, she, it does; we do, they do) s e e - T a bl e 3 I am ‘doing’ (you are doing; he, she, it is doing; we, they are doing) Table 4 I was ‘doing’ (you were doing; he, she, it was doing; they were doing) Table 5 I had had ‘alr ‘alrea eady dy’’ done done (you (you had had done done;; he, he, she, she, it had had done done;; we, we, the theyy had had done done)) Tabl Tablee 6 I ‘used to do’ (you used to do; he, she, it used to do; they used to do) Table 7
Doer of the action
Subject
d r in k
am, is, are, has, have
Verb Masculine
Verb Feminine
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Present tense
I drink
) maE> maiÜ ( ﮟﯿ
p&ta@ ( ﭘﯿ ) paItaa p&ta@
paItaI p&t& ( ﭘﯿ ﯽ )
hU ã hu@Ü ( ﮨ
) He drinks She drinks We drink drink You drink You drink You drink They They drink drink
vah vah ( ﮦ )
paItaa p&ta@ ( ﭘﯿ )
vah vah ( ﮦ )
) hma ham ( ﮨ Aapa a@p
(
tau ma tum
( )
taU tu@
) (
vah vah ) ( ﮦ
)
hE (hai) ( ﮯ ﮨ ) ) paItaI p&t& ( ﭘﯿ ﯽ )
) ) hE (hai) ( ﮯ ﮨ
paItae p&te ( ﭘﯿ ﮯ )
paItae p&te ( ﭘﯿ ﮯ )
) hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ
paItae p&te ( ﭘﯿ ﮯ )
paItae p&te ( ﭘﯿ ﮯ )
hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ )
paItae p&te ( ﭘﯿ ﮯ )
paItaI p&t& ( ﭘﯿ ﯽ )
hae (ho) ( ﮨ )
paItaa p&ta@ ( ﭘﯿ )
paItaI p&t& ( ﭘﯿ ﯽ )
) ) hE (hai) ( ﮯ ﮨ
paItae p&te ( ﭘﯿ ﮯ )
paItae p&te ( ﭘﯿ ﮯ )
) hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help) Ü > caaya paItaa (paItaI) hU ã ( ﮟﯿ ﭼ ﯿﭘ ﮯ ﮨ ) 1. I drink tea. maiÜ cha@y p&ta@ (p&t&) hu@ maE ( ﯿﮟ ﭘ ﮯ ﭼﯿ ﯽ ﮨ ) You drink tea. a@p cha@y p&te haiÜ. Aapa caaya paItae hE> _ ( ﭼ ﯿﭘ ﮯ ﮯ ﮟﯿﮨ ) He drinks tea. vah cha@y p&ta@ hai. vah caaya paItaa hE_ ( ﯿﭘ ﮯ ﭼ ﮦ ﮯﮨ ) vah garma samaaesae SaataI hE ﮔ ﮯﮨﮦ 2. She eats eats hot Samosa Samosa@@s vah garam samose khat& hai vah
ﯽ ﮭ ﮐ ﮯ
(
We walk 10 km. ham das km chalte haiÜ. hma 10 km. caLatae hE>_
ﮨ ﮨﮯ ﭼ ﯽ
( ﯽﮐ
)
) They drink hot tea. vah garam cha@y p&te haiÜ. vah garma caaya paItae hE>_ ( ﯿﭘ ﮯ ﭼ ﮔ ﮦ ﮯ ﮟﯿﮨ ) 3. They eat bananas. vah kele kha@te haiÜ. vah vah k’Lae Saatae hE>_ ( ﯿﮐ ﮦ ﮯ ﮐﮟ ﯿ ﮨ ﮯ ﮭ ) ( ﯽ ﮯ 4. She sleeps at 10 O Clock. vah das baje sot& hai vah dsa bajae saaetaI hE ﮦ ﮯ ﮨ
) 5. You write books. a@p kita@beÜ likhte haiÜ. Aapa iktaaba iLaSatae hE>_ ﯿﮑﮯ ﮭ ﮟﯿﮨ
ﮐﯿ
) jaataa hEﮭ ﮔ _ﮦ 6. He He goes goes home. home. vah ghar ja@ta@ hai. vah zar jaataa
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( ﮯ ﮨ )
(
p& ) Doing (verb drink = paI p& I am drinki drinking ng etc. etc. Verb Verb Mascu Masculin linee : xxxing xxxing Verb Verb Femini Feminine ne : xxxin xxxingg ) paI rha p& p& raha@ ( ﭘﯽ ﮨ ) maE> maiÜ ( ﮟﯿ I p& rah& ( ﭘﯽ ﯽﮨ paI rhI ) He vah vah ( ﮦ ) paI rha p& raha@ ( ﭘﯽ ﮨ ) paI rhI p& rah& ( ﭘﯽ ﯽﮨ She vah vah ( ﮦ ) ) ) paI rhe p& rahe ( ﭘﯽ ﮯﮨ paI rhe p& rahe ( ﭘﯽ ﮯﮨ We hma ham ( ﮨ ) ) You Aapa a@p ( ) paI rhe p& rahe ( ﭘﯽ ﮯﮨ paI rhe p& rahe ( ﭘﯽ ﮯﮨ ) ) ) p& rah& ( ﭘﯽ ﯽﮨ paI rhe p& rahe ( ﭘﯽ ﮯﮨ paI rhI You tau ma tum ( ) ) ) p& rah& ( ﭘﯽ ﯽﮨ paI rha p& raha@ ( ﭘﯽ ﮨ ) paI rhI You taU tu@ ( ) They vah vah ) ( ﮦ paI rhe p& rahe ( ﭘﯽ ﮯﮨ paI rhe p& rahe ( ﭘﯽ ﮯﮨ ) )
Doer of the action
I am, he is, they are
hU ã hu@Ü ( ﮨ
) ) ) hE (hai) ( ﮯ ﮨ hE (hai) ( ﮯ ﮨ ) ) hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ ) hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ )
) hae (ho) ( ﮨ ) ) hE (hai) ( ﮯ ﮨ
) hE> (haiÜ) ( ﮟﯿﮨ
Translate the Hind& sentences into English (Answers are given for help) = baje bajae ( ﮯ ); = a@ j Aaja ( ); = kal kLa = ab Aba ( ); = tab taba kLa ( ﮐ ); ); ( ﮐﯿ ); ); kama ( ﮐ ) = kab kba ( ﮐ = kya@ Kyaa = ka@m
); ( );
1.Anjal& is coming at two O Clock. an~jal& do baje a@ rah& hai . A>jaLaI dae bajae Aa rhI hE_ ﯽﮨ ﮯ ﮯﮨ ﯽ ( ) rahe haiÜ. vah 2. They are not working today. vah a@j ka@m nah&Ü kar rahe vah Aaja kama nahI> nahI> kr rhe hE>_ ( ﮟﯿ ﮩ ﮐ ﮦ ﮐ ﮟﯿﮨ ﮯﮨ ) 3. Yesterday she was eating two Roties. Vah kal do rot>iya@Ü kha@ rah& th&. vah kLa dae raeraei@yaaã Saa rhI YaI_
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ﮐﯿ ﮨ ﮭﮐﯽ ﮭﯽ
ﮦ
( ﭨ
)
4. What Ahmad Ali was saying yesterday? Ahmad Ali kal kya@ kah raha@ tha@. Ahmad ALaI kLa Kyaa kh rha Yaa? ﯽ ﮐ ﮐﯿ ﮐ ﮭ ﮨ ( ) 5. M&ra@ M&ra@ was singing singing Urdu songs. songs. (song (song = ga@na@ ) m&ra@ Urdu ga@ne ga@ rah& th&. maIra qdU| gaanae gaanae gaa rhI YaI_ ﮔ ﯽ ﮨ ﮔ ﮯ ﯽﮭ ( ﯿ ) 6. Ra@dha@ wants a cup of tea. Ra@dha@ ek kap cha@y cha@hat& hai. raZaa ]k kpa caaya caaya caahtaI hE_
) (
rhI hE_ 7. R&ta@ is now going home. R&ta@ ab ghar ja@ rah& hai. rItaa Aba zar jaa rhI ﮭﮯﮨ ﮔﯽﮨ ( ﯾ ) 8. N&ta@ can run 10 km. N&ta@ das kilo-mitar bha@g sakt& hai. naItaa dsa ikLaae ikLaae-ima@r Baaga saktaI hE_ ﮭﮯﮨ ﭩﯿ ﯽ ﮑ ( ﯿ ) 9. You You can can not not walk walk even one km. a@p ek km.bh& nah&Ü chal sakte haiÜ. Aapa ]k ik.maI. BaI nahI> caLa saktae_ ﯾﮏ ﮐ ﯽﮭ ﭩ ﮟﯿﮩ ﮑ ﭼ ﮯ ( ) 10. Yesterday a house was burning. kal ek ghar jal raha@ tha@. kLa ]k zar jaLa rha Yaa_ ﮭ ( ﮐ ﯾﮏ ﮔﮭ ﮨ ) 11. Gopa@l has already fried the Samosa@@/. Gopa@l samose tal chuka@ hai. gaaepaaLa samaaesae taLa cauka hE_ ) ﮯﮨ ﮐ ﭼ ﮯ ( ﭘ ﮔ ca kI u YaI_ 12. Mona@ had already brought the books. Mona@ kita@beÜ la@ chuk& th&. maaenaa iktaabae> Laa cau ﮐ ﯽﮑﭼ ﮯ ﯽﮭ ( ) 13. Masood Masood Nabi reads at 7 O Clock. Masu@d nab& sa@t baje pad kafI hI paItaa Yaa, Yaa, Aba maE> caaya BaI paItaa hUã_ ) ﮭ ﭼ ﯽﮭ ﮯ ﭘﯿ ﮨ ( ﮟﯿ ﮐ ﯽ ﯽﮨ ﭘﯿ ﮟﯿ
15. They had already played Chess. vah shatranj khel chuke the. vah oatar> ja SaeLa cau k’ Yae_ ﮦ ﮐ ﭼﮯﮭ ﮯ ( ﯿﮭﮐ ) 5. MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR
Doer of the action
S u bj e c t I will will drin drinkk
d r in k
am, is, are, has, have
Verb Masculine : will maE> maiÜ ( ﮟﯿ { p&u@nga@ ﭘﯿ ﮕ ) paIQ gaa ( )
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Verb Feminine : will paIQ{ gaI p&u@ng& ( ﭘﯿ ﯽﮕ )
He will will drink drink She will drink We will drink drink You will drink
vah vah ( ﮦ )
]gaa p&ega@ ( ﭘﯿ ﮔﮯ )
vah vah ( ﮦ )
paI]gaI p&eg& ( ﭘﯿ ﯽﮔﮯ )
hma ham ( ﮨ ) Aapa a@p
(
paI]{ gae p&enge ﭘﯿ ﮕﮯ
paI]{ gae p&enge ( ﭘﯿ ﮕﮯ )
( )
paI] gae { p&enge ﭘﯿ ﮕﮯ
)
paI]{ gae p&enge ( ﭘﯿ ﮕﮯ )
( )
You will drink You will drink They will drink drink
tauma tum taU tu@
paIAaegae p&oge ( ﭘﯿ ﮯﮔ ) paIAaegaI p&og& ( ﭘﯿ ﮔﯽ )
( )
]gaa p&ega@ ( ﭘﯿ ﮔﮯ )
) (
vah vah ) ( ﮦ
paI]{ gae p&enge ﭘﯿ ﮕﮯ
paI]gaI p&eg& ( ﭘﯿ ﯽﮔﮯ ) paI]{ gae p&enge ( ﭘﯿ ﮕﮯ )
( )
*NOTE : Generally,
forms for
tenses also.
Translate the English sentences into Hind& (Answers are given for help) maE ]k Aama> SaaQã gaa (SaaQãgaI)_ g&). maE 1. I will eat eat a mango. mango. maiÜ ek a@m kha@u@n[ga@ (kha@u@n[ g&).
(
)
en[ge. Aapa paEsae Laa]ãgae_ ( ﭘﯿ ﮯ ﮕﮯ ) 2. You will bring the money. a@ p paise la@ en[ 3. He (she) will wash clothes tomorrow. vah kal kapdgae_ ﮨ ﯿﮭﮑ ﮕﮯ 5. Will they drink wine? vah shara@b p&en[ge kya@? vah oaraba paI]ã gae Kyaa? ﮦﯿ ﮯﮕ ( ﮐﯿ ﭘ ), ﮦﯿ ﮯﮕ ﮐﯿ ( ﭘ ) 6. What will they ask? vah kya@ pu@chhen[ge? vah Kyaa paUp Ce aU >gae? ( ﯿﮐ ﮦ ﭼ ﭘﯿﮭ ﮕﮯ ) (kya@)
See examples 5 and 6 above.
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Translate the Hind& sentences into English (Answers are given for help) = roz raej[a = kabh& nah&Ü kBaI ( ); kBaI nahI> ( ﮐ ﯽﮭ ﮟﯿﮩ ); = hamesha@ hmae = ko& kae = kabh& hmaeoaa ( ﯿ ﮨ ); kae}| ( ﮐ ﯽ ); = kabh& bh& kBaI = kuchh kBaI ( ﮐ ﯽﮭ ); kBaI BaI ( ﮐ ﯽﮭ ﯽﮭ ), ); = kuchh bh& kÖ C BaI ( ﭼ ﮐﯽﮭ ﮫ = kaha@ Ü khaã kÖ C ( ﭼ ﮐﮫ ); khaã ( ﮐﮩ); = kah&Ü khI> = kah&Ü bh& khI> khI> ( ﮐﮟﯿﮩ ); khI> BaI ( ﮐﮟﯿﮩ ﯽﮭ ) naILa dae bajae zar Aa]gaa_ Aa]gaa_ 1. Neil will come home at two O Clock. Neil do baje ghar a@ega@ . naILa ﮭﮔ ﮯ ﯿﮕ ( ﯿ ) 2. Ra@n& will not work today. Ra@n& a@j ka@m nah&Ü kareg&. ranaI Aaja kama nahI> kregaI_ ( ﯽ ﮩ ﮐﯿﮟ ﮐ ﯾﮕﯽ ) 3. Yesterday N&ra@ was sewing a scarf. kal N&ra@ dupt>t>a@ s& rah& th&. kLa naIra du pa@` @a saI rhI YaI_ ﯽﮨ ﯽﮭ ﭘﭩ ( ﮐ ﯿ ) 4. What should Vijay say to Amir? Vijay kya@ kahe? ivajaya ivajaya Kyaa khe? ( ﯾ ﮯ ﯿ ﮐ ﮯﯿ ﮯﮩﮐ ) kae kLa Kyaa 5. What will M&na@ say tommorrow to Razia? M&na@ raziya@ ko kal kya@ kaheg&? maInaa rij[ayaa kae ( ﯿ ) khegaI? ﯿ ﮐ ﮐ ﮐﯿ ﮐﯿﮩﮕﯽ 6. Ra@ja@ will go to the farmer’s field sometime. Ra@ja@ kisa@n ke khet meÜ kabh& ja@yega@. rajaa iksaana k’ Saeta mae> kBaI jaa]gaa_ ﮐﯿ ﮐﮯﮭﮐ ﮯ ﮟﯿ ﮐ ﯽﮭ ﯿﮕ ( ) 7. Will (should) R&kk& go home now? R&kk& ab ghar ja@ega@ kya@? rIKkI rIKkI Aba zar zar jaa]gaa Kyaa? ﮭﮕ ﮐﯿ ( ﯾﮑﯽ ﮔﯿ ) rakhegi? naIW 8. Where will N&ru@ N&ru@ keep the Urdu Urdu books? books? N&ru@ Urdu@ kita@neÜ khaÜ rakhegi? naIW qdU| iktaabae> kha{ rSaegaI? ﮐﯿ ﯿﮟ ﮭﮐ ﮩﮐﯿﮕﯽ ( ﯿ ) 9. What will David write in the examination today? today? David aj imteha@n meÜ kya@ likhega@? DeivaD Aaja ( ﯾ ﮉﯾ ) }mtaehana mae> Kyaa iLaSaegaa? ﮟﯿ ﮐﯿ ﮑﯿﮭﮕ ( ﮐ ﮐﯿ rha Yaa_ ﮭ ﮨ 10. What was burning yesterday? kal kya@ jal raha@ tha@. kLa Kyaa jaLa rha ) batran dho chuka@ chuka@ tha@. gaae 11. Raju had already washed the pots. ra@ju@u@ batran gaaeiva>d bartana Zaae cau cauka Yaa_ ( ﮭ ﮐﭼ ) 12. Mohan will not sleep here today. Mohan a@j yaha@Ü nah&Ü soyega@. maaehna Aaja yahaã nahI> saae]gaa_ ( ) ﯾﮩ ﮩﯿﮟ ﯿﮕ 17. Somebody was here. ko& yaha@Ü tha@@. yahaã yahaã kae}| Yaa_ ( ﮐ ﯽ ﮩﯾ ﮭ ) 18. Was anyone here? ko& yaha@Ü tha@ kya@ ? kae kae}| yahaã Yaa Kyaa? ( ﮐ ﯽ ﮩﯾ ﯿﮐ ﮭ )
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MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR
(i) suffix (m\) a@ (Aa) or (f\) & (}|) is attached to the verb that ends in a consonant or a short vowel. eg\ verb chal caLa (to walk) # walked chal + a@ = chala@; I walked m\ maiÜ chala@, f\ maiÜ chal&. caLa + Aa = caLaa, (m\) maE> caLaa, (f\) maE> caLaI_ = ﭼ ﮟﯿ ﭼ ﮟﯿ ﭼ ﯽ+ ( ﭼ = +) yaI is attached to the verb that ends in a long vowel such as a@, & or y& (y + &) yaI (ii) suffix ya@ (y + a@) yaa or o (Aa, }|, Aae). eg\ verb so saae (sleep)) # (slept (slept)) m\ so + y + a@ = soya@, I slept m\ maiÜ soya@, f\ saae (sleep maiÜ soy&. saae + yaa = saaeyaa, (m\) maE> saaeyaa, (f\) maE> saaeyaI_ ﮟﯿ ﯽ ( ﮟﯿ ) (eat) # (iii) If a completed completed action action is Transitiv Transitive, e, suffix suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject. verb kha@ Saa (ate) kha@ + ya@ = kha@ya@, (I ate) maiÜne kha@ya@. Saa Saa + yaa = Saayaa, Saayaa, maE>nae Saayaa_ ( ﮟﯿ ﯾ ﮭﮐ ﮯ ) ( ﮟﯿ ﭘ ﮯﯿﯿ ) p& paI (drink) # (drank) p& + ya@ = p&ya@ p&ya @, (I drank) maiÜne p&ya@. paIyaa, paIyaa, maE>nae paIyaa_ paIyaa_ ﮯﯿﯿ (iv) When suffix ne (nae) is attached to a subject, the verb changes according to the Object (the thing on which the action is done). Now the Subject has no effect on the verb. eg\ m\ and f\ subject # nae> k’Laa Saayaa ( ﮟﯿ ﯿﮐ ﮯ ﮐﯾ ﮭ ); 1. I ate a banana. maiÜ ne kela@ kha@ya@ maE 2. I ate bananas. maiÜ ne kele kha@ye maE nae> k’Lae Saayae ( ﮟﯿ ﯿﮐ ﮯ ﮯ ﮐﮯ ﮭ ); 3. I ate a rot>& maiÜ ne rot>& kha@y& maE maE nae> rae@I SaayaI ( ﮟﯿ ﯽﭨ ﮯ ﮐﯽ ﮭ ); 4. I ate rot>&/ maiÜ ne rot>iya@ Ü kha@y&Ü maE maE nae> raei@yaaã SaayaI> ( ﮟﯿ ﯿﭨ ﮯ ﮐﯽ ﮭ ).
: (Perfect tense) (a) (b)
action = I did, I have done, I had done ...etc. is where the the action is performed on an object, ob ject, not on the subject. eg\ I (the subject) ate (the verb) a mango (the object), I drank tea, I wrote wro te a book ...etc. (c) is where the action is performed by the doer (subject) on himöherself, i.e. the action is not transferred to any external object. eg\ I (the subject) went, Bob slept, John walked, dog d og ran, cat died, they stayed, we came, you lived, baby cried, water leaked, house burnt, Sonia
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( ﮔﯾ ﮭ ( ﯿﮭ ) Buffalo BaE>sa bhains Calf baCD[a bachad>a@ ( ﭽﮍﮭ ) ( ﯽ ) Cat ibaLLaI bill& ( ﮐ ) Dog kÖ Taa kutta@ ( ﮑ) Goat bakrI bakr& ( ﭼ ﮨ ) Mouse caUha chu@ha@ ( ﯿ ) Ox baELa bail
Pony Ram
@@` @U t>at>t>u mae>$a
mend>ha@
( ﭩﭨ ) ( ﯿ ﮉ )
)
Bull saa>D sa@nd> u@nt> Camel Q{ @ Cow gaaya ga@y Donkey gaZaa gadha@ Horse zaaeD[a ghod>a@ Mule Saccar khacchar Pig saUAr su@ar
( ﮉ) ( ﭧ ) ( ﮔ ﮯ ) ( ﮔ ) ( ﮔﮭ ) ( ﮐﭽﮭ )
Rabbit Sargaaeoa khargosh Sheep BaeD[ bhed>
( ﮔ ) ( ﮍﯿﮭ )
( ﮕﯽ
Bear Deer Fish
( ﮭ ) ( ﯿﮨ ) ihrna hiran maCLaI machhl& ( ﭽﯽ ﮭ ) BaaLaU bha@lu@
(
)
)
( ﮐﯿﮑﮍ ) Crab k’kD[a kekd[a@ ( ﯽﮭ ﮨ ) Elephant haYaI ha@th& ( ﮔﯿ ) Jackal gaIdD[ g&dad>
Jackal isayaar siya@r
( ﯽ ﯾ )
Lion
Mongoose naevaLaa neola@
( ﯿ )
Monkey ba>dr bandar
sher
oaer
( ﯿ )
( )
( ﭼﯿ ) ( ﯽﮩﯿ ) Panther icaTaa chitta@ Porcupine saehI seh& ( ﮔﯿ ﮉ ) ( ﮔﯿ ﮭ ) Rhino gae>Da gend>a@ Squirrel igaLahrI gilhar& ( ﯿ ) Stag baarhisa>gaa ba@rahsinga@@ ( ﯿ ﮨ ﮕﮭ ) Tiger oaer sher Turtle kCuAa Wolf BaeiDyaa bhediya@ ( ﯾﮍﯿﮭ ) Aa kachhua@ ( ﭽﮐﮭ )
(ﭘ ﯾ
Bat icamagaadD[ chimga@dad>
( )
Duck bataSa batakh Hawk baaj[a ba@z
() ( )
)
Cockoo kaeyaLa koyal Eagle caILa ch&l Hen maugaI| murg&
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( ﯾﮍﯿﮭ ) ( ﭼﯿ ) ( ﯽ )
URDU LITERATURE The
notable
Urdu
literary
activity
begins
with
the
Su@f&
mystic
(
musician Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Amir Khusrau (1253-1325) ( ) better known as Am ī r Khusrow Dehlaw ī
), Born
at Badaun, he flourished during the reign of Sultan Ghiasud-d&n Balban (r. 1266-1287). Following Khusrau’s Urdu Diwa@n, Ghazal, Masnavi, Qata, Qqwwa@l&, Rubai, Do-Beti and Tarkibhand writings, the next Urdu literary milestone is the Doha@ compositions of Sant Kabir (1440-1518). Then the chronology of the Urdy poetry contunues through our great Muslim as well as Hindu forefathers manely, Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah (1565-1611), Wali Muhammad Wali, Deccani (1667-1707), Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (1699-1781), Mirza Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713-1781), Khwaja Mir Dard, (1721-1785), Mir Taqi Mir (1722-1808), Nazeer Akbarabadi, (1740-1830), Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim, (1811-1845), Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish, (1778-1846), Hakim Momin Khan Momin, (1801-1852), Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Zauq (17891854), Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-1862), Mufti Sadr-Uddin Azurda (17881869), Mirza Ghalib (1797-1869), Mir Babbar Ali Anis (1803-1874), Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer (1803-1875), Wajid Ali Shah Akhtar (18271887), Amir Meenai (1826-1900), Nawab Mirza Khan Dagh Dehlawi, (18311905), Durga Sahay Saroor (1873-1910), Bekhud Badayuni (1857-1912), Altaf Hussain (1837-1914), Khwaja Altaf Hussain Hali (1837-1914), Shibli Nomani (1857-1914), Maulana Shibli Numani (1857-1914), Akbar Allahabadi (1846-1921), Brij Narayan Chakbast (1882-1926), Ram Parshad Bismil (1867-1927), Ashfaq Allah Khan (1900-1927), Muhammed Ali Jauhar (1878-1931), Munshi Premchand (1880-1936), Muhammed Iqbal (1873-1938), Akhtar Sheerani (1905-1948), Hasrat Mohani (1875-1951), Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang (1875-1952), Asrar-Ul-Haq Majaz (1911-1955), Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (1873-1956), Jigar Muradabadi, (1890-1960), Tilok Chand Mehroom (1885-1966), Shakeb Jalali (1932-1966), Makhdoom Mahiuddin (1908-1969), Shakeel Badayuni (1916-1970), Mustafa Zaidi (1930-1970), Nasir Kazmi, (1925-1972), Ravish Siddiqui (1909-1971), Majeed Amjad (1914-1974), Noon Meem Rashid (1910-1975), Jan Nisar Akhtar (1914-1976), Krishan Chander (1914-1977), Saeeda Urooj Mazhar, (1916-1978), Ibn-e-Insha, (1927-1978), Sahir Ludhianvi, (1921-1980), Nushoor Wahidi (1911-1981), (1911-1981), Firaq Gorakhpuri, Gorakhpuri, Raghupa Raghupati ti Sahay Sahay (1896(18961982), Shabir Hasan Josh Malihabadi (1898-1982), Hafeez Jullundhry (1900-1982), Saghir Nizami (1905-1982), Ihsan Danish (1914-1982), Josh Malihabadi, (1898-1982), Faiz Ahmed Faiz (1911-1984), Ayyub Sabir (1923-1989), Yazdani Jalandhari (1915-1990), Gopal Mittal (1906-1993), Habib Jalib (1928-1993), Waheed Akhtar (1934-1996), Obaidullah Aleem (1939-1997), Dilawar Figar (1928-1998), Zamir Jafri,
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