Abstract The Upazila System is the Second tire of the local Govt. of Bangladesh. This system is the successor of the previous sub-division which was introd troduc uced ed by the the ex milita litarry auto autoc crat HM Eras Erash had. ad. The The local ocal governmen governmentt Ordinanc Ordinance e 1982, provided provided details details on the structure structure and functions of the Upazila. The Upazila replaced the oldest institution called Thana. It has been created as a local administration under the decentralization program of the Government. Therefore, present study aimed to analyze and to evaluate the local government system, the Upazila System, its origin, development, composition, functions in old and and rece recent ntly ly prom promul ulga gate ted d new new form format at i.e. i.e. in loca locall gove govern rnme ment nt Ordinance Ordinance 1982 and Upazila Parishad Act. 2009 (mainly 1982) format etc. Foreword Local government is very essential for the development of country; local government means the decentralization of administrative powers into different local bodies. Bangladesh has experienced various types of developmental models since the end of British Colonial rule, and also also duri during ng the the peri period od of Paki Pakist stan an (194 (19477-19 1971 71). ). Sinc Since e 19 1971 71 as an independent state Bangladesh has established her own administrative system. The results of such development efforts have not been very enco encour urag agin ing, g, in sp spit ite e of some some evid eviden ence ce of grow growth th at cert certai ain n brie brief f stag stages es,, the the cura curati tive ve effe effect ct has has been been rath rather er depr depres essi sing ng,, over overal alll economic condition has deteriorated, particularly distressing it’s the fact that gaps between groups of people have widened. The second tire of rural local government in Bangladesh is the Upazila Parishad. The system of Upazila Parishad came into the process of decentralization of administration. One of the most significant current policy initiatives in Bangladesh is the decentralization decentralization of administration in orde orderr to ensu ensure re peop people les s part partic icip ipat atiion in loca locall admi admini nist stra rati tion on partic particula ularly rly in the format formation ion and imple implemen mentat tatio ion n of develo developme pment nt activities which affect their lives. As the first step towards this process, the the 46 460 0 of the the coun countr try y have have been been upgr upgrad aded ed in to Upaz Upazil ilas as with with functional and financial powers. The Upazila system has been playing significant Role in ensuring public participation in mass level, which is considered as the key of democracy. It can ensure the accountability
and transp anspar aren ency cy of the the gover overn nmen ment. In Bang Bangla lade desh sh the rural ural deve develo lopm pmen entt is obvi obviou ousl sly y possi possibl ble e thro throug ugh h an effe effect ctiv ive, e, free free and and poli politi tica call inte interf rfer eren ence ce free free Upaz Upazil ila a Syst System em.. It also also ensu ensure res s the the decentralization of power.
Local Government Local Govt. is a term used in the decentralization of administration of a country. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state. state. The term is used to contrast with offices at nation-state leve level, l, whic which h are are refe referr rred ed to as the the central central governmen governmentt , national government, government, or (where appropriate) federal government. government . Duane Lockard defines “local government as a public organization authorized to decide and administer a limited range of public policies within a relatively small territory, which is a sub-division of a regional or national government. It is at the bottom of a pyramid of govern governmen mentt ins instit tituti utions ons,, withi within n the nation national al govern governmen mentt at the top and and inte interm rmed edia iate te gove govern rnme ment nts s (of (of stat states es,, regi region ons, s, prov provin ince ces) s) occupying the middle rung.” rung. ” “Local Government is meant for management of local affairs by locally elected persons. If Government's officers or their henchmen are brought to run the local bodies, there is no sense in retaining them as (Kudrat-E-Elahi Panir Vs. Bangladesh Local Government Bodies." (Kudrat-E-Elahi 44DLR(AD)(1992). In modern nations, nations, local governments usually have same powers as nation national al govern governmen ments ts do. They They usuall usually y have have some some power power to raise raise taxes, taxes, though these may be limited by central legislation. legislation. In some countries local government is partly or wholly funded by subventions from rom cen central tral gove goverrnmen ment taxat axatiion. on. Comm Commo on name ames for for local ocal govern governmen mentt entiti entities es includ include e state, state, province, province , region, region, department, department, Page 2 of 15
county, county , prefecture, prefecture, district, district, city, city, township, township, town, town, borough, borough, parish, parish, municipality, municipality, shire and village. village. Howe Howeve verr all all thes these e name names s are are ofte often n used informally in different countries & local government is the legal part of central Government. G overnment.
Local Government in Bangladesh In Bangladesh we can find types of local government bodies that are rural local government and Urban Local Government. In Rural Local Gove Govern rnme ment nt is divi divide ded d into into 4 tire tires s that that are are Zila Zila Pari Parish shad ad,, Upaz Upazil ila a Parishad, Union Parishad and the Gram Parishad. And the Urban Local Gove Govern rnme ment nt can can be divi divide ded d into into 2 tire tires, s, Pourashava (for (for smalle smallerr Municipalities) Municipalities) and City Corporation (for four of the largest cities) are in order. After a series of evolution it get the present shape.
Rural Local Government
Urban Local Government
1. Zila (District) Parishads (64).
1 City Corporations (6) .
1. Thana/Upazila Parishads (460);
1 Paurashavas (286) .
1. Union Parishads (4403); 2. Gram (Village) (40,000);
Parishad ,
The Local Government structure in Bangladesh :
The Upazila Parishad The Upazila Replaced Replaced the oldest institution institution in Bangladesh Bangladesh called the Thana. It was a nation-wide reform. The significant change in the rural governmen governmentt was the insertion insertion of the term “Upazila” “Upazila” replace replace the word “Thana”. “Thana”. Generally, Generally, an Upazila Upazila correspond corresponds s to a “Thana”, “Thana”, although although in some places two Thanas have been united as one Upazila. Literally, Upaz Upazil ila a mean means s SubSub-Di Dist stri rit. t. Our Our conc concer erni ning ng topi topic c is the the Stru Struct ctur ure, e, Page 3 of 15
Composition, Power & Functions of the Upazila Parishad. Now we shall discuss it in accordance with the local government ordinance 1982, which was promulgated by the ex-military ruler HM Ershad. Now in Bangladesh there have 482 Upazilas and 599 administrative thanas. thanas.
Composition of Upazila Parishad. (Old format) A Parishad shall consist of (a) A Chairman, (b) Representative members, (C) Three women members (d) Official members (e) Chairman of the Upazila Central Co-operative Association within the Upazila and (f) One nominated member. Composition of Upazila Parishad- according to 1982 Ordinance.
Note: Representative and nominated members are voting members withi within n the Upazil Upazila a Parish Parishad, ad, and Offici Official al member members s are non-vo non-votin ting g members designed by the govt. among the officials of the Upazila. This This Figure Figure indicat indicated ed that Upazila Upazila Parishad Parishad consis consists ts of a chair chairman man elec electe ted d by all all vote voters rs with within in Upaz Upazil ila. a. All All chai chairm rman an of the the Unio Union n Parishads; Paurashavas located within the Upazila; the Chairman of the Thana Central Cooperatives Association; three women nominated by Government ; and official members as designated by the government among the official at the Upazila level are members of the Upazila Parishad. The chairman of the Upazila Parishad is to be elected directly by the voters of entire Upazila on the basis of adult franchise. Until election of Chairman of Upazila Parishad, the chief executive officer (UNO) of the parishad has been authorized to act as chairman.
Functions of ordinance.
the
Upazila
Parishad
According
to
1982
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1. All development development activities at the Upazila leve; formulation of Upazila leve levell deve develo lopm pmen entt plan plans s and and prog progra rams ms and and impl implem emen enta tati tion on,, monitoring and evaluation thereof. 2. Prep Prepar arat atio ion n of Upazi Upazila la Deve Develo lopm pmen entt plan plans s on the the basi basis s of Unio Union n Development plans. 3. Giving Giving assistan assistance ce and encour encourage agemen mentt to Union Union Parish Parishads ads in their their activities. 4. Promotion of health, family planning and and Family Welfare. 5. Provision Provision for for managemen managementt of environmen environment. t. 6. Training of of Chairman, members and and secretaries secretaries of Union Union Parishads. Parishads. 7. Implem Implement entati ation on of 8. Governmen Governmentt policies policies and programmes programmes within the Upazila. Upazila. 9. Supe Superv rvis isio ion, n, cont contro roll and and co-o co-ord rdin inat atio ion n of func functi tion ons s of offi office cers rs serving in the Upazila except Mnsifs, Trying Magistrates and officers engaged in regulatory functions. 10.Promotion of socio-cultural socio-cultural activities. 11..Prom 11 Promot otiion and and enc encoura ourage geme men nt of empl employ oyme men nt gen generat eratiing activities. 12.Such 12.Such other functions functions as may be specified specified by the Government Government from time to time 13.Promotion and extension of co-operative movement in the Upazila 14.Assistance to Zilla Parishad in development activities. 15.Planning and execution of all rural public works programmed. 16.Promotion of agricultural activities for maximizing production. 17.Promotion of educational and vocational activities. 18.Promotion of livestock fisheries and forest
Composition of Upazila Parishad (New Format) A Upazila Parishad consists of a chairman, two vice-chairpersons (one of them a woman), chairmen of all union Parishads under the Upazila concer concerned ned,, mayors mayors of all munici municipal paliti ities, es, if there there are any, any, and women women members of the reserved seat. The chairman and vice-chairpersons are going to be elected today. One-third of the total women members from from reserv reserved ed seats seats of union union parish parishad ad under under an Upazil Upazila a will will be the Page 5 of 15
Upazila parishad members. The women members of the reserved seat of the union union parishad parishad will elect them. them. The Upazila parishad parishad chairman chairman and vice-chairpersons will have to resign from their party posts if they hold hold any. any. The vice-c vice-chai hairpe rperso rsons ns will will elect elect a two-m two-memb ember er chairm chairman an panel within one month of the first meeting of the parishad. A vicechairperson from the panel will serve as the chairman if the elected chairman fails to carry out their duty for absence, illness or any other reason. Upon suggestions of the Local Government Commission, the government can suspend any chairmen, vice-chairpersons and women members temporarily if their work goes against the parishad’s interest or seems “unexpected” from administrative point of view. But, they will be allowed to give their statement before that
The Upazila Parishad Structure (New Format)
Powers and Functions in New Format Let we shall try to discuss the Power and functions of Upazila Parishad under New Upazila Parishad Act. 2009. Executive Powers The chairman chairman of the Upazila parishad will enforce executive executive power power to implement implement the decisions decisions taken by the parishad. parishad. An Upazila Upazila parishad parishad chairman’s duties include chairing and conducting parishad meetings, moni monito tori ring ng and and cont contro roll llin ing g all all offi office cers rs and and empl employ oyee ees, s, meet meetin ing g financial expenditure of certain limits fixed by the government and commission. The chairman will also prepare the annual confidential reports of all officers and employees of the parishad. The chairman will supervise all accounts of the parishad with the join signature of the Upazila nirbahi officer (UNO). Functions The function functions s of Upazila Upazila parishad parishad include include dealing dealing with administrativ administrative e and establishment issues, ensuring law and order and services related Page 6 of 15
to peop people les’ s’ welf welfar are, e, and and form formul ulat atio ion n and and impl implem emen enta tati tion on of loca locall economic economic and social social developmen developmentt planning. planning. Preparing Preparing developmen developmentt planning for five-year terms or so, construction, repair and main aintena tenan nce of link linkin ing g road oad unde underr the the Upazi pazilla, init initia iatting ing and and implementing small irrigation projects, creation of jobs and initiating prog progra ramm mmes es to redu reduce ce pove povert rty y are are majo majorr duti duties es of the the pari parish shad ad.. Besides, Besides, the parishad parishad will regularl regularly y send report on the Upazila’s Upazila’s law and order to the district committees on law and order and other high authorities. The parishad will also publish citizens’ charter accommodating the description, conditions and duration of the service it would render to the people.
Financial Resources of Upazila Every Every Upazila Upazila parishad parishad will have a fund. Government Government grants, grants, income income from local sources, grants from other parishads or local authorities, loans loans grant granted ed by the govern governmen ment, t, money money collec collected ted from from taxes taxes and fees, and incomes and benefits from schools, hospitals, dispensaries, buildings and organisations run by the parishad will be deposited in the fund. The government-fixed portions of income from local markets, jal mahals and ferry ghats under the upazila will go to the fund. Taxes and fees on cinemas, drama and jatra, fair, business and occupation will also go to it. Every parishad will prepare its budget two months before the start of a fiscal year and hang its copy for at least 15 days to inform people about it and receive receive suggestion suggestion and comments from the the peop people le.. Af Afte terr cons consid ider erin ing g thei theirr su sugg gges esti tion on,, the the pari parish shad ad will will approve the budget 30 days before the start of a fiscal year and send a copy to the deputy commissioner (DC). If a parishad fails to approve its budget in time, the DC will prepare a list of income and expenditure, which will be approved as the budget of that upazila for the year. The accounts of the parishad will be examined by an appointed auditor in a specific process. Upon suggestion of the commission the government will formulate the audit related rules for inconsistency or irregularities of acco accoun unts ts,, dama damage ge or wast waste e of asse assets ts and and othe otherr aspe aspect cts. s. All All
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members will be bound to give information to the auditor, who will inform the DC if anybody defies.
Officer and Employee A UNO will serve as the chief executive officer of the upazila and the government will appoint one secretary to the parish sha ad. The government can employ its officer or employee to the parishad for executing general or special duties on specific condition.
Meetings of the Committees The upazila parishad will hold at least one meeting a month at its office. For executing its activities smoothly, the parishad will form at least nine nine standi standing ng commit committee tees s on differ different ent iss issues ues with with the durati duration on of maximum two and a half years within a month of the first meeting. At least one-third one-third elected women members members from the reserved reserved seats will be the presidents of these standing committees, each consisting of five-seven members. If needed, the committees can appoint experts but they will not have any right to franchise. The committees will be on law law and and orde order; r; heal health th and and fami family ly plan planni ning ng;; agri agricu cult ltur ure, e, fish fisher erie ies, s, live livest stoc ock, k, irri irriga gati tion on and and envi enviro ronm nmen ent; t; educ educat atio ion; n; soci social al welf welfar are, e, women omen and chil childr dre en dev develo elopmen pment; t; sp spor ortts, cultu ulturre and and yout outh deve develo lopm pmen ent; t; comm commun unic icat atio ion n and and infr infras astr truc uctu tura rall deve develo lopm pmen ent; t; establishment, finance and accounts and monitoring and evaluation. The parishad can also form additional standing committees if needed. Abolition and Re-Election Upon suggestions from the commission the government can abolish a pari parish shad ad thro throug ugh h a gaze gazett tte e noti notifi fica cati tion on for for seve severa rall reas reason ons. s. The The parishad will be abolished if most members resign or become ineligible or misuse power of the parishad. The parishad will be formed again through election within 180 days from the date the posts of chairman, vice-chairpersons and other members fall vacant. The posts will be regard regarded ed vacant vacant from from the day of the gazett gazette e notifi notificat cation ion.. Parish Parishad ad Page 8 of 15
official officials s will be given chance to explain explain themselve themselves s before before a parishad parishad is abolished.
Term of office of the Chairman, etc. 1. A Chairman Chairman shall shall hold hold offic office e for a term of five years years from from the date on which he enters upon his office. Provided that, notwithstanding the expiration of his term, a Chairman shall continue to hold office until it is successor enter upon his office. 2. A woman woman member member or a nomina nominated ted member member shall shall hold hold office office for a term of five years from the date of his nomination. Qualifications for election of Chairman – 1. A person shall, shall, subject subject to the provisions provisions of sub-sect sub-section ion 2. Be qualified qualified to be elected elected as a chairman chairman of a parisha parishad d ifa. S/He is is a citize citizen n of Bangladesh Bangladesh.. b. S/He has attai attained ned the age age of twenty twenty five years; years; and and c. His/her name appears on the electoral roll for the Upazila. Disqualifications Disqualifications for election of Chairman – a. S/He is declared declared by a competen competentt court to e of unsound unsound mind: mind: b. S/He is is an under undercharg charged ed insolve insolvent; nt; c. S/He S/He has ceased ceased to be a citize citizen n of Bangl Banglade adesh sh or has acquire acquired d the citizenship of, or affirmed or acknowledged allegiance to a foreign state. d. S/He has been, on convicti conviction on for any criminal criminal offence, offence, involving involving moral turpitude, sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than two years, unless a period of five years has elapsed since his release. e. S/He S/He hold holds s any any full full-t -tim ime e offi office ce of prof profit it in the the serv servic icee-of of the the Repub epubllic or of the the Par Parish shad ad conc oncerne erned d or any any oth other local ocal authority; or f. S/He S/He is a party party to a contrac contractt for weak weak to be done done for, for, or goods goods to to be supplied to. The Parishad concerned, or has otherwise any
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pecu pecuni niar ary y inte intere rest st in its its affa affair irs, s, or is a deal dealer er in esse essent ntia iall commodities appointed by the Government. Chairman not to hold any office in a Parishad or Pourashava- A person elected as Chairman shall, on the date on which he enters upon his offi office ce,, ceas cease e to hold hold any any othe otherr offi office ce in any any Unio Union n Pari Parish shad ad or Pourashava.
Electoral roll – 1. There There shall be an electoral electoral toll-for toll-for every Upazila Upazila for the election election of Chairman lo by prepared-by the Election Commission. 2. A person shall shall be entitled to be enrolled enrolled on the electoral electoral roll roll of the Upazila if s/he— a. is a citiz citizen en of Bang Banglad ladesh esh ; b. is not less than than eighteen eighteen years years of of age . c. does does not stand declar declared ed by a compet competent ent court court to be of unsound unsound mind; and d. is or is deemed deemed to to be resident resident of that that Upazila. Upazila. Right to vote: Every the time being entered in the shall be entitled to vote at an Upazila. Oath of office. Every Every Chair Chairman man shall, shall, before before he enters enters upon upon his office office,, make make and subs su bscr crib ibe e in the the pres presen ence ce of su such ch offi office cerr as the the Gove Govern rnme ment nt may may specify in this behalf, an oath or affirmation Resignation of Chairman, etc. 1. A Chairman Chairman may resign resign his of ice by notice notice in writing writing under his hand hand addressed-to the Government. 2. A woman member member or a nominated nominated rambler rambler may resign-his resign-his office office by notice in writing under his hand addressed to the Chairman.
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3. A resi resign gn9t 9tio ion n unde underr this this sect sectio ion n sh shal alll beco become me effe effect ctiv ive e and and the the office concerned shall become vacant, on the-date on which the notice of resignation received by the addressee.
Removal of Chairman, etc A Chairman shall-render himself liable to removal from his office if a. He bec becomes mes phy physic sicall ally or ment entall ally incap ncapac acit itat ated ed from from performing his functions; or b. He is guilty of grave misconduct or is responsible for any (QSS or misapplication of money or property of the Parishad. Explanation. a. In this this su subb-se sect ctio ion, n, "mis "misco cond nduc uct" t" mean meanss-mi misu suse se of powe power, r, corruption, jobbery, favoritism, nepotism an d willful maladministration and includes any attempt at or abatement of, such misconduct. b. A Chairman shall not be removed from his office any ground mentio mentioned ned in sub-se sub-secti ction on unless unless at a specia speciall meetin meeting g of the Pari Parish shad ad call called ed for for the the purp purpos ose e in the the pres prescr crib ibed ed mann manner er,, a reso resolu luti tion on to the the effe effect ct that that he is liab liable le to be so remo remove ved d is pass passed ed by the the vote votes s of not not less less than than four four-f -fif ifth ths s cf the the tota totall number of representative members of the Parishad and unless the resolution is approved by the Government: Provided that, no such resolution shall be passed unless the Chairman has been given given a reason reasonabl able e opport opportun unely ely of showi showing ng cause cause agains againstt the resolution proposed to be passed with respect to him. c. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Ordinance a person who has been removed from the office of Chairman under sub-section (2) shall not be eligible for election lo office for the term following his removal. d. The Government may, after such enquiry as may be considered necessary, remove any woman member or nominated member of a Parishad from office en any ground mentioned in sub section (1)9 Vacation of office of the Chairman, etc The office of Chairman shall became vacant if a. He becomes disqualified for being such chairman under section 6; Page 11 of 15
b. He fails to make the oath referred to in section 13 within the
period of thirty days after the date of publication of his name in the offici official al Gazett Gazette, e, unless unless the Govern Governmen ment, t, for good good cause cause shown, extends the period. c. He resigns his office under section 12; d. He is removed from his office under section 13; or e. He dies,
The office of a member, other than an official member, shall become vacant if a. he resigns resigns his his office office under under section section 12 ; b. he is removed removed from from his office office under under section section 13; or c. he ceases ceases to be be a resident resident of of the Upazila Upazila ; or d. He dies. Leave of absence of Chairman, etc A Parishad may grant leave of absence to Its Chairman for any period not exceeding thirty days in any one year and further leave, if necessary, may by granted by the Government. Acting Chairman. At any time when the office at Chairman falls vacant or when the Chairman is unable to discharge the functions of his office on account of abse absenc nce, e, illn illnes ess s or any any othe otherr caus cause, e, a repr repres esen enta tati tive ve memb member er nomi nomina nate ted d by the the Gove Govern rnme ment nt sh shal alll act act as Chai Chairm rman an unti untill a new new Chairman elected to fill such vacancy enters upon his office or until the Chairman resumes the functions of his office, as the case may be.
Notification of resignation, etc . A resignation, removal or vacation of office of a Chairman shall be notified in the official Gazette by the Government. Time for holding election. a. In the case of a vacancy in the office of Chairman occurring by reason of the expiration of his term of office, an election to fill the vacancy shall be held within the period of ninety day prior to the date of expiration of the term.
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b. In the case of a vacancy in the office of Chairman occurring by
reason reason of death, death, resign resignati ation on or remova removall of the Chairm Chairman, an, an election to till vacancy shall be held within nimiety days after the occurrence of the vacancy.
Conduct of election. 1. All elections of Chairman shall be organized, held and conducted by the Election Commission in accordance with the rules, and such rules tray provide for all or any of the following matters, namely :— a. the appointment of returning officers, assistant returning officers, presiding officer and polling officers for the conduct of election, and powers and duties of such officers; b. the nomin nominati ation on of candid candidate ates, s, object objection ions s to nomina nominati tions ons and scrutiny of nomination. c. the deposits to be made by candidates and the circumstances under under which which men deposits deposits may be refund refunded ed to candid candidate ates s or forfeited to the Parishad ; d. the withd withdrawa rawall of candid candidatur ature e; e. the appoint appointment ment of agents agents of of candidates candidates ; f. the procedu procedure re in contested contested and uncon unconteste tested d election elections; s; g. the date. time and place for poll and other matters relating to the conduct of elections; h. the manner manner in in which which votes are to be be given given ' i. the scrutiny and counting of votes, the declaration of the result and the procedure to be followed In case of equality of votes; j. the the cust custod ody y and and disp dispos osal al of ball ballot ot pape papers rs and and othe otherr pape papers rs relating to elections; k. the the circ circum umst stan ance ces s unde underr whic which h poll polls s may may be su susp spen ende ded d and and fresh polls may be held ; l. the the elec electi tion on expe expens nses es;; m. the corrupt or illegal practices and other election offences and penalties therefore; and n. any other matter connected connected with or Incidental Incidental to election.
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2. The name of the person enlaced as Chairman shall, as soon as may be afte afterr the the elec electi tion on,, be publ publis ishe hed d in the the offi offici cial al Gaze Gazett tte e by the the Election Commission. Final interpretation Local government as a political institution to ensure public participation in development activities is yet to take proper shape in Bangla Bangladesh desh.. In Bangla Banglades desh h there there have have been been six major major attemp attempts ts to refo reform rm loca locall gove govern rnme ment nt unde underr six six diff differ eren entt gove govern rnme ment nts. s. The The obje object ctiv ive e of all, all, at leas leastt at the the leve levell of rhet rhetor oric ic,, was was to intr introd oduc uce e participatory and accountable local governance through decentralization of functions and powers to locally elected institutions. All these governments also recognized the relevance of the role of decentral decentralized ized local local instituti institutions ons in planning planning and implement implementing ing needbased development projects for poverty alleviation and reduction of socio-economic inequality. The Upazila Parishad is one of the efforts of this Process.
Footnotes and References 1. Kh.Nadira Parveen, Journal of of Social Sciences and HumanitiesHumanities1993. 1&2, P-97 2.
3.
http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country/bangladesh/bangl adesh.html#descript http://www.news.org.bd/?p=14012
4. Ministry of Local Govt. rural rural development development and cooparatives. Local Govt. Section “Notification No-S-8/E. 3/83/41” Dhaka January1983 5. Siddiqi Siddiqi Kamal: Kamal: Local Governm Government ent in Banglades Bangladesh h Page 14 of 15
6. Local Local Government Government of Banglade Bangladesh: sh: An Overview Overview
Local Govern Governmen mentt in Bangla Banglades desh h, 7. Prana Pranab b Kumar Kumar Panday Panday Local South Asian Journal: Journal: 09 Lower Ground, Eden Heights, Heights, Jail Road, Lahore, Pakistan October-December Issue-2006 ,
8.
http://www.wikipedia.org/laocalgovt. http://www.wikipedia.org/laocalgovt./lgstudy/country/bangl /lgstudy/country/bangladesh/ adesh/ bangladesh.html#descript
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