A New University English Grammar Ãðàììàòèêà ñîâðåìåííîãî àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà Ó÷åáíèê äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ óíèâåðñèòåòîâ
Ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèé ôàêóëüòåò ÑÏáÃÓ Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã 2003
ãëàâó. Èç ñëóæåáíûõ ÷àñòåé ðå÷è îòäåëüíî ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ òîëüêî ïðåäëîãè; ñîþçû âêëþ÷åíû â îïèñàíèå ñëîæíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à ÷àñòèöû — â ðàçäåë, ïîñâÿùåííûé íàðå÷èÿì. Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå óäåëÿåòñÿ ñòðóêòóðå àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ ñïîñîáû ïîñòðîåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ êîììóíèêàòèâíûõ òèïîâ ïðîñòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ôîðìû îòðèöàíèÿ, îïèñûâàþòñÿ òèïû è ñïîñîáû âûðàæåíèÿ ãëàâíûõ è âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ; óòî÷íÿþòñÿ êðèòåðèè âûäåëåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ òèïîâ ñëîæíîñî÷ èíåííîãî è ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèé, ïîäðîáíî îïèñûâàþòñÿ îñîáåííîñòè èõ îðãàíèçàöèè è óïîòðåáëåíèÿ. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, òàì, ãäå ýòî áûëî âîçìîæíî, àâòîðû âîçäåðæèâàëèñü îò ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ øèðîêèõ òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ îáîñíîâàíèé è íàäåþòñÿ, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìûå ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèå ñâåäåíèÿ ñòóäåíòû ïîë ó÷àþò èç ëåêöèé ïî òåîðåòè÷åñêîé ãðàììàòèêå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå, ÷òî ó÷åáíèê ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ, â îñíîâíîì, â ðóññêîÿçû÷íîé ñðåäå, àâòîðû ñî÷ëè íåîáõîäèìûì âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ èñïîëüçîâàòü ðóññêèå ñîîòâå òñòâèÿ äëÿ îáúÿñíåíèÿ ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ÿâëåíèé àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Èçëîæåíèå ìàòåðèàëà èëëþñòðèðóåòñÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè ïðèìåðàìè, âçÿòûìè ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç îðèãèíàëüíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ è äåìîíñòðèðóþùèìè îñîáåííîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ òåõ èëè èíûõ ÿçûêîâûõ åäèíèö â ñîâðåìåííîé àíãëèéñ êîé ðå÷è. Îáùàÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ íàïðàâëåííîñòü ó÷åáíèêà ïîçâîëèëà âêëþ÷èòü â åãî ñîäåðæàíèå îòäåëüíóþ ÷àñòü, â êîòîðîé ïðèâîäÿòñÿ óïðàæíåíèÿ ïî âñåì îïèñàííûì â ó÷åáíèêå ðàçäåëàì àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêè. Àâòîðû âûðàæàþò áëàãîäàðíîñòü ðåöåíçåíòàì äîêòîðó ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê Ò. Ï. Òðåòüÿêîâîé è êàíäèäàòó ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê Î. Å. Ôèëèìîíîâîé çà öåííûå ñîâåòû è çàìå÷àíèÿ, ìíîãèå èç êîòîðûõ áûëè ó÷òåíû ïðè îêîí÷àòåëüíîé ïîäãîòîâêå ðóêîïèñè ê ïå÷àòè. Îòâåòñòâåííûå ðåäàêòîðû ó÷åáíèêà áëàãîäàðíû îäíîìó èç àâòîðîâ – Å. Ã. Õîìÿêîâîé — çà îáùóþ èäåþ ñîçäàíèÿ ïîäîáíîãî ó÷åáíèêà è ïîìîùü â êîîðäèíàöèè òâîð÷åñêèõ óñèëèé âñåãî àâòîðñêîãî êîëëåêòèâà. Îñîáàÿ áëàãîäàðíîñòü — íàøåìó àíãëèéñêîìó êîëëåãå, Ïèòåðó Äæîóíçó, âçÿâøåìó íà ñåáÿ òðóä ïðî÷èòàòü ó÷åáíèê è îòìåòèòü òå ïîëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðûå íóæäàëèñü â áîëåå ïðîñòîé è ÿñíîé ôîðìóëèðîâêå. Àâòîðû áóäóò ïðèçíàòåëüíû âñåì, êòî âûñêàæåò ñâîè êðèòè÷åñêèå çàìå÷àíèÿ ïî ïîâîäó ñîäåðæàíèÿ è ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ïîëåçíîñòè äàííîãî ó÷åáíèêà.
Textbook Morphology Syntax
Part I
MORPHOLOGY 1. NOUNS In the prevailing Modern English terminology the terms “noun” and substantive are used as synonyms. According to an earlier view, however, the term noun was understood to cover all nominal parts of speech, including substantives, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals, thus corresponding to the Russian term èìÿ. Later, classical grammar tended to include nouns in the limited sense of the word, noun-pronouns, such asI, they, noun-numerals, such as three in three of us, and gerunds, under the common designation noun-words as opposed to adjective-words and verbs.
1.1. DEFINITION As any part of speech, the noun, or substantive, is established on the basis of semantic (notional), morphological, and syntactic criteria. Thus, nouns have been notionally defined as names of things, persons and places. This semantic definition is clearly inadequate because it excludes, for example, a number of words which denote abstract ideas but behave grammatically and morphologically in the same way as names of things: occupation, friendship, movement, existence, etc. In more general terms, the noun may be taken to be a name of something that is viewed as substance or an object. The morphological characteristics of nouns include two categories: the category of number (singular and plural) though some nouns may lack either the singular or the plural form; and the category of case (common and genitive). The grammatical category of gender is now considered extinct for it is hardly ever expressed by grammatical means. The syntactic properties of nouns can be subdivided into two types: their methods of combining with other words, and their functions in the sentence. Nouns combine with other words to produce noun phrases.