U.D.2 El Modelo RELACIONAL 1-Estatica y Dinamica

U.D. 2 MODELO RELACIONAL

I.E.S. MAR DE CÁDIZ CURSO 2013-14

Unidad Didáctica 2:

El Modelo Relacional: Relacional: ESTÁTICA Y DINÁMICA

0. ESTÁTICA Y DINÁMICA DEL MODELO RELACIONAL

PARTE I ESTÁTICA

1. HISTORIA DE LAS BASES BASES DE DATOS RELACIONALES 2. ESTRUCTURA DEL MODELO RELACIONAL 2.1 RELACIONES, DOMINIOS, ATRIBUTOS 2.2 DEINICI!N ORMAL DE RELACI!N 2." CLASIICACI!N DE LAS RELACIONES RELACIONES 2.# CLA$ES

". RESTRICCIONES ".1 RESTRICCIONES INHERENTES ".2 RESTRICCIONES SEMÁNTICAS

#. ES%UEMA DE RELACI!N RELACI!N Y ES%UEMA RELACIONAL RELACIONAL &. EL MODELO RELACIONAL RELACIONAL Y LA AR%UITECTURA AR%UITECTURA ANSI '. LOS $ALORES NULOS NULOS EN EL MODELO MODELO RELACIONAL RELACIONAL '.1 $ALORES NULOS '.2 (ROBLEMAS DE LA L!)ICA TRI$ALUADA Y $ALORES $ALORES (OR DEECTO '." L!)ICA CUATRI$ALUADA

*. LAS 12 RE)LAS DE CODD (ARA LOS SISTEMAS RELACIONALES RELACIONALES

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PARTE II DINÁMICA

+. %U- ES LA DINÁMICA DINÁMICA DEL MODELO MODELO RELACIONAL RELACIONAL /. EL ÁL)EBRA ÁL)EBRA RELACIONAL RELACIONAL /.1 O(ERADORES UNDAMENTALES Sccin 3 (453ccin Unin, Di64ncia 3 (45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5. Rn594ad5 /.2 DEINICI!N ORMAL DE ÁL)EBRA RELACIONAL /." O(ERADORES DERI$ADOS: Int48ccin, C59inacin 3 Di;i8in. /.# O(ERADORES ADICIONALES DE CONSULTA A<47=acin 3 Ci44 t4an8iti;5 /.& O(ERADORES RELACIONALES RELACIONALES CON $ALORES NULOS C59inacin >t4na, ES?(OSIBLE /.' O(ERADORES ADICIONALES ADICIONALES DE MANI(ULACI!N A8i
10 EL CÁLCULO RELACIONAL 10.1 CÁLCULO RELACIONAL ORIENTADO A TU(LAS 10.2 CÁLCULO RELACIONAL ORIENTADO A DOMINIOS

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PARTE II DINÁMICA

+. %U- ES LA DINÁMICA DINÁMICA DEL MODELO MODELO RELACIONAL RELACIONAL /. EL ÁL)EBRA ÁL)EBRA RELACIONAL RELACIONAL /.1 O(ERADORES UNDAMENTALES Sccin 3 (453ccin Unin, Di64ncia 3 (45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5. Rn594ad5 /.2 DEINICI!N ORMAL DE ÁL)EBRA RELACIONAL /." O(ERADORES DERI$ADOS: Int48ccin, C59inacin 3 Di;i8in. /.# O(ERADORES ADICIONALES DE CONSULTA A<47=acin 3 Ci44 t4an8iti;5 /.& O(ERADORES RELACIONALES RELACIONALES CON $ALORES NULOS C59inacin >t4na, ES?(OSIBLE /.' O(ERADORES ADICIONALES ADICIONALES DE MANI(ULACI!N A8i
10 EL CÁLCULO RELACIONAL 10.1 CÁLCULO RELACIONAL ORIENTADO A TU(LAS 10.2 CÁLCULO RELACIONAL ORIENTADO A DOMINIOS

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0. ESTÁTICA Y DINÁMICA DEL MODELO MODELO RELACIONAL E 95d5 4aci5na c595 95d5 d dat58 8 ca4act4i@a =54 7na 8tática 3 =54 7na diná9ica. La estática 8 5c7=a d d6ini4 d6ini4 58 9nt58 7 5t58 7 ;a a 9ana4  95d5. Y a dinámica t4ata d a8 5=4aci5n8 7 8 =7dn 4ai@a4 854 58 5t58 d 95d5. C59n@a4958 aand5 d a estática d 95d5. E 5ti;5 67nda9nta d 95d5 8 9antn4 a ind=ndncia d a 8t47ct74a 
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!. "ISTORIA DE DE LAS #ASES DE DATOS RELACIONALES E modelo elacional 67 int45d7cid5 =54 C5dd a 6ina8 d 58 a58 88nta 3 =4i9458 8tnta. (45;in d a a=icacin d a teo$a matemática de las elaciones a a8 Ba88 d Dat58. La elaci%n 8 a 8t47ct74a á8ica d 95d5. Ha3 7n c5n7nt5 d o&eadoes 7 8 a=ican a a8 4aci5n8. A<7n58 d 8t58 5=4ad548 85n cá8ic58 d a t54a d c5n7nt58, 9int4a8 7 5t458 6745n int45d7cid58 =a4a  95d5 4aci5na. La8 5=4aci5n8 n  95d5 4aci5na 8 6549ai@an a t4a;F8 d d58 n<7a8 c4ad58 =54 CODD n 1/*2,  ál'e(a

elacional 3  cálc)lo elacional.

!.! LOS COMIEN*OS E 95d5 4aci5na 67 8id5 973 c4iticad5 n 878 54<n8 did5 a a =5ca 6icincia d 58 =4i9458 =45d7ct58 c594cia8. N5 58tant =7d 84 7 n 87 6ca d a=a4icin n5 >i8ta  85=54t tcn5
GIBM

58 =4i9458 8i8t9a8 c594cia8 n5 a=a4cn a8ta 6ina8 d a dFcada d 58 *0, nt4 58 d8taca958:

%743 B3 E>a9= G%BE

IBM

1/*+

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U. d B4J3

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+#E 8 n 4aidad 7n n<7a d acc85 4aci5na a 6ic458 $SAM d IBM =54 5 7 n5 8 c5n8id4a 7n ;4dad45 S)BDR. E8 =54 tant5 ORACLE D#  7 8 c5n8id4a a =4i94 S)BDR c594cia. S5=54ta c595 n<7a d d6inicin 3 9ani=7acin d dat58 S%L.

IN,RES, d4i;ad5 d 7n =45t5ti=5 d a Uni;48idad d B4J3 7 di8=5na d 7n n<7a a8ad5 n  các75 4aci5na dn59inad5 %UEL. 7  =464id5 d74ant 97c5 ti9=5 d a8 7ni;48idad8 a94icana8.

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!.- TA#LA EOL/TIA EOL/TIA DEL MODELO

L A N O E I R C P A L E R

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L A N O I C A L E R 0 T S O P

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D8a44558 t4ic58

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(45t5ti=58 GIn<48, Si8t9a R, tc. 

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In<48

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IBM

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DB2

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S%LANS

1/+*

S%LISO

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S%L Addnd79 GS%LK+/ GS%LK1

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Mani6i8t5 d 58 S)BDO

1//0

M5d5 Raci5na $48in 2

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En a ta=a &e1elacional 58 S)BD 8 a8an n 58 95d58 CODASYL 3 4a47ic5. En a 8<7nda ta=a 7 958 cai6icad5 c595 =4i5d5 elacional 58 =45d7ct58 d 8t ti=5 ;an 878tit73nd5 a 58 a8ad58 n 58 ant4i548 95d58. En a t4c4a ta=a, a9ada &ost1elacional, a=a4cn n7;58 =a4adi<9a8 5 95d58 d dat58 c595  54intad5 a 5t58, a7n7 t5da;a =a4c 7da4 ana a 878tit7cin d 58 95d58 4aci5na8 =54 8t58 n7;58 95d58.

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A7n7 a8 Ba88 d Dat58 4aci5na8 n5 85n a8 nica8 >i8tnt8 n  94cad5, n  a5 2000 8ta8 87=5nan 9á8 d /0 d t5ta.

ACTIIDADES -.1. Act7ai@a4 58 dat58 d ;57cin d S%L a 6ca d 201". Indicand5 a8 ca4act48tica8 9á8 i9=54tant8 aadida8 =54 cada 4;i8in

-.2. Ea54a4 7na 4acin d 6a4icant8 d S)BDR 7 7tiicn S%L

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-. ESTR/CT/RA DEL MODELO RELACIONAL D6ini958 a7 58 9nt58 á8ic58 d 95d5 7 =4áctica9nt c5incidn c5n 58 d6inid58 =a4a  M5d5 EKR.

-.! RELACIONES2 DOMINIOS2 ATRI#/TOS RELACIONES La 4acin 8  9nt5 á8ic5 d 95d5, 8 =7d 4=48nta4 c595 7na taa 3 8i4; tant5 =a4a 4=48nta4 58 5t58 c595 a85ciaci5n8 nt4 58:

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En 7na taa 8 di8tin<7n 58 8i<7int8 9nt58: - N594 - C5n7nt5 d c579na8 dn59inada8 at4i7t58 7 4=48ntan =45=idad8 d a 4acin 5 taa. - C5n7nt5 d 6ia8 dn59inada8 t7=a8, 7 c5ntinn 58 ;a548 7 t59a cada 7n5 d 58 at4i7t58 =a4a cada

9nt5 d a 4acin. S5n 58 9nt58 d c5n7nt5 7 4=48nta a 4acin. Una 4acin 8 =7d 4=48nta4 n 6549a d taa, a7n7 tin 7na 84i d 9nt58 ca4act48tic58 7 a di8tin<7n d a taa, 3a 7 n5 ad9it 6ia8 d7=icada8, a8 6ia8 3 a8 c579na8 n5 8tán 54dnada8 3 8 &lana, 8 dci4 n  c47c d 7na 6ia 3 7na c579na 855 =7d a4 7n ;a54. E8ta8 =45=idad8 d4i;an d 87 d6inicin 9at9ática. E n945 d at4i7t58 d a 4acin 8 a9a ,RADO. N5 ;a4a c5n  ti9=5. E n945 d t7=a8 d a 4acin 8 a9a CARDINALIDAD. E8 n549a 7 ;a4 n  t4an8c7485 d ti9=5. En 7na ta(la 8 di8tin<7n 7na ca(ecea 7 d6in a 8t47ct74a d a taa, 8 dci4, 878 at4i7t58 c5n 58 d59ini58 873acnt8, 3 7n c)e&o 7 8tá 6549ad5 =54 7n c5n7nt5 d t7=a8 7 ;a4an n  ti9=5. En a 8i<7int taa 8 c59=a4a a t49in55<a 4aci5na c5n a 7tii@ada c5n 48=ct5 a taa8 3 6ic458

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ia C579na N d c579na8 N d 6ia8

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DOMINIOS Un dominio D 8 7n c5n7nt5 6init5 d 6aloes 7omo'8neos 3 at9ic58 7 idnti6ica958 =54 7n n594. L58 ;a548 85n 595i<ncia d at59icidad a ca9iad5 n a ;48in 2 d 95d5 4aci5na d5nd di8tin<7 nt4 d59ini58 8i9=8 3 c59=78t58. L58 d59ini58 =7dn d6ini48 =54 com&ensi%n 5 =54 e9tensi%n. Un d59ini5 8 d6in &o com&ensi%n c7and5 8 ac a t4a;F8 d 7na =45=idad 7 c79=n t5d58 58 dat58 a85ciad58 a 9i895. Un 9=5 84a  d a8 dad8 d a8 =485na8 9=ada8, 7 8 =7d d6ini4 c595 7n enteo de dos ci;as ente

!< = >?@. Y &o e9tensi%n c7and5 8 n794an t5d58 3 cada 7n5 d 858 dat58. (54 9=5 a8 dad8 d 58 a79n58 d =4i9a4ia >=48ada8 n a58 8ta4án 8i9=4 n  c5n7nt5  ', *, +, /, 10, 11, 12, 1"  Un dominio COMP/ESTO 8 =7d d6ini4 c595 7na c59inacin d d59ini58 8i9=8 a a 7 8 =7dn a=ica4 ci4ta8 48t4icci5n8 d int<4idad. (54 9=5, 7n 787a4i5 =7d nc8ita4 9ana4, ad9á8 d 58 t48 d59ini58 Da, M8 3 A5, 7n d59ini5 c59=78t5 =54 58 dn59inad5 ca, a 7 =5d4958 a=ica4 a8 48t4icci5n8 d int<4idad adc7ada8 a 6in d 7 n5 a=a4ci4an ;a548 n5 ;áid58 =a4a a 6ca a<5 aná5<5 5c744 c5n  n594 3 58 a=id58 7, 8<n a8 a=icaci5n8 =7d 84 c5n;nint t4ata458 n c5n7nt5 5 =54 8=a4ad5.

ATRI#/TOS L58 ati()tos 85n a8 =45=idad8 d a8 4aci5n8 3 8 d6inn 854 58 d59ini58. Un at4i7t5 8  =a= 7 7
D  domAB E )ni6eso de disc)so U d 7na a8 d dat58 4aci5na 8tá c59=78t5 =54 7n c5n7nt5 6init5 3 n5 ;ac5 d at4i7t58, A1, A2, ........, An, 8t47ct74ad58 n 4aci5n8 cada at4i7t5 t59a 878 ;a548 d 7n nic5 d59ini5, a9ad5 dominio

s)(=acente 3 ;a4i58 at4i7t58 =7dn tn4  9i895 d59ini5 873acnt. E8 787a da4  9i895 n594 a at4i7t5 3 a d59ini5 873acnt. Si ;a4i58 at4i7t58 d 7na taa 8tán d6inid58 854  9i895 d59ini5 a4á 7 da48 n5948 di8tint58, 3a 7  n594 d at4i7t5 n5 =7d 4=ti48 n 7na 9i89a taa. S =7d aa4 ta9iFn d ati()tos COMP/ESTOS, ca 84a 7n at4i7t5 d 8t ti=5 7 t59a4a 878 ;a548 n  d59ini5 c59=78t5 d i<7a n594.

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Eem&lo !. Si tn958 a 4acin A7t54 7 c5ntin 58 dat58 4ati;58 a a7t548 d a4tc758 854 a88 d dat58 4=48ntad58 n a 8i<7int taa:

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. C5dd, E.. C4i, S. Sat54, .

N54ta94icana N54ta94icana Itaiana E8=a5a

Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C.

L58 at4i7t58 85n N594, Naci5naidad  In8tit7cin. E )4ad5 d a 4acin 8 " Gn945 d at4i7t58. A 58 d59ini58 854 58 7 t59an ;a548 58 at4i7t58 8 8 a a8ii95 d 2& ca4act48. Naci5naidad8: E8=a5a, 4anc8a, Itaiana, N54ta94icana, In<8a, Q In8tit7ci5n8: U.(.C., U.(.M., (5itFcnic5 d Mián, Rati5na In8tit7t La8 t7=1a8 84án cada 7na d a8 6ia8 d a taa. La ca4dinaidad 8 # Gn945 d 6ia8 5 t7=a8 d a taa

C/ESTIONES A RESOLER -." D58 at4i7t58 di8tint58 =7dn t59a4 878 ;a548 n 7n 9i895 d59ini5. -.# Un at4i7t5 =7d t59a4 ;a548 n d58 d59ini58. -.& L58 d59ini58 8tán a85ciad58 a 58 at4i7t58 3 a a8 4aci5n8 5 8 =7d dci4 7 85n ind=ndint8.

-.- DE5INICI4N 5ORMAL DE RELACI4N DEINICI!N 1 Una RELACI4N d6inida 854 7n c5n7nt5 d d59ini58

D1, ..., Dn n5 nc8a4ia9nt di8tint58 8 7n 87c5n7nt5 d

=45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 d 58 n d59ini58. DEINICI!N 2 Si d6ini958 =4i945 7n ES+/EMA d 4acin c595: -

7n NOMBRE d 4acin R

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7n c5n7nt5 d n ATRIBUTOS  A i F

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7n c5n7nt5 d n DOMINIOS n5 nc8a4ia9nt di8tint58  Di F, 7 8 c5448=5ndn c5n 58 at4i7t58  A i F

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3 4=48nta958  ES%UEMA c595:

R A ! : D!2 A - : D- 2 ... 2 A n : Dn B A c5n7nt5 d =a48 G A i : Di  8  87 a9a4 CABECERA DE RELACI!N. (54 tant5, =5d958 dci4 ta9iFn 7:

ES%UEMA  NOMBRE V CABECERA

A =a4ti4 d a7 d6ini958 7na RELACI4N 5 E8tad5 d Racin  R B c595 7n c5n7nt5 d m 9nt58 dn59inad58 t7=a8  t  F. Cada t7=a 8 7n c5n7nt5 d =a48

 G A ! : 6 ! H2 ... 2 G A i : 6 i H2 ... 2 G A n : 6 n H B d5nd cada A i 8  n594 d 7n at4i7t5 3 6 i 8 7n ;a54 d c5448=5ndint d59ini5 Di . E c5n7nt5 d t7=a8 t  d5nd cada t7=a 8 7n c5n7nt5 d n =a48 G at4i7t5:;a54  4ci ta9iFn  n594 d CUER(O

DE LA RELACI!N. Y 4=48nta958 a Racin 5 E8tad5 d Racin d a 8i<7int 9an4a:

 R B  t   G A ! : 6 ! H2 ... 2 G A i : 6 i H2 ... 2 G A n : 6 n HB : 6 i ∈ Di F La RELACI!N 5 E8tad5 d Racin 4G R  8tá c5n8tit7ida =54  879a 3  c74=5 d a 4acin:

W 879a, c74=5 X d5nd  c74=5 8 7n c5n7nt5 d t7=a8 7, n 7n in8tant dad5, 8ati86ac  c5448=5ndint 879a d 4acin.

C/ESTIONES A RESOLER -.'. T5da8 a8 4aci5n8 tinn n594

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-. CLASI5ICACI4N DE LAS RELACIONES La8 4aci5n8 8 =7dn ca8i6ica4 c5n 48=ct5 a ;a4i58 c4it4i58, 7n =4i94 c4it4i5 8 8i tinn 5 n5 nom(e. La8 4aci5n8 nominadas, a 87 ;@, =7dn 84 &esistentes 3 tem&oales.

PERSISTENTES: 85n a7a8 4aci5n8 c73a d6inicin G879a d 4acin =49anc n a a8 d dat58, 544ánd58 85a9nt 9diant 7na accin >=cita d 787a4i5. La8 4aci5n8 =48i8tnt8 8 di;idn n:

Relaciones (ase G8 c5448=5ndn c5n  ni6el conce&t)al d a a47itct74a ANSI. E>i8tn =54 8 9i89a8, n5 n 67ncin d 5t4a8 4aci5n8, 3 8 c4an 8=ci6icand5 >=cita9nt 87 879a d 4acin Gn594 3 c5n7nt5 d =a48: at4i7t5d59ini5. S78 >tn8i5n8 G5c744ncia8 d 4acin, a i<7a 7 87 d6inicin, ta9iFn 8 nc7nt4an a9acnada8.

istas G8 c5448=5ndn c5n  ni6el e9teno d a a47itct74a ANSI. S5n 4aci5n8 d4i;ada8 7 8 d6inn dand5 7n n594 a 7na >=48in d c5n87ta. S =5d4a dci4 7 85n 4aci5n8 ;i4t7a8 Gc595 ;ntana8 854 5t4a8 4aci5n8, n  8ntid5 d 7 n5 tinn dat58 a9acnad58, 8in5 7 5 nic5 7 8 a9acna 8 87 d6inicin n tF49in58 d 5t4a8 4aci5n8 c5n n594, a8 c7a8 =7dn 84 4aci5n8 a8, 5t4a8 ;i8ta8 5 in8tantána8.

Instantáneas G8 c5448=5ndn c5n  ni6el inteno d a a47itct74a ANSI. S5n 4aci5n8 d4i;ada8 a i<7a 7 a8 ;i8ta8, 8 dci4, 8 d6inn n tF49in58 d 5t4a8 4aci5n8 n59inada8, =45 tinn dat58 =45=i58 a9acnad58, 58 c7a8 85n  487tad5 d c7ta4 a c5n87ta 8=ci6icada 5 d <7a4da4 7na 4acin a8. La in8tantána8 n5 8 act7ai@an c7and5 ca9ian 58 dat58 d a8 4aci5n8 854 a8 7 8tán d6inida8, =45 8 4648canZ, 8 dci4, 8 4n7;a 878 dat58, cada ci4t5 ti9=5, d ac74d5 c5n 5 indicad5 =54  787a4i5 n  959nt5 d 87 c4acin. S5n =54 tant5, 85 d ct74a, n5 =7dind5 84 act7ai@ada8 =54  787a4i5, 8in5 nica9nt 4648cada8Z =54  8i8t9a.

TEMPORALES. A di64ncia d a8 4aci5n8 =48i8tnt8, 7na 4acin t9=54a d8a=a4c d a a8 d dat58 n 7n ci4t5 959nt5 8in nc8idad d 7na accin d 544ad5 8=c6ica d 787a4i5: =54 9=5, a t49ina4 7na 88in 5 7na t4an8accin. En <n4a, 7na 4acin t9=54a 87 84 7na 4acin a7tn59a Gn  8ntid5 d 7 n5 8 d4i;a d 5t4a, a i<7a 7 a8 4aci5n8 a8, =45 ta9iFn =5d4a 84 7na ;i8ta 5 7na in8tantána.

La8 4aci5n8 sin nom(e 85n 58 487tad58 d a8 c5n87ta8 7 n5 8 9at4iai@an 8in5 7 8 nt4
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E>i8tn 5t4a8 ca8i6icaci5n8 c5n 87 =45=ia t49in55<a. (54 9=5 DATE G1//& aa d 4aci5n8 d >=48inZ 7 85n a7a8 7 8 d4i;an d 5t4a8. Raci5n8 a9acnada8 7 85n a8 7 tinn 4=48ntacin di4cta n  a9acna9int5 68ic5. En t49in55<a d 8tánda4 ISO /2 8 aa d taa8 =48i8tnt8 3 t9=54a8. La8 =48i8tnt8 8 a9acnan n 9954ia 8c7nda4ia 3 =49ancn a c7and5 t49ina a 88in n a 7 674an c4ada8, 9int4a8 7 a8 t9=54a8 855 8 9at4iai@an 3 tinn >i8tncia d74ant 7n =4i5d5 d ti9=5 8=c6ic5 G7na 88in 5 7na t4an8accin. La8 taa8 t9=54a8 8 di;idn a 87 ;@ n <5a8 3 5ca8.

-.J CLAES Una CLAE d 7na 4acin 8 7n con)nto de ati()tos 7 identi;ican 7n;5ca 3 9ni9a9nt cada t)&la d a 4acin. Una ca; CANDIDATA 8 cada 7n5 d 58 =58i8 c5n7nt58 7 =7d 84 ca; d 7na 4acin. (54 a =45=ia d6inicin d 4acin n5 >i8tn d58 t7=a8 i<7a8 3,=54 tant5, a 9n58  c5n7nt5 d t5d58 58 at4i7t58 tin 7 idnti6ica4 7n;5ca9nt a cada t7=a. Si n5 c79= a 48t4iccin d 9ini9aidad 8 i9ina4an a758 at4i7t58 7 5 i9=di8n. (54 9=5, n a 4acin AUTOR GN594, Naci5naidad, In8tit7cin =5d958 t59a4 c595 ca; candidata  at4i7t5 N594Z, 87=5nind5 7 n5 >i8tn d58 a7t548 c5n  9i895 n594. Una 4acin =7d tn4 9á8 d 7na ca; candidata, nt4 a8 c7a8 8 acn d58 <47=58: -

Ca; PRIMARIA : ca; candidata 7  787a4i5 8c5<4á c595 ca; d a 4acin.

-

Ca;8 ALTERNATIAs : t5da8 a8 ca;8 candidata8 7 n5 an 8id5 8c5
S dn59ina ca; AKENA d 7na 4acin R1 a 7n c5n7nt5 n5 ;ac5 d at4i7t58 c7358 ;a548 an d c5incidi4 c5n 58 ;a548 d a ca; candidata d 5t4a 4acin R2 GR1 3 R2 =7dn c5in cidi4. La ca; ana 3 a ca; candidata c5n a 7 8tá 4aci5nada an d 8ta4 d6inida8 854  9i895 d59ini5.

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. RESTRICCIONES En  95d5 4aci5na, a i<7a 7 n 5t458 95d58, >i8tn 48t4icci5n8, 8 dci4, 8t47ct74a8 7 5c744ncia8 n5 =49itida8, 8ind5 =4ci85 di8tin<7i4 nt4 48t4icci5n8 in4nt8 3 48t4icci5n8 89ántica8 5 d 787a4i5. L58 dat58 a9acnad58 n a a8 d dat58 an d ada=ta48 a a8 8t47ct74a8 i9=78ta8 =54  95d5 G=54 9=5, n5 tn4 t7=a8 d7=icada8 3 an d c79=i4 a8 48t4icci5n8 d 787a4i5 a 6in d c5n8tit7i4 7na 5c744ncia ;áida d 879a.

.! RESTRICCIONES IN"ERENTES C595 n c7a7i4 95d5 d dat58,  95d5 4aci5na tin 7na 84i d 48t4icci5n8 i9=78ta8 7 7itan 6>iiidad a a 54a d 4=48nta4  97nd5 4a. Ent4 a8 48t4icci5n8 in4nt8 d 95d5 8ta4án a8 c5ndici5n8 7 3a 958 8aad5 =a4a 8tac4 a8 c5ndici5n8 n a8 7 7na taa =7d c5n8id4a48 7na 4acin: -

N5 a3 d58 t7=a8 i<7a8

-

E 54dn d a8 t7=a8 n5 8 8i
-

(54 9=5 8i n a 4acin AUTOR GN594, Naci5naidad, In8tit7cin aadi958 7n n7;5 at4i7t5 Idi59a8Z 7 indica a8 n<7a8 n a8 7 8c4i cada a7t54 tnd4a958 7na taa d 8i<7int ti=5:

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. C5dd, E.. C4i, S. Sat54, .

N54ta94icana N54ta94icana Itaiana E8=a5a

Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C.

Idiomas In<F8, E8=a5 In<F8 Itaian5, In<F8 E8=a5, Cataán

E8ta taa n5 84a 7na 4acin 3a 7 n5 c79= a c5ndicin d 7 cada at4i7t5 t59 7n nic5 ;a54 n 87 d59ini5, =78  at4i7t5 Idi59a8Z =7d 84 97ti;a7ad5 =a4a cada a7t54. La c5n;48in Gn549ai@acin d 8ta taa n 7na 4acin c5n8i8t n 4=ti4 58 ;a548 d 58 at4i7t58 N594Z, Naci5naidadZ, In8tit7cinZ =a4a cada 7n5 d 58 idi59a8 d 7n a7t54. D a taa inicia =a8a958 nt5nc8 a:

Nom(e Dat, C.. Dat, C.. C5dd, E.. C4i, S. C4i, S. Sat54, . Sat54, .

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana N54ta94icana N54ta94icana Itaiana Itaiana E8=a5a E8=a5a

Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t (5itFcnic5 d Mián (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C. U.(.C.

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Idioma In<F8 E8=a5 In<F8 Itaian5 In<F8 E8=a5 Cataán



C/ESTIONES A RESOLER -.*  C7á 84á a ca; d 8ta 4acin 

Ad9á8 d a8 48t4icci5n8 in4nt8 d4i;ada8 d a d6inicin d 4acin >i8t 7na 48t4iccin in4nt i9=54tant 7 8 dn59ina Re'la de inte'idad de entidad , a c7a i9=5n 7: Nin'n ati()to )e ;ome &ate de la cla6e

&imaia de )na elaci%n &)ede toma )n 6alo n)lo . E8ta 48t4iccin 7 d4a a=ica48 ta9iFn a a8 ca;8 at4nati;a8 n5 8 >i
ACTIIDADES -.+ C59=45a4 8i n S%L S4;4 2012 67nci5nan a8 48t4icci5n8 in4nt8, inc7ida a 4<a d int<4idad d ntidadZ. -./ S >i< 7 a8 ca;8 at4nati;a8 n5 t59n ;a548 n758.

.- RESTRICCIONES SEMÁNTICAS La8 48t4icci5n8 89ántica8 5 d 787a4i5 =49itn a 8t58 46a4, 5 9á8 6i9nt =58i, 58 c5ndici5nant8 d 97nd5 4a. E8ta8 48t4icci5n8 n5 85n 97ca8 ;c8 876icint8 =a4a ca=ta4 a 4i7@a 89ántica d 7ni;485 d di8c7485 7 74958 95da4. (54 5 a8 48t4icci5n8 d4an 84 inc7ida8 n 7n =45<4a9a d a=icacin, 8c4it5 n 7n n<7a 8tánda4 GC, C55, Q c5n 8ntncia8 d LMD 5 LDD 9ida8. O in =45<4a9a4a8 c5n a8 6aciidad8 n5 8tánda4 =49itida8 =54 a<7n58 =45d7ct58 c594cia8. La8 48t4icci5n8 89ántica8 =4inci=a8 85n: •

Cla6e &imaia G(RIMARY [EY. (49it dca4a4 7n at4i7t5 5 7n c5n7nt5 d at4i7t58 c595 ca; =4i9a4ia d 7na 4acin, =54 5 7 878 ;a548 n5 8 =5d4án 4=ti4 ni 8 ad9iti4án 58 n758 Ga78ncia d ;a54. La 5i
Ni  S%L/2 ni 58 =45d7ct58 4aci5na8 5ii8tan t7=a8 d7=icada8 G 95d5 t4ic5 8 a i9=5n, a7n7 =49itn a d6inicin d a 9i89a. N585t458 di8tin<7i958 nt4 a 48t4iccin in4nt d 5i
/nicidad GUNI%UE 9diant a c7a 8 indica 7 58 ;a548 d 7n c5n7nt5 d at4i7t58 G7n5 5 9á8 n5 =7dn 4=ti48 n 7na 4acin. E8ta 48t4iccin =49it a d6inicin d ca;8 at4nati;a8.

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•

O(li'atoiedad GNOT NULL d 7n5 5 9á8 at4i7t58, c5n 5 7 8 indica 7  c5n7nt5 d at4i7t58 n5 ad9it ;a548 n758.

•

Inte'idad e;eencial GOREI)N [EY. Si 7na 4acin R2 G4acin d 464ncia tin 7n d8c4i=t54 7 8 7na ca; candidata d a 4acin R1 G4acin 464nciada, t5d5 ;a54 d dic5 d8c4i=t54 d c5nc54da4 c5n 7n ;a54 d a ca; candidata 464nciada d R1 5 in 84 n75. E d8c4i=t54 8 =54 tant5 7na ca; ana d a 4acin R2. Y a8 4aci5n8 R1 3 R2 n5 85n nc8a4ia9nt di8tinta8. Ad9á8 ca d8taca4 7 a ca; ana =7d 84 ta9iFn =a4t d a ca; =4i9a4ia d R2.

La 8i<7int 6i<74a 978t4a a c5nc54dancia d 58 ;a548 d at4i7t5 Edit54ia1 d a 4acin LIBRO c5n 58 d a ca; =4i9a4ia Nom(ee d a 4acin EDITORIAL

EDITRI!L Nombre_e Rama McGraw-Hill Paraninfo Moran !auffman

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España España España EE((

Madrid Madrid Madrid )os *neles

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Editorial

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/nteliencia 0rtificial 2undamentos de B. "uro C55 Virus inform6ticos

Paraninfo Rama McGraw-Hill ulo

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5i'. Cla6e aena de la ta(la LI#RO )e e;eencia a EDITORIAL La int<4idad 464ncia 8 7na i9=54tant 48t4iccin 89ántica 7 ;in i9=78ta =54  97nd5 4a, 8ind5  787a4i5 7in a d6in a d8c4ii4  879a 4aci5na, 3  95d5 a 4c5n5c 8in nc8idad d 7 8 =45<4a9 ni d 7 8 tn i8tnt 5, 8i 8 d8c5n5c a dit54ia, tnd4án ;a54 n75 =a4a 8 at4i7t5.

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En  EEM(LO?2, a 4acin ESCRIBE =58 d58 ca;8 ana8: Nom(e 7 464ncia a a 4acin AUTOR 3 Codli(o 7 464ncia a a 4acin LIBRO n 8t ca85 nin<7na d a8 d58 ca;8 ana8 =7d t59a4 ;a548 n758, 3a 7 6549an =a4t d a ca; =4i9a4ia d a 4acin ESCRIBE.

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LIBR 9 Código: "=tulo: /dioma: >: Editorial < clave ajena

E"E#PL_%

!&TR 9 Nombre: acionalidad: /nstituci;n: ><

LIBR 9 Código: "=tulo: /dioma: Editorial: ><

E'CRIBE 9 omre: Cod?)iro )

clave ajena clave ajena

Ha3 7 584;a4 7 t5d5 at4i7t5 d 7na ca; =4i9a4ia c59=78ta d 7na 4acin R2, 8i n5 8tá d6inid5 854 7n d59ini5 c59=78t5, d 84 ca; ana d R2 c5n 464ncia a 7na 4acin R1 c73a ca; =4i9a4ia 8a 8i9=. Ad9á8 d d6ini4 a8 ca;8 ana8, a3 7 dt49ina4 a8 c5n8c7ncia8 7 =7dn tn4 ci4ta8 5=4aci5n8 G544ad5 3 95di6icacin 4ai@ada8 854 t7=a8 d a 4acin 464nciada =7diFnd58 di8tin<7i4, 8<n  8tánda4 S%L/2, a8 8i<7int8 5=ci5n8: •

O&eaci%n estin'ida GNO ACTION E 544ad5 d t7=a8 d a 4acin 7 c5ntin a ca; 464nciada G5 a 95di6icacin d dica ca; 85 8 =49it 8i n5 >i8tn t7=a8 c5n 8 ;a54 n a 4acin 7 c5ntin a ca; ana. A=icand5 8t5 a n78t45 E9=5?1, 8t5 8i
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O&eaci%n de tansmisi%n en cascada GCASCADE E 544ad5 d t7=a8 d a 4acin 7 c5ntin a ca; candidata 464nciada G5 a 95di6icacin d dica ca; ;a c5n8i<5  544ad5 G5 95di6icacin n ca8cada d a8 t7=a8 d a 4acin 7 c5ntin a ca; ana. En  E9=5?1, 7i;ad4a a dci4 7, a 95di6ica4  n594 d 7na dit54ia n a 4acin EDITORIAL, 8 95di6ica4a a7t59ática9nt dic5 n594 n t5d58 58 i458 d a a8 d dat58 =7icad58 =54 dica dit54ia. Aná5
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O&eaci%n con &)esta a n)los GSET NULL E 544ad5 d t7=a8 d a 4acin 7 c5ntin a ca; candidata 464nciada G5 a 95di6icacin d dica ca; ;a c5n8i<5 =5n4 a n758 58 ;a548 d a8 ca;8 ana8 d a 4acin 7 464ncia. (54 tant5 n  E9=5?1, 8t5 n58 ;a a 7 c7and5 8 544a 7na dit54ia, a 58 i458 7 a =7icad5 dica dit54ia 3 7 8 nc7nt4an n a 4acin LIBROS 8 8 =5n a7t59ática9nt a n758  at4i7t5 N594?E. E8ta 5=cin, 5;ia9nt, 85 8 =58i c7and5  at4i7t5 7 8 ca; ana ad9it ;a548 n758.

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O&eaci%n con &)esta a 6alo &o de;ecto GSET DEAULT E 544ad5 d t7=a8 d a 4acin 7 c5ntin a ca; candidata 464nciada G5 a 95di6icacin d dica ca; ;a c5n8i<5 =5n4  ;a54 =54 d6ct5 a a ca; ana d a 4acin 7 464ncia. $a54 =54 d6ct5 7 a4a 8id5 d6inid5 a c4a4 a taa c5448=5ndint.

ACTIIDAD -.10 C59=45a4 n S%L S4;4 2012 a8 5=4aci5n8 d8c4ita8 =a4a a8 taa8 d 9=5.

La 5=cin 8cci5nada n ca85 d 544ad5 8 ind=ndint d a d 95di6icacin, 8 dci4, a8 5=ci5n8 d 544ad5 3 d 95di6icacin =7dn 84 di8tinta8. C7and5 a8 48t4icci5n8 d int<4idad 464ncia a6ctan a ;a4ia8 taa8 a3 7 tn4 n c7nta 7 a c59inacin d 5=ci5n8 7 8 d6inan =7d =45;5ca4 <4a;8 =459a8 d int<4idad. Ad9á8 d a8 48t4icci5n8 7 acaa958 d >=5n4, >i8tn n  95d5 4aci5na 5t4a8 esticciones 7 =5d4a958 a9a4 de ec7aQo, n a8 7  787a4i5 65497a 7na c5ndicin 9diant 7n =4dicad5 d6inid5 854 7n c5n7nt5 d at4i7t58, d t7=a8 5 d59ini58,  c7a d 84 ;4i6icad5 =54 58 c5448=5ndint8 5t58 n t5da 5=4acin d act7ai@acin =a4a 7  n7;5 8tad5 c5n8tit73a 7na 5c744ncia ;áida d 879a n ca85 d 7 a 5=4acin intnt ;i5a4 a c5ndicin 8 i9=id 7 a 5=4acin 8 ; a ca5 G8 dci4, 8 =45d7c 7n 4ca@5 d a 5=4acin. En  95d5 4aci5na 8 =7dn di8tin<7i4 d58 48t4icci5n8 d 4ca@5 di8tinta8, 8<n a c5ndicin a6ct a 7n nic5 9nt5 d a a8 d dat58 G=54 9=5, a 7na 4acin 5 a 9á8 d 7n5:

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ei;icaci%n C"ECB: c59=47a, n t5da 5=4acin d act7ai@acin, 8i  =4dicad5 8 ci4t5 5 6a85 3, n  8<7nd5 ca85, 4ca@a a 5=4acin. La 48t4iccin d ;4i6icacin 8 d6in 854 7n nic5 9nt5 Ginc73Fnd58 n a d6inicin d dic5 9nt5 3 =7d 5 n5 tn4 n594.

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Aseci%n ASSERTIONB: acta d 6549a idFntica a a ant4i54, =45 8 di64ncia d a n 7 =7d a6cta4 a ;a4i58 9nt58 G=54 9=5, a d58 4aci5n8 di8tinta8 3 87 d6inicin =54 tant5, n5 ;a 7nida a a d 7n dt49inad5 9nt5, =54 5 7 8i9=4 a d tn4 7n n594, 3a 7 a a84cin 8 7n 9nt5 7 5t5 9á8 d 879a 7 tin ;ida =54 8 9i895.

La8 48t4icci5n8 d 4ca@5 7 8 d6inn 854 7n 855 d59ini5, 4acin 5 at4i7t5, di4958 7 85n 48t4icci5n8 int4a9nt5, 3 a8 7 8 d6inn 854 ;a4i58 9nt58 8 dic 7 85n 48t4icci5n8 int49nt58. Ad9a8 d a8 esticciones declaati6as ;i8ta8 a8ta a54a, >i8tn a8 esticciones &ocedimentales c595 58 di8=a4ad548 5 d8ncadnad548 Gt4i<<48 n in<F8, =a4a 58 7 tnd4958 7 8c4ii4  =45cdi9int5 a85ciad5 a 58 9i8958. Dat G1//& =45=5n ca8i6ica4 a8 4<a8 d int<4idad d 95d5 4aci5na n c7at45 cat<54a8 atndind5 a 58 9nt58 854 58 7 8 d6inn: -

R<a8 d d59ini5

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R<a8 d at4i7t5

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R<a8 d 4acin R<a8 d a8 d dat58

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(45=5n a 8i<7int 8inta>i8 =a4a >=48a4 a8 4<a8 d int<4idad:

CREATE INTEGRITY RULE

n594?4<a

esticci%n \ ON

ATTEMPTED VIOLATION

acci%n ]

C595 =5d958 584;a4, c5n8id4a 7 7na 4<a d int<4idad 8tá c5n8tit7ida, ad9á8 d =54 87 n594, =54 d58 c59=5nnt8, esticci%n 3 acci%n. La esticci%n =45=ia9nt dica 7 8tac a c5ndicin 7 dn c79=i4 58 dat58. La accin 8 a 48=78ta a a ;i5acin. La8 acci5n8 a t59a4 =7dn 84: 4ca@a4 a8 5=4aci5n8, in6549a4 a 787a4i5, c544i8tn, ad9á8 d a8 >=78ta8 a8ta  959nt5 5t4a8 48t4icci5n8 7 85n a8 d=ndncia8 7 8tán 4aci5nada8 c5n a N549ai@acin.

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J. ES+/EMA DE RELACI4N Y ES+/EMA RELACIONAL En 7n es)ema de elaci%n d4958 8=ci6ica4 58 at4i7t58 3 d59ini58 854 58 7 8 d6in a 4acin, a8 c595 a8 48t4icci5n8 d int<4idad 7 8 dn c79=i4 =a4a 7 a 4acin c5n8tit73a 7na 5c744ncia ;áida d 879a 8 dci4, a7a8 48t4icci5n8 7 a6ctan a cada 7n5 d 58 9nt58 7 6549an =a4t d c5448=5ndint 879a d 4acin G48t4icci5n8 int4aK9nt58. (54 tant5, =5d4958 d6ini4 7n 879a d 4acin c595:

R W A: D, S X 8ind5

R  n594 d a 4acin A  i8ta d at4i7t58 D  d59ini58 854 58 7 8tán d6inid58 58 at4i7t58 S  48t4icci5n8 d int<4idad, int4aK9nt58

E es)ema d a a8 d dat58 elacional 84á 7na c5ccin d 879a8 d 4acin 3 d 48t4icci5n8 d int<4idad int4K9nt58. E8t5 8 =7d 4=48nta4:

E W  Ri ,  Ii  X d5nd

E  n594 d 879a 4aci5na  Ri   c5n7nt5 d 879a8 d 4acin  Ii   c5n7nt5 d 48t4icci5n8 d int<4idad int4K9nt58

(5d958 d6ini4 7na Ba8 d Dat58 Raci5na 8i<7ind5 a t49in55<a d Dat G1//& c595 7n es)ema

elacional )nto a )na oc)encia 6álida de dic7o es)ema2 es deci2 )na oc)encia )e c)m&le todas las esticciones descitas en el es)ema.

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?. EL MODELO RELACIONAL Y LA AR+/ITECT/RA ANSI E 95d5 4aci5na =7d >a9ina48, n  9a4c5 d a a47itct74a ANSI, a 58 t48 ni;8 d 9i895: int4n5, c5nc=t7a 3 >t4n5. En  ni6el conce&t)al d a a47itct74a ANSI 8 nc7nt4an, ad9á8 d 58 d59ini58 3 48t4icci5n8 int4K9nt58, a8 4aci5n8 a8 G4aci5n8 =48i8tnt8 n5 d4i;ada8 7 8 dn59inan ta9iFn ta(las eales, 3a 7 tinn 7na 4=48ntacin di4cta n  a9acna9int5 int4n5. En  ni6el e9teno d a a47itct74a ANSI 8tán a8 ;i8ta8, taa8 ;i4t7a8 d a8 7 85 8 a9acna 87 d6inicin, 3 n5 tinn, =54 tant5, 4=48ntacin di4cta n  a9acna9int5. (54 5 7 48=cta a es)ema inteno,  95d5 4aci5na n5 8=ci6ica a857ta9nt nada a t4ata48 d 7n 95d5 
NI*EL

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- 20 -

N

CRE0"E /7.EA

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CRE0"E P0R"/"/7



$958, =54 tant5 7  95d5 4aci5na t4ic5 8 ada=ta a8tant in a a a47itct74a ANSI, c5n a8 8i<7int8 >c=ci5n8: •

A 787a4i5 8  =49it ;4, 8i tin a8 c5448=5ndint8 a7t54i@aci5n8, tant5 a8 4aci5n8 a8 c595 a8 ;i8ta8, 9int4a8 7 n a a47itct74a ANSI, =a4a 7n 787a4i5, a a8 d dat58 8tá i9itada a 879a >t4n5 ^ ;i8ta8 ^ 3a 7  879a c5nc=t7a, 4aci5n8 a8, 8 48=5n8aiidad >c78i;a d di8ad54 5 ad9ini8t4ad54 d a a8 d dat58, 3 85 =7dn 84 d6inida8 3 9anada8 =54 8t.

•

A7n7 a8 ;i8ta8 8 c5448=5ndn c5n 58 879a8 >t4n58 d ANSI 3 8t58 =7dn act7ai@a48, n  95d5 4aci5na n5 t5da8 a8 ;i8ta8 85n act7ai@a8.

En a =4áctica, 97c58 =45d7ct58 n5 48=5ndn a a a47itct74a a t48 ni;8, 3a 7 a8 d6inici5n8 d 879a c5nc=t7a 3 d 879a int4n5 n5 8tán ca4a9nt di64nciada8.

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>. LOS ALORES N/LOS EN EL MODELO RELACIONAL En  95d5 Raci5na 3, n 5t458 95d58 8 ad9it a >i8tncia d ;a548 n758 7 d 7na 9an4a 973 8i9=i8ta =5d958 dci4 7 8ii8tncia d 8t58 ;a548 _>t4a58` 95di6ican  c59=54ta9int5 n549a d 5=4aci5n8 4aci5na8 En 58 a=a4tad58 7 8i<7n d6ini4958 6549a9nt 58 ;a548 n758 3 87 c59=54ta9int5 ant dt49inada8 5=4aci5n8.

>.! ALORES N/LOS S =7d d6ini4  6alo n)lo c595 7na 8a 7tii@ada =a4a 4=48nta4 in6549acin d8c5n5cida, ina=ica, in>i8tnt, n5 ;áida, n5 =45=54ci5nada, ind6inida, tc. Una ntidad =7d n5 tn4 nin<n ;a54 a=ica G ina&lica(le =a4a 7n at4i7t5. (54 9=5,  at4i7t5 N7945KA=a4ta9nt5 n5 8 a=ica c7and5 a 48idncia 8 7na ca8a. O  at4i7t5 Tit75K Uni;48ita4i5 8 ina=ica n a7a8 =485na8 7 n5 tinn tt75 7ni;48ita4i5. Una ntidad =7d tn4 7n at4i7t5 desconocido. (54 9=5 d 7na =485na d8c5n5c958 87 T65n5. E5 =7d 84 =547 n5 tn
C5dd G1//0 =45=5n aand5na4  tF49in5 ;a54 n75 3 878tit7i45 =54  d 9a4ca, 3a 7: -

L58 S)BDR n5 d4an t4ata4 a8 9a4ca8Z c595 8i 674an c7a7i4 5t45 ;a54.

-

A int45d7ci4 a 
-

A<7n58 n<7a8 an6it4i5n8 t4atan 5t58 7 dn59inan n758Z =45 c5n di64nt 8i
-

E8 9á8 6áci dci4 9a4cad5Z 3 8in 9a4ca4Z,7 an7ad5Z, n7i6icad5Z, tc.

La nc8idad d 58 ;a548 n758 5 9a4ca8 n a8 a88 d dat58 8 ;idnt =54 di;48a8 4a@5n8: -

C4a4 t7=a8 G6ia8 c5n ci4t58 at4i7t58 d8c5n5cid58 n 8 959nt5, =54 9=5,  a5 d dicin d 7n i45.

-

Aadi4 7n n7;5 at4i7t5 a 7na 4acin >i8tnt at4i7t5 7, n  959nt5 d aadi48, n5 tnd4a nin<n ;a54 =a4a a8 t7=a8 d a 4acin.

-

At4i7t58 ina=ica8 a ci4ta8 t7=a8, =54 9=5, a dit54ia =a4a 7n a4tc75 G3a 7 7n a4tc75 n5 tin dit54ia 5 a =4568in d 7n 9n54.

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E t4ata9int5 d ;a548 n758 >i< d6ini4, d 9an4a 8=c6ica =a4a dic58 ;a548 : -

O=4aci5n8 d c59=a4acin.

-

O=4aci5n8 a4it9Ftica8.

-

O=4aci5n8 a<4aica8.

-

7nci5n8 d a<4
3 5i
L4,ICA TRIAL/ADA En a 6i<74a 8i<7int a=a4cn a8 taa8 d ;4dad =a4a a L!)ICA TRI$ALUADA, d5nd >i8tn 58 ;a548 C Gci4t5,  G6a85 3 % G7i@á8. Ad9á8, 8 inc73 7n n7;5 5=4ad54 dn59inad5 ES?(OSIBLEZ GMAYBEZ, 7 a=icad5 a ;a54 d 7na >=48in 7i@á8Z, da c595 487tad5 ci4t5Z.

AND

C

Q

F

OR

C

Q

F

NOT

C

C

Q

F

C

C

C

C

C

F

Q

Q

Q

F

Q

C

Q

Q

Q

Q

F

F

F

F

F

C

Q

F

F

C

Tablas de *erdad de la Lógica Tri+aluada

Dat G1//& 8aa 7 8 =4ci85 ta9iFn int45d7ci4 5t458 d58 5=4ad548 8=cia8: ES?NULOZ GIS?NULLZ, 7 t59a  ;a54 ci4t5 8i  5=4and5 8 n75 3 6a85 n ca85 c5nt4a4i5. SI?NULOZ GI?NULLZ,, 7 8 a=ica a d58 5=4and58 3 d;7;  ;a54 d =4i945, 8a;5 7 8a n75, n c735 ca85 d;7;  ;a54 d 8<7nd5. En c7ant5 a a8 o&eaciones aitm8ticas con 6aloes n)los , 8 c5n8id4a n75  487tad5 d 879a4, 48ta4, 97ti=ica4 5 di;idi4 c7and5 a<7n5 d 58 5=4and58 t59a ;a54 n75. Ta9iFn 58 ;a548 n758 incidn n a<7na8 5=4aci5n8 a<4aica8. Ot45 t9a i9=54tant 8  d a e6al)aci%n de la i')aldad 5 d8i<7adad d d58 t7=a8 d58 t7=a8 8 c5n8id4a4án d7=icada8 8i, at4i7t5 a at4i7t5 a958 85n i<7a8 3 n5 n758 5 a958 n758. E8ta d6inicin d t7=a d7=icada a6cta,

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c595 8 c78i;5 d 95d5 4aci5na, a 8id5 n  c5nt>t5 d 8t 95d5 d5nd 8 a a54dad5 87 8t7di5 d 9an4a 8i8t9ática 3 d5nd 8 8tán 4ai@and5 9á8 in;8ti
>.- PRO#LEMAS DE LA L4,ICA TRIAL/ADA Y ALORES POR DE5ECTO La 
Li458 ditad58 n 1//&,

•

Li458 ditad58 ant8 d 1//&, 3

•

Li458 ditad58 d8=7F8 d 1//&,

Tnd4a, n n78t4a =48i5n8 7 85n 8i9=4 ci4ta8 n  97nd5 4a: -

P  P, 8ind5 P 7na ;a4ia

-

= OR NOT G=, 8ind5 = 7na >=48in c5ndici5na,

n5 8 c79=n n a L"$, 5 7 a6cta a a8 7i;ancia8 a<4aica8 7 8 7tii@an n a8 38 d t4an86549acin n a 5=ti9i@acin d c5n87ta8. C595 ad9it  =45=i5 COD G1//0 esta &ate del modelo elacional no &esenta )n ;)ndamento te%ico tan

s%lido como las otasZ =54 5 7 C5dd 3 Dat G1//" an =45=78t5 aadi4 a a L"$ ca=acidad8 d in64ncia 7 =49itan dtcta4 ta7t55<a8 G>=48i5n8 7 8i9=4 85n ci4ta8 n a78ncia d ;a548 n758. L58 =459a8 d a L"$ 8 a<4a;an an 9á8 8i ca n a =4áctica, 3a 7 58 =45d7ct58 4aci5na8 n5 8i9=4 i9=9ntan 58 ;a548 n758 d 7na 9an4a c5n8i8tnt. (54 8t58 95ti;58 a<7n58 >=4t58, c595 Dat, =45=7
- 24 -



•

N5 487; t5da a =459ática a85ciada a t4ata9int5 d ;a548 n758, 8in5 7 8i9=9nt =45=54ci5na 7n 9di5 =a4a 4=48nta4 in6549acin d8c5n5cida.

•

A 4=48nta48 9diant 7n ;a54 G3 n5 =54 9di5 d 7n c5nc=t5 8=cia, 674@a a c59=45a4 a8 d=ndncia8 67nci5na8 3 5t45 ti=5 d d=ndncia8 a int45d7ci4 a in6549acin.

•

La 4=48ntacin d c5 d 7 7n ;a54 8 d8c5n5cid5, n5 85 d=nd d ti=5 d dat58 d cada c579na, 8in5 7 ta9iFn =7d ;a4ia4 nt4 c579na8 d 7n 9i895 ti=5 d dat58.

•

La8 di8tinta8 tFcnica8 =a4a t4ata4 8t58 ;a548 =54 d6ct5 7dan 9ida8 n 58 =45<4a9a8, c5n =5ca8 =58iiidad8 d 7 8an 7ni65498 3 8i8t9ática8 3 8tFn in d5c79ntada8.

•

Cada ;a54 d8c5n5cid5 8 t4ata, n d6initi;a, c595 8i 674a c7a7i4 5t45 ;a54.

•

R=48nta 7n 4t45c85 acia n6578 n5 8i8t9átic58 3 ad 5cZ =45=i58 d a 4a =4K4aci5na.

Dat 4at 8ta =58t74a dicind5 7 58 ;a548 n758 dan 7n 6a85 8ntid5 d 8<74idad 7 487ta =i<4585. E8t dat 8 =455n
elaci%n )e conten'a 6aloes n)los no &)ede considease )na elaci%n. Ad9á8 d H7< Da4n, c5a7t54 d a<7n58 i458 c5n Dat, 4cint9nt ;a4i58 >=4t58 an >=48ad5 87 ac74d5 c5n  n657 d 58 ;a548 =54 d6ct5, =54 9=5 Mc)5;4nan G1//#. (54 5t45 ad5 5n8t5n G1//& 8 =5n a ad5 d C5dd, d958t4and5 7 a =48i;a c5n  n657 c5n84;ad54 d DatZ. A8, 8i Dat G1//0 d978t4a 7  5=4ad54 
los 6aloes n)los G8=cia9nt n  =a85 d 879a ER a 4aci5na 3 8=ci6ica4 8i9=4 7 8 =7da a 5i
o(li'ados a ace&ta los 6aloes n)los , 4c59nda958 &esta m)c7a atenci%n a las o&eaciones )e se ealiQan, a8 c595 ;a4 a ca5 7n 8t7di5 =549n54i@ad5 d t4ata9int5 7 ac d 58 ;a548 n758  S)BDR 7 8 ;a a 7tii@a4. La ac=tacin d ;a548 n758 ;a c5n8i<5, 97ca8 ;c8, 7n a79nt5 n a di6ic7tad d d=74acin d 58 =45<4a9a8 7 actan 854 a a8 d dat58.

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>.- L4,ICA C/ATRIAL/ADA La 
ina&lica(les, 8t5 8, 7 n5 tinn 8ntid5, =54 9=5, a dit54ia =a4a 7n a4tc75 5 a =4568in d 7n 9n54.

•

desconocidos a&lica(les, 8 dci4, 7 959ntána9nt 85n d8c5n5cid58 =45 d4an >i8ti4 3 =7d

d

7, n 7n dt49inad5 959nt5, <7n a c5n5c48 ^ =54 9=5,  a5 d dicin d 7n i45 K. E8ta di64ncia, 7 =7d =a4c4 acadF9ica n >c85, 8 d c5 973 i9=54tant =a4a 46a4 c5n 9á8 =4ci8in a 89ántica d 7ni;485 d di8c7485 a t4ata4 3 =a4a 48=5nd4 d 9an4a 9á8 inti<nt a a8 c5n87ta8 7 8 4aicn 854 a a8 d dat58. En a 
 8 7n 5=4ad54 a4it9Ftic5 G879a, 48ta, di;i8in 5 97ti=icacin 3 >Z 7n ;a54 n5 n75 d a a8 d dat58 8

c79= 7: >  a  a  >  a >  i  i  >  i

a  i  i  a  i a  a  a i  i  i

En a 6i<74a 8i<7int 8 978t4an a8 taa8 d ;4dad =a4a a 
AND

C

A

F

I

OR

C

A

F

I

NOT

C

C

A

F

I

C

C

C

C

C

C

F

A

A

A

F

I

A

C

A

A

A

A

A

F

F

F

F

F

F

C

A

F

F

F

C

I

I

I

F

I

I

C

A

F

I

I

I

Tablas de *erdad de la Lógica Cuatri+aluada seg,n CDD

- 26 -



E>i8t, 8in 9a4<5, ci4t5 d8ac74d5 n t54n5 a t9a, =78t5 7 a3 a7t548 c595 )ESSERT G1//0, 7 a c5n8id4a4 7  ;a54 
AND

C

A

F

I

OR

C

A

F

I

C

C

A

F

I

C

C

C

C

C

A

A

A

F

I

A

C

A

A

A

F

F

F

F

F

F

C

A

F

F

I

I

I

I

I

I

C

A

F

I

INV

NOT C

F

C

I

A

A

A

F

F

C

F

A

I

I

I

C

Tablas de *erdad de la Lógica Cuatri+aluada seg,n (E''ERT

$a958, c5n 7n 9=5, a8 c5n8c7ncia8 d 9=a4 8ta8 taa8 d ;4dad n a 8i<7int c5n87ta 854 7na taa d D5c79nt58, 7 =7dn 84 a4tc758 5 i458:

GIDIOMA  IN)LESZ OR GEDITORIAL  RAMAZ A.

Si 8 t4ata d 7n a4tc75 n itaian5,  =4i94 t49in5 8 ;a7a4a c595 6a85, 9int4a8 7  8<7nd5 84a ina=ica Ga ca4c4 d 8ntid5 7 7n a4tc75 tn
B.

Si 8 t4ata d 7n i45 n itaian5 c73a dit54ia d8c5n5c958, da4a 487tad5 a=icaZ n a958 n6578, a 84  =4i94 tF49in5 6a85 3  8<7nd5 a=ica.

Sin 9a4<5, =a4a a c5n87ta:

GIDIOMA  IN)LESZ AND GEDITORIAL  RAMAZ A.

Si 8 t4ata d 7n a4tc75 n itaian5,  =4i94 t49in5 8 ;a7a4a c595 6a85, 9int4a8 7  8<7nd5 84a ina=ica 3  487tad5 6a85 =a4a C5dd,  ina=ica =a4a )884t. Ya 7 )884t c5n8id4a ina=ica 7na c5n7ncin 8i 3 855 8i c7a7i4a d 878 tF49in58 8 ina=ica.

B.

Si 8 t4ata d 7n i45 n itaian5 da4a c595 487tad5 6a85 =a4a a958.

- 27 -



Ad9á8, a di64ncia d )884t G1//0 c5n 48=ct5 a C5dd G1//0 8 7  =4i945 int45d7c 7n n7;5 5=4ad54 d n
En <n4a 8 =7dn di8tin<7i4 act7a9nt d58 5=ini5n8 48=ct5 d a 
!. Ha3 a7t548 c595 Date 7 =in8an 7 a 
nn =a4a a8 conecti6as )naias, =54 5 7 n a L2$ 8 #, =a4a L"$ 8 2*, 3

=a4a L#$ 8 2&'. E i<7a a nnU- =a4a a8 conecti6as (inaias 7 n  ca85 d L2$ 8 1', =a4a L"$ 8 1/'+" 3 =a4a L#$ da 9á8 d c7at45 i5n8. E8t >=4t5 8aa ta9iFn 7 a L#$ =7d ;a4n58 a 7n ca9in5 8in 4t54n5, 3a 7 8i a in84ta4 7na 6ia n 7na taa 6ata 7n ;a54 3 n5 8a958 8i 8 ina=ica 5 a=ica, a4a 6ata 7n 7int5 ;a54 =a4a di8tin<7i45, 3 a8 87c8i;a9nt.

-. Ha3 5t458 >=4t58 c595 ,esset G1//0, 8in 9a4<5, 7 c4n 7 a 
(54 5 7 48=cta a 58 =4inci=a8 ;ndd548 7 8 nc7nt4an 4=48ntad58 n 58 c59itF8 d 8tanda4i@acin G8=cia9nt n  ANSI P"H2, Melton 3 Simon G1//" 8aan c595   Data#ase S=stems S)d= ,o)&Z GDBSS)

7a identi;icado más de -V ti&os de 6alo n)lo , =54 5 7 no son &atidaios de intod)ci )na l%'ica c)ati6al)ada, 8in5 7 d 959nt5 =45=7
- 28 -



W. LAS !- RE,LAS DE CODD PARA LOS SISTEMAS RELACIONALES La di8c78in 854  954 95d5 d dat58, 3 a inc78in d ca4act48tica8 4aci5na8 n =45d7ct58 n5 4aci5na8 n 87 54i<n G8i8t9a8 4nacid58, n =aa4a8 d C5dd, i@5 874
Re&esentaci%n de la in;omaci%n : T5da in6549acin n 7na a8 d dat58 4aci5na d 4=48nta48 >=cita9nt a ni; 
2. Acceso 'aantiQado : T5d5 dat5 d 84 acc8i 9diant 7na c59inacin d 7n n594 d taa, 7n ;a54 d 87 ca; 3  n594 d 7na c579na. E8 7na 6549a d in8i8ti4 n a 5i
Tatamiento sistemático de 6aloes n)los: L58 ;a548 n758, in6549acin d8c5n5cida 5 ina=ica, an d 84 t4atad58 8i8t9ática9nt =54  8i8t9a,  c7a a d 564c4 a8 6aciidad8 nc8a4ia8 =a4a 87 t4ata9int5.

#.

Catálo'o acti6o en l$nea (asado en el modelo elacional: La 4=48ntacin d a 9tain6549acin Gd8c4i=cin d a a8 d dat58 d 84 i<7a a a d 58 5t458 dat58, 3 87 acc85 d =5d4 4ai@a48 =54 9di5 d 9i895 n<7a 4aci5na 7 8 7tii@a =a4a 58 d9á8 dat58 8 dci4,  95d5 d dat58 =a4a a 9tain6549acin d 84 ta9iFn  4aci5na.

&.

S)(len')ae de datos com&leto : D >i8ti4 7n n<7a 7 =49ita 7n c59=t5 9an5 d a a8 d dat58 Gd6inicin d dat58, d6inicin d ;i8ta8, 9ani=7acin d dat58, 48t4icci5n8 d int<4idad, a7t54i@aci5n8 3 <8tin d t4an8acci5n8.

'. Act)aliQaci%n de 6istas: T5da ;i8ta t4ica9nt act7ai@a d =5d4 84 act7ai@ada =54  8i8t9a. *.

Inseciones2 modi;icaciones = eliminaciones de alto ni6el : T5da8 a8 5=4aci5n8 d 9ani=7acin d dat58 Gc5n87ta, in84cin, 95di6icacin 3 544ad5 dn 5=4a4 854 c5n7nt58 d 6ia8 Gn<7a n5 na;i8tnt8 a8ta  959nt5 n  7 874<  95d5 4aci5na act7aan 4
+.

Inde&endencia ;$sica de los datos : E acc85 
/.

Inde&endencia l%'ica de los datos . L58 =45<4a9a8 d a=icacin n5 dn ;48 a6ctad58 =54 ca9i58 4ai@ad58 n a8 taa8 7 8tFn =49itid58 t4ica9nt 3 7 =484;n a in6549acin.

- 29 -



E8 dci4, aadi4, i9ina4 5 95di6ica4 c7a7i4 9nt5 d a a8 d dat58 n5 d 4=4c7ti4 n 58 =45<4a9a8 35 787a4i58 7 8tán accdind5 a 87c5n7nt58 =a4cia8 d 58 9i8958 G;i8ta8. 10. Inde&endencia de la inte'idad : La8 4<a8 d int<4idad d 7na a8 d dat58 dn 84 d6ini8 =54 9di5 d 87n<7a d dat58 4aci5na 3 a4án d a9acna48 n  catá5<5 d a a8 d dat58 G9taa8, n5 n 58 =45<4a9a8 d a=icacin. 11. Inde&endencia de la disti()ci%n : d >i8ti4 7n 87Kn<7a d dat58 7 =7da 85=54ta4 a88 d dat58 di8t4i7ida8 8in at4a4 58 =45<4a9a8 d a=icacin c7and5 8 di8t4i73an 58 dat58 =54 =4i94a ;@ 5 8 4di8t4i73an 8t58 =58t4i549nt. 12. Re'la de la no s)(6esi%n: Si 7n S)BD 85=54ta 7n n<7a d at5 ni; 7 =49it  acc85 6ia a 6ia, F8t n5 =7d 7tii@a48 =a4a 8ata48 a8 4<a8 d int<4idad >=48ada8 =54 9di5 d n<7a d 9á8 at5 ni;.

Ha3 7 ad;4ti4 7 n5 t5da8 a8 4<a8 tinn i<7a i9=54tancia, 3 7 58 S)BDR 87n c79=i4, c595 9á>i95, + d a8. S<n C5dd, 85 8i 8 8ati86acn a8 12 4<a8 8 a=45;ca4an 58 n6ici58 =5tncia8 7 564c  95d5 4aci5na. L58 5ti;58 =48<7id58 =54 CODD 4an c597n8 a 5t458 95d58 d Ba88 d Dat58 3 a a8 3a 9nci5nada8 Ind=ndncia 68ica 3 
5le9i(ilidad: n c7ant5 7 8 =7d 564c4 a cada 787a4i5 58 dat58 d 7na 6549a adc7ada a cada a=icacin. /ni;omidad: a8 8t47ct74a8 
SencilleQ: a8 ca4act48tica8 ant4i548, a8 c595 7n58 n<7a8 d 787a4i5 973 8nci58 =45d7cn c595 487tad5 7  95d5 d dat58 4aci5na 8a 6áci d c59=4nd4 3 d 7tii@a4 =54 =a4t d 787a4i5 6ina.

- 30 -



<. X+/ ES LA DINÁMICA DEL MODELO RELACIONALZ En 8t 57 d a 7nidad didáctica 8 8t7dia a DINÁMICA d 95d5 Raci5na. E 95d5 4aci5na c595 95d5 d dat58 8 ca4act4i@a =54 7na 8tática 3 =54 7na diná9ica. La DINÁMICA 8 5c7=a d d6ini4 a8 5=4aci5n8 7 8 =7dn 4ai@a4 854 58 5t58 d 95d5. E 95d5 4aci5na =45=785, n 878 inici58, d58 95d58 di64nt8 =a4a  acc85 3 9ani=7acin d a in6549acin: 6isi%n

con)ntista 3 6isi%n &edicati6a d 58 dat58 7 dan 7
Al'e(aicos: 8 ca4act4i@an =547 58 ca9i58 d 8tad5 8 8=ci6ican 9diant 5=4aci5n8, c7358 5=4and58 85n 4aci5n8 3 c7358 487tad58 85n 5t4a 4acin. S a8an n á<4a d =4dicad58 3 8 c5n5cn ta9iFn c595 á<4a 4aci5na.

•

Pedicati6os: 58 ca9i58 d 8tad5 8 8=ci6ican 9diant =4dicad58 7 d6inn 7n 8tad5 5ti;5 8in indica4 a8 5=4aci5n8 7 a3 7 4ai@a4 =a4a 
L58 di8tint58 n<7a8 d8a445ad58 8 a8an n 8t58 n<7a8 a8: á<4a 3 các75 4aci5na. En c7a7i4 ca85,  ál'e(a 3  cálc)lo 4aci5na 85n e)i6alentesZ =78 =a4a c7a7i4 >=48in d á<4a 4aci5na =5d958 nc5nt4a4 7na >=48in d các75 7 5tin a 9i89a in6549acin. E S%L, n<7a 7 8t7dia4958 n 8t c7485, 8 a8a 9á8 n  n<7a a<4aic5

- 31 -



V. EL ÁL,E#RA RELACIONAL E á<4a 4aci5na 8 7n n<7a d c5n87ta 6549a. E>i8tn cinc5 5=4aci5n8 G5=4ad548 7 d6ini 54i
&od)cto catesiano2 3 58 o&eadoes es&eciales =a4a  95d5, d6inid58 =54 C5dd 3 7 85n d selecci%n 3 &o=ecci%n. Ad9á8, >i8tn 5t458 5=4ad548 7 8 =7dn c5n8id4a4 dei6ados, 3a 7 8 =7dn dd7ci4 d 58 =4i9iti;58 7 85n intesecci%n2 com(inaci%n  =45d7ct5 tta2 =45d7ct5 nat74a B 3 di6isi%n. T5da8 8t58 5=4ad548, a=icad58 a 7na 5 ;a4ia8 4aci5n8, =45d7cn 7na n7;a 4acin.. En t5ta 58 5=4ad548 4aci5na8 8 =7dn 4879i4 n +: 7ni5n, int48ccin, di64ncia, =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5, 8ccin, =453ccin, c59inacin 3 di;i8in. L58 5=4ad548 8 =7dn clasi;ica 8<n di8tint58 c4it4i58: •

O=4ad548 t4adici5na8 d c5n7nt58 3 8=cia8 Gn5 c5n7nti8ta8: n  =4i94 <47=5 8ta4an a 7nin, int48ccin, di64ncia 3 =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 n  8<7nd5 a 8ccin, =453ccin, c59inacin 3 di;i8in.

•

O=4ad548 =4i9iti;58 3 d4i;ad58 8<n 8an 8ncia8 5 8 =7dan dd7ci4 d 58 ant4i548

•

O=4ad548 7na4i58 3 ina4i58 8<n actn 854 7na 5 d58 4aci5n8

E 8i<7int c7ad45 8i4; d 4879n d a ca8i6icacin d 58 5=4ad548 d Á<4a Raci5na

PRIMITIOS CONK/NTISTAS

• Sccin • (453ccin

/NARIOS

#INARIOS

NO CONK/NTISTAS

• (45d7ct5 Ca4t8ian5 • Unin • Di64ncia

• C59inacin • Di;i8in

• Int48ccin

NO CONK/NTISTAS DERIADOS

CONK/NTISTAS

- 32 -



C5n8id4958 a Ba8 d Dat58 Li(os c5n a8 8i<7int8 4aci5n8 7 8 7tii@a4á n 58 9=58:

Taa A/TOR

Taa EDITOR

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. Ra958, I. C4i, S. Sat54, .

N54ta94icana E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a

Instit)ci%n

Nom(e

Rati5na In8tit7t U.(.$. (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C.

Cn, (. Ya5, L. C4i, S.

Taa SOCIO C%di'o 1 2

N54ta94icana N54ta94icana Itaiana

Instit)ci%n ER In8tit7t U.N.Y. (5itFcnic5 d Mián

Taa LI#RO Nom(e

Ena Man4i7 Man7 )a4ca

Diecci%n

Li(o

$i5;a, 2& (. $4
DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d

Taa A/TOREDITORIAL Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. C4;4a, . Sat54, . C4i, S. C58tia, C. C5dd, E. C4;4a, .

N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a N54ta94icana E8=a5a

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a N54ta94icana

A)to Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C..

Editoial Addi85n C7= Addi85n

Taa EDITORIAL Editoial

Editoial

Addi85n Ra9a (a4anin65 C7= Dia@ d Sant58 (4ntic Ha Addi85n

Addi85n Ra9a (a4anin65 C7= Dia8 d Sant58 (4ntic Ha

Taa TEMAS

Taa A/TORARTIC Nom(e Dat, C.. C4;4a, . Sat54 . C4i, S. C58tia, C. C5dd, E.

Nacionalidad

TemaP Ba88 d dat58 Ba88 d dat58 Di85 Di85 Di85 
N)mAt 2* 10 1# / + 2/

- 33 -

TemaS 7nda9nt58 Di85 Di85 c5nc=t7a Di85 


V.! OPERADORES 5/NDAMENTALES L58 5=4ad548 67nda9nta8 5 =4i9iti;58, c595 58 958 a9ad5 ant4i549nt, d Á<4a Raci5na 85n

CONK/NTISTAS

• Sccin • (453ccin

/NARIOS

#INARIOS

NO CONK/NTISTAS

• (45d7ct5 Ca4t8ian5 • Unin • Di64ncia

Una 4=48ntacin <4á6ica 7 =7d a37da4 a tn4 7na =4i94a a=45>i9acin d 8i
(45d7ct5 G >  Sccin G σ

(453ccin G ∏ 

a b c

Unin GU 

Di64ncia G KKK 

- 34 -

x y

a a b b c c

x y x y x y



O&eado SELECCI4N La 8ccin d 7na 4acin 9diant 7na >=48in =48in. La 4acin 487tant c5n8tit73 7n 87c5n7nt5 54i@5nta d 4G R . R=48nta958 a 5=4acin d SELECCI!N 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

σ &edicado  R B d5nd

σ &edicado

R

S955 7 4=48nta a a o&eaci%n

Condici%n 7 dn c79=i4 a8 t7=a8 a 8cci5na4 N594 d a elaci%n 854 a 7 c7ta958 a 5=4acin

En a c5ndicin 8 =49itn c59=a4aci5n8 7tii@and5 58 89558

, ≠ , W, W, X, X Ad9á8 =7dn c59ina48 ;a4i58 =4dicad58 =a4a 6549a4 7n =4dicad5 c59=78t5, 7tii@and5 58 o&eadoes

(ooleanos AND2 Y G ˄  OR2 O G ˅  5 NOT2 NO G ¬ 

Eem&lo V.!: E
σ Nacionalidad  Es&aola@  A/TOR B La8 t7=a8 7 d8a958 85n a8 7 8 an 48atad5 n a9a4i5

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. Ra958, I. C4i, S. Sat54, .


Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t U.(.$. (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C.

(54 tant5  487tad5 d a 8ccin =dida 84á

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. C4i, S.

N54ta94icana Itaiana

- 35 -

Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t (5itFcnic5 d Mián



O&eado PROYECCI4N La =453ccin d 7na 4acin R 854 7n c5n7nt5 d at4i7t58, 8 7na n7;a 4acin n a 7 8 an i9inand5 ci4t58 at4i7t58. Y 8 i9inan a8 t7=a8 487tad5 d7=icada8. R=48nta958 a 5=4acin d (ROYECCI!N 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

∏

ati()tos

 R B

d5nd

∏ ati()tos

R

S955 7 4=48nta a a o&eaci%n Li8ta d ati()tos 7 74958 7 a=a4@can n  487tad5, 8=a4ad58 =54 c59a8 N594 d a elaci%n 854 a 7 c7ta958 a 5=4acin

Eem&lo V.-: Otn4 a8 naci5naidad8 d a 4acin AUTOR.

∏

 A/TOR B

Nacionalidad

La8 t7=a8 7 d8a958 85n a8 7 8 an 48atad5 n a9a4i5

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. Ra958, I. C4i, S. Sat54, .


Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t U.(.$. (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C.

(54 tant5  487tad5 d a 8ccin =dida 84á

Nacionalidad

Nacionalidad


N54ta94icana E8=a5a Itaiana

Ei9inand5 d7=icad58 d 487tad5 7da

- 36 -



O&eado /NION La 7nin d d58 4aci5n8 R 3 S 8 5t4a 4acin d6inida 854  9i895 879a d 4acin c5n8tit7ida =54 a8 t7=a8 7 =4tn@can a 7na d a8 5 a a9a8 4aci5n8. Ei9inand5 a8 t7=a8 d7=icada8 (a4a 7 8 =7da 4ai@a4 a 7nin d d58 4aci5n8 8tán an d 84 c59=ati8, 8 dci4 an d tn4  9i895 n945 d at4i7t58 i<7a8 3 c55cad58 n  9i895 54dn. Si n5 674an i<7a8 n n594 8 =7dn 4n594a4. E 7 58 _at4i7t58 8an i<7a8` 8 =7d >=48a4 ta9iFn dicind5 7 tn=48a4 c595 8i<7: 4 G R U S    t  t Є R ˅ t Є S F R=48nta958 a 5=4acin d UNI!N 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

R U S d5nd

R U S

N594 d a =4i94a elaci%n S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n N594 d a 8<7nda elaci%n

Eem&lo V.: Dt49ina4 t5d58 58 a7t548 5 dit548.

A/TOR U EDITOR La8 t7=a8 7 d8a958 85n a8 8i<7int8

Nom(e 8 a R 1 = O 7 T T / 0 K A

R

8 a O 1 = T I 7 T D

E

Nacionalidad

Instit)ci%n

Dat, C.. Ra958, I. Cei2 S. Sat54, .



Cn, (.

N54ta94icana

ER In8tit7t

Ya5, L.

N54ta94icana

U.N.Y.

Cei2 S.

Itaiana

(5itFcnic5 d Mián

Una ;@ i9inada8 a8 d7=icidad8,  487tad5 d a 7nin 8  8i<7int

Nom(e Dat, C.. Ra958, I. C4i, S. Sat54, . Cn, (. Ya5, L.

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a N54ta94icana N54ta94icana

- 37 -

Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t U.(.$. (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C. ER In8tit7t U.N.Y.



O&eado DI5ERENCIA La di64ncia d d58 4aci5n8 c59=ati8 8 5t4a 4acin d6inida 854  9i895 879a d a 4acin c5n8tit7ida =54  c5n7nt5 d t7=a8 7 =4tncn a R, =45 n5 a S. (a4a 7 8 =7da 4ai@a4 a di64ncia d d58 4aci5n8 8tán an d 84 c59=ati8, 8 dci4 an d tn4  9i895 n945 d at4i7t58 i<7a8 3 c55cad58 n  9i895 54dn. Si n5 674an i<7a8 n n594 8 =7dn 4n594a4. E 8ntid5 7 tin a di64ncia d 4aci5n8 8  9i895 7  d a 7nin d c5n7nt58. Y 8 =7d >=48a4 c595 8i<7: 4 G R KK S    t  t ∈ R ˄ t ∉ S F

R=48nta958 a 5=4acin d DIERENCIA 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

R KK S d5nd

R KK S


Eem&lo V.J : Enc5nt4a4 58 a7t548 7 n5 85n dit548

A/TOR ^ EDITOR La8 t7=a8 7 d8a958 85n a8 8i<7int8

Nom(e 8 R a O 1 = T 7 / T

A

R

8 a O 1 = T I 7 T D

E

Nacionalidad

Instit)ci%n

Dat, C.. Ra958, I. Cei2 S. Sat54, .



Cn, (.

N54ta94icana

ER In8tit7t

Ya5, L.

N54ta94icana

U.N.Y.

Cei2 S.

Itaiana


E nic5 9nt5 c59n 8 C4i, 7<5  487tad5 =did5 8

Nom(e Dat, C.. Ra958, I. Sat54, .

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a

- 38 -

Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t U.(.$. U.(.C.



O&eado PROD/CTO CARTESIANO E =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 d d58 4aci5n8 8 7na 4acin c735 879a 8ta4á d6inid5 854 a 7nin d 58 at4i7t58 d a9a8 4aci5n8, c5n8tit7ida =54 a8 9 > 9` t7=a8 6549ada8 c5ncatnand5 cada t7=a d a =4i94a 4acin c5n cada 7na d a8 t7=a8 d a 8<7nda. (54 tant5  n945 d at4i7t58 d =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 84á a 879a d n945 d at4i7t58 d cada 7na d a8 4aci5n8. Y  n945 d t7=a8 d =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 84á a 97ti=icacin d n945 d t7=a8 d a =4i94a 4acin =54  d a 8<7nda. R=48nta958 a 5=4acin (RODUCTO CARTESIANO 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

R > S d5nd

R > S


Eem&lo V.?: Enc5nt4a4  =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 d 85ci5 =54 i45.

SOCIO > LI#RO La8 t7=a8 7 d8a958 8 5tinn c59inad5 cada 7na d a8 6ia8 d SOCIO G2 c5n t5da8 a8 d LIBRO G". (54 5 7  =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 tnd4á ' 6ia8

C%di'o

Nom(e

Diecci%n

1 2

Ena Man4i7 Man7 )a4ca

Li(o

$i5;a, 2& (. $4

A)to Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C..

Y  487tad5 6ina 8

C%di'o

Nom(e

Diecci%n

Li(o

A)to

Editoial

1

Ena Man4i7

$i5;a, 2&

DB S38t98

Dat, C..

Addi85n

1


$i5;a, 2&

Ba8i di Dati

C4i, S.

C7=

1


$i5;a, 2&

S%L Standa4d

Dat, C..

Addi85n

2

Man7 )a4ca

(. $4
DB S38t98

Dat, C..

Addi85n

2

Man7 )a4ca

(. $4
Ba8i di Dati

C4i, S.

C7=

2

Man7 )a4ca

(. $4
S%L Standa4d

Dat, C..

Addi85n

- 39 -




O&eado de RENOM#RADO E8t 5=4ad54 8i4; =a4a ca9ia4  n594 d 7na 4acin, d 878 at4i7t58, 5 a8 d58 c58a8. E8 nc8a4i5 n  Á<4a Raci5na =a4a 9antn4 a 48t4iccin d 7 n5 =7d a4 at4i7t58 4=tid58, c58a 7 =7d 5c744i4 a c59ina4 4aci5n8. La c59inacin 8 7na 5=4acin d4i;ada 7 ;4958 9á8 adant. U8a958 4n594a4 =a4a ca9ia4 a 464ncia a 7na 4acin 3 a8 =5d4 78a4a 7na 8<7nda ;@ n 7na >=48in 8in a9i=48in

ρ S #!2 #-2 333#nB  R B

ρS RB

ρ #!2 #-2 333#nB  R B

d5nd

ρ

S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n

R S

N594 d a elaci%n a 4n594a4

#!2 3.2 #n

N594 n7;5 d a elaci%n R N7;58 n5948 d 58 ati()tos 54i
Eem&lo V.>: Rn594a4  at4i7t5 _Edit54ia` d a 4acin AUTOR?EDITORIAL c595 _Edit54a`

ρ Nom(e2 Nacionalidad2 EditoaB  A/TOREDITORIAL B Rn594a4 a 4acin EDITORIAL c595 EDITORA

ρ EDITORA  EDITORIAL B Rn594a4 a 4acin LIBRO c595 (UBLICACION. Y  at4i7t5 _Edit54ia` d LIBRO c595 _Edit54a`

ρ P/#LICACION Li(o2 A)to2 EditoaB  LI#RO B

- 40 -



V.- DE5INICI4N 5ORMAL DE ÁL,E#RA RELACIONAL. La8 5=4aci5n8 7 acaa958 d ;4 n58 =49itn da4 7na d6inicin c59=ta d 7na >=48in n  A<4a Raci5na. Una >=48in n  á<4a 4aci5na c5n8ta d 7na d c7a7i4a d a8 8i<7int8 4aci5n8: K Una 4acin n a Ba8 d Dat58 K Una 4acin c5n8tant. Una 4acin c5n8tant 8 8c4i i8tand5 878 t7=a8 nt4 a;8 G  3 F  Una >=48in <n4a 8 c5n8t473 a =a4ti4 d 87K>=48i5n8 9n548. A8, 8i E1 3 E2 85n >=48i5n8 d á<4a 4aci5na, nt5nc8 a8 8i<7int8 85n t5da8 >=48i5n8 d á<4a 4aci5na: •

E1 U E2.

•

E1 K E2.

•

E1 P E2.

•

σ = GE1, d5nd = 8 7n =4dicad5 c5n at4i7t58 d E1.

•

∏ 8 GE1, d5nd 8 8 7na i8ta 7 c5n8ta d a<7n5 d 58 at4i7t58 d E1.

•

ρ >

GE1, d5nd > 8  n7;5 n594 d a 4acin E1.

V. OPERADORES DERIADOS La8 5=4aci5n8 67nda9nta8 7 958 ;i8t5 85n 876icint8 =a4a >=48a4 c7a7i4 c5n87ta n á<4a 4aci5na. Sin 9a4<5, 8i 5 ac958 a8 a<7na8 c5n87ta8 c597n8 85n a4=48a4. (54 tant5, d6ini958 5=4aci5n8 adici5na8 7 n5 aadn nin<7na =5tncia a á<4a, =45 7 8i9=i6ican c5n87ta8 c597n8. (a4a cada n7;a 5=4acin >i8t 7na >=48in 7i;ant 78and5 85 5=4aci5n8 67nda9nta8. L58 5=4ad548 67nda9nta8 5 =4i9iti;58, c595 58 958 a9ad5 ant4i549nt, d Á<4a Raci5na 85n

CONK/NTISTAS

NO CONK/NTISTAS

/NARIOS

#INARIOS

• Int48ccin

- 41 -

• C59inacin • Di;i8in



O&eado INTERSECCI4N La int48ccin d d58 4aci5n8 R 3 S 8 5t4a 4acin d6inida 854  9i895 879a d 4acin c5n8tit7ida =54 a8 t7=a8 7 =4tn@can a a9a8 4aci5n8. E8 dci4, 85n a8 t7=a8 d7=icada8 7 a=a4c4an n a UNI!N d 4aci5n8 (a4a 7 8 =7da 4ai@a4 a int48ccin d d58 4aci5n8 8tán an d 84 c59=ati8, 8 dci4 an d tn4  9i895 n945 d at4i7t58 i<7a8 3 c55cad58 n  9i895 54dn. Si n5 674an i<7a8 n n594 8 =7dn 4n594a4. E 7 58 _at4i7t58 8an i<7a8` 8 =7d >=48a4 ta9iFn dicind5 7 tn=48a4 c595 8i<7: 4 G R∩S    t  t Є R ˄ t Є S F. C595 a int48ccin 8 7na 5=4acin d4i;ada, 8 =7d >=48a4 n 67ncin d 5=4aci5n8 =4i9a4ia8 5 67nda9nta8:

R ∩ S  R ^ G R ^ S 

5

R ∩ S  G R U S  ^ \ G R ^ S  U G S ^ R  ]

R=48nta958 a 5=4acin d INTERSECCI!N 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

R ∩ S d5nd

R

N594 d a =4i94a 4acin

∩

S955 7 4=48nta a 5=4acin

S

N594 d a 8<7nda 4acin

Eem&lo V.W: Enc5nt4a4 58 a7t548 7 85n ta9iFn dit548.

A/TOR ∩ EDITOR La8 t7=a8 7 d8a958 85n a8 c597n8 a AUTOR 3 a EDITOR 7 958 9a4cad5 n a9a4i5

Nom(e 8 a R 1 = O 7 T T / 0 K A

8 R a O 1 = T I 7 T D

E

Nacionalidad

Instit)ci%n

Dat, C.. Ra958, I. Cei2 S. Sat54, .



Cn, (.

N54ta94icana

ER In8tit7t

Ya5, L.

N54ta94icana

U.N.Y.

Cei2 S.

Itaiana


(54 tant5,  487tad5 d a int48ccin 84á

Nom(e C4i, S.

Nacionalidad Itaiana

- 42 -

Instit)ci%n (5itFcnic5 d Mián



O&eado COM#INACI4N La c59inacin, d d58 4aci5n8 R 3 S 48=ct5 a 7na ci4ta c5ndicin d c59inacin 8 5t4a 4acin c5n8tit7ida =54 t5d58 58 =a48 d t7=a8 t4 3 t8 c5ncatnada8, ta8 7, n cada =a4, a8 c5448=5ndint8 t7=a8 8ati86acn a c5ndicin 8=ci6icada. La c59inacin d d58 4aci5n8 R GA1, A2, Q., A9 3 S GB1, B2, Q, Bn, c7358 'ados 48=cti;58 85n m 3 n, 84á 7na 4acin d <4ad5 m V n, c73a cadinalidad & c79= 7 & W m > n . Y c73a8 t7=a8 dn c79=i4 a c5ndicin 8=ci6icada R=48nta958 a COMBINACI!N d d58 4aci5n8 R 3 S, 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

R ⋈ S &edicadoB

d5nd

R

N594 d a =4i94a 4acin

⋈

S955 7 4=48nta a 5=4acin C5ndicin d c59inacin nt4 a8 d58 4aci5n8 N594 d a 8<7nda 4acin

&edicado

S

C595 5=4acin d4i;ada, a c59inacin 8 =7d >=48a4 a t4a;F8 d =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 3 d a 8ccin.

R⋈ S 

σ &edicadoB G R > S 

&edicadoB

θ 1 COM#INACI4N La c5ndicin d c59inacin, n  ca85 9á8 8nci5, 8tá 464ida a d58 at4i7t58 Ai 3 B cada 7n5 d 58 c7a8 =4tnc a 7na d a8 d58 4aci5n8 7nid58 =54 7n 5=4ad54 d c59=a4acin θ Gtta Ai θ B En  ca85 9á8 <n4a, 7n =a4 d at4i7t58 =7d i4 7nid5, 87c8i;a9nt, a 5t45 =a4 d at4i7t58 9diant  5=4ad54 _55an5` ˄ A1 θ B" ˄ A# θ B+ ˄ QQQ.. ˄ Ai θ B Si A 3 B 85n, 48=cti;a9nt c579na8 d R 3 S , a >=48in d 7na θ KCOMBINACI!N ;in dada =54

R ⋈ S A θ #B

D5nd θ =7d 84 7na d a8 5=4aci5n8 8i<7int8:

=, ≠ , W, W=, X, X= - 43 -



549a9nt di4958 7 a θ K COMBINACI!N d d58 4aci5n8 R GA1, A2, Q., A9 3 S GB1, B2, Q, Bn, 84á 7na 4acin c5n 58 m V n, at4i7t58 d R 3 S, 48=cti;a9nt, 8 dci4 G A1, A2, Q.. , A9  U G B1, B2, QQ , Bn   G A1, A2, Q.. , A9, B1, B2, Q.. , Bn  Y c73a8 t7=a8 84án d a 6549a

 W a1, a2, Q.. , a9, 1, 2, Q.. , n X  ∀ i,  GW a1, Q ,a9 X ∈ 4GR ∧ W1, Q, n X ∈ 4GS ∧ ai θ  F

L5 9á8 ait7a 8 7 a θ K COMBINACI!N 8a 7na c59inacin 8i9= =54 i<7adad, n c735 ca85 4ci  n594 =a4tic7a4 d E%UIKCOMBINACI!N. E>i8t 5t45 n594 =a4tic7a4 d c59inacin 7 8 a COMBINACI!NKNATURAL 7 8 7na c59inacin =54 i<7adad, d 7n5 5 ;a4i58 at4i7t58 c597n8, n a 7 8 an i9inad5 d a 4acin 487tant 58 7n5 d 58 at4i7t58 idFntic58. La COMBINACI!N NATURAL 84á 7n =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 8<7id5 d 7na 8ccin =54 i<7adad 3 d 7na =453ccin

Eem&lo V.<: Dt49ina4 58 i458 8c4it58 =54 cada a7t54 A/TOR ⋈ LI#RO A/TOR.Nom(e  LI#RO.A)toB

C59n@a958 4ai@and5  =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 d a8 d58 taa8

Nom(e Dat, C.. Dat, C.. Dat, C.. Ra958, I. Ra958, I. Ra958, I. C4i, S. C4i, S. C4i, S. Sat54, . Sat54, . Sat54, .

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana N54ta94icana N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana Itaiana Itaiana E8=a5a E8=a5a E8=a5a

Instit)ci%n

Li(o

A)to

Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t U.(.$. U.(.$. U.(.$. (5itFcnic5 d Mián (5itFcnic5 d Mián (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C. U.(.C. U.(.C.

DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d

Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C.. Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C.. Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C.. Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C..

Editoial Addi85n C7= Addi85n Addi85n C7= Addi85n Addi85n C7= Addi85n Addi85n C7= Addi85n

A 8cci5na4 a8 t7=a8 n a8 7 a3 c5incidncia nt4 58 at4i7t58 _N594` 3 _A7t54`, 3 i9ina4 7n5 d 58 at4i7t58 c5incidnt8 n c5ntnid5, n58 7da

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. Dat, C.. C4i, S.

N54ta94icana N54ta94icana Itaiana

Instit)ci%n

Li(o

Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t (5itFcnic5 d Mián

DB S38t98 S%L Standa4d Ba8i di Dati

Editoial Addi85n Addi85n C7=

C7and5  at4i7t5 c59n tin  9i895 n594 n a9a8 4aci5n8, 8 87 59iti4 a c5ndicin d c59inacin.

- 44 -



O&eado DIISI4N La di;i8in d 7na 4acin R Gdi;idnd5 =54 5t4a S Gdi;i854 8 7na 4acin % Gc5cint ta 7, a 4ai@a48 87 c59inacin c5n  di;i854, t5da8 a8 t7=a8 487tant8 8 nc7nt4an n  di;idnd5. La di;i8in d d58 4aci5n8 R GA1, A2, Q., A9, B1, B2, Q.. , Bn, d <4ad5 m U n 3 S GB1, B2, Q, Bn, d <4ad5 n, 3 d5nd 58 at4i7t58 B1, B2, Q, Bn 85n c597n8 a a8 d58 4aci5n8 3 8tán d6inid58 854  9i895 d59ini5 84á 7na 4acin 7 a9a4958 + 3 c73a8 cac4a G879a 3 c74=5 85n 58 8i<7int8 at4i7t58 3 t7=a8, 48=cti;a9nt:

ca(ecea 58 G 9 V n  ^ n  9 at4i7t58 At.R ^ At.S   A1, A2, Q., A9 , d5nd At.R 3 At.S 4=48ntan 58 c5n7nt58 d at4i7t58 d R 3 S 48=cti;a9nt.

c)e&o 4G %    W a1, Q.. , a9 X  ∀ W 1, Q.. , n X ∈ 4GS ∃ W a1, Q.. , a9, 1, Q.. , n X ∈ 4GR F R=48nta958 a DI$ISI!N d d58 4aci5n8 R 3 S, 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

R : S d5nd

R

N594 d a =4i94a elaci%n

:

S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n

S

N594 d a 8<7nda elaci%n

C595 5=4acin d4i;ada, a c59inacin 8 =7d >=48a4 a t4a;F8 d =453cci5n8, di64ncia8 3 =45d7ct58 ca4t8ian58

R : S  ∏ At.R  At.S  R B 1 ∏ At.R  At.S   ∏ At.R  At.S  R B 9 S B 1 ∏ At.R  At.S2 At.S  R B

Eem&lo V.V: Enc5nt4a4 a t5d58 58 a7t548 7 an =7icad5 a 9n58 n Addi85n 3 Ra9a: A/TOREDITORIAL :

σ Editoial  Addison@ 6 Editoial  Rama@B G EDITORIAL 

La8 taa8 7 d958 7tii@a4 c595 di;idnd5 3 di;i854 85n a8 8i<7int8:

Nom(e Dat, C.. Ce6ea2 K. Sat54, . C4i, S. C58tia, C. C5dd, E. Ce6ea2 K.

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a N54ta94icana E8=a5a

Editoial Addi85n Ra9a (a4anin65 C7= Dia@ d Sant58 (4ntic Ha Addi85n

Editoial Addi85n Ra9a

La8 c579na8 d c5cint 84án _N594` 3 _Naci5naidad`, a8 7 n5 8tán n  di;i854. Y a8 nica8 6ia8 7 c79=n a c5ndicin =a4a 84  c5cint 85n

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

- 45 -



C4;4a, .

E8=a5a

V.J OPERADORES ADICIONALES DE CONS/LTA (a4a 954a4  =5d4 >=48i;5 d á<4a 4aci5na 8 an int45d7cid5 ci4t58 5=4ad548 adici5na8 7 n5 =7dn c5n8id4a48 c595 d4i;ad58 3a 7 n5 8 =58i >=48a458 n 67ncin d 58 5=4ad548 =4i9iti;58.

O&eado A,R/PACI4N (a4a a=ica4 67nci5n8 d a<4
R A,R/PACIONPOR A!, A,RE,ACION G A-  A!232 AnB

Ģ 5A'#!B2 3 2 5A'#mB  R B

d5nd

R

N594 d a elaci%n

A,R/PACIONPOR A,RE,ACION A!2 A-

E>=48in 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n (aa4a 7 4=48nta a 67ncin d a<4
Eem&lo V.!0: Dt49ina4 a 9dia d a4tc758 =54 naci5naidad A/TORARTIC A,R/PACIONPOR Nacionalidad, MEDIA GN)mAt S54 a taa AUTOR?ARTIC 8 4ai@an a8 5=4aci5n8 d a<47=acin 3 a<4
Nom(e Dat, C.. C4;4a, . Sat54 . C4i, S. C58tia, C. C5dd, E.

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a N54ta94icana

N)mAt 2* 10 1# / + 2/

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

N)mAt

MEDIAN AtB

Dat, C.. C5dd, E. C4;4a, . Sat54 . C58tia, C. C4i, S.

N54ta94icana N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana

2* 2/ 10 1# + /

2+  G2*V2/ 2

Y  487tad5 =did5 84á a =453ccin =54 Naci5naidad 3 Mdia d 487tad5 ant4i54

Nacionalidad

MEDIANAtB

N54ta94icana E8=a5a

2+ 11

- 46 -

10,'  G10V1#V+" /



Itaiana

/

CIERRE TRANSITIO E8 7na 5=4acin 7na4ia d6inida 854 d58 at4i7t58 c59=ati8 Gc59=a4tn  9i895 d59ini5 d 7na 9i89a 4acin, 7 8 5tin =54 87c8i;a8 5=4aci5n8 d c59inacin, =453ccin 3 7nin, c5n8i8tnt n aadi4 a a 4acin d 54i<n t5da8 a8 t7=a8 7 8 dd7cn, 87c8i;a9nt, =54 t4an8iti;idad a8ta a 8at74acin 8 dci4, 8i >i8tn a8 t7=a8 Ga, 3 G,c 8 aad Ga,c. E ci44 t4an8iti;5 n5 8 =7d c5n8id4a4 7n 5=4ad54 d4i;ad5, 3a 7 n5 8 c5n5c  n945 d 5=4aci5n8 d c59inacin, =453ccin 3 7nin nc8a4ia8, n5 =7diFnd58 t4an86549a4, =54 tant5, n 7na nica >=48in d á<4a 4aci5na nica9nt c5n  a=535 d 7n n<7a an6it4in n  7 8 =45<4a9a4a  c5448=5ndint 7c 8 =5d4a ac4 a c5n87ta.

Eem&lo V.!!: Dt49ina4  Ci44 T4an8iti;5 d TEMAS, 854 58 at4i7t58 T9a?( 3 T9a?S A =a4ti4 d a taa 54i
TemaP Ba88 d dat58 Ba88 d dat58 Di85 Di85 Di85 
TemaS 7nda9nt58 Di85 Di85 c5nc=t7a Di85 
$a958 aadind5 t7=a8

TemaP

TemaS

Ba88 d dat58 Ba88 d dat58 Di85 Di85 Di85 
7nda9nt58 Di85 Di85 c5nc=t7a Di85 
Ba88 d dat58 Ba88 d dat58 Di85

Di85 c5nc=t7a Di85 
Ba88 d dat58

Di85 4aci5na

- 47 -



V.? OPERADORES RELACIONALES CON ALORES N/LOS L58 ;a548 n758 5i
O&eado COM#INACI4N E[TERNA Ent4 58 5=4ad548 8=cia8 =a4a  t4ata9int5 d ;a548 n758, d8taca  d c59inacin >t4na, 7 i9=id 7 d8a=a4@can t7=a8 c7and5 8 a=ica a c59inacin 7 958 ;i8t5 n  a=a4tad5 ant4i54 3 7, =54 c5nt4a=58icin a 8ta, 8 dn59ina c59inacin int4na. R=48nta958 a COMBINACI!N EPTERNA d d58 4aci5n8 R 3 S, 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

R ◁⋈▷▷ S &edicadoB

d5nd

R ◁⋈▷ ▷

N594 d a =4i94a elaci%n S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n c59inacin >t4na total 5 sim8tica

◁⋈

S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n c59inacin >t4na a a iQ)ieda

⋈▷ ▷

S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n c59inacin >t4na a a deec7a

&edicado

S

Condici%n d c59inacin nt4 a8 d58 4aci5n8 N594 d a 8<7nda elaci%n

En  E9=5 /.+ 8 c59inan a8 taa8 AUTOR 3 LIBRO, =45 a8 t7=a8 W Sat54, E8=a5a, U.(.C. X 3 W R958, E8=a5a, U.(.$. X d a 4acin AUTOR n5 a=a4c n a 4acin 487tant, a n5 c59ina48 c5n nin<7na t7=a d a 4acin LIBRO, 8 dci4, d a<7na 9an4a 8 =i4d 8ta in6549acin. (a4a ;ita4 7 a8 t7=a8 d 7na 4acin 7 n5 ca8an c5n nin<7na t7=a d a 5t4a d8a=a4@can n  487tad5, =5d958 a=ica4  5=4ad54 d c59inacin >t4na 7 c5ncatna 8a8 t7=a8 c5n t7=a8 c7358 at4i7t58 tinn ;a548 n758,

Eem&lo V.!-: Dt49ina4 58 i458 8c4it58 =54 cada a7t54, inc73nd5 a758 a7t548 7 n5 an 8c4it5 nin<n i45. (45cd nt5nc8 4ai@a4 a c59inacin >t4na i@7i4da d AUTOR 3 LIBRO =a4a =5d4 c5n84;a4 t5da8 a8 t7=a8, 7 7dan 8in c5ncatna4, d a 4acin a a i@7i4da

- 48 -



A/TOR ◁⋈ LI#RO A/TOR.Nom(e  LI#RO.A)toB

C59n@a958 4ai@and5  =45d7ct5 ca4t8ian5 d a8 d58 taa8

Nom(e Dat, C.. Dat, C.. Dat, C.. Ra958, I. Ra958, I. Ra958, I. C4i, S. C4i, S. C4i, S. Sat54, . Sat54, . Sat54, .

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana N54ta94icana N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana Itaiana Itaiana E8=a5a E8=a5a E8=a5a

Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t U.(.$. U.(.$. U.(.$. (5itFcnic5 d Mián (5itFcnic5 d Mián (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C. U.(.C. U.(.C.

Li(o

A)to

Editoial

DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d

Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C.. Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C.. Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C.. Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C..

Addi85n C7= Addi85n Addi85n C7= Addi85n Addi85n C7= Addi85n Addi85n C7= Addi85n

Scci5na958 a8 t7=a8 n a8 7 a3 c5incidncia nt4 58 at4i7t58 _N594` 3 _A7t54`, 3 =a4a a7a8 t7=a8 n a8 7 n5 a3 c5448=5ndncia int45d7ci958 7na 6ia, =54 cada a7t54, c5n 58 ;a548 d Li45 a n758. Ad9á8 i9ina4958 7n5 d 58 at4i7t58 c735 c5ntnid5 8 4=it _N594` 5 _A7t54`. Y  487tad5 6ina 8 a 8i<7int 4acin

Nom(e Dat, C.. Dat, C.. Ra958, I. C4i, S. Sat54, .

Nacionalidad N54ta94icana N54ta94icana E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a

Instit)ci%n Rati5na In8tit7t Rati5na In8tit7t U.(.$. (5itFcnic5 d Mián U.(.C.

Li(o DB S38t98 S%L Standa4d N75 Ba8i di Dati N75

Editoial Addi85n Addi85n N75 C7= N75

(a4a  ca85 8i9Ft4ic5, 8t5 8, c7and5 8 d8a 7 n5 8 =i4da nin<7na t7=a d a taa 7 8tá a a d4ca, 84á nc8a4i5 c4a4 t7=a8 n7a8 n a =4i94a taa, 7tii@ánd58  5=4ad54 d c59inacin >t4na d4ca. En n78t45 ca85 t5d58 58 i458 tinn AUTOR, =54 tant5, a c59inacin >t4na a a d4ca n5 da 7
- 49 -



O&eado ESPOSI#LE Ot45 ti=5 d 5=4ad548 7 tinn n c7nta 58 ;a548 n758 85n 58 dn59inad58 8?=58iZ G9a3, 58 c7a8 7tii@an a 
Eem&lo V.!: Rai@a4 a c59inacin ES?(OSIBLE 8i9Ft4ica d R 3 S c7and5   c. C59=a4a4  487tad5 c5n  d a COMBINACI!N int4na c5n a8 9i89a8 c5ndici5n8,   c. D5nd R 3 S tinn 58 8i<7int8 c5ntnid58.

R

S

a

(

c

d

1 1 2 N75 "

& N75 # 2 N75

& 2 N75 N75

" # ' &

E 487tad5 5tnid5 =a4a a C59inacin int4na 3 =a4a a c59inacin (OSIBLE, 8  8i<7int

R ⋈ S

POSI#LE R ⋈ SB

(  cB

(  cB

a

(

c

d

a

(

c

d

1 N75

& 2

& 2

" #

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 N75 N75 N75 " " " "

? & & N75 N75 N75 N75 # # 2 2 N75 N75 N75 N75

? N75 N75 & 2 N75 N75 N75 N75 N75 N75 & 2 N75 N75

" ' & " # ' & ' & # ' & " # ' &

E 5=4ad54 ES?(OSIBLE 8 =7d a=ica4 c5n c7a7i4 5t45 5=4ad54 d5nd =7da =45d7ci48 7na c59=a4acin n a 7 int4;n
- 50 -



Eem&lo V.!J: Dt49ina4 a8 t7=a8 d a 4acin 487tad5 d a COMBINACI!N d AUTOR 3 LIBRO c73a dit54ia 8a _Addi85n`. Y c59=a4a4  487tad5 c5n  d a=ica4 ES?(OSIBLE a dica8 t7=a8. La t7=a8 d a COMBINACI!N =dida ;inn dada8 =54 a >=48in

σ Editoial  Addison@ A/TOR ⋈ LI#RO A/TOR.Nom(e  LI#RO.A)toB

c735 487tad5 8

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Instit)ci%n

Li(o

Editoial

Dat, C..

N54ta94icana

Rati5na In8tit7t

DB S38t98

Addi85n

Dat, C..

N54ta94icana


S%L Standa4d

Addi85n

(54 5t4a =a4t, 8i a=ica958  5=4ad54 (OSIBLE

POSI#LE σB Editoial  Addison@ A/TOR ⋈ LI#RO A/TOR.Nom(e  LI#RO.A)toB

5tn958  8i<7int 487tad5, n  7 ta9iFn a=a4c4án a8 t7=a8 d 58 a7t548 7 n5 tinn i45

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Instit)ci%n

Li(o

Editoial

Dat, C..

N54ta94icana


DB S38t98

Addi85n

Dat, C..

N54ta94icana


S%L Standa4d

Addi85n

Ra958, I.

E8=a5a

U.(.$.

N75

N75

Sat54, .

E8=a5a

U.(.C.

N75

N75

- 51 -



V.> OPERACIONES ADICIONALES DE MANIP/LACI4N Ad9á8 d 58 5=4ad548 d c5n87ta ant4i548, 8 =4ci85 7 58 n<7a8 a<4aic58 di8=5n
O&eado ASI,NACI4N A ;c8 8 c5n;nint 8c4ii4 7na >=48in d á<4a 4aci5na =54 =a4t8 78and5 a a8i=48i5n8. A8, 7na c5n87ta =7d 8c4ii48 c595 7n =45<4a9a 8c7ncia 7 c5n8ta d 7na 84i d a8i=48in c735 ;a54 8 =48nta c595 487tad5 d a c5n87ta. (a4a c5n87ta8 8 c5n;nint 7tii@a4 a8i=48in

S←R d5nd

R

N594 d a =4i94a elaci%n oi'en d a a8i
← S

S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n d a8i
La a8i
Eem&lo: V.!?: A8i
T ← R > S

- 52 -



O&eado ELIMINACI4N La 5=4acin d i9inacin 8 4ai@a 9diant 7n5 d 58 5=4ad548 3a ;i8t58, a di64ncia. S55 =5d958 i9ina4 t7=a8 c59=ta8. R=48nta958 a ELIMINACI!N n 7na 4acin R d 7n c5n7nt5 d t7=a8 7 4=48nta4958 =54 E, 9diant a >=48in

R ← R KK E d5nd

R

N594 d a elaci%n oi'inal

-

S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n d 544ad5

E

N594 d a elaci%n Gc5n87ta c5n a8 t)&las a (oa

Eem&lo V.!> : Ei9ina4 58 i458 d a dit54ia _Addi85n` d a taa LIBRO (4i945 dt49ina958  c5n7nt5 d t7=a8 a 544a4, 7 ;nd4á dad5 =54 a 8ccin

E←

σEditoial  Adisson@  LI#RO B Li(o


A)to Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C..


A c5ntin7acin 4ai@a958 a 5=4acin d i9inacin acind5 a di64ncia adc7ada 3 ;5;iFnd5a a a8i
LI#RO ← LI#RO KKK E Y a taa LIBRO 7da4á c5n  8i<7int c5ntnid5

Li(o Ba8i di Dati

A)to C4i, S.

- 53 -

Editoial C7=



O&eado INSERCI4N A i<7a 7 5c744 c5n a i9inacin, a in84cin 8 4ai@a c5n 7n 5=4ad54 3a c5n5cid5, a 7nin. S =7d ac4 in 8=ci6icand5 a t7=a 7 8 ;a a in84ta4 5 8c4iind5 7na c5n87ta c735 487tad5 8a 7n c5n7nt5 d t7=a8 7 8 ;an a in84ta4. R=48nta958 a INSERCI!N n 7na 4acin R d 7n c5n7nt5 d t7=a8 7 4=48nta4958 =54 I, 9diant a >=48in

R ← R U I d5nd

R U

N594 d a elaci%n oi'inal S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n d in84cin

I

N594 d a elaci%n Gc5n87ta c5n a8 t)&las a inseta

Eem&lo V.!W: In84ta4 n a taa LIBRO 7n n7;5 i45 d tit75 _A<4a Raci5na`, d a7t54 _Ra9i4@, L.` 3 d a dit54ia _Aa94a` S54 a taa 54i
Li(o DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d

A)to Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C..


In84ta958  n7;5 i45, 7 ;nd4á 4=48ntad5 =54 a t7=a  _A<4a Raci5na`, _Ra94@, L.`, _Aa94a` , 3 ;5;958 a a8i
LI#RO  LI#RO U  _A<4a Raci5na`, _Ra94@, L.`, _Aa94a` F Y a taa LIBRO 7da4á c5n  8i<7int c5ntnid5

Li(o DB S38t98 Ba8i di Dati S%L Standa4d A<4a Raci5na

A)to Dat, C.. C4i, S. Dat, C.. Ra9i4@, L.

- 54 -

Editoial Addi85n C7= Addi85n Aa94a



O&eado MODI5ICACI4N (5d958 ca9ia4  ;a54 d 7n at4i7t5 d 7na t7=a 8in ca9ia4 t5d58 58 ;a548 d a t7=a R=48nta958 a MODIICACI!N d 7n at4i7t5 A d 7na 4acin R 9diant 7na >=48in E>=, 9diant a 8i<7int >=48in

δ A ← E9&  R B d5nd

R

N594 d a elaci%n oi'inal

δ

S955 7 4=48nta a o&eaci%n d 95di6icacin

A

N594 d ati()to c735 ;a54 8 ;a a 95di6ica4

E9&

E9&esi%n 7 ;a a 95di6ica4  ;a54 d at4i7t5

Eem&lo V.!< : En a 4acin AUTOR?ARTIC, inc49nta4  n945 d a4tc758 d t5d58 58 a7t548 n 2 E c5ntnid5 54i
Nom(e

Nacionalidad

Dat, C.. C4;4a, . Sat54 . C4i, S. C58tia, C. C5dd, E.

N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a N54ta94icana

N)mAt 2* 10 1# / + 2/

La 5=4acin d 95di6icacin 7 n58 =idn ;nd4á dada =54 a >=48in

δ N)mAt ← N)mAt U -  A/TORARTIC B Y a taa AUTOR?ARTIC 7da4á c5n  8i<7int c5ntnid5

Nom(e

Nacionalidad

N)mAt

Dat, C.. C4;4a, . Sat54 . C4i, S. C58tia, C. C5dd, E.

N54ta94icana E8=a5a E8=a5a Itaiana E8=a5a N54ta94icana

-V  2* V 2 !-  10 V2 !>  1# V 2 !!  / V 2 !0  + V 2 !  2/ V 2

- 55 -



!0. CÁLC/LO RELACIONAL E các75 4aci5na 67 =45=78t5 =54 C5dd n 1/*1 c595 at4nati;a a á<4a. En  á<4a 4aci5na da958 a 8c7ncia d 5=4ad548 7 <n4a a 48=78ta a a c5n87ta. En  các75 4aci5na 8i9=9nt 8=ci6ica958 5 7 74958 5tn4. E8ta c5n8id4acin a4a d a<4 4aci5na 7n n<7a =45cdi9nta 3 d các75 4aci5na 7n n<7a n5 =45cdi9nta, =45 8t5 n5 8 a8, 3a 7 8ta958 8i9=4 n  á9it5 d 5 n5 =45cdi9ntaZ. E8ta =5F9ica 67 @anada =54 Dat G1//0 =45=5nind5 a ca8i6icacin d n<7a8 DESCRI(TI$OS =a4a 58 a8ad58 n  các75 4aci5na 3 (RESCRI(TI$OS =a4a 58 a8ad58 n  á<4a 4aci5na. L58 n<7a8 d các75 4aci5na =7dn 84 d dos ti&os: •

oientados a t)&las2 n 58 7 7na ;a4ia 8 int4=4ta c595 8i 4=48nta8 a8 t7=a8 d 7na 4acin

•

oientados a dominios2 8 58 7 7na ;a4ia 8 int4=4ta c595 8i 4=48nta8 58 ;a548 d 7n d59ini5.

La8 >=48i5n8 n á<4a 4aci5na, các75 4aci5na 54intad5 a t7=a8 3 54intad5 a d59ini58 85n e)i6alentes.

!0.! CÁLC/LO RELACIONAL ORIENTADO A T/PLAS E các75 4aci5na d t7=a8 8 dd7c d các75 d =4dicad58, c5n a 8i<7int int4=4tacin: K

a8 ;a4ia8 8 a85cian a t7=a8

K

a8 c5n8tant8 8 a85cian a 58 ;a548 d 58 d59ini58 873acnt8 a 58 at4i7t58

K

58 5=4ad548 85n 58 d c59=a4acin, 58 i8tncia8 G ∃ 3  7ni;48a G ∀.

Una c5n87ta n  các75 4aci5na 54intad5 a t7=a8 5dc a 8i<7int 879a: \DEINICION DE LAS $ARIABLES DE TU(LA] O(ERADOR

OBETI$O

(REDICADO

O&eado dt49ina a accin a 4ai@a4 O(eti6o 8=ci6ica 58 at4i7t58 a 4c7=4a4 Gindicand5 a8 4aci5n8 a6ctada8 Pedicado 8tac a c5ndicin 7 dn ;4i6ica4 a8 t7=a8, ta9iFn 8 dn59ina c4it4i5 d 8ccin. C595 9=5 d n<7a d các75 4aci5na 54intad5 a t7=a8 =5d958 nc5nt4a4  n<7a AL(HA 7, 8i in n7nca 67 in8t479ntad5, a tnid5 7na <4an in67ncia n  d8a4455 d 5t458 n<7a8 c595  +/EL d IN)RES.

- 56 -



Eem&lo !0.!: Enc5nt4a4 58 n5948 d a7t548 3 a8 dit54ia8 n a8 7 an =7icad5

!0.- CÁLC/LO RELACIONAL ORIENTADO A DOMINIOS. E các75 4aci5na 54intad5 a d59ini58, a i<7a 7  54intad5 a t7=a8, 8tá a8ad5 n  các75 d =4dicad58 d =4i94 54dn. La di64ncia 8 7 a7 >i8tn ;a4ia8 d d59ini5 n ;@ d ;a4ia8 d t7=a8. E 9=5 9á8 ca4act48tic5 d các75 4aci5na 54intad5 a d59ini58 8  n<7a %BE G%743 B3 E>a9=, d8a445ad5 n 1/**. %BE 8 7tii@a c5n 7n dit54 d =antaa 7 ac d a8i8tnt d a37da a a 4ai@acin d a8 c5n87ta8 3 7 8  =a4adi<9a d int46a@ d 787a4i5. E8 8i9ia4 a a8i8tnt int4acti;5 7 7tii@a ACCESS. La ;ntana d dit54 tin a 8i<7int 8t47ct74a: 5na =a4a n594 d taa

5na =a4a n5948 d c579na

5na =a4a 5=4ad54 d 6ia

5na d dat58

S54 8ta 8t47ct74a  787a4i5 =7d 4ai@a4 5=4aci5n8 c595 a8 d a 8i<7int taa:

TIPO Si8t9a

OPERADOR (. U. I. D. ). ALL. UN%. AOGn DOGn

OPERACI4N REALI*ADA $i87ai@acin n =antaa 5 n i9=4854a M5di6icacin In84cin B544ad5 A<47=a9int5 d 6ia8 T5da8 a8 6ia8 N5 4=it 6ia8 d7=icada8 Ca8i6icacin a8cndnt Ca8i6icacin d8cndnt

7nci5n8

SUM. CNT. A$). MAP. MIN.

S79a C7nta (459di5 $a54 9á>i95 $a54 9ni95

C59=a4acin

, X, W X, W, WX IN LI[E BETEEN

C59=a4aci5n8 8ncia8 C59=a4aci5n8 c59inada8 C59=a4a c5n i8ta d ;a548 C59=a4a c5n 7na 9á8ca4a C59=a4a c5n 7n 4an<5

Các75

V, K, e, 

Các75

L
AND, OR, NOT

L
- 57 -

U.D.2 El Modelo RELACIONAL 1-Estatica y Dinamica

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