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ENGN ENGN45 4525 25 – Lab 2 – Ranki ankine ne Cycl Cycle e
U452 U45261 6113 13
Abstract The aim ! this Lab is t "emnstrate "emnstrate an" analyse the Rankine Rankine Cycle system#
$ntr"%ctin The Rankine Cycle is the &a'%r '(er cycle %se" in mst lar)e lar)e in"%strial '(er 'lants# The Rankine Cycle in this lab 'erates 'era tes by b%rnin) )as t bil (ater in a biler %nit# The 'rcess in this %nit cn&erts li*%i" (ater int hi)h 'ress%re+ hi)h tem'erat%re steam# The steam is release" !rm the biler %nit by the %se ! a cntrllable steam &al&e+ thr%)h a t%rbine (hich is cnnecte" t a )eneratr (hich 'r"%ces electricity# electricity# The steam then ,(s thr%)h an e-ha%st t%be int a cn"enser# .ress%re an" tem'erat%re meas%rements are taken thr%)h%t the cycle (hich all(s the calc%latin ! therm"ynamic *%antities that are a re e-'lre" !%rther in this lab re'rt#
A''arat%s The Rankine Cycle %se" in this lab cnsists !/ !/ 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
iler iler – t cn& cn&ert ert the the li*%i" li*%i" (ater (ater t hi)h hi)h 'ress 'ress%r %re+ e+ hi)h hi)h tem'er tem'erat% at%re re steam &ia the b%rnin) ! )as in i n the b%rner# b%rner# Cmb%s Cmb%sti tin n %rner %rner l(er l(er – b%rns b%rns the the )as t t )enerat )enerate e heat heat in the the biler biler## T%rbine – t cn&ert cn&ert the the m&ement m&ement ! the the steam steam thr%)h thr%)h the 'i'e 'i'e system system int an a-ial "irectin that is %se" by the )eneratr# )eneratr# Electr Electric ic Generat Generatr r – cn&e cn&erts rts the the mti mtin n ! the the t%rbine t%rbine int int electr electrica icall ener)y# Cn"enser Cn"enser T(er – 'erates 'erates at atms'h atms'heric eric 'ress 'ress%re %re an" cn"enses cn"enses sme ! the steam int li*%i" (ater+ the remainin) steam is &ente" t the atms'here# ata ata Ac*%is Ac*%isiti itin n – syste system m %se" %se" t cllect cllect the the "ata "ata !rm !rm the the sensrs sensrs++ "ata "ata is "is'laye" in real time n a cm'%ter screen# ensrs ensrs – there there are are sensrs sensrs installe" installe" in in the system+ system+ sensrs sensrs are are installe" installe" t meas%re iler 'ress%re an" tem'erat%re o T%rbine T%rbine inlet 'ress%re 'ress%re an" tem'erat%re o T%rbine T%rbine %tlet 'ress%re 'ress%re an" tem'erat%re o %el ,( o Generatr <a)e an" am'era)e %t'%t o
7eth" A!ter cn"%ctin) the 're0start checks the meth" !r the lab is i s "etaile" bel(# bel(# 1# ill the the iler iler (ith (ater+ n mre mre than 6 Litres# Litres# 2# T%rn the Gas 8al&e n+ n the the Gas Cylin"er an" n the Rankine Cycler Unit# Check !r )as leaks# 3# T%rn the keye" keye" 7aster 7aster (itch (itch n# n# 4# T%rn the the %rner (itch (itch n+ n+ (ait 45 secn"s secn"s t hear hear the ,ame# ,ame# 5# Ens%re Ens%re that the La" La" (itch (itch is 9 an" the the rhestat rhestat knb knb is !%lly c%nter c%nter clck(ise# 6# :atch the the 'ress%re 'ress%re "ial+ "ial+ (hen it reaches reaches 11;'si) 11;'si) 'en 'en the team team A"missin 8al&e 8al&e sl(ly an" all( the 'ress%re t "r' t 4;'si)+ clse the team A"missin 8al&e an" all( the 'ress%re t increase i ncrease a)ain# this t(ice# This all(s !r the system t be 're0char)e" s that there is 1
ENGN4525 – Lab 2 – Rankine Cycle
U4526113
minimal heat lss in the system+ it als all(s !r the system t be checke" !r leaks an" crrect 'eratin# <# ='en the team A"missin 8al&e s that the 'ress%re stays cnstant at 11;'si)+ t%rn n the La" an" a">%st the rhestat s that the )eneratr %t'%t is at a''r-imately 6 <s an" 2;;mA (hile maintainin) a steam 'ress%re ! 11;'si)# ?# All( "ata t be recr"e" !r this stea"y state+ " nt let the (ater in the si)ht )lass ! the biler !all l(er than 3cm !rm the bttm ! the si)ht )lass# # T%rn 9 the %rner an" all( the Cycler t cl+ 'en the team A"missin 8al&e t e*%alise the 'ress%re ! the system (ith atms'heric 'ress%re#
Res%lts @1 A&era)e res%lts taken !rm stea"y state 'eratin ! the Rankine Cycler Unit# iler iler T%rbin T%rbin T%rbin T%rbin .ress% Tem' e $n e $n e =%t e =%t re BC .ress% Tem' .ress% Tem' B'si) re BC re BC B'si) B'si) 11;#2 2;6#2 #21 135#5 1#? <#62 1 ? 2
C – A BA
C – 8 B8
%el l( BLmi n
T%rbin e BR.7
;#;<
5#51
5#43
1445# <6
Enthal'y kDk) Entr'y kDk)# at# E&a'# at# at# at# li*%i" &a'%r li*%i" &a'%r Tb F ??;#; 115#5 2<6#5 2#3?? 6#3?5 Boiler exit 2;6#2? 46? ? 2?4 62 536 Tin F Turbine In 56#4 215<# 2<2<#? 1#621 6#<33 135#52 664 16 6? 44 56 4;#;; 2263#2 26<2#2 1#2<? <#3?3 Turbine out T%t F <#62 52 ?32 2 156 36 *Values that are underlined were used in the following calculations. @2
@5 Cn"%ct an ener)y balance !r the cycle an" "ra( a ankey "ia)ram# Usin) the enthal'y &al%es !rm ab&e ´ Q ¿ , propane = Calculated below∈ Discussion= 1020.5 kJ ´ =h −h =2387.52 kJ / kg Q ¿ 2 1 ´ = h − h =2263.29 kJ / kg Q 4 1 out
W Turbine =h4 −h3=−55.6048 kJ / kg ´ Q ¿ ,loss=h3 −h2=−68.6316 kJ / kg
:here+ h1 F at# Li*%i" enthal'y ! T%rbine %t F 4;#;;52 kDk) h2 F at# 8a'%r enthal'y ! iler F 2<6#52?4 kDk) h3 F at# 8a'%r enthal'y ! T%rbine in F 2<2<#?6? kDk) h4 F at# 8a'%r enthal'y ! T%rbine %t F 26<2#22 kDk)
3
ENGN4525 – Lab 2 – Rankine Cycle
U4526113
The mass ,( rate is ;#;;3 k)s# :e m%lti'ly the mass ,( rate &al%e an" 11 secn"s Btime ! stea"y state sectin %se" !r these calc%latins# ´ =2387.52 Q ¿
*"oiler losses would include losses in the com$ustion of fuel and heat losses through the $oiler unit% also it was noted that there was a &i$ration in the tur$ine which could ha&e caused losses in the tur$ine'generator com(onent of the system% there also a((eared to $e a leak in the system at this (oint as after time )during the steady state o(eration of the cycle a small (uddle formed underneath the tur$ine% these would contri$ute to the + in% loss.
4
ENGN4525 – Lab 2 – Rankine Cycle
U4526113
isc%ssin @1 T cn&ert the &l%metric ,( rate ! the )as int biler heat in'%t the meth" $ %se" is as !ll(s/ ´ ¿ Q Propane= ( Fuel Flow ) ×HHV Propane × ρ Propane ×T ×
1 60
:here/ %el l( F 5#43 Lmin HH8.r'ane F Hi)her Heatin) 8al%e ! .r'ane F 5;#35 7Dk) I.r'ane F ;#;;1??2 k)L T F 11 secn"s There!re+ ´ ¿ Q Propane = ( 5.43 ) × 50.35 × 0.001882 × 119 ×
1 60
J
´ ¿ Q Propane= 1020.5 kJ
@2 iler eJciency c%l" be calc%late" i! the tem'erat%re ! the (ater a""e" int the biler (ere meas%re"+ that (ay the am%nt ! heat that is a""e" t the (ater in the biler c%l" be acc%rately "etermine" an" cm'are" (ith the heat in'%t !rm the b%rnin) ! the )as in the biler t "etermine the biler eJciency# @3 $ belie&e that r%nnin) the biler 'ress%re "(n t 4;'si) t(ice be!re be)innin) the stea"y state r%ns is t 're0char)e the system t minimise any heat lsses (ithin the system# $t als all(s !r the system t be checke" !r leaks an" crrect 'eratin# $ think that it als all(s !r the biler t be heate" t a hi)her tem'erat%re+ as the initial 'ress%re is release" the biler is n( able t reach a hi)her tem'erat%re !r the same 'ress%re# @4 An a"iabatic 'rcess is "eKne" as a 'rcess in (hich n heat is )aine" r lst by the system# This satisKes the Krst la( ! therm"ynamics+ the cnser&atin ! ener)y# The steam tem'erat%re at the iler e-it is 2;6#2?C an" the steam tem'erat%re at the inlet ! the T%rbine is 135#52+ this "emnstrates that there is a tem'erat%re lss bet(een the iler e-it an" the T%rbine inlet# The secn" la( ! therm"ynamics states that the ttal entr'y ! an islate" system al(ays increases &er time+ r remains cnstant in i"eal cases (here the system is in a stea"y state# The entr'y at the iler e-it is 6#3?5536 kDk)# an" the entr'y at the inlet ! the T%rbine is 6#<3356 kDk)## As the system is in a stea"y state the entr'y sh%l" remain cnstant# Th%s the team A"missin 8al&e cannt be cnsi"ere" an a"iabatic 'rcess "%e t the tem'erat%re lss an" the nn0cnstant &al%e ! entr'y#
Cncl%sin The Lab "emnstrate" an" all(e" !r analysis ! a Rankine Cycle# Thr%)h the res%lts btaine" !rm the Lab it can be seen that the Rankine Cycler is nt &ery eJcient+ this may be t the system bein) an 'en cycle as there (as nt ret%rn !ee" (ater '%m' !rm the Cn"enser t the iler# There (ere als lsses bser&e" in the ener)y balance cm'lete" in the e&al%atin ! the Lab in the res%lts sectin ! this re'rt# 5