The Tibet Joual a publcatio for the sdy f Tb
Bon Reigion of Tibe Per Kve GUEST DR Gyatsho Terin g EDITOR-NCHF
hupe K. Rke MAG R
Rka f Vrtanen S IR
W
VOL XXIII N.4
Forewod
1998 3
AC The Ealy Spread of Bon Namgyal Nyima Dagkar Bon zig kyung nag and te Rg pa gce mtg Tadito of Dogs cen Jean-Luc Achrd The Mnastic Liege sNang zg dg p n Ado rNg b Donatella Rsi Two Fgues in te Eay Ce Peeon Todd Gibon ing te Mo M o: : A tica Geely of Sos sp on Tibeta Bn nd te "annic Stt f ysta o Doctn Systes Zeff Bjeken
4
28
58 7
9
AC Dnmg, D' a B(: Naato Sybo Laae a e rao Ae et by Na , nsted into ngis f Itai by Andew Lnz Dan Mtin
108
Gibson, Todd. “Two Figures in the Early Great Perfection” Tibet Journal Vol. XXIX (4) Winter 2004
Two Figures in the Early Great Peection Tdd Gibn
Myang (Nyng Tng nge 'dzn ppers brefl n modern ccouns of early Tibean Buddhism s crred down by he rNyng m p schools ; he s chiefl remebered by hem s rnsmer of he Esoerc Instruc onl lss (man nga sde) of he Gre Perfecon rdzog chen) lerure.2 Dran pa na kha, one of he cenrl per�ges of he modern on radion ha a legendary creer whch can only be copared wh h of Pdmsahava hse were evdenl close conemporres nd he coparson f her lves aeped here s men o explore he sll badly ncoplee undersndng of he Grea Perfecon n s erles deecable hsory as well s he relonshp beween Bon nd Chos durng he Imperl Perod Accrdng o he mos recen of coprehensve hsor of he rNng schools h by he le bud 'joms Rn po che 'Jgs brl e shes rdo re/ Myang ng nge 'dzn ws n ccomplshed medor ho s resonsble for he nvon of he Kshmr echer4 Vmlmr o be be y he eperor Khr srong de brsn (r 755-797 hs or clms h Myan nd he emperor were he onl wo people whom mlmr regarded s f vessels for hs esoerc nsrucons nying thg), so hvng ugh hem lmr conceled he exs for hs echng mChms pu before deprng for Wu Shn n hn Ler ng bu he eple of Zh n dBu ru ner he se of he laer Br gung monser wh he help of grn doned b he de ro rje legs p . Hvng conceled he so-clled B a nyng thg exs n hs emple nd gven he nsrucons of he url lnege nyan gyud) o Bro Rn chen br b he aned he "rnbo body ja Iu). Dud oms (nd hondups) ccouns of Mng's lfe re mnl concerned wh esblshng ng s ln n he rnsmssn f rDogs chen nd her emphss on relgous hemes mgh dsguse he fc h Myang hd rher n usrous seculr creer s well creer which (s s rare n he cses of hese erly fgures s les prll aeed o by sources from hs own me Rchrdson n hs remen of he Old ben nscrponl merl hs dscussed hese specs Myngs lfe hs fndngs (whch lso drw on he 15h-cenur Deb e sngon po by Gos gZhon nu dp dP bo gsug lg 'phreng b's Chos 'yung ka pa dga ton nd he Ba bzhed of uncern de) m be ummred hus:6 Durg e ouh of he emperor Khr e srng brsn} Mng ced s hs gurdn fer Mng oo uddhs ordn ion he was n dvsor he mperl cour, beng one of onl o h I
WO FGRES. 73
the ttle bka la rtogs pa (the other beng Bran ka dPa gy yon tan. o gether th Bran ka he uggested the creaton of a Buddhst cnon He opposed sBa Ye shes dbang po ove the successon of abbots at bSam yas onastery. After helpng r de srong brtsan durng the eary part of hs regn he as granted n enttlement. He fnally passed aay at the age of 55 Other Tbetan hstorcal sorces have become avalab snce Rhardson son's ork as publshed but these shed ttle addtonal lght on yang ng 'dzn's lfe. One possble excepton s Ne'u ta Grags pa smon am's Ngon i gtam me tog 'phreng ba (183 Ne'u Pandta represents a hstorcal tradton evdently seprate from those of the ryu chen mo and Deb ngon; hs ork contans no menton of yang as a neage holder of the snying thig, the nvtaton to Vmaamtra nor the egen of rDo re egs pa. Mang Tng 'dn hoever s lsted as oe f a haf dozen members of the yang can ho founded temples durng the regn of r de srong brtsan. ng 'dn s credted th the constructon of not onl the Ku shod zha tempe but also another at Grog The story of Dran pa nam mka' s compcated b the fact tht there are to fgures by that name n the Bon tradton; the earler one of thes as reputed a founder of Bon hle the later Drn pa ved n eghth century Tbet and s also knon as Dran pa khod spungs It mght be speculated that the tradton of an earler Dran pa nam mha' as emrodered on or even bgun after the Imperal Perod as te mthc ateral assocated th the name accumulated to such an extent that t as no onger possble to assgn t to a sngle hstorcal fgure. he bo graphcal graphcal nformaton on the earer Dran pa contaned thn an account of Dran pa kod spungs lfe the rGyung yar hod pung yi / rus II oes not contradct such hypothess t contans vrtualy no hstorca or geographca nformaton beond mentonng the brthpace of Dran pa as Ta zg the este and tradtonaly regarded b the Bonpo as the ajor source of ther teachngs ven regardng the lfe of the later Dran pa nam mkha' e re faced th a compex stuaton Hs mportance to the contemporary Bon trad ton s equaled b fe others e s sad not only to have been actve on ehalf of Bon durng the late eghth century but aso lke Padmaambhava to t o have conceaed scrpural treasure to preserve the contnuty contnuty of the Bon teachngs. lso lke admasambhava Drn pa's legendary areer qute overshados the hstorcal mteral avalable on hs lfe; 12 tere even exsts an eghtvolume hagography for hm datng from the rl 0th centur Nevertheess that he atuay exsted need not be oubted snce apart from plang a role n a the major Bonpo hstores (ncludng the earest stll extant he s aso mentoned n soe hstores
74
HE BE UNAL
h Chs as n h scps amasambhava hs spc w b mnn agn bw h s n pa am mkh ha mgs m hcn Bnp hs L bhd o che mdzod, b Sha za b a shs g B n uing h im h p_ mshan shws hm as an avca Bn hi sng bsan an pa is spps hav kn pa n c ns agans amasambhava an hs isc p si Bn n a mac cns hn h mp u agans h Bnps h s ag hav hm a chc bn cnvsn Chs banishmn ah p was n h chs cnvsin an was ain as a n6 cmpan h m ha h isincin ha as bing ma bw Bn an Chs as a as n sing
Bsts Boos wo re sitg ere eeve rego wi ot est yo ese to e te go we ws to tt e e gteet wy o yo iffeet ewee yo Wy o y e istito etwe Bo Bis
hn cass h Bnp scpus an h hm aa as e
a n h is sa hav bn aw un h pcc Bn an pa nam mha ws as vin a chapan h mpa c n h ah u n bsan p (in b his wn hs ha succ succ h h ws ws Chs ha ai in paiing a spi spi as cusing umu a h a una h passag n h Le b mdzod scbng hs vn s as ws: (M e ege for oe yer seve ot t t sevetee ws e y y s ote e ee bande efoig te it for te eee ot rw fort te bla wi eteig vrios eoe resig (tee e te se gist e wi [tery wt rstg gs glo bol]. Sie te bande o evoto rt tey too te Bo (t s e e t te oo eoe of iet we we of ts ot eieve i i fro te str e Dr h soe soe e am e e e thg o ese te or Kr srog so eevig Bo s f tee e o voo its fo e (tey c ot e ogt frt fro te e of te e
h auhnic his passag mgh asi b ca n qusin h Le bhad mdod is s a a suc bu h psn wi s pinin ha h passag qu aws n much maa bcu s us h hu n h cnx h a una au bugh u ann an S 2 has uh suss O wiings whch as h scn h hu" in h una s h ban us An wh vn has iscn sgc
T FRS . 7
smlates beeen te ancent tes and moden Bonpo deat ceemones, n te latte, te rnam he s smmoned, bt tee s no menton of te thug. rNam he, a calqe of te Bddst Sanskt vjfna, s not mentoned n tese Old betan manscpts, and ts nclson n bot ts passage n ba ss gyal mtsan and te moden ceemones do dobtlessly epesents a late accommodat t Cos pa concepts Besdes llstatng te sacal poe of te ealy bean kngsp n c a les mpope bal cold eslt n a sevee css aong s sbjects, ts passage also llstates tat Dan p am mka' as to og ogly sklled n te tadtonal fneay pactces2 t cannot be assmed, oeve, tat s peoccpatons ee lmted to s spee as mentoned n te ntodctoy paagaps, Dan pa nam ka s also eld to ave tansmtted some lneages f Dzogs cen ccodng ccodng to te moden oce g. Yung drung bon yi btan 'byung by dPal ldan tsl kms5 one of tese as te rDg hen man ngag ger thur a, c Dan pa eceved dectly fom te Bdda n t bzang po, and tansmtted to Vaocana s o as been dscssed by amay, o notes tat te text as edscoveed by te gter tn o s knon to Cos s Do e glng pa and to Bon as Bon g gyng dng glng a2 e text of te gSer thur ma, accodng to amay "s n fact a knd of abdged veson of s [te gter tn] Ta ba kng yang, a mao ok ecognzed by te Nyng a pa A second k tat dPal dan tsl kms assocates t Dan pa nam mka, te rDg chen man ngag er gdam/8 I ave not been able to tace, bt t mgt be obseved tat td, te rDg pa hen po nam mkha pyi gd, s smla smla n nae to te rDg pa pyi gd, a ok c s on amay and ondps lsts of te egteen tantas of te em de (mental class of te Nyng a pa scool e e Bonpo ok allegedly allegedly ognated ognated t te Bonpo Bonpo sage C md gtsg d, and as ten tansmtted by sag la e ba and s bsam legs9 te gopng of tese tee legenday names mgt ell ndcate tat ts lneage sold be egaded as ncetan e Cos ok s ometmes non as one of te tteen late tanta accodng to ondp/ tese ee tanslated by Vaocana and g Y sga snyng po, le ama cte a tadton tat tey ee tanslated by Vmalamta n sot, te povenances gven n bot Bonpo and Cos pa stoes ae obtfl A compason of tese texts as not been possble fo te pes et te, bt mgt be of nteest to a scola t acces to bot ks Hstocal conologes ave been attemptd fo te lve of bot yang ng nge dzn and Dan pa nam mka, and ee cetan esemblances eteen te o lves can be peceved Rcadsons conolog as yang beng bon aond 70 beng odaned afte te completon of a yas (peaps aond 70) medtatng fo seven yeas becomg a
76 HE BE JOUNAL
gardia of te yotf Kri de srog brtsa (wo was bor aro 776) opposg te sBa ca before te bSa yas doctria cotrovers (arod 790) ad passig away at ae 5, od 815. It sod be ote owever tat Ricardsos dates are oy approxmate based as te ar o ater Cos sorces wic assig varyig ad someties obvios accrate dates to tese eary figres Karmays sggested crooogy or Dra pa am mkas fe fe base base o critica evaatio of severa Bopo istories is as foows bor i tag oriatio at age 31 we Bo was sppressed by Kri srog e brtsa ad coceag Bo texts begiig arod 785 o tis ma e dded is assisti t M e brtsa po's fera i 799 t is certaiy ot strage tat two importat reigios figres of te ibeta mperia m peria eriod er iod sod ave bee bor bo r arod arod te same tme a bee ordaied ordai ed as moks foowig a maor sift towards towards oastic Bis i ibet. dd to tis te fact tat bot are cosidered cosidered i teir respe respect ct ive traditios as masters ieage oders ad treasre coceae rs of rDzogs c (formery a extremey esoteric teacig) owever a aoter possbiity is raised cod it ot be tat Dra pa am ma' a Myag ig ge 'dzi ar i fact te same perso? Sc a sgestio migt be istaty reected by bot Bddists a Bopos ad ideed oy a few years ago wod peraps ot ave bee serosy etertaied by ayoe. By ow owever te istorica coectos betee te rNyig a pa scoos ad Bo ave bee too we estabised i te scoar iteratre for it to be dismissed ot of a. particar Kv
�
r
BLE e birtpace of Myag ig ge 'dzi is ot give i ay of te o pa sorces. e origia ads of te Myag ca were probaby aog te pper Myag river above rGya rtse bt te ocae most associated wit Myag imsef is of corse Zwa'i a kag i a etirey differet vaey to te orteast of asa. O te oter ad varyig birtpac for Dra pa am ma' are fod i is biograpica materia sige sorce te Gng se r hg paces is birt ateratey i Kyg
O FE 77
ung dngul dkar, the hol Bonpo cpital of hang zhung, and in "Bal ountain n Upper ng,� which could ugget a relationhip with the ng cln he information in thi ource i o muddled that it i dif cult to place too much confidence in it Still, thi i the onl locale ciated with Dran pa nam mkha birth nt aocited with a Bonpo l ite that the preent writer ha been able to dicoer R Y RR
ang Ting 'din' life before hi ordination i not treated in the ' literature It i not recrded that he had n ffpring It i ichrdon opinion tha, being a monk, he wa chidle, and thi te reaon that Khri de rong brtan, in te proclatin on the hw ncripion, pledged upport to the decendant of Ting din grand rat her thn Ting dzin own decendant decendant hi i reonable, but ather rather certainl not concuie Mang m hae ha children before before he wa it i certainl rdined. Moreoer, the n r wa alo n atempt b Khri de rong rtan to redre an imbalnce in award gien to the entire Mang clan uring the reign of Khri rng de btan, who howed faoritim faoriti m toward te Ba.4 B contrat, the Bon tradition eem unuuall conitent in climing tat Dran pa nam mkha' had at eat one on, The dbang rig 'dzin He i alo known a a lineage tranmitter, and eeral ater on teacher are ad to be hi emanation R
tated aboe Mang appear to hae been ordained after the building f bSam a No Cho ource indicate that thi wa an inoluntar act ut it would be urpriing if an did. The bun do agree that ang wa inoled in a conflict with Ye he dbang po of the a clan, o wa the firt abbot of bSam a, and o it ma be concluded that ang wa probabl not in the emperor faor4 The conflict beteen a and Mang ha been explained in term of both lan rilr and uddhit ideolog, a Mang i conidered b the later Cho hitorie to ae been a upporter of the Chinee mon v n in Tibet, and teir "imultaneit doctrine, a againt the gradualit doctrine from dia ne erion of the tor of Dran pa nam mkha ordination ha been lated aboe, and little important detail can be added to it. It might be ted in paing, howeer, that bSam a monater ha been important the Bon a well a the Cho. According to the e bd dzd a ber of on treaure and treaure guide bn were dicoered re�9 Since the e bd dd claim tht Dran p w dined
7 HE BE JRNAL
following a cones of supernormal powers beween he Bon and e Chos, his cones wil be examined nex.
T LE E he miracle cones a he cor of Khri srong Ide brsan appear in several differen forms in he aer ieraures of boh Bon and Cho n boh radions, i is someimes represened as a fiercely fough compei_ in beween disciples of boh radiions who display a variey of up upeoral powers n he 4hcenury Bonpo Srid pa ryud ki kha byang ch mo,50 for xample, a vivid descripion is given in which he Bonpos ale nae displays of magic wih he Bddhiss. Dran pa nam mkha', on e Bon side, srikes he sun and moon ogeher as if hey were cymb e Bonpos' abiliies frusrae Khri srong Ide brsan, who had desred hei clear ad obvios defea. The Srid rgyud accoun of he cones seem o be he mo elaborae in he Bonpo Bonp o lieraure, and coul be seen seen a response o he accouns pearing a abou he same ime n e o gter ma hisories Oher Bonpo accouns are more resrained. n he rGyal rabs bn y i y i 'byun gnas by Khyung po Bo gros rgyal mshan (15h cenury, u incorporaing some mch older maerial), a cones of powers i riel menioned, bu he main reason ha he emperor chooses Cho ove Bon is o curail he power of he Bonpo mnisers Dran pa nam mka' agee o ordinaion in order o preserve he Dominion and o lenghen e emperor's life. n Kun grol grags pa's 8h cenury bsTan byung one passage claims ha he cones involved healing he sick, raising h dead, performing he funerary 'dur ceremony, and ummoning phom e emperor engendered faih n boh Bon and Chos, and was inclned o rea hem equally, bu neverheless decided o hold o he laer.2 hi inerpreaion seems o be in line wih Kun grol grags pa's aemp o synhesize Bon and Chos. n he Gangs ti sei dkar hag he Bonpo, in cluding Dran pa nam ma', are unsuccessful in he cones becaue e had no ye comprehended he eachings of he Vicorious One [poil b no cerainly gShen rab mi bo; Padmasambhava ransform he phanoms and becomes he emperor's chaplain3 n he earlies Bonpo source available o me, he g. Yung drung bn ryud bum4 he sory runs as folows he miniser sag ra u o rges Khri srong de brsan no o pracice he barbaric (l bal yi) o bu he emperor orders ha he wo radiions compee Afer an incon clusive debae (bden mi bden ang a byung) in which he Bonpo a represened by Dran pa nam mkha', Khri srong command ha a e of power (mtus dang nus pa) ake place. he Bonpos are challenged o l 'Chims Shakya Prama, he Buddhis represenaive, hrough heir poe
O FGUES .
79
ey do, bt the evve hm b ummoig a Te empeo te rde te ad to t to k Zhag hom pa ke, aoe o Jnpo b te do ot (te eao dfflt o epet). No the onet Padaambava pee-· we ae exhbed Thogot h onet as a apoogt fo te Bdd po of vew althogh h pe tal powe ee to be weake tha tat of e Bopo e pho s at ee tog te opo hae demoated eo powe, te eo es agat te um the otet f the "mae otet ost of te Bo eate ea w ot moe a tadtoal pacte eatd t deat ad mog of he ee a tat late orce c a he g ad mdzd w opoae both the eme ad te oe o a� o maga po\ e ae e aot fod te r r temptg o be ompeheve, tag wo depto of oe det s o epaate pa o e ame ee e teate of the 10S ao de ome daat ao of e tet of speoma poe; o eample fod he a ha of Y e mho ga b sag am da do je h ey5 Hee te ddh demotated by he Bddh ae emeaed, wle toe te Bopo demotated f a) ae t metoed I t wok, D pa am mha' aad a dpe of Padmaamba ad he e he dpa mog a wld yak fom e ot G teetg oe of te eae Cho pa oe wh deal wth the et bewee Bopo ad Bddhst e a o whh moe ma te Bopo oe a o te ae eaboae hopa ao I he oe of a aBo poem oaed wh he n g ha a eg wok b he B gg ama hes ab bg ga (17-124)58 Debg the eod e of Bo Tbe he ab bg a as ta K og de bta obeved a debate bewee he o the Bo, wh te fome wo e he empeo odeed a oe ow Te paag debg wa appeed et taae a ; an s g go s a ra svc o ad g Drn a !m m mmon th bl, n ms m Te Bnpos ow h msr smv] o ev i th mst s m h rd c h m as md ans d v hn m o [e ] w mr ad md anw qus A nswrs w gvn o vry [ somns p o amasmvs ntor am ws ow A m th bl] ws dv o w v n s oss
TH TI JORNA T s ss d s cd t sv Bst tc
The imilarity of thi paage with thoe in the Bonpo aount a further weight to the uggetion that in the eariet tradition, the contet of power ndeed centered around the funerary tradition an the moning of the a rather than being a matter of an extenie diplay mirauou power. En more triing howeer i the imiarity between thee acco nt epeciay that of the dog gg yg ha) and the tory of Dran pa na mha an the Budhit at the funeral of Mu e brtan po, a tod in te Lg had mdzod (tranated aboe) n pite of the fact that expectly, he Bonpo and Cho pa eah win the day in their own erion o t tae the element ommon to both erion abolutely preclude te onuion that they are competey unrelated One alternate hypote that the entire tradition o the mirae contet in the gr ma iteratr of both Bon and Cho tem from a ngle incident, whih happene nt at the court of Khri rong Ide brtan before the buiding of bam ya, rather at Mu ne brtan po funera An obiou argument againt ti hypothi i that the g had mdd itef ha the two ontroerie widey eparate in tme, but a noted aboe it i a ate oure inorprating a at ariety of oue materia, and old hae inuded to ifering trai t raition tion of a inge atual a tual BonCho BonCho confrontation a two epa epara rat t indent t might ao be that the ource whih i the bai or t paage in the g had mdd a tranpoed an earlier trati oncernng the mirace ontet" upon M ne funera; ince thi or i at preent untraceabe thi poibiity annot be dounte, t a mentioned aboe the archai ue o tug eem at leat to indicate tt t a ery od tradtion On the other hand the ompete abence o a mention of a mirace ontet" in uh eary ource a Nyang h yug een though thi work wa the model for many of the t rNying ma pa hitore mght be iewed a upporting the hypoti Jut a the competiton between two main current o Buddhim ca be rifie into the oalled bam ya Debate, the tenion beten and Cho might alo, for later generation hae been ummed u in mirale contet," which grew more and more eaborate with th pai of time. VIC T MPI T
t wa noted aboe that Myang Ting 'zin had a ditinguihe piti areer enompaing a ariety of roe while, a ar a we now, ran nam mha did not. t hould be remembered howeer that the i
FGRES 81
relgo chroncle reqent c on an ortant gre' rtal le an contrbton to a artcla relgo chool to the etrent o a ear ctre o h htorcal envronent Myang hel an e ale th ha e to rely olely on the traton ran on by bD j an hon n ther htore or an accont o h le h oltcal areer ght be coletey nknon to he ae ght ell be tre Dran a na ka. he nvetgaton l no oc on one event n the le o Myang hch thogh not on n the oern bograhe attete o by the ncrton at the Zha Lha khang: h ervce to the cort rng the clt ero ater the eath o M ne brtan o beore hr Ie ron rtan col take the throne hch nobtely contrbte t h lan' eng aare a grant n eretty he ncrton ecrbe the eent a ollo: n of my at an l bo (Mu n) a sussl bn [s not], bo a iv t Dominion, t as so, an a onntion o vi spiital inlns. Ban Ting ng zn, tog s uty, o bnial onsl, an aus t stbans to n
ere yang ng nge 'zn ngle ot a the eron reonble or ng the relgo cr that olloe the eath o the bt t t n the reent rter' onon tretchng the gron o crelty t beleve th cr a the ae one reerre to n the tory o Dran a a ha' at M ne neral neral th can be een a a lable lable gget n then the entty o Myang an Dran a col be accete. f the entty o the to en ere ene hoever the tory o Dran a na kha' nteventon n M ne' neral ol eengly have to e conte coletely Dran a rather than Myang ha laye the tal role rng th relgo cr the bt ol certanly not have eorate Myang on a royal ncrton hr Ie rong brtan ebere a a beneactor by both Bon an Cho traton h o re oble he creaton o the legen o Dran a na kha' a reay neray at the te the earlet Bono htore ere rtten the Bono htoran ght have attahe h nae to an ol tra teng ro Myang' acton. n the other han a lable bograhy o yanDran a col be trcte that ol not contract the alent noraton carre n by ether the Bon or the Cho traton. et rooe that Myang g 'zn a born n 73, n the er Myang valley He ght ell ve ha a on an col have been learne n both the tratonal etan bele an been nterete n the rtal reorce oere by aro crrent o Bh that ha been enterng bet r ore
8 JOUNA
han a nuy and sn n paiula nadin bn h . as vidnly ll in h ign ig n Kh sng Id bsan ha si nlis v lgius idlgy as as siid n bh h Bn an Chs sus la yas. Duing his ign his p ss ha ampd imps a s dnal hdxy in lain nl Tiban adiinal lign bu als Buddhism sl S a hs m upn pln bSa yas Myang bam a mnk bu his and hs lan ninud supp bh h nhdx shls Buddhi an phaps h ld lgius adiins b aud h lan all h mps av Dung h maind K sngs ign Myan ay hav bn upid n psvng alms lgus spu hl kpng h publi vi hs hih iially psibd H als ad a guadian n h mps sns6 hi sng lnqush d h hn Myang may hav sussully invnd in Mu n bsan p unal using h adiinal is ha i sng had dublss bann pavng h ay h apan bh Bn and Chs by Kh I sng bsan Myang dd pass aay a 55, hs uld hav bn aun 808 alling svn yas dian n hh amplih h pais ulminaing in aainmn h ainb bdy Suh a nsuin uld b agud agains n h ms lin bins migh b und in Nu Pa9ias hisy H in h a passag hih dsibs h vaus mpls buil by mmbs h Myang lan inluding Ting ng dzin) uing hi Id sng ban ign Dan pa nam mkha is did ih unding a mpl all dBang hang3 pssibly a sm pin uh inmain n his pl ll ll bm availabl Anh pin ha qus uh invsigain is h nau h Dzgs hn ansmissns assiad ih bh Myang and Dan pa. h Dzgs hn ks ha a assiad ih Dan pa na mkha abv) sm b paabl h em de lau h Chs hil h man na de xs hih Myang is suppsd hav hiddn i ha mpl a ading Kamay s h Zhan hun rud Bn. n any as h ninud xual and hisial pai Bn and Buddhs Dzgs hn ks an abslu nssiy a piu ih adiin gh ih nim u h hyphi Myang and Dan pas idniy Oh avnus ain b xpld As mnind b h l u asiad ih Dan pa nam mkha is s xnsiv ha a bk ln k uld b dvd Th psn i has als bn unal inviga a hsal adin h Chs phaps smng ng hn pas mKa' nn h, ha Myang ng ng dzin
TWO FIGURES . 3
one o msmbs 25 mjo sples e ppes on nee bu oms oms no onups ls) oug s oubul s on oul e onbue mu useul nomon. Wee o no e enon o n p nm mk n yng ng nge zn n ulmely be mnne s le e wo les mu n ommon. e nesgon s lso emonse n empng o e e elgous so o ely be o ely on soue el om ee e Bon o e os on exlusely n onl esul n n nue pue Myang s O Tban m nam c appas n Tn ang maas an nscpns E an N cns Nyang s m cn spng In s wk Myang s s n nc Myang Tng ng n Nyang gnay s Nyang Ny a ' 12 cny) Cho ' e o i po r rii d (a ho ') ab m s s as a sca nc Ts wk s sc many ms a appa n a ho ' Myang an Nyang av bn cnnc scay by s s Sangs gyas gya ms (s Rcasn 1985 p44) b s pss cn ncn s n p 2 S Kamay 972 pp209 sq 'Jgs 'Jgs ba 99 99 V2 p64 Tnp Tnp 984 p37 3 Jgs ba 9 9 pp555-556 S as Tnp ( 84 pp5960) pp 5960) a sma sma bgapy s as y pmay b n y n L r he o ang sn bKa ss � (09767) (1970 pp6566) S as Nyang (1988 pp43637) 4 T N ho (1988 p332) s Vmaama as a Kasm (kh he w a scs (g Jgs ba 99 p481 an Tnp 1984 p54) say gv ny Wsn Ina as s bpac I s makab a ms nag s Ga Pcn n ana accns s ansmssn b ac Tb a n m Ina pp b m Wsn Hmaayas Inn sa Ts nc Ga ab (m Uyan gnay vw as Sa Vay b s as scssns n Gn 994 p26 n5 an Ryns 1996 pp205-23) S Snga (a Sgan bn n Cna s Gbsn 1997) Vmaama an cs Pamasambava I mg as b van np nam ansa Vacana s Gan 'jag Tang a (Kamay 988 p21) as Gan 'ag s n n acac Tban scs as nam m Kasga (Emmck 967 p94) s may b v m Kan Saka k (ay 98 p57) I s qny vk a can Tban sans Kas pa 187 p42 an Jgs ba 991 p505) av cam a ms ay Vajayna a n Tb cam m Uyana an n Ina
4 H TB JRNA 5 ccn h yng co 'yng (988 p422) a n Myan b h ana Ma Rn chn mch h nv Vmaama Rchn 1985 p.44; .a b u a 'phn ba 94, p.54 'G 98, pp23940 Rn 998 h h numb, nam, nam, an a h n f Kh bn hav bn h ubjc f cnvy h n b an aba. Sca uch a Tucc ch Dmv, Haah an Rcha n hav amp v h pbm, bu bu nn f h h hav my any Bp ma hch ff nh pn f v a lmnay amp , Gbn (991 p.455) 8 Pb pvy n ' cmman n h , 98 p334; Rchan 1985 p9 0 9 rKy ris. S (98, p34) Rchan (1985 3) Kamay (988, p.). 0 Ga pa mn am, 1990, p. nfman nfman pv m by Dan Ma m nca ha h mnay a a n h 'B u aa a vny chan han bn h f h Ga fcn a 'B un pa a a nc Guu ba h s 'y cos 'yg p8385 t h cnan n Sorc for stoy of Bon mp by n N N pp42-4 I p h Bu fnc h pa pa v () an vn Nuna. 12. Cf Kay (19 xxx n4) 3 h cv h a San na n pa (b 184; Kaa, 2, p89 n3) Accn a pna cmmncan fm Dan Ma, a cp n 925 T vum hav bn pbh by h ban Bnp Mnac Cn un h Rnm r g.yng drng gs ' dzod cn. h pn ha xamn hm bfy bu a h f cnan n hm hy nay n cnn, hy hav n bn u f h nvan. h xcn may f cu pv ha bn maur 4 Kaay, 92, pxxx, pxxx , .4 hnup (984, p.3) ncu hm n f admaambhava' 25 c cp bu bDu ' ( ba 99 pp.5343) n Snc hnup' uc Kn pu B a ya, h cnncn h Bn hav aay bn xp ( Bna, 1988) Dan pa pnc h phap n pn. h u f hh h abnc m bDu 'jm' (an n h h hy) u h Bnp cnncn ( Kamay, 988, p.203 f uch a ca) my h cmpaav nnfcanc h Nyn ma an n n, bu byn h cp f h pn . 5 Maj pa f h (haf (h af gs sd mdzod) hav bn ana y Karmay (92) a A Trsr of Good yngs Kamay 92 pp8889 2559. S a B ya hn (94 p.). Kamay (92 pp.9 259) anan. ana n. S a h accun n h u drng on y rgyd 'm (Nama, 92, pp4 ) 18 Ib pp10
O 8 19 1972 p.28: ha rid 1 i da la a d d dd d d pa la i d a 'da 5/ d a d 'dr a a a 'k k kh d h a lo rdol i a ra a d la/ a d la 'dr ph d pa o la dp la pa od 'a a k h a od id a h / dr dra pa a kha a h k h pha pa/ rj khr a o la h h a hi d i o d a hi po a 'dro ar 'd
2 2 2 2.
2
25. 2. 27 28 29
2 . .
K (1972 p12 g g dff o Lou 192. 197 pp17 d 178 2. K 198 pp pp og og po po of o d bd b go go (1%7 (1 %7 pp d uo uod d (1989 (198 9 p q q og uug d (97 pp2. dlop of o oog Od b o b wl xd fo bgg bo 1991 pp8 u of h ful ox doubll d g oof fo lo i d d; h b olog ld o ukoogol q d (Klg 19 p .1 "d'ok/ dok/ d *d'o/ *d'o/ d'a d'a ao-"B " ou) wod d fo ou D fg o bo ar plad o o p ] d l b Ch w a ' i 97 o7 p.11) o Pof. og K fo oog foo x po po o o pfo pfo of o o fu fu l d b fu llud b wnow of kg gu w fqul b d o b oo bo b d fog bu oud op of pp. dPl dP l ld ul k 197 p. bDud jo bogp of Do gg p (g (g bl 99 pp.789792 ud o of r o Bopo do. 1988 pp. pp .17 17 q dP d u k 1972 p2. Ibd p. . d gug pud of Dzog w d o b pou x of g b bo (K 1972 ppxx q of Qu of Ex g g (obu 1995 27). g b d bfl b (1972 xx d xl b (199). g l b powfu Bopo of zg wo o ogd Bopo phr pa p ( 1972 ppxx q) d w llgdl ppo o po u k b po ( 972 p.8) odup 198 p.2 988 p2 Rdo 1985 p. odg o Oofo Oofo (199 ( 199 p.2) o o P dud dffu dfful l of dg g p bu work ulbl o .
6 TE TET URN 3 Karmay 92 .9 n2 The Srid ryud ( grs thgs med 96 . say he lved as a hsehlder r nine years ere his rdinatin 36. Kvaerne 92 3 Snellgrve 98 esecially 396-0. 396-0. 38. ndea 98 98 988. 39. Karmay 988 988 eecially 2623 2623 0. art 99 yat 99. 2. Se as Thnd (988 (988 3-6 and igs igs ral (99 (99 V .936-3 n the relatinshi eween n and ddhism Nr 989 2 29 The try Dran a' irth irth in Zhang zhng zhng ated y Nr a "Th Eihany and Sn Dran a nam mha ! eem redminant hagigrahic (a miracls irth a 800-year lien and ay reer t the irt Dran a nam mha' mentined ave hwever the Gyungs yar khod spungs yi rus (in Namda 92 has an entirely erent vein Dran a's miracl irth in Zhang hng n 3 while reerring n the net age t an earlier irth in Ta ig Dan artin ggest dPal ri etween ryal rtse and gZhi a rte as a ssiiliy r the catin reerred t here Richardsn 98 . . Richardsn 98 3 3 6 C grs thgs med (96 eq. Fr the the mst cmlete dicsin dicsin Tshe dang d ang rig din see see lndea (98 (98 There is als a traditin that that Padmasamhava ws a n Dran a nam mha' which ndea treat Regg (989 6 n. citing the the sBa bzhed, the mKhas pa' dga' stn and Nyangs Chos byung. 8. The literatre n this encnter is vlmins and nt great relevan relevance ce here r an ecellen crrent smmary ee Regg 989 Pertinent t the reent investigatin hwever mdern schlarshi ha nd the traditinal idea a singe dramatic deate etween the tw traditins t e nliey Thnd (in Klng chen a 996 8 relates a try rm the wr rTse e sna tshgs rang gr (th centry yangs alleged cnnectin with the Chinee mn wh taght him meditatin ere he met Vimaa mtra. The atter eraded him th eririty the rDzg chen 9. Karmay 92 9 9 22 22 23 23 60 60 tc 0 ereater Srid rud See grs thgs med (96 29-3 There are minr dierences etween the editin the Srd ryud cited here and that qted in Karmays editin the Legs bshad mdzod. . grs rgya mtshan9 eq eq 2 Kn grl grags a 9 9 293 . Nr 989 .8990 and 28-29 P339. P339. This wr is is lished lished in Sources for a Hisory of Bon edited y Tenzin Namda; it is accrdg t lndea (990 the irst three Gi gags hitrie and is attrited t the tenth r th centry. have nt een the third Glng gra7 tet (sl manscrit which accrding t ndea ndea (p. cit. 9 a has a asage deaing with the cnict een n and h
W I RES . . 8 B kyi jo mo y shs msh yal is za shul am pa ha pa gab pa mgo byug gu mags i za'i glu phg trsed ow (984 s y Dac; t ire oes rs o -1 o t work wg o diies o ss d s tis ogr s rier to te rs vesgtio I v ot osd te e org 6 6 Attrito o tis owr to r k k togte wt o e oer owrs ssoitd wi e Bdds sdds i Ns ds o re drw ro Ngs Chos 'byu 1988 4) i ssg desriig e owers t Pdsvs dsies ged s rs o ito d edtio Te owever o o o ire oes r or ywre es i Ng Gags i si ka chag (Nor 198 9) r s ed byag g xyag go "wd k o e or 7 e sBa bzh (sB 4) so gvs ri ot o distto etw Bo d Cos wi is o o dod o iros deostr os t ve s to tio r k s eg og te Boo rtss 8 Mrti 1991 18 se Se so Mrt (1997) or disssio o t stori irses srrodig is work 9 Mr 1991 9: 9: Nga sag a xlu gog shi ba'i gshi la hams ca shgs gsh a pa am mkhas bla bkug pas/ bl ps gos su khug pa la/ bo po yag mhu 'i 'a yo cs al pos slob po la zu goms byas pas/ slob po is gyal po la hugs hs sam zhs gsugs pas/ al po a blo o go su khugs as ga' ba a shi u yi hs zhus pas/ slob po is phyag as bsams as i ba by u bcug pas/ a hams ca ji bzhi u byug ya gsag msha ma shs pas/ 'i us su o i sha shas ga bska pas/ ha m z bas bo po skygs pa ag/ slob po gyis bsa pa'i zhabs og u bsu. Mris rsto (id .1) vres sigt s does o Ceee d kiow (Nor 199 1) 6 Sr rd Kr ss rg ts ere ere ideie ideiess te ssge ssge s ot ot ro Norer t resr (Kr 197 97 66) 61 Wst Zw srto: srto: Yab ag g hug ogs bu pa byug ba'i s/ ga ga hab si ma bzhs pa'i skabs su kha ig p phu ag/ go sso s so pa ag yo pa ag/ ba i g 'zi kyis yam o zi as p pa'i bka' gos gsol khag khug my pa byas Rirdso 98 47) reds: "Ar ter d der rotr d o rted disgree ore I otid kgdo re ws soe oso d oo o vi sirits t Bde ig ge di kg osdrto o e er gve i dv H ed o e disrs e rderg o hugs ogs bu s to reted disgre ses o e o rd too io rse wtot sotig sor sor dt r is o eo o Kr srog de rts qrrei qrreig g wt s so istori sor A or ier redg o ogs s "w t oodts redg s w s oer orres orres o t word t s r sios (Rrdso 18 d 14 47) r t r s dr rrs wt t e
88 IB OURNA
62 6 6 64 6 66
bt and na Nongs onsstn fng n t Od btan Anna t dats n t oa fam, ss n tat ontt to ustat tat t dat gadd as uatat dfnt fom ots' t ma a b a ngust taboo aganst usng t od d n onnton t tm, toug t dn tat man of tm mudd o tual n t stoa sous sm to ag tat K song d btsan d f som as aft nsng t ton s aa, 196, 1224 Radson, 198, 44) hgs nongs must not m dat n s , but, gn tat t manuaton of t hgs as a fato n t t fu a of a u, oud ntt ts as ang a obm n t oa son as aso ous n t sE bzhd sBa, 6) n a st f nfounat umstans o aamts to b oom [ a atd Radson's ontnton of sts" a a good taa on o gdon sson ua on s ta ts undoubtd fs t gous ss, and not m ota manungs Ny drod zn s a dffut as smant so of t od drd angs fom bod amt to da s as, 19, 68; Ro, 198 1968 , ) t s aso aso usd to tansat tansat t 2b21b; 2b21 b; d drod n aa, 1968, anst $g a sa an mnta at tat ma mdtat s Gunt, 99, 229) Ny s attstd n t Bod ry shg dzod hen 198, Vo, 96) as sobs dng ns shgs- of f to o e sam sou 99) attsts ny dod 'dzn p as shod b mnta a, a, and I a atd ts dfnton manng aa of t dffut nod no d n tansosng t ansosng odn od n sooga anguag onto t Od ba ba ontt ngo 98, 42 and 424, n8) and and obn 98, 26) a ao tanatd ts assag, but t sons an aso b objtd t s abo s as a s to mnd t· tadton dsbd n t Bono stos of of a a mo ang a Bono otto sk srngs s, o am, B g ga mtsan 94, 99-1, 11) gs a smon smon am, 99, 2 Kama, 988, 29 an soa os st tat ogs n as as f t m m anot Indan Bddst osoa soo, gnong ts stabs onntons t Bon, must b gadd as bad nomt Ga Kamtu, Kamtu, 99
Rfrc Ba, W The re O he Sks n nen nn hon ma NY), 181 bK ss do , Zang ston, Rdzogs p hen po snyng hg g 10 rys hen a snyng hg Vo9, N , 19 bKa ss ga mtsan, a da, egs bshd rn po he' dzod dzod M gs d skun ang) Bjng, 9 Bo go ga mtsan, Gyl rbs bon y byng s n Three Sores or s o B oan, 94
TWO FIGES . . . 89 gos togs med, Srid a ryud yi ha byan chn o Dolanj, 16 londea, AneMae, "Le 'dcove' d ai a-bu tatl bon-po?, n Tiban and uddhi Sudi oorain h 200h Annivrary o h irh o Axandr oa d r Vo, ed. get, dapest, 184 123 ' "mKyen bce' db po: a bogape de Padmasambava selon la tad ton d bsGags pa on, et ses soces," n Orinaia Iohi Tucci Moria Dicaa eds G Gnol nd L Lancott, ome, 185 pp1 1 1 - 18 "La contovese soleve pa 'nclson de tels bonpo dans e n ce gte mod Note lmae," n Procdin o h nrnaiona Aociaion or Tiban Sudi ed. H Uebac and Panglng, Mnc, 188 556 , Identcaton de la tadton appele bsGags pa onlgs," n IndoTban udi d. T. Skopsk, Tng, 0 353 3 vols, ejng, 180 ra hi dod chn o od hun wn a u in 0 vols., Tape, 3 as, Canda, TibanEnh Dicionary New Del, 185 wman, Ket, Sy dancr: Th Scr i and Son o h ady Yh Tho!
ondon, 184 a' bo gtsg lag 'png ba, ho byun ha ai da Vo New Del, 162 al dan tsl khms, Gyun drun bon i ban byun 2 vols., Dolnj, 12 meck, E, Tiban oncrnin oan ondon Oental Ses, Vo , ondon, 16 ae Kamtl amyang Dondp, "Te Egt Pactce-Instctons o Sugtas degsegs-sgb-pa bkabgyad) n te Nygma Lneage," Tib Jorna Vo, 10 pp 5-65 bson, Todd, "Fom bano to ban t Demonzaton of te Tbetan Sacal Kngsp," PD dssetaton, Indana Unvesty, 11 _ "nne Asan Conttons to te Vajayna," IndoIranian Journa 40 1 3-5 s gZon n dpal, Db hr non o Cengd, 184 ags pa smon lam blo gos, Ne Pata, Non yi a o hrn ba n od yi ru db hr ha na (M gs dpe skn kang), ng, 10. ang sngags glng pa, Rna har yun drun an bai dod chn Dolanj, 18 ente, Hebet, Th w Oan o ibraion ondon, 15 Whon o and on Raind Albany, 14. bKa ss, bTan ai nyin o an chn na yur n don ab oi cho yi byun ba a bar byd ai bhad ha a da byd no har a y ro ho n p)
yaso, Janet, "G Cosdbang's gTe 'byng cen o an ealy svey of te tease tadton and ts stateges n dscssng on tease," Tiban Sudi rocdin rocdin o h 6h Sinar o h Inrnaiona Aociaion or Tiban Sudi ed. P Kvaene, Oslo, 14 2528. aa, Ek, Th Yaru Dynay Copenagen, 16 bal ye ses do e, bDd 'joms npoce, bTan ai a ha tansated by s yme Doe and Mattew Kapsten as Th Nyina Schoo o Tiban uddhi oston, 11.
9 0 IBET OURNAL lg Be Graatca Serca Recena, Gebog 1964 m, Sme G, A Treary o Good Sayng: A Tbetan Htory o Bon o Oel Oe l See See Vol Vol 26 26 Loo Loo 1972. The Great Peeton, Lee 1988 log e p D me o e, The Practce o Dzochen, oue b Tl oup I, 1996. u gol gg p, Sang rya btan a y y byng khng y bhn nor b 'dod o ba gter dzod, hree Sorce for a Htry of Bon, Dol 1974. e Pe "Ape o e Og o Bu o be Nme 1972 1972 pp 2222-40 40 Tbet n Regon A Death Ra o the Tetan Bono Ioogp Rlgo XII, 13 98 lou, Melle "Ruel bopo e ulle oYl, Jor Jorna na Aatq Aatqe e 40, 9 p 3 399-61 61 , g ue W. Sou bl, A tdy o the d Tbetan Incton, Tp , , 987 M Dl, "Te Egee o Bo e Tbe Polml To eo I Ue 1991 Mandaa Cmogony Hman Body Good Thoght and the Reveaton o the eret Mother Ta Tant nt o Bon, Bon, Ae ouge B 124 Webe, 19 . , Bo Ape Reo? Te Ao Polem lue e-Ceu Sle Ieo Dgoggg g- Bkgo Relgou o, o , oa o ndan Phoohy, 28 1997, pp.2633. Tbe Relgou Meem Dol, "Eogp Obevo of Guug Smm mug D, Srt Poeon n the Nea Hmaaya e J. k k R Jo N Del 1976, pp197-216 p Deu rGya bod ky cho 'byng rgya a, M g pe ku kg, 198. Mumo, S, Hmaayn Daoge Mo, 1989 Nmk, ez ce or a tory o Bon, Dol 1972. obu, Nmk Rmo P an t e dkar chag, See Oele R, XI Rome 989 Drng, De and Bon, Dl, 199 Ng N m O ze Co byn me tog nyn o brang rt d, M g p ku kg, 988. Ooo Gomell Sacred Tbetan Teachng on Death and Lberaton Bp 1990. Rol, o The Goden Letter, I 996 Ro u A Cor o ary Tbetan Incrton, o 198 Roe, ol TbetanRanngh Dctonary 10 vol, Mo 1983. Rgg D Seo Bddhanate, Mnd, and the Probem of Grada a Comarate Perecte, oo 1989. B g g Ba bhed M g pe ku kg, 1982. llgoe D The Nne Way o on Loo Oel Se Vo.18 1967 ndoTbetan Bddhm, 2 ol Boo 1987 S RA U oue e el ux ue e bopo b, ona Aate 8 7Cl, p8
TW UR np, l, Th Tani Tadiion o h Ninpa Main (Massastts, _, Hddn ahin o T Lnn 1