ESCUELA DE CONSTRUCCIÓN INGENIERÍA EN CONSTRUCCIÓN SEDE MAIPÚ
EXAMEN TRANSVERSAL ASIGNATURA: PUENTES PUE6201-4
“TUNEL
EL MELON”
Docente:
Evelyn Gallardo Pinto
Sección:
004-V
Fecha:
12-11-2018
Integrantes: Daniel Leal Sandoval Nicolás Zúñiga Yañez Jorge Aldunce Schilo Abelard Nicolas Soto
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INDICE 1.-INTRODUCCION ....................... ................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 4 2.- DESCRIPCION Y CLASIFICACION ....................... ................................................ ............................................... ...................... 5 3.- ESTUDIOS ................................ .......................................................... ................................................... ................................................. ........................ 12 3.1.- Procedimientos topográficos utilizados en el desarrollo desa rrollo del proyecto ............ 12 3.1.2.- Reconocimiento geológico ...................... ............................................... ................................................. ........................ 12 3.1.3.- Replanteo del túnel ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 12 3.1.4.- red de enlace entre bocas ............................................................ ....................................................................... ........... 12 3.1.5.- Paso de línea por montera ........................................................... ...................................................................... ........... 13 3.1.6.- Nivelación entre bocas ............................................................. ............................................................................ ............... 13 3.1.7.- Perfil P erfil longitudinal por montera. m ontera. ........................... ..................................................... ..................................... ........... 13 3.1.8.- Control Con trol del proceso de excavación e xcavación ...................... ............................................... .................................... ........... 13 3.2- Estudios geotécnicos ..................................... .............................................................. ................................................. ........................ 14 3.2.1.- Calicatas .................................... ............................................................. ................................................... ..................................... ........... 14 3.2.2.- Refracción geofísica ................................................ .......................................................................... ................................ ...... 15 3.3.- Clasificación del macizo (Roca) ........................ ................................................. ............................................. .................... 16 3.3.1.- Sistema S istema de clasificación RMR .............................................................. ................................................................. ... 16 3.3.2.- Sistema de clasificación Q ...................... ............................................... ................................................. ........................ 18 4.- CONTROL DE PROYECTO....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 19 4.1.- Equipamiento E Instalaciones…………………………………………………..14 4.2.- Evaluación…………………………………………………………………………14 4.3.- Proceso Constructivo de un Túnel……………………………………………...15 5.- MANTENCIÓN ............................................... ......................................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. 27 5.1.- Protocolo de Inspección ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 27 5.1.2.- Obra civil .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ................................................. ........................ 27 5.1.3.- Equipamientos e instalaciones....................... instalaciones ................................................ ............................................. .................... 28 5.2.- Mantenimientos preventivos pre ventivos ........................................................... .......................................................................... ............... 29
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6.- EVALUACION ................................................ .......................................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. 31 7.- CONCLUSION ............................................................ ...................................................................................... ......................................... ............... 32 8.- BIBLIOGRAFIA ........................................................... ..................................................................................... ......................................... ............... 33 9.- ANEXOS ............................................................. ...................................................................................... ................................................. ........................ 34 9.1.- Tablas de parámetros par ámetros para clasificaciones geomecánica ....................... .............................. ....... 34
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1.- INTRODUCCION El siguiente proyecto de túnel tiene como por objetivo principal dar a conocer los diferentes antecedentes recabados ya sea en terreno o por manual de carreteras, tomo 3, las diferentes actividades que hay que realizar para una obra civil como es un túnel. Indicando deferentes parámetros como lo son; la descripción del tipo de túnel que investigamos, antecedentes estructurales; el cómo fue el procedimiento constructivo de nuestro túnel, así como saber identificar las partes con la que fue construido nuestro túnel, también se dará énfasis a la inspección visual de nuestro túnel, que en este caso fue una inspección visual básica rutinaria; pero con ello recaudaremos información relevante. Lo otro que se abordara en este proyecto son las partidas, Mano de obra, secuencia constructiva, clasificación, estudios, materiales, y mas.
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2.- DESCRIPCIÓN Y CLASIFICACIÓN CL ASIFICACIÓN El tunel melon se ubica entre las provincias de Petorca y Quillota en la región de Valparaíso, el cual da conectividad a las ciudades de La Ligua, Cabildo y Papudo por el norte, y a las ciudades de Nogales, La Calera, La Cruz y Quillota por el sur. La funcion de esta infraestructura civil es que los usuarios tengan que evitar una cuesta con curvas muy serpeteantes y de grandes gradientes, dando una eficiencia de 15minutos a su trayecto . Este tunel fue la primera obra del sector privado en ser un proyecto concesionado, el cual consiste que entidades privadas financian una obra de infraestructura economicamente rentable y luego recuperan su inversion a base de tarifas por uso.
Este proyecto consta de tunel el cual tiene una distancia de boveda de 2,520 Km y una distancia longitudinal total de 5,190 Km total Se encuentra específicamente ubicado a la altura de los km. 129,320 y 131,910 en la ruta 5 norte
Este túnel lleva 23 años conectando, este fue concesionado en 1993 y puesto en marcha definitivamente en 1996
Según Volumen 3 del manual de carreteras, el cual especificamente en el 3.800 nos señala como clasicar la siguiente obra -
3.801.202(1) Según Ubicación: es definido como Tunel rural ya que esta ubicado fuera de un entono urbano y que generalmente, estan destinado a atravesar un osbtaculo fisico tales como montañas 3.801.202(2) Según Caracteristicas Construstivas: Obra clasificiada como
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3.801.202(3) Según Clima y Altitud : El proyecto se encuentra cerca de una zona costera, por lo que los factores de una altura considerable y un clima lluvioso no son aludibles para esta obra
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3.801.202(4) Según Flujo Vehicular, Longitudinal Y Equipamiento: Este tunel esta clasificado como un tunel de “Tipo C1”, ya que:
1. El tmda en el año 2013 fue de 7100, lo que actualmente esto ha aumentado, esto genera que en la tabla del manual de carretera V3 sea clasificado como “Tipo C1”
2. La obra del tunel melon contempla 2 vias en las cuales sus sentidos son opuestos (Bidireccionales)
Como el tunel melon es considerado como TIPO C y tiene una longitud mayor a 200m debe contemplar los siguientes equipamientos
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Esta obra fue diseñada con los criterios minimos solicitados por el manual de carretera V3 3.802.4 Seccion transversal, la cual señala que un tunel birideccional debe tener el ancho suficiente para que se crucen dos camiones con un adecuado rango de seguridad. Los criterios minimos solicitados son los siguientes:
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Materiales utilizados Para poder formas la estructura del tunel tenemos que conformarlo con diversos tipos de materiales, los cuales todos forman un conjunto para que nuestra estructura civil pueda soportar los 100 años de vida util, los cuales los principales materiales que se emplearon para conformar el tunel son: -
Hormigon: Material compuesto que es utilizado por su alta resistencia a los esfuerzos de compresion, este material es utilizado tanto para el sostenimiento de la estructura como para pavimento, este se compone de las siguientes elementos:
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calcinación a 1,450°C Cemento: Este es un polvo fino que se obtiene de la calcinación de una mezcla de piedra caliza, arcilla y mineral de hierro el cual da forma a un conglomerante hidraulico, este proyecto considera un cemento de alto grado de resistencia, el cual se tiene que regir según norma Nch 148 Of 68 “Cemento –terminologia, clasificación y especificaciones generales”
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Agua: Liquido que hace reaccionar al cemento, el agua tiene que estar libre de impurezas que puedan dañar la mezcla, el agua del proyecto debe cumplir lo señalado por la norma Nch 1498 Of 82 “Hormigón - Agua de amasado -
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Acero: Este material esta compuesto de aleación de hierro con pequeñas cantidades de carbono y que adquiere con el temple gran dureza y elasticidad, este componente es combinado con el hormigon para dar resistencia a otros tipos de fuerzas o carga como la flexión. Por lo que en obra podemos encontrar: e l avance del Mallas Electrosoldadas: Las mallas seran instaladas conforme el corte de manera que se pueda seguir el contorno de la superficie de excavación o capas de hormigón proyectado previas, y seran fijadas de tal forma que pueda prevenir las vibraciones y cambio de posición durante la aplicación del hormigón proyectado. Para ello se emplearán anclajes y soportes de acero y espaciadores o separadores. Como mínimo se tendrán que colocar fijaciones cada 1 m. en cada dirección Barras de Acero: En algunas eventualidades y cuando se requieran refuerzos adicionales, seran utilizadas las barras de acero para poder otorgar una resistencia mayor al terreno. Pernos: Para esta obra se disponen de varios tipos de pernos para distintos usos, los cuales seran colocados según las especificaciones tecnicas y planos señalen, dentro de los variados tipos podemos desglozar en pernos para obras menores que serian para unir piezas de magnitudes menores como placas de acero o pernos de gran envergadura como pernos de anclaje, que sirven para dar estabilidad al macizo rocoso, en los cuales dentro de la perforacion se inserta lechada para dar mayor resistencia y que este no se mueva. Geotextil: Este material va directamente contraterreno, el cual genera una Ideal permeabilización de alta resistencia mecánica eficiente y duradera. Esta membrana son telas no tejidas compuestas de fibras de poliéster, ligadas mecánicamente por punzonado de agujas.
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Croquis e imágenes de la estructura:
Entrada túnel melón por su lado Norte
Entrada túnel melón por su lado Sur
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Imagen editada y utilizada como croquis esquemático para el túnel melón
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3.- ESTUDIOS 3.1.- Procedimientos topográficos utilizados en el desarrollo del proyecto Todos los trabajos topográficos, para el estudio de túneles debe cumplir con las exigencias señalas en el capítulo 2.300 del volumen Nº2 del MC, sección 2.301 y 2.307 3.1.2.- Reconocimiento geológico Esta investigación se divide en dos partes “Investigación geológica general” e Investigación geológica de d etalle”.
Investigación geológica general Ésta a través de la recolección, evaluación evalua ción y estudios fotogeológicos permite el reconocimiento del terreno donde se emplaza el proyecto, destacando las condiciones geológicas del área donde se aprecia la geomorfología, las unidades geológicas mayores, disposiciones estructurales, zonas de empréstitos, zonas de riesgos geológico, redes de drenaje, estructuras mayores, y zonas de alteración
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3.1.5.- Paso de línea por montera Trabajo topográfico realizado antes del proceso de excavación, se realiza cuando se conocen la coordenada de los principales puntos de ataques (bocas) y se calcula el azimut. Con este método se corrige lo errores en el azimut. Es una comprobación a cielo abierto. 3.1.6.- Nivelación entre bocas Esto se realiza a través de una nivelación geométrica de alta precisión (NAP). Con esto se dejan señales necesarias para dar paso a las nivelaciones secundarias, ya que con esto se logra proyectar la cota, para aumentar los puntos de ataque. 3.1.7.- Perfil longitudinal por montera. Este se obtiene desde el plano donde se proyectó el túnel, pero si queremos aumentar los puntos de ataques se hace necesaria mayor precisión. 3.1.8.- Control del proceso de excavación Este se realiza mediante herramientas topográficas como el pantómetro, ordenadas y abscisas, plomada. Todo esto con el fin de controlar la sección transversal
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3.2- Estudios geotécnicos La geotecnia, rama de la ingeniería civil que se emplea, para determinar, controlar y contrastar la relación del macizo y la obra de ingeniería que someterá a distintos esfuerzos al terreno, los cuales se deberán determinar, para conocer el comportamiento de este; con los estudios geotécnicos se logra:
Evaluación de los riesgos. Capacidad de carga. Deformaciones e interacciones entre el macizo y la estructura. Esfuerzos. Análisis del comportamiento del terreno. Determinar criterio de diseño y ejecución de métodos de excavación. Ajustar especificaciones de los materiales a emplear. Métodos de seguridad, tipo de roca, otros. -
3.2.1.- Calicatas Previo a la ejecución del túnel “ El Melón” se realizaron estudios geotécnicos pertinentes, para el reconocimiento del material a excavar. Una de las técnicas que se utilizaron en el reconocimiento del terreno fueron las calicatas, estas permiten realizar una inspección visual in-situ y la extracción de muestras, para la realización de algún ensayo pertinente. En este proyecto se realizaron 7 calicatas (imagen 1 ) las cuales
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3.2.2.- Refracción geofísica Además, se realizaron rea lizaron prospecciones geofísicas mediante el método de refracción sísmica. Este método consiste en la detonación controlada de cargas explosivas las cuales se ubican en la superficie del terreno. Las ondas que genera la explosión logran viajar por el subsuelo, permitiendo ser detectadas por un geófono que se encuentra en la superficie en una posición estratégica. La detección de las ondas va a depender de la densidad del subsuelo, esto, mediante la interpretación de los resultados nos permite determinar el tipo de macizo y realizar un perfil de la estructura subterránea (ver 2.503.5 en capítulo 2.500 del volumen 2 MC) en el cual se debe controlar la distancia entre las cargas y los geófonos (ver imagen 2 y 3), para asegurar la penetración necesaria que permita determinar las condiciones de terreno.
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3.3.- Clasificación del macizo (Roca) Las rocas, macizo importante a considerar en el diseño de túneles, donde se debe determinar el tipo de roca, para abordar correctamente el método de excavación. En este caso “El Melón” se clasifico mediante los parámetros RMR y Q.
3.3.1.- Sistema de clasificación RMR En 1973, el Ingeniero Bieniawski presentó y desarrollo el sistema de clasificación RMR (Rock mass rating). Este sistema permite determinar la calidad del macizo rocoso en base a seis parámetros (ver anexo 1)
Resistencia a la compresión uniaxial de la roca intacta (I). Rock quality designation, RQD (II). Espaciamiento de las juntas o discontinuidades (III). Condición de la discontinuidad (IV). Condición de agua en el suelo (V). Orientación de las discontinuidades (VI). -
Donde: I. II.
Se obtiene de testigos de la roca de acuerdo a las condiciones del sitio. Se basa en la resistencia uniaxial y por la resistencia de carga puntual. Se obtiene mediante la determinación de Q.
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3.3.2.- Sistema de clasificación Q En 1974, Barton Et Al desarrollo el sistema de clasificación geomecánica Q el cual se utiliza para determinar determinar la necesidad de soporte y fortificación de túneles. Este método de clasificación trabaja bajo el alero de seis parámetros combinados en la siguiente ecuación:
Donde:
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4.- CONTROL DE PROYECTO La inspección del túnel se divide en 2 categorías y se desarrolla con los criterios siguientes
Obra civil: para comprobar la seguridad de la estructura, su estado físico según reglas de buena práctica. Equipamientos: el objeto es analizar sin esta funcionando de manera correcta de los equipamientos y comprobar que las instalaciones responden a la finalidad para que se diseñaron. Artículo 9.2 del real decreto 635/2006: La autoridad administrativa, bien directamente o bien a través de organismos de inspección debidamente
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Centro de control: se observa que la sala de control es un recinto de acceso restringido. El decreto supremo 75-D.Of 8.6.93 esta aplicado no hay modificación en la ergonométrica y las condiciones sanitarias y ambientales básicas en los lugares de trabajo.
RESULTADO
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4.2.- EVALUACIÓN
Evaluar sistemas de emergencias dentro de un Túnel por accidentes o casos fortuitos como incendios. Reconocer equipamiento del Túneles. En caso de un incendio, los detectores previstos generan una alarma lo cual será trasmitido al centro de control para dar aviso a los personales del túnel. El sistema de emergencia del túnel funciona como una cadena cada equipamiento da señale a otro en caso de un peligro. Tenemos dentro de este sistema: - Alarma y extinción de incendio que funciona junto con los detectores, se prende
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4.3.- PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO DE UN TUNEL
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Saneo Se saneará el frente y el avance correspondiente a cada voladura. Debe mantenerse una estabilidad temporal de la
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Arranque con excavadora (prever atropellos y arrastres; delimitar zonas de trabajo de riesgo). Arranque con rozadora (prever atropellos y arrastres, desprendimientos de roca; delimitar zonas de trabajo de riesgo; instalar interruptores visibles para
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Grandes cabezas rotatorias de hasta 12 m de diámetro, armadas con discos o puntas, rotan a 2-10 rpm. Avance hasta 30 m/día.
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En el uso de cerchas metálicas: Los golpes fuertes; caídas; se emplearán plataformas de trabajo, etc. En el uso de bulones de anclaje: Las caídas; se emplearán plataformas de trabajo.
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