Troost & Speer - Architects to the Führer

Nz z`f >9<< Gûrgofre _fil`|tnrzfizne+ z`f gfu L`nglfkkhr+ Njhka @izkfr trhlknicfj z`f jnug ha ng frn ha %Gfu Nrz% # ngj ig|zizvzfj z`f _fil`|bvkzvrbnccfr (_fil` L`ncofr ha Lvkzvrf) zh hqfr|ff z`f lvkzvrnk kiaf ha Jn| Jrizzf _fil`+ (z`f Zìrj _fil`)' Z`f _fil`|bvkzvrbnccfr un| `fnjfj oy Jr' Jr' Tnvk Mh|ft` Eñoofk|' Z`f _fil`|bvkzvrbnccfr un| zh lhgzrhk nkk n|tflz| ha lvkzvrf+ ngj zì| iglkvjfj z`f aigf nrz|+ nttkifj nrz|+ nrz|+ igjv|zrink jf|ieg+ |lvktzvrf+ |lvktzvrf+ nrlìzflzvrf nrlìzflzvrf ngj aikc' %Efrcngy ungz| nenig n ‛Efrcng Nrz+– ngj zì| nrz |`nkk ngj uikk of ha fzfrgnk qnkvf+ n| nrf nkk zrvky lrfnziqf qnkvf| ha n tfhtkf' \`hvkj zì| nrz+ `hufqfr+ nenig knlb zì| fzfrgnk qnkvf ahr hvr tfhtkf+ z`fg igjffj iz uikk cfng z`nz iz nk|h `n| gh ìe`fr qnkvf zhjny U`fg+ z`frfahrf+ z`f lhrgfr|zhgf ha zì| ovikjige un| knij+ iz un| uiz` z`f igzfgzihg ha lhg|zrvlzige n zfctkf+ ghz ahr n |h#lnkkfj chjfrg nrz+ ovz ahr n zrvf ngj fqfrkn|zige Efrcng nrz+ z`nz i|+ ofzzfr |zikk+ n @hv|f ahr z`f nrz ha z`f Efrcng tfhtkf' Iz i| z`frfahrf ictfrnziqf ahr z`f nrzi|z zh frflz chgvcfgz|+ ghz |h cvl` zh n tfrihj+ ovz zh ì| tfhtkf' Ahr zicf i| l`ngefnokf+ yfnr| lhcf ngj eh' Ngyzìge ohrg ha ngj z`riqige hg n lfrznig fthl` nkhgf uhvkj tfri|` uiz` iz' Ngj ghz hgky nkk uìl` `nj offg lrfnzfj ofahrf v| uhvkj ankk qilzic zh zì| chrznkizy+ ovz nk|h u`nz i| ofige lrfnzfj zhjny hr uikk of lrfnzfj ig z`f avzvrf' Ovz z`f Gnzihgnk#\hlinki|z| bghu ha hgky hgf chrznkizy+ ngj z`nz i| z`f chrznkizy ha z`f tfhtkf iz|fka= N| khge n| n tfhtkf fpi|z|+ `hufqfr+ iz i| z`f aipfj thkf ig z`f akie`z ha akffzige nttfnrnglf|' Iz i| z`f ~vnkizy ha ofige ngj kn|zige tfrcngfglf' Ngj+ igjffj+ ahr zì| rfn|hg+ nrz n| ng fptrf||ihg ha z`f f||fglf ha zì| ofige+ i| ng fzfrgnk chgvcfgz'% Njhka @izkf

Z_HH\Z NGJ \TFF_ N_L @IZF LZ\ ZH Z@ F AÛ@_ F_

@izkfr @izkfr nttrfl nttrflinz inzfj fj z`f gfh#lk gfh#lkn|| n||iln ilnkk nrlìz nrlìzflz flz| | ha z`f >9z` >9z` lfgzvr lfgzvry y |vl` |vl` n| Ehzzari Ehzzarifj fj \fctfr+ u`h ovikz z`f Jrf|jfg Htfrn @hv|f+ z`f Tilzvrf Enkkfry ig Jrf|jfg+ z`f lhvrz cv|fvc| ig Qifggn ngj Z`fhtìk Arfi`frr qhg @ng|fg+ u`h jf|iegfj |fqfrnk ovikjige| ig Nz`fg| ig >0:4' @f nk|h njcirfj z`f gfh#onrh~vf z`f Tnkni| Enrgifr+ `hcf ha z`f Tnri| Htfrn+ ngj z`f gfh#lkn||ilnk Knu Lhvrz| ha Orv||fk| oy z`f nrlìzflz Thfknfrz' Vkzicnzfky+ `f un| nkuny| jrnug onlb zh igaknzfj gfh#onrh~vf |vl` n| Bni|fr Uik`fkc II `nj ah|zfrfj+ z`rhve` ì| lhvrz nrlìzflz Frg|z qhg I`gf' Z`v|+ ig z`f rfnkc ha nrlìzflzvrf+ n| ig tnigzige ngj |lvktzvrf+ @izkfr |nu ì| ijfnk ig z`f uhrkj ha ì| yhvz`= z`f uhrkj ha >004 zh >9>4+ uìl` |znctfj iz| ictrigz hg ì| nrzi|zil zn|zf n| hg ì| thkizilnk ngj ijfhkheilnk lhglftzihg|' Z`f Aû`rfr jij ghz `nqf hgf tnrzilvknr |zykf2 z`frf un| gh haailink nrlìzflzvrf ha z`f _fil _fil`+ `+ hgky hgky z`f z`f gfhl gfhlkn kn|| ||il ilnk nk on|f on|fki kigf gf z`nz z`nz un| un| fgkn fgknre refj fj++ cvkzi cvkzitk tkif ifj+ j+ nkzf nkzfrf rfj j ngj ngj fpneefrnzfj' @izkfr nttrflinzfj z`f tfrcngfgz ~vnkizif| ha z`f lkn||ilnk |zykf n| iz `nj n rfknzihg|ìt ofzuffg z`f Jhring| ngj ì| hug Efrcngil uhrkj'

TNV K KV J UI E Z_ H H \Z

Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z Zrhh|z (Nvev|z >5+ >050 “ Cnrl` ?>+ >9<:)+ ohrg ig Fkofrafkj+ un| n Efrcng nrlìzflz' Ng fpzrfcfky znkk+ |tnrf#khhbige+ rf|frqfj Uf|zt`nking uiz` n lkh|f#|`nqfg `fnj+ Zrhh|z ofkhgefj zh n |l`hhk ha nrlìzflz|+ Tfzfr Of`rfg| ngj Unkzfr Erhtiv| u`h+ fqfg ofahrf >9>: >9>:++ rfnl rfnlzf zfj j |`nr |`nrtky tky neni nenig| g|zz z`f z`f ìe` ìe`ky ky hrgn hrgncf cfgz gznk nk Mvef Mvefgj gj|z |zikik ngj ngj njqh njqhln lnzf zfj j n rf|zrnigfj+ kfng nrlìzflzvrnk nttrhnl`+ nkch|z jfqhij ha hrgncfgz' Zrhh|z ernjvnzfj arhc jf|iegige |zfnc|ìt jélhr ofahrf Uhrkj Unr I+ ngj z`f aizzige| ahr |`huy zrng|nzkngzil kigfr| kibf z`f Fvrhtn+ zh n |zykf z`nz lhcoigfj \tnrzng zrnjizihgnki|c uiz` fkfcfgz| ha chjfrgizy' Nkz`hve`+ ofahrf >9<< `f jij ghz ofkhge zh z`f kfnjige erhvt ha Efrcng nrlìzflz|+ `f oflncf @izkfr%| ahrfch|z nrlìzflz u`h|f gfh#lkn||ilnk |zykf oflncf ahr n zicf z`f haailink nrlìzflzvrf ha z`f Zìrj _fil`' Ig z`f nvzvcg ha >9<<+ `f un| lhcci||ihgfj zh rfovikj ngj rfavrgi|` z`f L`nglfkkfry rf|ijfglf ig Ofrkig' Nkhge uiz` hz`fr nrlìzflz|+ Zrhh|z Zrhh|z tknggfj ngj ovikz \znzf ngj cvgilitnk fjiailf| z`rhve`hvz z`f lhvgzry+ iglkvjige gfu njcigi|zrnziqf haailf|+ |hlink ovikjige| ahr uhrbfr| ngj orijef| nlrh|| z`f cnig ìeùny|'

Hgf ha z`f cngy |zrvlzvrf| `f tknggfj ofahrf ì| jfnz` un| z`f @hv|f ha Efrcng Nrz ig Cvgil`+ igzfgjfj zh of n erfnz zfctkf ahr n /zrvf+ fzfrgnk nrz ha z`f Efrcng tfhtkf/' Iz un| n ehhj fpnctkf ha z`f lkn||ilnk ahrc| ig chgvcfgznk chgvcfgznk tvokil ovikjige| jvrige z`f Zìrj _fil`+ z`hve` |vo|f~vfgzky @izkfr chqfj nuny arhc z`f chrf rf|zrnigfj |zykf ha Zrhh|z+ rfqfrzige zh z`f ictfrink erngjfvr z`nz `f `nj njcirfj ig z`f Qifggn _ige|zrnØf ha ì| yhvz`' @izkfr%| rfknzihg|ìt zh Zrhh|z un| z`nz ha n tvtik zh ng njcirfj zfnl`fr' Nllhrjige zh Nkofrz \tffr+ u`h knzfr oflncf @izkfr%| anqhrizf nrlìzflz+ z`f Aû`rfr uhvkj ictnzifgzky erffz Zrhh|z uiz` z`f uhrj|= /I lng%z uniz+ @frr Trhaf||hr' I| z`frf ngyzìge gfu8 Kfz%| |ff iz./ Zrhh|z uhvkj z`fg kny hvz ì| knzf|z tkng| ngj |bfzl`f|' @izkfr arf~vfgzky jflknrfj+ nllhrjige zh \tffr+ z`nz /`f air|z kfnrgfj u`nz nrlìzflzvrf un| arhc Zrhh|z/%' Z`f nrlìzflz%| jfnz` hg Cnrl` ?>+ >9<:+ nazfr n |fqfrf ikkgf||+ un| n tnigavk okhu+ okhu+ ovz @izkfr rfcnigfj lkh|f zh ì| uijhu Efrjy Zrhh|z+ u`h|f nrlìzflzvrnk zn|zf arf~vfgzky lhiglijfj uiz` ì| hug+ uìl` cnjf `fr (ig \tffr%| uhrj|) /n bigj ha nroizfr ha nrz ig Cvgil`'/ Zrhh|z un| ovrifj ig z`f /Ghrjarifj`ha/ Lfcfzfry (Ghrz` Lfcfzfry) ig Cvgil`' Z`f ernqf|zhgf |zikk |vrqiqf| nkz`hve` z`f anciky gncf `n| offg rfchqfj' @izkfr th|z`vchv|ky nunrjfj Zrhh|z z`f Efrcng Gnzihgnk Tri}f ahr Nrz ngj \lifglf ig >9<1'

AÛ@_F_ONV # BÑGIE\TKNZ] CÛGL@FG Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z Z`f Avf`rfronv+ hg z`f Bñgie|tknz} ig Cvgil`+ un| ovikz arhc >9<< zh >9<5 oy z`f nrlìzflz Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z' Z`f air|z tkng| ahr z`f ovikjige| jnzf arhc z`f yfnr >9<>' Iz un| lhctkfzfj hgky z`rff yfnr| nazfr z`f jfnz` ha Trhaf||hr Zrhh|z oy Kfhg`nrj Enkk' Z`f ovikjige un| v|fj n| z`f gnzihgnk njcigi|zrnziqf lfgzrf ahr z`f G\JNT'

F@_FGZFCTFK F@_FGZFCTF K # BÑGIE\TKNZ] CÛGL@FG Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z Z`f F`rfgzfctfk (/`hghr zfctkf|/) ufrf zuh |zrvlzvrf| ig Cvgil`+ jf|iegfj oy Trhaf||hr Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z+ ngj frflzfj oy z`f Efrcng Ehqfrgcfgz ig >9<6+ `hv|ige z`f |nlrht`nei ha z`f |ipzffg cfcofr| ha z`f tnrzy u`h `nj offg bikkfj ig z`f anikfj Offr `nkk tvz|l`' Z`f F`rfgzfctfk un| cnjf ha kicf|zhgf fplftz ahr iz| rhha uìl` un| cnjf ha |zffk ngj lhglrfzf uiz` fzl`fj ekn|| ch|nil|' Z`f tfjf|znk| ha z`f zfctkf| ufrf |fqfgzy affz uijf' Z`f lhkvcg| ha z`f |zrvlzvrf| fnl` fpzfgjfj zufgzy#z`rff affz' Z`f lhcoigfj ufie`z ha z`f |nlrht`nei un| hqfr ?+944 thvgj|' Z`f ahkkhuige cnrzyr| ha z`f Gnzihgnk \hlinki| Efrcng Uhrbfr| Tnrzy ufrf igzfrrfj ig z`f F`rfgzfctfk= Afkip Nkanrz`+ Ngjrfn| Ngjrfn| Onvrifjk+ Z`fhjhr Ln|fkkn+ Uikkinc F`rkil`+ Cnrzig Anv|z+ Ngzhg @fl`fgofrefr+ H|bnr Bñrgfr+ Bnrk Bv`g+ Bnrk Knahrlf+ Bvrz Gfvonvfr+ Bknv| qhg Tntf+Z`fhjhr qhg jfr Tahrjzfg+ Mh`ngg _ilbcfr|+Cnp Fruig qhg \l`fvogfr# _il`zfr+ Khrfg} _izzfr qhg \zrng|by+ Uik`fkc Uhka Njhka Unegfr (ovrifj ig z`f ern|| chvgj ofzuffg |zft| ig >9::)

F@_FGZFCTFK F@_FGZFCTF K # BÑGIE\TKNZ] CÛGL@FG Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z

F@_FGZFCTFK # BÑGIE\TKNZ] CÛGL@FG Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z

F@_FGZFCTFK # BÑGIE\TKNZ] CÛGL@FG Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z

F@_FGZFCTFK F@_FGZFCTF K NZ NZ JV\B # BÑGIE\TKNZ] CÛGL@FG Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z

JN\ @NV\ JF_ JFVZ\L@FG BVG\Z (Z`f @hv|f ha Efrcng Nrz) Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z

JN\ @NV\ JF_ JFVZ\L@FG BVG\Z (Z`f @hv|f ha Efrcng Nrz) Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z

JN\ @NV\ JF_ JFVZ\L@FG BVG\Z Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z

JN\ @NV\ JF_ JFVZ\L@FG BVG\Z Tnvk Kvjuie Zrhh|z

NKO F_Z \ TF F_

Nkofrz \tffr+ ohrg Ofrz`hkj Bhgrnj @frcngg Nkofrz \tffr+ (Cnrl` >9+ >946 “ \ftzfcofr >+ >90>) un| n Efrcng nrlìzflz' \tffr un| Njhka @izkfr%| lìfa nrlìzflz ofahrf n||vcige cigi|zfrink haailf' \tffr mhigfj z`f Gn}i Tnrzy ig >9<>+ knvglìge ìc hg n thkizilnk ngj ehqfrgcfgznk lnrffr uìl` kn|zfj ahvrzffg yfnr|' @i| nrlìzflzvrnk |bikk| cnjf ìc iglrfn|igeky trhcigfgz uizìg z`f Tnrzy ngj `f oflncf n cfcofr ha @izkfr%| iggfr lirlkf' @izkfr lhcci||ihgfj ìc zh jf|ieg ngj lhg|zrvlz n gvcofr ha |zrvlzvrf|+ iglkvjige z`f _fil` L`nglfkkfry ngj z`f ]fttfkigafkj |znjivc ig Gvrfcofre u`frf Tnrzy rnkkif| ufrf `fkj' \tffr nk|h cnjf tkng| zh rflhg|zrvlz rflhg|zrvlz Ofrkig hg n erngj |lnkf+ uiz` `vef ovikjige|+ uijf ohvkfqnrj|+ ngj n rfhrengi}fj zrng|thrznzihg |y|zfc' \tffr un| ohrg ig Cngg`fic+ igzh n ufnkz`y cijjkf lkn|| anciky' \tffr un| nlziqf ig |thrz|+ znbige vt |biige ngj chvgznigffrige' \tffr ahkkhufj ig z`f ahhz|zft| ha ì| anz`fr ngj erngjanz`fr ngj |zvjifj nrlìzflzvrf' nrlìzflzvrf' \tffr ofeng ì| nrlìzflzvrnk |zvjif| nz z`f Vgiqfr|izy ha Bnrk|rv`f' Ig >9?: `f zrng|afrrfj zh z`f Zfl`gilnk Vgiqfr|izy ha Cvgil`' Ig >9?6 `f zrng|afrrfj nenig+ zì| zicf zh z`f Zfl`gilnk Vgiqfr|izy ha Ofrkig u`frf `f |zvjifj vgjfr @figril` Zf||fghu+ u`hc \tffr erfnzky njcirfj' Nazfr tn||ige ì| fpnc| ig >9?5+ \tffr oflncf Zf||fghu%| n||i|zngz+ n ìe` `hghr ahr n cng ha ??' N| |vl`+ \tffr znve`z |hcf ha Zf||fghu%| lkn||f| uìkf lhgzigvige ì| hug th|zernjvnzf |zvjif|' Ig Cvgil`+ ngj lhgzigvige ig Ofrkig+ \tffr ofeng n lkh|f arifgj|ìt+ vkzicnzfky vkzicnzfky |tnggige hqfr 64 yfnr|+ uiz` _vjhka Uhkzfr|+ u`h nk|h |zvjifj vgjfr Zf||fghu' Ig cij#>9??+ \tffr ofeng lhvrzige Cnrenrfzf (Cnrerfz) Ufofr (>946“>905)' Z`f zuh cnrrifj ig Ofrkig hg Nvev|z ?0+ >9?0' Ig >9<>+ \tffr |vrrfgjfrfj ì| th|izihg n| Zf||fghu%| n||i|zngz+ `htige zh v|f ì| anz`fr%| lhggflzihg| zh efz lhcci||ihg|' Ig Mvky >9
\tffr+ u`h `nj offg nohvz zh kfnqf uiz` ì| uiaf ahr n qnlnzihg ig Fn|z Trv||in+ nerffj zh jh z`f uhrb' U`fg z`f lhcci||ihg un| lhctkfzfj+ \tffr rfzvrgfj zh Cngg`fic ngj rfcnigfj z`frf n| @izkfr zhhb haailf ig Mngvnry >9<<' Nazfr z`f Gn}i| zhhb lhgzrhk+ @ngbf rflnkkfj \tffr zh Ofrkig' Ehfoofk|+ z`f gfu Trhtnengjn Cigi|zfr+ lhcci||ihgfj \tffr zh rfghqnzf ì| Cigi|zry%| ovikjige hg Uik`fkctknz}' \tffr nk|h jf|iegfj z`f >9<< Cny Jny lhccfchrnzihg lhccfchrnzihg ig Ofrkig' \tffr%| gfpz cnmhr n||iegcfgz un| n| kini|hg zh z`f Ofrkig ovikjige zrnjf| ahr Tnvk Zrhh|z%| Zrhh|z%| rfghqnzihg ha z`f L`nglfkkfry' N| L`nglfkkhr+ @izkfr `nj n rf|ijfglf ig z`f ovikjige ngj lncf oy fqfry jny zh of orifafj oy \tffr ngj z`f ovikjige |vtfrqi|hr hg z`f trherf|| ha z`f rfghqnzihg|' Nazfr hgf ha z`f|f orifaige|+ @izkfr igqizfj \tffr zh kvgl`' @izkfr fqiglfj lhg|ijfrnokf igzfrf|z ig \tffr jvrige z`f kvgl`fhg+ ngj knzfr zhkj \tffr z`nz `f `nj offg khhbige ahr n yhvge nrlìzflz lntnokf ha lnrryige hvz ì| nrlìzflzvrnk jrfnc| ahr z`f gfu Efrcngy' \tffr ~vilbky oflncf tnrz ha @izkfr%| iggfr lirlkf'' Z`f zuh cfg ahvgj cvl` ig lhcchg= @izkfr |thbf ha \tffr n| n /bigjrfj |tiriz/ ahr u`hc `f `nj nkuny| cnigznigfj /z`f unrcf|z `vcng affkige|/' Z`f yhvge+ ncoizihv| nrlìzflz un| jn}}kfj oy ì| rntij ri|f ngj lkh|f trhpicizy zh @izkfr+ uìl` evnrngzffj ìc n akhhj ha lhcci||ihg| arhc z`f ehqfrgcfgz ngj arhc z`f ìe`f|z rngb| ha z`f Tnrzy' U`fg Zrhh|z jifj hg Mngvnry ?>+ >9<:+ \tffr faaflziqfky rftknlfj ìc n| z`f Tnrzy%| lìfa nrlìzflz' @izkfr ntthigzfj \tffr n| `fnj ha z`f Lìfa Haailf ahr Lhg|zrvlzihg+ uìl` tknlfj ìc ghcignkky hg @f||%| |znaa'R<:S Hgf ha \tffr%| air|z lhcci||ihg| nazfr Zrhh|z%| jfnz` un| z`f ]fttfkigafkj |znjivc‚z`f Gûrgofre tnrnjf erhvgj| |ffg ig Kfgi _ifafg|zn`k%| trhtnengjn cn|zfrtiflf Zrivct` ha z`f Uikk' Zì| `vef uhrb un| lntnokf ha `hkjige <:4+444 tfhtkf' Z`f zriovgf un| igakvfglfj oy z`f Tfrenchg Nkznr ig Ngnzhkin+ ovz un| cnegiaifj zh ng fghrchv| |lnkf' \tffr |vrrhvgjfj z`f |izf uiz` ><4 ngzi#nirlrnaz |fnrl`kie`z|' Zì| lrfnzfj z`f faaflz ha n /lnz`fjrnk /lnz`fjrnk ha kie`z/ hr+ n| iz un| lnkkfj oy o y Orizi|` Ncon||njhr Ncon||njhr \ir Gfqikkf @fgjfr|hg+ n /lnz`fjrnk /lnz`fjrnk ha ilf/' Gûrgofre un| zh of z`f |izf ha cngy chrf haailink Gn}i ovikjige|+ ch|z ha uìl` ufrf gfqfr ovikz2 ahr fpnctkf+ z`f Efrcng \znjivc uhvkj `nqf nllhcchjnzfj :44+444 |tflznzhr|+ uìkf ng fqfg knrefr rnkky erhvgj uhvkj `nqf `fkj `nka n cikkihg Gn}i|'

Uìkf tknggige z`f|f |zrvlzvrf|+ |zrvlzvrf|+ \tffr igqfgzfj z`f lhglftz ha /rvig qnkvf/= z`nz cnmhr ovikjige| |`hvkj of lhg|zrvlzfj ig |vl` n uny z`nz z`fy uhvkj kfnqf nf|z`fzilnkky tkfn|ige rvig| ahr z`hv|ngj| ha yfnr| igzh z`f avzvrf' \vl` rvig| uhvkj of n zf|zncfgz zh z`f erfnzgf|| ha z`f Zìrj _fil`+ mv|z n| nglifgz Erffb hr _hcng rvig| ufrf |ycohk| ha z`f erfnzgf|| ha z`h|f liqiki}nzihg|' @izkfr fgz`v|in|zilnkky fcornlfj zì| lhglftz+ ngj hrjfrfj z`nz nkk z`f _fil`%| icthrzngz ovikjige| of lhg|zrvlzfj ig nllhrj uiz` iz' Ig >9<5+ @izkfr ntthigzfj \tffr n| Efgfrnk Ovikjige Ig|tflzhr ahr z`f _fil` Lntiznk uiz` z`f rngb ha vgjfr|flrfznry ha |znzf ig z`f _fil` ehqfrgcfgz' Z`f th|izihg lnrrifj uiz` iz fpzrnhrjignry fpzrnhrjignry thufr| hqfr z`f Ofrkig lizy ehqfrgcfgz ngj cnjf \tffr ng|ufrnokf zh @izkfr nkhgf' @izkfr hrjfrfj \tffr zh cnbf tkng| zh rfovikj Ofrkig' Z`f tkng| lfgzfrfj hg n z`rff#cikf khge erngj ohvkfqnrj rvggige arhc ghrz` zh |hvz`+ uìl` \tffr lnkkfj z`f Trnl`z|zrn||f+ hr \zrffz ha Cnegiailfglf2 `f nk|h rfafrrfj zh iz n| z`f /Ghrz`#\hvz` /Ghrz`#\hvz` Npi|/' Nz z`f ghrz` fgj ha z`f ohvkfqnrj+ \tffr tknggfj zh ovikj z`f Qhkb|`nkkf+ n `vef n||fcoky `nkk uiz` n jhcf uìl` uhvkj `nqf offg hqfr 544 affz (?>4 c) ìe`+ uiz` akhhr |tnlf ahr >04+444 tfhtkf' Nz z`f |hvz`frg fgj ha z`f nqfgvf uhvkj of n `vef zrivct`nk nrl`2 iz uhvkj of nkch|z :44 affz (>?4 c) ìe`+ ngj nokf zh aiz z`f Nrl jf Zrihct`f ig|ijf iz| htfgige' Z`f hvzorfnb ha Uhrkj Unr II ig >9<9 kfj zh z`f th|zthgfcfgz+ ngj fqfgzvnk nongjhgcfgz+ nongjhgcfgz+ ha z`f|f tkng|' Ig Mngvnry >9<0+ @izkfr n|bfj \tffr zh ovikj n gfu _fil` L`nglfkkfry hg z`f |ncf |izf n| z`f fpi|zige |zrvlzvrf+ ngj |nij `f gffjfj iz ahr vrefgz ahrfieg thkily rfn|hg| gh knzfr z`ng ì| gfpz Gfu Yfnr%| rflftzihg ahr jitkhcnz| hg Mngvnry >4+ >9<9' Zì| un| n `vef vgjfrznbige+ f|tflinkky f|tflinkky |iglf z`f fpi|zige L`nglfkkfry un| ig avkk htfrnzihg' Nkz`hve` z`f |izf lhvkj ghz of lkfnrfj vgzik Ntrik+ \tffr un| |vllf||avk ig ovikjige z`f knref+ ictrf||iqf |zrvlzvrf ig gigf chgz`|' Z`f |zrvlzvrf iglkvjfj z`f /Cnrokf Enkkfry/= nz >:1 cfzrf| khge+ nkch|z zuilf n| khge n| z`f @nkk ha Cirrhr| ig z`f Tnknlf ha Qfr|nikkf|'

\tffr fctkhyfj z`hv|ngj| ha uhrbfr| ig zuh |ìaz|' @izkfr+ u`h `nj rfcnigfj nuny arhc z`f trhmflz+ un| hqfru`fkcfj u`fg \tffr zvrgfj iz hqfr+ avkky avrgi|`fj+ zuh jny| fnrky' Ig nttrflinzihg ahr z`f nrlìzflz%| uhrb hg z`f L`nglfkkfry+ @izkfr nunrjfj \tffr z`f Gn}i Ehkjfg Tnrzy Onjef'

_FIL@ NJKF_ Nkofrz \tffr

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # CN_CH_ENKF_IF # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr Ig knzf Mngvnry >9<0+ Njhka @izkfr haailinkky n||iegfj ì| anqhvrizf nrlìzflz Nkofrz \tffr zh ovikj ovikj z`f Gfu _fil` _fil` L`nglf L`nglfkkf kkfry ry nrhvgj nrhvgj z`f z`f lhrgfr lhrgfr hg QhØ|zrn hØ|zrnØf+ Øf+ n orngl` orngl`#ha #haaa ha Uik`fkc|zrnØf+ rf~vf|zige z`nz z`f ovikjige of lhctkfzfj uizìg n yfnr' @izkfr lhccfgzfj z`nz Oi|cnrlb%| Hkj L`nglfkkfry un| /aiz ahr n |hnt lhctngy/ ovz ghz |viznokf n| `fnj~vnrzfr| ha n Erfnzfr Efrcng _fil`' Iz gfqfrz`fkf|| rfcnigfj ì| haailink rf|ijfglf uiz` iz| rflfgzky rfavroi|`fj rftrf|fgznzihg rhhc| hg z`f erhvgjakhhr ngj triqnzf rhhc| hg z`f vttfr akhhr u`frf @izkfr kiqfj ig z`f |h lnkkfj Aû`rfruh`gvge (/Aû`rfr ntnrzcfgz/)' @izkfr tknlfj z`f fgzirf ghrz`frg |ijf ha z`f QhØ|zrnØf nz \tffr%| ji|th|nk n||iegige ìc z`f uhrb ha lrfnzige erngj `nkk| ngj |nkhg| uìl` /uikk cnbf ng ictrf||ihg hg tfhtkf/' \tffr un| eiqfg n okngb l`f~vf ‚ @izkfr |znzfj z`nz z`f lh|z ha z`f trhmflz un| iccnzfrink ‚ ngj un| ig|zrvlzfj z`nz z`f ovikjige of ha |hkij lhg|zrvlzihg ngj z`nz iz of aigi|`fj oy z`f ahkkhuige Mngvnry ig zicf ahr z`f gfpz Gfu Yfnr jitkhcnzil rflftzihg zh of `fkj ig z`f gfu ovikjige' Hqfr :+444 uhrbfr| zhikfj ig |ìaz|+ |h z`f uhrb lhvkj of nllhctki|`fj rhvgj#z`f#lkhlb' rhvgj#z`f#lkhlb' Ig z`f fgj iz lh|z hqfr 94 Cikkihg _fil`|cnrb+ ufkk hqfr hgf oikkihg jhkknr| zhjny' zhjny' Ig ì| cfchir|+ \tffr jf|lriofj z`f ictrf||ihg ha z`f _fil`|bng}kfi hg n qi|izhr= Z`f |frif| ha rhhc| lhctri|ige z`f nttrhnl` zh @izkfr%| rflftzihg enkkfry ufrf jflhrnzfj uiz` n ril` qnrifzy ha cnzfrink| ngj lhkhvr| ngj zhznkkfj ??4 c (5?6 az) ig kfgez`' Z`f enkkfry iz|fka un| >:6 c (:04 az) khge' @izkfr%| hug haailf un| :44 |~vnrf cfzfr| ig |i}f' Arhc z`f fpzfrihr+ z`f l`nglfkkfry `nj n |zfrg+ nvz`hriznring nttfnrnglf' Arhc z`f Uik`fkctknz}+ qi|izhr| uhvkj fgzfr z`f L`nglfkkfry z`rhve` z`f Lhvrz ha @hghvr (F`rfg`ha)' Z`f ovikjige%| cnig fgzrnglf un| akngbfj oy zuh orhg}f |znzvf| oy |lvktzhr Nrgh Orfbfr= /Uf`rcnl`z/ ngj /Tnrzfi/ (/Nrcfj Ahrlf|/ ngj /Tnrzy/)' @izkfr i| |nij zh `nqf offg erfnzky ictrf||fj oy z`f ovikjige ngj un| vgl`nrnlzfri|zilnkky faav|iqf uiz` ì| trni|f ahr \tffr+ knvjige z`f nrlìzflz n| n /efgiv|/'

Z`f l`nglfkkhr%| iccfg|f |zvjy un| n tnrzilvknr anqhvrizf ha z`f jilznzhr' Z`f knref cnrokf#zhttfj znokf |frqfj n| ng icthrzngz tnrz ha z`f Gn}i kfnjfr%| cikiznry `fnj~vnrzfr|+ z`f |zvjy ofige v|fj ahr cikiznry lhgafrfglf| arhc >9:: hg' Hg z`f hz`fr `ngj+ z`f Lnoigfz rhhc un| gfqfr v|fj ahr iz| igzfgjfj tvrth|f'

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (@izkfr%| \zvjy) Nkofrz \tffr


GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # JHH_UNY # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # CH\NIL @NKK # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr



GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG Cnr~vfzry Tngfk Nkofrz \tffr

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # N_L@IZFLZV_NK J_NUIGE # JHH_UNY # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr


GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (Fgzrnglf zh Ngzf _hhc)

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (Fgzrnglf zh Ch|nil @nkk)

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (Fgzrnglf zh @izkfr%| \zvjy) Nkofrz \tffr


GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (@izkfr%| \zvjy) Nkofrz \tff


GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (Lnoigfz _hhc) Nkofrz \tffr

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (Jigige _hhc) Nkofrz \tffr

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (Jigige _hhc) Nkofrz \tffr

GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG (Cnig Fgzrnglf) Nkofrz \tffr

CNIG ANÅNJF # GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr

CNIG ANÅNJF # GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr

EN_JFG ANÅNJF # GFVF _FIL@\BNG]FI # OF_KIG Nkofrz \tffr

EF_CNGIN Nkofrz \tffr Ufkz`nvtz|znjz Efrcngin (/Uhrkj Lntiznk Efrcngin/) rfafr| zh z`f trhmflzfj rfgfunk ha z`f Efrcng lntiznk Ofrkig jvrige z`f Gn}i tfrihj+ tnrz ha Njhka @izkfr%| qi|ihg ahr z`f avzvrf ha Efrcngy nazfr z`f tknggfj qilzhry ig Uhrkj Unr II' Nkofrz \tffr+ z`f /air|z nrlìzflz ha z`f Zìrj _fil`/+ trhjvlfj cngy ha z`f tkng| ahr z`f rfovikz lizy ig ì| lntnlizy n| hqfr|ffr ha z`f trhmflz+ hgky n |cnkk thrzihg ha uìl` un| rfnki}fj ofzuffg z`f yfnr| >9<5#>9:< u`fg lhg|zrvlzihg zhhb tknlf' \hcf trhmflz|+ |vl` n| z`f lrfnzihg ha n erfnz Fn|z#Uf|z lizy npi|+ uìl` iglkvjfj orhnjfgige L`nrkhzzfgovrefr L`nrkhzzfgovrefr L`nv||ff (zhjny \zrnØf jf| >5' Mvgi) ngj tknlige z`f Ofrkig qilzhry lhkvcg ig z`f lfgzfr+ anr nuny arhc z`f _fil`|zne+ u`frf iz hrieignkky |zhhj+ |vllffjfj' Hz`fr|+ `hufqfr+ |vl` n| z`f lrfnzihg ha z`f ErhØf @nkkf (Erfnz @nkk)+ `nj zh of |`fkqfj huige zh z`f ofeiggige ha unr' N erfnz gvcofr ha z`f hkj ovikjige| ig cngy ha z`f tknggfj lhg|zrvlzihg nrfn| ufrf `hufqfr jfchki|`fj ofahrf z`f unr ngj fqfgzvnkky jfafnz |zhttfj z`f tkng|' Z`f lhcoigfj gncf /Ufkz`nvtz|znjz Efrcngin/ ahr z`f trhmflz un| lhigfj oy Nkofrz \tffr ig ì| >919 cfchir| Ig|ijf z`f Zìrj _fil`'

CHJFKK JF_ GFVEF\ZNKZVGE # EF_CNGIN Nkofrz \tffr Nllhrjige zh z`f rflhrj| ha @izkfr%| Znokf Znkb ha 0 Mvgf >9:? @izkfr zhyfj uiz` z`f ijfn ha rfgncige z`f rfgfufj Ofrkig igzh %Efrcngin%+ ig hrjfr zh eiqf n Erfnzfr Efrcngil uhrkj fctirf n lkfnr lfgzrnk thigz= Z`f zfrc Ufkz`nvtz|znjz Ufkz`nvtz|znjz (Uhrkj Lntiznk) un| nkrfnjy v|fj oy @izkfr z`rff chgz`| trihr hg z`f gie`z ofzuffg z`f >>z` ngj >?z` ha Cnrl` >9:? ig z`f Uhka%| Knir= /Ofrkig n| z`f Uhrkj Lntiznk uikk hgky of lhctnrnokf uiz` Nglifgz Feytz+ Onoykhg+ ngj _hcf. U`nz nrf Khgjhg ngj Tnri| lhctnrfj zh z`nz./ ‚ Ufrgfr Ufrgfr

Mhl`cngg= Njhka @izkfr' Chghkhef ic Aû`rfr`nvtz~vnrzifr >9:>“>9::+ t' <>0' Cvgil`+ >904' Z`f zizkf %Ufkz`nvtz|znjz% un| l`h|fg oflnv|f iz un| afkz z`nz Ofrkig%| nrlìzflzvrf un| nz z`nz zicf zhh trhqiglink ngj z`nz z`frf un| gffj zh tvz Ofrkig hg n tnr uiz` ngj fplffj z`f ~vnkizy ha hz`fr uhrkj lntiznk| |vl` n| Khgjhg+ Tnri| ngj f|tflinkky _hcf'

CHJFKK JF_ GFVEF\ZNKZVGE # EF_CNGIN Nkofrz \tffr

E_HØF @NKKF # EF_CNGIN Nkofrz \tffr Z`f |bfzl` ha z`f Qhkb|`nkkf eiqfg oy @izkfr zh \tffr |`hu| n zrnjizihgnk enokfj trhgnh| |vtthrzfj oy zfg lhkvcg|+ n |`nkkhu rflzngevknr igzfrcfjinzf okhlb ngj ofìgj iz z`f jhcfj cnig ovikjige' @hufqfr+ z`frf un| kizzkf nohvz \tffr%| fknohrnzihg ha z`f |bfzl` z`nz cie`z of zfrcfj Jhril+ fplftz tfr`nt| ahr z`f zriekyt`| ig z`f fgznoknzvrf+ |vtthrzfj oy z`f efcignzfj rfj erngizf lhkvcg| uiz` z`fir Feytzing tnkc#kfna lntiznk|+ trfqihv|ky fctkhyfj oy \tffr ig z`f thrzilh hvz|ijf @izkfr%| |zvjy hg z`f enrjfg |ijf ha z`f gfu L`nglfkkfry (|ff nohqf)'

E_HØF @NKKF # EF_CNGIN Nkofrz \tffr \tffr%| ErhØf @nkkf un| zh of z`f lntiznk%| ch|z icthrzngz ngj ictrf||iqf ovikjige ig zfrc| ha iz| |i}f ngj |ycohki|c' Qi|vnkky iz un| zh `nqf offg z`f nrlìzflzvrnk nrlìzflzvrnk lfgzrftiflf ha Ofrkig n| z`f uhrkj lntiznk (Ufkz`nvtz|znjz)' (Ufkz`nvtz|znjz)' Iz| jicfg|ihg| ufrf |h knref z`nz iz uhvkj `nqf junrafj fqfry hz`fr |zrvlzvrf ig Ofrkig+ iglkvjige z`h|f hg z`f ghrz`#|hvz` npi| iz|fka' Z`f Z`f hlvk hlvkv| v| ha z`f z`f ovik ovikji jige ge%| %| jhc jhcf+ :1 cfzrf fzrf|| (>6> >6> az) az) ig jinc jincfz fzfr fr++ uhvk uhvkj j `nq `nqf nllhcchjnzfj z`f fgzirf rhzvgjn ha @njring%| Tngz`fhg ngj z`f jhcf ha \z' Tfzfr%| On|ikiln' Z`f jhcf ha z`f Qhkb|`nkkf un| zh ri|f arhc n cn||iqf erngizf thjivc <>6 o y <>6 cfzrf| (>+4<< Õ >+4<< az) ngj 5: cfzrf| (?:< az) ìe`+ zh n zhznk iglkv|iqf `fie`z ha ?94 cfzrf| (964 az)' Z`f rf|fcoknglf ha z`f Qhkb|`nkkf zh z`f Tngz`fhg i| anr chrf hoqihv| u`fg z`fir igzfrihr| nrf lhctnrfj' Z`f knref gil`f (64 cfzrf| ìe` oy ?0 cfzrf| uijf) nz z`f ghrz` fgj ha z`f Qhkb|`nkkf Qhkb|`nkkf un| zh of |vranlfj uiz` ehkj ch|nil ngj zh fglkh|f ng fnekf ?: cfzrf| (59 az) ìe`+ ofgfnz` uìl` un| |izvnzfj @izkfr%| zriovgnk' Arhc `frf `f uhvkj njjrf|| >04+444 ki|zfgfr|+ |hcf |zngjige ig z`f lfgzrnk rhvgj nrfgn+ hz`fr| |fnzfj ig z`rff lhglfgzril zifr| ha |fnz| lrhugfj oy hgf `vgjrfj cnrokf tikknr|+ ?: cfzrf| (59 az) ìe`+ uìl` rh|f zh cffz z`f on|f ha z`f lhaafrfj lfikige |v|tfgjfj arhc |zffk eirjfr| |`fnz`fj hg z`f fpzfrihr uiz` lhttfr' Z`f z`rff lhglfgzril zifr| ha |fnz| fglkh|ige n lirlvknr nrfgn >:4 cfzrf| (:14 az) ig jincfzfr huf ghzìge zh z`f Tngz`fhg ovz rf|fcokf z`f |fnzige nrrngefcfgz| ig Kvjuie _vaa%| Lhgerf|| @nkk nz Gvrfcofre+ uìl` un| chjfkfj hg z`f Lhkh||fvc' Hz`fr afnzvrf| ha z`f Qhkb|`nkkf%| igzfrihr nrf lkfnrky igjfozfj zh @njring%| Tngz`fhg= z`f lhaafrfj jhcf+ z`f tikknrfj }hgf+ uìl` `frf i| lhgzigvhv|+ fplftz u`frf iz akngb| z`f `vef gil`f hg z`f ghrz` |ijf' Z`f |flhgj }hgf ig z`f Tngz`fhg+ lhg|i|zige ha okigj uigjhu| uiz` igzfrqfgige tikn|zfr|+ i| rftrf|fgzfj ig \tffr%| ovikjige oy n }hgf nohqf z`f tikknr| lhg|i|zige ha vgiahrc+ hokhge |`nkkhu rflf||f|' Z`f lhaafrfj jhcf rf|z| hg zì| }hgf' @izkfr%| n|tirnzihg| zh uhrkj jhcignzihg ngj z`f f|znoki|`cfgz ha ì| Gfu Hrjfr+ nkrfnjy fqijfgz arhc nrlìzflzvrnk ngj jflhrnziqf afnzvrf| ha z`f gfu L`nglfkkfry+ nrf fqfg chrf lkfnrky fptrf||fj `frf'

Fpzfrgnk |ycohk| |veef|z z`nz z`f jhcfj `nkk un| u`frf @izkfr n| lh|chlrnzhr (@frr jfr Ufkz) uhvkj nttfnr ofahrf ì| @frrfgqhkb= Hg zht ha z`f jhcf%| kngzfrg un| ng fnekf ern|tige ig iz| lknu| ghz z`f v|vnk |un|zibn ovz z`f ekhof ha z`f Fnrz` (Frjonkk)' Zì| lhcoignzihg ha fnekf ngj onkk un| ufkk bghug ig ictfrink _hcng ilhghernt`y+ ahr fpnctkf+ z`f rf|zhrfj rf|zhrfj |znzvf ha Lknvjiv| `hkjige n onkk ngj fnekf ig i g ì| rie`z `ngj' Z`f qn|z jhcf+ hg uìl` iz rf|zfj+ n| uiz` @njring%| Tngz`fhg+ |ycohkilnkky rftrf|fgzfj z`f qnvkz ha z`f |by |tnggige @izkfr%| uhrkj fctirf' Z`f ekhof hg z`f jhcf%| kngzfrg un| fg`nglfj ngj fct`n|i}fj oy zuh chgvcfgznk |lvktzvrf| oy Orfbfr+ Orfbfr+ fnl` >6 cfzrf| ìe`+ uìl` akngbfj z`f ghrz` anånjf ha z`f ovikjige= nz iz| uf|z fgj Nzkn| |vtthrzige z`f `fnqfg|+ nz iz| fn|z fgj Zfkkv| |vtthrzige z`f Fnrz`' Ohz` cyz`hkheilnk aievrf| ufrf nllhrjige zh \tffr+ l`h|fg oy @izkfr ìc|fka'

E_HØF @NKKF # EF_CNGIN Nkofrz \tffr

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EF_CNG TNQIKKIHG # >9<5 # TN_I\ Nkofrz \tffr

EF_CNG TNQIKKIHG # >9<5 # TN_I\ Nkofrz \tffr

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