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SELF-STUDY GUIDE


SUCCEED IN TRINITY ISE III (C1) - Reading & Writing - Answers Explanations Task 1 Questions 1-5

TEST 1

G. (Par.3) “Both gossip and blackmail involve the disclosure of a secret but with the latter, the individual has more control over the information as they have the option of silencing the blackmailer with a bribe. With gossip there is no such recourse; the gossip exposes the secret without warning.” This implies that the implications of gossiping can be more devastating. H. (Par.4) Physiological benefits: The ‘gossip note’ was “an action that simultaneously worked to lower the participants’ (the observers’) heart rates.” Psychological benefits: “Additionally, such participants reported feeling happier afterwards than those participants not warning the other player.” A is incorrect because it can be beneficial for others as well, e.g. “gossip can play an important role in maintaining social order” (Par.5). C is incorrect because par. 2 refers to the origin and the evolution of the word ‘gossip’ and par 5 is about the social impact of gossip on our ancestors. E is incorrect as in par.1, it is stated: “It is this type of gossip that has caused gossiping to be viewed so negatively.”

1. E. Throughout paragraph 1, it is clearly illustrated how gossip is generally perceived: “Gossiping certainly has had a bad press” or “It is this type of gossip that has caused gossiping to be viewed so negatively.” 2. C. Paragraph 2 explains how the meaning of word ‘gossip’ changed in the past: “Deriving from the Old English word ‘godsibb’, meaning godparents … It was only in the 16th century that the word began to take on a more negative meaning, describing a woman who delighted in talking about others … resulting in the evolution of the word ‘gossip’ to mean idle, female talk.” 3. A. In paragraph 3, gossip parallels blackmail: “In fact, so destructive is the action of gossiping perceived, that its effects have been likened to blackmail. Both gossip and blackmail involve the disclosure of a secret but with the latter, the individual has more control over the information as they have the option of silencing the blackmailer with a bribe. With gossip there is no such recourse; the gossip exposes the secret without warning.” 4. D. Paragraph 4 refers to an experiment to show that gossipers feel good. In the experiment, the observers who sent a ‘gossip note’ to the next player warning them not to trust the cheater; “reported feeling happier afterwards than those participants not warning the other player”. This ‘gossip note’ was “an action that simultaneously worked to lower the participants’ (the observers’) heart rates.” 5. F. Paragraph 5 points out the role of gossip as a means of maintaining social order: “…gossip can play an important role in maintaining social order … gossip, as a means for sharing reputational information about the past behaviours of group members … gossip allowed group members to track one another’s reputation … With reputational concerns foremost, group members were forced to keep selfish motives in check or risk ostracism.”

Questions 11-15

11. deservedly maligned. (Par.1) “Undoubtedly the instigator of catty, idle chatter that fuels so many office and school rumours would be deservedly maligned.” 12. negative connotations. (Par.2) “Interestingly, the origin of the word ‘gossip’ originally bore no indication of the negative connotations that would later be attributed to the term.” The expression ‘it bore no indication of’ means ‘it was devoid of’ or ‘it was entirely free from.’ 13. trustworthy. (Par.3) “A study by Turner and colleagues showed that friends who passed on gossip in a laboratory experiment lost their own friends’ respect and as a result perceived them as less trustworthy, afterwards.” 14. meaningful social benefits. (Par. 4) “However, recent studies would seem to suggest that gossiping is not all bad. In a recent study, undertaken by psychologists at the University of California, Berkeley, it was found that talking behind someone’s back resulted in meaningful social benefits.” 15. social order. (Par. 5) “The conclusions drawn from the study suggest that gossip can play an important role in maintaining social order, a purpose that may have had some evolutionary benefit.” The rest of the paragraph gives more information regarding the maintaining of social order. (Uphold means maintain).

Questions 6-10 (in any order)

B. (Par.1) “Such malicious gossip is usually an individual’s way of getting back at their enemies or advancing themselves …” D. (Par.4) “However, recent studies would seem to suggest that gossiping is not all bad. In a recent study, undertaken by psychologists at the University of California, Berkeley, it was found that talking behind someone’s back resulted in meaningful social benefits.” The previous paragraphs illustrate the negative aspects of gossiping so these positive views are considered alternative views. F. (Par.5) “The conclusions…gossip can play an important role in maintaining social order … gossip allowed group members to track one another’s reputation … With reputational concerns foremost, group members were forced to keep selfish motives in check or risk ostracism.”

Task 2 Questions 16-20

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16. D. Lucy says, “Doctors and nurses are the ones who should receive huge pay packets. Not footballers and celebrities!” Alison says, “Entertainers are important, but doctors and nurses are vital to society.”


Questions 26-30

17. A. The text describes various payment methods, e.g. ‘card transactions’, ‘payment in exchange for commodities’ or ‘ancient currencies’. 18. B. The text discusses children’s spending potential: “It seems that today’s youngsters are rolling in money” or that “children today have a disposable income” (par.1). Also in par.2: “the government is proposing to teach finance to schoolchildren as young as five years old … personal expenditure of young people contributes around £5 billion annually to the economy.” 19. C. The bar chart shows changes in pocket money income from 1994 to 2014. 20. A. The text refers to practical issues at several points: “Portable and lightweight, cards are deemed more convenient than bulky coinage.” (par.1). Also in par.2, “Ancient currencies often came in many bizarre shapes, sizes and formats, ranging from the edible (salt, peppercorns) to the somewhat impractical (large immovable stones).”

26. more convenient. Text A. (par.1) “cards are deemed more convenient than bulky coinage.” 27. sizes and formats. Text A. (par.2) “Ancient currencies often came in many bizarre shapes, sizes and formats, ranging from the edible (salt, peppercorns) to the somewhat impractical (large immovable stones).” They were not standard. They had very strange (bizarre) shapes or they were very small (e.g. salt) or very big (e.g. stones). 28. bodily ornaments. Text A. (par.3) “Some of the more practical currencies, being portable, tended to double up as bodily ornaments.” 29. Multiple sources. Text B. (par.1) “A recent survey by The Children’s Mutual has revealed that children are now deriving income from multiple sources.” 30. in proportion. Text D. Alison says: “Yes, but it’s all about getting things in proportion, isn’t it? Entertainers are important, but doctors and nurses are vital to society.” So things are not in proportion because footballers are not as qualified as doctors or nurses, whose role is vital in society.


B. (Text B, par.1) “Whether as a reward for completion of homework or good performance at school, or as an accumulation of points on a reward chart for good behaviour, children are literally coining in the money.” E. (Text A, par.4) “Some of the more practical currencies, being portable, tended to double up as bodily ornaments. … Made from cast iron, the serpent-shaped amulets acted as a form of currency whilst supposedly warding off danger. Similarly, inhabitants of the Democratic Republic of the Congo wore their currency, the ‘Katanga Cross’ around their necks as a decorative ornament.” F. (Text C) “Pocket money income from 1996-1998 averaged £1.71p weekly.” In 1996, it was £1.7 a week. In 1997, it was £1.67 a week, and in 1998, it was £1.76. So pocket money remained fairly stable during this period. G. (Text B, par.2) “Probably … personal expenditure of young people contributes around £5 billion annually to the economy.” H. (Text A, par.1) Cards as a form of currency: “In the modern world, card transactions are invariably favoured over cash. Portable and lightweight, cards are deemed more convenient than bulky coinage.” A is incorrect (Text A, par.2) “Historically, people have assigned monetary value to a diverse range of objects.” C is incorrect as in Text D, it is stated that “…a top footballer earns around £100,000 a week! That’s more than some top earners get annually!” also “They’re paid to have fun kicking around a ball all day. Doctors and nurses are the ones who should receive huge pay packets. Not footballers and celebrities!” D is also incorrect as from the bar chart in Text C we see that in 2005 pocket money income was at its highest level (£8,37 weekly) while in 2014 it dropped to £6,35 weekly.

Task 3 Article

Modern Society and Income Nowadays we make card transactions daily without a second thought. We make money and we spend money, just as societies have always done. But do we appreciate the value of money and more to the point, do our children?

If we look at the income of footballers and celebrities, it would seem that we have lost our moral compass with regard to money. Talented as such people might be, such astronomical incomes can never be justified.

It is small wonder that as adults we have little appreciation of the value of money, since we raise our children to believe that money just grows on trees. A child in 2014 for example, enjoyed around a 600% increase in pocket money compared to what children received in 1994.

What’s worse is that not only do we fail to appreciate the value of money but we even underestimate the value of things such as education and healthcare. This is reflected in the ridiculously low wages paid to teachers and those working in the medical profession. In order for modern society to appreciate the value of money and assign incomes that reflect ability and worth, we need to teach children about finance from an early age. That means educating children at school but also making children work for their pocket money. Only by doing this can we as a society reward those who really deserve it with a good income. 2


Task 4 Essay

depletes minerals in grown vegetables.” It depletes minerals means that it reduces them. “One mineral particularly affected is selenium (Se).” Selenium should be replaced but “this is not happening, leading to the appearance of chronic diseases in the population that are related to selenium deficiency.” 4. F. The paragraph points out that we shouldn’t just blame modern farming for our poor diet, because we are responsible for our diet too. “We too are to blame” … “woeful eating habits” … “sugar consumption has increased dramatically.” 5. A. “86% of girls, for example, are getting below the recommended daily amount of iron, which is critical for good health. This is creating potential major problems for our young as they grow older in terms of chronic disease patterns related to a breaking down of the immune system; … In addition, children should be weaned off a high fat diet that in adulthood can lead to high levels of (blood) cholesterol land, in worst case scenarios, to high blood pressure, strokes and heart attacks.”

‘Nowadays changes need to be made regarding the school curriculum, so that it can meet the needs of society.’ Discuss.

It has been argued that the modern day school curriculum is out of step with the needs of society. Teaching Arts subjects such as Languages and Literature is thought to have little relevance in a society that has one global language and needs technology not the Arts, to evolve. This however is both untrue and unhelpful. Firstly, those who argue in favour of a more ‘practical’ curriculum teaching skills such as Computer Science and Technology, overlook the value of more traditional Arts subjects, such as Literature and Languages. Each of these subjects sharpens cognitive thinking and develops critical awareness; all skills that can be applied to the modern workplace.

Secondly, technology and science have benefitted greatly from imagination that is cultivated through the Arts. Da Vinci, one of the greatest scientists of all time, is a case in point. His drawings were vehicles for his imagination which fed into his inventive skills.


A. (par.4) “Children are especially liable to eat nutritionally poor diets. Over the last 50 years there has been a reduction in calorie intake...” D. (par.3) “Replenishing the soil with the depleted minerals may prove costly...” E. (par.3) “However, in the interests of crop yield and maximum productivity, this is not happening, leading to the appearance of chronic diseases in the population that are related to selenium deficiency.” Selenium deficiency shows that the crops are of bad quality. F. (par.5) “86% of girls, for example, are getting below the recommended daily amount of iron, which is critical for good health.” H. (par.3) “However, in the interests of crop yield and maximum productivity, this is not happening, leading to the appearance of chronic diseases in the population that are related to selenium deficiency.” B. is incorrect as in par.2, it is stated, “This has a knock-on effect, creating crops that are less nutritious, being deficient in vital minerals.” Also in par.5, “Poor diets of school children are being made even more nutritionally deficient by the increasing consumption of processed foods, like meat and cheese. A staggering 70-80% of the food we eat in the West is processed in some way, thereby reducing the mineral and vitamin content of food.” C. is incorrect as in par.5, it is stated that “Neither are schools blame-free for the nutritionally deficient diets of schoolchildren.” G. is incorrect as it is not stated that the effects only become evident in later life. Also, in par.4, it is stated that children’s immune system can be weakened resulting in ‘susceptibility to disease.’ This implies that it will happen while they are children, not adults.

Finally, by dismissing traditional subjects such as English Literature and Art as superfluous, we are overlooking the contribution made by our great writers and artists to society as a whole. Where would we be without Shakespeare, or Picasso, for example? It would be folly to tamper with the school curriculum therefore. It is still relevant to modern society and forms the basis of all great ideas and inventions today.


TEST 2

1. E. In terms of diet, people in the past were better role models because their diet was better: “In fact, our present day diet bears little relation to that of our predecessors, which was nutritionally rich… Most at risk are those born from the 60s onwards, who are most likely to exhibit the outcome of eating a poor diet.” 2. B. People need to grow a variety of crops because “The favouring of monoculture farming is in direct opposition to nature. Monocultures drain the soil of specific nutrients that would have been otherwise replaced by growing different crops.” 3. D. “The addition of certain minerals to the soil to stimulate uptake of micronutrients from the earth further

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Questions 11-15

places on the show, so only successful candidates will be notified.” E. (Text C, par.1) “All candidates should submit a written resume of skills, abilities and reasons for wanting to participate in the show.” also (par.2) “Selected candidates will be invited to an initial screening interview.” F. (Text D) “Popularity of reality TV shows is more strongly correlated with education than socio-economic status.” B is incorrect: “the confrontation changes from the verbal to the physical” (Text A, par.2). G is incorrect as the opposite is true according to text D: “Reality TV shows are least popular amongst those who have completed the highest level of education e.g. postgraduate (14.3%).” H is incorrect: “Popularity of reality TV shows is more strongly correlated with education than socio-economic status.” (Text D)

11. Degenerative diseases / Chronic disease patterns. (par. 1) “The decline in a nutrient-rich diet, exacerbated by an increasingly unhealthy lifestyle, is to blame for the recent and rapid rise in degenerative diseases amongst Westerners.” … “Most at risk are those born from the 60s onwards, who are most likely to exhibit the outcome of eating a poor diet, which increases the incidence of chronic disease patterns occurring later in life.” 12. less nutritious /nutritionally deficient. (par. 2) “Monocultures drain the soil … This has a knock-on effect, creating crops that are less nutritious, being deficient in vital minerals.”, also (par.5) “Poor diets of school children are being made even more nutritionally deficient by the increasing consumption of processed foods, like meat and cheese.” 13. to blame. (par. 4) “We too are to blame ...”, (par.5) “Neither are schools blame-free for the nutritionally deficient diets of schoolchildren.” 14. the immune system. (par. 5) “86% of girls, for example, are getting below the recommended daily amount of iron, which is critical for good health. This is creating potential major problems for our young as they grow older in terms of chronic disease patterns related to a breaking down of the immune system.” When we say that the immune system is compromised, we mean that it is weakened and harmed because of a problem. In this case it is compromised because of the low standards of the diet. 15. is processed. (par. 5) “A staggering 70-80% of the food we eat in the West is processed in some way, thereby reducing the mineral and vitamin content of food.”

Questions 26-30

26. (full scale) punch-up. Text A. (par2) “This then causes the level of aggression to escalate until nearly reaching a full scale punch-up.” 27. physical. Text A. (par.2) “the confrontation changes from the verbal to the physical.” 28. self-esteem. Text B. Lucy says, “Also they can have a negative impact on participants’ self-esteem.” 29. fame / celebrity status. Text B. “Yes, also think of the fame and celebrity status you could enjoy!” 30. (earn) big money Text B. Mark says, “Winners of Big Brother earn big money.”

Task 3


The Appeal of Reality TV Reality TV hasn’t fallen out of vogue since shows like The Jerry Springer Show first hit our screens in 1991. Since then, Big Brother and I’m a Celebrity…get me out of here! I have enjoyed similar, if not as great a success, as The Jerry Springer Show. So why are these controversial shows so popular and what makes people want to participate in them?

16. C. It sets out guidelines for those who are interested in applying for the show. 17. A. It offers a lot of detailed information about the show: its origin, the format, its ‘little variation’ and its popularity. 18. B. Annette says, “They humiliate the participants.” Then Lucy says, “Also they can have a negative impact on participants’ self-esteem.” 19. D. The bar chart links the popularity of reality TV to social factors (socio-economic level and education). 20. B. “They humiliate the participants.” … “Also they can have a negative impact on participants’ self-esteem.” … “But such shows just create bad role models for society.” … “That’s why society’s in such a mess, today.”

Regarding the appeal of reality shows, what draws most audiences in, is their sheer unpredictability. In a typical Jerry Springer show, guests and even the audience end up brawling on screen. In other instances, it is the exotic setting of some reality shows like Jungle Survival that appeals.

Typically, the shows are most likely to appeal to those of lower educational levels, in particular, primary school graduates, who accounted for 22.6% of viewers of reality TV in one sample study. It would seem therefore, that level of education plays a large role in determining the popularity of reality TV.


A. (Text A, par.1) The show controls in a clever way (manipulates) its guests and the audience because it “encourages conflict between studio guests and the audience.” C. (Text B) Annette says, “They humiliate the participants.” D. (Text C, par.2) “There is a high level of interest for

Article

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With regard to why people participate in such shows, the answer is simple; the promise of fame and fortune. Winners of shows such as Big Brother enjoy huge cash rewards as well as instant celebrity.


So it seems that reality TV shows have all the most powerful ingredients to entertain an audience and to encourage participation in such shows. Whether you like them or loathe them, reality TV it seems, is here to stay, at least for the foreseeable future.

Task 4


TEST 3

1. E. The paragraph starts with a question, asking for reasons why someone would choose a private school instead of a state one. Then it continues with some facts about schools, which usually help parents to make a decision. The paragraph ends by explaining, “It’s a case of weighing up the pros and cons of both systems and deciding what is best, not only for your offspring, but for the entire family.” 2. C. In private schools there are smaller numbers of students so “your child will not get lost in the shuffle. Your child will get the personal attention that she or he needs and craves.” The numbers of students in classes are small too so “If a student is struggling with a lesson, in a small class the teacher will realise this very quickly and will be able to address the learning issue on the spot rather than waiting weeks or months to fix it.” Quality is associated with smaller classes and more individual attention. 3. F. “When a private school Head of Department or Head teacher hires teachers, they look for competence in and passion for the subject a candidate will teach. They then review how the teacher actually teaches. They will look for charisma, an ability to instil discipline and an individual flair in their teaching style that will inspire their students.”, “...discipline is rarely an issue in private schools as students know that if they are disruptive they will be dealt with swiftly and without recourse.” 4. A. The paragraph is about the variety of resources and facilities available that enable a broad educational experience, “Libraries, which are now called media centres … research materials of every conceivable kind … first rate athletic facilities … Choirs, orchestras and drama groups are the norm in private schools.” 5. D. “While the major focus at most private schools is preparing you for college, your personal maturation and development go hand in hand with that academic preparation.”, “However, at a private school, rather than becoming an object of social ridicule, the smarter you are, the more respect you will get from your peers and the school will do its best to stretch your intellectual limits. That’s one of the things private schools do exceptionally well.”

E-mail

Do social media networks cause more harm than good? Dear Mr. Hartnell,

As a frequent user of social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook, I would like to make the case for social media being an essential tool for modern society. Too many detractors of social media sites claim that such sites are distracting, unnecessary and even dangerous. They believe that schoolchildren are lured away from studying by such sites which only function to exchange gossip.

Furthermore, it is argued that a heavy reliance on social media sites makes both children and adults less socially adept, as they substitute face-to-face interaction for chatting to friends on social media networks. I really think though, that such criticism is entirely unfounded. Social media for a start, is not a distraction from education as it is an educational tool in itself. You learn a lot from friends and other social media users about the world and different cultures. Social media is not just a tool for gossip!

Furthermore the argument that social media sites make users socially awkward, is ridiculous. This is only true if individuals allow themselves to be ruled by such sites, neglecting all human company for a tablet or computer screen. Such cases are in the minority and should not be regarded as the norm. So as you can see, I believe that the case can be made for social networks being valuable for today’s society. Personally, my life would be a lot less rich without being able to access such sites. Yours, Daniel


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A. (par.1) “The school seems to get plenty of students into good colleges and universities.” B. (par.2) “Your child will get the personal attention that she or he needs and craves.” D. (par.3) “...the majority of teachers in private schools have a first class degree in their subject and a high percentage, about 70 - 80 %, will also have a master’s degree.” F. (par.4) “Libraries, which are now called media centres, are now the focal point of some of the best private


techniques” which are now used in Third World countries; “space-driven technology” to improve crops; “more accurate thermometers” in medicine. “And these are just to name but a few of the space-driven technologies that are currently benefiting mankind.”

schools. Money has never been an object at these schools and similar older schools when it comes to books and research materials of every conceivable kind. But media or learning centres are the centre piece of almost every private school, small or large.” G.(par.4) “Choirs, orchestras and drama groups … it is these extracurricular activities that are the first to be cut when a state school finds itself strapped for cash and needs to tighten its belt.” C is incorrect. This is not mentioned or implied in the texts. E is incorrect. This comparison is not made in the texts. H is also incorrect: “In a private school it’s cool to be smart … the smarter you are, the more respect you will get from your peers and the school will do its best to stretch your intellectual limits.” (par.5)


A. Text A. In text A, the people have conflicting views on space exploration. D. Text C. In par.2, and par.3, the writer refers to the purification techniques and the environmental benefits respectively. E. (Text C, par.3) “It would be folly to put a stop to space exploration now when we are beginning to discover so much that will ultimately benefit all of humanity.” So the humanity will benefit more from space exploration in the future. F. (Text C) The developed world: greater yields of crops; advances in medicine; valuable data about how our atmosphere is evolving. The Third World countries: water purification techniques are preventing disease and saving lives. G. (Texts A & B) Some people from Text A argue against space exploration, and Vera Browning from Text B implies that there are people who share the same views as her, by saying “I only hope that people like myself will be able to stir up opposition to the space programmes…” B is incorrect as Text C points out various benefits such as the water purification techniques in par.2. C is incorrect: “The environmental benefits, too, are wide-ranging, as satellites in orbit provide valuable data about how our atmosphere is evolving. Data from studies of other planetary atmospheres in the solar system help us to understand ours.” (Text C, par.3) H is incorrect as none of the texts states or implies this.

Questions 11-15

11. pros and cons. (par.1) “It’s a case of weighing up the pros and cons of both systems and deciding what is best, not only for your offspring, but for the entire family.” 12. ratios. (par.2) “Teacher to student ratios are typically 1:8 and class sizes are 10 - 15 students. Why are small class sizes and low teacher to student ratios important?” 13. three references. (par.3) “Finally they check out the three references (or sometimes more) from the candidate’s previous employers to ensure that they are hiring the best candidate for the position.” 14. cut. (par.4) “Choirs, orchestras and drama groups … it is these extracurricular activities that are the first to be cut when a state school finds itself strapped for cash and needs to tighten its belt.” 15. intellectual limits. (par.5) “However, at a private school … the smarter you are, the more respect you will get from your peers and the school will do its best to stretch your intellectual limits.”


16. B “I felt that I really had to write to voice my objection over the billions of dollars spent on space exploration annually.”, “Our health service is in dire need of funds, as is our educational system.” 17. B. “I only hope that people like myself will be able to stir up opposition to the space programmes and make the government see sense before our country runs out of money for public funding.” The phrase “to stir up opposition” suggests political action. 18. D. “Relative cost of recent Indian Mars missions compared to US expenditure for film ‘Gravity’.” or “Gravity cost nearly a seventh of the amount spent on the most expensive mission ($671 million).” 19. A. Pros: “I think space travel opens up so many possibilities for mankind.” Cons: “Waste of money if you ask me. That money could be spent on better things, like education.” 20. C. In the second paragraph, space exploration is linked to technological advances: “water purification

Questions 26-30

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26. space colonies. Text A. “I think we may need to form space colonies on other planets soon if we continue to destroy our Earth!” 27. suffering and poverty. Text C. “Indeed the billions spent on isolated projects do make the vast majority of people question the morality of such expenditure when there is so much suffering and poverty in the world.” 28. health (service) and/or education(al) (system). Text B. “Shuttle programme alone amounts to $1.5 billion per flight, the total cost of NASA’s US Space Shuttle programme amounting to a staggering $200 billion! … Our health service is in dire need of funds, as is our educational system.” Here it is implied that more money is spent on space exploration. 29. Space Shuttle programme. Text B. “Space Shuttle programme alone amounts to $1.5 billion per flight” 30. Mars orbiter missions. Text D. The bar chart compares the cost of recent Indian Mars orbiter missions to US expenditure for the film ‘Gravity’. The total cost is ‘$1,437 million’.


Task 3 Article

visiting. For these reasons alone, it is important to be aware of another country’s culture.

Is Money Spent on Space Exploration Excessive and Wrong?

Quite apart from these reasons, not being aware of another country’s etiquette can lead to misunderstandings and offence. Not knowing that it is offensive to point one’s feet at someone from an Asian country, is one such example. If foreign visitors take the trouble to learn what will cause offence in the country being visited, this will help avoid unpleasant situations. Obviously it will also make the visitor’s stay a lot more pleasurable.

Big budgets for space exploration, running into millions, has stirred up a lot of controversy. Some believe that the money could be better spent, on vital necessities, such as health and education. However there are many benefits gained from space exploration that will help mankind both now and in the future.

Admittedly, some space exploration budgets can verge on the excessive: the total cost of NASA’s Space Shuttle programme has so far amounted to $200 billion, whilst the total cost for one Mars Orbiter Mission amounted to $671 million. Many argue therefore that the money could have been better spent on health and education, or directed towards helping the developing countries.

In conclusion, I would like to say that there is no excuse for not making an effort to learn something about a country’s culture when travelling abroad. It is folly not to do so. The foreign visitor can only but gain, however, by being more culturally aware on a foreign visit. Kind regards, Celia Johnson

Ironically, however, spending money on space exploration actually helps developing countries. For example, water purification techniques that were developed for space exploration are now being employed in Third World countries. Humankind has also benefited from space exploration in many other ways ranging from the development of medicines to increasing crop yield.


Those are just the present benefits that we have gained from space exploration. In the future, we may gain further from money spent on such a venture, as overpopulation leads us to seek alternative planets to inhabit, in the future. Space exploration does not exist therefore just to satisfy man’s curiosity. It is a valid and vital venture that is and also will be, of untold benefit to mankind in the future.

Task 4 Letter

‘Since more people are travelling abroad nowadays, it is necessary for individuals to have a greater awareness of other cultures.’ Discuss. Dear Sir/madam,

I recently read your article about the need for people to be more aware of different cultures and customs and I really couldn’t agree more.

It is a fact that there are more people travelling today than ever before. People from different cultures are suddenly being brought into close proximity to one another. This necessitates a greater awareness of foreign cultures than previously, both for the sake of etiquette and to avoid offence. Furthermore, I think that it is no use going abroad, behaving according to the traditions of one’s one culture. Not only does it demonstrate a degree of ignorance but also an unwillingness to learn about the country one is

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TEST 4

1. B. Most people would not participate in such a project because “space is a dangerous place for fragile humans”. The people who take part will have to face “health hazards, such as extreme temperatures, cramped quarters, long periods of isolation and the debilitating physiological effects of life without gravity”. Therefore, this project is not for everyone. 2. F. “Amongst the myriad of hazards associated with deep-space travel is prolonged exposure to unrelenting cosmic radiation. Such exposure is detrimental to DNA and can radically change its structure, thereby increasing the risk of diseases, such as cancer … a further problem: brain damage.” 3. C. Previous studies showed that “radiation exposure could cause cognitive impairment leading to the onset of Alzheimer’s-like dementia later in life.” But “Now, recent research has turned up the worrying possibility that such trauma to the brain may manifest itself much earlier.” 4. A. These physical effects are visible in mice: “As a result of exposure to the ‘mind numbing’ effects of radiation, free radical reactions in cells, known to instigate cancer, occurred within milliseconds. The physical effects of such reactions then became evident within weeks...” 5. D. “… while such findings (regarding the negative impact on health) are cause for concern, they might not be quite as disturbing as they might first appear.”, “Nevertheless, scientists are pressing ahead with advanced shielding technologies that could better protect astronauts on long-term missions into deep space. In addition, Limoli and his team are investigating pharmacological interventions that could protect brain tissue from cosmic radiation.”



sure to the ‘mind numbing’ effects of radiation, free radical reactions in cells, known to instigate cancer, occurred within milliseconds.” 15. as disturbing as. (par.5) “Nathan Schwadron, Associate Professor of Space Plasma Physics at the University of New Hampshire, believes that while such findings are cause for concern, they might not be quite as disturbing as they might first appear.”

A. (par.1) “The initial one hundred candidates selected range from an archaeologist to a singer and a 19-year-old student. Despite the fact that the candidates come from many different walks of life…” C. (par.2) “Amongst the myriad of hazards associated with deep-space travel is prolonged exposure to unrelenting cosmic radiation. Such exposure is detrimental to DNA and can radically change its structure, thereby increasing the risk of diseases, such as cancer, developing.” This implies that it is not just prolonged exposure to cosmic radiation that can be detrimental but even shortterm exposure. D. (par.3) According to par.3, in previous studies suggested that such effects were evident later in life, but now, it is believed that these detrimental effects can occur earlier “in just a few months”. So that implies that these effects may not be immediately apparent. F. (par.5) “Nevertheless, scientists are pressing ahead with advanced shielding technologies that could better protect astronauts on long-term missions into deep space … investigating pharmacological interventions that could protect brain tissue from cosmic radiation.” H. (par.4) “The damage seen in the mice affected was akin to the defects seen in human brains suffering from neurodegenerative conditions which occur over the course of ageing.” B. is incorrect as these effects are visible: “As a result of exposure to the ‘mind numbing’ effects of radiation, free radical reactions in cells, known to instigate cancer, occurred within milliseconds. The physical effects of such reactions then became evident within weeks...” (par.4) E. is incorrect as in par.5, scientists seem to have a more optimistic view about space travel health issues: “that while such findings are cause for concern, they might not be quite as disturbing as they might first appear … scientists are pressing ahead with advanced shielding technologies that could better protect astronauts on long-term missions into deep space.” G is incorrect as in par.2, it is stated that “Such exposure is detrimental to DNA and can radically change its structure...” Also in par.4, it is stated that “the effects were irreversible”.


16. B. This text includes an exchange of opinions about the usefulness of school subjects in life: “But I can honestly say I’ve never had to use any of it (algebra and geometry) in my life.” … “Maybe if you’d understood it, you’d find it’s useful after all.” … “there are plenty of things we learn at school that we don’t realise are relevant until later in life.” 17. D. The bar chart analyses people’s regrets because it shows the eight most common skills that the adults who were questioned in the poll wished they had learnt at school, and it also shows the percentage of the adults who wished they had been taught each skill. 18. A. “The mid- to late-1960s are known as a time when people were questioning the status quo and setting out alternative visions of how things should be done … the origins of Summerhill go back as far as 1921…” (para. 1) 19. C. “…in the third year all pupils spend a day doing work experience at a local company. Two years later, this becomes a whole week spent with a different company…” (para. 2) 20. C. “Before they even join the school, prospective pupils attend an informal interview at their primary school to discuss their hopes and preferences for the future. The emphasis on employment continues during the first two years at Stevendon, then in the third year all pupils spend a day doing work experience at a local company. Two years later, this becomes a whole week spent with a different company, usually arranged by the students themselves.” (para. 2)


Questions 11-15

11. (considerable) reservations. (par.1) “The majority of us, though, would probably have considerable reservations in voluntarily committing ourselves to such a project, as space is a dangerous place for fragile humans.” 12. myriad of hazards. (par.2) “Amongst the myriad of hazards associated with deep-space travel is prolonged exposure to unrelenting cosmic radiation.” 13. complex maintenance tasks. (par.2) “…how can astronauts operate highly sophisticated equipment and perform complex maintenance tasks if they suffer cognitive impairment to any degree?” 14. within milliseconds. (par.4) “As a result of expo-

8

B. (Text A, par.2) “The media labelled Summerhill as a ‘freedom school’ or, less complimentary, ‘the do-as-youplease school.’ Neill himself was often portrayed as a hopeless idealist who encouraged anarchy in the classroom and the world outside…” D. (Text B) “Tony: I remember when I was at school I had to learn stuff like algebra and geometry. After a while I just switched off and I never managed to grasp the idea.” E. (Text B) Tina says, “More generally, though, as a lot of people say, there are plenty of things we learn at school that we don’t realise are relevant until later in life.” F. (Text C, par.3) “Head Teacher Muriel Greenwood believes it’s money well spent.” She says: “Schools often think they’re fulfilling their commitments by offering final year pupils a lesson every week, taught by existing staff


… Teachers aren’t trained to be careers advisors, so we bring in professional help.” H. (Text D) From the bar chart, in Text D, which points out the eight most common life skills that people wish they had taught at school, we can see that four are about finance: “Managing household budgets”, “How loans and interest work”, “The process of buying a house”, “Opening a bank account”. A is incorrect because in the text it is not mentioned whether people now realise that his ideas were ahead of their time. C is incorrect as in Text A in the last paragraph, it is stated that “In contrast, Summerhill graduates left the school with a sense of self-worth and a range of what business people now value as “soft skills”, like communication, empathy and teamwork.” So we can say that one aim of the school was to make its students more confident and to equip them with necessary skills in order to succeed at work. G is also incorrect. “Almost half of adults (not students) in a recent poll said...”

cover our room or basic maths to add up a grocery bill, the skills we learnt at school are invaluable.

The sad truth is, however, that few of us actually use such skills when we grow up. We resort to calculators to perform basic calculations or call in a professional to carry out D.I.Y tasks that involve numerical skills. Furthermore, as adults, we discover to our dismay that our schools neglected to teach us the very things that we need to know, such as how loans work and basic electrics.

In some ways, therefore, schools leave us woefully equipped for adult life. Maybe schools would do better to take a leaf out of the books of alternative schools such as Summerhill and teach real life skills such as communication, empathy and teamwork. Better still, teach students about work by placing them in work placements where they can learn about real life.

Task 4 Letter

The decline in quality of TV programmes

Questions 26-30

Dear Mr. Branning-Smith,

26. alternative visions. (Text A, par.1) “The mid-to late- 1960s are known as a time when people were questioning the status quo and setting out alternative visions of how things should be done…” 27. relevant. (Text B, Tina) “More generally, though, as a lot of people say, there are plenty of things we learn at school that we don’t realise are relevant until later in life.” 28. work experience. (Text C, par.2) “The emphasis on employment continues during the first two years at Stevendon, then in the third year all pupils spend a day doing work experience at a local company.” 29. employment options. (Text C, par.3) “It’s part of a co-ordinated programme that aims to make students aware of the employment options available, and how to make the most of them.” 30. life skills. (Text D) “Here are eight of the most common life skills people wish they’d been taught…”

It is with total dismay that I am writing to you. I have just glanced at this week’s T.V programmes and am in a state of disbelief. Yet again this week’s programmes are dominated by reality TV shows, game shows and other lowbrow forms of entertainment. Since this has now become the rule rather than the exception, I felt obliged to write to you forthwith. I remember a time, well over a decade ago, when there were quality programmes on TV. One could choose from a variety of programmes on offer, such as documentaries, costume dramas and current affairs programmes.

Nowadays however, we are fed a constant diet of low quality programmes that appeal to the lowest common denominator in TV audiences. Reality TV shows abound whilst quality programmes seem to have been withdrawn from the TV schedule.

Task 3 Essay

I understand that TV is about entertainment, but quality programmes are entertaining in their own right, too. TV programmes however, now seemed to be aimed at a certain type of audience that is fairly uncritical. It is a shame, as TV should be a source of entertainment for everyone, including those who are more demanding and want to watch higher calibre programmes.

Education for Life?

According to our forebears, if you wanted to get on, you had to have a good education. It was taken for granted that the school curriculum based around the ‘Three R’s’-Reading, Writing and Arithmetic always stood schoolchildren in good stead for the future. However, many believe that the school curriculum has failed and is continuing to fail countless generations in preparing them for adult life. Undoubtedly core subjects such as the ‘Three R’s’ are indispensable for later life. Whether we need simple geometry skills to work out how much wallpaper we need to

I hope that you will take my views into account and that soon we may see a turnaround in the type of programmes aired on TV. Yours sincerely, Mrs. J. Swift 9



TEST 5

1. D. The paragraph explains that sometimes people can tell when someone is lying to them because they pick up that person’s “unintentional, subconscious messages” which indicate their real thoughts. 2. C. The paragraph states what verbal language includes: “facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, gestures displayed through body language (kinesics) and the physical distances between the communicators (proxemics).” 3. B. The whole paragraph is about the information that is conveyed through body language: “Such non-verbal cues can relay a wealth of information to the listener...” , “Non-verbal messages can convey the speaker’s real feelings...”, “Classic examples of acceptance and encouragement are a held gaze, closeness of body position and relaxed posture.”, “Mirroring is another way that we can ascertain our relationship to the speaker. Matching of the listener’s posture, in facial expressions or gestures, indicates liking and acceptance.” 4. F. The paragraph is about the importance of body language in two significant parts of people’s lives: work and relationships: “Whether we are sizing up a potential partner or attending a job interview, it is often what we communicate non-verbally that will make or break a situation.”, “Your body language can have a significant impact on how you are perceived…”, “The average time it takes for an interviewer to decide whether a candidate will be accepted for a job is within a time frame of 3 minutes – often even less.” 5. A. The paragraph warns readers that “the interpretation of body language is not infallible” and explains that people can be taught how to use body language in order to convey the message they want. It also explains how possible misunderstandings can occur due to cultural differences: “Whilst in some countries, such as Japan, prolonged eye contact can be seen as disrespect, in Western cultures it signifies interest.”

nicate non-verbally that will make or break a situation.”, “Your body language can have a significant impact on how you are perceived…”, “The average time it takes for an interviewer to decide whether a candidate will be accepted for a job is within a time frame of 3 minutes – often even less.” G. (par.5) “Other factors that complicate the interpretation of non-verbal communication are cross-cultural differences. Whilst in some countries, such as Japan, prolonged eye contact can be seen as disrespect, in Western cultures it signifies interest. Additionally, personal spacing in British culture is significantly greater than in MiddleEastern cultures, leading to confusion and often discomfort if such differences are not understood.” C is incorrect. Par.1 is asking the reader (not an expert), “Ever had an uneasy feeling when someone was telling you something that didn’t ring true, even when you had no grounds for suspicion that the communicant wasn’t telling the truth?” And then continues to explain that “If so, you were probably picking up on unintentional, subconscious messages being conveyed by the speaker, indicating their real thoughts, in conflict with what they were overtly communicating to you.” D is incorrect because in par.2 it is stated that “Social psychologist, Desmond Morris, is to be credited with bringing non-verbal communication into the public eye. Author of ‘The Naked Ape’ (1967) and ‘Body Watching’ (1985) … to unravel the hidden meaning behind our forms of non-verbal communication employed in everyday life.” H is incorrect because in par.5 it is stated that “The same self-help books that teach people to interpret body language, also convey the information, unwittingly or otherwise, as to how to ‘fake’ non-verbal signals, such as gestures and eye contact. An individual can easily learn to simulate interest in a person or job and to hide their real feelings, for example.”

Questions 11-15

11. in conflict with. (par.1) “If so, you were probably picking up on unintentional, subconscious messages being conveyed by the speaker, indicating their real thoughts, in conflict with what they were overtly communicating to you.” Questions 6-10 (in any order) 12. overtly communicating. (par.1) “If so, you were A. (par.2) “Tellingly, these non-verbal signals can give clues, additional information and meaning over and above probably picking up on unintentional, subconscious messages being conveyed by the speaker, indicating their real spoken or verbal communication.” B. (par.5) “One factor is conscious manipulation of body thoughts, in conflict with what they were overtly communicating to you.” language by the speaker. The same self-help books that teach people to interpret body language, also convey the 13. additional information. (par.2) “Tellingly, these information, unwittingly or otherwise, as to how to ‘fake’ non-verbal signals can give clues, additional information and meaning over and above spoken or verbal non-verbal signals, such as gestures and eye contact.” communication.” E. (par.3) “Such non-verbal cues can relay a wealth of 14. distancing or reinforcing. (par.3) “Non-verbal information to the listener, although often at a messages can convey the speaker’s real feelings, thereby subconscious level.” providing negative or positive feedback to the other perF. (par.4) “Whether we are sizing up a potential partner son, distancing or reinforcing a relationship.” or attending a job interview, it is often what we commu15. is not infallible. (par.5) “A word of warning, how10


usual sleeping patterns are not merely the province of geniuses and high achievers; lesser mortals, too, may require seemingly excessive or minimal amounts of sleep.” F is incorrect because this statement is not mentioned or implied in the texts. H is incorrect because in Text A (last sentence), it is stated that “psychological counselling could also prove useful when medical intervention fails.”

ever, to the uninitiated: the interpretation of body language is not infallible, since several factors may obfuscate non-verbal messages and how they are interpreted.”


16. C. Text C illustrates the sleep requirements for different age groups. 17. A. The text informs the reader of the different sleeping disorders, which can be grouped into four main categories: “problems falling and staying asleep (insomnia), problems staying awake (excessive daytime sleepiness), problems sticking to a regular sleep schedule (sleep rhythm problem) and unusual behaviours, such as sleepwalking during sleep (sleep-disruptive behaviours).” 18. B. The text offers advice to people who have difficulty in sleeping, e.g. to eliminate caffeine and to learn to breathe deeply. 19. D. The text refers to some famous people’s sleeping patterns to illustrate how adults’ sleeping patterns vary: “The link between Napoleon, the late former UK Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, and Leonardo da Vinci is not immediately apparent. However, all fell within extreme ends of the sleeping spectrum.” 20. D. “His (Leonardo da Vinci’s) contributions to the world of technology and art made him an outstanding individual and so it seems fitting that Leonardo failed to conform to the normal sleeping habits of ordinary people, either.”

Questions 26-30

26. underlying physiological problem. (Text A, par.2) “However, when any of the conditions become chronic, it is time to seek medical attention, since some disorders, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, may reveal an underlying physiological problem, such as a low thyroid function.” 27. psychological counselling. (Text A, par.2) “Other disorders, such as insomnia, are often stress-related and so psychological counselling could also prove useful when medical intervention fails.” 28. need more sleep. (Text C) “Teens may need more sleep” than the number shown in the bar chart. 29. bedtime gets later. (Text C) “7-12 years; Bedtime gets later” 30. extreme. (Text D, par.1) “The link between Napoleon, the late former UK Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, and Leonardo da Vinci is not immediately apparent. However, all fell within extreme ends of the sleeping spectrum.”


B. (Text C) According to the bar chart, adults need approximately 7.75, not 8 hours of sleep. Also Text D informs the reader that some (last paragraph): “lesser mortals, too, may require seemingly excessive or minimal amounts of sleep.” C. (Text A, par.2) According to Text A, the reasons for some sleeping disorders “may reveal an underlying physiological problem, such as a low thyroid function.” A physiological problem is related to the body, not to environmental factors. D. (Text A, par.2) “However, when any of the conditions become chronic, it is time to seek medical attention, since some disorders, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, may reveal an underlying physiological problem, such as a low thyroid function.” E. (Text A, par.2) “In some cases, sleep disruption, such as insomnia, may be acute and not require medical attention. However, when any of the conditions become chronic, it is time to seek medical attention...” G. (Text C) According to the bar chart, babies who are 1-4 weeks old need just over 15 hours of sleep. This number is gradually reduced, so children who are 4-6 years old need 11 hours of sleep. Then it is reduced to 9 hours for the group age 13-18 and adults need even fewer hours, approximately 7.75. A is incorrect because in Text D, it is stated that “Un-

Task 3 Report

Sleep regulators and cures for irregular sleep

Aim The aim of this report is to identify factors regulating sleep and how to manage factors that disrupt sleep.

Factors regulating sleep Age and physiology primarily regulate sleep. Behavioural, environmental and physiological factors however, can interfere with such regulation. Natural Sleep Regulators 1. Age Age predominantly determines sleeping patterns. Infants sleep over 15 hours daily, however with age, sleep declines. By adulthood, individuals sleep half the number of hours that they did in early infancy (7.5 hrs).

2. Individual physiology Some adults require a minimum number of hours to get by in adult life, whereas others typically require in excess of the recommended amount of 8 hours’ sleep. It would seem that these sleeping patterns are hard-wired into the individual’s physiology. 11


Abnormal Sleep Regulators 1. Environmental Factors Stress from work or family demands can severely disrupt sleep.

2. Behavioural Factors Consumption of caffeine-laden drinks, like tea and coffee inhibits sleep. Not having a routine to ‘wind down’ before bed can also interfere with sleeping. How to remedy abnormal sleeping patterns Sleep disruption caused by environmental and behavioural factors can however, be remedied. Stress can be managed by consciously de-stressing one’s life and by adopting ‘winding down’ techniques before bedtime, like taking a hot bath. Bad lifestyle habits like excess caffeine consumption can be remedied by eliminating coffee and tea from one’s diet. Conclusion External factors disrupting sleep can be dealt with quite effectively. However, disrupted sleep patterns caused by chronic health problems, require medical attention.

Task 4 Essay

‘Technology on the whole, has greatly improved our quality of life.’ Do you agree? Undoubtedly technology facilitates our everyday lives and can be essential to our very existence. However some believe that our lives would be less complicated without modern technology. So who is right? Certainly, the advent of advanced technologies has led to more stressful lifestyles today. Technology has increased the pace of life both in the workplace and in our everyday lives. The invention of faster transport allows us to reach our destinations faster, causing us to schedule in more appointments, to fill time freed up by travelling less hours. Similarly, in the workplace, modern technologies, such as computers, allow us to work faster, leading to increased expectations of what workload can be accomplished in any given time, again leading to stressed-out employees. In addition, mobiles and the internet are another source of stress, allowing us to be theoretically on call 24/7 to the outside world.

However it would be folly to dismiss modern technologies on the grounds that they induce stress. The benefit of technologies such as improved transport has made our lives easier and richer in many ways. Worldwide destinations, exotic or otherwise can now be reached fairly easily. With regard to scientific technology, many inventions have increased our longevity and quality of life, by effectively tackling previously life-threatening illnesses and medical disorders.

It can be seen therefore, that the advantages of technology far outweigh the disadvantages. Technology is also now part and parcel of modern society and has become indispensable to our way of living.


TEST 6

1. C. “However, recent research would seem to suggest that not only is a solid block of sleep unnecessary, but it may also be detrimental to our health. Tossing and turning in our beds at night trying to get back to sleep once awake, it appears, is actually going against our internal body rhythm.” 2. F. “Recent research on non-consolidated sleep has shown that humans didn’t always sleep for 8 hours consecutively … Roger Ekrich, a historian from Virginia Tech University US, who conducted the research, supports his findings with historical evidence from sources as diverse as Homer’s Odyssey to tribes indigenous to Nigeria. Within medical books, literature and diaries there is evidence, claims Ekrich, of bimodal sleep patterns which have now all but disappeared in modern society.” 3. B. “Wehr found that subjects, placed in a darkened room for 14 hours a day for a month, naturally adopted a bimodal sleep pattern. The subjects would sleep for around 4 hours, awaken for a few hours, then return to sleep until morning.” According to Dr Ekrich, this “bimodal sleep pattern” is “our natural sleeping rhythm” which “began to disappear around the turn of the 18th century.” 4. E. The paragraph associates changes in sleep patterns with some historical events such as the advent of the Industrial Revolution, or the introduction of electric lighting. 5. A. The paragraph offers some practical advice: “According to Dr. Ekrich, what we should be doing instead (of trying to sleep) is getting up, walking around for a couple of hours or working, then sleeping until daylight.”


B. (par.2) The paragraph refers to the ancestors to show the regular sleep pattern adopted: “our ancestors preferred to sleep an initial 3-4 hours, stay awake for a couple of hours, then sleep the same amount of time again until daybreak, this bimodal pattern of sleep occurring within a 12-hour time frame.” C. (par.4) “Changes in sleep patterns coincided with the advent of the Industrial Revolution. The mechanisation of life made people more aware of using time effectively. Also the introduction of electric lighting enabled people to stay up longer, later, thereby further disrupting (natural) sleeping patterns.” E. (par.5) “According to Dr. Ekrich, what we should be doing instead is getting up, walking around for a couple of hours or working, then sleeping until daylight.” 12



F. (par.5) “According to Dr. Ekrich, what we should be doing instead is getting up, walking around for a couple of hours or working, then sleeping until daylight. … It is not mandatory, however, to stay awake for the same time period each night; individuals vary in the time required to remain awake but the key, apparently, is to be consistent in sleep patterns.” H. In paragraph 2, Ekrich’s theory is supported by historical research and in paragraph 3 by scientific research. A. is incorrect as according to Dr Ekrich’s research “the bimodal sleep pattern … began to disappear around the turn of the 18th century. Such a pattern originated, Ekrich claims, amongst the aristocracy, catching on amongst the lower and middle classes until, 200 years later, the bimodal sleeping pattern had all but disappeared” (par.3) D. is incorrect as in par.5 it is stated that “This research should come as a relief therefore to those who suffer from disturbed sleep. Ironically such individuals with ‘sleep problems’ probably have more natural sleep patterns than those of us enjoying 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep nightly.” G. is incorrect as scientific evidence is provided in par.3.

16. D. “Research indicates that non-verbal communication plays a far more prominent role in our everyday lives than verbal communication.” (par.1). Also in par.3, it is stated: “In fact what we say accounts for only 7% of the overall impression that others have of us. Body language accounts for a staggering 55% of the impression others form of us, second in importance being the role played by the voice (38%), such as tone, modulation and pauses.” 17. C. The diagram illustrates all forms of body language. 18. B. The mistake people often make is to focus on verbal language only when preparing for an interview: “In fact, it is often something that you’re not saying but doing that is to blame.” (par.1) 19. A. “In these days of increasing globalisation, employer and employee alike need to be informed of culture-appropriate behaviour and communication.” (par.1) 20. B. “However, if you follow the weekly advice on this blog, you will find out how to win friends and influence people just by using body language!” (par.2)

Questions 11-15

11. sleep disturbance. (par.1) “Indeed, sleep problems are so prevalent in the West that up to 30% of patients treated by GPs are believed to have problems stemming from sleep disturbance.” They are wrong to believe so because “… recent research would seem to suggest that not only is a solid block of sleep unnecessary, but it may also be detrimental to our health. Tossing and turning in our beds at night trying to get back to sleep once awake, it appears, is actually going against our internal body rhythm.” 12. be detrimental. (par.1) “However, recent research would seem to suggest that not only is a solid block of sleep unnecessary, but it may also be detrimental to our health.” 13. historical evidence. (par.2) “… this bimodal pattern of sleep occurring within a 12-hour time frame. Roger Ekrich, a historian from Virginia Tech University US, who conducted the research, supports his findings with historical evidence from sources as diverse as Homer’s Odyssey to tribes indigenous to Nigeria.” 14. (scientific) sleep experiments. (par.3) “Interestingly, Ekrich’s research appears to be supported by earlier scientific sleep experiments conducted in the 1990s, by psychiatrist, Thomas Wehr, former chief to the Clinical Psychobiology branch of the National Institute of Mental Health.” 15. natural sleeping patterns. (par.4) “Changes in sleep patterns coincided with the advent of the Industrial Revolution. The mechanisation of life made people more aware of using time effectively. Also the introduction of electric lighting enabled people to stay up longer, later, thereby further disrupting natural sleeping patterns.”


C. (Text A, par.1) “Highly tailored and interactive blended learning solutions designed to provide international personnel, in every function, with the required skills, knowledge and tools to develop both general and culture specific intercultural business skills.” D. (Text D, par.3) “Body language accounts for a staggering 55% of the impression others form of us…” E. (Text B, par.1&2) “It’s these non-verbal cues that make a potential employer decide to employ you or not.” (par.1). Also in par.2: “Some potential employers state that they can size up an interviewee within just 30 seconds of their entering the interview room and that’s before they even start talking!” G. (Text C) “appearance (e.g. untidiness)” H. (Text C) “sounds (e.g. laughing)” A is incorrect because in Text D (par.1) it is stated that “Many people are simply unaware of how important body language is. If we better understood how our gestures and other forms of non-verbal communication were being interpreted by other people, we would definitely be more guarded in our body language.” B is incorrect as in Text B, it is stated: “Wondering why you failed to get a job interview? You’re not the only one. In fact, it is often something that you’re not saying but doing that is to blame. Forget all those ‘trick’ questions that you prepared your answers for…” F is incorrect as in Text D, it is stated that the voice is “second in importance” (par.3).

13


Questions 26-30

26. maximise your global effectiveness. (Text A, par.2) “Our fully interactive courses explore the issues of working in an international environment…”, “We also offer a full range of intercultural communication ‘Awareness and Competence’ workshops centering on variations in cultural body language to maximise global effectiveness.” 27. job interview. (Text B) In the text, the example of failing a job interview is given to explain why many people would benefit from body language awareness. 28. more prominent role. (Text D, par.1) “Research indicates that non-verbal communication plays a far more prominent role in our everyday lives than verbal communication.” 29. Gestures. (Text D, par.1) “If we better understood how our gestures and other forms of non-verbal communication were being interpreted by other people, we would definitely be more guarded in our body language.” Also in Text C, we can see some types of gestures: head movements and hand movements. 30. facial expressions / frown. (Text C) One type of body language is “facial expression (e.g. frown).”

Task 3 Essay

The importance of non-verbal communication

We commonly believe that it’s what we say not what we do that is important. However, nothing could be further from the truth; in fact the exact opposite is the case. Few realise for example, that the content of any conversation is barely relevant to our target audience. In fact it only accounts for 5% of the overall impression formed by others of ourselves, when speaking. Compare this to body language, however, which makes up 55% of that impression and you realise what an important role our gestures and voice play in interaction. Job candidates often ignore the importance of body language at their peril. Little do most would-be employees realise, that their interviewer has often already decided to hire them or not before they’ve even spoken a word! Employers frequently size up candidates within 30 seconds of meeting, based on a candidate’s body language alone.

Task 4 Review of a film

Having heard all the hype for Cameron’s Avatar, our class was looking forward to watching the film with eager anticipation. Cameron’s legendary filming technique combined with cutting edge computer generated imagery (CGI) suggested we had a treat in store; we were to be bitterly disappointed however. Admittedly, no one could fault the stunning 3D, CGI effects. The flying sequences where the blue-skinned Na’vi navigated the alien world of Pandora on dragon-like creatures were second-to-none in special effects. However a movie isn’t just about creating stunning images. It needs a plot that is credible and captivates its audience. This is where Avatar failed so spectacularly. Admittedly, a love story between an alien and a human represented as an Avatar was always going to stretch credulity. The love story between Jake Sully (Sam Worthington) a paraplegic marine and the Na’vi, Neytiri, left me and my classmates, cold. Movies are about escapism and if you can’t believe in the leading protagonists then there is little else to recommend a movie.

What really grated though, was the movie’s central anti-imperialist message which portrays the human would-be colonists of Pandora as two-dimensional villains and the Na’vi as innocent victims. This theme is unsubtly hammered home to tedious effect in long-winded dialogues and drawn-out clashes between the Na’vi and the humans. I and my class would definitely not recommend this movie for adults, at least. It is more likely to be appreciated by children who are less critical and would enjoy the stunning CGI effects.

Whilst this might sound alarming, all is not lost. Organisations now exist that can teach candidates how to use body language to positive effect in business situations, especially when dealing with foreign clientele. Cross-culturally, body language can differ substantially, so learning of these differences is vital to succeed in business as indeed in our social lives, too. We need to become more aware of our body language therefore. To ignore the role played by gestures and our intonation is pure stupidity if we want to get on not just in business but in our social lives, too.

14


TRINITY ISE III - Reading & Writing - ANSWER KEY

Exam Preparation Section TASK 1 Section 1

Exercise 3 11 at harm 12 capable of 13 domestic chores 14 parental control 15 rudimentary

Exercise 1 Paragraph: 5 - 1 - 3 - 2 - 4 Exercise 3 Paragraph 1: F Paragraph 2: A Paragraph 3: D Paragraph 4: E Paragraph 5: C Exercise 4 1A 2B 3A

Section 2

TASK 2 Section 1

4C

Exercise 1 A. 1 Text A 2 Text D 3 Text C 4 Text B

5A

B. 1 Text C 2 Text B 3 Text D 4 Text A

Exercise 1 1 Paragraph 3 2 Paragraph 2 3 Paragraph 1 4 Paragraph 5 5 Paragraph 4

Exercise 2 1F 2F 3T

Exercise 3 1 T 2 F 3 NG Exercise 5 1T 2T 3F

4F

4 NG

Exercise 6 6B/C/D/F/H 7B/C/D/F/H 8B/C/D/F/H 9B/C/D/F/H 10 B / C / D / F / H

C. 1 Text C 2 Text A 3 Text D 4 Text B

5T

Exercise 2 16 Text D 17 Text C 18 Text A 19 Text B 20 Text C

5 NG

Section 2

Exercise 1 21 B / C / E / F / H 22 B / C / E / F / H 23 B / C / E / F / H 24 B / C / E / F / H 25 B / C / E / F / H

Section 3

Exercise 1 oblivious to - unaware of intrusive - invasive of privacy covertly - secretly borne of - resulting from oppressive - prohibitive know-how - expertise deterrent to - persuasion against reap dividends - prove beneficial crucial - important

Exercise 2 1C 2C 4C 5A

3A 6C

Exercise 3 21 A / B / F / G / H 22 A / B / F / G / H 23 A / B / F / G / H 24 A / B / F / G / H 25 A / B / F / G / H

Exercise 2 11 unaware of 12 secretly 13 expertise 14 important 15 resulting from

Section 3

15

Exercise 1 unwieldy - portable vulnerable - protective radical- conservative obsolete - in use risen - decreased adherence to - departure from


Exercise 2 A. 1 Text B 2 Text D 3 Text A 4 Text C

B. and C. A. protected 2 B. portable 1 C. in use 3 D. conservative 4 E. decreased 3 F. departure from 4 Exercise 3 26 exemplified by 27 printing press 28 face-to-face 29 volume of 30 rapid growth

Exercise 4 26 a residential area 27 scans for 28 unsightly bulk 29 in touch 30 indispensable

Exercise 5 A. Paragraph 1: B Paragraph 2: A Paragraph 3: B

Argument Essay Pre-reading Exercise 1

TEXT A Note: profit made on designer clothes: real cost compared to manufacturing cost and retail price. Exercise 3 1 However 2 So 3 not to mention 4 first and foremost 5 Moreover 6 therefore

TASK 3 Exercise 1 1 Text D 2 Text B 3 Text C 4 Text A Exercise 2 1 Text A 2 Text B

Exercise 3 A. Paragraph 2 Paragraph 4 Paragraph 1 Paragraph 3 B. i Text A ii Text B iii Text A

C. C, D, E, F, G

Exercise 4 A. 1 study / scientific / written 2 wealth / information / knowledge 3 benefit / attending / held 4 survive / globalisation / norm 5 Fluency / demonstrates / commitment 6 culture / lyrics / annoying

16


TEST 1

Questions 26-30 26 (full scale) punch-up 27 physical 28 self-esteem 29 fame / celebrity status 30 (earn) big money

Task 1

Questions 1-5 1 Paragraph 1: E 2 Paragraph 2: C 3 Paragraph 3: A 4 Paragraph 4: D 5 Paragraph 5: F

Questions 6-10 6 B 7 D 8 F 9 G 10 H

TEST 3 Task 1

Questions 11-15 11 deservedly maligned 12 negative connotations 13 trustworthy / likeable 14 meaningful social benefits 15 social order

Questions 1-5 1 Paragraph 1: E 2 Paragraph 2: C 3 Paragraph 3: F 4 Paragraph 4: A 5 Paragraph 5: D

Task 2

Questions 6-10 6 A 7 B 8 D 9 F 10 G

Questions 16-20 16 D 17 A 18 B 19 C 20 A

Questions 11-15 11 pros and cons 12 ratios 13 three references 14 cut 15 intellectual limits

Questions 21-25 21 B 22 E 23 F 24 G 25 H Questions 26-30 26 more convenient 27 sizes and formats 28 bodily ornaments 29 Multiple sources 30 in proportion

Task 2

Questions 16-20 16 B 17 B 18 D 19 A 20 C Questions 21-25 21 A 22 D 23 E 24 F 25 G

TEST 2 Task 1

Questions 26-30 26 space colonies 27 suffering and poverty 28 health (service) and / or education(al) (system) 29 Space Shuttle programme 30 Mars orbiter missions

Questions 1-5 1 Paragraph 1: E 2 Paragraph 2: B 3 Paragraph 3: D 4 Paragraph 4: F 5 Paragraph 5: A

Questions 6-10 6 A 7 D 8 E 9 F 10 H

Questions 11-15 11 Degenerative diseases / Chronic disease patterns 12 less nutritious / nutritionally deficient 13 to blame 14 the immune system 15 is processed

Task 2

Questions 16-20 16 C 17 A 18 B 19 D 20 B Questions 21-25 21 A 22 C 23 D 24 E 25 F

17


TEST 4

TEST 6

Questions 1-5 1 Paragraph 1: B 2 Paragraph 2: F 3 Paragraph 3: C 4 Paragraph 4: A 5 Paragraph 5: D

Questions 1-5 1 Paragraph 1: C 2 Paragraph 2: F 3 Paragraph 3: B 4 Paragraph 4: E 5 Paragraph 5: A

Task 1

Questions 6-10 6 A 7 C 8 D 9 F 10 H

Questions 11-15 11 (considerable) reservations 12 myriad of hazards 13 complex maintenance tasks 14 within milliseconds 15 as disturbing as

Task 2

Questions 16-20 16 B 17 D 18 A 19 C 20 C Questions 21-25 21 B 22 D 23 E 24 F 25 H Questions 26-30 26 alternative visions 27 relevant 28 work experience 29 employment options 30 life skills

TEST 5

Task 1

Questions 6-10 6 B 7 C 8 E 9 F 10 H

Questions 11-15 11 sleep disturbance 12 be detrimental 13 historical evidence 14 (scientific) sleep experiments 15 (natural) sleeping patterns

Task 2

Questions 16-20 16 D 17 C 18 B 19 A 20 B

Questions 21-25 21 C 22 D 23 E 24 G 25 H

Questions 26-30 26 maximise global effectiveness 27 job interview 28 more prominent role 29 Gestures 30 facial expressions / frown

Task 1

Questions 1-5 1 Paragraph 1: D 2 Paragraph 2: C 3 Paragraph 3: B 4 Paragraph 4: F 5 Paragraph 5: A

Questions 6-10 6 A 7 B 8 E 9 F 10 G

Questions 11-15 11 in conflict with 12 overtly communicating 13 additional information 14 distancing or reinforcing 15 is not infallible

Task 2

Questions 16-20 16 C 17 A 18 B 19 D 20 D Questions 21-25 21 B 22 C 23 D 24 E 25 G

Questions 26-30 26 underlying physiological problem 27 psychological counselling 28 need more sleep 29 bedtime gets later 30 extreme

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TRINITY-ISE-III-READ-WRITE- C1-TB-GUIDE-WITH-MODELS-WEB.pdf

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