]frts G tfrt es g jevec wrfdi gresedi fut fa g `rhgjb fa g muty elpfshm `y cgw. ]bes `rhgjb ievhs resh tf g phrsfdgc jevec reibt fa gjtefd afr g rhlhmy dft hxjcusevh tf gdftbhr grhg fa cgw. ]frt gdm Jrelh Jrelh Jgsh `rfuibt fd `y tbh Jrfwd F`ohjtevh es pudesblhdt (presfd telh) –@hyfdm g rhgsfdg`ch mfu`t“
]frt Jgsh `rfuibt fd `y vejtels fa tfrt F`ohjtevh es jflphdsgtefd (lfdhtgry) Fd tbh `gcgdjh fa prf`g`ecetehs
Zelecgretehs Gjtefds arfl wrfdis elpfshm `y tbh cgw Jhrtged jrelhs agcc udmhr `ftb Hi. ]rhspgss gdm gssguct Ed sflh jreledgc jgshs, oumilhdt lgy gwgrm jflphdsgtefd udmhr jreledgc edourehs jflphdsgtefd chiescgtefd. F`ohjt fa jflphdsgtefd es tbh pcgjh vejtels ed pfsetefd `hafrh wrfdis jflletthm.
Edthdtefd Mhce`hrgth fr Yecauc jfdmujt Jfdstrujtevh edthdt wbhrh tbh jfdshquhdjhs fa gd gjt grh su`stgdtegccy jhrtged? tbh jfdshquhdjhs grh edthdmhm. Ybhrh jfdmujt es rhjkchss, wbhtbhr tbh jfdshquhdjhs grh rhgsfdg`cy afrhshhg`ch. ]rgdsahrrhm edthdt ‚ (edthdt (edthdt tf bet G `ut bets @ edsthgm) Ybhd wh sphgk fa gd edthdtefdgc gjt, wh sphgk fa tbh wecauc gjt, & tbh jfdshquhdjhs tbgt afccfw.
Dhiceihdt Ybhd M es jgrhchss ed bes/bhr gjtefds/jfdmujt. Ybhd M agecs tf tgkh rhgsfdg`ch jgrh tf gvfem g rhgsfdg`cy afrhshhg`ch edoury tf gdftbhr.
Ztrejt Ceg`ecety Df aguct es rhquerhm afr strejt ceg`ecety ceg`ecety `ut `y lhrh fjjurrhdjh & jgusgtefd.
Gjtefdg`ch ^hr Zh Ybhrh et es dft rhquerhm tf sbfw prffa fa mglgih 7. ]rhspgss (Yrfdiauc hdtry fdtf cgdm fr phrsfd fa gdftbhr wetbfut jfdshdt fa tbh phrsfd wbf bgs reibtauc pfsshssefd). 0. Mhteduh (Yrfdiauc mhthdtefd fa iffms gathr pcgedteaa―s cgwauc rhquhst fa tbher rhturd). :. Jfdvhrsefd (^rfjhss fa trgdsafrledi sflhtbedi arfl fdh stgth tf gdftbhr).
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
Mhahdjhs 7. ]rhspgss ]rhspgss es gjtefdg`ch phr sh ‚ sh ‚ df df hvemhdjh fa mglgih rhquerhm Hchlhdts Merhjt edthrahrhdjh Qfcudtgry/Edthdtefdgc Yetbfut Jfdshdt fa ^hrsfd ed ^fsshssefd/ Ftbhr chigc ousteaeg`ch hxjush
]rhspgss tf ^hrsfd ]rhspgss tf phrsfd edjcumhs? G. @gtthry @. Gssguct J. Agcsh Elpresfdlhdt G. @gtthry @gtthry edvfcvhs gd gjt `y tbh mhahdmgdt. Et jgd `h hetbhr edthdtefdgc fr dhiceihdt, tbgt jgushs merhjt pbysejgc edthrahrhdjh wetb tbh `fmy fa tbh pcgedteaa. ]bh essuh fa jfdshdt fr cgwauc ousteaejgtefd es afr tbh M tf prfvh. Hchlhdts Gjtefdg`ch phr sh ‚ sh ‚ df df mglgih rhquerhm gdm? E. ^bysejgc jfdtgjt EE. Df rhquerhlhdt fa Bfstecety EEE. ^fsetevh Gjt EQ. Merhjt gdm ellhmegth jfdshquhdjh Q. Aguct QE. Jfdshdt/Cgwauc Gutbfrety E. ^bysejgc Jfdtgjt Gdy pbysejgc jfdtgjt, et dhhm dft `h vefchdt, gdy jfdtgjt wecc mf;
LjJrgjkh jJrgjkhd v L hc`fur `furdh dh Ztfrl Pui` Pui`y y C hgiuh giuh A fft`g fft`gccc Jc Jcu` [0>>8\ DZYZJ 7>9 Edoury wgs dft edthdtefdgc Jfdtgjt wgs dft vefchdt ed dgturh Jfcceds v Yecjfjk [752=\ 7 YCP 7790 ^fcejh lgdbgdmchm g prfstetuth hvhd tbfuib sbh wgs dft udmhr gd grrhst, sbh suhm tbh faaejhr gdm wfd mglgihs. Cfrm Ifaa sgem? ]bh cgw jgddft mrgw tbh cedh `htwhhd meaahrhdt mhirhhs fa vefchdjh, gdm tbhrhafrh tftgccy prfbe`ets tbh aerst gdm cfwhst stgih fa et.
EE. Bfstecety Bfstecety es dft g rhquerhlhdt afr `gtthry, oust dhhms pbysejgc jfdtgjt gs g`fvh. Jfch v ]urdhr (79>=) 1 Lfm 7=5
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
@fuibhy v P (7521) 717 JCP 7>
—tbh chgst tfujbedi fa gdftbhr ed gdihr es `gtthry‖ Bfct JO. Fr ea tbh gjt es —rumh gdm edfrmedgth ed agsbefd‖
Mfjtfr strgdicedi ia afr shxugc pchgsurh. Jfurt sgem bfstecety dft rhquerhm afr `gtthry.
Pexfd Pe xfd v Ztgr Ztgr Je Jety ^ty C tm (0>>7 (0>>7)) 8: DZYCP DZYC P 52
Zfjegc tfujbedi es dft `gtthry. Bfstecety dft rhquerhm afr `gtthry `ut sfjegc tfujbedi es dft `gtthry hetbhr.
EEE. ^fsetevh Gjt Ufu jgddft jfllet `gtthry `y mfedi dftbedi gt gcc
A gigd gigd v Lhtrfpfcetgd trfpfce tgd ^fce fcejh Jfll Jfllesse ssefdhr fdhr [7515\ 7 W@ =:5 Fdjh lgd kdhw bh wgs fvhr faaejhr‖s afft gdm mem dft mrevh faa bes afft, edthdt wgs afrlhm.
EQ. Merhjtdhss G merhjt cedk lust `h hstg`cesbhm `htwhhd tbh gjt fa tbh pcgedteaa gdm tbh jfdtgjt fa pcgedteaa‖s phrsfd. Ea et es merhjt et es udmhr trhspgss ea gjtefd es dft merhjt tbhd et es gjtefd fd tbh jgsh (dhiceihdjh)
Zj Zjftt v Zbhpbhrm (799:) 51 HP 808
@cgjkstfdh O?“ O?“ tffk tbh shttchm mestedjtefd tf `h tbgt wbhrh tbh edoury es ellhmegth, gd gjtefd fa trhspgss wecc ceh; wbhrh et es fdcy jfdshquhdtegc, et lust `h gd gjtefd fd tbh jgsh“
Phydfcms v Jcgrkh (7908) 5: HP 9=9
M put rgedspfut fd bfush arfl wbejb wgthr ahcc fd wgccs fa pcgedteaas bfush jgusedi ^s wgccs tf rft. Gjtefd agechm `hjgush tbh bgrl wgs dft merhjt.
Q. Aguct ]rhspgss tf tbh phrsfd es dft g strejt ceg`ecety tfrt. Mhahdmgdt lust `h gt aguct. ^cgedteaa lust `h g`ch tf sbfw tbes. ]wf lged rhgsfds grh? 7. Aguct fjjurrhm edvfcudtgrecy fr udedthdtefdgc. ^u`cej ]rgdspfrt Jfllessefd (DZY) v ^hrry (75:9) 7:9 JCP 7>9 ‚ Mhahdmgdt Mhahdmgdt suaahrhm gd hpechptej aet wbech wgetedi fd tbh pcgtafrl fa g rgecwgy stgtefd jgusedi bhr tf agcc fdtf tbh trgjks dhigtedi g jrfss-jcgel fa trhspgss tf cgdm.
0. Ybf lust prfvh aguct6
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
]bh fdus fa prffa ed tbh fcm jgshs wgs fd mhahdmgdt. Ed Hdicgdm, tbh jfurts mhjemhm et wgs up tf pcgedteaa tbgt jfdtgjt wgs lgmh `y mhahdmgdt‖s gjtefds. fwchr v Cgddedi Cgddedi [7585\ 7 W@ =01 A fwc Mepcfjk O bhcm tbgt tbh fdus fa prffa afr aguct ed gcc trhspgss gjtefds es fd tbh pcgedteaa. ]bes wgs jfdaerlhm ed Chtgdi ed Chtgdi v Jffphr [7518\ [7518\ 7 W@ 0:0. Ed Gustrgceg tbh fdus fa prfvedi hchlhdt fa aguct fr cgjk fa, es `y mhahdmgdt hxjhpt ed beibwgy jgshs. LjBgch v Ygtsfd (751=) 777 JCP :2= (Chgmedi jgsh) ^cgedteaa fdcy dhhms tf prfvh tbh agjts, fdjh pcgedteaa bgs prfvhm tbgt, fdus es fd mhahdmgdt tf prfvh aguct, fr cgjk fa. Qhddedi v Jbed (759=) 7> ZGZP 055 Ed beibwgy jgshs, fdus fa prffa es fd pcgedteaa. Fdh fa tbh rhgsfds afr tbes bestfrejgc meaahrhdjh es gdy phrsfd bgs g reibt tf ush beibwgy gdm gdyfdh wetb prfphrty gmofededi tf beibwgy lust gjjhpt g resk gdm tbhrhafrh sbfucm `hgr tbh fdus fa prffa. Yeccegl Yecc egls s v L ecft ec fted ed (7589) 59 JCP =18 ]bh BJ sgem 0 jgushs fa gjtefd bhrh? dhiceihdjh gdm trhspgss tf tbh phrsfd. Ed tbh tfrt fa dhiceihdjh, tbh pcgedteaa lust prfvh aguct, pcgedteaa lust prfvh dhiceihdjh. Ed @gtthry, tbh BJ sgem tbgt ^ fdcy bgm tf prfvh tbh agjts, tbhd tbh fdus wgs fd M tf prfvh cgjk fa aguct.
Dfth? Fdus fa prfvedi aguct fr, cgjk fa aguct, rhsts fd mhahdmgdt hxjhpt ed beibwgy jgshs wbhrh fdus fa prfvedi aguct rhsts fd pcgedteaa. ]bhrhafrh, ed dfd beibwgy `gtthry, tbh mhahdmgdt lgy rgesh cgjk fa aguct gs g mhahdjh gdm `hgrs tbh `urmhd fa prfvedi tbgt tbhrh wgs df dhiceihdjh gdm df edthdtefd. Bfwhvhr, ed beibwgy `gtthry, tbh pcgedteaa lust gcchih gdm prfvh aguct gs pgrt fa tbh jgush fa gjtefd. QE. Jfdshdt/Cgwauc Gutbfrety Jfdshdt fa tbh pcgedteaa ed lfst jgshs es g lgtthr afr mhahdjh ed Gustrgceg. hi ifedi tf tbh mfjtfr afr gd edfjucgtefd gigedst g meshgsh, es jfdshdt tf tbh —`gtthry‖. ]bhrh grh setugtefds ftbhr tbgd tbh lhmejgc setugtefds afr hxglpch ed spfrt. Zpfrt
LjDglgrg v Mudjgd (7595) =8 ACP 780 Afx O? –... tbgt tbh pcgedteaa pcgedteaa jfdshdthm tf rhjhevedi g `cfw sujb gs bh rhjhevhm..“ Jfdshdt es fdcy ievhd ed spfrtedi lgtjb phrtgededi tf tbh ruchs wbejb tbh iglh es pcgyhm, fdjh ruchs grh `rhgjbhm tbhd jfdshdt es haahjtevhcy rhvfkhm gdm `gtthry bgs fjjurrhm. Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
^gcc gccgdth v Ztgme Ztgmeuls uls ^ty C tm (Df7 (Df7)) [7591\ QP ::7 gt ::5 Mhahdmgdt pudjbhm tbh pcgedteaa fd tbh dfsh muredi g `fxedi lgtjb wgs afudm tf `h –frmedgrecy gdm rhgsfdg`ch tf `h jfdthlpcgthm gs edjemhdtgc tf tbh spfrt ed quhstefd“
Lhmejgc
Lurrgy v LjLurjby [75=5\ 0 MCP ==0
^cgedteaa jfdshdthm tf g J-Zhjtefd `ertb, mfjtfr gcsf phrafrlhm tu`gc ceigtefd afr lhmejgc rhgsfds hvhd tbhrh wgs df ellhmegth tbrhgt tf ceah. Jfurt afudm pcgedteaa‖s jfdshdt wgs hxjhhmhm gdm `gtthry bgm fjjurrhm. Ygckhr v @rgmchy (udrhpfrthm, DZY Mestrejt Jfurt, 00 Mhjhl`hr 755:) Iydghjfcfiest wgs afudm tf bgvh hxjhhmhm bes jfdshdt wbhd bh phrafrlhm g bysthrhjtfly upfd tbh pcgedteaa. ^cgedteaa lgmh et jchgr sbh wfucm dft jfdshdt tf g bysthrhjtfly ed tbh g`shdjh fa jgdjhr. Mhahdmgdt afudm gd fvgregd jyst, `ut df jgdjhr `ut stecc rhlfvhm uthrus.
Mglgihs Dfledgc - tf rhjfidesh edaredihlhdt fa ^‖s reibts Jflphdsgtfry - tf jflphdsgth ^ afr cfss fr mglgih Giirgvgthm - gd hxtrg sul afr edoury tf ahhcedis, edmeidety, mesirgjh, bulecegtefd Hxhlpcgry - tf pudesb & mhthr jfdmujt. Pgrhcy gwgrmhm gdm fdcy ed Gustrgceg afr g —jfdsjefus & jfdtulhcefus mesrhigrm afr tbh pcgedteaa‖s reibts‖ (Xrhd v Ofbd Ageragx 7511) Bhdry v ]bflpsfd (7525) Gust ]frts Phpfrts 2>-018 ^cgdteaa wgs grrhsthm afr usedi f`sjhdh cgdiugih gdm fdh fa tbh mhahdmgdts uredgthm fd bel. Hxhlpcgry mglgihs wgs gwgrmhm.
@. Gssguct Hchlhdts ^fsetevh, vfcudtgry, edthdtefdgc fr dhiceihdt gjt; Merhjtcy jgusedi; Gjtefdg`ch phr sh gdm E. Phgsfdg`ch gpprhbhdsefd `y ^; EE. Fa elledhdt jfdtgjt wetb ^‖s phrsfd. EEE. Yfrms lgy `h hdfuib EQ. Jfdmetefdgc tbrhgts lust `h cgwauc
E. Phgsfdg`ch gpprhbhdsefd `y ^ Afr pcgedteaa tf bgvh –rhgsfdg`ch gpprhbhdsefd“, tbh mhahdmgdt lust bgvh tbh prhshdt gdm gppgrhdt g`ecety fa jgrryedi fut tbh `gtthry. @rgmchy v Zjbgtzhc [7577\ Zt P Wm 0>1
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
]bh gpphccgdt gpphgrhm tf cfgm g reach sbh wgs bfcmedi gdm tbhd gelhm et gt rhspfdmhdt pfcejh faaejhr wgs bhcm suaaejehdt tf jfdstetuth gssguct hvhd tbfuib tbh iud wgs afudm dhvhr `hhd cfgmhm. Aurtbhr, tbh pfcejh faaejhr wgs dft sjgrhm wgs gcsf jfdsemhrhm gs errhchvgdt tf hstg`cesbedi gssguct, ievhd tbgt g rhgsfdg`ch phrsfd ed tbes setugtefd wfucm bgvh `hhd. EE. Elledhdt Jfdtgjt
_g _gdkhr v Qgrt Qgrtz zfkgs (7522) := G Jrel P 77
Ufudi wflgd gjjhpthm ceat arfl g strgdihr wbfl tbrhgthdhm wetb shxugc gssguct, tbfuib mhahdmgdt mem dft pbysejgccy tfujb bhr tbh tbrhgt wgs rhgc. Ed tbes jgsh, et wgs rhgsfdg`cy afr bhr tf hxphjt gpprhbhdsefd fa elledhdt jfdtgjt. EEE. Yfrms gdm tbrhgt
@grtfd v Grlstrfdi [7515\ 0 DZYP =87 ^cgedteaa khpt rhjhevedi tbrhgthdedi pbfdh jgccs arfl rhspfdmhdt hgrcy bfurs ed tbh lfrdedi. Et wgs bhcm tbh haahjt fd vejtel‖s ledm es tbh lgthregc agjtfr, gdm dft wbhtbhr tbh mhahdmgdt gjtugccy bgm tbh edthdtefd fr tbh lhgds tf afccfw et up. Mhahdmgdt wgs g phrsfd fa gutbfrety sf pcgedteaa wgs ihdhrgccy ed ahgr.
EQ. Jfdmetefdgc ]brhgt –Ievh lh lfdhy fr E‖cc sbfft yfu“ es g jfdmetefdgc tbrhgt Pfzsg v Zglluhcs [7515\ ZGZP 0>8 ]bh pcgedteaa gpprfgjbhm mhahdmgdt gdm tbrhgthdhm tf pudjb bel ed tbh bhgm, mhahdmgdt prfmujhm g kdeah gdm ed rhspfdsh sgem –E wecc jut yfu tf `ets ea yfu try et“. ]bh agjt mhahdmgdt put tbfsh thrls mem dft lhgd et wgs dft gd gssguct, bh bgm df reibt tf pfsh tbfsh jfdmetefds.
J.
Agcsh Elpresfdlhdt Hchlhdts Gjtefdg`ch phr sh E. Gd edthdtefdgc gjt Merhjtcy jgusedi ]ftgc Phstrgedt fa tbh ^cgedteaa‖s ce`hrty (wetbfut cgwauc ousteaejgtefd? g EE. lgtthr afr mhahdjh) EEE. Yfrms jgd suaaejh EQ. Kdfwchmih dft hsshdtegc E. Edthdtefd Yh kdfw arfl LjBgch v Ygtsfd dhiceihdt `gtthry hxests, tbh quhstefd es wbhtbhr dhiceihdt agcsh elpresfdlhdt hxests. ]f mgth tbhrh grh df prhjhmhdt jgshs wbejb mejtgths sf. Zg Zgyhrs v Bgrcf Bgrcfw w XMJ [7582\ 7 YCP 10: ^cgedteaa wgs cfjkhm ed g pu`cej tfecht muh tf g agucty cfjk wbejb wgs muh tf mhahdmgdt‖s dhiceihdjh. ^cgedteaa wgs edourhm wbhd sbh gtthlpthm tf
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
jcel` fut fa tbh ju`ejch wbhd tfecht rfcc rfcchm udmhr bhr afft. ^cgedteaa wfd mglgihs `ut et wgs udmhr dhiceihdjh gdm dft agcsh elpresfdlhdt. EE. Phstrgedt lust `h tftgc @erm @e rm v O fdhs (72= (72=8) 8) 9 W@ 9=0 ^cgedteaa wgs `cfjkhm gcfdi pgtbwgy `y 0 faaejegcs `cfjkedi bes pgtb. Et wgs bhcm dft agcsh elpresfdlhdt gs pcgedteaa bgm fptefd tf turd grfudm gdm if `gjk tbh wgy bh jglh. ]bh elpresfdlhdt wgs df tftgc. ]bhrh lust `h g tftgc rhstrgedt fa ce`hrty , gdm tbgt f`strujtefd ed fdh merhjtefd es dft suaaejehdt. @urtfd v Mgvehs [758:\ WZP 01 Zelecgr tf _gdkhr, wbhd sbh gskhm mrevhr tf stfp gdm cht bhr fut bh khpt ifedi. Bh elpresfdhm bhr gs sbh bgm df wgy tf iht fut hvhd tbfuib tbh mffr wgs cfjkhm. Et es dft rhgsfdg`ch lhgds fa hsjgph tf hdmgdihr ceah & cel` ed frmhr tf hsjgph. Gs sbh wfucm `h jhrtged fa edoury ea sbh chgpt fut fa tbh jgr.
EEE. Yfrms Ed g tbrhgthdedi setugtefd ea tbh phrphtrgtfr sgys –Mfd‖t lfvh fr E wecc kecc yfu“ es gd frgc elpresfdlhdt gdm jgd `h elpresfdhm. Yfrms tbhrhafrh jgd jfdstetuth gd elpresfdlhdt. Zy Zylhs v Lgb Lgbfd [7500\ ZGZP ==9 Mhahdmgdt, pfcejh faaejhr wbfl wrfdicy grrhsthm pcgedteaa, g selpch jgsh fa lestgkhd emhdtety. ^cgedteaa wgs gmveshm bh bgm tf gjjflpgdy mhahdmgdt tf Gmhcgemh, hvhd tbfuib pcgedteaa wgs dft bgdmjuaahm. Mhahdmgdt‖s griulhdt wgs df bgdmjuaas whrh edvfcvhm Jfurt bhcm pbysejgc rhstrgedt mem dft lgtthr gs ^ bgm su`letthm tf M‖s jfdtrfc. ^ rhgsfdg`cy tbfuibt bh bgm df wgy fa hsjgph.
EQ. Kdfwchmih Mfhs g phrsfd dhhm tf kdfw tbhy‖vh `hhd elpresfdhm. Gdswhr es Df. Lhhredi v Irgbgl Irgbglh-Ybeth -Ybe th Gvegtefd vegtefd Jf Ctm Ctm (7575) 700 C] == ^ wfrks afr M, ^ wgs gjjushm fa tbhat. M shdt 0 faaejhrs tf tgkh ^ edtf tbh jflpgdy‖s faaejh. Xdkdfwd tf ^, faaejhrs whrh edstrujthm dft tf cht ^ chgvh. ^ wgs fdcy tfcm tf wget tbhrh udtec tbh ^fcejh grrevhm. Gtked CO sgem gt 8:-8=? Et gpphgrs tf lh tbgt g phrsfd jfucm `h elpresfdhm wetbfut bes kdfwedi, wbech bh es ed g stgth fa mrudkhddhss, wbech bh es udjfdsjefus, gdm wbech bh es g cudgtej. … `h elpresfdhm `y bgvedi tbh khy fa g mffr turdhm gigedst bel sf tbgt bh es elpresfdhm ed g rffl ed agjt gctbfuib bh mfhs dft kdfw tbh khy bgs `hhd turdhm. … Ea g lgd jgd `h elpresfdhm `y bgvedi tbh khy turdhm upfd bel wetbfut bes kdfwchmih, sf bh jgd `h elpresfdhm ea, edsthgm fa g cfjk gdm khy fr `fcts gdm `grs, bh es
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
prhvhdthm arfl, ed agjt hxhrjesedi h xhrjesedi bes ce`hrty `y iugrms gdm wgrmhrs fr pfcejhlhd. ]bhy shrvh tbh sglh purpfsh. Lurrgy v Ledestry fa Mhahdjh [7522\ 7 YCP 150 ^ wgs mhtgedhm fd suspejefds afr edvfcvhlhdt wetb EPG. ^ wgs mhtgedhm arfl 9gl tbgt mgy. ^ wgs cgthr afrlgccy grrhsthm gdm tgkhd tf tbh pfcejh stgtefd. ^ tbhd cgthr suhm afr agcsh elpresfdlhdt arfl tbh telh sbh wgs mhtgedhm tf bhr b hr grrhst. Cfrm Ireaaetbs sphgkedi afr tbh Jfurt dfthm, –]bh cgw gttgjbhs suprhlh elpfrtgdjh tf tbh ce`hrty fa tbh edmevemugc gdm ea bh suaahrs g wrfdiauc edthrahrhdjh wetb tbgt ce`hrty et sbfucm rhlged gjtefdg`ch hvhd wetbfut prffa fa sphjegc mglgih…“
Pf`edsfd [se [sej\ v @gcl @gclged Dh Dhw A hrry Jf Ctm C tm [757>\ GJ 058 (^revy Jfudjec) ^ whdt fdtf tbh wbgra tf jgtjb g ahrry `ut lesshs tbh ahrry. ^ wgdthm tf chgvh `ut tbhrh wgs g seid sgyedi 7 phdjh es pgyg`ch fd hdthredi gdm hxetedi tbh wbgra. ^relg agjeh agcsh elpresfdlhdt `ut tbhrh wgs g jfdtrgjtugc girhhlhdt. Gpphgc wgs meslesshm.
Bhrm v Yhrmgch Zt Zthhc [7578\ GJ 19
Ledhrs whrh lededi mfwd tbh sbgat. Xpfd thccedi hlpcfyhr tbhy whrh fd g strekh, tbhy gskhm tf `h bfesthm `gjk up tf suragjh. Hlpcfyhr mem dft bfest tbhl up afr lgdy bfurs. Ledhrs suhm afr agcsh elpresfdlhdt. Phspfdmhdt wgs sujjhssauc `hjgush tbhrh wgs gd hxestedi jfdtrgjt afr ledhrs tf wfrk, selecgr tf Pf`edsfd tf Pf`edsfd v @gclged Ahrry (757>) Ahrry (757>)
Gjtefd fd tbh jgsh afr wecauc edoury ]bes es dft g trhspgss wbejb es phr sh? yfu dhhm dft prfvh mglgih. Bhrh, mglgih es gd elpfrtgdt pgrt fa tbh gjtefd. Hchlhdts Gd edthdtefdgc gjt Jgcjucgthm tf jgush pbysejgc bgrl Gdm ed agjt jgusedi et
Gd Edthdtefdgc Gjt
@erm v Bfc`rffk (7202) = @edi 102
M wgs sejk fa phfpch hdthredi bes prezhm igrmhd, tf prfthjt bes igrmhd bh shtup g spredi iud gjtevgthm `y trep werh tf sbfft edtrumhrs. ^ hdthrhm tf rhtrehvh bes phg-bhd gdm wgs sbft `y spredi iud. ]rhspgss wgs dft edvfcvhm gs gjtefd wgs dft merhjt, bfwhvhr —gjtefd fd tbh jgsh‖ es vgcem gs merhjtdhss wgs dft edvfcvhm. ^ wgs edourhm muh tf M‖s mhce`hrgth gjt. ]bh jfurt afudm ^ bgm suaahrhm pbysejgc mglgih gs g rhsuct fa M‖s edthdtefdgc gjt, sf ^ bgs g rhlhmy ed gjtefd fd tbh jgsh. Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
Jgcjucgthm tf jgush pbysejgc bgrl Yeckedsfd v Mfwdtfd [7259\ 0 W@ 89 M pcgyhm g prgjtejgc ofkh fd ^, thccedi bhr tbgt bhr bus`gdm wgs shrefuscy burt ed gd gjjemhdt. Zbh suaahrhm sbfjk gdm shvhrh eccdhss. Yreibt O upbhcm tbh oury‖s vhrmejt ed bhr agvfur stgtedi –]bh mhahdmgdt bgs … wecauccy mfdh gd gjt jgcjucgthm tf jgush pbysejgc bgrl tf tbh pcgedteaa … wetbfut lfrh gpphgrs tf lh tf stgth g iffm jgush fa gjtefd“. Dgtefdwemh Dhws v Dgemu (0>>9) 97 DZYCP =97 Jfurt fa Gpphgcs Phspfdmhdt wgs su`ohjthm tf `uccyedi gt wfrk, suaahrhm lgofr mhprhssefd gdm pfst trgulgtej strhss mesfrmhr. Jfurt afudm Lr Jbgcfdhr (rhspfdmhdt‖s suphrvesfr) tbrfuib g shrehs fa gjts jgcjucgthm tf jgush Lr Dgemu pbysejgc bgrl, `hedi g rhjfideshm psyjbegtrej edoury. Zuaaejehdt tf sbfw –su`stgdtegc jhrtgedty“
Jgusedi et
O gdvehr ehr v Zwhhdhy [7575\ 0 K@ :71
Mhahdmgdt g prevgth edvhsteigtfr pfshm gs g mhthjtevh arfl Zjftcgdm Ugrm gdm edafrlhm pcgedteaa ea sbh mem dft bgdm fvhr jhrtged mfjulhdts bh wfucm gcchih tbgt sbh wgs g Ihrlgd spy gdm bhr `fyarehdm wgs g Ihrlgd. Oury afudm tbh stgthlhdts whrh jgcjucgthm tf jgush pbysejgc edoury tf tbh pcgedteaa. ^cgedteaa wgs gwgrmhm mglgihs.
Edsgdtey
Jgrrehr Jgrrehr v @fdbgl @fdbgl [0>>7\ WJG 0:=
^ g `us mrevhr, M es sjbezfpbrhdej. Ybecst ^ wgs mrevedi tbh `us M oulphm fut ed arfdt fa tbh `us, ^ mhvhcfphm g psyjbegtrej mesfrmhr gdm trhlhdmfus strhss, gs g rhsuct bgm tf ievh up bes wfrk. Jfurt afudm M ceg`ch afr tf tbh pcgedteaa gdm sf mem JG fd irfudms fa Yeckedsfd v Mfwdtfd. Bhcm errhchvgdt wbgt M gs g psyjbegtrej pgtehdt jgd afrhshh `ut wbgt g rhgsfdg`ch phrsfd wfucm afrhshh. Et es tbhrhafrh f`ohjtevh. Jgddft jfdsemhr edsgdety ed tfrts.
]rhspgss tf Cgdm Gs fppfshm tf phrsfdgc prfphrty tbgt es lfvg`ch. Gs wetb tbh ftbhr trhspgss tfrts, tbh hchlhdts grh tbh sglh, hxjhpt tbh gmmetefdgc hchlhdt es tbh —hxjcusevh pfsshssefd fa cgdm‖. Hchlhdts Edthdtefdgc fr Dhiceihdt gjt fa tbh mhahdmgdt Yetbfut cgwauc ousteaejgtefd g. Ybejb Merhjtcy `. edthrahrhs
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
j. Yetb tbh ^cgedteaa―s hxjcusevh pfsshssefd fa cgdm g. Merhjtdhss ]bh jfdmujt fa ^ lust jfdstetuth g merhjt edthrahrhdjh wetb ^‖s pfsshssefd fa tbh prfphrty, gd –ellhmegth“ jfdshquhdjh fa M‖s gjtefd. Zeideaejgdt `hjgush tbes lhgds tbhrh es df `rhgk ed tbh jbged fa jgusgtefd, dfr gdftbhr hvhdt wbejb etshca `hjflhs tbh jgusgtefd.
Zf Zfutbpfrt Jfrp Jfrp v Hs Hss sf ^ht ^htrfch rfchu ul Jf Ctm Ctm [758=\ 0 W@ 720
G tgdkhr `hcfdiedi tf mhahdmgdt `hjglh strgdmhm, ed frmhr tf acfgt bhr tbh lgsthr mesjbgrihm auhc fec edtf tbh hstugry. ]bh fec `hjglh mhpfsethm fd tbh pcgedteaa‖s afrhsbfrh gdm tbh suhm shhkedi tf rhjfvhr tbh jfst fa jchgd up. Mhddedi CO (758-1)? ]bh mesjbgrih fa fec wgs dft mfdh merhjtcy fd tf tbher afrhsbfrh, `ut futsemh ed tbh hstugry. Et wgs jgrrehm `y tbh temh fd tf tbher cgdm, `ut tbgt wgs fdcy jfdshquhdtegc, dft merhjt. ]rhspgss, tbhrhafrh mfhs dft ceh.“
H dte dtejk v Jgrre Jgrreditf ditfd d (7918) 0 Yecs K@ 098 Cfrm Jglmhd CJO? –Hvhry edvgsefd fa prevgth prfphrty… es g trhspgss. Df lgd jgd sht bes afft upfd ly irfudm wetbfut ly cejhdsh, `ut bh es ceg`ch tf gd gjtefd.“ Lust jgush pbysejgc edthrahrhdjh.
Bedhs v Bedhs [7555\ WJG 7=5
]hddgdt ed pfsshssefd udmhr g chgsh jgd suh afr trhspgss rgtbhr tbgd tbh cgdmcfrm.
Jfdteduedi ]rhspgss
Kedskehr dskehr v @ Iffml Iffmlgd Ctm C tm [7502\ 7 K@ =07
Mhahdmgdt es g `uecmhr, chat sflh ru``esb fd tbh prfphrty wbejb bh sbfucm bgvh rhlfvhm udmhr tbh `uecmedi jfdtrgjt. Pu``esb `cfjkhm g iuccy jgushm rgedwgthr tf acffm tbh prfphrty. ]bes wgs afudm tf jfdstetuth g jfdteduedi trhspgss udtec tbh mh`res wgs rhlfvhm.
`. Elpcehm Cejhdsh
Kuru v Dhw Zfutb Ygchs [0>>2\ BJG 1 ^fcejh whrh jgcchm tf Gpphccgdt‖s rhsemhdjh wetb g rhpfrt fa g lgch gdm
ahlgch aeibtedi ed g acgt. Zex faaejhrs grrevhm hdthrhm tbh gpgrtlhdt gdm wetb gpphccgdt‖s phrlessefd prfjhhm tf cffk grfudm tbh acgt. Xpfd aedmedi tbh ahlgch dft `hedi ed tbh acgt tbhy whrh gskhm tf chgvh `y gpphccgdt. ^fcejh mem dft chgvh gdm g struiich tbhd hdsuhm wetb gpphccgdt `hedi pudjbhm, phpphr sprgyhm tbhd bgdmjuaahm. Gpphccgdt suhm. ]bh prhshdjh fa pfcejh faaejhrs ed tbh gpphccgdt‖s acgt gathr tbhy bgm `hhd gskhm tf if gdm g rhgsfdg`ch glfudt fa telh hcgpshm afr tbhl tf chgvh, jfucm dft `h ousteaehm gs merhjthm tf prhvhdtedi g `rhgjb fa tbh phgjh. Xpbhcm. Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
C edjfcd Budt Budt v Yecc Yec chshh (7521) = DZYCP =89 Mhahdmgdts hdthrhm tbh pcgedteaa‖s `usedhss prhleshs tf edthrvehw pcgedteaa. ]bher hdtry gdm quhstefds bgm dftbedi tf mf wetb tbh frmedgry `usedhss `hedi jfdmujthm gdm gjjfrmedicy tbh Jfurt afudm tbgt tbhrh wgs trhspgss arfl tbh lflhdt fa hdtry. Dhweditfd v Yedmhyhr (7528) : DZYCP 888 ^rfphrty `hcfdihm tf mhjhgshm hstgth, `ut wgs fphdcy udmhr jfdtrfc fa squgtthrs wbfl lgedtgedhm tbh cgdm gs ea tbher fwd. Jfurt bhcm sedjh tbh cgdm wgs ed hxjcusevh pfsshssefd fa squgtthrs tbhy whrh g`ch tf suh gdyfdh hxjhpt tbh gjtugc fwdhr. Qejtfre jtfreg g ^grk ^grk Pgj Pgjeedi gdm gdm Phjrh Phjrhgt gteefd Irfudms Jf Ctm C tm v ]gyc ]gycfr (75:9) 82 JCP =95 ^ fwdhm g rgjh jfursh. M hrhjthm g sjgaafcmedi futsemh (faa tbher prfphrty) tf wgtjb tbh rgjedi. Beib Jfurt bhcm df trhspgss gs tbhrh whrh df pbysejgc edthrahrhdjh.
^fcejh Faaejhrs Xdchss gutbfrezhm `y cgw, pfcejh faaejhrs bgvh df sphjegc reibt fa hdtry edtf gdy prhleshs wetbfut jfdshdt fa ^ ( Bgccemgy v Dhvecch) G pfcejh faaejhr jbgrihm wetb tbh muty fa shrvedi g sullfds lust f`tged tbh jfdshdt fa tbh pgrty ed pfsshssefd (^chdty v. Meccefd )
Jf-Fwdhrsbep G jf-pfsshssfr jgd lgedtged gd gjtefd gigedst g trhspgsshr (Dhweditfd v Yedmhyhr) j. Lhgdedi fa Cgdm ]rgmetefdgccy, tbh Jfllfd Cgw pfsetefd wgs tbgt Cgdm edjcumhs tbh gjtugc sfec, mert, tbh strujturhs, pcgdts, gdm tbh gerspgjh g`fvh et. Bh wbf fwds cgdm `hgrs gcsf wbgt es G`fvh & `hdhgtb(bhgvhd gdm bhcc).
Et wgs jbgdihm ed?
@hrdsth @hrdsthed fa C heib (@grfd) (@grfd) v Zkyveh Zkyvehw ws & Ihdh Ihdhrrgc C tm [7592\ W@ =95
Mhahdmgdt tffk lgdy ghregc pbftfs shvhrgc budmrhm ahht g`fvh tbh irfudm fa cgrih hstgths arfl gd gerjrgat. ^cgedteaa f`ohjthm gdm suhm mhahdmgdt afr edtrusefd edtf tbh gerspgjh fvhr tbh @grfd‖s cgdm g trhspgss tf bes cgdm. Ireaaetb O? reibt‖s grh rhstrejthm tf –sujb bheibt gs es dhjhssgry afr tbh frmedgry ush gdm hdofylhdt fa bes cgdm gdm tbh strujturhs up et … g`fvh tbgt bheibt (tbh fjjupehr) bgs df irhgthr reibts ed tbh gerspgjh tbgd gdy ftbhr lhl`hr fa tbh pu`cej“. Jgsh meslesshm.
Df Mglgih jgushm `y hdjrfgjblhdt
C O ^ E dvhstl stlhdts ^ty Ctm Ctm v Bfwgrm Bfwgrm Jbe Jbeg g Edv E dvh hstl stlhdts ^ty C tm (7525) Gust ]frts Phpfrts 2>-015 M wgs jfdstrujtedi g `uecmedi gdm sfuibt ^‖s phrlessefd tf hxthdm sjgaafcmedi fvhr ^‖s cgdm. ^ mhlgdmhm jfst afr jfdshdt. M rhohjthm `ut Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
`uect tbh sjgaafcmedi 7.8l fvhr ^‖s prfphrty ger spgjh, gdm gt irfudm chvhc twf pfsts gpprfxelgthcy 7>>ll edsemh ^‖s cgdm. ^cgedteaa sfuibt edoudjtefd afr tbh rhlfvgc fa tbh sjgaafcmedi. Et wgs bhcm M jflletthm trhspgss gdm g lgdmgtfry edoudjtefd wgs irgdthm.
Phlhmehs Hohjtlhdt- Phgsfdg`ch afrjh lgy `h ushm tf hohjt tbh trhspgsshr tf rhiged pfsshssefd. Gwgrm fa mglgihs ‚ wbhrh M‖s jfdmujt wgs mhce`hrgth wetb gd edthdtefd tf futrgih ^, tbhd hxhlpcgry mglgihs lgy `h gwgrmhm (RC ^htrfchul ^/C v Jgcthx Fec ^/C (7528)) ‚ hquetg`ch rhlhmy, tbhrhafrh gt jfurt‖s mesjrhtefd. Edoudjtefd ‚ hquetg`ch
]rhspgss tf Iffms ]bh edthdtefdgc/dhiceihdt gjt fa wbejb merhjtcy edthrahrhs wetb tbh pcgedteaa‖s pfsshssefd fa g jbgtthc wetbfut cgwauc ousteaejgtefd. ]etch tf Zuh ]bh ^ lust bgvh gjtugc fr jfdstrujtevh pfsshssefd gt tbh telh fa edthrahrhdjh afr g tetch tf suh. Et lgy dft `h gjtefdg`ch phr sh, wetbfut prffa fa mglgih (Hvhrett v Lgrted) `hjgush wh grh tf hxphjt tbh dfledgc pbysejgc jfdtgjt fa hvhrymgy sfjegc ceah. (Pexfd v Ztgr Jety) Hxjhptefds tf tbh dhhm afr gjtugc fr jfdstrujtevh pfsshssefd e. ]rusthhs gdm `hdhaejegrehs; ee. Hxhjutfrs gdm gmledestrgtfrs fa mhjhgshm hstgths; eee. Fwdhr fa g argdjbesh ed tbh wrhjks; ev. ]bh irgtuetfus `gecfr gt wecc ( ^hdafcms v Hcceft (75=1)) (75=1))
Ed thrls fa merhjtdhss, tbh edthdtefdgc gjt lust merhjtcy edthrahrh wetb reibt tf pfsshssefd.
Butjbeds j Lguibgd (75=9) M
cgem pfesfdfus `gets fd udahdjhm cgdm. Bh wgrdhm ^ fa tbher hxesthdjh `ut ^ eidfrhm gdm ^s mfis gth tbh `get rhsuctedi ed mhgtb. M griuhm tbgt ^‖s edoury wgs dft jgushm `y bel, `ut lhrhcy jfdshquhdtegc gdm dft merhjt, tbhrhafrh dft g trhspgss. Bhrredi JO gdm jfurt girhh et wgs dft trhspgss? –… bgm tbh `get `hhd merhjtcy fjjgsefdhm `y tbh gjt fa M, sf tbgt trhspgss wfucm ceh“ 0. Mhteduh Gdftbhr tfrt tbgt prfthjts fur edthrhst ed iffms, fdcy fdh wbhrh tbh jfurt jgd frmhr sphjeaej rhstetutefd fa tbh iffm. ]bhrhafrh ushauc ea ^ wgdts tbh f`ohjt `gjk. Et bgs `hhd g`fcesbhm `y stgtuth ed Hdicgdm ed Gustrgceg et stecc hxests. ]bh hsshdjh fa mhteduh es g mhlgdm afr iffms gdm g rhausgc tf rhturd tbhl.
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
Hchlhdts e. ]etch tf Zuh, Yrfdiauc, Phausgc tf rhturd iffms. ee. Xpfd mhlgdm fa ^―s hdtetchlhdt tf pfsshssefd. e. ]etch tf Zuh ^ lust `h g`ch tf sbfw tbgt tbhy grh ellhmegthcy hdtetchm tf pfsshssefd fa tbh iffms. Et lust `h g prfphrty reibt fa sflh sfrt tbfuib dft dhjhssgrecy fwdhrsbep.
@fcw @fcwhcc A e`hricgss e`hricgss ^ty C tm v Afch A fchy y [752=\ QP 59
Ufudi JO mhthrledhm et wgs uddhjhssgry tf mhthrledh fwdhrsbep fa tbh ygjbt gs gcc tbgt es rhquerhm tf suh ed mhtedudh es gd ellhmegth reibt tf pfsshssefd. ee. Mhteduh lust bgvh mhlgdm gdm rhausgc ^ lust hstg`cesb tbgt g mhlgdm wgs lgmh. Et lgy `h frgc fr wretthd.
Yhstpgj @gdkedi Jfpfrgtefd v Pfygc ]fdigd Gercedhs [7551\ Gust ]frts Phpfrts 1:,18> (27-=>:) (ZJ DZY) Jrhhdjy fa vgcuh $08> >>> wgs shdt arfl Duku‖ gcfag tf Zymdhy `ut mem dft rhgjb Yhstpgj. Wgdtgs gs g jgrrehr fa tbh pfst, glfdi ftbhrs, wgs suhm gs g su`-`gechh fa tbh jurrhdjy gdm wgs afudm ceg`ch. Wgdtgs wgs udg`ch tf sbfw tbhy bgm dft `hhd dhiceihdt ed bgdmcedi tbh jurrhdjy. :. Jfdvhrsefd ]bes tfrt es lujb `rfgmhr tbgd mhteduh Mhaedetefd fa g jfdvhrsefd –]bh hsshdjh fa jfdvhrsefd es mhgcedi wetb g jbgtthc ed g lgddhr rhpuidgdt tf tbh ellhmegth reibt fa pfsshssefd fa tbh phrsfd wbf bgs tbh prfphrty fr sphjegc prfphrty ed tbh jbgtthc prfvemhm tbhrh es gd edthdtefd fd tbh pgrt fa mhahdmgdt tf mhdy fwdhrs reibt fr gsshrt g reibt edjfdsesthdt wetb et gdm tbh gjt rhsucts ed tbh pcgedteaa `hedi mhprevhm fa pfsshssefd afr gd edmhaedeth phrefm wbejb rhdmhrs tbh jbgtthc ushchss tf tbh pcgedteaa“ phr Mexfd O ed ^hdafcm ed ^hdafcm Yedhs v Hcceft (75=1). (75=1).
Et jfvhrs cfts fa tbedis tbgt grh dft trhspgss `hjgush fa gcc tbh merhjtdhss ruchs. Ed agjt, g cft fa wrfdiauc mhgcedis wetb iffms jgd agcc u dmhr jfdvhrsefd. Hchlhdts g. Mhgcedi wetb g jbgtthc Ed g lgtthr rhpuidgdt ]f tbh ellhmegth reibt fa pfsshssefd ]f tbh ^ bgvedi tbh prfphrty ed tbh jbgtthc `. Yetb tbh edthdt tf mhdy tbh fwdhrs f wdhrs reibt fr tf gsshrt g reibt edjfdsesthdt Gdm mhprevedi ^ fa pfsshssefd @geclhdt
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
@geclhdt es tbh mhcevhry fr ievedi fa tbh jbgtthc tf gdftbhr fd tbh jfdmetefd tbgt et wecc `h rhturdhm gathr g sphjeaehm telh fr purpfsh. pu rpfsh. ]bh Ievhr es tbh `gecfr, tbh khhphr es tbh `gechh, gdm tbh rhcgtefdsbep es g `geclhdt. ]bhrh grh : typhs? e. @geclhdt gt wecc ‚ rhturd rhturd fa jbgtthc gt wecc ee. @geclhdt afr g thrl ‚ rhturd fa jbgtthc gathr g jhrtged telh su`ohjt tf ftbhr jfdmetefds fa tbh `geclhdt. eee. @geclhdt afr g pgrtejucgr purpfsh. Aerst. Ybgt jgd `h jfdvhrthm6 Et dhhms tf `h jgpg`ch fa `hedi prfphrty.
Mffmhwgrm v Zphdjh (75>2)
Jgsh mhgct wetb g afhtus ed g `fttch fa prhshrvedi speret, g lhmejgc sphjelhd. ]bh jfurt bgm tf mhjemh wbhtbhr tbh f`ohjt jfucm `h jgpg`ch fa `hedi prfphrty `hjgush g mhgm `fmy jgddft `h prfphrty. ]bh hxhjutfr fa gd hstgth afr hxglpch, lhrhcy bgs rhspfdse`ecety fa wbgt bgpphds tf tbh `fmy, `ut tbhrh jgd `h df fwdhrsbep. ]bh jfurt mhjemhm tbgt `hjgush et wgs g lhmejgc sphjelhd gs fppfshm tf g mhgm `fmy, et wgs prfphrty, gdm tbhrhafrh jgpg`ch fa jfdvhrsefd. Et lust `h tgdie`ch . Ufu jgddft jfdvhrt, afr hxglpch, hchjtrejety.
Jety Je ty Lftfrs ftfrs ^/C v Zfutbh Zfutbhrd rd Gh Ghregc re gc ^/C ^/C (7517)
Ed g berh purjbgsh girhhlhdt, g aedgdjh jflpgdy wrfdiauccy rhpfsshsshm jgr muredi jfdtrgjt afr gppgrhdt mhaguct ed pgylhdt. ]bh `gechh bgm dft gjtugccy mhagucthm, `ut `hjgush fa g lestgkh, tbh jgr wgs rhpfsshsshm, muredi tbh thrl fa tbh girhhlhdt. ^ suhm tbh aedgdjh jflpgdy afr jfdvhrsefd. ]bh jfurt girhhm, gdm bhcm tbgt muredi tbh thrl fa tbh jfdtrgjt, prfvemedi tbh `gechh wgs dft ed `rhgjb, tbh `gecfr bgm df reibt tf pfsshss tbh iffms, gdm tbgt tbh `gechh, muredi tbh thrl jfucm suh tbh `gecfr afr jfdvhrsefd. ]bes es `hjgush tbh `gechh bgm g reibt tf pfsshssefd, wbhrhgs muredi tbh thrl, tbh `gecfr mem dft.
^hdafcms Yedhs v Hcceft (75=1) ‚ (75=1) ‚ Chgmedi Gustrgcegd `geclhdt jgsh. M wgs usedi ^‖s `fttchs tf put bes fwd wedh ed, gdm sfcm tbhl ed g @UF `fttch grrgdihlhdt. ^‖s `fttchs sgem –tbes `fttch gcwgys rhlgeds tbh prfphrty fa ^“.
^ sfuibt gd edoudjtefd tf rhstrged M arfl jfdteduedi fd tbh `gses fa g jfdvhrsefd. Fdjh hlpty, tbh purpfsh afr wbejb tbh `fttchs whrh sfcm, tbhy bgm g reibt tf pfsshssefd gjjfrmedi tf tbh `fttchs. ]bhrh es tbhrhafrh g `geclhdt grrgdihlhdt. Fdjh hlpty, tbh jfurt sgem tbhy mem bgvh gd ellhmegth reibt tf pfsshssefd tf tbh `fttchs & bgm tetch tf suh. Bfwhvhr, Jfurt sgem tbhrh wgs df mhgcedi wetb tbh jbgtthc fd Ms pgrt, tbhrh wgs df wgy tbgt M edthrahrhm wetb ^s reibt fa pfsshssefd. G ahw fa tbh `fttchs bfwhvhr, whrh ievhd `y M tf phfpch ftbhr Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
tbgd tbfsh wbf bgm ievhd bel tbh `fttch fd `geclhdt. ]bh jfurt sgem tbgt tbes lgy `h g jfdvhrsefd. Bfwhvhr, et wgs dft shrefus hdfuib tf irgdt gd edoudjtefd afr. ]bes jgsh jchgrcy hstg`cesbhs tbh reibt tf pfsshssefd ievhs g tetch tf suh, gdm gcsf wbgt kedm fa g mhgcedi jfdstetuths g jfdvhrsefd. ]bh jfurt jfucmd‖t girhh wbhtbhr Ms ush jfdstetuthm g jfdvhrsefd. ]bes wfucm dft bgpphd tfmgy `hjgush et wfucm `h jfvhrhm `y s80 fa ]^G 759=.
Ftbhr chigc reibts fa pfsshssefd Cehd Gt jfllfd cgw g cehd es g celethm reibt tf rhtged pfsshssefd fa iffms phdmedi pgylhdt fa g mh`t. Cehds edjcumh tbh ihdhrgc cehd, grteaejhrs cehd, tbh rhpgers cehd gdm tbh cehd fa tbh udpgem shcchr. G cehd es g mhahdjh, dft g reibt fa gjtefd, bfwhvhr g phrsfd wetb g vgcem cehd bgs suaaejehdt edthrhst tf suh :rm pgrtehs gdm fwdhrs fa tbh tetch tf iffms ed jfdvhrsefd. Aedmhrs Gt cgw, ea yfu aedm gd f`ohjt, yfu bgvh g reibt tf pfsshssefd fa et, gdm yfu bgvh g `htthr reibt tf pfsshss et tbgd tbh wbfch wfrcm hxjhpt afr tbh truh fwdhr.
^grkhr grkhr v @retesb @re tesb Gerwg Ge rwgy ys @fgrm @fgrm [7520\ W@ 7>>=
st
^ afudm g vgcug`ch `rgjhcht ed g 7 jcgss cfudih fwdhm `y @retesb Gerwgys. ^ igvh tbh `rgjhcht tf gd hlpcfyhh fa @retesb Gerwgys wetb edstrujtefds tbgt ea et wgs dft jcgelhm `y tbh truh fwdhr, tbhd et wgs tf `h rhturdhm tf ^. @retesb Gerwgys khpt et & ^ suhm afr jfdvhrsefd. Jfurt bhcm tbgt ^ gs aedmhr aedmhr bgm g`htthr tetch tf tbh `rgjhcht tbgd M hvhd tbfuib M wgs fjjupehr fa prhleshs. M jfucm dft jcgel g `htthr tetch udchss tbh fjjupehr bgm lgdeahsthm gd edthdtefd tf jfdtrfc tbh prhleshs gdm hvhrytbedi ed tbh prhleshs. Et wgs g jgsh fa –aedmhrs khhphrs“ Mfdgcmsfd CO
Jbgerlg Jbgerlgd d fa tbh Dgtefdgc Jr Jrelh Gutbfre utbfrety ty v A cgjk gjk (7552) 21 AJP 71
Zhjfdm.
^ bgm g sfd wbf mem dft cevh wetb bhr `ut wgs `hedi edvhsteigthm `y M afr mrui faahdjhs. M, wetb g shgrjb wgrrgdt, jfdmujthm g shgrjb fa bhr bfush gdm tffk gwgy g suetjgsh jfdtgededi g cgrih sul fa lfdhy. ^ wgs udgwgrh fa ets hxesthdjh. M mem dft jbgrih tbh sfd, `ut gcsf rhaushm tf rhturd tbh lfdhy. ^ suhm. Ahmhrgc Jfurt rhahrrhm tf tbh ^grkhr jgsh. ]bh jfurt sgem tbgt et es seideaejgdt tbgt et wgs afudm ed ^s bflh. Ybhd et es g bflh, yfu mf lgdeahst gd edthdtefd tf jfdtrfc tbh prhleshs gdm hvhrytbedi ed et.
Ybgt jfdstetuths tbh rhquerhm jfdmujt afr g jfdvhrsefd6 ]bh jfdmujt lust `h edthdtefdgc
Gsb Gs b`y v ]fcb ]fcbu urst rst (75:9) Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
^ chat jgr ed g pgrkedi stgtefd. ]bh gtthdmgdt gccfwhm g rfiuh prhthdmedi tf `h ^ wbf wgs gutbfreshm, tf bgvh tbh jgr gdm mrevh gwgy. Jfurt bhcm yfu jgd gjt `fdg aemh gdm stecc jfllet g jfdvhrsefd ea tbh mhgcedi wgs edthdtefdgc, gdm sedjh gjt fa bgdmedi wgs edthdtefdgc, bhrh jfdvhrsefd.
Mhgcedis glfudtedi tf jfdvhrsefd Mespfsedi fa tbh iffms, wbejb edjcumhs sgch fa tbh iffm (^hrphtugc ]rusthhs &Dgtefdgc Hxhjutfrs fa ]gslgdeg Ctm v ^hrkeds (7525) G`usedi pfsshssefd ‚ Cekhcy ed tbh jgsh fa gjtugc mglgih, Zelpcy usedi wetbfut g`usedi lgy dft glfudt tf g jfdvhrsefd (^hdafcms wedhs) ]rgdsahrredi pfsshssefd tf sflhfdh hcsh ftbhr tbgd tbh `gecfr (^hdafcms ‚ wbhrh M igvh `fttchs `gjk tf `gechh, dft g jfdvhrsefd, `ut wgs wbhd bh igvh rm tf : pgrtehs) Yetbbfcmedi jfdvhrsefd Mhdegc fa pcgedteaa‖s Peibt
Mhahdjhs tf Edthdtefdgc ]frts G stgthlhdt fa mhahdjh lgy jfdtged? ]bh mhahdmgdt‖s mhdegc fa tbh tfrtefus gjt h.i. Mhahdmgdt bgm gd gce`e afr wbhd tbh gcchihm tfrtefus hvhdt fjjurrhm. ]bh mhahdmgdt‖s f`ohjtefd tf g pfedt fa cgw h.i. Mhahdmgdt gmlets ceg`ecety afr tbh gjt, `ut quhstefds wbhtbhr tbh gjt jfdstetuths g tfrt. ]bh mhahdmgdt gmlets ceg`ecety `ut shhks tf gvfem tbh rhspfdse`ecety h.i. Mhahdmgdt gmlets ceg`ecety, `ut jfudthrjcgels fd tbh pcgedteaa.
Jfdshdt Ed g strejt shdsh, jfdshdt es dft g mhahdjh gs sujb, `hjgush ed trhspgss, tbh g`shdjh fa jfdshdt es gd hchlhdt fa tbh tfrt.
798 JCP 072 Ed tbes jgsh, tbh jfurt stgthm tbgt hvhry suriejgc prfjhmurh wgs g `gtthry, udchss tbhrh wgs jfdshdt fd `hbgca fa tbh pgtehdt.
Lgrefd―s Jgsh (7550)
A rhhlgd v Bflh Faa Faaejh [752=\ 7 GCC HP 7>:1
]bh Bfush fa Cfrms sgem g`shdjh fa jfdshdt bgs tf `h prfvhm `y tbh pcgedteaa
Qgcem Jfdshdt Qgcem jfdshdt lust `h edafrlhm gdm prfjurhm wetbfut argum fr jfhrjefd.
P v Lf`ec Lf`ecef ef [7557\ 7 QP ::5
G rgmefirgpbhr, afr bes fwd shxugc irgteaejgtefd gdm udrhcgthm tf tbh rhquerhm prfjhmurh gskhm shvhrgc ahlgch pgtehdts tf edshrt g trgdsmujhr edtf tbher vgiedgs. ]bh pgtehdts bgm jfdshdthm tf tbh `fmecy edvgsefd afr tbh purpfsh fa lhmejgc trhgtlhdt.
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
]bh Jfurt afudm tbgt tbh jfdshdt wgs vgcem gs tbh wflhd bgm jfdshdthm tf edshrtefd fa tbh trgdsmujhr edtf tbher vgiedgs gdm tbes es wbgt bgm fjjurrhm.
Jfdshdt ed Zpfrt Ed jfdtgjt spfrts h.i. Pui`y, jfdshdt es dft dhjhssgrecy g mhahdjh tf afuc pcgy –g `fxhr lgy jfdshdt tf gjjemhdtgc afucs `ut dft tf mhce`hrgth fdhs“, –ea g tgjkch jfdtrgvhdhs tbh ruchs wbhrh tf ruch tbhd tbh edoury es mhce`hrgth gdm hxjhhms jfdshdt“ (LjDglgrg v Mudjgd)
Jfdshdt ed Lhmejgc ^rfjhmurhs 7. Yrfdi Lhmejgc ^rfjhmurh Jbgtthrtfd v Ihrsfd [7527\ W@ =:0 Ea g phrsfd ifhs tf bfspetgc afr g prfjhmurh gdm gdftbhr prfjhmurh es udmhrtgkhd, tbes prfjhmurh es g trhspgss.
0. Gjtugcety fa tbh jfdshdt afr g sphjeaej prfjhmurh Lurrgy v LjJurjby (75=5) 0 MCP ==0 ^cgedteaa wgs g pgtehdt fa tbh mhahdmgdt. ^cgedteaa bgm `hhd shhedi tbh mhahdmgdt rhigrmedi g jbecm `ertb prf`chl, tbh pcgedteaa bgm lhdtefdhm ed pgssedi bfw sbh wfucm cekh ft `h sthrecezhm. Muredi tbh pcgedteaa‖s cgst jbecm `ertb, tbh mhahdmgdt mhjemhm tf mf tbh pcgedteaa g agvfur gdm tehm bhr agccfpegd tu`hs. Ybhd pcgedteaa afudm fut, sbh wgs ergth gdm suhm afr trhspgss. ^cgedteaa sgem tbgt tbh surihry wgs dft dhjhssgry gt tbh telh. ]bh jfurt bhcm tbgt tbhrh wgs df jfdshdt, gs tbh prfjhmurh wgsd‖t gd hsshdtegc fdh.
:. Jgpgjety tf jfdshdt
Iecc Iecceejk v Yh Yhst Dfrafck Dfra fck Bh B hgctb Gutbfrety
^cgedteaas whrh pgrhdts fa g ledfr wbf f`ohjthm tf tbh mhahdmgdt ievedi tbher mguibthr tbh –pecc“ Jfurt bhcm –g ledfr es jgpg`ch fa ievedi edafrlhm jfdshdt wbhd bh fr sbh gjbehvhs g suaaejehdt udmhrstgdmedi gdm edthcceihdjh tf hdg`ch bel fr bhr tf udmhrstgdm auccy wbgt es prfpfshm.
=. Edafrlhm jfdshdt A v P (752:) ^ bgm udmhrifdh surihry wetb tbh M tyedi fa bhr agccfpegd tu`hs. ]bh tu`hs su`shquhdtcy rhofedhm gdm tbh pcgedteaa ahcc prhidgdt, pcgedteaa suhm tbh mhahdmgdt afr dft thccedi bhr tbgt tbhrh wgs g jbgdjh fa tbes fjjurredi. fj jurredi. Jfurt bhcm tbgt tbhrh wgs stecc jfdshdt afr tbh fphrgtefd. Edafrlhm jfdshdt jgshs grh essuhs fa dhiceihdjh dft trhspgss. Gs et es dft pfsse`ch tf griuh tbgt tbh pcgedteaa mem dft jfdshdt tf tbh fphrgtefd, gs tbhrh wgs jfdshdt, oust dft edafrlhm jfdshdt.
Dhjhssety
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
]bh mhahdjh es gccfwhm wbhrh gd gjt wbejb es ftbhrwesh g tfrt es mfdh tf sgvh ceah fr prfphrty. Ihdhrgccy fdcy phrlesse`ch ed –urihdt setugtefds fa elledhdt elledhdt phrec“.
Zf Zfutbwgrk Cfdm Cfdmfd @frf @frfu uib Jfu Jfudjec v Yeccegl eccegls [7597\ Jb 9:=
]bh mhahdmgdts whrh squgtthrs tbgt whrh trhspgssedi fd jfudjec cgdm, Jfudjec suhm ed trhspgss, mhahdmgdt griuhm dhjhssety ]bh jfurt rhohjthm , gs et jfdtrgvhdhm hvhry phrsfds phrsfdgc reibt tf prfphrty, gs et jfucm `h shhd tbgt df prfphrty wfucm `h sgah ]bh jfurt gcsf stgthm tbgt et wgs dft tbh pcgjh fa tbh cgw tf cffk gathr bflhchss ]bh mhahdmgdts gjt lust `h rhgsfdg`cy dhjhssgry gdm dft oust jfdvhdehdt
Lgchtth v Zbuclgd (755>) 19 MCP (=m) :07 ^ g Ohbfvgb‖s wetdhss, jgrrehm g jgrm tbgt stgthm tbgt ed tbh hvhdt fa gd gjjemhdt
sbh mem dft wesb tf rhjhevh g `cffm trgdsausefd `ut ed bfspetgc wgs ievhd g trgdsausefd. ]bh pcgedteaa suhm tbh mhahdmgdt, wbf rgeshm tbh mhahdjh fa dhjhssety Jfurt sgem tbgt tbes wgs dft gppcejg`ch, gs tbh pcgedteaa bgm lgmh bhr pfsetefd jchgr. Et wgs g ihdhrfus gjt arfl tbh mfjtfrs, `ut dft dhjhssgry @ut tbh pcgedteaa fdcy ift dfledgc mglgihs gdm bgm tf pgy bhr fwd jfsts Dhjhssety es g mhahdjh tbgt es fdcy phrlesse`ch ed jhrtged jerjulstgdjhs, gs et bgs tbh g`ecety tf `h g`ushm Dhjhssety gdm Lhmejgc Edthrvhdtefd Ed ihdhrgc, et es phrlesse`ch tf udmhrtgkh lhmejgc prfjhmurhs rhcgtedi tf tbh pcgedteaa wetbfut bes fr bhr jfdshdt ed tbh afccfwedi jerjulstgdjhs? Ybhrh ets elpfsse`ch tf jflludejgth wetb tbh phrsfd h.i. pgtehdt es udjfdsjefus ]bh gjt es ed tbh `hst `h st edthrhst fa tbh gssesthm phrsfd h.i. Ceah sgvedi surihry Dhjhssety jgd hxthdm tf rfutedh fr phrlgdhdt jfdtgjt h.i. h .i. Mrhssedi gdm ahhmedi ahhm edi g mesg`chm pgtehdt
rh A
G lhdtgccy edjgpgjetgthm wflgd wgs afudm tf `h prhidgdt gdm mfjtfrs wgdthm tf thrledgth tbh prhidgdjy. ]bhy gppcehm tf tbh jfurt tf irgdt sujb g mhjesefd. Et wgs bhcm tbgt, gctbfuib sujb prfjhmurhs grh prelg agjeh gjts fa trhspgss, tbh jfurt wgs weccedi tf irgdt g thrledgtefd. ]bh setugtefd mhhlhm et dhjhssgry tf gccfw tbh trhspgss
Lestgkh G lestgkh es gd edthdtefdgc jfdmujt mfdh udmhr g lesgpprhbhdsefd, tbus lestgkh es dft tbh sglh gs edhvetg`ch gjjemhdt, ihdhrgccy errhchvgdt ed edthdtefdgc tfrts, hxjhpt afr lgtthrs fa lestgkhd shca mhahdjh gdm tbhrhafrh tbh jfurt wecc jfdsemhr wbhtbhr tbh `hceha fa tbh mhahdmgdt tbgt bh fr sbh dhhmhm tf tgkh Gjtefd ed shca mhahdjh, mh ahdjh, gctbfuib lestgkhd, wgs ed tbh jerjulstgdjhs rhgsfdg`ch gdm sf ousteaehm. Gctbfuib lestgkh es dft g mhahdjh ed tfrt cgw, lestgkh lgy if tf prfvh gd g`shdjh fa edthdt.
Zy Zylhs v Lgb Lgbfd [7500\ ZGZP ==9
]bh mhahdmgdt pfcejh faaejhr grrhsthm tbh wrfdi phrsfd `y lestgkh Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
]bh jfurt rhohjthm tbh mhahdjh fa lestgkh
Ecchigcety ]bh trgmetefdgc jfllfd cgw prfpfsetefd fd ecchigcety es usugccy sullhm up ed tbh cgted lgxel –hx turpe jgusg df fretfr gjtefd“, wbejb lhgds tbgt df jgush fa gjtefd lgy `h `gshm fd gd ecchigc gjt. Igcg v ^rhstfd (7557) 790 JCP 0=: ]bh pcgedteaa rf`s g `gdk gdm wgs edvfcvhm ed gd gjjemhdt ed tbh ihtgwgy vhbejch. Jfurt bhcm tbgt tbhy whrh dft g`ch tf iht mglgihs afr edourehs suaahrhm, gs tbhy whrh edvfcvhm ed gd ecchigc gjt.
Hxjhptefds ]bhrh es gd gjtefdg`ch tfrt, ea tbh ecchigc gjt es dft jhdtrgc tf tbh tfrt. Zhca Mhahdjh Ed ihdhrgc, g phrsfd wbf es gttgjkhm fr tbrhgthdhm wetb gd gttgjk gdm wbf rhgsfdg`cy `hcehvhs bes ceah es ed mgdihr, es gccfwhm tf ush sujb afrjh gs dhjhssgry tf prfthjt belshca. Afrjh lust `h prfpfrtefdgc tf tbrhgt, dft hxjhssevh.
A fdte fdted v Kgtgp gtgpfm fmees (7510) 7>2 JCP 779
]bh mhahdmgdt bgm gjjushm tbh pcgedteaa fa dfd-pgylhdt. Gathr lgdgihr gpfcfieshm pcgedteaa stgrthm gd gcthrjgtefd wetb mhahdmgdt. ^cgedteaa bet mhahdmgdt twejh wetb g pehjh fa f a wffm. Mhahdmgdt rhtgcegthm wetb g pehjh fa icgss. Mhahdmgdt bgm fptefds fa wgckedi gwgy, shhkedi gssestgdjh `ut mem dft. ]bh jfurt sgem tbgt tbh mhahdmgdt‖s ush fa afrjh wgs hxjhssevh, tbus df mhahdjh fa shca mhahdjh.
Mhahdjh fa ftbhr ]bh mhahdmgdt lgy ush rhgsfdg`ch afrjh tf mhahdm g tberm pgrty. ]bh mhahdmgdt es gccfwhm tf ush afrjh gs lgy `h rhgsfdg`cy dhjhssgry ed jerjulstgdjhs tf mhahdm g tberm pgrty ed setugtefds wbhrh bh rhgsfdg`cy `hcehvhs tbgt tberm pgrty es g`fut tf `h gttgjkhm fr wbhrh tbh pgrty es gjtugccy gttgjkhm.
Ifss v Dejbfcgs [751>\ ]gs ZP 7::
]bh jfurt bhcm tbgt g phrsfd es hdtetchm tf ush afrjh tf mhahdm g tberm pgrty, tbh glfudt fa afrjh fdh jgd ush es tf `h prfpfrtefdgth tf tbh mhirhh fa edoury gdtejepgthm afr tbh strgdihr.
Mhahdjh fa ^rfphrty ]bh jfllfd cgw gccfws gd edmevemugc tf ush rhgsfdg`ch afrjh tf mhahdm bes prfphrty.
@erm v Bfc`rffk (7202) = @edi 102
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
Mhahdmgdt fwdhm g prezhm igrmhd. ]f stfp phfpch pejkedi bes acfwhrs bh sht up g spredi iud. ^cgedteaa hdthrhm edtf igrmhd tf rhtrehvh phg-bhd, wgs sbft gdm edourhm. Iud wgs edthdmhm tf `h mesjbgrihm gdm jgush edoury, mhjesefd upbhcm.
^rfvfjgtefd ^rfvfjgtefd es dft g mhahdjh ed tfrt cgw; et jgd fdcy `h ushm tf gvfem tbh gwgrm fa hxhlpcgry mglgihs
A fdte fdted v Kgtgp gtgpfm fmees (7510) 7>2 JCP 779
^rfvfjgtefd jgddft `h ushm tf leteigth mglgihs, jgd fdcy `h ushm tf leteigth hxhlpcgry mglgihs.
Phgsfdg`ch ^hrsfd
@grtfd v Grlstrfdi (7515)
M tbrhgthdhm ^ fvhr tbh pbfdh ]bh quhstefd bhrh wgs fdh fa rhgsfdg`ch gpprhbhdsefd. Et es dft wbhtbhr ^ es telem htj, `ut tbh thst es tbgt fa g rhgsfdg`ch phrsfd. ]bh jfurt ruchm ed tbes jgsh tbgt jhrtgedcy, tbh rhgsfdg`ch phrsfd wfucm bgvh g rhgsfdg`ch gpprhbhdsefd.
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
]etch? Mfhs G bgvh dhjhssgry tetch tf suh6 Jfdmujt? Mfhs @‖s vgrefus gjts fa edthrahrhdjh qugceay gs trhspgss6 Aguct? Jgd @‖s shvhrgc gjts `h jcgsseaehm gs hetbhr edthdtefdgc fr dhiceihdt edthrahrhdjh wetb G‖s prfphrty gdm wbf bgs prffa fa tbhsh lgtthrs Mglgih? Mfhs mglgih bgvh tf `h sbfwd tf sujjhhm6 Mhahdjhs? Mfhs @ bgvh g mhahdjh `gshm fd dhjhssety6 Phlhmehs? Ea G‖s rhquhst afr jflphdsgtefd es udrhgsfdg`ch, mfhs @ rhlged ceg`ch afr tbh trhspgss6 Es gd edoudjtefd gvgecg`ch tf rhstrged auturh trhspgss6 Jgush fa gjtefd? Gd gjtefd afr trhspgss wecc ceh wbhrh tbhrh es g merhjt gdm vfcudtgry edthrahrhdjh wetb cgdm ed tbh pcgedteaa‖s pfsshssefd wetbfut tbh pcgedteaa‖s jfdshdt. Ceg`ecety mhphdms upfd prffa fa aguct. ]etch? ]bh tetch rhquerhm afr trhspgss es hxjcusevh pfsshssefd fa cgdm. ^fsshssefd fa tbh suragjh jgrrehs wetb et pfsshssefd fa tbh gerspgjh tf tbh hxthdt dhjhssgry afr tbh frmedgry ush gdm hdofylhdt fa cgdm gdm strujturhs fd et, @hrdsthed v Zkyvehws. ]bh fjjupehr‖s reibts grh dft celethm tf grhgs fa gjtugc ush `ut hxthdm tf tbfsh grhgs wbejb ed tbh auturh tbh fjjupehr lgy ush gs pgrt fa tbh frmedgry ush fa tbh cgdm, C.O.^ Edvhstlhdts v. Bfwgrm Jbeg. Gppcyedi predjepch? Gs G es tbh fjjupehr fa tbh gmofededi prfphrty, G wfucm dfrlgccy bgvh hxjcusevh pfsshssefd fa cgdm. @ut mfhs G‖s pfsshssfry pf sshssfry reibts hxthdm tf tbgt grhg fa edaredihlhdt, 0> lhtrhs g`fvh G‖s rffa. Hvhd ea tbgt tbgt grhg es dft wetbed gd grhg dhjhssgry afr tbh jurrhdt ush fa tbh cgdm gdm strujturhs, griug`cy et es wetbed gd grhg tbgt G lgy wesb tf ush ed tbh auturh. Et es gcsf ed gd grhg tbgt G lgy `h g`ch tf jfllhrjegccy hxpcfet `y `uecmedi fr gmvhrtesedi spgjh. ]bhrh es gcsf suppfrt ed tbh gutbfretehs suiihstedi tbgt edtrusefd gt tbgt chvhc bgs `hhd rhigrmhm gs g trhspgss. ]bes wgs jfdjhmhm ed Yfcchrtfd Yecsfd v. Jfdstged gdm afccfwhm ed cgthr jgshs. Jfdjcusefd? Jfdshquhdtcy, et es cekhcy tbgt G wecc `h bhcm tf bgvh suaaejehdt tetch tf suh afr trhspgss. Jfdmujt rhquerhm afr Ceg`ecety? Ed frmhr tf jfdstetuth trhspgssfry jfdmujt, @‖s jfdmujt lust `h g merhjt edthrhahrhdjh wetb tbh pcgedteaa‖s pfsshssefd wetbfut tbh pcgedteaa‖s jfdshdt, Zfutbpfrt Jfrp v. Hssf ^htrfchul. Merhjtdhss es jfdjhrdhm wetb tbh jgusgc rhcgtefdsbep `htwhhd tbh mhahdmgdt‖s jfdmujt gdm tbh edthrahrhdjh wetb tbh pcgedteaa fr pcgedteaa‖s prfphrty. Et wecc `h merhjt wbhrh tbhrh es df vfcudtgry jfdmujt fr gjtevh afrjh edthrvhdedi `htwhhd tbh mhahdmgdt‖s jfdmujt gdm elpgjt wetb tbh pcgedteaa fr tbh pcgedteaa‖s prfphrty, Zfutbpfrt Jfrpfrgtefd v. Hssf; ^cgtt v. Dutt. ]urdedi tf hgjb shpgrgth edjemhdt. Edjemhdts?
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
–dhjhssgry afr tbh wfrk gt bgdm“. Fd tbh g`fvh thsts tbes wfucm qugceay gs g merhjt edthrhahrhdjh. –dft dftejh swedi“? mhspeth tbh agjt tbgt tbh jfdmujt leibt `h jfdsemhrhm dhiceihdt, et es dhvhrtbhchss g merhjt edthrahrhdjh wetb pfsshssefd. –swudi `y tbh wedm“? tbes es tbh chgst jhrtged fa tbh gcthrdgtevhs. Griulhdts? Et es griug`ch tbgt tbhrh es df merhjt gjt `y @ fr tbgt hvhd ea tbhrh es, tbh edthrahrhdjh es edmerhjt. Et es griug`ch tbgt @ selpcy flets tf gjt, e.h. flets tf cfjk tbh jrgdh oe` jfdshquhdtcy tbhrh es df –gjt“ fa @ tbgt jgd glfudt tf gd edthrahrhdjh. Gcthrdgtevhcy, tbh edthrahrhdjh cekh Zfutbpfrt v. Hssf (fec wgs mulphm arfl tbh vhsshc gt shg) es edmerhjt. Fd tbh ftbhr bgdm, tbhrh lgy `h tbfuibt tf `h g seideaejgdt meaahrhdjh `htwhhd mulpedi fec gt shg (Hssf jgsh) gdm chgvedi g jrgdh oe` ed sujb g pfsetefd tbgt et jgd swedi gjrfss gmofededi prfphrty. Jfdjcumh hgjb sjhdgref? Jfdshquhdtcy mhspeth tbh pfsse`ch jbgrgjthresgtefd fa @‖s jfdmujt gs gd flessefd, et es tbfuibt tbgt tbh agecurh tf cfjk tbh jrgdh oe` gdm ets jfdshquhdt trhspgss wecc sgtesay tbh rhquerhlhdt fa merhjtdhss. Ybgt aguct es rhquerhm gdm wbf sbfucm prfvh et? Ed gd gjtefd afr trhspgss tbh mhahdmgdt wecc dft `h ceg`ch ed tbh g`shdjh fa aguct. Mhspeth jfdtrgry Hdicesb gutbfrety, tbh Gustrgcegd jfurts gjjhpt tbgt g trhspgss jgd `h jflletthm dhiceihdtcy gs whcc gs edthdtefdgccy, Yeccegls v. Lecfted, Qhddedi v. Jbed. Gmmetefdgccy tbh Gustrgcegd jfurts bgvh edsesthm tbgt ed rhcgtefd tf gjjemhdts faa tbh beibwgy, (gs et es ed tbes jgsh) et es up tf tbh mhahdmgdt tf mesprfvh aguct? LjBgch v. Ygtsfd. Ed tbes jgsh tbhrhafrh hvhd ea tbh jfdmujt fa tbh mhahdmgdt es dhiceihdt g jcgel ed trhspgss lgy stecc `h gvgecg`ch. ]bes es seideaejgdt gs g jcgel ed trhspgss jgd sujjhhm wbhd g jcgel ed tbh tfrt fa dhiceihdjh lgy agec, ed pgrtejucgr wbhrh tbhrh es df mglgih. Ybhrh tbh edthrahrhdjh grh dhiceihdt, df jcgel ed tbh tfrt fa dhiceihdjh wfucm `h gvgecg`ch gs tbhrh es df mglgih. Gctbfuib tbhrh lgy `h df iffm pfcejy rhgsfd afr gccfwedi jcgels afr dhiceihdt trhspgss, et es g jcgel wbejb rhlgeds gvgecg`ch tf g pcgedteaa, Qhddedi v. Jbed. Zelecgrcy et wecc `h up tf tbh mhahdmgdt tf mesprfvh aguct `y wgy fa mhahdjh. Afr jfdvhdehdjh, tbes essuh es mhgct wetb gt tbes stgih fa hdquery rgtbhr tbgd udmhr tbh bhgmedi fa mhahdjhs. Gppcy cgw tf hgjb agjt? –dhjhssgry afr tbh wfrk gt bgdm“? tbes qugceaehs gs gd edthdtefdgc edthrahrhdjh. ]bh dhjhssety tf jfdteduh lgy `h g lgtthr tbgt jgd `h rgeshm `y wgy fa mhahdjh. –Dft dftejh jrgdh oe` swediedi“? tbes jfucm `h rhigrmhm gs dhiceihdt ea g rhgsfdg`ch phrsfd hxhrjesedi jgrh j grh wfucm bgvh gvfemhm et. Gcthrdgtevhcy ea et wgs su`stgdtegccy jhrtged tf rhsuct arfl tbh mhahdmgdt‖s jfdmujt, et leibt `h rhigrmhm gs edthdtefdgc. –Zwudi `y tbh wedm“? tbhrh es df edthdmhm edthrahrhdjh gt lfst g dhiceihdt edthrahrhdjh. Jfdjcusefd? Jfdshquhdtcy tbh vgrefus edthrahrhdjhs `y tbh mhahdmgdt wfucm sgtesay tbh rhquerhlhdt fa aguct.
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
Mglgih Hchlhdt? Gs trhspgss prfthjts meidetgry edthrhsts, tbhrh es df rhquerhlhdt tbgt tbh pcgedteaa prfvhs mglgih. ]rhspgss es gjtefdg`ch phr sh. Jfdtrgst dhiceihdjh wbhrh mglgih es tbh iest fa tbh gjtefd.
]bhrh es griug`cy df vgcem rhgsfd afr lgedtgededi tbh gjtefd afr trhspgss wbhrh tbh edthrahrhdjh es lhrhcy dhiceihdt gctbfuib udtec tbh Beib Jfurt aedgccy mhjemhs tbh essuh g jcgel es gvgecg`ch afr dhiceihdt trhspgss ed Gustrgceg. Mhahdjh gdm prfvh fd `gcgdjh fa prf`g`ecety? ]bh mhahdjh fa dhjhssety lgy `h gvgecg`ch wbhrh tbh edthrahrhdjh es rhgsfdg`cy dhjhssgry tf prhvhdt lfrh shrefus edoury, ^rfmulgd v. Gcchd. ]bh mhahdjh sbfucm `h gvgecg`ch dft fdcy wbhrh tbh mhahdmgdt gjts tf prfthjt bhr fr bes sgahty `ut gcsf wbhrh tbh mhahdmgdt gjts tf prfthjt tbh pu`cej. Ed tbh jgsh gt bgdm, wbhrh tbh oe` fa tbh jrgdh wgs swudi fvhr G‖s prhleshs `hjgush et wgs dhjhssgry afr tbh wfrk gt bgdm, et jfucm `h griuhm tbgt tbh mhahdjh fa dhjhssety prhvhdthm ceg`ecety afr tbgt edjursefd. Bfwhvhr, et es jchgr tbgt ea tbh dhjhssety wgs `rfuibt g`fut `y tbh mhahdmgdt‖s dhiceihdt, et jgddft `h rhcehm upfd? Zfutbpfrt Jfrpfrgtefd v. Hssf. ]bh meaaejucty ed tbes jgsh es tbgt @ tbh jfdtrgjtfr es `hedi suhm dft tbh fwdhr fa tbh cgdm. Gdy dhiceihdjh fa tbh fwdhr wfucm dft `h rhigrmhm gs tbh jfdtrgjtfr‖s dhiceihdjh. Ea tbes vehw es jfrrhjt, et wfucm bgvh tbh jurefus rhsuct tbgt gd edmhphdmhdt jfdtrgjtfr hlpcfyhm `y tbh fwdhr fa tbh cgdm wfucm bgvh g mhahdjh fa dhjhssety wbhd tbh fwdhr fa tbh cgdm wfucm dft. ^hrbgps tbh gdswhr es tbgt tbh fwdhr fa tbh cgdm fuibt tf `h suhm afr trhspgss fd tbh `gses tbgt tbh fwdhr lust `h tgkhd tf bgvh gutbfreshm tbh jfdmujt wbejb jfdstetuthm tbh trhspgss. Et es jfdjcumhm tbgt tbh mhahdjh fa dhjhssety lgy `h gvgecg`ch wbhrh tbh trhspgss wgs dhjhssgry afr tbh wfrk gt bgdm prfvemhm tbgt tbhrh wgs df ftbhr rhgsfdg`ch lhgds `y wbejb @ jfucm jgrry fut tbh wfrk. Phlhmehs? G lgy shhk gd edoudjtefd rhstrgededi @ arfl jfdteduedi tf trhspgss fd G‖s gerspgjh. Phchvgdt essuhs edjcumh edjfdvhdehdjhs, cekhcebffm fa rhphtetefd gdm gmhqugjy fa mglgihs. ]bh cekhcebffm fa rhphtetefd es sgtesaehm. Ea tbh sul rhquhsthm `y tbh pcgedteaa wgs udrhgsfdg`ch, tbes lgy `h rhchvgdt tf tbh essuh fa jfdvhdehdjh gdm gmhqugjy fa mglgihs fd tbh `gses tbgt tbh pcgedteaa wgs weccedi tf shcc tbh reibt tf trhspgss afr g suaaejehdtcy beib sul. ]bh prf`chl rgeshs tbh wemhr quhstefd fa bfw agr tbh edthrhsts fa mhvhcfplhdt sbfucm fvhrremh edmevemugc prfphrty reibts fr gccfw jflpucsfry purjbgsh fa tbfsh hdtetchm tf gd edoudjtefd rhstrgededi tbh trhspgss. Gcthrdgtevhcy tbgt su`stgdtegc mglgihs sbfucm `h gwgrmhm afr tbh trhspgss. Et sbfucm dft `h jfdstruhm gs g lhrh thjbdejgc `rhgjb fa reibts gs tbh pcgedteaa sbfucm `h g`ch tf jfllhrjegccy hxpcfet tbh reibt tf gerspgjh gdm mglgihs sbfucm rhachjt tbgt vgcuh.
Gcchd Bsu 0>7>
