TIMELINE OF JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL y ALONZO REALONDA
1861 (June 16) named *Wednesday, moonlit after San Jose *Calamba, Laguna (June 22)
*Baptismal Day (Fr. Rufino Collantes)
Influences: *Francisco Mercado and Teodora 1. Hereditary Alonzo Birth, Ancestry, 2. Environmental *Children: SPNOLMJCJTS SPNOLMJCJTS Childhood 3. Aid of Divine *Rizal “a field of wheat” (1861 – 1869) Providence *Principalia(private Principalia(private library and a carriage) *“Spare the rod and spoil the child.” *Death of Concha: Rizal’s First Sorrow *The Story of the Moth June 1869 December 1872
– *Biñan: Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz *Painting lessons: Juancho (father-inlaw) Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1870) Execution of GOMBURZA (Feb. 17, 1872) Injustice to his mother
June 10, 1872 – 1872 – 1877 1877 *Entrance exam: Colegio San Juan de Ateneo Municipal Letran (ADMU) *Jesuit education: rigid and discipline Formal Search *Prophecy of Mother’s release for Knowledge *Interests in reading: Universal History by Cesar Cantús 4 R’s: Reading, Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Writing, Dumas Arithmetic, and *Best Professor: Fr. Francisco Paula de Religion Sanchez *Extra-Curricular: st 1 Teacher: Secretary of Marian Congregation Rizal’s Mother member of Academy of Spanish Literature and of Natural Sciences *Sculptural works: Image of Virgin Mary (batikuling) Image of Sacred Heart of Jesus (Fr. Lleonart) *Poems: Mi Primera Inspiracion other religious poems and about education
*First Romance: Batanguena Segunda Katigbak (14 yr. old)
Medical Studies at *Philosophy and Letters and UST Medicine April 1877 – 1882 *Finished Surveying (Perito grimensor):1881 *Romances with other girls: “Miss L”, Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela Leonor “Taimis” Rivera *Victim of Spanish brutality *Liceo Artistico-Literario: A la Juventud Filipina (1879) El Consejo de los Dioses (1880) Compañerismo: (Companions of Jehu) March 1882 – June FIRST TRAVEL ABROAD 1887 July 3, 1887 – July Djemnah: Marseilles to Saigon 30, 1887 August 5, 1887 Haiphong: Manila *Established a medical clinic “Dr. August 8, 1887 1. To operate Uliman” – Php 5,000 not perform surgical on his mother’s *Could eyes operation 2. To serve his *Encouraged townmates in people who has gymnastics, fencing, and shooting long been *Bodyguard: Lt. Jose Taviel de First oppressed by Andrade Homecoming *Attackers of Noli: Fr. Salvador Font (1887 – Spanish tyrants To find out for and Fr. Jose Rodriguez 1888) himself how Noli *Death of his sister Olimpia and his other *Calamba’s Agrarian Problem (Friar writings were Hacienda 1883) affecting the *Wrote poem “Himno al Trabajo” Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent
February 1886 – SECOND TRAVEL ABROAD June 1892 “The battlefield is *With Lucia returned to Manila in the Philippines” (Noon) and met Gov. Despujol June 26, 1892 – *Visited his friends June 28, 1892 July 3, 1892 *Founding of La Liga Filipina (KKK and Cuerpo de Comprimisarios) Second Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Homecoming Like All) (1892) July 6, 1892 Arrested and jailed in Fort Santiago : Pobres Frailes July 15, 1892 – July Cebu steamer for deportation in 17, 1892 (12:30 Dapitan AM) July 17, 1892 – *Befriend Capt. Ricardo Carnicero 1896 *Wins in Manila Lottery: 9736 (Sept. Jurisdiction of 21, 1892): Carcinero, Rizal and Jesuits Francisco Equilia of Dipolog 2nd price Php 20,00 Php 6,000 share (2,000 to his father and 200 to Basa and purchased 16 hectares agricultural lands along the coast of Talisay *Rizal-Pastells Debate in Religion *Challenged by a Frenchman, Mr. Juan Lardet to a duel Exile in *Idyllic life in Dapitan Dapitan *Met the Friars spy: “Pablo (1892 – Mercado” Florencio Namanan 1896) (photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons with initials P.M.) *Artistic Works: Mother’s Revenge, The Dapitan Girl, Josephine Bracken * Business: Abaca and copra *Invention: sulpukan and machine making bricks Wrote Mi Retiro and El Canto del Viajero Community Development Projects: 1. Clinic
2. Water system 3. Coconut Oil Lamp (500 Php) 4. Beautification of Plaza 5. Relief Map of Mindanao 6. Educator to 16 Talisay boys (Hymn to Talisay) July 7, 1896 Met Dr. Pio Valenzuela about KKK July 17, 1896 Voluntary Military doctor to Cuba July 31, 1896 Espana: Adios, Dapitan (4 years, 13 days) August 6, 1896 – Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz and September 2, 1896 Romblon August 30, 1896 Received 2 letters from Gov. General Ramon Blanco for the Ministry of Colonies and Minister of Wars Last Trip (Duplicity) Abroad September 3, 1896 Last trip abroad: Isla de Panay September 7, 1896 Singapore: urged by Manuel Camus to stay October 6, 1896 Arrested in Barcelona: Monjuich and returned to Manila November 3, 1896 Arrival in Manila (Colon) to Fort Santiago Evidences: 15 documents and testimonials Defender: Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade December 13, Gov. General Camilo de Polavieja Last Homecoming 1896 December 26, Cuartel de Espana, Trial of Rizal 1896 (8:00 AM) December 28, Polavieja signs Rizal’s execution 1896 December 29, Alcohol burner (Trinidad) 1896 Retraction with Fr. Balaguer Martyrdom in December 30, 6:00 AM Begin Death March Bagumbayan 1896 7:03 AM Death by firing squad 35 years, 5 months and 11 days
TRAVELS OF RIZAL Secret Mission: “to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and governments and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty tasks of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny”
First Travel (1882 – 1887) May 3, 1882 SS Salvadora Jose Mercado May 9, 1882 1 Singapore Djemnah Mar 11, 1882 – May 17, 1882 2 Point Galle (Ceylon ) 3 Aden 4 Suez Canal Port Said June 11, 1882 – June 12, 1882 5 Naples and Marsailles June 15, 1882 – June 16, 1882 Port Bou 6 Barcelona : “Amor Patrio” (LaongLaan), “Los Viajes” and “Revista de Madrid” May 20, 1882 Universidad Central de Madrid Consuelo Ortiga y Perez “They Ask Me for Verses” : Circulo-Hispano Filipino June 17, 1883 – August 20, 1883 7 Paris (costliest capital in Europe) Member of Mason ( Acacia) June 24, 1884 – June 25, 1884 Financial worries Salute to Luna (Spoliarium) and Hidalgo’s (VirgenesChristianasExpuestas al Populacho) Victory November 20, 1884 – November 22, 1884 Student demonstration for Dr. Miguel Morayta, Prof. of History in UCM June 21, 1884 Licentiate in Medicine Doctor of Medicine (did not present his thesis) June 19, 1885 Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters November 1885 – February 1886 Paris: Dr. Louis de Weckert
February 1, 1886 – 1887 8 Germany (Strasbourg) Heidelberg: “To the Flowers of Heidelberg” University Eye Hospital: Dr. Otto Becker Clinics of Dr. Schultzer& Dr. Galezowski Wilhemsfeld: Pastor Ullmer Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz, ethnologist) Leipzig: Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) and Dr. Hans Meyer (anthropologist) Dresden: Dr. Adolph Meyer (Director of Anthropological and Ethnological Museum) Member of Anthropological, Ethnological and Geographical Society (recommended by Dr. FeoderJagor and Dr. Meyer) March 21, 1887 Noli me Tangere was published Dr. Maximo Viola Suspected as French spy (territorial dispute over Alsace-Lorraine) Grand Tour of Europe with Viola (May 11 to June 29, 1887) Germany: Dresden 9 Czech: Leitmeritz, Prague 10 Austria: Vienna, Danube River Germany: Lintz, Salzburg, Munich, Nuremberg, Rheinfall Switzerland: Schauffhausen, Basel, Baden, Bern, 11 Lausanne, Geneva June 23, 1887 – parted ways Italy: Turin, Milan, Venice, Florence, Rome, 12 Vatican City
Second Travel (1888 – 1892) February 3, 1888: Zafiro 1 February 8, 1888: Hongkong Jose Ma. Basa, BalbinoMaurico and Manuel Yr iarte Shadowed by Jose Sainz de Varanda February 18, 1888: Kiu-kiang 2 Macao February 22 – April 13, 1888: Oceanic 3 Japan Invited by Juan Perez Caballero to live at Spanish legation Met O-Sei-san (Seiko Usui) April 13 – April 28, 1888:Belgic 4 USA Tetcho Suehiro (“Nankai -No-Daiharan” or Storm Over the South Sea and O-unabara or The Big Ocean) May 4, 1888 San Francisco Nevada New York “big town” May 16, 1888: City of Rome 5 Liverpool, England May 1888 – March 1889 Boarded at Beckett (Gertrude “Gettie”) Bad news: Persecution of Filipino patriots who signed the Anti-Friar Petition of 1888 Persecution of Calamba Tenants Furious attacks to him by Sen. Salamanca and Vida in Cortes and by Pesengaños (WenceslaoRetana) and Quiopqiap (Pablo Feced) in Spanish newspapers, etc. Annotate Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas de Filipinas Met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce (in 6 Spain ) Master Mason of La Solidaridad Assosacion (Los Agricultores Filipinos) Wrote: La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (Dimas Alang ) Letter to the Young Women of Malolos Specimens of Tagalog folklore and Two Eastern Fables
May 6, 1889: Universal Exposition in Paris Eiffel Tower Kidlat Club, Indios Bravos, International Association of Filipinologists Wrote Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años, Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos, Por Telefono(D.A.) Project for Filipino College in Hongkong 7 January 28, 1890: Belgium Presentiment of Death Romance with Suzanne “Petite” Jacoby 8 April 1890 – February 1891: Madrid Misfortunes: Failure to get justice for his family Death of JOMAPA Duel with Antonio Luna and Wenceslao Retana Infidelity of Leonor Rivera Rival with M. del Pilar 9 February 1891: Biarritz Stayed with the Bousteads (Nellie) 10 May 30, 1891: Ghent, Belgium Finished El Filibusterismo Valentin Ventura November 1891 – June 1892: Melbourne 11 Hongkong Family Reunion Ophthalmic Surgeon: Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques New Borneo Colonization Project La Liga Filipina constitution Last Hongkong letters: To my Parents, Brethren and Friends and To the Philippines
RIZAL A-to-Z By AmbethOcampo (From Looking Back 5 Rizal’s Teeth, Bonifacio Bones) Generations of college students reared on the standard textbook by Gregorio Zaide were introduced to the so called “Rizal A to Z” that depicted the many facets of Rizal’s personality. Students either used Zaide’s list or created their own based on their readings. A for Agronomy, B for Businessman, C for Cartographer, M for Magician, all the way to Z for Zoologist. A century and a half since Rizal was born, with so much material, both old and new, we can compose many more Rizal A to Zs like the one that follows:
A
ADIOS, AGUINALDO, ATENEO Adios patria adorada, is the first line of the unsigned, untitled, valedictory poem he wrote on a slip of paper folded neatly and hid in an alcohol burner recovered by his sisters after his execution. The poem was copied out and reproduced, and given the title Mi Ultimo Pensamiento and much later MiUltimo Adios. Emilio Aguinaldo declared December 30, 1898 a nd day of mourning to remember Filipino heroes especially Rizal whose 2 death anniversary fell on that day. Ateneo Municipal was a public secondary school in Intramuros run by the Jesuits that later developed into the present-day Ateneo de Manila University. BLUMENTRITT, BURGOS, BAGUMBAYAN, BONIFACIO Ferdinand Blumentritt is more than a street name in downtown Manila, he was Rizal’s friend who campaigned for Philippine Independence from Spain and the United States. Jose Burgos was one of the three priests martyred in 1872 hence GOMBURZA. His influenced was transmitted to Rizal from his brother Paciano. Bagumbayan was the place of execution of Gomburza and Rizal, it is now known as either Luneta because of an old feature in it the shape of a half-moon (moon is luna in Spanish) or Rizal Park. Andres Bonifacio read Rizal’s writings and is said to have translated the Ultimo Adios from the original Spanish to Tagalog. B
CALAMBA Calamba, Laguna. Rizal was born in this town sometime between 11:30 to midnight on June 19, 1861. He falls under the astrological sign Gemini but in the Chinese Zodiac he is a Rooster. C
DAPITAN Dapitan, Zamboangadel Norte. Place of exile, 1892-1896. The present Rizal Shrine is part of the beach front estate Rizal acquired using winnings from the lotto. D
ELIAS Elias is a character in Noli Me Tangereoften interpreted or depicted as Andres Bonifacio wearing a white camisa de chino and red Kundiman pants. However, Rizal and E
Bonifacio had not met by the time the Noli was published in 1887. Rizal is said to have regretted killing Elias in the Noli.
FAURA, FIIBUSTERISMO, FRANCISCO MERCADO Federico Faurawas one of Rizal’s teachers who is acknowledged as the founder of the Manila Observatory and inventor of the Faura barometer that provided warning on typhoons. El Filibusterismo, the second of Rizal’s books, it was published in Ghent in 1891, the sequel to the Noli Me Tangere. Francisco Mercado is Rizal’s father overshadowed in our textbooks by his wife Teodora Alonzo. F
GERTRUDE Gertrude Beckett was the daughter of Rizal’s landlord in London. In her letters to Rizal she signed herself “Gettie” and referred to Rizal as “Pettie” . G
HEIDELBERG, HITLER Heidelberg is the university town where Rizal took specialized courses in ophthalmology in the Augenklinik under Otto Becker. One of his famous poems, “To the Flowers of Heidelberg” was composed here. One of the enduring urban legends of the Philippines is that Rizal is the father of Adolf Hitler . INDOLENCE I “Indolence of the Filipinos” is one of Rizal’smost anthologized essays. It is a response to the myth of the lazy native spread by the Spaniards and explains the effects of climate on the Philippines. H
JOSE, JOSEFA, A JOSEFINA Jose Rizal was the second son, the seventh of eleven children born to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo. Josefa Rizal a.k.a. Panggoy was Rizal’s younger sister. Josefina is the Spanish form for Josephine thus Rizal composed a love poem for Josephine Bracken, his common-law-wife in Dapitan entitled simply “A Josefina” (To Josephine). J
KABABATA “Sa akingmgakabata” is a much anthological poem on the beauty of Tagalog allegedly written when Rizal was eight years old. At best, this poem is attributed to Rizal, at worst it may not have been written by Rizal at all. K
LAND SURVEYOR, LEONOR, LOTTERY Not many know that a year after his graduation from the Ateneo in 1877 Rizal graduated again with a degree in land surveying. He attained his professional license as agrimensor y peritotasador de tierras(land surveyor and assessor) in 1881. Rizal was once described as “Doble Leonor” (Double Leonor) because while a student in UST he was associated with Leonor Rivera and Leonor Valenzuela. The Rizal family was fond of the lottery and Rizal’s Madrid diary lists regular purchase of lottery tickets. Rizal hit the second prize while he was in exile in Dapitan. Unfortunately, Rizal did not buy the entire ticket thus the prize was divided among him, the Governor of Dapitan and a third party. L
MAKAMISA, MORGA In 1892 Rizal wrote the beginnings of a third satirical novel in Tagalog, the opening chapter was called “Makamisa” (After the Mass). Later he shifted from Tagalog to Spanish and after writing up 245 pages in draft he left this novel unfinished. Antonio de Morga in 1609 published the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events of the Philippine Islands) that Rizal republished with long explanatory footnotes in London in 1890. M
NOLI ME TANGERE, NELLIE BOUSTEAD Noli me Tangere (Touch me not) was Rizal’s first book, the first of two novels, that first saw print in Berlin in 1887. Nellie Boustead was the woman who caused the jealous Antonio Luna to get drunk and challenge Rizal to a duel. N
OPTHALMOLOGY Rizal specialized in ophthalmology after his medical studies in Madrid to cure his mother’s failing eyesight. He studied under Louis de Wecker in Paris and Otto Becker in Germany. O
PACIANO, PASTELLS Paciano Mercado is Rizal’s elder brother, who inspired and guided Rizal’s life and career. He translated the Noli in Tagalog. He fought the Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution and also became a general during the Filipino-American War. Pablo Pastells was the Jesuit superior with whom Rizal corresponded from Dapitan on religious and philosophical issues. P
QUIROGA, QUIOPQUIAP Quirogais a character in El Fili and Quiopquiapwas the pseudonym of Pablo Feced, a journalist known for his anti-Filipino writings. Q
REDNAXELA, RICIAL, RIPPER Rednaxelais Alexander spelled backwards and was the name of the street, Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived in Hongkong. Ricial, Risal or later Rizal was word denoted a green field ready for harvest. Mercado and Rizal were two surnames Rizal used interchangeably during his schooling in Ateneo and UST. Another urban legend circulating is that Rizal could have been the infamous Jack the Ripper because when he was in London and the time the ripper murders took place. It has also been suggested that there is connection between their initials “J.R.” R
SANDAKAN, SEGUNDA, SOLIDARIDAD Rizal proposed to establish a Filipino colony in Sandakan, North Borneo that did not push through. SegundaKatigbakwas Rizal’s first love as depicted in his student diary where she referred to as “Miss K”. La Solidaridad was the Filipino reformed newspaper in Spain edited by Graciano Lopez Jaen and later Marcelo H. delPilar. Rizal published some of his most famous essays here: To the Women of Malolos, Indolence of the Filipinos and the Philippines Within a Century Hence. S
TEODORA ALONSO, TETCHO SUEHIRO Teodora Alonso, Rizal’s mother, needs no introduction nor explanation. TetchoSuehirowas a Japanese journalist who Rizal met on a ship bound for the United States. Tetcho later wrote about his meeting “The Man from Manila”. T
ULIMAN, UNTER DEN LINDEN, USUI SEIKO Some people during Rizal’s lifetime referred to Rizal as “Dr. Uliman” from “el doctor aleman” (the German doctor). Unter den Linden is a famous Berlin boulevard mentioned in Rizal’s writings. Usui Seiko was a Japanese woman with whom he fell in love. She is mentioned in his 1888 diary and appears in a small notebook of drawings he made in Japan. U
VALENTIN VENTURA, VERTEBRA Valentin Ventura was a wealthy friend from Pampanga who lived in Paris and advanced the funds to defray the costs for the publication of El Fili. Part of Rizal’s vertebra or backbone is displayed in Fort Santiago. When Rizal’s remains were buried under the Rizal monument this particular piece of chipped backbone was set aside to show Filipinos where the bullet snuffed out his life. V
WOMEN of MALOLOS Rizal wrote a lengthy letter to the women of Malolos, Bulacan, who against friar objections, proposed a night school where they could learn Spanish. The letter was published in La Solidaridad. W
XEREZ-BURGOS Manuel Xerez-Burgos, nephew of the ill-fated Fr. Jose Burgos interceded with the Jesuits when Rizal was not admitted into Ateneo Municipal due to his small stature. X
YBARRA, YSAGANI, YNDIOS BRAVOS In Spanish orthography the letters “I” and “Y” are sometimes interchangeable and his manuscripts Rizal spells the names of these characters Ybarra/Ibarra and Ysagani/Isagani. The same for the group of friends that called themselves Yndios/Indios Bravos after the “Brave Indians” who performed Wild West show during the 1889 Paris Expo. Indio was a negative word used to describe native Filipinos, Rizal and friends turned in around and made it a badge of courage. Y
ZOOLOGIST, BEN ZAYB Rizal was not a professional zoologist but is considered such because he collected specimens: seashells, butterflies, flora and fauna, and other artifacts that he sent to scientists in Europe during his exile in Dapitan. Rizal’s name appears in the classification for a winged lizard (Draco rizali), a frog or toad (Racophorusrizali) and a beetle ( Apogoniarizali). Ben Zaybis a character in El Fili whose name is said to have come from Ybanez. Z
THE MANY- SIDED PERSONALITY Filipinos and foreigners alike have paid tribute that his place of honor in history is secure. His Austrian bosom friend, Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rector of the Imperial Atheneum of Leitmeritz, said that “Rizal was the greatest product of the Philippines and his coming to the world was like the appearance of a rare comet, whose brilliance appears only every other century.” Another German friend, Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of the Dresden Museum who admired his all-around knowledge and ability, remarked “Rizal’s many -sidedness was stupendous.” His precocity since early boyhood turned into versatility in later years. Being curious and inquisitive, he developed a rare facility of mastering varied subjects and occupations. ACTOR:
He maintained a garden in Dapitan where
He acted a character in Luna’s paintings and
he planted and experimented on plants of
acted in school dramas.
allkinds.
AGRICULTURIST:
BUSINESSMAN:
He had farms in Dapitan (1892-1896)
He had a partner in Dapitan in the abaca
where he planted different fruit-beating
business there.
trees.
CARTOGRAPHER:
ANIMAL LOVER:
He drew maps of Dapitan, the Philippines
He loved animals, as a small boy.
and other places he visited.
ANTHROPOLOGIST:
CHESS PLAYER:
He made researches on the physical and
He played chess and bear several Germans
social make up of man.
and European friends and acquaintances.
ARCHAEOLOGIST:
COMMENTATOR:
He
studied
monuments
and
antique
He always expressed and published his
currency everywhere he went.
personal opinion.
ASCETIC:
CONCHOLOGIST:
He always practiced self-discipline wherever
He had a good shell collection in Dapitan.
he went.
EDUCATOR:
BOOK LOVER:
He taught in his special school in Dapitan.
He had a big library and bought many books
ETHNOLOGIST:
abroad.
In his travels, he compared different races
BOTANIST:
and he noted the differences.
FATHER of COMMUNITY SCHOOL:
MUSICIAN:
He proposed to open a college
He played the flute and composed pieces of
in
Hongkong
and
his
special
school
music and cultivated music appreciation.
inDapitan.
MYTHOLOGIST:
FENCER:
He used mythology in his Noli and Fili.
He fenced with Europeans and Juan Luna
NATIONALIST:
and other friends in Europe.
He gave full expression of the native spirit
FREEMASON ABROAD:
strengthened by world civilization and loved
He was a member of La Solidaridad Lodge in
and defended everything Filipino.
Spain.
OPTHALMOLOGIST:
HORTICULTURE AND FARMER:
He graduated in an ophthalmologic college
He cultivated and experimented plants in
in Spain.
Dapitan.
ORIENTALIST:
HISTORIAN:
He admired the special characteristic and
His
annotation
of
Antonio
de
beauties of Oriental countries peoples.
Morga’sSucesos de las Islas Filipinas entitled
PHARMACOLOGIST:
him as one.
He
HUMORIST:
usefulness and preparation of cures for
As found in numerous humorous incidents
treatment of his patients.
in
PHILOLOGIST:
the
Noli
Me
Tangere
and
El
treasured
loved
and
learning
popularized
and
literature
the
Filibusterismo.
He
is
ICHTHYOLOGIST:
unequalled.
He collected 38 new varieties of fish in
PHILOSOPHER:
Dapitan.
He regulated his life and enjoyed calmness
JAPANOPHILE:
of the lie at all time.
His admiration of Japanese traits and his
PHYSICAL CULTURIST:
knowledge of her language proved he was
He maintained a good health by exercising
one.
all parts of his body and eating proper
JOURNALIST:
foods.
He authored and published many articles in
PHYSICIANS:
Spanish and English in London.
He treated several patients afflicted not
LABORATORY WORKER:
only with eye sickness.
He was employed in the clinic of Dr.
POET:
Weckert and Dr. Becker in Paris.
He wrote over 35 poems.
LINGUIST:
POLITICIAN:
He spoke over 20 languages.
He exposed the evils of the political
LOVER OF TRUTH:
activities of the Spaniards in the Philippines
He chided Spanish Spanish writers for not
through his writing.
writing the truth about the Filipinos.
POLYGLOT:
He wrote and spoke in 20 languages.
He encouraged and introduced solutions
PROOFREADER:
based on his study on Philippines social
He worked part-time in Germany.
problems.
PROPAGANDIST:
SODALIST:
He encouraged the recommendation of
He always joined fraternities, associations
improving
and brotherhood for self-improvement.
government
entities
and
discouraged abuses by publishing articles.
SURVEYOR:
REFORMER:
He engaged from a surveying class at
He published his modern methods of
Ateneo.
government administration, so changes
TOURIST:
could be made.
He was considered due to his extensive
RESEARCHER:
travels.
Being a wide reader, he compared the old
TRAVELER:
and new practices in life.
He traveled around the world three times.
REVOLUTIONIST:
YOUTH LEADER:
He encouraged reforms, discouraged old,
He considered the youth as “The Hope of
impractical usage and desired new and
His Fatherland”.
useful law to benefit his countrymen. He
ZOOLOGIST:
desired changes for the better.
He was fond of pets. He researched later on
RHETORICIAN:
their physiology, classification and habits.
He always practiced the art of persuasive and impressive speaking and writing.
RURAL RECONSTRUCTION WORKER: He practiced rural reconstruction work in Dapitan in 1894 and succeeded.
SANITARY ENGINEER: He constructed water system in Dapitan.
SCIENTIST: His practice of many sciences here and abroad made him a noted scientist.
SCULPTOR: He's skillful sculptor.
SHARP SHOOTER: He could hit a target of 20 m away.
SINOLOGIST: His ancestry and ability to speak made him one.
SOCIOLOGIST:
