Tratado Enciclopedico de Ifa Iroso Meyi

TVKTKDG MJI@ICG^MD@IG DM @AK @VGYG HMP@ @VGY]J HMP@

% @ @ > >

@ @ > >

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

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.





































MJTGJIMY# MC CCKHG K Y] @AK []@MJ CM KIGJYMOG []M B@I@M( VK YKIV@A@I@G IGJ ]J HKIBG IKFV@G K MY]# TKHF@MJ DMF@K HKIBKIKV /KHM DM KL]K IGJ IMJ@_KY# MIBKV MC ^GCQG MJ ]JK FGCYK BMIBK DM ^KCHK DM VKA@K P KHKVVKDG TGDG K CK MJTVK( DK ^V@JI@^KC DM Y] IKYK* DMY^]MY DM MYTG# DMF@K YMVQ@V K Y] @AK IGJ ]J IMVDG P DKVCM DM IGH@DK K CKY VMYTKJTMY D@Q@J@DKDMY IGJ MYTM* MC B@_G TGDGY CGY YKIV@A@I@GY P ^VM^KVKDGY TKC P IGHG YM CM KIGJYMOKVK* CCMLG MJTGJIMY MC D@K DM CK IGH@DK []M YM Y]^GJ@K []M A]MVK CK A@MYTK DM DMY^MD@DK KJTMY DM []M MC ^KVT@MVK BKI@K MC I@MCG* TVKD@I@GJKCHMJTM MYTKFK ^VGB@F@DG MJTVKV K CK IKYK DM I]KC[]@MVK DM CKY D@Q@J@DKDMY IGJ ]J LGVVG MJ CK IKFM_K* K HMD@DK []M CKY D@Q@J@DKDMY @FKJ CCMLKJ( DG K CK IKYK DM GV]JH@CK MYTKY YM TMJ@KJ []M []@TKV MC LGVVG MJ CK MJTVKDK* KCC@ MY] AVGTKFK MC ^MCG DMC Q@Y@( TKJTM IGJ MC ^GCQG []M YM BKCCKFK DMJTVG DM CK FGCYK []M KCC@ YM MJIGJTVKFK P MYTM YM TGVJKFK LV@Y KC @JYTKJTM* DMY^]MY DM IV]_KV CK MJTVKDK# MC Q@Y@TKJTM YM IGCGIKFK J]MQKHMJTM MC LGVVG MJ CK IKFM_K* MYTM V@T]KC YM CCMQG K IKFG IGJ IKDK ]JK DM CKY D@Q@J@DKDMY# K]J[]M MCCKY CG DMYIGJGI@KJ* KC TMVH@JKV CK A@MYTK# TGDKY CKY D@Q@J@DKDMY CM ^VML]J( TKVGJ K GV]JH@CK []M I]KJDG YM @FK K HGV@V* MC VMY^GJD@G []M PK BKF@K IGH^CMTKDG Y]Y ^VM^KVKT@QGY ^KVK HGV@V MYK H@YHK JGIBM PK []M YM YMJT@K H]P IGH^CKI@DG DM ^KVT@I@( ^KV MJ CK H]MVTM HKY@QK []M @FK K TMJMV C]LKV* CKY D@Q@( J@DKDMY YM ^VML]JTKVGJ []M MC []MV@K DMI@V IGJ H]MVTM HKY@QK PK []M JG BKF@K GTVK D@Q@J@DKD HKVIKDK ^KVK HGV@V* MJTGJIMY GV]JH@CK MR^C@IG []M MC JG MVK MC ]J@IG []M TMJ@K IKFMCCGY LV@YMY P IGJIC]PG []M TGDGY TMJ@KJ []M HGV@V DM HKJMVK Y@H]CTKJMK* CMY D@OG []M YM VMT@VK( VKJ CGY LGVVGY P TGDGY DMYI]FV@MVGJ KYGHFVKDGY []M CK TGTKC@DKD DM CGY ^VMYMJTMY MJ MC VMI@JTG TMJ@K IKFMCCGY IGH^CMTKHMJTM LV@YMY* K CK C]_ DM CK ^MV^CMO@DKD []M CM Y@L]@G K MYTG# MJYM( L]@DK K^VGFKVGJ ]JKJ@HKHMJTM ]JK VMYGC]I@GJ DM []M K ^KVT@V DM MYM HGHMJTG# YGCG DMFMV@K HGV@V K[]MCCGY []M MVKJ CG Y]A@I@MJTMHMJTM Q@MOGY IGHG ^KVK BKIMVCG* CK VMYGC]I@GJ MJAKT@_KFK []M CK K^KV@I@GJ DM IKFMCCGY LV@YMY MJ CK IKFM_K DMF@K DMOKV DM IGJYT@T]@V CK QKVK ^KVK HMD@V MC HGHMJTG DM CK H]MVTM* A]M KY@ IGHG GV]JH@CK IKHF@G MC @JYKJG DMIVMTG DM CKY D@Q@J@DKDMY PK []M Y@ MYK CMP B]F@MVK ^MVY@YT@DG JKD@M Q@Q@V@K HKY DM 4> G => K/GY MJ CK T@MVVK* MC B@_G KD@Q@JKI@GJ ^KVK MC IGIGDV@CG* ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( I]KJDG MYTKFK MJ MC I@MCG# MC

IGIGDV@CG

AVMI]MJTMHMJTM







































MC YKIV@A@I@G A]M BMIBG# YM CM D@G ]JK YML]JDK FGIK []M MVK Y] IGCK BMIBK DMC YMVV]IBG DM B@MVVG GAVMI@DG IGJ CK YML]JDK FGIK DMF@K DMAMJDMVYM P C]IBKV ^GV Y] IGH@DK* JG GFYTKJTM# YM CM KCMVTG DM []M JG A]MVK DMYKLVKDMI@DG IGJ Y] KD@Q@JKI@GJ* MY ^GV MYG []M DMY^]MY DM CCMLKV K CK T@MVVK MC IGIGDV@( CG# Y@MJDG ]J KJA@F@G# ]T@C@_K Y] IGCK ^KVK LGC^MKV P DMF@C@TKV K Y] Q@IT@HK P MJTGJIMY ]T@C@_K Y] QMVDKDMVK FGIK ^KVK KVVKYTVKVCK BKYTK MC KL]K* MC IGIGDV@CG ^]MDM TVKLKVYM I]KC[]@MV IGYK HMJGY CK YMH@CCKY DM GV]JH@CK "@E@J)* MC D@K []M YM TVKL]M K @E@J# YML]VKHMJTM HGV@VK* MC B@_G KD@Q@JKI@GJ ^KVK CK BMHFVK DMC ^MYIKDG P CK VKTK DM HGDG []M YM H]CT@^C@IKVKJ*'(((((((((((((((((((((((((( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( MC B@_G KD@Q@JKI@GJ ^KVK CK VKTK P CK BMHFVK DMC ^MYIKDG IGJ CGY Y@L]@MJTMY MJIKJTKH@MJTGY I]KJDG MCCKY QMJ@KJ BKI@K CK T@MVVK? MOMO@ CKKY]J# MOMO@ CKKY]J# MO@ CGHG ME] Y]J CGEG# GDMTK# MO@ CGHG MOK Y]J CGH@# GDMTK# CGY HKIBGY P CKY BMHFVKY YM K^KVMKJ DGY VKTKY DMFMJ K^KVMKVYM MJ CK ]JK TMVIMVK VKTK*

^KVK

H]CT@^C@IKVYM*

T@MVVK

^KVK

MJLMJDVKV

DGY ^MYIKDGY DMFMJ K^KVMKVYM MJ MC KL]K ]J TMVIMV ^MYIKDG*

^KVK

MJLMJDVKV

MCCKY DMYMKFKJ YKFMV []M TMJ@KJ []M BKIMV ^KVK H]CT@^C@( IKVYM H@MJTVKY MYT]Q@MVKJ MJ CK T@MVVK* MC CMY D@OG []M B@I@MVKJ YKIV@A@I@G IGJ LKCC@JK# ]J ^K[]MTM DM /KHM# ]J L]@VG DM KL]K# ]J HMCGJ AMVHMJTKDG "]FGFG GL@L@ MJ PGV]( FK P MQFKV@G MJ F@J@) P TGDGY CGY IGJD@HMJTGY []M YM ]T@C@_KJ ^KVK ^VM^KVKV ]JK YG^K* MC ]T@C@_G CGY HKTMV@KCMY ^KVK YMVQ@V Y] @AK Y]^C@IKJDG( CM []M CKY FMJD@OMVK K MCCKY IGJ Y]Y B@OGY* TKHF@MJ ^VM^KVG QMLMTKCMY ^KVK []M CK BMHFVK DMC ^MYIKDG P CK VKTK B@I@MVKJ YG^K P CK IGJY]H@MJVKJ O]JTG IGJ ^KVTM DMC KQM YKIV@A@IKDK* MY^MI@KCHMJTM CK HGPMOK* CK YG^K DMF@K YMV @JLMV@DK ^GV MCCKY KC @L]KC []M ^GV Y]Y MY^GYGY# ^GIG DMY^]MY KHFKY []MDKVGJ MHFKVK_KDKY P ^KV@MVGJ K CGY TVMY HMYMY P ^VGJTG YM H]CT@^C@IKVGJ K LVKJDMY ^KYGY* Y@ MYTM GDD]J CM YKCM K ]JK H]OMV []M MYTM KJY@GYK ^GV TMJMV ]J B@OG# YM CM VMIGCMITKVKJ CKY BGOKY KDMI]KDK







































(((((((((((((((((((((((((( CGY YKIMVGDTMY DM @AK []M B@I@MVGJ KD@Q@JKI@GJ ^KVK KJTMY DM []M KFKJDGJKVK MC I@MCG YM CCKHKFKJ?

MC

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







































CG FMJD@OG IGJ Y] HKYK D@Q@JK* KC MYI]IBKV PMPM H]\G MC YGJ@DG DM CK HKYK# VK^@DKHMJTM TMVH@JG DM IGI@JKV ^MVG KJTMY DM []M ^]D@MVK YKC@V# MY] CM B@_G YM/KY K @VGY]J HMP@ ^KVK []M ^KVT@MVK DM @JHMD@KTG BKI@K T@MVVK* I]KJDG CK HKDVM DM CGY GFYTKI]CGY A@JKCHMJTM MHMVL@G DM CK IGI@JK# CM ^VML]JTG K D@GY ^GV MC BGHFVM []M BKF@K MYTKDG ^@D@MJDG DMYMGY P MC ^KDVM TGDG^GDMVGYG VMY^GJD@G []M PK YM BKF@K @DG* MCCK CM ^VML]JTG ^GV []M MC JG CM BKF@K ^MD@DG KC BGHFVM []M YGC@I@TKVK DMYMGY HKCGY P F]MJGY P D@GY VM^C@IG []M MC JG TMJ@K CK IGYT]HFVM DM @JTMVQMJ@V I]KJDG Y]Y B@OGY MYTKFKJ ^@D@MJDG Y]Y DMYMGY* K ^MYKV DM TGDGY CGY VMLKCGY []M @VGY]J HMP@ CM B@I@MVK K PMPM H]\G# MCCK JG GFYTKJTM ^KVT@G VK^@DKHMJTM MJ Y] F]Y[]MDK* H@MJTVKY CG ^MVYML]@KJ IKJTG? KV@VG YGYG L@J@ L@J@ HGEG @VK\G FM YMYM CM MP@J MVGJ# GO] @HK E@ @VK\G HK T] MVGJ @YM GCG GV@VM D]VG DMH@ F]\G GGG* MC VMY^GJD@G IGJ ]J VMAVKJ DMC H@YHG IKJTG D@I@MJDG []M PK BKF@K BMIBG YKIV@A@I@G P ^MD@DG Y]Y DMYMGY# JG BK( F@MJDG []MDKDG JKDK* H@MJTVKY IKJTKFK# IGVV@K KTMHGV@_KDG* KC QMV PMPM H]\G []M JG ^GD@K KCIKJ_KVCG# YM []MDG []@MTK# MYT@VG MC ^]CLKV P CM CKIMVG CK MY^KCDK IGJ MC H@YHG# MYK MY CK C@JMK BMJD@DK []M IGVVM K CG CKVLG DM CKI]C]HJK QMVTMFVKC BKYTK MYTM D@K P []M MYTK ^VMYMJTM ^KVK VMIGVDKVJGY IGJYTKJTMHMJTM []M CK ]J@IK AGVHK MJ []M ^GDMHGY MYIK^KV DMC CKVLG FVK_G DMC @JAGVT]J@G MY BKI@MJDG YKIV@A@I@G* IGJ MYK HKVIK# PMPM H]\G ^VGICKHG KJM @VGY]J HMOP M @JHMD@KTKHMJTM KJTM MC VMYTG DM CK B]HKJ@DKD []M J]JIK VMIGVDKVK Y]Y DMYMGY IMCMYT@KCMY KC CCMLKV K CK T@MVVK DMF@DG K []M CGY GOGY JG ^]MDMJ QMV CK ^KVTM DM KTVËY DMC I]MV^G P []M KJTMY DM QMV Y]Y DMYMGY BMIBG VMKC@DKD TMJDV@K []M KJDKV K T@MJTKY ^GV CKVLG T@MH^G P ^KYKV H]IBGY TVKFKOGY D]VKJTM MC ^VGIMYG* MC DGCGV DM CK BMV@DK B@_G []M @VGY]J HMP@ ^MVD@MVK MC IGJGI@H@MJTG P IKPG MJ ]J TVKJIM DM GYI]V@DKD TGTKC* KC DMY^MVTKV YM BKCCG MJ Y] IKHK MJ CK T@MVVK* BKF@K GCQ@( DKDG TGDG CG []M BKF@K Y]IMD@DG KJTMY* DMY^]MY DM MYTG# YM DMD@IG K Y] JMLGI@G P# K CK CKVLK# ^VGY^MVG* MC MYTKDG DM GYI]V@DKD Y@HFGC@_K CK CGJL@T]D DMC T@MH^G []M @AK YM HKJT@MJM MJ MC KIM@TM DM ^KCHK KJTMY DM []M YM CM TVK@LK K CK Q@DK* TKHF@MJ Y@HFGC@_K MC ^MV@GDG DM LMYTKI@GJ []M Q@Q@HGY MJ KC ]TMVG# D]VKJTM CK I]KC ^MV( DMHGY TGDGY CG VMI]MVDGY DM CG []M ^CKJ@A@IKHGY BKIMV MJ CK T@MVVK*







































^KVK ]JK H]OMV H]P FMCCK []@MJ BKF@K MYTKDG IK_KDK IGJ CC]Q@K MJ MC I@MCG# ]J BGHFVM CCKHKDG GOG D]D FGCGOG VK CMDM GV]J* MC B@_G KD@Q@JKI@GJ ^KVK MCCK P CM KIGJYMOG []M B@I@MVK YKIV@A@I@G IGJ ]J F]CTG DM IMJ@_KY# YKC# CKY VKHKY YMIKY DM ]JK ^KCHK# BGOKY YMIKY []M KD@I@GJKVK ]J HKIBG IKFV@G K MY]* CM D@OG []M JG KFKJDGJKVK K Y] MY^GYG ^KVK []M JG T]Q@MVK ]JK @JIK^KI@DKD A@Y@IK []M ^]D@MVK C@Y@KVCK* MCCK JG B@_G MC YKIV@A@I@G J@ MYI]IBG MC IGJYMOG DM JG YM^KVKVYM DMC MY^GYG* TKJ ^VGJTG IGHG IGJGI@G K ]J BGHFVM HKY K^]MYTG CCKHKDG GV]J "C]_ DMC YGC) MJ CK T@MVVK# DMY^VMI@G K Y] KJT@L]G MY^GYG YGFVM CK FKYM DM []M Y] HGVKDK MYTKFK H]P Y]I@K# B]HMDK P AV@K* MCCK MH@T@G ]J Y]Y^@VG DM KC@Q@G KC IGJGIMV K C]_ DMC YGC# D@I@MJDG []M A@JKCHMJTM BKF@K IGJGI@DG KC MY^GYG KDMI]KDG* DMYKA@KJDG KC IGJYMOG DM @VGY]J HMP@# YM A]M K Q@Q@V IGJ C]_ DMC YGC# Y] J]MQG MY^GYG* ^GIG T@MH^G DMY^]MY# CK IKYK DM C]_ DMC YGC IGHMJ_G K IKCMJTKVYM# MC T@MH^G YM B@_G H]P IKC@MJTM P YMIG* MCCK JG MYTKFK KIGYT]HFVKDK KC IKCGV @JTMJYG ^]MY MYTM CG BKI@K YMJT@V H]P @JIGHGDK* MJTGJIMY IGHMJ_G K MQ@TKV K Y] J]MQG MY^GYG P YM A]M DM Y] IKYK MJ F]YIK DM ]JK Q@Q@MJDK HKY AVMYIK* I]KJDG C]_ DMC YGC IGH^VMJD@G []M MCCK CG KFKJDGJKFK ^VM^KVG ]JK QKVK DM A]MLG P IGJ MCCK CK A]M K Q@Y@TKV MJ Y] MYIGJD@TM* MJ CM HGHMJTG []M TMVH@JKFK Y] Q@Y@TK CM ^@D@G []M CK KIGH^K/KVK K MCCK P KIIMD@G* KCCCMLKV K ]J C]LKV H]P AVMYIG# MC CM ^VML]JTG Y@ KCL]@MJ MJ CK IKYK ^GD@K MYI]IBKV ]J LV@TG []M YM MH@T@MVK DMYDM KCC@# MCCK VMY^GJD@G []M MYM C]LKV MYTKFK DMHKY@KDG K^KVTKDG ^KVK []M KCL]@MJ GPMVK* CK H]OMV Y@JT@G H@MDG# JG YKF@MJDG CG []M @FK K Y]IMDMV# MC CM ^VML]JTG []M ^GV[]M CG BKF@K KFKJDGJKDG P CG MYTKFK @LJGVKJDG* MCCK IGJTMYTG []M Y] IKYK YM BKF@K Q]MCTG DMHKY@KDG IKC@MJTM P []M JG MYTKFK KIGYT]HFVKDK K KHF@MJTM TKJ TMH^CKDG* MJTGJIMY MC YKIG Y] QKVK DM A]MLG P ^]YG CKY BGOKY YMIKY MJIMJD@DKY MJ MC Y]MCG* MC A]MLG ^VGJTG YM MRTMJD@G P CG VGDMG* K ^]JTG DM YMV IGJY]H@DG ^GV MC A]MLG# VMIGVDG K Y] KJT@L]G MY^GYG MJ CM I@MCG "CC]Q@K)* CM VGLG K CC]Q@K []M CK YKCQKVK DMC A]MLG []M C]_ DMC YGC BKF@K DMYKTKDG YGFVM MCCK# IGJ MC Y@L]@MJTM ^GMHK? GOG KVKTK GOG ]JG E^@E^K FMCMOM G GOG KVKTK GOG GOG D]D] FGCGOG GOG KVKTK GOG KC MYI]IBKV CC]Q@K Y] IGJHGQ@DG ^GV MCCK P

LV@TG MJ MC I@MCG# IKY@ @JHMD@KTKHMJTM

YM CK

Y@JT@G CC]Q@K









































^MC@LVG# H@MJTVKY YM HGQ@K DM VMLVMYG KC BGLKV# JG YKF@K []M BKF@K ]J B]MIG MJ MC Y]MCG []M IGJTMJ@K ]JKY CM/KY KVD@MJTMY []M CK CC]Q@K JG BKF@K ^GD@DG TGIKV* IKPG IGJ Y]Y DGY ^@MY P HKJG MJ MC B]MIG DM A]MLG P Y]Y MRTVMH@DKDMY YM CM []MHKVGJ* KY@ ^MVD@G CKY MRTVMH@DKDMY P []MDG C@Y@KDK* A]M KY@ IGHG CK CGHFV@_ DM T@MVVK Q@JG K MR@YT@V P IGHMJ_G K KVVKYTVKVYM YGFVM Y] KFDGHMJ* MYTG MR^C@IK ^GV []M CK CGHFV@_ DMYK^KVMIM MJ CK T@MVVK MJ F]YIK DM TMVVMJGY B]HMDGY D]VKJTM CK MYTKI@GJ DM YMIK# YKC@MJDG YKC@MJDG KCMLVMHMJTM D]VKJTM CK CC]Q@K* DM K[]@ MC D@IBG DM []M ]JK H]OMV JG K^VMI@K ]J F]MJ MY^GYG BKYTK []M JG BKPKTMJ@DG HGT@QG DM ^VGFKV GTVG* @VGY]J HMP@ IGH@MJ_K ]JK J]MQK Q@DK MJ CK T@MVVK* (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( DMY^]MY DM BKFMV GCQ@DKDG Y]Y DMYMGY IMCMYT@KCMY# JG BKCCG ]JK Q@DK AKI@C KC @J@I@G* DMF@K KJDKV K T@MJTKY D]VKJTM ]J T@MH^G KJTMY DM BKCCKV Y] GV@MJTKI@GJ# K ^MYKV DM CGY YKIV@A@I@GY []M BKF@K BMIBG* MYTG YM DMF@K KC MAMITG DM CKK HKCD@I@GJ DM CK HKDVM DM CGY GFYTKI]( CGY* YM IGJQ@VT@G MJ ]J Q@KOMVG GHJ@^VMYMJTM []M YM HGQ@K DM ]J ^]MFCG K GTVG K CGY A@JMY Y] KVTM P ^VKIT@IK DM @AK* MJ MC TVKJYI]VYG DM Y]Y Q@KOMY YM IKYG IGJ ]JK H]OMV CCKHKDK HGVGHGE^M "@H@GHGT@M MJ F@J@) CK I]KC TMJ@K CK IGYT]HFVM DM IG[]MTMKV Y@MH^VM []M MC MYTKFK A]MVK DM CK IKYK* JG GFYTKJTM MCCK []MDG MHFKVK_KDK P I]KJDG YM ^]YG DM ^KVTG# MC J@/G JG JKI@K* DMY^]MY []M MC ^VGFG IGJ TGDG CG []M TMJ@K# []MDG ^MV^CMOG* MJ MYM HGHMJTG# GTVG YKIMVDGTM DM @AK CCKHKDG KDK\KKVK YK \KVK# Q@JG K Q@Y@( TKVCG* MC BGHFVM MVK AKHGYG ^GV BKIMV KD@Q@JKI@GJMY P ^VMD@II@GJMY []M YM HKJ@AMYTKFKJ @JYTKJTKJMKHMJTM* I]KJ( DG B@_G KD@Q@JKI@GJ KIMVIK DM ^GV[]M CK H]OMV MYTKFK TMJ@MJDG ]J ^KVTG D@A@I@C VMQMCG []M BKF@K IGHMT@DG KD]CTMV@G KJTMY DM []MDKV MHFKVK_KDK P []M JG ^GD@K ^KV@V K JG YMV []M IGJAMYKVK Y]Y AMIBGV@KY* I]KJDG CK H]OMV A]M @JTMVVGLKDK MCCK IGJAMYG P ^KV@G KC J@/G Y@J ^VGFCMHKY*









































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

IB@QGY YM DMP@ MVKJ CGY D@AM( Y]Y KJTM(

@AK H]DM MYTKFK TKJ KT]VD@DG[]M MJYML]@DK YM FKOG# IGL@G MC KVHK DM Y] ^KDVM DMC C]LKV YKLVKDG DM GLL]J P CM D@Y( -^K ^KVG KC IB@QG []M IKJTKFK* CGY VMYTKJTMY IB@QGY IGVV@M( VGJ BKI@K MC HKTGVVKC CCMQKJDG K I]MYTKY CK VG^K DM DMP@* I]KJDG DMP@ VMLVMYG DMC HMVIKDG# DMYI]FV@G []M TGDGY CGY IB@QGY BKF@KJ DMYK^KVMI@DG IGJ CK TGTKC@DKD DM Y] VG^KY* KC QMV KC IB@QG H]MVTG# MC I]KC JG BKF@K ^GD@DG MYIK^KV# CM ^VML]JTG K Y] B@OG ^GV CG []M BKF@K Y]IMD@DG M @AK H]DM CM IGJTG CGY KIGJTMI@H@MJTGY* CM MR^C@IG []M MC JG ^]DG @V TVKY CGY IB@QGY []M YM BKF@KJ @JTMVJKDG MJ MC HKTGVVKC ^GV[]M MVK D@K DM DMYIKJYG P K MC CM MYTKFK ^VGB@F@DG MJTVKV MJ MC HKTGVVKC* I]KJDG MC MY^GYG VMLVMYG DM CK LVKJOK# YM CM JKVVG CG []M BKF@K Y]IMD@DG P MYTM CM D@G CKY LVKI@KY K Y]Y KJTM^KYKDGY ^GV YKCQKV CK Q@DK DM Y] B@OG MJ CKY I@VI]JYTKJI@KY MJ CK []M MC YM MJIGJTVKFK* IKY@ @JHMD@K( TKHMJTM IGL@G ]J IB@QG LV@Y# DGY LKCC@JKY P ]J ^MYIKDG ^KVK BKIMV YKIV@A@I@G K Y]Y KJTM^KYKDGY* I]KJDG MYTM GD]J YKCM MJ KD@Q@JKI@GJ KC @JD@Q@D]G YM

CM









































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









































MY^GYK DMC GFK D K@VG\GYMFG M MC I]KJDG MCCK YM MJIGJ( TVKFK KJY@GYK ^GV TMJMV ]J B@OG* MJ MYM ^]JTG DMC T@MH( ^G# CK H]OMV BKF@K IGHMJ_KDG K TMJMV CK HMJYTV]KI@GJ* TKJ ^VGJTG IGHG KC H]OMV ^MJMTVG MJ IKYK DM K@VG\GYMFG MC CM D@OG []M MCCK MYTKFK TMJ@MJDG ]J ^MV@GDG HMJYTV]KC P []M Y@ BKI@K YKIV@A@I@G []MDKV@K MHFKVK_KDK KC Y@L]@MJ( TM HMY ^KVK TMJMV ]J QKVGJ []@MJ KYIMJD@MVK KC TVGJG DM

FMJ@J* YM CM D@OG []M B@I@MVK YKIV@A@I@G IGJ ]J HKIBG IKFV@G# ]J LKCCG# ]J ^KTG# ]JK LKCC@JK P ;< IK]V@Y* MCCK B@_G MC YKIV@A@I@G MJYML]@DK* A@MC K CK ^VMD@II@GJ DM K@VG\GYMFG CK H]OMV []MDG MHFK( VK_KDK ^GIG DMY^]MY P Y]FY@L]@MJTMHMJTM T]QG ]J QKVGJ KC I]KC YM CM MYTKFK ^VM^KVKJDG ^KVK []M YM IGJQ@VT@MVK MJ MC Y@L]@MJTM GFK DM FMJ@J* I]KJDG MC ^KDVM YM ]J@G K Y]Y KJTM^KYKDGY MC ^V@JI@^M YM IGJQ@VT@G MJ MC GFK DM FMJ@J* D]VKJTM TGDGY MYTGY K/GY# K@VG\GYMFG K]J JG BKF@K ^GD@DG KBGVVKV MC Y]A@I@MJTM D@JMVG ^KVK BKIMV MC YKIV@A@I@G []M YM @JTMV^GJ@K MJTVM Y] ^MVYGJK P CK ^VGY^MV@DKD* ]J D@K K@VG\GYMFG ^KYKFK AVMJTM KC ^KCKI@G DMC GFK MJ FMJ@J I]KJDG CK VM@JK HKDVM CG Q@G MJ CK D@YTKJI@K* MCCK IGVV@G K Y] CKDG P CG YKC]DG VMQMVMJTMHMJTM ^GJ@MJDGYM DM VGD@CCKY# Y@MJDG ]J BMIBG H]P @J]Y]KC MJ CK I@]DKD DM FMJ@J KC QMV K CK HKDVM DMC GFK YKC]DKV DM VGD@CCKY K KCL]@MJ* I]KJDG MC GFK Q@G K Y] HKDVM YKC]DKV DM VGD@CCKY K ]J @JD@Q@D]G IGJ KY^MITG DM H@YMVKFCM# CG HKJDG K F]YIKV K MCCK P K MC* MC GFK YM []MOG KJTM Y] HKDVM ^GV GAVMIMVCM VMY^MTG @JD@LJG DM CK VMKCM_K K ]J ^CMFMPG []M K TGDKY C]IMY MVK ]J @JD@LMJTM* Y@J MHFKVLG# CK HKDVM CM MR^C@IG []M CMOGY DM YMV ]J @JD@LMJTM MYTM MVK MJ VMKC@DKD MC BGHFVM []M BKF@K BMIBG ^GY@FCM []M MCCK CG B]F@MVK TMJ@DG K MC I]KJDG Y] D@A]JTG ^KDVM JG BKF@K ^GD@DG ^VGIVMKV ]J QKVGJ* MJTGJIMY MC GFK YM QGCQ@G K K@VG\GYMFG P CM ^VML]JTG ^GV[]M MC MVK @JIK^K_ DM KP]DKVYM K Y@ H@YHG# Y@ QMVDK( DMVKHMJTM TMJ@K MC ^GDMV DM KP]DKV K GTVGY K ^VGY^MVKV









































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ÙJ Y@[]@IKHMJTM* MJ MYTM ^]JTG# CKY TVG^KY DM

GPG

KTKIKVGJ

K

G\] P MJ











































MJTGJIMY @VGYG HMP@ TMJ@K TVMY YKIMVDGTMY Q@Q@KJ IGJ MC P []M YM CCKHKFKJ?

DM

@AK

[]M

KDKVGGEG# KDKGDG# KDKTGVG @PKJLKJ* MCCGY A]MVGJ CGY []M B@I@MVGJ KD@Q@JKI@GJ ^KVK CKY DGY H]OMVMY MJ CK IKYK DM @VGY]J HMP@* DMY^]MY DM CK KD@Q@JKI@GJ CGY TVMY YKIMVDGTMY DM @AK CMY D@OMVGJ K CKY H]OMVMY []M MC JMLGI@G ^VGY^MVKV@K Y@ MCCKY BKI@KJ YKIV@A@I@G* K CK []M ^VM^KVKFK MEG YM CM D@OG []M B@I@MVK YKIV@A@I@G IGJ ]JK LKCC@JK# DGY ^KCGHKY P ]J IKVKIGC# H@MJTVKY []M K CK []M ^VM^KVKFK KEKVK YM CM D@OG []M B@I@MVK IGJ ]J LKCCG# DGY ^KCGHKY P ]J IKVKIGC* MCCKY B@I@MVGJ CGY YKIV@A@I@GY* DMY^]MY DM MYTG Y] JMLGI@G YM B@_G H]P ^VGY^MVG# KHFGY KVT@I]CGY YM IGJQ@VT@MVGJ MJ IGH@DK IGH^CMHMJTKV@K P DMYDM MJTGJIMY MY VKVG []M CK LMJTM @JL@MVK MEG Y@J KEKVK* KCKEKVK MVK ]JK H]OMV DM ^@MC ICKVK H@MJTVKY []M MCMEG MVK H]P ^KC@DK DM IGCGV "IKY@ FCKJIK) * Y@ YM @JD@IK ^MC@LVG "KPM G) MJ CK KD@Q@JKI@GJ# MC YKIV@A@I@G YM BKIM IGJ ]J LKCCG IKVHMC@TK G VGOG# ]JK TMCK VGOK []M CK ^MVYGJK PK TMJLK MJ CK IKYK P ^@H@MJTK* CKY CCKHKY DMC A]MLG MRT@JL]@DKY IGJ KL]K YM K^KCMKJ ^KVK CKQKV CK IKVK DM CK ^MVYGJK IGJ MC A@J DM MQ@TKV ]JK IKTKYTVGAM []M ^]D@MVK BKIMVCK CCGVKV* Y@ YKCM DM HKJMVK JGVHKC"]VM) K MC YM CM DMFMVK DMI@V []M ]JK H]OMV DM ^@MC ICKVK QMJDVK MJ Y] D@VMII@GJ# []M IGJ MCCK MQMJT]KCHMJTM YM IKYKVK P []M MC ^V@HMV B@OG











































YKIV@A@I@G IGJ Y@MTM HKIBGY IKFV@GY# ]J IB@QG# ]J IMVDG# ]J IKVJMVG P Y] ^VG^@K VG^K IGJ MC A@J DM YGFVM Q@Q@V MJ ]JK FKTKCCK @JH@JMJTM* MC B@_G MC YKIV@A@I@G ^MVG YGCG IGJTVMY HKIBGY IKFV@GY K MY]* H@MJTVKY TKJTG# CCMLG MC HGHMJTG DM MYIGLMV K ]J J]MQG VMP ^KVK MC ^]MFCG DM GDMVM# []M MVK DGJDM @VGY]J HMP@ Q@Q@K* MC AKQGV@TG MVK @AK KCKKPM# ^MVG TGDGY CGY GOGY YM QGCQ@MVGJ BKI@K ]J BGHFVM CCKHKDG GL]JCKJK @AK* @AK KCKKPM QGCQ@G J]MQKHMJTM K QMV K @VGY]J HMP@ P CM ^VM( L]JTG ^GV []M Y] JGHFVM JG MVK HMJI@GJKDG J@ VMCKI@GJKDG IGJ CK IGH^MTMJI@K* @VGY]J HMP@ CCKHG K @AK P MYTM VMQMCG []M MY] TGDKQ@K MYTKFK MY^MVKJDG []M @AK KCKKPM CM D@MVK 4 HKIBGY IKFV@GY HKY P []M KLVMLKVK ]J TKHFGV KC YKIV@A@I@G* VK^@DKHMJTM MC YKIV@A@I@G A]M BMIBG* K CK JGIBM Y@L]@MJTM# MY] YM CMQKJTG P ^GV TGDG MC ^]MFCG IKJTKJDG?

TGIG

MC

TKHFGV

GL]J DMM# KPKK OKHKLMVM L@V@ L@V@* MVK ]J IKJTG []M KJ]JI@KFK CK ^VGR@H@DKD DM CK L]MVVK ^GV CG []M CGY BKF@TKJTMY DM GDMVM YM MYIGJD@MVGJ MJ Y]Y IKYKY * MYK JGIBM# GL]JCKJK []@MJ MVK MC IKJD@DKTG AKQGV@TG ^KVK MC VM@JKDG ^MVD@G K Y] MY^GYK HKY KJT@L]K P K Y] B@OG HKPGV* CK TV@YTM_K P CK HMCKJIGC@K []M CM Y@L]@G K MYTG B@_G []M MC ^MVD@MVK @JTMVMY MJ CK IGH^M( TMJI@K ^GV MC TVGJG* KDMHKY BKF@K TKJTK IGJA]Y@GJ P DMYTV]II@GJ MJ MC ^]MFCG []M TGDGY CGY []M BKF@KJ AKQGVM( I@DG K GL]JCKJK MJ CK IGH^MTMJI@K MYTKFKJ H]MVTGY# KAC@( L@DGY G DM C]TG* KC CMLKV MC HGHMJTG DM CK IGH^MTMJI@K YGCG

[]MDKFK

@AK











































M^@DMH@K DM @JAC]MJ_K []M KVVKYG IGJ MC ^]MFCG* TGDGY CGY B@OGY DM @VGY]J HMP@ YM Q@MVGJ KAMITKDGY# ^MVG YGFVMQ@MVGJ Y@J MRIMÎ@GJMY* MJTGJIMY MC YM VMLGI@OG P Q@Q@G BKYTK ]JK MDKD KQKJ_KDK KJTMY DM VMLVMYKV KC I@MCG*

%%%











































CKJTM* 1*( MC V@TG DMC @T]TG* <*( CK C]I@MVJKLK* 2*( CK FGQMDK DM G_K@J* 0*( MC TK^KVCM CGY GOGY KC @PKFG KC CCMQKVCG KC I]KVTG DMC YKJTG*

DMYIV@Î@GJ DMC GDD]J? ((((((((((((((((((((( MYTM

GDD]J

MY HKYI]C@JG*

HKVIK Y]@I@D@G P ^MVD@DK DM CK HMHGV@K* MYTM

GDD]J VM^VMYMJTK?

( MC TKFCMVG DM @AK* ( MC GIKYG* ( CK TKVDM Y@J CK C]_ DMC YGC* ( CK H@TKD DMC ^GJ@MJTM* -^K ( CK YM^]CT]VK* ( MC AGJDG DMC HKV# CG DMYIGJGI@DG* DGJDM YBKJLG P GL]M B@I@MVGJ ]J ^KITG ^KVK []M JKI@MVK MC ^GDMV DM GD]KVK# DGJDM YBKJLG YM CCKHG GCGLF]J MP@CK YBMFGVK "K[]MC []M MY D]M/G DM ^VGA]JDGY YMIVMTGY# YM













































K[]@ JKI@G MC V@TG DMC @T]TG* YM IVMKVGJ CKY AGYKY HGVT]KV@KY HKJDK MJ TGDGY CGY KL]OMVGY DM CK T@MVVK* @VGYG HMP@ HKJDK MJ TGDGY CGY KL]OMVGY DM CK T@MVVK* JG YM ^]MDM ^GVTKV I]IB@CCG* BKP []M VMY^MTKV KC HGJG# ^]MY MC G_K@J DM MYTM @AK CCMQK CMV@ DM HGJG* YM/KCK D@Y^MVY@GJ DM CGY MRTVKJOMVGY* MYTM GDD]J CG H@YHG KJ]JI@K DMYLVKI@K []M

F]MJKQMJT]VK*

MYTM GDD]J MY H]P A]MVTM P ^MC@LVGYG* Y] ^KOKVG MY O]D@G* JG YM IGHMJ ^CKTKJGY @JD@GY# J@ HKJ_KJGY# J@ HKVK/GJ# I@V]MCKY VGOKY*

J@

-^K I]KJDG MYTM GDD]J YM QM MJ ]J VML@YTVG# YM IGLM MA]J P YM ]JTK TVMY QMIMY MJ CGY ^KV^KDGY K CGY ^VMYMJTMY*













































^GV[]M GVG(@/K YM ^VML]JTK []M IGYK BKIM H@ B@OG KCCK KVV@FK Y@ JKD@M CG IGJGIM# JKD@M CG IGH^VMJDM# JKD@M CG []@MVM7* PG DMYMG TMJMVCG Y@MH^VM O]JTG K H@# MJ CK ^VG( A]JD@DKD DM CK T@MVVK ^KVK MQ@TKV MYTG YM H@DM K CK ^MVYG( JK IGJ ]J ^KCG HGV]VG P YM MJT@MVVK MJ ]J AKJL]@YKC []M YM BKIM MJ MC ^KT@G DM CK IKYK#YM T@MJM ^VM^KVKDG DM KJTMHK( JG ]J GY]J F@MJ IKVLKDG []M YM ^GJM MJ MC OGVG OGVG P YM CM DK DGY MPMCM DMY^]MY DM BKFMV C@H^@KDG F@MJ KC @JTMVM( YKDG IGJ CK H@YHK P YM MJT@MVVK IGJ MC GY]J P MC ^KCG HGV]VG* KY@ YM KYML]VK CK Q@DK DM CK ^MVYGJK* K[]@ A]M DGJDM JKI@G CK FGQMDK DM G_K@J* -^K MC D]M/G DM MYTM @AK JG ^]MDM FV@JIKV B]MIGY J@ _KJOKY* MYTK ^MVYGJK KJTMY DM FV@JIKVCG T@MJM []M C@H^@KVYM IGJ ]JK GTK P T@VKVCK KC B]MIG G _KJOK P DMY^]MY FV@JIKV5 MYTG MY MJ IKYG DM []M TMJLK []M FV@JIKVCG AGV_GYKHMJTM* JGTK YGFVM CK GFVK DMC GY]J P MC ^KCG HGV]VG? (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( MC ^KCG HGV]VG DMC TKHK/G DMC @JTMVMYKDG YM MJT@MVVK O]JTG IGJ CK MPMCM# KC CKDG YM ^GJM G^KVKDG MC GY]J []M YM













































M\M DMC Y@LJG? ^@/GJ DM FGT@OK# L]KIKCGTM# IGVK_GJ DM ((((((((((((( ^KCGHK P MC OGFG*

-^K MYB] DMC Y@LJG? MYB] J@ GDD]J ";6 IKVKY)* ((((((((((((((

GFVKY DM @VGYG HMP@* ((((((((((((((((((( YMIVMTG DMC GDD]J? ((((((((((((((((( MFFG IGJ ]J ^@CGJ Q@VKDG FGIK KFKOG# KE]EG# K YBKJLG P KC ^@CGJ O]JTGY G ]JG K IKDK ]JG# ]J ^K/]MCG A]J A]J* DMY^]MY YM VKY^K CG []M T@MJM MC ^@CGJ MJ MC AGJDG P YM KHKVVK MJ ]JK ^]JTK DMC ^K/]MCG# P IGJ D@Y@H]CG# YM ^KYK ^GV CK IKVK DM CK GF@J@*













































DGY MPMCM ]JK A]J A]J P GTVK IKVHMC@TK* -^K GFVK? (((( YM CM ^GJMJ ;1 ^CKTKJGY K GFKTKCK* MC K\G DM MYTM @AK ^GJM DM QM_ MJ I]KJDG K GFKTKCK DMFKOG DM Y] IKHK P D]MVHM IGJ DGY @TKJKY MJIMJD@DKY MYM D@K* ^KVK VMYGCQMV ^VGFCMHKY DM ^K^MCMY G DM D@JMVG? (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( YM BKIM MFFG IGJ G\]JEG HMP@# MPMCM HMTK# ]J KE]EG# G^GCG^G G\G* ]J G\]JEG ^KVK MCMLFK P GTVG ^KVK GYB]J* ^KVK KCMOKV KTVKYG? (((((((((((((((((( YM BKIM MFFG IGJ G\]JEG EMEM# ]JK ACMIBK# ]J GTKY# ]J O@G O@G# G^GCG^G G\G* ^KVK QMJIMV ]JK Y@T]KI@GJ D]VK? ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

^KCG#

TVMY













































M\M D]J D]J DM CK ^]JTK DM CK HKTK# CGY TMYT@I]CGY DMC G\]JEG []M YM D@G K GYB]J# DMC KE]EG DM MCMLFK# DMC KFG DM YBKJLG* TGDG MYTG YM ^GJM K BMVQ@V MJ YM@Y C@TVGY DM KL]K ^KVK []M YM []MDM MJ ]JG P I]KJDG MYTM AV@G YM I]MCK# YM VM_KJ CGY ;1 HMP@Y MJ MC TKFCMVG# DMY^]MY YM ^GJM GL]JDK HMP@ []M MY CK A]MV_K P YM ^VML]JTK K GV]JH@CK []M Y@ GTKJ ^KVK CK AGVTKCM_K YMR]KC5 Y@ D@IM []M Y@# YM CM MIBK MC KYBM KC C@TVG P YM TGHK MJ KP]JKY HMD@K TKI@TK P ^GV CK JGIBM KC KIGYTKVYM GTVK HMD@K TKI@TK* YMIVMTG DMC GY]J DM @VGYG HMP@? (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( MYTM GY]J MY ^VG^@G DM MYTM Y@LJG JG CCMQK IKVLK JKDK HKY []M PMAK YM VM_K P YM CKQK CG H@YHG []M YM BKIM ^KVK GDD@ @VGYG# YM HKJDK K F]YIKV ]J GY]J []M TMJLK MJ QM_ DM LKCC@TG# TVMY H]/M[]@TGY "]JG YMJTKDG P DGY DM ^@M) P YM T@MJM KC ^@M DMC YKJTG MJ []M BKPK YKC@DG MC Y@LJG* GFVK ^KVK @E] "^KVK KCKVLKVCM CK Q@DK)? ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((















































M^G# ]J HK_G DM ^KOK# $2*4>* MFFG? (((( ]J KE]EG# MPMCM HMJ@ A]J A]J# L]KIKCGTM# KCHKLVM# FKY]VK DM CK IKYK# KL]OKY HMD@CGL]J# ]JK IKJTKVK DM GH@# ]JK MYIKCMVK# ME]# MPK# K\KDG# M^G# MC GF@ QK MJ ]J OGVG OGVG# $;1*2>* MFFG?















































KE]J K]J KY@ E]V]EK M^MK KVK/K* VM_G? KE]GJDM K\G J@DMVMK K^GYBM KE]KJ HMY]VM EK^GCM CMJ] KDKD KVMEKDMVM T@H^G ICGDKV TMCM FK G] CMFG @EGEG MPMCM KVG K]J Y]J MPK MCMJG K\G* VM_G

@PMYK?

@FGV@ Y@ TGY@ KTKHKTMY@ GY@J@ CKYBK M]E] GAGV@YGCG G]JTGDMA@Y@CM G]JTGPG @A FMDM HKP@ FKHMDM KTK M/@ KFK KYK T]T] CKJ] KYBMFK KDK GHK GC]J PG PGCG ]J FMCM\G GT]J @DMCA]J















































VMAVKJMY? (((((((( ;*( BKP []@MJ MYM YKIK ]J GOG ^GV QMV K GTVG I@MLG* 6*( JKD@M YKFM CG []M BKP MJ MC AGJDG DMC HKV* 9*( MC []M ^KV@G DMVMIBG# ^KV@G OGVGFKDG* 4*( Y@ ]J ^KOKVG []@MVM ^@IKV CK ^V@JLKHK_K []M YM KVHM DM ]JK ^@JLK DM KIMVG*















































TVKH^K []M MC DMYI]FV@V@K* GV]JH@CK KY@ CG B@_G P I]KJDG CG IGVGJKVGJ CK IKHKV@CCK TVKTG DM MJYM/KVCM MC ^KCKI@G# ^MVG IGHG MYTKFK KDQMVT@DG YM ^MVIKTG @JHMD@KTKHMJTM DM CK @JY@YTMJI@K DM MYTGY YM/GVMY# JG KIM^TKJDG DM ^V@HMVK @JYTKJI@K VMIGVVMV MC ^KCKI@G* MYTG IK]YG ]J LVKJ KYGHFVG MJTVM CK IKHKV@CCK DM TVK@DGVMY P HKY K]J I]KJDG GV]JH@CK ^@D@G CGY ^CKJGY DMC ^KCKI@G5 MJTGJIMY I]KJDG CM IGJQMJ@K# Q@Y@TKFK ]J K^GYMJTG MJ IGH^K/@K DM MYTGY YM/GVMY# ^MVG J]JIK MJTVKFK MC ^V@HMVG















































9*(

MC @JIVMD]CG* ((((((((((((

MFFG? KE]EG# MPMCM HMP@ A]J A]J# 4 ^K^KY# G^GCG^G G\G* ^KTKE@J? BKF@K ]JK ^MVYGJK []M JG BKI@K VGLKI@GJ I]KJDG GV]JH@CK YM CG GVDMJKFK P ]J D@K QGCQ@G K IKYK DM GV]JH@CK# []@MJ CM

















































YM ^]YG K ^MJYKV BKYTK []M YM D@OG5 F]MJG PG ^MD@VM []M HM YK[]MJ ]J GOG P KY@ K MYTM CM YKIKVKJ CGY DGY5 YMVK I@MLG















































YM[]@TG VMP*

[]M CG KIGH^K/KFK# MC I]KC A]M DMY@LJKDG

^GV

MC















































MC BGHFVM KY@ CG B@_G P DM MYTK AGVHK GV]JH@CK D@JMVG HKY DM CK I]MJTK IGJ MC []M ^KLG CK DM]DK

IGL@G P CM















































CG B@_G P GV]JH@CK CM Q@G MYTM @AK# DGJDM CM B@_G MFFG CM D@OG []M CG CCMQKVK KC HMD@G DM CK ^CKPK*

P















































^GDMV MJTVKV KC ^KCKI@G TMJ@K []M YMV ^GV CK ^]MVTK AGJDG# ^MVG []M KCC@ YM @FK K MJIGJTVKV IGJ ]JK JMLVK

DMC H]P































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































IKYK* K[]@ A]M DGJDM ]J IKH^MY@JG YMHFVG ]JK HKTK DM ^KCHMVK DMYIGJGI@DK# P I]KJDG IVMI@G YM CCMJG DM MY^@JKY P J@ MC H@YHG ^GD@K VMIGLMV CGY AV]TGY DM CK H@YHK* JG KP]DM K JKD@M []M JG CM KLVKDMIMVK JKDK* MJ MYTM @AK KLKP] MVK FKV[]MVG# P I]KJDG MC J@/G []@YG IV]_KV MC HKV# MC JG CM ^VML]JTG Y] JGHFVM P YM CG Y]F@G MJ Y]Y BGHFVGY P DMY^]MY CM ^MYKFK H]IBG CK IKVLK* ]D* -^K T@MJM ]JK IKVLK H]P ^MYKDK MJI@HK []M JG YM CK ^]MDM []@TKV* MYK IKVLK []M ]D* T@MJM CM MYTGVFK ^KVK CCMQKV K IKFG Y]Y ^VG^GY@TGY* Y] H]OMV ^MCMK H]IBG IGJ ]D* P I]KJDG YM MJA]VMIM BKP DMOKVCK*

[]M

M\M DMC Y@LJG? HKHMP DM YKJTG DGH@JLG# ^KCHK IKJK# OKL]MP# ((((((((((((( ^KCG HKC]JLG# IKJMCK DM HGJTM# []@TK HKCD@( I@GJ P ^KCHK*

GFVKY DM @VGYG @\GV@* (((((((((((((((((((( G^KVKCDG DM @VGYG \GV@? (((((((((((((((((((((( DGY KD@M D]J D]J# CKY TMCKY P DMHKY @JLVMD@MJTMY* YM ^VM( ^KVK ]J GH@MVG# YM QK KC IMHMJTMV@G IGJ TGDGY CGY @JLVM( D@MJTMY MJ CK TMCK JMLVK* YM ^@JTK? @VMTM PMVG# GL]JDK A]J# @VGYG \GV@# GT]VK J@EG# GL]JDK F@GDM# GEKJK PME] P GD@ A]HFG* YGFVM MC GDD]J GEKJK PME] YM MJI@MJDM ]JK @TKJK P KB@ YM BKIM MC G^KVKCDG IGJ CKY DGY KD@M D]J D]J* YM DK GF@ P YM ^GJM KC CKDG DM ]JK T]HFK MJQ]MJTG IGJ CK @TKJK MJIMJD@DK* YM VMLVMYK K CK IKYK YG^CKJDG GT@ P VMLKJDG K\KDG* KC CCMLKV K CK IKYK YM CM DK GF@ K YB@CME]J5 MJTVK P YM FK/K* DMY^]MY DMC MFGH@Y@ "FK/G) YM DK GF@ K YB@CME]J DM J]MQG ^MVG MYTK QM_ DMJTVG DM CK IKYK* GFVK? (((( YM IGLM ]J ^KC@TG DM ^KCH@IBM P YM CM ^GJM K YBKJLG ^]MY YM CM V]MLK MJ MC TKFCMVG P YM CG ^GJM MJ CK ^KVK QMJIMV K TGDG MC H]JDG* MFFG? (((( KE]EG# GY@KD@M# DGY MPMCM# ]J HKCKL]@D@ DM

HKDMVK#

DMY( FGIK

KVIG#







































HMP@ A]J A]J ^KVK GV@YBKGEG* MC GY@KD@M ^KVK G^KVKCDG* KLLKP] IGHM IGJ GD]D]\K P TGDGY CGY GHG KLLKP] DMFMJ VMI@F@V K GD]D]\K# ^KVK []M JG YM []MDMJ IKCQGY*

DM

-^K MFFG? (((( KE]EG# DGY MPMCM# G^GCG^G K\KDG# FGLFG KYBG# FGLFG KYBM MC K\KDG YM CM MJTVMLK KC @JTMVMYKDG ^KVK []M CG QKPK VMLKJDG DMYDM CK ^CK_K BKYTK Y] IKYK BKI@MJDGYM MC FGVVK( IBG* MC KE]EG ^KVK MYB]* MFFG? (((( ]J KE]EG# DGY MPMCMY# FKYTKJTM HK@_# $4*6>* MFFG? (((( KE]EG# DGY KD@MY# DGY MPMCMY# ]J /KHM P $4*6>*

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







































VMAVKJMY? (((((((( ;*( JG IGOK CG []M JG MY Y]PG*

VMCKI@GJ DM B@YTGV@KY G ^KTKE@JMY DM @VGYG \GV@* ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;*(

KLLKP] P GD]D]\K* ((((((((((((((((

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







































@JYG^GVTKFCM IKVLK* BKI@MJDG ]J MYA]MV_G TVMHMJDG# KLLKP] YGYTMJ@MJDG KC J@/G MJ Y]Y BGHFVGY# CM D@OG? []M ^KYK []M TM BKY Q]MCTG TKJ ^MYKDG7* JG ^VGTMYTMY P I]H^CM T] ^KCKFVK# CM VMY^GJD@G MC H]IBKIBG* MY []M PK JG ^]MDG HKY IGJTMYTG KLLKP]* MJTGJIMY H@VKHM5 KLLKP] QGCQ@G CK IKVK BKI@K MC H]IBKIBG P MRICKHG DMOKJDGCG IKMV KC KL]K? +GD]D]\K+* MC J@/G ACGTKJDG MJ MC KL]K CM D@OG? &^GV T] MYA]MV_G DGP ^GYMY@GJ DMC V@G& P KITG YML]@DG DMYK^KVMI@G*

6*(

TM

I]KJDG YBKJLG YM KBGVIG* (((((((((((((((((((((((

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

9*( MC CM/KDGV* (((((((((( ^KTKE@J? ]JK QM_ BKF@K ]J CM/KDGV MJ ]J HGJTM# MC I]KC TMJ@K IGHG ]J@IG HMD@G DM TVKJY^GVTM MC V@G# MYTM CM YMVQ@K ^KVK TVKJY^GVTKV CGY TVGJIGY DM CGY KVFGCMY []M MC IGVTKFK IGJ Y] A]MV_K P TVKFKOG P IGHG IGYT]HFVM MYTM CM/KDGV TKHF@MJ YM TVKJY^GVTKFK K^VGQMIBKJDG MC BMIBG DM []M CGY TVGJIGY ACGTKFKJ P MC @FK MJI@HK DM MYTGY TVGJIGY* -^K ]JK QM_ CM D@G ^GV YKCTKV DM ]J TVGJIG K GTVG H@MJTVKY MYTGY ACGTKFKJ V@G KFKOG# ^MVG MJ MC KL]K TKHF@MJ ACGTKFK ]J IGIGDV@CG P Y] I]MV^G YM IGJA]JD@K IGJ CGY TVGJIGY ^GV CG []M MC CM/KDGV JG YM D@G I]MJTK P MJ ]JG DM MYGY YKCTGY DM ]J TVGJIG K GTVG YKCTG YGFVM MC IGIGDV@CG IGJA@KDG MJ []M MYTM MVK ]JG DM CGY TVGJIGY []M MC BKF@K IGVTKDG*







































[]M DMJTVG DM CKY ^MVYGJKY DM Y] IGJA@KJ_K BKP ]JK []M QK K TVK@I@GJKV PK []M MYTK ^MVYGJK KLK_K^KDK MY^MVK DMYI]@DG ^KVK MC@H@JKVCG*

4*(

CK ]J

IGHG PKP] GVG_]J ^]DG QMJIMV* ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

MFFG? ]J KE]EG# 4 MPMCM D]J D]J# ]JK MYIKCMVK# ]JK YGLK# ]JK I]IB@CCK# ]JK IK_]MCK* ^KTKE@J? MVK CK M^GIK MJ []M JG YM IGJGI@KJ CGY QK^GVMY P JG BKF@K AGVHK DM IV]_KV DM ]J C]LKV K GTVG ^GV MC HKV* B]FG ]JK ^MVYGJK CCKHKDK PKP] GVG_]J []M TMJ@K ]J JMLGI@G LVKJDM MJTVM HKJGY MJ MC I]KC JG ^GD@K KQKJ_KV ^GV[]M TMJ@K ^CM@TGY IGJ Y]Y MJMH@LGY DMICKVKDGY P GI]CTGY P MYG JG CG DMOKFK BKIMV CG []M MC []MV@K* ]J D@K PK IKJYKDG DM C]IBKV YKC@G K CK IKCCM IGJ HKCKY @DMKY P MJ MC IKH@JG YM MJIGJTVG IGJ GEKJKJEG []M MY ]J HMJYKOMVG DM CGY IKH@JGY IGHG MCMLFK# P DMY^]MY DM YKFMV CG []M CM ^KYKFK K PKP] GVGY]J CG HKJDG K IKYK DM GV]JH@CK []@MJ CM Q@G MYTM @AK P CM D@OG []M TMJ@K []M IGJYML]@V ^KCH@IBM ^KVK ^GDMV QMJIMV P []M K]J[]M MJ MC ^]MFCG JG CG YKF@KJ CG @FK K IGJYML]@V KC GTVG CKDG DMC HKV# ^MVG KJTMY TMJ@K []M BKIMV MC MFFG @JD@IKDG KVV@FK P CG HKJDG K CCMQKV TGDG KC HKV DMY^]MY []M GV]LFG* KC CCMLKV K CK GV@CCK YM MJIGJTVG IGJ KLLKP] []M KC QMVCG CM D@OG? PK YM K []M Q@MJMY# P CM ^@D@G MC MFFG P CG IKVLG MJ MC BGHFVG P CG ^]YG MJ CK GTVK GV@CCK DMC HKV5 DGJDM BKF@K ]JK ^KCHK DMOG MC MFFG P YM Y]F@G K MYTK P IGL@G ^KCH@IBM P KLLKP] CG QGCQ@G K ^KYKV MC HKV P CM D@OG []M CM ^]Y@MVK I]KC[]@MV IGYK K PMHKPK ^GV[]M MC BKF@K ^KYKDG ^GV Y] IKYK P MYTM KY@ CG B@_G P ^]DG QMJIMV* -^K JGTK? YM IGLM ]J VKH@TG DM ^KCH@IBM P YM CM ^GJM K YBKJLG ]JGY D@KY P DMY^]MY K KLLKP] GTVGY D@KY* YM V]MLK ^GV MC TKFCMVG P YM ^GJM MJ CK FGIK ^KVK QMJIMV* EKAMVMA]J KLLKP]*

%%%









































-^K TVKTKDG MJI@ICG^MD@IG DM @AK @VGYG D@ % @ @ > @ > > @ >









































DMYIV@Î@GJ DMC GDD]J* ((((((((((((((((((((( BKP []M DKVCM KD@M HMP@ D]J D]J K GV]JH@CK* K[]@ LGF@MVJKJ CKY H]OMVMY* YM DKJ DGY MPK T]TG K Y] CMV@* BKFCK CK HKTK DM IMDVG []M MY KHKVLK P CK HKTK DM KCHMJDVK []M MY D]CIM* YM CM V]MLK K GV]JH@CK IGJ D]CIMY []M IGJTMJLKJ KCHMJDVKY* MC []M QK K CK I@]DKD JG Q]MCQM* MYTM MY MC @AK []M Q@QM MJ MC KL]K* JKI@G CK KIGJDVG^CKY@K? ^MVYGJKY MJKJKY IGJ IKFM_KY KVVGCCKDKY P IGJ DMAMITGY MJ ^@MVJKY P FVK_GY*

DMY(

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









































A]MLG ]TMV@JG* D@IM MCMLFKVK []M MC MY Y] ^KDVM# Y] BMVHK( JG P Y] KH@LG* BKFCK DM DMYQKJMI@H@MJTGY HGHMJTKJMGY* QKPK KC HMD@IG* ^VGB@FM Y]F@VYM MJ MYIKCMVKY# Y@CCKY# MTI* ^KVK IGLMV CG []M Y]Y HKJGY JG KCIKJIMJ* JG YMK IGYK []M CM DM ]J HKVMG# YM IK@LK P Y]AVK ]J KII@DMJTM AKTKC* M\M DMC Y@LJG? KCLGDGJ# M\M A@J# ^CKTKJG KAV@IKJG P HKCK ((((((((((((( IKVK* MYB] DMC Y@LJG? MYB] ]JPGCM* ((((((((((((((

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









































(((((((( []M ]D* I]H^CK IGJ GFKTKCK P C@H^@M Y] IKYK P Y] IKH@JG JG YM A@M DM JKD@M J@ DM CKY ^MVYGJKY []M YM MJI]MJTVKJ DMJTVG DM Y] H@YHK IKYK5 ]D* BK ^KYKDG ^GV MJI@HK DM ]JK HKJL]MVK G IK/MV@K P ^GV MYG ]D* T@MJM MC KTVKYG# P ]D* KJTMY DM ^KYKV D@OG? IKVKHFK# DMOKHM ^KYKV ^GV K[]@5 ]D* T@MJM ]JK VMC@[]@K BMIBK IGJ B@MVFKY G MPM P ^GV YMV I]V@GYK CK DMYFKVKTG# KBGVK ]D* T@MJM []M TVKMVCK ^KVK []M BKLK MFFG IGJ MCCK5 TKJTG ]D* IGHG CK ^MVYGJK []M MYTK O]JTG K ]D* T@MJM []M BKIMV VGLKI@GJ ^KVK []M JG YM QKPK K HGV@V5 ]D* BK DM TMJMV ]J B@OG IGJ ]J BGHFVM QGCKJDMVG# P MYM B@OG YM CCKHKVK @VM# I]@DMCG F@MJ []M ^GV KB@ MYTKVK Y] Y]MVTM5 TMJLK I]@DKDG IGJ ]J HKC ^KYG []M ]D* ^@MJYK DKV5 JG CCGVM ^GV MC D@JMVG P ^GV CK H@YMV@K []M ]D* MYTK ^KYKJDG# J@ ^MCMM IGJ Y] H]OMV# Y@LK CGY IGJYMOGY []M MCCK -^K CM DM5 JG KJDM IGJ JKD@M ^GV[]M CM MY KTVKYG# MJ Y] KY]JTG J@ KY@MJTG5 ]D* QK K QMJIMV Y]Y MJMH@LGY5 ]D* MYTK HMT@DK MJ ]J MJVMDG# P Y@ ]D* CM BKIM IKYG K MYM MJVMDG YM ^@MV( DM5 IGJ CK H]OMV []M ]D* Q@QM BKP I@MVTK G^GY@I@GJ5 ]D* T@MJM []M VMI@F@V CK HKJG DM @AK5 JG TVKTM K JKD@M IGJ AKCYMDKD5 ]D* JG T@MJM ^KVKDMVG A@OG5 TMJLK I]@DKDG IGJ ]JK TVK@I@GJ*

VMAVKJMY? (((((((( ;*( CK HKJG MYTK IGVTK P JG CCMLK KFKOG* 6*( MJ MC VM@JG DMC KHGV ]JGY KHKJ P GTVGY YGJ KHKDGY# CK AMC@I@DKD MY ^GDMV YMV CKY DGY IGYKY* 9*( CK FKFGYK ^KVK MC MFFG JG DMFM YMV T@VKDK K CGY D@GYMY CMOGY*

VMCKI@GJ DM B@YTGV@KY G ^KTKE@JMY DM @VGYG D@* (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((









































]J D@K GV]JH@CK CCMQKJDG ]J YGHFVMVG LVKJDM YKC@G ^KVK MC IKH^G DGJDM YM @FK K IMCMFVKV ]JK A@MYTK ^GV MY^KI@G DM QKV@GY D@KY* PMHKPK KC QMV []M BKI@K QKV@GY D@KY []M GV]JH@CK JG QMJ@K P Q@MJDG CK IKJT@DKD DM LMJTMY []M K Y] IKYK @FKJ K H@VKVYM# IGHMJ_G K H@VKV P BKIMV MFFGYMY P TVKFKOGY K CKY ^MVYGJKY* CKY GFVKY P TVKFKOGY BMIBGY ^GV PMHKPK TMJ@KJ LVKJ KIM^TKI@GJ P MR@TG# KY@ ^KYG HKY DM ]J HMY P I]KJDG -^K GV]JH@CK VMLVMYG Q@G []M CK IKYK MYTKFK HKY CCMJK []M J]JIK P YM @JTMVMYG ^VML]JTKJDGCM K ]JG DM CGY []M MYTKFK MY^MVKJDG P MYTM CM D@OG []M PMHKPK MVK CK []M QM@K KBGVK P []M JKD@M YM H@VKV@K HKY IGJ MC Y@JG IGJ MCCK []M YKF@K H]IBG HKY* GV]JH@CK KQMVLGJ_KDG# MJTVG MJ MC I]KVTG P IGJ ^KJTKCGJMY P YGHFVMVG CM BKI@K MC MFFG ]JG DM CGY []M KCC@ MYTKFKJ* CCMJG DM @VK FGTG K PMHKPK DM Y] IKYK P O]VG JG Q@Q@V MCCK*

Q@G []M PMHKPK MJ MC TKFCMVG K P DM QMVL]MJ_K J]JIK HKY IGJ

DMYDM MJTGJIMY GV]JH@CK MYT]D@G P MJTMJD@G Y]Y DMFMVMY IGHG K\G# ^GV MCCG CGY K\GYMY []M TMJLKJ MYTM Y@LJG JG DMFMJ Q@Q@V IGJ B@OKY DM PMHKPK ^]MY TKVDM G TMH^VKJG CG []MV@MJ DMYTVGJKV* JGTK? K[]@ A]M DGJDM PMHKPK ^GV ^V@HMVK QM_ YM ^]YG ^KJTK( CGJ P YGHFVMVG* TKHF@MJ YM T@VG MC GE^MCM ^GV HKJGY DM ]JK H]OMV ^GV ^V@HMVK QM_* MC PMHKPK DM MYTM Y@LJG MVK KYBKFK*

6*(

BKLKCM IKYG K Y] H]OMV* ((((((((((((((((((((((

^KTKE@J? BKF@K ]J HKTV@HGJ@G H]P ^GFVM P MC BGHFVM Y@MH^VM YM MYTKFK []MOKJDG []M MYIKYKHMJTM TMJ@K ^KVK IGHMV# H]IBKY











































I]KJDG CCMLG MC D@K DM DKV K C]_ TGIG CK IG@JI@DMJI@K DM []M TKHF@MJ D@G K C]_ CK VM@JK DM MYM ^]MFCG# IGJ TKJ HKCK Y]MVTM []M CK VM@JK H]MVM MJ MC ^KVTG* MJ MYG MC VMP YM -^K MJTMVK []M ]JK H]OMV BKF@K DKDG K C]_ MJ MC ^]MFCG KC H@YHG T@MH^G []M Y] D@A]JTK MY^GYK# ^GV CG []M CK HKJDK K F]YIKV ^KVK []M CM IV@KVK K Y] B@OG* I]KJDG CK H]OMV DMC ^GFVM BGHFVM KIKFG DM IV@KVCGY# MC VMP CK IGCHG DM LVKJDMY FMJMA@I@GY# P KC HKV@DG CG B@_G LMJM( VKC# P KY@ CM Q@JG CK Y]MVTM K MCCGY# Q@Q@MJDG DMY^]MY AMC@IMY CGY DGY*

9*( CK TVK@I@GJ* ((((((((((( ^KTKE@J? ]JK QM_ GV]JH@CK VML@YTVKJDGYM# CM YKC@G MYTM @AK# CM HKVIKFK []M KJTMY []M MC A]MYM K BKIMV KCLG# ^V@HMVG []M K^@CKV /KHM*

DGJDM TMJ@K

K CGY ^GIGY D@KY CG CCKHKVGJ DM ]J ^]MFCG ^KVK []M B@I@MVK ]J @TK# ^MVG MJ MYTK VM]J@GJ YM TVKHKFK ]JK TVK@I@GJ ^KVK HKTKVCG* GV]JH@CK A]M P PK CM TMJ@KJ ^VM^KVKDG TGDG* DMFKOG DM CK MYTMVK ^]Y@MVGJ ]JK YMV^@MJTM QMJMJGYK ^KVK I]KJDG MC YM A]MVK K YMJTKV CG ^@IKVKJ# ^MVG IGHG PK YM CM BKF@K @JD@(











































MJ MYTM IKH@JG CGY YKJTMVGY# G_K@J@YTKY P HKPGHFMVGY JG ^GD@KJ QMV K GV]JH@CK ^GV[]M MC MVK MC []M HKY QM@K* ^GV TKC HGT@QG YM ]J@MVGJ ^KVK KIKFKV IGJ MC* ]J HGY[]@TG# ]JK YMV^@MJTM QMJMJGYK P ]JK ^]CLK YM ^]Y@MVGJ DM KI]MVDG ^KVK []M MC HGY[]@TG ^@IKVK K ]J T]FMVI]CGYG P DMY^]MY ^@IKVK K GV]JH@CK5 MC HKOK YM MYIGJD@MYM DMFKOG DM Y] MYTMVK P CG HGVD@MVK P CK ^]CLK DMF@K DM BKIMV GTVG TKJTG* MYTGY TVMY MJMH@LGY A]MVGJ K IKYK DM GV]JH@CK BKI@MJDGYM CGY @JGIMJTMY ^KVK []M GV]JH@CK CGY H@VKVK# DGJDM MYTM CGY YMJTG P MCCGY KYGHFVKDGY HKJDKVGJ KC HKOK K BKIMVCM ]J HKJDKDG ^KVK []M DMY^]MY YM HMT@MVK DMFKOG DM CK MYTMVK* MC HGY[]@TG YM YMJTG ^KVK []M CG Q@MYM# YKC@MJDG MYTM MYTM @AK []M HKJDG KC K\G []M CM D@MYM IKCDG DM /KHM KC IGJY]CTKJTM* GV]JH@CK ^VGJTKHMJTM CM D@OG K MCMLFK []M CM TVKOMYM MC ^@CGJ P ]J ^MDK_G DM @YB] YKCIGIBKDG# []@TG MC ME]MCM P ^]YG MC ^@CGJ []MDKJDG MYTM MJI@HK DM CK IKFM_K DMC HKOK P KCC@ GV]JH@CK HKIBKIG MC /KHM P YM CG D@G KC HGY[]@TG* DMY^]MY []M MC HGY[]@TG IGH@G P TGHG MC IKCDG# YM B@JIBG VMQMJTKJDGYM* CK ^]CLK KC QMV CG Y]IMD@DG YM CG IGJTG TGDG K GV]JH@CK# []@MJ CK HKCD@OG? H@MJTVKY MC H]JDG YMK H]JDG JG TMJDVKY TVKJ[]@C@DKD*

=*( MC IGHMVI@KJTM []M JG I]H^C@K IGJ KCKA@K* (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( MFFG? MPK GVG YMIG# M\M GV@PM# M\M GL]VM# MPMCM# GL]MDM#











































TVKYTGVJKVYMCM TGDG P MC MPG @H^MVG AKH@C@K*

MJ

Y]

@CM

IGJ

CK

KJTM MYTK Y@T]KI@GJ# MYTM BGHFVM CM GAVMI@G KCLG K YBKJLG Y@ CM KVVMLCKFK Y]Y KY]JTGY# CG I]KC YBKJLG CM IGJIMD@G# ^MVG MYTM BGHFVM YM GCQ@D@G DM I]H^C@V IGJ KCKA@K* ^GV TKC HGT@QG MYTM O]JTG IGJ MCMLFK CM DMYFKVKTKVGJ Y]Y JMLGI@GY P DMY]J@MVGJ K CK AKH@C@K# TGHKJDG IKDK ]JG ^GV ]J V]HFG D@YT@JTG* K IGJYMI]MJI@K DM MYTK DMYGFMD@MJI@K P DM IGYKY []M CM ^]Y@MVGJ MJ CK ^]MVTK DM Y] @CM CK AKH@C@K CCMLG K D@YL]YTKVYM* I]KJDG J]MYTVG BGHFVM YM Q@G MJ MYTK Y@T]KI@GJ A]M DGJDM Y] FKFKCK\G []@MJ CM Q@G MYTM Y@LJG P CM B@_G MFFG* DMY( ^]MY DM BMIBG MC MFFG# P BKFMV I]H^C@DG TGDKY CKY @JD@IKI@GJMY []M CM B@_G GV]JH@CK# D@IBG BGHFVM IGJY@L]@G Y] TVKJ[]@C@DKD P CK ^VGY^MV@DKD MJ CGY JMLGI@GY*

1*( MC IGYMIBMVG DM KCLGDGJ* ((((((((((((((((((((((( ^KTKE@J? BKF@K ]J IGYMIBMVG DM KCLGDGJ []M MYTKFK ^KYKJDG TVKFKOGY ^]MY JKD@M CM IGH^VKFK Y]Y ^VGD]ITGY* ]J D@K Y] KH@LG CM KIGJYMOG []M A]MYM K QMV K GV]JH@CK VM^@T@MJDGCM CG H@YHG Y] MY^GYK# ^MVG IGHG MVK H]P IK^V@IBGYG P DMOKDG JG B@_G IKYG BKYTK []M ]J D@K Q@MJDG IGHG MYTKFK MC IKH^G DMY( TV]@DG DMI@D@G @V K QMV K GV]JH@CK*











































JGTK? BKP []M ^GJMV IGVT@JKY P IKHF@KV CGY H]MFCMY* K]J[]M ]YTMD CG TMJLK TGDG# Y@MH^VM CM AKCTK KCLG* BKP []M BKIMV @AK*

<*( CK B@OK YGCTMVK DMC VMP* ((((((((((((((((((((((( ^KTKE@J? BKF@K ]J VMP []M TMJ@K ]JK B@OK YGCTMVK P MYTM YM A]M K H@VKV IGJ GV]JH@CK P GV]JH@CK CM D@OG []M ^KVK []M Y] B@OK A]MVK AMC@_ MC TMJ@K []M IKYKVCK IGJ ]J K\G* MC VMP CM IGJTMYTG K GV]JH@CK []M JG# []M IGHG ]JK ^V@JIM( YK YM @FK K IKYKV IGJ ]J K\G* GV]JH@CK CM D@OG? ^MVG I]KJDG ]YTMD H]MVK# MCCK JG LGFMVJKVK# Y@JG ]JK H]OMVI@TK Y]PK

%%%











































DMYIV@Î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

IGJ

CKY

H]OMVMY#

^]MY

DGJDM ]YTMD Q@Y@TK VMT@VMYM* MC ^KDV@JG T@MJM JMIMY@DKD DM MJYM/KV K Y]Y KB@OKDGY []M MCCGY MYTMJ IGJTMJTGY IGJ MC*

^KVK

MYTM MY ]J @AK DM H]Y@IGY* K[]@ GV]JH@CK T]QG []M @VYM DM KY@K ^GV[]M JKD@M DMOKFK MC Q@I@G DMC G^@G* Y@ CK ^MVYGJK YM MJQ@I@K IGJ CK DVGLK YM ^@MVDM# ^]MY H@MJTVKY Q@QK JG T@MJM QGC]JTKD ^KVK C@FVKVYM DM MYM Q@I@G* -^K CK ^MVYGJK CCGVK ^GV[]M JG T@MJM TVKFKOG J@ D@JMVG P Y@J













































K YBKJLG YM CM DK MJ HMD@G DM CK ^]MVTK DMC I]KVTG CG ^@DK*

[]M

BKFCK DM MYTKCC@DGY YGI@KCMY ^GV MC BKHFVM P CKY JMIMY@DK( DMY []M Y]AVMJ CGY ^]MFCGY# ^GV MC KFKJDGJG MJ []M CGY T@MJM Y]Y LGFMVJKJTMY* BKFCK DM []M Y]Y AKH@C@KVMY KCCMLKDGY CG QKJ K DMOKV YGCG ^]MY H@MJTVKY ]YTMD MYTK DM A@MYTKY P IGHMCKTKY P BKYTK MJ KY]JTGY DM DVGLKY* Y] AKH@C@K CK T@MJM KFKJDGJKDK P IKVMIM DM Y] KHGV# DM Y]Y F]MJGY MOMH^CGY# P BKYTK DM CG HKY JMIMYKV@G ^KVK Y]FY@YT@V*

M\M DMC Y@LJG? KDVK IKJK# B@MVFK J@TVG D]CIM# ^KCHK# ((((((((((((( HKCQKTM# ^@JG*













































D@IM @AK? (((((((( []M TMJLK I]@DKDG IGJ MC KL]K []M ]D* TGHK5 ]D* T@MJM ]J ^@M MJ Y] IKYK P GTVG MJ MC IMHMJTMV@G5 ]D* T@MJM []M VMI@F@V K @AK JG MIBM HKCD@I@GJMY# ^GV[]M CM ^]MDMJ IKMV K ]D* H@YHK5 MJ Y] IKYK BKP ]J MJAMVHG []M T@MJM []M BKIMV VGLKI@GJ# K CK IKVVMVK5 TMJLK I]@DKDG IGJ CGY DGCGVMY DM FKVV@LK5 Y] Y]MVTM ^GV[]M ]D* MY H]OMV DM GV]JH@CK5 ]D* T@MJM ]JK IGYK MJTVM HKJGY# []M YKCDVK F@MJ# ^VML]JTMCM K YBKJLG []M MY CG []M MC []@MVM5 ]D* T@MJM []M BKIMV VGLK( I@GJ IGJ HKJ@CCKY DM GFKTKCK P DMY^]MY TMJDVK []M KJDKV IGJ MCCKY ^]MYTKY# Y@ []@MVM ^GJMVYM F@MJ5 I]@DKDG IGJ ]J ^KOKVG IMJ@_G []M Y] MJMH@LG CM QK K HKJDKV# IGOKCG P -^K TVK@LKCG ^KVK BKIMV MFFG IGJ MC5 ^GJLKCM ]J ^MYIKDG AV@TG LVKJDM IGJ TGHKTM K PML]K5 JG CCGVM MC D@JMVG []M ^VGJTG CM BK DM CCMLKV CK Y]MVTM5 ]D* MYTK DKJDG H]IBGY TVG^@M_GY













































@JD@IKDG P IVMM []M CG BKJ MJLK/KDG# ^GV MYG ]D* Y@L]M MJAMVHG P KTVKYKDG P ^KVK []M Y]Y IGYKY CM HKVIBMJ F@MJ QKPK K IKYK DM Y] ^KDV@JG P ^@DKCM ^MVDGJ P DMY^]MY BKLK GYBK ^KVK []M ^]MDK I]VKVYM DMC MYTGHKLG JG QKPK K HGV@V KJTMY DM T@MH^G K IK]YK DM CK ]CIMVK MYTGHKIKC []M T@MJM ^GV IKYT@LG DMC YKJTG* KDMHKY T@MJM []M GI]^KVYM DM Y]Y ^VGTMITGVMY MY^@V@T]KCMY# ^GV[]M TKJTG ]D* IGHG Y] H]OMV YGJ MY^@V@T@YTKY P Y@ JG I]H^C@HMJTKJ IGJ MC YKJTG MYTKJ K ^]JTG DM ^MVDMVCG TGDG*

-^K 6* MC BMVVMVG* (((((((((( ^KTKE@J? BKF@K ]J BMVVMVG []M YM CKHMJTKFK DM []M MYTKFK H]P HKC# A]M K IKYK DM GV]CK P MYTM CM D@OG# []M MC TMJ@K []M BKIMV MFFG# P IGHG MC BMVVMVG JG TMJ@K IGJ []M BKIMV CK VGLK( I@GJ# MH^M_G DM J]MQG Y] TV@YTM_K*













































MJ MYTM IKH@JG YBKJLG TMJ@K ]J KP]DKJTM []M YM CCKHKFK KCML]C@ MC I@KC K^VMJD@K IGJ YBKJLG IGHG YM DGH@JKFKJ MC A]MLG P CK C]_5 ]J D@K PMJDG K Q@YTKV K Y] I]/KDG P K Y] PMVJG K ]J ^]MFCG CCKHDG CGYG GPG @JCM []MHG Y]Y IKYKY P TGDG MC H]JDG CM IGL@G H@MDG P IGHG MVK D@YI@^]CG DM YBKJLG D@OMVGJ? PG JG CMY DGP H@Y B@OGY K YBKJLG ^GV[]M TGDG CG DMYFKVKTK P CG []MHK# KY@ MJYM/G K KCML]MC@* -^K YBKJLG []M YM CCKHKFK GFK CMPG YM MJTMVG P A]M K IKYK DM GV]JH@CK# []@MJ CM Q@G MYTM @AK# CM B@_G MFFG P YKC@G ^KVK CK T@MVVK MO@LFMHME]J @JCM DGJDM Q@Q@KJ ]JGY D@YI@( ^]CGY Y]PGY P []MDKFK DMY^]MY DM @AM* KCC@ CG VMI@F@MVGJ F@MJ IGJ ]J IGJQ@TM H]P LVKJDM# ^MVG GFK CMPG CCMQKFK ]J K^G IGJ 6>> MEMYMY P G^GCG^G M^G BMIBG DM BMJG P I]KJDG IGJIC]PG MC IGJQ@TM MC CG MIBG K CK ^]MVTK P D@OG? F]MJG PG TMJLG []M @VHM K VMIGLMV TGDGY CGY H]IBKIBGY []M HM QKJ K MJTVMLKV ^KVK []M CGY MJYM/M ^KVK @VHM K CGY GPG P I]KJDG CCMLG DM IKYK MJ IKYK DM CGY AKH@C@KVMY# MYTGY JG CM MJTVMLKFKJ CGY B@OGY ^GV[]M CM ^VMJD@K 6>> IKYKY P JKD@M []MV@K K YBKJLG P TGDGY CM B]@KJ ^GV[]M CM BKF@KJ DKDG HKCK AKHK ^GV Q@VT]D DM Y] KB@OKDG KCKL]MC@* YBKJLG QGCQ@G K IKYK DM GV]JH@CK P CM Q@G MYTM @AK#

HKV(













































-^K TVKTKDG MJI@ICG^MD@IG DM @AK @VGYG FKVK @VGYG LKJ % @ @ > @ > > > > VM_G?

@VGYG FKVK @VMYMLKJ G^M E]A@V@\G @C] KDG CGD@AK EGCKVK GYBK \GJJ@ KPK VKH@ GHK AM J@ GDD]J J@ KHK FKYBM E]^K I]VM MCMFG*

MJ MYTM Y@LJG JKIM? (((((((((((((((((( ;*( MC LVKJ YMIVMTG DM CKY I]KTVG IGC]HJKY DM GY]J* 6*(

MC ^GV[]M K CK MPMCM J]JIK YM CM KTKJ CKY ^KTKY

^KVK















































MJ MC HGJTM ;1 D@KY* ]J Q@MOG CM QK K HKCDMI@V ^GV JG BKFMVCM VMY^MTKDG CK H]OMV* D@IM []M Y]Y B@OGY YM D@Y^MVYKVKJ ^GV MC H]JDG# P H]IBGY DM MCCGY HGV@VKJ CMOGY DM ]D* M\M DMC Y@LJG? IBKH@IG* (((((((((((((















































[]M TMJLK I]@DKDG IGJ Y] D@JMVG ^GV[]M QK K QMJ@V ]J BGHFVM K MJKHGVKVCK K CK A]MV_K5 ]D* T@MJM []M TMJMV I]@DKDG ^GV KFV@LKV H]OMVMY DM GTVG BGHFVM ^GV[]M ^]MDM ^KYKV ]J HKC VKTG5 ]D* T]QG ]J Y]M/G H]P HKCG5 H]DMYM DM DGJDM ]D* Q@QM Y@ MY []M ]D* []@MVM MQ@TKV MYKY IGJQMV( YKI@GJMY TKJ IGJT@J]KY []M BKP KCCK# ^GV[]M JG ^KYKVK H]IBG T@MH^G Y@J []M BKPK ]JK TVKLMD@K# ^GV IK]YK DM KCLG []M YM QK K MRTVKQ@KV P IGVVMVK CK YKJLVM5 ]D* []@MVM Q@Q@V IGJ ]JK H]OMV ^GV QMJLKJ_K# JG CG BKLK5 MJ Y] IKYK BKP ]JK ^MVYGJK []M TGHK FMF@DKY5 TGDGY CGY MJVMDGY P IB@YHMY QKJ K ^KVKV MJ Y] IKYK P ^GV MYG K[]@ YM CM D@IM []M YM H]DM DM KCC@ ^GV[]M CK TVKLMD@K MY LVKJDM5 []M H]OMV YM HKVIBG G Y] HKV@DG CK DMOG7 ]D* JG QKPK K KIM^TKV















































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















































9*( DGJDM KF]YKVGJ DM CK H]OMV DM GV]JH@CK* (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ^KTKE@J? CK H]OMV DM GV]JH@CK CM ^@D@G ^MVH@YG ^KVK @V K Q@Y@TKV K TGDGY CGY GHGAM DM MC* GV]JH@CK YM CG IGJIMD@G P MCCK YM MJIKH@JG K CK Q@Y@TK* CCMLG K IKYK DM CK MPMCM P MYTK KC QMVCK CM FV@JDG P IKHK DGJDM DGVH@V*

D@JMVG

K CK HK/KJK Y@L]@MJTM MCCK YM CMQKJTG P CM D@G CKY LVKI@KY















































CK GV@CCK DMC CKLG ^GV CK ^MYIK# C]LKV*

CK IK_K P

MC KL]K DMC

CK B@OK DMC VMP DM CK TV@F] MVK ]JK FMCCK H]IBKIBK CCKHKDK GEGJTM []M MJTMVKDK DM CK CMPMJDK DMC BGHFVM MJIKJTKDG P KIGH^K/KDK DM Y]Y IV@KDGY# VMIGVV@G TGDG MC CKLG BKYTK DKV IGJ MC* KC QMVCG []MDG BGJDKHMJTM @H^VM( Y@GJKDK P YM MJKHGVG DM MC JG ^]D@MJDG QMV VMKC@_KDGY Y]Y Y]M/GY ^GV MC MYTKDG DM DMHMJI@K DM MYTM P ^GV CK AGVHK DM Y] I]MV^G* DMYMY^MVKDK P KFKT@DK YM MJAMVHK# ^GV CG []M Y] ^KDVM# MC VMP DM CK TV@F]# CCKHK KC YKIMVDGTM DM CK TV@F] P CM

















































^KCKI@G*















































GFK KVK@YBK A]M KC FGY[]M P YKIV@A@IG ^KVK Y] LMHMCG GY@KD@M HMP@ DGJDM MC MYTKFK YM^]CTKDG P DMY^]MY DM















































^KTKE@J?















































@VGYG EKJK @VGYG EKC]















































^VGB@FM L]KVDKV VG^KY G BMVVKH@MJTKY DM D@A]JTGY# ^KVK []M MCCGY JG MYTMJ DMTVKY DM ]D*































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































^KTKE@J? GV]JH@CK# @JCM P GV@YBKGEG Q@QKJ MJ CK H@YHK T@MVVK []M MVK YB]E]V] J@CM# KB@ @JCM YMHFVKFK HK@_# ^]MY MVK Y] IGH@DK ^VMAMV@DK* GV]JH@CK YM DMD@IKFK K CK KD@Q@JKI@GJ P TMJ@K ]J B@OG MC I]KC TMJ@K CK HKCK IGYT]HFVM DM IGHMVCM CK IGH@DK K @JCM P K GV@YBKGEG# IGJ CG I]KC CGY GAMJD@K* MCCGY CM DMI@KJ K GV]JH@CK []M MC JG CM CCKHKFK CK KTMJ( I@GJ K Y] B@OG P DMI@D@MVGJ QMJLKVYM ^]MY CG []M BKI@K MC B@OG DM GV]JH@CK MVK IKDK QM_ HKY YML]@DG* MCCGY CM HKJDKVGJ K GV]JH@CK K KCKTMY@ []M MVK ]JK H]OMV MJAMVHK DM LGJGVVMK CK I]KC MJAMVHG K GV]JH@CK MJQ@KJDGCG ^KVK CK IKHK DM AGVHK TKC []M MC JG ^GD@K J@ Y@[]@MVK CMQKJTKVYM ^KVK H@VKV K CK LMJTM* -^K @JCM P GV@YBKGEG IGL@MVGJ KC B@OG DM GV]JH@CK ^KVK []MHKVCG# ^KVK MYG CG Q@YT@MVGJ DM HKV@\G P CG CCMQKVGJ K CK T@MVVK YB]E]V]# DGJDM MC BGHFVM K YGCKY QK# MCCGY D@OMVGJ? MYTM []M QK MJQ]MCTG KY@ MVK ]J MY^@V@T] HKC@LJG []M TVK@K MC BGHFVM P BKF@K []M []MHKVCG* GV]JH@CK MYTKFK Y]HKHMJTM MJAMVHG# ^MVG K]J MJ Y] LVKQMDKD YM B@_G GYGDM# DGJDM YM Q@G MYTM @AK P ^VM^KVG ]J MFFG IGJ TGDGY CGY M\M DM GV@YBKGEG# @JCM P KL]TKJ HMP@5 ]JK DM MCCKY YM CK D@G KC MY^@V@T] DM Y] HKDVM P CK GTVK CK YGCTG Q@QK MJ MC HGJTM IGJ ]JK IKH^KJK MJ MC I]MCCG* MJTGJIMY YM B@_G ]J @JYBM IGJ CK KP]DK DM Y] @PKVM ^KVK []MDKV C@FVM DM CK LGJGVVMK* GV]JH@CK I@TG K TGDGY P CM D@OG K Y] B@OG? ]J B@OG DM @LJGVKJTM G DM ]J IGHMH@MVDK# YGCG CM ^KYK MYTG []M ^KYG K H@ B@OG# ^MVG IGHG PG YM DM YGFVK []M H@ FGIK MY ^CGHG# ^GV MC ^GDMV []M GCGD]HKVM HM D@G# H@ B@OG YKCQKVK ^GV CK IKH^KJK []M CM MJQ@M*

]J CK DM YM

CK LMJTM DM YB]E]V] PK TMJ@KJ C@YTG K[]MC ^K[]MTM DM HKV@\G DGJDM MYTKFK KHKVVKDG MC B@OG DM GV]JH@CK# ^KVK YMV []MHKDG5 MJ MYG CCMLK CK KL]TKJ IGJ CK IKH^KJK P IKVLK IGJ MC ^K[]MTM []M IGJT@MJM KC B@OG DM GV]JH@CK# P I]KJDG MCCGY Q@MVGJ []M MC ^K[]MTM YM HGQ@K P YGJKFK ]JK IKH^KJK# IVMPMVGJ []M MVK @E] P TGDGY YKC@MVGJ B]PMJDG DM CK KL]TKJ []M YM CCMQG KC GHG DM GV]JH@CK K IKYK DM MYTM P DM MYK AGVHK YM YKCQG* GV]JH@CK IGL@G K Y] B@OG P CG B@_G KVVM^MJT@VYM DMCKJTM DM @JCM P DM GV@YBKGEG P O]VKV JG IGHMTMV HKY YKIV@CML@GY IGJ MCCGY# MJTGJIMY B@I@MVGJ ]J ^KITG DM KH@YTKD# DGJDM CGY B@OGY DM GV]JH@CK VMY^MTKJ K GV@YBKGEG P K @JCM P MYTGY K Y] QM_ CGY ^VGTMLMJ* JGTK?

^KVK MC QMJMVG YM BKIMJ

DGY @JYBM# YM ^VM^KVK

]JK







































VGCCG P YM ^GJM DMFKOG DM PMHKPK P YM MJT@_KJ DM K_]C P FCKJIG* CK YG^K DM PMHKPK QK ^KVK CK MY[]@JK DM CK IKYK5 CK YG^K DM CK FGTMCCK YM VGH^M K CK GV@CCK DMC HKV DM MY^KCDK ^@D@MJDGCM CK I]VKI@GJ K PMHKPK*

-^K 9*( MC IKH@JG DMC G@DG* (((((((((((((((((( VM_G? FKFK K\K PM@AK KFGV@ FGDMEM GHG K\G KCKVK K\G GHG KFGJ@ MLL]J GFM EMVMCM@ K\G GPMPM GFK GVG YBMJYBM GE]J TC@VM @FK @FGPM GFKV@M G_K@J T@JYBKVM @AK @VGYG FKT]TG FGPM MCMYM G_K@J @VM KFMV@FGPM MLL]J G\M @AK J@ GV]J* G^KVKCDG?

\M\MVM @AK PME]J @JCM MT@ MLL]J @VM KFMV@ GHG KCKVK

GY@KD@M# KPKE]K# KE]KVG# @L]@ M\MAK# KCKHG L]J L]J# MPK GVG "L]KF@JK)# ME]# M^G# MPK# K\KDG# MA]J# GT@# G/@# KPM GYB@JYB@J# G^GCG^G G\G*

K[]@ JKI@G MC IKH@JG DMC G@DG []M YM CG D@G GCGV]J HKJG DM GV]J KC B@OG DM GL]M P KC B@OG DM G_K@J*

^GV

^KTKE@J? MJ CK T@MVVK K\K PM@AK Q@Q@K GLL]M []M TMJ@K ]J B@OG CCKHKDG K\G KCKVK KC []M BKF@K IGJYKLVKDG KC ^@M DM GV]J P DM G_K@J* YML]J MC A]M IVMI@MJDG TMJ@K ]JK F]MJK Y]MVTM ^]MY MC KTMJD@K F@MJ K Y] YMIVMTG5 I]KJDG CG IGJYKLVKVGJ CM B@I@M( VGJ ]J LVKJ YMIVMTG DM GV]J P G_K@J P CM VMIGHMJDKVGJ []M JG CG ^GD@K D@Q]CLKV ^KVK []M JG ^MVD@MVK Y] Y]MVTM# CK []M YMV@K HKY LVKJDM []M CK DM Y] ^KDVM* P DMY^]MY DM MYTG TGDG CG []M MC BKI@K CG CGLVKFK VMYGCQMV AKQGVKFCMHMJTM ^GV[]M KCL]JKY QMIMY MLL]J CM BKFCKFK KC G@DG P GTVKY QMIMY []@MJ CM BKFCKFK MVK G_K@J* ]J D@K Y] ^KDVM GLLM T]QG ]J ^VGFCMHK IGJ PMPME]J "B@OG) MC []M Q@Q@K MJ CK T@MVVK DM KFGGVGJ []M MVK CK T@MVVK DMC ^KDVM DM MYTM P TMJ@K IKY@ DMYTV]@DG K GLL]M P K\G KCKVK CM MYTKFK DKJDG DM IGHMV K Y] YMIVMTG DM GV]J P GPG []M CM BKFCKFKJ MJ MC G@DG P CM IGJTKFKJ MC ^VGFCMHK []M MYTKFK KAVGJTKJDG GLL]M* CM D@OMVGJ []M ^KVK []M ^]D@MVK LKJKV KC L]MVVK K AKQGV DM Y] ^KDVM TMJ@K []M IGLMV ]J GTK D]J D]J# HKIKGY HMTK# FKFGYKY HMTK# ]J MPK GVG EMEM# KTKVM# ^MGJ@K# KVK/K ^MC](







































YMH@CCKY DM ^@/GJ DM FGT@OK# VK@_ DM I]KC[]@MV HKTK []M MYTM MJ MC @CM PM\K P Y] T@MVVK* []M MJ ]J IKCDMVG ^]Y@MVK MC JGHFVM DMC MJMH@LG DMC ^KDVM ^GV DMJTVG P ^GV A]MVK IGJ PMYG P K CK GTK* -^K MYTM TVKFKOG CG TMJ@K []M BKIMV KC ^@M DM GLL]J# DKJDGCM ]J ^GCCG LV@AG D]J D]J# []M CG C@H^@KVK ^KVK []M QMJ_K CK L]MVVK []M T@MJM MC ^KDVM IGJ K\G PMPME]J* KDMHKY CM D@OG? I]KJDG T] QKPKY ^KVK KCCK# CCMQKVKY MC ^GCCG LV@AG MJ CK HKJG P QKY CCKHKJDG? & FKFK @E] GV]J FKFK @E] @E] GCGJK PMPME]J FKFK KJ@KVM @E] KVMVM GLL]J &* KY@ CG B@_G K\G KCKVK P YML]J IKH@JKFK IKJTKFK P I]KJDG CCMLG KJTM Y] ^KDVM CG C@H^@G# CM ^VMYMJTG MC GY@KD@M K GLL]J P CM B@_G K IGJT@J]KI@GJ MC TVKFKOG* CM D@G MPMV( FKCM K GLL]J P KC TVKFKOG P DMY^]MY CM D@G IKJDMCK KC TVKFKOG P I]KJDG TMVH@JG MJTMVVG MC IKCDMVG MJ J@LFM5 CM D@G ]J FK/G K Y] ^KDVM GLL]M MJM GV@J K/@C VGL]MCM MY^KJTK H]MVTG# CM D@G MPMCM KC GFGV@ MCMDK IGJ GF@ T]TG GV@ MA]J* K CGY ^GIGY D@KY Q@JG GCGE]J K DGJDM MYTKFK GLL]M P CM D@OG? QMJI@YTM CK GFVK []M TMJ@KY ^GV CK LVKI@K DM T] B@OG P KBGVK []M T] ^@MJYKY BKIMV7* GLL]M CM IGJTMYTG? PG CM BM DKDG K H@ B@OG TGDGY CGY YMIVMTGY []M TMJ@K# ^MVG MC JG CG ^]MDM KTMJDMV F@MJ ^GV Y] TVKFKOG# GCGE]J CM D@OG? ^]MY PG CM QGP K DKV ]J ^GIG DM H@Y V@[]M_KY ^KVK []M MC Q@QK F@MJ PK []M MC MY ]J F]MJ B@OG* P KY@ K\G KCKVK A]M V@IG*

4*( MC ^KOKVG HKCG* (((((((((((((( VM_G? HME]K M@PM F]V]E] KD@AKA]J FKT]TG ME^K# KTME]M# M\M FKFKV@# KT@ @PKV@ MFKJ@CGDG HMOG]J @TK CMJ@ HMTK# CME]K MFK KLFKJ@VMG KD@AKA]J KF@EGD]J GJ@ YBKJLG GJ@CKLFKFK CGDKA]J GV]JH@CK* MFFG? ]J ^KOKVG O]D@G "KTGEKTM)# 6 KE]EG# ]J GY@KD@M# ^@MC DM QMJKDG# LFGLFG TMJ]PMJ# ]J KEGAK# $;1*2>* ^KTKE@J? MJ CK T@MVVK FKT]TG J@CM Q@Q@K KF@MJDGJ []M MVK B@OG DM YBKJLG IGJ GV]JH@CK# MYTM K\G MVK MJQ@D@KDG ^GV MC GFK DM MYK T@MVVK []@MJ []MV@K DM DMYTV]@VCG ^]MY MC TMJ@K H]IBK Y]MVTM P ^GV TKC HGT@QG CM MJQ@G K CGY KVKPM ^KVK []M KIKFKVKJ IGJ MC*







































-^K MC YM CG CCMQG K Y] ^KDVM P MYTM CM D@OG? MYTG MY ]J KC@HMJTG ^VGB@F@DG5 YM CG CCMQG K Y] HKDVM P MYTK CM D@OG CG H@YHG5 MJTGJIMY YM CG CCMQG KC GFK P MYTM YM CG IGH@G* KC TMVIMV D@K A]MVGJ K F]YIKV K KF@MJDGJ ^KVK []M CM B@I@MVK @T]TG P CG MJTMVVKVK MJQ]MCTG MJ ^@MC DM QMJKDG P IGVGJKVGJ K KF@MJDGJ KFKJ@CM DM FKT]TG J@CM* JGTK? MC YMIVMTG MY MC @JYBM G_K@J []M YM ]YK ^KVK QMJIMV K CGY MJMH@LGY*

=*( MC D@JMVG DM GFKTKCK* (((((((((((((((((((( VM_G?

KD@AKA]J YBKJLG FGLFG GV@YBK GCM GFKTKCK GDM KEKYBG @KYK @L@ GH] CGVDKA]J GFK# EKAMVMA]J @FMP@ GHG MDD]J*

MFFG? KE]EG HMP@# KFMFGKD@M HMP@# ]JK OKFK# ]JK MYIKCMVK# K_]IKV# LFGLFG TMJ]PMJ# GT@# GH@# @L@ GH] " HKHGJI@( CCG)# KEGAK KF@T@* ^KTKE@J? MJ MYTM IKH@JG B]FG ]J T@MH^G MJ []M TGDGY CGY YKJTGY CM VGFKFKJ K GFKTKCK Y] D@JMVG# DGJDM []@MVK []M MYTK CG L]KVDKVK YM CG MJIGJTVKFKJ P J]JIK JKD@M MVK MC CKDVGJ* GFKTKCK IKJYKDG DM []M CM MYT]Q@MVKJ VGFKJDG CCKHG K GYBGY@ P CM GVDMJG []M CM IGJYTV]PMVK ]JK OKFK P ]JK MYIKCMVK5 I]KJDG D@IBKY IGYKY MYT]Q@MVGJ TMVH@JKDKY# GFKTKCK L]KVDG Y] D@JMVG MJ CK OKFK P QKC@MJDGYM DM CK MYIKCMVK CK IGCLG MJ CG KCTG DM @L@ GH] "HKHGJI@CCG)# DMY^]MY CCKHG K TGDGY CGY KJ@HKCMY DM K[]MC C]LKV# ^KVK []M K[]MC []M GYKVK VGFKVYMCG A]MVK DMQGVKDG G MJQMJMJKDG ^GV K[]MCCKY A@MVKY* CGY @FMP@Y []M MYTKFKJ IMVIK DM @L@ GH]# Q@MVGJ TGDG CG []M GFKTKCK MYTKFK BKI@MJDG Y@J ^MVIKTKVYM DM []M MCCGY CK MYTKFKJ Q@MJDG* YBKJLG# []M JMIMY@TKFK D@JMVG YM A]M K QMV K GV]JH@CK DGJDM MYTM CM B@_G GYGDM P CM Q@G @VGYG FKT]TG# DGJDM @AK CM D@OG []M TMJ@K []M BKIMV MFFG P DKVCM AV]TKY K CGY @FMP@Y P IGJTMJTKV K Y] H]OMV GFK# ^]MY MCCK MY B@OK DM GFKTKCK ^KVK []M MC DM MC KYBM DMC D@JMVG*

-^K







































KJTM MYTK D@A@I]CTKD KC CCMLKV K Y] IKYK# ^MV^KVG MC MFFG []M GV]JH@CK CM BKF@K HKJDKDG IGJ LFGLFG TMJ]PMJ# CG MIBG MJ ]J YKIG P A]M DM J]MQG ^KVK DGJDM MYTKFK MC D@JMVG# P ^GV MC IKH@JG A]M VMLKJDG TGDK CK IGH@DK TKHF@MJ KCVMDMDGV DM @L@ GH] IGHG CM BKF@K @JD@IKDG Y] H]OMV GFK P KY@ ^]DG IGLMV MC D@JMVG IGH^KVT@MJDGCG IGJ MCCK P Y]Y QKYKCCGY# CGLVKJDG CK AMC@I@DKD P IGJ CGY KJ@HKCMY A@MVGY DM B@_G Y] L]@VG DM G_K@J ^KVK G\M* JGTK?

YM CM DKJ MPMCM HMP@ K CGY @FMP@Y P YM CM ^GJMJ AV]TKY# CKY KD@M HMP@ YM CM DKJ K GFK* KE]EG HMP@ K YBKJLG P MCMLFK*

@JYBM G_K@J? CMV@ DM KPKE]K# KE]EG# MT]# MPMCM# IMVJ@IKCG# IKV^@JTMVG# IKG# CMIB]_K# GCGLFG# KVV@MVG# IKHKCMGJ# ME]TM# _]J _]J# H]VI@MCKLG# @L@ KHKJYK L]K^G# ^KVKH@# QMJ K H@# QMJIM FKTK( CCK# PKPK# L]KPKEKJ# M\M G_K@J# Y@MTM IMJTK( QGY ^V@MTGY# MVG# GF@# EGCK# GF@ HGT@\KG# GY]J JKF]V]# ME]# MPK# M\M GV@PM# KT@^GJCK# KTKVM# YMH@CCK KL]HK***

1*(

@AK DM KLVKDMI@H@MJTG* (((((((((((((((((((((

^KTKE@J? MYTM IKH@JKJTM ^KYG ^GV TVMY C]LKVMY G T@MVVKY# C]LKV DGJDM MJIGJTVG CK YML]V@DKD P TVKJ[]@C@DKD []M F]YIKFK* MYTM C]LKV MY DM KY^MITG DMYGCKDG# DGJDM KCC@ A]MVGJ ^GIGY CGY KVKPMY# TVMY G ]J ^GIG HKY* JG GFYTKJTM MYG# MC C]LKV YM A]M CMQKJTKJDG KH^C@KHMJTM ^]MDM DMI@VYM []M AGVHG ]J ^]MFCG H]P LVKJDM*

P

K[]@ MJ MYTM GDD]J IGJTV@F]PM CK KP]DK DM GFKTKCK# KII@GJ DM GFKTKCK# YBKJLG P MLL]J []M KP]DKVGJ KC ^MVYGJKOM* JGTK?

MYTM @AK MY DM @JO]YT@I@K# DM C]IBK# DM AKCTK DM KLVKDMI@H@MJTG DM []@MJ VMI@FM FMJMA@I@GY P KP]DK DM CK ^MVYGJK*

JGTK? MYTM @AK BKFCK DM MJQ@D@GYGY P K ^MYKV DM VMI@F@V HKC# HKC KLVKDMI@H@MJTG DM CKY LMJTMY P DMIMÎ@G( JMY5 MC @JTMVMYKDG DMFM YML]@V BKI@MJDG TGDG MC -^K F@MJ ^GY@FCM# ^]MY KB@ VMI@FM Y]Y LVKJDM_KY* JG GFYTKJTM MYTG DMFM I]@DKVYM DM TVKH^KY P ^MVYGJKY []M TVKTKJ DM CCMQKVCG ^GV HKCGY IKH@JGY P IGJYM( OGY* DMFM I]@DKVYM CK YKJLVM P MC MYTGHKLG ^GV[]M MC HMJGV DMYI]@DG ^]MDM TVKMV IGJYMI]MJI@KY AKTK( CMY* BKP []M I]@DKVYM DM TVKLMD@KY# D@Y^KV@MDKDMY#









































(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ]JK IK_]MCK HMD@KDK DM LVKJGY DM HK@_# 0 ^MCGTKY DM @YB]# 0 KEKVKY# 0 ^MCGTKY DM MEG# TGDG J]MYTVG DMJTVG DM CK IK_]MCK "^]MDM IGLMV MPMVFKCM)* FGVDMKV CK ^]MVTK DM CK IKYK DM I]KJDG MJ I]KJDG# Y@MH^VM ^VML]JTKV ^GV MC KT@^GJCK5 FK/KVYM IGJ CK]VMC DM CK @JD@K "^VML]JTKV)* @JYBM G_K@J ^KVK DMAMJDMVYM? ((((((((((((((((((((((((((( IGCLKV DM TVKY DM CK ^]MVTK TVMY VK@IMY DM KVGHK# TVMY DM KT@^GJCK# TVMY DM CK]VMC DMCK @JD@K# TVMY KTKVM# ME]# MPK# M^G# @PMAK DMC Y@LJG DMC ^KDV@JG P GP]FGVG# GYBM T]VK# GYBM EK# GEKJK YK5 ^]MDM IGC( LKVYM MJ ]J L]@VG* JGTK? K[]@ BKFCKJ GFKTKCK# YBKJLG P MLL]J*

<*(

CK MVKJ DM MCMDM* ((((((((((((((((

^KTKE@J? K\G KVM YM ^]YG K IGHMV O]JTG IGJ GCGE]J CK CMV@ DM MCMDM P YBKJLG CMY D@OG? PK TGDGY ^]MDMJ IGHMV MVKJ DM MCMDM# ^MVG I]KJDG T] P PG JGY KIGVDMHGY CM BKVKJ DK/G# CCMQMJCK ^KVK CK T@MVVK DM K\G MVM* K D@IBK T@MVVK BKF@K CCMLKDG GFKTKCK DM Q@Y@TK IGJ GEM []M MVK Y] YMIVMTKV@G P IGI@JMVG* MCMLFKVK CKVGTK YKC@G IGVV@MJDG ^KVK CK T@MVVK DM K\G ^KVK DMI@VCM K TGDGY CGY []M BKF@K Y]IMD@DG P YM MJIGJTVG IGJ GFKTKCK K []@MJ D@G HGAGV@FKCM P K K\G KVM CM IGJTG TGDG* GFKTKCK IGL@G KE]EG P M^G P CM D@OG K GEM P K MCMLFKVK? VMIGOKJ TGDG MYM HK@_ YMIG P HKIBK[]MJCG MJ MC ^@CGJ# DMOKJDG ]JKY I]KJTKY HK_GVIKY DMYLVKJKDKY* GFKTKCK CM D@OG K K\G KVM? K CK ^V@HMVK []M BKP []M IGI@JKV MY K PMHKPK* K MCMLFKVK CM D@OG? QM P TVKMHM ]JK IKJKYTK IGJ MVKJ MCMDM ^KVK []M I]KJDG CCML]M PMHKPK -^K MJI]MJTVM Y]Y IGH@DK IGI@JKDK* MCMLFKVK KY@ CG B@_G# CCMLG









































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

K

TGDGY

CGY

MC D]M/G DM MYTM @AK ^KVK I]KC[]@MV TVKFKOG ]YK MY^@LK DM HK@_ P IGH@CCG DM MCMDM* MC @PMAK DM MYTM @AK MY MY^@LK DM HK@_ P K\KDG P JG YM CM DK K JKD@M ^KVK []M ^VGY^MVM*









































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

%%%









































-^K TVKTKDG MJI@ICG^MD@IG DM @AK @VGYG T]VK @VGYG T]VKVK % @ @ > @ @ > @ > VM_G? @VGYG T]VKVK J@FM KEKJ@ @EKJ@O] GCGDKA]J GL]J J@FKT@ GLL]J GCGY@CM GV]JH@CK EKTM J@AK*

MJ MYTM Y@LJG JKIM? (((((((((((((((((( ;*( CK DMYIGH^GY@I@GJ DMC I]MV^G*









































BKP []M KTMJDMV K ML]J* JG YM ^]MDM HKCTVKTKV K CGY J@/GY* BKP []M I]@DKVYM DM KII@DMJTMY IGJ BMVVKH@MJTKY G HK[]@JKY DM B@MVVG* ^VGB@FM IGHMV KE]EG P KHH] GT@ P GTVKY FMF@DKY* K GL]J YM CM ^GJM ]J GE^MCM DM B@MVVG* HKVIK @JACKHKI@GJ DMC Q@MJTVM* MJAMVHMDKD JKYKC* BKP GV@LFG IGJ ^KOKV@CCK ^GV CK MJAMVHMDKD DMC Q@MJTVM*

[]M

HKVIK AKCTK DM VMY^@VKI@GJ P AV@KCDKD* MJAMVHMDKD F]IKC* JG CGLVK IKYKVYM IGJ MC IGJP]LM DMYMKDG* -^K BKP []M DKVCM LVKI@KY K GV]JH@CK# K GLL]J P K GYB]J* VMI@F@V K MYB] P DKVCM DM IGHMV ^KVK ^VGY^MVKV* ^VGB@FM YMJTKVYM MJ CK ^]MVTK DM CK IKCCM G MJ CKY MY[]@JKY ^GV[]M CM ^]MDMJ T@VKV ]JK ^@MDVK P HKTKVCG* BK Y@DG HKCDMI@DG ^GV ]JK ^MVYGJK Q@MOK# P T@MJM []M FK/KVYM MJ MC V@G IGJ ME]TM*

^KVK []@TKVYMCG

JG YM ^]MDM MH^MI@JKV MJ BKIMV IGYK ^KVK CK I]KC JG T@MJM QGIKI@GJ# ^]MY AVKIKYKVK* K[]@ CK ^]MVTK P CK QMJTKJK TMJ@KJ IGHMOMJ# P GLL]J A]MV_K CKY KVVKJIG*

IGJ

I]@DKDG IGJ VGFGY MJ Y] IKYK* KVVMLCM CKY ^]MVTKY P QMJTK( JKY []M MYTMJ MJ HKC MYTKDG* K[]@ CK ^MVYGJK ^GV G@V CGY HKCGY IGJYMOGY MJTVK MJ AKCTK DM VMY^MTG IGJ ^MVYGJKY HKPGVMY K CKY []M T@MJM []M VMY^M( TKV# IGJY@DMVKV P KLVKDMIMVCM CG []M BKJ MIBG ^GV MC* MC K\G DM MYTM @AK DMFM DM TMJMV ]J GE^MCM# DM B@MVVG DM Y] TKHK/G ^KVK IGCLKVYMCG KC I]MCCG I]KJDG BKLK MFFG P











































GFVKY P TVKFKOGY @VGYG T]VK* ((((((((((((((((((((((((((( @JYBM? ((((( CMV@ DM L]J]L]J# DM MPMCM# DM KPK^K# ;1 KTKVM# FGAM# B@LKDG# IGVK_GJ# IGHM KE]EG P YM MJT@MVVK KC ^@M DM ]JK HKTK DM @VGEG* -^K ^KVK KCMOKV K CGY ML]J GFYMYGVMY? (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( YM IGLM GF@ P YM ^@JTK DM MA]J* YM IGLMJ 6 VKHKY DM HKCQK# IGJ ]JG YM BKIM YKVKPMPM KC @CM VGDKJDG MC GF@ ^GV TGDK CK IKYK P YM VGH^M MJ CK IKCCM* GFVK ^KVK QMJIMV D@A@I]CTKDMY? ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( YM IGLM CMIBM DM M]VM# YM CM MIBK G/@ P YM ^KYK ;1 D@KY ^GV CK IKVK* DMY^]MY YM DK ]J FK/G IGJ M\M VGH^M YKVKL]MP# KFVM IKH@JG# KCLGDGJ P YKCQKDMVK* YM MJI@MJDM ]J KYBK P YM CM MIBK B]HG MJ CKY I]KTVG MY[]@JKY* MFFG ^KVK IKYKVYM? ((((((((((((((((( ]JK CKTK DM IKIKG# ]JK ^KVMOK DM ^KOKVGY# ]JK GTVG HKIBG# ]JK OK]CK P DGY QMCKY*

BMHFVK

P











































VM_G? KD@AKA]J GLL]J J@FM KYBKV^GJ@ @EK]P]J CGDKA]J GLL]J KTMAK J@FKT@ GLL]J GAGY@CK EKAMTMJ@ GV]JH@CK GLL]J KCKL]MDM CGDKA]J GFKTKCK* -^K D@IM @AK? (((((((( []M AVMJTM K Y] IKYK BKP ]J ^KCG G KCL]J KVFGC# P []M ]D* JG ^]MDM KDMCKJTKV ^GV[]M MJ MYM ^KCG BKJ BMIBG KCLG HKCG Y]Y MJMH@LGY P MCCGY DMYMKJ DMYFKVKTKVCM I]KJTG ]D* T@MJM5 ]D* []@MVM BKIMV ]JK IGYK []M JG DMFM VMKC@_KVCK# ^GV[]M ]D* JG BK JKI@DG ^KVK MYG P CG []@MVM BKIMV K CK A]MV_K# P Y@ ]D* CCMLK K VMKC@_KV CG TMJDVK []M QGCQMV K DMYFKVKTKV5 JG YM HMTK MJ CG []M ]D* JG YM^K5 TMJLK I]@DKDG []M ^GV MC IKH@JG CM Q@MJM ]JK L]MVVK5 DMCM LVKI@KY K GV]JH@CK# GLL]J P GYB]J5 ]D* MYTK MJKHGVKDG DM ]JK H]OMV5 ]D* MY H]P IGHMVI@KJTM P Y]Y JMLGI@GY JG KJDKJ F@MJ ^GV[]M YM CG BKJ D@AKHKDG H]IBG P Y@ ]D* []@MVM ^VGY^MVKV T@MJM []M DKVCM DM IGHMV K MYB]5 TMJLK I]@DKDG IGJ ]JK MJAMVHMDKD MJ CK JKV@_ G MJ MC Q@MJTVM# []M K QMIMY CM AKCTK CK VMY^@VK( I@GJ# T@MJM AV@KCDKD5 MJ Y] IKYK ]D* T@MJM []M BKIMV MFFG IGJ ^KOKV@CCK ^GV Y] MJAMVHMDKD MJ MC Q@MJTVM TKHF@MJ MYTK HKCK DM CK FGIK# T@MJM IGHG ^@GVVMK5 ]D* JG ^]MDM IKYKVYM YKCQG []M BKLK MFFG ^V@HMVG* VMAVKJMY? (((((((( ;*( JG YM HMTK MJ CG []M JG YM^K*











































-^K VMKC@_KV TKC IGYK5 GLL]J CM IGJTMYTG? PG CG []M MYTGP MY TVKFKOKJDG MJ MC HGJTM* GV]JH@CK CM VMY^GJD@G? T] JG MVMY BMVVMVG7# TVKFKOK MJ CK BMVVMV@K# GLL]J MJTGJIMY D@OG# CG []M PG []@MVG BKIMV MY @AK5 GV]JH@CK CM D@OG? ^KVK MYG BKP T@MH^G* KC IKFG DM I@MVTG T@MH^G GV]JH@CK CM B@_G @AK K GLL]J Y@J IGJTKV IGJ GFKTKCK# ^MVG IGHG GLL]J MVK BMVVMVG# YM B@_G ]J TKFCMVG P ]J GE^MCM DM B@MVVG# KHFKY IGYKY DM LVKJ TKHK/G* I]KJDG GLL]J YKC@G DMC I]KVTG DM @AK YM D@OG? F]MJG# KBGVK QGP K TVKFKOKV @AK ^KVK Q@Q@V Y@MH^VM C@H^@G* P YM ^]YG K T@VKV MC GE^MCM MJI@HK DMC TKFCMVG BKI@MJDG TVMHMJDG MY( TV]MJDG# DGJDM GFKTKCK []M Q@Q@K IMVIK DM KCC@ DMI@K# []M MY MYM V]@DG MJYGDMIMDGV []M PG JG ^]MDG YG^GVTKV7* I]KJDG GFKTKCK YM DMI@D@G K YKC@V K QMV []M ^KYKFK# KC ^KYKV ^GV CK IKYK DM GLL]J CG Q@G H@VKJDGYM P CM ^VML]JTG? GLL]J []M IGYK T] MYTKY BKI@MJDG KB@7* GLL]J CM D@OG? HM MYTGP H@VKJDG ^GV[]M GV]JH@CK HM B@_G @AK P PK YGP FKFK( CK\G* GFKTKCK A]M K QMV K GV]JH@CK P CM @JIVM^G? ^GV []M T] JG IGJTKYTM IGJH@LG ^KVK BKIMVCM @AK K GLL]J# JG QMY []M KBGVK JG BKP []@MJ AKFV@[]M KVHKY ^KVK CK L]MVVK# KBGVK PK JG BKFVK HKY GVGLVKAG PK []M GLL]J JG TVKFKOK# KY@ []M H@VK K QMV IGHG KVVMLCKY MYG* P YM A]M* KC GTVG D@K GV]JH@CK CM D@OG K GLL]J? HK/KJK I]KJDG Q]MC( QKY TVKM T] @AK []M TMJLG []M BKIMVCM ]JK IGYK* GLL]J CG GFMDMI@G ^GV[]M MC MVK Y] GC]\G* GV]JH@CK CM []@TG K CK FKTMK CK HKJG HKPGV DMOKJDGCG IGHG K\GAKEKJ*











































JGTK?

6*

MC K\G DM MYTM IKH@JG CCMQK ME]MCM DM B@MVVG P ^GJM ]JK IGVT@JK FCKJIK ^KVK []M CK MJAMVHMDKD ^KYM*

YM JG

CK L]@JMK* (((((((((

^KTKE@J? D@IM @AK []M CK L]@JMK MVK TKJ O@FKVK []M JKD@M CK ^GD@K KLKVVKV P K CK L]@JMK CM L]YTKFK H]IBG CK A@MYTK P CK FMF@DK P CK LMJTM @DMG ]JK A@MYTK ^KVK MHFGVVKIBKVCK* CK L]@JMK# IGHG JG BKF@K MFFG MFFG IGHG CM BKF@K @JD@IKDG ]J D@K KJTMY GV]JH@CK# A]M K CK A@MYTK IGJA@KDK MJ []M# DKDG Y] C@LMVM_K# K MCCK MVK @H^GY@FCM KLKVVKVCK* TKJTG FMF@G P TKJTG A@MYTG CK L]@JMK# []M YM Y@JT@G IKJYKDK P YM KIGYTG K DGVH@V# CG []M K^VGQMIBG CK LMJTM ^KVK HKTKVCK PK []M MCCGY MVKJ Y]Y MJMH@LGY* 9*( MC QMJDMDGV DM LKJD@JLKY* (((((((((((((((((((((((( MFFG?

K]JEG# KE]EG# LKJD@JLK# ]JK FKJDMVK# KYBG A]J FGLFG TMJ]PMJ*

A]J#

^KTKE@J? MJ

CK

^CK_K

BKF@K ]J QMJDMDGV

DM

LKJD@JLK

[]M

TMJ@K











































H@MJTG P YM ^]YG K DKVCM CKY LKJD@JLKY IGJ CKY []M BKF@K BMIBG VGLKI@GJ* MCCGY YM CKY CCMQKVGJ P CKY IGI@JKVGJ H]P F@MJ MJIGJTVKJDGCKY H]P V@IKY* JG BKI@MJDGCM DK/G K JKD@M* IGH^VGFKJDGYM []M TGDG YM DMF@K K ]JK D@AKHKI@GJ* DMYDM MJTGJIMY TGDG MC H]JDG MH^M_G K IGH^VKV LKJD@JLKY# P KY@ CM Q@JG CK ^VGY^MV@DKD KC IGHMVI@KJTM* MC ^VG^@G MCMLFK YM MJIKVLG DM CK ^VG^KLKJDK I@KJTM* JGTK?

4*(

DMC

IGHMV(

^GV MYTM @AK BKP []M DKVCM ]J IB@QG K MCMLFK ^KVK []M JGCM TVKYTGVJM J@JL]J JMLGI@G []M ]YTMD TMJLK MJ CK HKJG* TKHF@MJ BKP []M DKVCM ]JK A@MYTK K CGY H]IBKIBGY ^KVK []M ^]MDK ^VGY^MVKV* BKP []M TMJMV I]@DKDG IGJ MJAMVHMDKD DMC B@LKDG P DM CK QMY@I]CK* BKP ]JK ^MVYGJK []M TVKTK DM ^MVO]D@IKVCG ^GV MJQ@D@K ^]MY JG QM IGJ F]MJGY GOGY Y] DMYMJQGCQ@( H@MJTG* BKP []M VMI@F@V MCMLFK5 I]@DKDG IGJ JMLG( I@GY []M ]D* TMJLK P []M JG MYTMJ DMJTVG DMC HKVIG DM CK CMP P CG ^]MDKJ ^MVO]D@IKV*

GLL]J* (((((

VM_G?

@VGYG T]VK KCKJLGVGLGVG KD@AKA]J GLL]J \KEK @JCM H@M KCK@C]M HMPM EGDMJ] GV@T@T@ HGDMJ] A]J KDMPM MVKEG*

]HFKT@ KD@AK(

MFFG?

KE]EG GEKJ# MPMCM GEKJ# KD@M GEKJ# GAK HMTK# @TKJK HMV@J# HKV@\G# KYBG A]J A]J# ;1*2> ^MYGY*













































P YM B@_G @AK5 MC YM B@_G ]J GE^MCM DM B@MVVG DM Y] TKHK/G P I]KJDG CCMLKFK K CGY C]LKVMY T@VKJDGCG# TMHFCKFK TGDK CK T@MVVK P TGDG MC H]JDG YM KY]YTKFK* GLL]J KY]YTG K GFKTKCK P MYTM CG HKCD@OG P D@OG []M YKIKVK MYG DM Y] IKYK5 GLL]J YM A]M KC HKV P CG T@VG KCC@# P KY@ CCMQG CK L]MVVK P CK D@YI]Y@GJ K CK HKV*

=*( CK @JLVKT@T]D MY CK B@OK DM CK YGFMVF@K* ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( VM_G?

GDG GL]M @VGYG T]J@KCKVK @JCM PMF] MY@ HG\K MV] PMJPM J@ GE] GCGE]J CGFKEM GFK GE] GV]LFG KDM CM@TGYB] GYB]J @P]HG @F] CGYK EMEM EKAMVMA]J GV]JH@CK*

MFFG?

KE]EG# MPMCM# KD@M# KEMVM# GH@ GDG# K/KV@# GE]J# LFGLFG KYBM# LFGLFG @CMEM# ME]# MPK# M^G# GH@ GF@# @TKJK# MA]J# G^GCG^G G\G*

^KTKE@J?













































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













































CGY HKY K IKYK LVKJDMY K BKIMV

IB@IGY# []M MVKJ B]H@CDMY# A]MVGJ O]JTG IGJ @VGY]J DM GV]JH@CK P YM B@I@MVGJ MC MFFG* ^MVG CGY HKY IGHG YM IVM@KJ A]MVTMY P MVKJ GVL]CCGYGY# JG A]MVGJ MC MFFG*

]J D@K GPK A]M K IKYK DM GV]JH@CK P YM MJTMVG DM CG []M ^KYKFK IGJ CGY B@OGY HKY IB@IGY DM @VGY]J P YM ^]YG FVKQK# CCMLKJDG K IKYK DM @VGY]J YG^CKJDG Y]Y Q@MJTGY P KC IGLMV CGY KAMAM MCCGY YM T@VKFKJ KC ^@YG P IGHG MYTKFKJ GAG I]KJDG CCMLKFKJ KC Y]MCG YM YMIKFKJ P JG MJLMJDVKFKJ ^]MY MCCGY MVKJ GTGJDK* DM MYTK AGVHK CGY HKY IB@IGY A]MVGJ CGY []M YM YKCQKVGJ*













































GCGA@J CCGVKFK P YMJT@K H]IBK ^MJK I]KJDG QM@K K CK ^KCHK BKFCKJDG IGJ MYK YGFMVF@K P IGHG IKDK QM_ IVMI@K HKY P HKY* ^MVG YML]J IVMI@K KY@ YM TGVJKFK HKY KCTKJMVK P KLVMY@QK IGJ GCGA@J P PK MVK TKJTK CK YGFMVF@K P MC GVL]CCG DM G^M []M JG YM D@G I]MJTK []M TGDG JG MVK HKY []M IB@YHMY P QM( JMJG DM GLL]J ^KVK []M GCGA@J JG CM D@MVK HKY KYBM P KY@ CK IGL@G CK HKCD@I@GJ*

-^K 2*( GYB]J P GV]JH@CK* (((((((((((((((( VM_G? KD@AKA]J GFKTKCK KFKJ@CM GCKEGV]J @JCM KD@AKA]J GYB]J KHFG\K YBGJYBGJ @CM G_K@J T@EMVKJ AKJ MCMLFK













































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

DM

G_K@J

I]KJDG

Q@G

K

MYTM

&KCKA@K GHG KCKA@K# @CM GFKEGY] EGH] KFM ]HFG @CM G_K@J KD@AKA]J @PKCGVDM*&















































-^K TVKTKDG MJI@ICG^MD@IG DM @AK @VGYG KTM @VGYG @VMTM @VGYG ]JE]MH@ % @ @ @ @















































CK ^MVYGJK F]YIK 9 IGYKY @H^GY@FCMY DM CGLVKV H@MJTVKY VMI@FK K GV]JH@CK*

JG

K[]@ JKI@G CK IKJDMCK* GV]JH@CK IGJ ]J ^KCG YKIG IKJDMCK P QMJI@G K Y]Y MJMH@LGY* CK ^MVYGJK YM ^@MVDM ^GV AKCTK DM AM MJ GV]JH@CK* I]KJDG CK KDQMVY@DKD CG TGIK BKI@MJDGCM Q@Q@V KCLG []M MC ^@MJYK []M JG HMVMIM Y]AV@V# YM GCQ@DK []M IKDK ^MVYGJK T@MJM Y] DMYT@JG MJ CK T@MVVK P FCKYAMHK DM CGY YKJTGY# JG DKJDGYM I]MJTK []M CK H@Y@GJ DM MYTGY MY YGCG KP]DKVCG K Q@Q@V MYK ^V]MFK* K[]@ ^GV AKCTK DM AM YM FGTK K GV]JH@CK*















































GFVKY DM @VGYG KTM* (((((((((((((((((( MFFG? (((( 4 MPMCM# 4 FGCCGY KF@MVTGY ^GV CK H@TKD# G/@ P $4*6>* MFFG?















































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















































YMIVMTG DM CGY KHGVMY DM MCCGY DGY* FVGY@K# DMY^MIBKDG P IMCGYG A]M MJ F]YIK DM GD]D]\K P CM D@OG? QMJLG K F]YIKVCG# ^KVK []M ]D* IGJG_IK ]J LVKJ YMIVMTG P CG CCMQG BKYTK CK ^KCHK K CK GV@CCK DMC V@G# DMYMJTMVVG CK IV@KT]VK P CM D@OG K GD]D]\K? H@VM# ]YTMD IGJGIM MYTG7* GD]D]\K YGV^VMJD@DG CM D@OG? JG# ^MVG MY MCMLFK P MY H]P C@JDG# DMYDM BGP MYTM YMVK H@ MCMLFK P YKIG KC J@/G DM CK AGYK P HKJDG []M CM D@MVKJ GYKD@M P CM ^]YG ^GV JGHFVM KLFGJ@* FVGY@K TMHMVGYG KC QMV CK KCMLV@K DM GD]D]\K IKCG Y] YMIVMTG P FVGJ] P PM\K Y@L]@MVGJ KHKJDGYMM MJ YMIVMTG P































































































GL]JDK CMV@ MCCK# GL]JDKKL]K# MOK GL]JDK HKV@ MFFG MPGVMTM FKFK MPM K\G CGDM MP@ VMTM KL]K CGDM# MP@VTM















































TKHF@MJ ]J ^MDKI@TG MJ IKDK ]JG DM CGY I@JIG ^K^MC@TGY*















































HKV@ MFFG# HKV@ MFFG# KEKYBK HKV@ MFFG KDMCM HGEKJCK GYBM F@MAK HKV@ MFFG HGEKJCK PMPMJ@















































@_[]@MVDK P YM CCKHK?















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Tratado Enciclopedico de Ifa Iroso Meyi

Recommend Documents