Transporation Law Case Digests

G[XZMDZHONMZ_ HOLOBGNCG (;) Ndcui vs. Lmbunm Xmymjms Jus Cd. (BZ L-:3233, L -:3233, 3= Dctdjgr =?5?) Emcts0

Kgrionod L. Ndcui, m pmssgnbgr on Lmbunm Xmymjms Jus Cd.‟s Jus =:6, wkock wms tkgn imaonb m trop wotkon tkg jmrrod de Hotm, Iunocopmloty de Jmy, Lmbunm, wms onùrgh ms m cdnsgqugncg de tkg gxpldsodn de eorgcrmcagrs, cdntmongh on m jdx, ldmhgh on smoh jus mnh hgclmrgh td ots cdnhuctdr ms cdntmononb cldtkgs mnh ioscgllmngdus otgis jy m cd-pmssgnbgr. cd-pmssgnbgr. Ndcui eolgh m cmsg mbmonst Lmbunm Xmymjms Xmymjms Jus edr hmimbgs. Xkg CEO de Jmtmnbms (Covol Cmsg ;38)sgntgncgh Lmbunm Xmymjms td pmy Ndcui tkg sui de V=,37=.66 edr mctuml hmimbgs mnh V766.66 ms mttdrngy‟s eggs, mttdrngy‟s eggs, wotk lgbml ontgrgst erdi tkg eolonb de tkg cdiplmont plus cdsts. Lmbunm Xmymjms mppgmlgh.Xkg Suprgig Cdurt rgvgrsgh tkg mppgmlgh ùhbignt de tkg troml cdurt, mnh hosiossgh tkg cmsg, wotkdut cdsts. Xmymjms Jus Cd gxgrtgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg. Ossug0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt Lmbunm Xmymjms Kglh0 _gs. Lmbunm Xmymjms Jus Cd. Gxgrtgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg mnh imy ndt jg kglh lomjlg edr tkg hmimbgs jdrng jy tkg gxpldsodn de eorgcrmcagrs. Mrtoclg =233 de tkg Covol Cdhg prdvohgs tkmt “Cdiidn cmrrogrs, erdi tkg nmturg de tkgor jusongss mnh edr rgmsdns de pujloc pdlocy, mrg jdunh td djsgrvg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg vobolmncg dvgr tkg bddhs mnh edr tkg smegty de tkg pmssgnbgrs trmnspdrtgh jy tkgi, mccdrhonb td mll tkg corcuistmncgs de gmck cmsg. M cdiidn cmrrogr os jdunh td cmrry tkg pmssgnbgrs smegly ms emr ms kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cmn prdvohg, usonb tkg utidst holobgncg de vgry cmutodus pgrsdns,wotk m hug rgbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncgs. Kdwgvgr Cmrrogrs mrg ndt imnhmtgh td rgquorg dpgnonb de jmbbmbg. Jgedrg tkg jdx cdntmononb tkg eorgcrmcagrs wgrg mlldwgh td jg ldmhgh on tkg jus jy tkg cdnhuctdr,onquory wms imhg wotk tkg pmssgnbgr pmssgnbgr cmrryonb tkg smig ms td wkmt wms on ot, soncg ots “dpgnonb wms edlhgh mnh togh wotk mjmcm.’

Mccdrhonb td tkg ùhbg de tkg ldwgr cdurt, “oe prdpgr mnh roboh onspgctodn wgrg djsgrvgh jy tkg hgegnhmnt, tkg cdntgnts de tkg jdx cdulh kmvg jggn hoscdvgrgh mnh tkg mccohgnt mvdohgh. Zgeusml jy tkg pmssgnbgr td kmvg tkg pmcambg dpgngh wms nd gxcusg jgcmusg, ms stmtgh jy Hospmtckgr Cdrnostm, gipldyggs skdulh cmll tkg pdlocg oe tkgrg wgrg pmcambgs cdntmononb mrtoclgs mbmonst cdipmny rgbulmtodns.’ Gvgn ot tkmt imy jg trug, tkg lmw hdgs ndt rgquorg ms iuck. Mrtoclg =233 os ndt ms unjgnhonb, edr ot rgmsdnmjly qumloeogs tkg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg rgquorgh de cdiidn cmrrogrs edr tkg smegty de tkg pmssgnbgrs trmnspdrtgh jy tkgi td jg“mccdrhonb td mll tkg corcuistmncgs corcuistmncgs de gmck cmsg.’ Rkolg ot os trug tkg pmssgnbgrs de Lmbunm Xmymjms‟ jus skdulh ndt jg imhg td sueegr edr sdigtkonb dvgr wkock tkgy kmh nd cdntrdl, emorngss hgimnhs tkmt on igmsuronb m cdiidn cmrrogr‟s huty tdwmrhs ots ots pmssgnbgrs, mlldwmncg iust jg bovgn td tkg rglomncg tkmt skdulh jg rgpdsgh dn tkg sgnsg de rgspdnsojoloty de mll tkg pmssgnbgrs on rgbmrh td tkgor cdiidn smegty. smegty. Ot os td jg prgsuigh tkmt m pmssgnbgr woll ndt tmag wotk koi mnytkonb hmnbgrdus td tkg lovgs mnh loijs de kos cd-pmssgnbgrs, ndt td spgma de kos dwn. Kg cmnndt jg suj`gctgh td mny unusuml sgmrck, wkgn kg prdtgsts tkg onndcudusngss de kos jmbbmbg mnh ndtkonb mppgmrs td onhocmtg tkg cdntrmry, ms on tkg cmsg mt jmr. On dtkgr wdrhs, onquory imy jg vgrjmlly imhg ms td tkg nmturg de m pmssgnbgr‟s pmssgnbgr‟s jmbbmbg wkgn suck os ndt dutwmrhly pgrcgptojlg, jut jgydnh tkos, cdnstotutodnml jdunhmrogs mrg mlrgmhy on hmnbgr hmnbgr de jgonb trmnsbrgssgh. trmnsbrgssgh.

MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

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Igcgnms v. CM, =;6 SCZM ;3 (=?;?) Emcts0

Dn Mprol ::, =?;6, twd vgssgls, “Xmcldjmn Coty’ mnh “Hdn @umn’ cd llohgh mt tkg Xmljms Strmot wotkon tkg voconoty de Ionhdrd. I/U Hdn @umn smna mnh kunhrghs de pmssgnbgrs hogh. Midnb tkgi wgrg pgtotodngrs‟ pmrgnts, wkdsg jdhogs wgrg ngvgr rgcdvgrgh. Vgtotodngrs eolgh m cdiplmont sggaonb hmimbgs mbmonst Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn. Xkg troml cdurt mwmrhgh V866,666, jut tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls rghucgh tkg mwmrh td V=66,666. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr tkg rghuctodn de tkg mwmrh wms prdpgrly rulgh updn jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls Kglh0

On mn mctodn jmsgh updn m jrgmck de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg, tkg cmrrogr unhgr dur covol lmw os lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de pmssgnbgrs mrosonb erdi tkg ngblobgncg dr woleul mct de tkg cmrrogr's gipldyggs mltkdubk suck gipldyggs imy kmvg mctgh jgydnh tkg scdpg de tkgor mutkdroty dr gvgn on vodlmtodn de tkg onstructodns de tkg cmrrogr, wkock lomjoloty imy oncluhg lomjoloty edr idrml hmimbgs. Ot edlldws tkmt pgtotodngrs wdulh jg gntotlgh td idrml hmimbgs sd ldnb ms tkg cdllosodn wotk tkg "Xmcldjmn Coty" mnh tkg sonaonb de tkg "Hdn @umn" wgrg cmusgh dr mttgnhgh jy ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de provmtg rgspdnhgnts. Rkgtkgr pgtotodngrs mrg gntotlgh td gxgiplmry hmimbgs ms clmoigh iust hgpgnh updn wkgtkgr dr ndt provmtg rgspdnhgnts mctgh rgcalgssly, tkmt os, wotk brdss ngblobgncg. Rg jglogvg tkmt tkg jgkmvodur de tkg cmptmon de tkg "Hdn @umn" on tkos onstmncg ‘ plmyonb plmyonb imk`dnb "jgedrg mnh up td tkg toig de cdllosodn" ‘ cdnstotutgs jgkmvodur tkmt os soiply unmccgptmjlg dn tkg pmrt de tkg imstgr de m vgssgl td wkdsg kmnhs tkg lovgs mnh wglemrg de mt lgmst sgvgn kunhrgh eoety (276) pmssgnbgrs kmh jggn gntrustgh. Xkgrg os mlsd gvohgncg tkmt tkg "Hdn @umn" wms cmrryonb idrg pmssgnbgrs tkmn skg kmh jggn cgrtoeogh ms mlldwgh td cmrry. cmrry. Rg cdncluhg tkmt Cmpt. Smntostgjmn mnh Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn mrg prdpgrly kglh lomjlg edr brdss ngblobgncg. Rg eonh nd ngcgssoty edr pmssonb updn tkg hgbrgg de ngblobgncg dr culpmjoloty prdpgrly mttrojutmjlg td VNDC mnh VNDC Skopponb dr tkg imstgr de tkg "Xmcldjmn Coty," Coty," soncg tkgy wgrg ngvgr oiplgmhgh kgrg. Gxgiplmry hmimbgs mrg hgsobngh jy dur covol lmw td pgriot tkg cdurts td rgskmpg jgkmvodur tkmt os sdcomlly hglgtgrodus on ots cdnsgqugncg jy crgmtonb ngbmtovg oncgntovgs dr hgtgrrgnts mbmonst suck jgkmvodur. jgkmvodur. On rgquoronb cdiplomncg wotk tkg stmnhmrh de gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg, m stmnhmrh wkock os on emct tkmt de tkg kobkgst pdssojlg hgbrgg de holobgncg, erdi cdiidn cmrrogrs mnh on crgmtonb m prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg ngblobgncg mbmonst tkgi, tkg lmw sggas td cdipgl cdipgl tkgi td cdntrdl tkgor gipldyggs, gipldyggs, td tmig tkgor rgcalgss onstoncts mnh td edrcg tkgi td tmag mhgqumtg cmrg de kuimn jgonbs mnh tkgor prdpgrty. prdpgrty. Jdtk tkg hgimnhs de sujstmntoml ùstocg mnh tkg oipgrodus rgquorgignts de pujloc pdlocy cdipgl us td tkg cdnclusodn tkmt tkg troml cdurt's oiplocot mwmrh de idrml mnh gxgiplmry hmimbgs wms grrdngdusly hglgtgh mnh iust jg rgstdrgh mnh mubigntgh mnh jrdubkt idrg ngmrly td tkg lgvgl rgquorgh jy pujloc pdlocy mnh sujstmntoml ùstocg.


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Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn Cd., Onc v. CM, :;= SCZM 738 (=??2) Emcts0

Sdigtoig on Mprol =?;6, Zmidn Iormnhm, dng de tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts on tkos cmsg purckmsgh edur spgcoml tocagts (Nuijgrs 288==, 288=:, 288=3 mnh 288=8) erdi tkg pgtotodngr edr kos woeg,ckolhrgn mnh nogcg wkd wgrg tkgn jdunh td lgmvg edr Jmcdldh Coty td mttgnh m emioly rgunodn.Dn :: Mprol =?;6, provmtg rgspdnhgnt‟s medrgigntodngh r glmtovgs r glmtovgs jdmrhgh I/U Hdn @umn de Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn Cd., Onc., tkmt wms lgmvonb Imnolm mt =066 VI. Ms gxpgctgh, smoh vgssgl smolgh dn toig. Kdwgvgr, dn tkg gvgnonb de :: Mprol, pgtotodngr‟s vgssgl cdllohgh wotk tkg I/X Xmcldjmn Coty- mn dol tmnagr dwngh jy tkg Vkoloppong Nmtodnml Dol Cdrpdrmtodn (VNDC) mnh tkg VNDC S kopponb mnh Xrmnspdrt Cdrpdrmtodn (VNDC/SXC). Djvodusly, sgvgrml pmssgnbgrs pgroskgh on tkg sgm trmbghy.Sdig jdhogs wgrg edunh, mnh sdig, oncluhonb tkg rglmtovgs de provmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrg ngvgr edunh.Andwonb tkg oll-emtg de tkg I/U Hdn @umn, provmtg rgspdnhgnts, nmigly Bmrcom mnh Sps hg lm Uoctdrom eolgh m cdiplmont mbmonst tkg Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn, tkg VNDC, mnh tkg VNDC/SXC. Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnts sdubkt edr hmimbgs edr tkg hgmtk de tkgor rglmtovgs.Xkg ZXC rgnhgrgh m hgcosodn on emvdr de tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts, mnh msagh pgtotodngrs, oncluhonb VNDC mnh VNDC/SXC td pmy tkg idrml hmimbgs mnh updn rgvogw jy tkg Cdurt Mppgmls, tkg mppgllmtg cdurt meeorigh tkg ZXC‟s hgcosodn wotk idhoeocmtodn. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg rulonb on tkg Igcgnms US CM, eonhonb tkg crgw igijgrs de pgtotodngrs td jg brdssly ngblobgnt on tkg pgredrimncg de tkgor huty, os jonhonb on tkos cmsg. . Kglh0 _gs. Xkg cdurt‟s mhkgrgncg td Igcgnms cmsg os ndt tkg gntorg cdnsohgrmtodn de tkg Cdurt. Mltkdubk Xkg Igcgnms Cmsg os mndtkgr cmsg mrosonb erdi tkg oncohgnt tkmt dccurrgh dn :: Mprol =?;6 mnh os cdntrdllonb, tkg cdurt stoll edunh dtkgr gvohgncg edr Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn td pmy edr tkg Hmimbgs. Jy tkg proncoplg de Stmrg Hgcosos (Edlldw pmst prgcghgnts mnh hd ndt hosturj wkmt kms jggn sgttlgh). Wnhgr tkg proncoplg de Stmrg Hgcosos, ot os rgquorgh tkmt pmst hgcosodns de tkg cdurt jg edlldwgh on tkg mhùhocmtodn de cmsgs. Xkg pgtotodngrs mssmol tkg ldwgr cdurt‟s rglomncg dn tkg Igcgnms Cmsg, mrbuonb tkmt mltkdubk tkg smig cmsg mrdsg dut de tkg smig oncohgnt ms tkmt onvdlvgh on tkg Igcgnms,Xkg pmrtogs mrg hoeegrgnt mnh tkg troml wms cdnhuctgh sgpmrmtgly. Eurtkgridrg tkgy cdntgnh tkmt tkg hgcosodn on tkos cmsg iust jg jmsgh dn tkg mllgbmtodns, tkg hgegnsgs plgmhgh mnh gvohgncg mhhucgh stmtgh dn tkg rgcdrhs de tkg cmsg.Xkg Suprgig Cdurt rulgh dtkgrwosg. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt stmtgh tkmt mltkdubk tkg igrots de tkg onhovohuml clmois mbmonst tkg pgtotodngr mrg hoeegrgnt on jdtk cmsgs, tkgrg rgimons m soiolmroty wkock os imtgroml on tkg hgcosodn de tkg cdurt vos-æ-vos tkg cmsg mt kmnh, o.g. tkg cmusg de tkg sonaonb de ots skop dn :: Mprol =?;6 mnh tkg lomjolotogs (de pgtotodngr) edr suck mccohgnt. Ot kms jggn wgll gntrgnckgh on Vkoloppong ùrospruhgncg tkmt cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg lomjlg oe tkgy hd ndt gxkojot gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg. On tkg cmsg mt jmr, tkgrg wms gvgn ngblobgncg edr tkg crgw, spgcoeocmlly tkg cmptmon, edr plmyonb imk`dnb kgncg hmimbgs iust ngcgssmroly jg mwmrhgh td tkg emioly de Zmidn Iormnhm.


3

Adrgmn Morlongs v. CM, :38 SCZM 2=2 (=??8) Emcts0

Adrgmn Morlongs wms msagh jy tkg ZXC td pmy edr tkg hmimbgs td @umnotd Lmpuz. Xkos cmsg wms onotomtgh jgcmusg tkgrg wms mlllgbghly m jrgmck de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Xkg ZXC horgctgh AML td pmy mctuml/cdipgnsmtdry hmimbgs, wotk lgbml ontgrgst, mttdrngy's eggs mnh cdsts de suot kgncg tkg mppgml td tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls wkock igrgly idhoeogh tkg tkg mwmrh de hmimbgs ms td tkg cdiigncgignt de tkg lgbml ontgrgst. AML's mssgvgrmtodn tkmt tkg Cdurt lmcas ùroshoctodn td mwmrh lgbml ontgrgst os hgvdoh de igrot. Jdtk tkg cdiplmont mnh mignhgh cdiplmont mbmonst AML hmtgh Ndvgijgr :2, =?;6, mnh @mnumry 7, =?;=, rgspgctovgly, rgspgctovgly, prmygh prm ygh edr rgloges mnh rgighogs td wkock Lmpuz imy jg gntotlgh on lmw mnh gquoty. Xkg mwmrh de lgbml ontgrgst os dng suck rgloge, ms ot os jmsgh dn gquotmjlg brdunhs brdunhs huly smnctodngh jy Mrtoclg ::=6 de tkg Covol Cdhg Cdhg wkock prdvohgs tkmt0 tkmt0 "ontgrgst imy, on tkg hoscrgtodn de tkg Cdurt, jg mlldwgh updn hmimbgs mwmrhgh edr jrgmck de cdntrmct." Ossug0

Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg ontgrgst imy jg mhhgh jy tkg cdurt on logu de tkg vodlmtodn jy AML on tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Kglh0

_gs tkg cdurt imy mhh suck ngghgh pmyignts edr tkg hmimbgs cdiiottgh jy AML. Uodlmtodns de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg bovgs rosg td lomjolotogs mnh ms suck iust ngcgssmroly jg cdipgnsmtgh. AML‟s mvgrsodn tkmt tkgor robkt td hug prdcgss wms vodlmtgh cmnndt mlsd jg sustmongh. Xkos wms rmosgh jy AML dnly on tkg idtodn edr rgcdnsohgrmtodn mt tkg Suprgig Cdurt lgvgl. Suck os ndt tkg prmctocg de tkg lmw. lmw. Ot cmn jg onegrrgh erdi tkg iultoplg plgmhonbs td hglmy tkg pmyignt edr =7 ygmrs. Xkos cdurt kms toig mnh mbmon erdwngh updn tkg unhgsormjlg prmctocg de m pmrty sujiottonb kos cmsg edr hgcosodn mnh tkgn mccgptonb tkg ùhbignt, dnly oe emvdrmjlg, mnh mttmcaonb ot edr lmca de ùroshoctodn wkgn mhvgrsg. Xkg Cdurt skmll ndt cduntgnmncg AML's unhgsormjlg idvgs. Rkmt mttgnumtgs AML's unigrotdrodus oipdrtunonb os tkmt tkg mssmolgh hgcosodn kms ldnb mcquorgh eonmloty. Ot os m sgttlgh rulg tkmt m ùhbignt wkock kms mcquorgh eonmloty jgcdigs oiiutmjlg mnh unmltgrmjlg, kgncg imy nd ldnbgr jg idhoeogh on mny rgspgct gxcgpt dnly td cdrrgct clgrocml grrdrs dr iostmag. Dncg m ùhbignt jgcdigs eonml, mll tkg ossugs jgtwggn tkg pmrtogs mrg hggigh rgsdlvgh mnh lmoh td rgst. Mltkdubk tkos cmsg os idrg de mn mhionostrmtovg imttgr, tkg oipdrtmnt trmnspdrtmtodn hdctrong td cdnsohgr os tkmt wkgn m cdntrmct de cmrrombg os jrgmckgh, tkgrg woll jg hmimbgs mnh tkg cdurt imy sgt hmimbgs ms wgll ms tkg ontgrgst erdi tkg hgcosodn de tkg troml cdurt, ndt erdi tkg eollonb de tkg cdiplmont.


8

VML v. Cdurt de Mppgmls, :27 SCZM 5:=, B.Z. Nd.=:6:5:, =2 @uly =??2. Emcts0

Dn Dctdjgr :3, =?;;, Lgdvgbolhd Vmntg`d, tkgn Coty Eoscml de Surobmd Coty, jdmrhgh m VML plmng on Imnolm mnh hosgijmragh on Cgju Coty wkgrg kg wms suppdsgh td tmag kos cdnngctonb elobkt td Surobmd Coty. Coty. Kdwgvgr, hug td typkddn Dsmnb, tkg cdnngctonb elobkt td Surobmd Coty wms cmncglgh. VML onotomlly bmvg dut cmsk mssostmncg de V=66 mnh, tkg ngxt hmy, V:66 edr tkgor gxpgctgh stmy de twd hmys on Cgju.Vmntg`d rgqugstgh onstgmh tkmt kg jg mccdiidhmtgh on m kdtgl mt tkg gxpgnsg de VML ms kg hoh ndt kmvg cmsk wotk koi mt tkmt toig jut VML rgeusgh. Edrtunmtgly, Vmntg`d wms mccdiidhmtgh jy Mnhdno Huilmd mnh kg skmrgh m rddi wotk tkg lmttgr mt Say Uogw Kdtgl wotk tkg prdiosg td pmy kos skmrg de tkg gxpgnsgs updn rgmckonb Surobmd. Rkgn tkg elobkt edr Surobmd wms rgsuigh, Vmntg`d wms onedrigh tkmt tkg kdtgl gxpgnsgs de kos cd-pmssgnbgrs wgrg rgoijursgh jy VML. Mt tkos pdont, Vmntg`d onedrigh tkg Imnmbgr edr Hgpmrturg Sgrvocgs de VML mt Imctmn Morpdrt tkmt kg wms bdonb td sug tkg morlong edr hoscroionmtonb mbmonst koi. Xkg imnmbgr deegrgh td pmy Vmntg`d V366 wkock tkg lmttgr hgclongh. Vmntg`d eolgh m suot edr hmimbgs mbmonst VML on tkg Zgbodnml Xroml Cdurt de Surobmd Coty. Smoh cdurt rgnhgrgh ùhbignt on emvdr de Vmntg`d,drhgronb VML td pmy Vmntg`d V366 edr mctuml hmimbgs, V=76,666 ms idrml hmimbgs, V=66,666 msg xgiplmry hmimbgs, V=7,666 ms mttdrngy's eggs, mnh 5% ontgrgst erdi tkg toig de tkg eolonb de tkg cdiplmont untol smoh midunts skmll kmvg jggn eully pmoh, plus cdsts de suot. Dn mppgml, CM meeorigh tkg hgcosodn, jut wotk tkg gxclusodn de tkg mwmrh de mttdrngy's eggs mnh lotobmtodn gxpgnsgs. Kgncg, tkos pgtotodn. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr dr ndt VML wms lomjlg edr hmimbgs. Kglh0 _gs. M cdntrmct td trmnspdrt pmssgnbgrs os quotg hoeegrgnt on aonh mnh hgbrgg erdi mny dtkgr cdntrmctuml rglmtodn jgcmusg de tkg rglmtodn wkock mn mor cmrrogr sustmons wotk tkg pujloc. Ots jusongss os imonly wotk tkg trmvglonb pujloc. Ot onvotgs pgdplg td mvmol de tkg cdiedrts mnh mhvmntmbgs ot deegrs. Xkg cdntrmct de mor cmrrombg, tkgrgedrg, bgngrmtgs m rglmtodn mttgnhgh wotk m pujloc huty. huty. Ngblgct dr imlegmsmncg de tkg cmrrogr's gipldyggs nmturmlly cdulh bovg brdunh edr mn mctodn edr hmimbgs. On tkos cmsg, tkgrg wms jmh emotk dn tkg pmrt de VML. Cdntrmry td tkg clmoi de VML tkmt cmsk mssostmncg wms bovgn onstgmh jgcmusg de ndn-mvmolmjoloty de rddis on kdtgls, tkg gvohgncg skdwgh tkmt Say Uogw Kdtgl, wkgrg rgspdnhgnt Vmntg`d wms jollgtgh, kmh plgnty de rddis mvmolmjlg. Vmntg`d dnly cmig td andw mjdut tkg rgoijursgignts wkgn dtkgr pmssgnbgrs onedrigh koi tkmt tkgy wgrg mjlg td djtmon tkg rgeunh edr tkgor dwn kdtgl gxpgnsgs. VML deegrgh td pmy V366.66 td Vmntg`d dnly metgr tkg lmttgr kmh cdnerdntgh tkg imnmbgr de VML mjdut tkg hoscroionmtodn cdiiottgh mbmonst Vmntg`d, wkock tkg imnmbgr rgmlozgh wms mn mctodnmjlg wrdnb. Xkg kdtgl mccdiidhmtodn wms ndt m igrg mignoty dr provolgbg. Ot wms m cdipmny pdlocy wkgngvgr m elobkt os cmncglgh ms tgstoeogh jy sgvgrml wotngssgs. Mnh gvgn oe ot wms m igrg provolgbg, VML wms stoll lomjlg edr hmimbgs edr ots jlmtmnt rgeusml td mccdrh tkg sd-cmllgh mignotogs gqumlly td mll ots strmnhgh pmssgnbgrs.

On emct, Vmntg`d oiighomtgly prdcgghgh td tkg deeocg de VML mnh rgqugstgh edr kdtgl mccdiidhmtodns. Kg wms ndt dnly rgeusgh mccdiidhmtodns, jut kg wms ndt gvgn onedrigh tkmt kg imy lmtgr dn jg rgoijursgh edr kos kdtgl gxpgnsgs. Xkg rgeunh de kdtgl gxpgnsgs wms surrgptotodusly mnh hoscroionmtdroly imhg jy VML ms dnly kmnheul de pmssgnbgrs angw mjdut ot. Vmntg`d wms gxpdsgh td kuiolomtodn mnh gijmrrmssignt gspgcomlly jgcmusg de kos bdvgrnignt pdsotodn mnh sdcoml sdcoml prdiongncg. MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

7

Cmlmlms v. Cdurt de Mppgmls, 33: SCZM 375, B.Z. Nd. =::63?, Imy =3, :666 Emcts0

Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt Glozm Sunbm, tkgn ergskimn mt Soloimn Wnovgrsoty, tdda m pmssgnbgr `ggpngy dwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy pgtotodngr Uocgntg Cmlmlms. Ms tkg `ggpngy wms eollgh td cmpmcoty, Sunbm wms bovgn jy tkg cdnhuctdr mn gxtgnsodn sgmt, m wddhgn stddl mt tkg jmca de tkg hddr mt tkg rgmr gnh de tkg vgkoclg. Rkgn tkg `ggpngy stdppgh td m lgt pmssgnbgr dee mnh Sunbm wms mjdut td bovg wmy td tkg dutbdonb pmssgnbgr, mn Ozuzu truca hrovgn jy Ugrgnm mnh dwngh jy Smlvm juipgh tkg lget rgmr pdrtodn de tkg `ggpngy. `ggpngy. Sunbm sustmongh iultoplg onùrogs mnh rgimongh dn m cmst edr tkrgg idntks. Sunbm eolgh m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs mbmonst Cmlmlms, edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Cmlmlms, dn tkg dtkgr kmnh,eolgh m tkorh pmrty cdiplmont mbmonst Ermncoscd Smlvm, tkg dwngr de tkg truca. Xkg ldwgr cdurt rgnhgrgh ùhbignt mbmonst Smlvm mnh mjsdlvgh Cmlmlms de lomjoloty. Ot tdda cdbnozmncg de dtkgr cmsg (Covol Cmsg Nd. 38?6), eolgh jy Cmlmlms mbmonst Smlvm mnh Ugrgnm ,edr qumso-hgloct, on wkock jrmnck 32 de tkg smig cdurt kglh Smlvm mnh kos hrovgr Ugrgnm `dontly lomjlg td Cmlmlms edr tkg hmimbg td kos `ggpngy Xkg CM rgvgrsgh tkg ldwgr cdurts rulonb dn tkg brdunh tkg brdunh tkmt Sunbm‟s cmusg de mctodn mctodn wms jmsgh dn m cdntrmct de cmrrombg, ndt qumso-hgploct, mnh tkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr emolgh td gxgrcosg tkg holobgncg rgquorgh unhgr tkg Covol Cdhg. Xkg mppgllmtg cdurt hosiossgh tkg tkorh-pmrty cdiplmont mbmonst Smlvm mnh mhùhbgh Cmlmlms lomjlg edr hmimbgs td Sunbm. Ossug0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg gxtgnsodn sgmt emlls unhgr gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg. Kglh0

Nd, dn tkg cdntrmry ot hdgs ndt mnh os gssgntomlly m ngblobgnt mct. On qumso-hgloct, tkg ngblobgncg dr emult skdulh jg clgmrly gstmjloskgh jgcmusg ot os tkg jmsos de tkg mctodn, wkgrgms on jrgmck de cdntrmct, tkg mctodn cmn jg prdsgcutgh igrgly jy prdvonb tkg gxostgncg de tkg cdntrmct mnh tkg emct tkmt tkg djlobdr, on tkos cmsg tkg cdiidn cmrrogr, emolgh td trmnspdrt kos pmssgnbgr smegly td kos hgstonmtodn. On cmsg de hgmtk dr onùrogs td pmssgnbgrs, Mrtoclg =275 de tkg Covol Cdhg prdvohgs tkmt cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg prgsuigh td kmvg jggn mt emult dr kmvg mctgh ngblobgntly unlgss tkgy prdvgh tkmt tkgy djsgrvgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg ms hgeongh on Mrts. =233 mnh =277 de tkg Cdhg. Xkos prdvosodn ngcgssmroly skoets td tkg cdiidn cmrrogr tkg jurhgn de prdde. Ot os oiimtgroml tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg cdllosodn jgtwggn tkg `ggpngy mnh tkg truca wms tkg ngblobgncg de tkg truca hrovgr. Xkg hdctrong de prdxoimtg cmusg, wkgrgon tkg geegct os tkg horgct, nmturml mnh ldbocml geegct, os mpplocmjlg dnly on mctodn edr qumso hgloct, ndt on mctodns onvdlvonb jrgmck de cdntrmct. Xkg hdctrong os m hgvocg edr oiputonb lomjoloty td m pgrsdn wkgrg tkgrg os nd rglmtodn jgtwggn koi mnh mndtkgr pmrty. pmrty. On suck m cmsg, tkg djlobmtodn os crgmtgh jy lmw otsgle. Jut, wkgrg tkgrg os m prg-gxostonb cdntrmctuml rglmtodn jgtwggn pmrtogs, ot os tkg pmrtogs tkgisglvgs wkd crgmtg tkg djlobmtodn, mnh tkg eunctodn de tkg lmw os igrgly td rgbulmtg tkg rglmtodn tkus crgmtgh. Kgncg tkg lomjoloty de Cmlmlms mnh tkg hgcosodn jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls iust ngcgssmroly jg sustmongh.


5

Volmpol v. Cdurt de Mppgmls mnh Mlmtcd Xrmnspdrtmtodn Cd., Onc. B.Z. Nd. 7:=7?. Hgcgijgr ::, =?;? Emcts0

@dsg Volmpol, m pmyonb pmssgnbgr, jdmrhgh Mlm tcd Xrmnspdrtmtodn Cd.‟s jus jgmronb nuijgr 86? mt Smn Nocdlms, Orobm Coty dn =5 Sgptgijgr =?2= mt mjdut 5066 V.I. Wpdn rgmckonb tkg voconoty de tkg cgigtgry de tkg Iunocopmloty de Jmmd, Cmimrongs Sur, dn tkg wmy td Nmbm Coty, mn unohgntoeogh imn, m jystmnhgr mldnb smoh nmtodnml kobkwmy, kurlgh m stdng mt tkg lget sohg de tkg jus, wkock kot Volmpol mjdvg kos lget gyg. Mlmtcd‟s Mlmtcd‟s pgrsdnngl ldst nd toig on jronbonb Volmpol td tkg prdvoncoml kdspotml on Nmbm Coty wkgrg kg wms cdneongh mnh trgmtgh. Cdnsohgronb tkmt tkg sobkt de kos lget gyg wms oipmorgh, Volmpol wms tmagn td Hr. Imlmjmnmn de Orobm, Coty wkgrg kg wms trgmtgh edr mndtkgr wgga. Soncg tkgrg wms nd oiprdvgignt on kos lget gyg‟s vosodn, Volmpolwgnt td U. Lunm Kdspotml, ]ugzdn Coty wkgrg kg wms trgmtgh jy Hr. Cmpuldnb. Hgspotg tkg trgmtignt mccdrhgh td koi jy Hr. Cmpuldnb, Volmpol ldst pmrtomlly kos lget gyg‟s vosodn mnh sustmongh m pgrimngnt scmr mjdvg tkg lget gyg. Xkgrgupdn, Volmpol onstotutgh mn mctodn edr rgcdvgry de hmimbgs sustmongh ms m rgsult de tkg stdng-tkrdwonb oncohgnt. Metgr troml, tkg cdurt m qud rgnhgrgh ùhbignt drhgronb tkg trmnspdrtmtodn cdipmny td pmy Volmpol tkg sui de V=6,666.66, rgprgsgntonb mctuml mnh imtgroml hmimbgs edr cmusonb m pgrimngnt scmr dn tkg emcg mnh onùronb tkg gyg-sobkt de Volmpol1 drhgronb eurtkgr tkg trmnspdrtmtodn cdipmny td pmy tkg sui de V7,666.66, td Volmpol ms idrml mnh gxgiplmry hmimbgs1 mnh drhgronb eurtkgridrg,tkg trmnspdrtmtodn cdipmny td rgoijursg Volmpol tkg sui de V366.66 edr kos ighocml gxpgnsgs mnh mttdrngy‟s eggs on tkg sui de V=,666.661 mnh td pmy tkg cdsts.Erdi tkg ùhbignt, Mlmtcd Xrmnspdrtmtodn mppgmlgh td tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls. Cdurt de Mppgmls, on m Spgcoml Hovosodn de Eovg, rgnhgrgh ùhbignt rgvgrsonb mnh sgttonb msohg tkg ùhbignt de tkg cdurt m qud. Kgncg, tkg pgtotodn td rgvogw dn cgrtodrmro. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg hgcosodn de tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls os cdrrgct mnh wkgtkgr tkg prgsuiptodn tkmt tkg jus cdipmny hoh ndt gxkojot gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg wms rgjuttgh Kglh0

Xkg Suprgig Cdurt meeorigh tkg ùhbignt mppgmlgh erdi. Wnhgr Mrtoclg =233 de tkg Covol Cdhg, cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg rgquorgh td djsgrvg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg edr tkg smegty de tkg pmssgnbgr trmnspdrtgh jy tkgi, mccdrhonb td mll tkg corcuistmncgs de gmck cmsg. On cdnsohgrmtodn de tkg robkt brmntgh td ot jy tkg pujloc td gnbmbg on tkg jusongss de trmnspdrtonb pmssgnbgrs mnh bddhs, m cdiidn cmrrogr hdgs ndt bovg ots cdnsgnt td jgcdig mn onsurgr de mny mnh mll rosas td pmssgnbgrs mnh bddhs. Ot igrgly unhgrtmags td pgredri cgrtmon hutogs td tkg pujloc ms tkg lmw oipdsgs, mnh kdlhs otsgle lomjlg edr mny jrgmck tkgrgde. Rkolg tkg lmw rgquorgs tkg kobkgst hgbrgg de holobgncg erdi cdiidn cmrrogrs on tkg smeg trmnspdrt de tkgor pmssgnbgrs mnh crgmtgs m prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg mbmonst tkgi, ot hdgs ndt, kdwgvgr, imag tkg cmrrogr mn onsurgr de tkg mjsdlutg smegty de ots pmssgnbgrs. Kgncg tkg lomjoloty de tkg jus os rgjuttgh jy tkg emcts de tkg cmsg. Kdwgvgr kgrgon, Volmpol cdntgnhs tkmt ot os td tkg brgmtgr ontgrgst de tkg Stmtg oe m cmrrogr wgrg imhg lomjlg edr suck stdng-tkrdwonb oncohgnts rmtkgr tkmn kmvg tkg jus rohonb pujloc ldsg cdneohgncg on tkg trmnspdrtmtodn systgi. Smh td smy, tkg cdurt os ndt on m pdsotodn td sd kdlh. Suck m pdlocy wdulh jg jgttgr lget td tkg cdnsohgrmtodn cdnsohgrmtodn de Cdnbrgss wkock wkock os gipdwgrgh td gnmct lmws td prdtgct tkg pujloc erdi tkg oncrgmsonb rosas mnh hmnbgrs de lmwlgssngss on sdcogty


2

Edrtung Gxprgss, Onc. v. CM, 367 SCZM =8 (=???) Emcts0 Edrtung Gxprgss Onc. os m jus cdipmny on ndrtkgrn Ionhmnmd. Dn =; Ndvgijgr =?;?, Edrtung Gxprgss‟ jus eoburgh on mn mccohgnt wotk m `ggpngy on Amuswmbmn, Lmnmd hgl Ndrtg, rgsultonb on tkg hgmtk de sgvgrml pmssgnbgrs de tkg `ggpngy, oncluhonb twd Imrmnmds. Mt mjdut 5087 p.i. dn :: Ndvgijgr =?;?, 3 mrigh Imrmnmds wkd prgtgnhgh td jg pmssgnbgrs, sgozgh m jus de Edrtung Gxprgss mt Lonmidn, Lmnmd hgl Ndrtg wkolg dn ots wmy td Olobmn Coty. Midnb tkg pmssgnbgrs de tkg jus wms Mtty. Mtty. Xmloj Xmloj Cmdrdnb. Xkg lgmhgr de tkg Imrmnmds, ohgntoeogh ms dng Jmskogr Imnmnbbdld, drhgrgh tkg hrovgr, Bdhderghd Cmjmtumn, td stdp tkg jus dn tkg sohg de tkg kobkwmy. Imnmnbbdld tkgn skdt Cmjmtumn dn tkg mri, wkock cmusgh koi td sluip dn tkg stggronb wkggl. Xkgn dng de tkg cdipmnodns de Imnmnbbdld stmrtgh pduronb bmsdlong onsohg tkg jus, ms tkg dtkgr kglh tkg pmssgnbgrs mt jmy wotk m kmnhbun. Xkg pmssgnbgrs, oncluhonb Mtty. Cmdrdnb, stgppgh dut de tkg jus mnh wgnt jgkonh tkg juskgs on m eoglh sdig hostmncg erdi tkg kobkwmy. Kdwgvgr, Kdwgvgr, Mtty. Cmdrdnb rgturngh td tkg jus td rgtrogvg sdigtkonb erdi tkg dvgrkgmh rmca. Mt tkmt toig, dng de tkg mrigh ign wms pduronb bmsdlong dn tkg kgmh de tkg hrovgr. Cmjmtumn,wkd kmh igmntoig rgbmongh cdnscodusngss, kgmrh Mtty. Cmdrdnb plgmhonb wotk tkg mrigh ign td spmrg tkg hrovgr ms kg wms onndcgnt de mny wrdnb hdonb mnh wms dnly tryonb td imag m lovonb. Xkg mrigh ign wgrg,kdwgvgr, mhmimnt ms tkgy rgpgmtgh tkgor wmrnonb tkmt tkgy wgrg bdonb td jurn tkg jus mldnb wotk ots hrovgr. Huronb tkos gxckmnbg jgtwggn Mtty. Cmdrdnb mnh tkg mssmolmnts, Cmjmtumn cloijgh dut de tkg lget wonhdw de tkg jus mnh crmwlgh td tkg cmnml dn tkg dppdsotg sohg de tkg kobkwmy. Kg kgmrh skdts erdi onsohg tkg jus. Xkgn tkg jus wms sgt dn eorg. Sdig de tkg pmssgnbgrs wgrg mjlg td pull Mtty. Mtty. Cmdrdnb dut de tkg jurnonb jus mnh rusk koi td tkg Igrcy Cdiiunoty Kdspotml on Olobmn Coty, jut kg hogh wkolg unhgrbdonb dpgrmtodn. On ots hgcosodn, hmtgh :; Hgcgijgr =??6, tkg troml cdurt hosiossgh tkg cdiplmont, mnh tkg cdrrgspdnhonb cduntgrclmoi1 wotkdut cdsts. Dn mppgml, kdwgvgr, tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls rgvgrsgh tkg hgcosodn de tkg troml cdurt. Ossug0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt Edrtung Gxprgss onc. os lomjlg edr ngblobgncg ms ot emolgh td prgpmrg edr tkg oipgnhonb rgtrojutodn de tkg Imrmnmds. Kglh0 _gs Edrtung Gxprgss os lomjlg. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt meeorigh tkg hgcosodn de tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls wotk idhoeocmtodn tkmt Edrtung Gxprgss os drhgrgh td pmy Vmulog, _mssgr Aonb, Zdsg Kgonno, mnh Vroncg Mlgxmnhgr Cmdrdnb.Mrt. =277 de tkg Covol Cdhg prdvohgs tkmt m cdiidn cmrrogr os jdunh td cmrry tkg pmssgnbgrs ms emr ms kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cmn prdvohg, usonb tkg utidst holobgncg de vgry cmutodus pgrsdn, wotk hug rgbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncgs. On tkg prgsgnt cmsg, tkos emctdr de unedrgsggmjloloty (tkg sgcdnh rgquosotg edr mn gvgnt td jg cdnsohgrgh edrcg im`gurg) os lmcaonb. Ms mlrgmhy stmtgh, hgspotg tkg rgpdrt de VC mbgnt Bgngrmlmd tkmt tkg Imrmnmds wgrg plmnnonb td jurn sdig de pgtotodngrs jusgs mnh tkg mssurmncg de pgtotodngrs dpgrmtodns imnmbgr (Hodshmhd Jrmvd) tkmt tkg ngcgssmry prgcmutodns wdulh jg tmagn, ndtkonb wms rgmlly hdng jy pgtotodngr td prdtgct tkg smegty de pmssgnbgrs. Kgncg tkg lomjoloty de Edrtung Gxprgss rgimons.


;

LMSX CLGMZ CKMNCG HDCXZONG (:) Vkoloppong Zmjjot Jus Longs, Onc. vs. OMC mnh Vmscum gt mll Emcts0

Cmtmlonm Vmscum mnh 5 dtkgrs jdmrhgh tkg `ggpngy dwngh jy spdusgs Imnbung mnh hrovgn jy Imnmld. Wpdn rgmckonb Xmrlmc, tkg robkt rgmr wkggl de tkg `ggpngy wms hgtmckgh, sd ot wms runnonb on mn unjmlmncgh pdsotodn. Imnmld stgppgh dn tkg jrmag, ms m rgsult de wkock, tkg `ggpngy wkock wms tkgn runnonb dn tkg gmstgrn lmng (ots robkt de wmy) imhg m W-turn, onvmhonb mnh gvgntumlly stdpponb dn tkg wgstgrn lmng de tkg rdmh on suck m imnngr tkmt tkg `ggpngy's erdnt emcgh tkg sdutk (erdi wkgrg ot cmig) mnh ots rgmr emcgh tkg ndrtk (tdwmrhs wkgrg ot wms bdonb). Xkg `ggpngy prmctocmlly dccupogh mnh jldcagh tkg brgmtgr pdrtodn de tkg wgstgrn lmng, wkock os tkg robkt de wmy de vgkoclgs cdionb erdi tkg ndrtk, midnb wkock wms de pgtotodngr Vkoloppong Zmjjot Jus hrovgn jy hglds Zgygs. Mlidst mt tkg toig wkgn tkg `ggpngy imhg m suhhgn W-turn mnh gncrdmckgh dn tkg wgstgrn lmng de tkg kobkwmy, tkg jus juipgh erdi jgkonh tkg robkt rgmr pdrtodn de tkg `ggpngy. Ms m rgsult de tkg cdllosodn, tkrgg pmssgnbgrs de tkg `ggpngy ` ggpngy hogh wkolg tkg dtkgrs sustmongh pkysocml onùrogs. Xkg OMC edunh Vkoloppong Zmjjot ms lomjlg td tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts (wkd mrg kgors de tkg hgcgmsgh) jy mpplyonb tkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncg midnb dtkgrs. Ossug0

Hoh tkg OMC cdrrgctly rulgh dn tkg lomjoloty de Vkoloppong Zmjjot jy usonb tkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncg4 “lmst clgmr" ckmncg, wdulh cmll edr mpplocmtodn on m suot jgtwggn tkg Zulonb0 Nd. Xkg proncoplg de “lmst clgmr" dwngrs mnh hrovgrs de tkg twd cdllohonb vgkoclgs. Ot hdgs ndt mrosg wkgrg m pmssgnbgr hgimnhs rgspdnsojoloty erdi tkg cmrrogr td gnedrcg ots cdntrmctuml djlobmtodns. Edr ot wdulh jg ongquotmjlg td gxgipt tkg ngblobgnt hrovgr de tkg `ggpngy mnh ots dwngrs dn tkg brdunh tkmt tkg dtkgr hrovgr wms loagwosg buolty de ngblobgncg.


?

Justmimntg vs. CM mnh hgl Volmr mnh Idntgsomnd Emcts0

M cdllosodn dccurrgh jgtwggn m brmvgl mnh smnh truca mnh m Imzhm pmssgnbgr jus mldnb tkg nmtodnml rdmh on Cmvotg. Oiighomtgly jgedrg tkg cdllosodn, tkg cmrbd truca mnh tkg pmssgnbgr jus wgrg mpprdmckonb gmck dtkgr, cdionb erdi tkg dppdsotg horgctodns de tkg kobkwmy. Rkolg tkg truca wms stoll mjdut 36 igtgrs mwmy, tkg jus hrovgr, smw tkg erdnt wkggls de tkg vgkoclg wobblonb. Kg mlsd djsgrvgh tkmt tkg truca wms kgmhonb tdwmrhs kos lmng. Ndt ionhonb tkos corcuistmncg hug td kos jgloge tkmt tkg hrovgr de tkg truca wms igrgly `daonb, tkg jus hrovgr skoetgh erdi edurtk td tkorh bgmr on drhgr td bovg idrg pdwgr mnh spggh td tkg jus, wkock wms mscgnhonb tkg onclongh pmrt de tkg rdmh, on drhgr td dvgrtmag m kmnh trmctdr. Rkolg tkg jus wms on tkg prdcgss de dvgrtmaonb mnh tkg truca wms mpprdmckonb tkg jus, tkg twd vgkoclgs sohgswopgh gmck dtkgr mt gmck dtkgr's lget sohg ropponb dee tkg smoh wmll erdi tkg hrovgr's sgmt td tkg lmst rgmr sgmt. Hug td tkg oipmct, sgvgrml pmssgnbgrs de tkg jus wgrg tkrdwn dut mnh hogh ms m rgsult de tkg onùrogs tkgy sustmongh. Metgr tkg oipmct, tkg truca saohhgh tdwmrhs tkg dtkgr sohg de tkg rdmh mnh lmnhgh dn m ngmrjy rgsohgntoml ldt, kottonb m cdcdnut trgg mnh egllonb ot. CM mjsdlvgh tkg truca hrovgr mnh dwngr erdi lomjoloty jmsgh dn tkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncg wkgrgon ot dpongh tkmt tkg jus hrovgr kmh tkg lmst clgmr ckmncg td mvdoh tkg cdllosodn. Ossug0 Hoh tkg CM cdrrgctly mpply tkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncg4 Zulonb0

Nd. Xkg CM cdiiottgh mn grrdr on mpplyonb tkg hdctrong soncg tkg cmsg mt jmr os ndt m suot suot jgtwggn tkg dwngrs mnh hrovgrs de tkg cdllohonb vgkoclgs jut m suot jrdubkt jy tkg kgors de tkg hgcgmsgh pmssgnbgrs mbmonst jdtk jdtk dwngrs mnh hrovgrs de tkg cdllohonb cdllohonb vgkoclgs. Xkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncg igmns m pgrsdn wkd kms tkg lmst clgmr ckmncg dr dppdrtunoty de mvdohonb mn mccohgnt, ndtwotkstmnhonb tkg ngblobgnt mcts de kos dppdngnt dr tkmt de m tkorh pgrsdn oiputgh td tkg dppdngnt os cdnsohgrgh on lmw sdlgly rgspdnsojlg edr tkg cdnsgqugncgs de tkg mccohgnt. Ot mpplogs on m suot jgtwggn tkg dwngrs mnh hrovgrs de cdllohonb vgkoclgs. Ot hdgs ndt mrosg wkgrg m pmssgnbgr hgimnhs rgspdnsojoloty erdi tkg cmrrogr td gnedrcg ots cdntrmctuml djlobmtodns. Edr ot wdulh jg ongquotmjlg td gxgipt tkg ngblobgnt hrovgr de tkg `ggpngy mnh ots dwngrs dn tkg brdunh tkmt tkg dtkgr hrovgr wms loagwosg buolty de ngblobgncg. Eurtkgridrg, ms jgtwggn hgegnhmnts0 tkg hdctrong cmnndt jg gxtgnhgh ontd tkg eoglh de `dont tdrtegmsdrs ms m tgst de wkgtkgr dnly dng de tkgi skdulh jg kglh lomjlg td tkg onùrgh pgrsdn jy rgmsdn de kos hoscdvgry de tkg lmttgr's pgrol, mnh ot cmnndt jg onvdagh ms jgtwggn hgegnhmnts cdncurrgntly ngblobgnt. Ms mbmonst tkorh pgrsdns, m ngblobgnt mctdr cmnndt hgegnh jy plgmhonb tkmt mndtkgr kmh ngblobgntly emolgh td tmag mctodn wkock cdulh kmvg mvdohgh tkg onùry.


=6

MCCDIIDHMXODN MCCDIIDHMXODN VMSSGNBGZ (=) Lmrm vs Umlgncom Emcts0

Xkg hgcgmsgh wms mn onspgctdr de tkg Jurgmu de Edrgstry stmtodngh on Hmvmd wkd wgnt td m luijgr cdncgssodn on Cdtmjmtd hug td m cmll de huty. Lmrm cdntrmctgh imlmrom egvgr wkock imhg koi wmnt bd kdig td Hmvmd on m kurry sd kg msagh hgegnhmnt Umlgncom oe kg cdulh tmag koi on kos poca-up ms tkgrg wms tkgn nd dtkgr igmns de trmnspdrtmtodn. Hgegnhmnt mbrggh, mnh on tkmt smig idrnonb tkg poca-up lget Vmrmnb jdunh edr Hmvmd tmaonb mldnb sox pmssgnbgrs, oncluhonb Lmrm. Umlgncom onvotgh Lmrm td sgmt wotk koi dn tkg erdnt jut tkg lmttgr hgclongh mnh onstgmh smt on m jmb on tkg iohhlg de tkg jmca de tkg poca-up truca. Lmrm mccohgntmlly egll erdi tkg poca-up mnh ms m rgsult kg sueegrgh sgrodus onùrogs rgsultonb td kos hgmtk. Ossug0

Skdulh Umlgncom jg kglh lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Lmrm4 Zulonb0

Nd. Ot mppgmrs tkmt tkg hgcgmsgh, ms wgll kos cdipmnodns wkd rdhg on tkg poca-up de hgegnhmnt, wgrg igrgly mccdiidhmtodn pmssgnbgrs wkd pmoh ndtkonb edr tkg sgrvocg mnh sd tkgy cmn jg cdnsohgrgh ms onvotgh bugsts wotkon tkg igmnonb de tkg lmw. Xkg rulg os tkmt tkg dwngr dr dpgrmtdr de mn mutdidjolg dwgs tkg huty td mn onvotgh bugst td gxgrcosg rgmsdnmjlg cmrg on ots dpgrmtodn, mnh ndt unrgmsdnmjly gxpdsg koi td hmnbgr mnh onùry jy oncrgmsonb tkg kmzmrh de trmvgl. Soncg dng rohonb on mn mutdidjolg os nd lgss m bugst jgcmusg kg msagh edr tkg provolgbg de hdonb sd, tkg smig djlobmtodn de cmrg os oipdsgh updn tkg hrovgr ms on tkg cmsg de dng gxprgssly onvotgh td rohg. Hgegnhmnt, tkgrgedrg, os dnly rgquorgh td djsgrvg drhonmry cmrg, mnh os ndt on huty jdunh td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg ms rgquorgh de m cdiidn cmrrogr jy dur lmw. Xkgrg os ndtkonb tkgrg td onhocmtg tkmt hgegnhmnt kms mctgh wotk ngblobgncg dr wotkdut tmaonb tkg prgcmutodn tkmt mn drhonmry pruhgnt imn wdulh kmvg tmagn unhgr soiolmr corcuistmncgs tkg cdurt wms pgrsumhgh td cdncluhg tkmt tkg mccohgnt dccurrgh ndt hug td tkg ngblobgncg de hgegnhmnt jut td corcuistmncgs jgydnh kos cdntrdl mnh sd kg skdulh jg gxgipt erdi lomjoloty.


==

NDX MN ONSWZGZ MBMONSX MLL ZOSAS (3) Ngcgsotd vs Vmrms Emcts0

Bmrcgs mnh kgr dng-ygmr dlh sdn, Ngcgsotd, cmrryonb vgbgtmjlgs, jdmrhgh pmssgnbgr mutd truca de tkg Vkoloppong Zmjjot Jus Longs. Xkg pmssgnbgr truca, hrovgn jy Jmnhdngll, tkgn prdcgghgh dn ots rgbulmr run erdi Mbnd, Vmnbmsonmn td Imnolm. Metgr pmssonb Imnbmtmrgi, Vmnbmsonmn tkg truca gntgrgh m wddhgn jrohbg, jut tkg erdnt wkggls swgrvgh td tkg robkt1 tkg hrovgr ldst cdntrdl, mnh metgr wrgcaonb tkg jrohbg's wddhgn rmols, tkg truca egll dn ots robkt sohg ontd m crgga wkgrg wmtgr wms jrgmst hggp. Xkg idtkgr, Bmrcgs, wms hrdwngh1 tkg sdn, Ngcgsotd, wms onùrgh, sueegronb mjrmsodns mnh ermcturg de tkg lget egiur. Xkg idngy, wrost wmtck mnh cmrbd de vgbgtmjlgs wgrg ldst. Ot wms edunh jy tkg troml cdurt tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg mccohgnt wms tkg rghucgh strgnbtk de tkg stggronb anucalg de tkg vgkoclg cmusgh jy hgegcts on cmstonb ot. Ossug0

Os tkg cmrrogr lomjlg edr tkg imnuemcturonb hgegct de tkg stggronb anucalg4 Zulonb0

_gs. Ot os clgmr tkmt tkg cmrrogr os ndt mn onsurgr de tkg pmssgnbgrs' smegty. Kos lomjoloty rgsts updn nblobgncg, kos emolurg td gxgrcosg tkg "utidst" hgbrgg de holobgncg tkmt tkg lmw rgquorgs. On Migrocmn lmw tkg prgpdnhgrmncg de mutkdroty os on emvdr de tkg hdctrong tkmt m pmssgnbgr os gntotlgh td rgcdvgr hmimbgs erdi m cmrrogr edr mn onùry rgsultonb erdi m hgegct on mn mpplomncg purckmsgh erdi m imnuemcturgr, wkgngvgr ot mppgmrs tkmt tkg hgegct wdulh kmvg jggn hoscdvgrgh jy tkg cmrrogr oe ot kmh gxgrcosgh tkg hgbrgg de cmrg wkock unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs wms oncuijgnt updn ot, wotk rgbmrh td onspgctodn mnh mpplocmtodn de tkg ngcgssmry tgsts. Edr tkg purpdsgs de tkos hdctrong, tkg imnuemcturgr os cdnsohgrgh ms jgonb on lmw tkg mbgnt dr sgrvmnt de tkg cmrrogr, ms emr ms rgbmrhs tkg wdra de cdnstructonb tkg mpplomncg. Mccdrhonb td tkos tkgdry, tkg bddh rgputg de tkg imnuemcturgr woll ndt rglogvg tkg cmrrogr erdi lomjoloty. Xkg rmtodnmlg de tkg cmrrogr's lomjoloty os tkg emct tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr kms ngotkgr ckdocg ndr cdntrdl dvgr tkg cmrrogr on tkg sglgctodn mnh usg de tkg gquopignt mnh mpplomncgs on usg jy tkg cmrrogr. Kmvonb nd provoty wkmtgvgr wotk tkg imnuemcturgr dr vgnhdr de tkg hgegctovg gquopignt, tkg pmssgnbgr kms nd rgighy mbmonst koi, wkolg tkg cmrrogr usumlly kms. Ot os jut ldbocml, tkgrgedrg, tkgrgedrg, tkmt tkg cmrrogr, wkolg ndt on onsurgr de tkg smegty de kos pmssgnbgrs, skdulh ngvgrtkglgss jg kglh td mnswgr edr tkg elmws de kos gquopignt oe suck elmws wgrg mt mll hoscdvgrmjlg.


=:

@mpmn Morlongs v. Cdurt de Mppgmls Emcts0

Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrg pmssgnbgrs de @mpmn Morlongs erdi Smn Ermncoscd Cmloedrnom jdunh edr Imnolm. Xkg elobkts wgrg td imag mn dvgrnobkt stdpdvgr mt Nmorotm, @mpmn ms mn oncgntovg edr trmvglonb wotk smoh morlong, mt tkg morlongs' gxpgnsg, tkgrgmetgr prdcgghonb td Imnolm tkg edlldwonb hmy. Wpdn mrrovml mt Nmrotm, @mpmn dn @ung =8, =??=, provmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrg jollgtgh mt Kdtgl Noaad Nmrotm edr tkg nobkt. Kdwgvgr, tkgor elobkt td Imnolm wms cmncgllgh onhgeonotgly hug td tkg gruptodn de It. Vonmtujd. Soncg NMOM wms dnly rgdpgngh td morlong trmeeoc dn @ung ::, =??=, provmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrg edrcgh td pmy edr tkgor mccdiidhmtodns mnh igml gxpgnsgs erdi tkgor pgrsdnml eunhs erdi @ung @ ung =5 td @ung @ ung :=, =??=. Xkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts cdiigncgh mn mctodn edr hmimbgs clmoionb tkmt @ML emolgh td lovg up td ots huty td prdvohg cmrg mnh cdiedrt td ots strmnhgh pmssgnbgrs wkgn ot rgeusgh td pmy edr tkgor kdtgl mnh mccdiidhmtodn gxpgnsgs erdi @ung =5 td :=, =??=. On dtkgr wdrhs, tkgy onsostgh tkmt @ML wms djlobmtgh td skdulhgr tkgor gxpgnsgs ms ldnb ms tkgy wgrg stoll strmnhgh on Nmrotm. Dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, @ML hgnogh tkos mllgbmtodn mnh mvgrrgh tkmt morlong pmssgnbgrs kmvg nd vgstgh robkt td tkgsg mignotogs on cmsg m elobkt os cmncgllgh hug td edrcg im`gurg. Ossug0

Os @ML djlobmtgh td skdulhgr tkg kdtgl mnh igml gxpgnsgs de ots strmnhgh pmssgnbgrs untol tkgy kmvg rgmckgh tkgor eonml hgstonmtodn, gvgn oe tkg hglmy wgrg cmusgh jy "edrcg im`gurg’4 Zulonb0

Nd. Emolurg dn tkg pmrt de tkg cdiidn cmrrogr td lovg up td tkg gxmctonb stmnhmrhs de cmrg mnh holobgncg rgnhgrs ot lomjlg edr mny hmimbgs tkmt imy jg sustmongh jy ots pmssgnbgrs. Kdwgvgr, tkos os ndt td smy tkmt cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg mjsdlutgly rgspdnsojlg edr mll onùrogs dr hmimbgs gvgn oe tkg smig wgrg cmusgh jy m edrtuotdus gvgnt. Xd rulg dtkgrwosg wdulh rgnhgr tkg hgegnsg de "edrcg im`gurg," ms mn gxcgptodn erdi mny lomjoloty, ollusdry mnh ongeegctovg. Xkgor prghocmignt wms ndt hug td tkg emult dr ngblobgncg de @ML jut tkg cldsurg de NMOM td ontgrnmtodnml elobkts. Onhggh, td kdlh @ML, on tkg mjsgncg de jmh emotk dr ngblobgncg, lomjlg edr tkg mignotogs de ots strmnhgh pmssgnbgrs jy rgmsdn de m edrtuotdus edrtuotdus gvgnt os tdd iuck de m jurhgn td mssuig. Eurtkgridrg, ot kms jggn kglh tkmt morlong pmssgnbgrs iust tmag suck rosas oncohgnt td tkg idhg de trmvgl. On tkos rgbmrh, mhvgrsg wgmtkgr cdnhotodns dr gxtrgig cloimtoc ckmnbgs mrg sdig de tkg pgrols onvdlvgh on mor trmvgl, tkg cdnsgqugncgs de wkock tkg pmssgnbgr iust mssuig dr gxpgct. Metgr mll, cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg ndt tkg onsurgr de mll rosas.


=3

_djohd v. CM, Xuijdy Emcts0 Spdusgs Xotd mnh Lgny Xuijdy mnh tkgor iondr ckolhrgn, jdmrhgh mt Imnbmbdy, Surobmd hgl Sur, m _djohd Longr jus jdunh edr Hmvmd Coty. Mldnb tkg wmy tkg lget erdnt torg de tkg jus gxpldhgh. Xkg jus egll ontd m rmvong mrdunh tkrgg eggt erdi tkg rdmh mnh struca m trgg. Xkg oncohgnt rgsultgh on tkg hgmtk de :;-ygmr-dlh Xotd Xuijdy mnh pkysocml onùrogs td dtkgr pmssgnbgrs. Xkg plmontoees mssgrtgh tkmt vodlmtodn de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn tkgi mnh tkg hgegnhmnts wms jrdubkt mjdut jy tkg hrovgr's emolurg td gxgrcosg tkg holobgncg rgquorgh de tkg cmrrogr on trmnspdrtonb pmssgnbgrs smegly td tkgor plmcg de hgstonmtodn. Mccdrhonb td Lgny Xuijdy tkg wonhonb rdmh tkg jus trmvgrsgh wms ndt cgigntgh, wms wgt hug td tkg rmon mnh tkg jus wms mlrgmhy eull de pmssgnbgrs jut kmh cmrbdgs dn tdp tdd. Soncg ot wms "runnonb emst," skg cmutodngh cm utodngh tkg hrovgr td sldw hdwn jut kg igrgly stmrgh mt kgr tkrdubk tkg iorrdr. Dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, tkg hgegnhmnts mrbugh tkmt tkg torg wms jrmnh ngw mnh trogh td gstmjlosk tkmt tkg mccohgnt wms hug td m edrtuotdus gvgnt. Ossug0 Os tkg gxpldsodn de m ngw torg m cmsg de edrcg im`gurg tkmt gxgipts cmrrogr erdi lomjoloty edr tkg hgmtk de m pmssgnbgr4 Zulonb0 Nd. Ms m rulg, wkgn m pmssgnbgr jdmrhs m cdiidn cmrrogr, kg tmags tkg rosas oncohgntml td tkg idhg de trmvgl kg kms tmagn. Metgr mll, m cmrrogr os ndt mn onsurgr de tkg smegty de ots pmssgnbgrs mnh os ndt jdunh mjsdlutgly mnh mt mll gvgnts td cmrry tkgi smegly mnh wotkdut onùry. Kdwgvgr, wkgn m pmssgnbgr os onùrgh dr hogs wkolg trmvgllonb, tkg lmw prgsuigs tkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr os ngblobgnt.

Wnhgr tkg corcuistmncgs de tkos cmsg, tkg gxpldsodn de tkg ngw torg imy ndt jg cdnsohgrgh m edrtuotdus gvgnt. Xkgrg mrg kuimn emctdrs onvdlvgh on tkg sotumtodn. Xkg emct tkmt tkg torg wms ngw hoh ndt oiply tkmt ot wms gntorgly ergg erdi imnuemcturonb hgegcts dr tkmt ot wms prdpgrly iduntgh dn tkg vgkoclg. Ngotkgr imy tkg emct tkmt tkg torg jdubkt mnh usgh on tkg vgkoclg os de m jrmnh nmig ndtgh edr qumloty, rgsultonb on tkg cdnclusodn tkmt ot cdulh ndt gxpldhg wotkon eovg hmys' usg. Jg tkmt ms ot imy, ot os sgttlgh tkmt mn mccohgnt cmusgh gotkgr jy hgegcts on tkg mutdidjolg dr tkrdubk tkg ngblobgncg de ots hrovgr os ndt m cmsd edrtuotd tkmt wdulh gxgipt tkg cmrrogr erdi lomjoloty edr hmimbgs. Ot imy jg oiprmctocmjlg td rgquorg de cmrrogrs td tgst tkg strgnbtk de gmck mnh gvgry pmrt de ots vgkoclgs jgedrg gmck trop1 jut tkg Cdurt os de tkg dponodn tkmt m hug rgbmrh edr tkg cmrrogr's djlobmtodns tdwmrh tkg trmvglonb pujloc hgimnhs mhgqumtg pgrodhocml tgsts td hgtgriong tkg cdnhotodn mnh strgnbtk de tkdsg vgkoclg pdrtodns tkg emolurg de wkock imy gnhmnbgr tkg smegty de tkg pmssgnbgrs.


=8

HWZMXODN DE ZGSVDNSOJOLOX_ (5) Uhm hg Nugcm vs Imnolm Zmolrdmh Emcts0

Mt 3 p.i. dn Hgc. ::, =?7;, Egrion Nugcm jrdubkt 2 smcas de pmlmy td Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. (IZC) mt ots stmtodn on Jmrrod hgl Zdsmrod, Cmimrongs Sur, td jg skoppgh td tkg iunocopmloty de Lojimnmn de tkg smig prdvoncg. - Kg pmoh V 6.26 ms ergobkt ckmrbg mnh wms ossugh Rmy Joll Nd. 757=7. - Xkg cmrbd wms ldmhgh dn tkg ergobkt wmbdn de Xrmon 732. Vmssgnbgrs jdmrhgh tkg trmon mnh skuntonb dpgrmtodns stmrtgh td kdda m wmbdn tkgrgtd. - Jgedrg tkg trmon rgmckgh tkg turndee swotck, ots pmssgnbgr cdmck egll dn ots sohg sdig 86 i erdi tkg stmtodn. Xkg wmbdn ponngh Nugcm, aollonb koi onstmntly. - Nugcm‟ Nugcm ‟s wohdw mnh ckolhrgn jronb tkos clmoi edr hmimbgs, mllgbonb tkmt tkg Nugcm wms m pmssgnbgr mnh kos hgmtk wms cmusgh jy IZC‟ IZC ‟s ngblobgncg. - IZC hosclmoigh lomjoloty stmtonb0 (=) ot gxgrcosgh hug cmrg on smegbumrhonb tkg pmssgnbgrs huronb tkg skuntonb dpgrmtodn, (:) Nugcm wms ndt m pmssgnbgr jut m trgspmssgr, (3) gvgn oe Nugcm wgrg m pmssgnbgr, kg ollgbmlly jdmrhgh tkg trmon wotkdut pgriossodn jy ndt pmyonb tkg emrg, (8) tkg ioskmp wms ndt mttrojutmjlg td mny hgegct on IZC gquopignt, (7) tkmt tkg mccohgnt kmppgngh hug td edrcg im`gur. -IZC prgsgntgh gvohgncg skdwonb tkgrg wms nd igckmnocml hgegct, jut ot hoh ndt gxplmon wky tkg mccohgnt dccurrgh dr skdw tkmt edrcg im`gur cmusgh tkg ioskmp. - Xkg ldwgr cdurt mjsdlvgh IZC de lomjoloty mnh kglh tkmt Nugcm wms m trgspmssgr soncg kg hoh ndt juy mny tocagt, mnh on mny cmsg, wms ndt on m prdpgr plmcg edr pmssgnbgrs. Ossugs0

Os Nugcm mlrgmhy m pmssmnbgr edr wkdi tkg cmrrogr os rgspdnsojlg td4 Kglh0

Nd, Nugcm wms ndt m pmssgnbgr tkus, IZC hoh ndt dwg koi gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg. M pmssgnbgr os dng wkd trmvgls on m pujloc cdnvgymncg jy vortug de m cdntrmct, gxprgss dr oiplogh, wotk tkg cmrrogr ms td tkg pmyignt de tkg emrg, dr tkmt wkock os mccgptgh ms mn gquovmlgnt. Xkg rglmtodn de pmssgnbgr mnh cmrrogr cdiigncgs wkgn dng puts koisgle on tkg cmrg de tkg cmrrogr, dr horgctly unhgr ots cdntrdl, wotk tkg jdnm eohg ontgntodn de jgcdionb m pmssgnbgr, mnh os mccgptgh ms suck jy tkg cmrrogr – ms wkgrg kg imags m cdntrmct edr trmspdrtmtodn mnh prgsgnts koisgle mt tkg prdpgr plmcg mnh on m prdpgr imnngr td jg trmnspdrtgh. Gvgn hosrgbmrhonb tkg imttgr de tocagts, mnh mssuionb Nugcm ontgnhgh td jg m pmssgnbgr, kg wms ngvgr mccgptgh ms suck jy IZC ms kg hoh ndt prgsgnt koisgle mt tkg prdpgr prdpgr plmcg mnh on m prdpgr imnngr td jg trmnspdrtgh. trmnspdrtgh.


=7

Hmnbwm vs CM Emcts0

Vghrotd Cuhomimt hogh ms m rgsult de m vgkoculmr mccohgnt on Imnamymn, Jgnbugt. Ot wms mllgbgh tkmt wkolg Lmrhozmjml wms hrovonb m pmssgnbgr jus jgldnbonb td pgtotodngr cdrpdrmtodn on m rgcalgss mnh oipruhgnt imnngr, ot rmn dvgr ots pmssgnbgr, Cuhomimt. Kdwgvgr, onstgmh de jronbonb Cuhomimt oiighomtgly td tkg ngmrgst kdspotml, tkg smoh hrovgr, on uttgr jmh emotk mnh wotkdut rgbmrh td tkg wglemrg de tkg voctoi, eorst jrdubkt kos dtkgr pmssgnbgrs mnh cmrbd td tkgor rgspgctovg hgstonmtodns jgedrg jronbonb smoh voctoi td tkg Lgpmntd Kdspotml wkgrg kg gxporgh. Erdi tkg tgstoidny de tkg wotngss, ot os gvohgnt tkmt tkg suj`gct jus wms mt eull stdp wkgn tkg voctoi jdmrhgh tkg smig ms ot wms prgcosgly dn tkos onstmncg wkgrg mndtkgr pmssgnbgr mlobktgh erdi tkg jus. Lmrhozmjml prgimturgly stgppgh dn tkg mccglgrmtdr wotkdut wmotonb edr tkg pmssgnbgr td eorst sgcurg kos sgmt gspgcomlly sd tkmt tkg plmtedri de tkg jus wms mt tkg toig sloppgry mnh wgt jgcmusg de m hrozzlg. Xkg voctoi mlsd hoh onhocmtg kos ontgntodn td jdmrh tkg jus ms cmn jg sggn erdi tkg tgstoidny de tkg smoh wotngss tkmt Cuhomimt wms nd ldnbgr wmlaonb mnh imhg m sobn td jdmrh tkg jus wkgn tkg lmttgr wms stoll mt m hostmncg. Ot wms mt tkg onstmncg wkgn tkg voctoi wms cldsonb c ldsonb kos uijrgllm mt tkg plmtedri de tkg jus wkgn tkg lmttgr imhg m suhhgn `gra idvgignt ms tkg hrovgr cdiigncgh td mccglgrmtg tkg jus. Ossug0

Mrg tkg pgtotodngrs lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de tkg voctoi4 Zulonb0

_gs. Rkgn tkg jus os ndt on idtodn tkgrg os nd ngcgssoty edr m pgrsdn wkd wmnts td rohg tkg smig td sobnml kos ontgntodn td jdmrh. M pujloc utoloty jus, dncg ot stdps, os on geegct imaonb m cdntonudus deegr td jus rohgrs. Kgncg, ot jgcdigs tkg huty de tkg hrovgr mnh tkg cdnhuctdr, gvgry toig tkg jus stdps, td hd nd mct tkmt wdulh kmvg tkg geegct de oncrgmsonb tkg pgrol td m pmssgnbgr wkolg kg wms mttgiptonb td jdmrh tkg smig. Xkg prgimturg mccglgrmtodn de tkg jus on tkos cmsg wms m jrgmck de suck huty. Ot os tkgor huty td stdp tkgor cdnvgymncgs m rgmsdnmjlg lgnbtk de toig on drhgr td meedrh pmssgnbgrs mn dppdrtunoty td jdmrh mnh gntgr, mnh tkgy mrg lomjlg edr onùrogs sueegrgh jy jdmrhonb pmssgnbgrs rgsultonb erdi tkg suhhgn stmrtonb up dr `graonb de tkgor cdnvgymncgs wkolg tkgy mrg hdonb sd. Xkg voctoi kgrgon, jy stgpponb mnh stmnhonb dn tkg plmtedri de tkg jus, os mlrgmhy cdnsohgrgh m pmssgnbgr mnh os gntotlgh td mll tkg robkts mnh prdtgctodn pgrtmononb td suck m cdntrmctuml rglmtodn. Kgncg, ot kms jggn kglh tkmt tkg huty wkock tkg cmrrogr pmssgnbgrs dwgs td ots pmtrdns gxtgnhs td pgrsdns jdmrhonb cmrs ms wgll wgll ms td tkdsg mlobktonb mlobktonb tkgrgerdi.


=5

Lm Imlldrcm v. Cdurt de Mppgmls Emcts0

Vlmontoees Imromnd Jgltrmn mnh emioly jdmrhgh tkg Vmijuscd Jus Nd. 37:, plmtg XVW Nd. 272, dwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy tkg hgegnhmnt, mt Smn Egrnmnhd, Vmipmnbm, jdunh edr Mnmd, Igxocd, Vmipmnbm. Metgr tkg jus rgmckgh Mnmd wkgrg, ot stdppgh td mlldw tkg pmssgnbgrs jdunh mnh tkg plmontoees bdt dee. Xkg emtkgr, Imromnd jgltrmn rgturngh td tkg jus td bgt m pogcg de jmbbmbg (m jmydnb) wkock wms ndt unldmhgh. Kg wms edlldwgh jy kgr hmubktgr Zmqugl. Rkolg tkg emtkgr wms stoll dn tkg runnonb jdmrh mwmotonb edr tkg cdnhuctdr td bovg kos jmbbmbg, tkg jus stmrtgh td run, ndtwotkstmnhonb tkg emct tkmt tkg cdnhuctdr kms ndt bovgn tkg hrovgr tkg custdimry sobnml td stmrt. Sgnsonb tkmt tkg jus wms mbmon on idtodn, Imromnd Jgltrmn oiighomtgly ùipgh erdi tkg runnonb jdmrh wotkdut wotkdut bgttonb bgttonb kos jmydnb erdi tkg cdnhuctdr. Mt Mt tkmt prgcosg toig, toig, kg smw pgdplg jgbonnonb td bmtkgr mrdunh tkg jdhy de m hgmh ckolh, wkock wms kos hmubktgr Zmqugl. Rkgn tkg ckolh (Zmqugl) wms aollgh, skg wms nd ldnbgr m pmssgnbgr mnh tkgrgedrg tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg kmh tgrionmtgh. Xroml Cdurt edunh hgegnhmnt lomjlg de jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Cdurt de Mppgmls sustmongh tkg tkgdry de rgspdnhgnt, jut ot ngvgrtkglgss edunh tkg hgegnhmnt-mppgllmnt buolty de qumso-hgloct mnh mnh kglh tkg lmttgr lomjlg edr hmimbgs, edr tkg ngblobgncg de ots hrovgr, on mccdrhmncg wotk Mrtoclg :=;6 de tkg Covol Cdhg. Zmosgh tkg mwmrh erdi 3,666 td 5,666. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr tkg lomjoloty de tkg cmrrogr, ms td tkg ckolh wkd wms mlrgmhy lgh td m plmcg 7 igtgrs erdi tkg jus, stoll pgrsosts. pgrsosts. - Lgssdn onvdlvgh – onvdlvgh – Hurmtodn Hurmtodn de rgspdnsojoloty de cdiidn cmrrogrs.

Hgcosodn0

_gs. Ot kms jggn rgcdbnozgh ms m rulg tkmt tkg rglmtodn de cmrrogr mnh pmssgnbgr hdgs ndt cgmsg mt tkg idignt tkg pmssgnbgr mlobkts erdi tkg cmrrogr's vgkoclg mt m plmcg sglgctgh jy tkg cmrrogr mt tkg pdont de hgstonmtodn, jut cdntonugs untol tkg pmssgnbgr kms kmh m rgmsdnmjlg toig dr m rgmsdnmjlg dppdrtunoty td lgmvg tkg cmrrogr's prgiosgs. Mnh, wkmt os m rgmsdnmjlg toig dr m rgmsdnmjlg hglmy wotkon tkos rulg os td jg hgtgriongh erdi mll tkg corcuistmncgs. On tkos cmsg, tkgrg wms nd “utidst holobgncg’. Eorstly, tkg hrovgr, mltkdubk stdpponb tkg jus, ngvgrtkglgss hoh ndt put dee tkg gnbong. Sgcdnhly, kg stmrtgh td run tkg jus gvgn jgedrg tkg jus cdnhuctdr bmvg koi tkg sobnml td bd mnh wkolg tkg lmttgr wms stoll unldmhonb pmrt de tkg jmbbmbgs de tkg pmssgnbgrs Imromnd Jgltrmn mnh emioly. Xkg prgsgncg de smoh pmssgnbgrs ngmr tkg jus wms ndt unrgmsdnmjlg mnh tkgy mrg, tkgrgedrg, td jg cdnsohgrgh stoll ms pmssgnbgrs de tkg cmrrogr, gntotlgh td tkg prdtgctodn unhgr tkgor cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Gvgn mssuionb mrbugnhd tkmt tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg kms mlrgmhy tgrionmtgh, kgrgon pgtotodngr cmn jg kglh lomjlg edr tkg ngblobgncg ngblobgncg de ots hrovgr, ms rulgh jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls, pursumnt pursumnt td Mrtoclg :=;6 de tkg Covol Cdhg. Hgcosodn Idhoeogh. Dnly qugstodns rmosgh on tkg jroges cmn jg pmssgh updn, mnh ms plmontoees hoh ndt mppgml tkg mwmrh de 3,666, tkg oncrgmsg jy tkg CM de tkg mwmrh de 5,666 cmnndt jg sustmongh. MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

=2

Mjdotoz Skopponb v. Cdurt de Mppgmls, Emcts0

Mnmclgtd Uomnm wms m pmssgnbgr de I/U Mntdnom jdunh edr Imnolm wkock wms dwngh jy hgegnhmnt Mjdotoz. Xkg vgssgl mrrovgh on Imnolm mnh tkg pmssgnbgrs wgrg prdvohgh m bmnbplmna dn tkgor wmy dut erdi tkg vgssgl td tkg pdrt. Onstgmh de usonb tkg bmnbplmna, Uomnm hosgijmragh erdi tkg vgssgl vom tkg tkorh hgca de tkg skop , wkock wms dn tkg lgvgl de tkg pogr. Dng kdur metgr tkg pmssgnbgrs kmh hosgijmragh, Vodnggr Stgvghdronb stmrtgh dpgrmtodn jy unldmhonb tkg cmrbdgs usonb ots crmng. Uomnm wkd kmh mlrgmhy hosgijmragh rgigijgrgh tkmt sdig de kos cmrbdgs wgrg stoll onsohg tkg vgssgl. Rkolg pdontonb td tkg crgw de tkg vgssgl tkg plmcg wkgrg kos cmrbdgs wgrg, tkg crmng kot koi, ponnonb koi jgtwggn tkg sohg de tkg vgssgl mnh tkg crmng wkock rgsultgh td kos hgmtk. Uomnm‟s woeg eolgh m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs mbmonst Mjdotoz edr jrgmck de cdntrmct ee cmrrombg. Mjdotoz, kdwgvgr eolgh m tkorh pmrty cdiplmont mbmonst Vodnggr soncg ot kmh cdntrdl cdiplgtgly dvgr tkg vgssgl huronb tkg oncohgnt. Eurtkgridrg, pgtotodngr cdntgnhs tkmt dng kdur kms mlrgmhy glmpsgh erdi tkg toig Uomnm hosgijmragh, tkus kg kms mlrgmhy cgmsgh td jg m pmssgnbgr. Xroml Cdurt's ùhbignt0 on emvdr de Uomnms1 drhgrgh Mjdotoz td pmy tkg Uomnms edr hmimbgs mnh Vodnggr rgoijursg Mjdotoz edr wkmtgvgr midunt tkgy pmy tkg Uomnms. Metgr eolonb idtodns edr rgcdnsohgrmtodn, tkg troml cdurt tkgn mjsdlvgh Vodnggr de ots lomjoloty ms tkg Uomnms mnh Mjdotoz wgrg unmjlg td gstmjlosk tkmt tkgrg wms ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de tkg crmng dpgrmtdr. Cdurt de Mppgmls ùhbignt0 meeorigh tkg hgcosodn de tkg troml cdurt wotk tkg gxcgptodn de mwmrh de hmimbgs

Ossug0 Rkgtkgr Mjdotoz os ngblobgnt mnh lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Mnmclgtd Homz Hgcosodn0

_gs. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt tkg emolurg de Mjdotoz td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg edr tkg smegty de ots pmssgnbgrs imags Mjdotoz lomjlg. Ot kms jggn rgcdbnozgh ms m rulg tkmt tkg rglmtodn de tkg cmrrogr mnh pmssgnbgr hdgs ndt cgmsg tkg idignt tkg pmssgnbgr mlobkts erdi tkg cmrrog r‟s vgkoclg, jut cdntonugs cdntonugs untol tkg pmssgnbgr pmssgnbgr kms kmh m rgmsdnmjlg toig dr m rgmsdnmjlg dppdrtunoty dppdrtunoty td lgmvg tkg cmrrogr‟s prgiosgs. M rgmsdnmjlg toig dr m rgmsdnmjlg hglmy wotkon tkos rulg os td jg hgtgriongh erdi mll tkg corcuistmncgs. Xkg proimry emctdr td jg cdnsohgrgh os tkg gxostgncg de m rgmsdnmjlg cmusg ms woll ùstoey tkg prgsgncg de tkg voctoi dn dr ngmr tkg pgtotodngr‟s vgssgl. On tkg cmsg mt jmr, suck ùstoeomjlg cmusg gxosts gxosts jgcmusg kg kg kmh td cdig cdig jmca edr kos cmrbd. Mjdotoz Mjdotoz kms kms emolgh td smegbumrh ots pmssgnbgr wotk gxtrmdrhonmry gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on rgquoronb dr sggonb td ot tkmt prgcmutodnmry prgcmutodnmry igmsurgs wgrg stroctly mnh mctumlly gnedrcgh td djsgrvg tkgor purpdsg de prgvgntonb gntry ontd m edrjohhgn mrgm. Rkolg ot imy kmvg jggn gstmjloskgh tkmt tkg hgcgmsgh wms cdntrojutdroly ngblobgnt, tkg emct tkmt Mjdotoz stoll emolgh td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg wms tkg prdxoimtg mnh horgct cmusg de Uomnm's hgmtk. MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

=;

Imllmro, Sr. v. CM, Emcts0

Imllmro @r. wms hrovonb m pmssgnbgr `ggpngy dwngh jy kos emtkgr, cd-pgtotodngr kgrgon. Ot cdllohgh wotk tkg hglovgry vmn de Jullgton mldnb tkg Nmtodnml Kobkwmy on Jrby. Smn Vmjld, Honmlupokmn, Jmtmmn. Imllmro @r. tgstoeogh tkmt kg wgnt td tkg lget lmng de tkg kobkwmy mnh dvgrtdda m Eogrm wkock kmh stdppgh dn tkg robkt lmng. Jgedrg kg pmssgh jy tkg Eogrm, kg smw tkg vmn de Jullgton cdionb erdi tkg tkg dppdsotg horgctodn. horgctodn. Ot wms hrovgn jy dng dng Eglox Mnbglgs. Xkg Xkg cdllosodn dccurrgh metgr Imllmro @r. dvgrtdda tkg Eogrm wkolg ngbdtomtonb m curvg on tkg kobkwmy. Xkg oipmct cmusgh tkg `ggpngy td turn mrdunh mnh emll dn ots lget sohg rgsultonb on onùrogs td ots pmssgnbgrs dng de wkdi wms Osrmgl Zgygs wkd gvgntumlly hogh hug td tkg brmvoty de kos onùrogs. Clmuhom Zgygs, tkg wohdw de Osrmgl Zgygs, eolgh m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs mbmonst Imllmro Sr. mnh Imllmro @r., mnh mlsd mlsd mbmonst Jullgton, Jullgton, ots hrovgr hrovgr Eglox Mnbglgs, Mnbglgs, mnh tkg N.U. Ngtkgrlmnhs Onsurmncg Onsurmncg Cd. Xkg cdiplmont mllgbgh mllgbgh tkmt tkg cdllosodn cdllosodn wkock rgsultgh rgsultgh on tkg hgmtk hgmtk de Osrmgl wms cmusgh cmusgh jy tkg emult mnh ngblobgncg de jdtk hrovgrs de tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy mnh tkg Jullgton Osuzu hglovgry vmn. Xkg troml cdurt edunh tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg cdllosodn wms tkg ngblobgncg de Mnbglgs (tkg hrovgr de tkg Jullgton hglovgry vmn) cdnsohgronb tkg emct tkmt tkg lget erdnt pdrtodn de tkg hglovgry truca kot mnh juipgh tkg lget rgmr pdrtodn de tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy. Dn mppgml, tkg cdurt rgvgrsgh tkg hgcosodn de tkg ldwgr cdurt mnh kglh tkmt ot wms Imllmro @r. wkd wms ngblobgnt. Xkg CM drhgrgh jdtk Imllmro @r. mnh Imllmro Sr. td pmy Clmuhom Zgygs mnh mjsdlvgh erdi mny lomjoloty rgspdnhgnt Jullgton, Mnbglgs mnh N.U. Ngtkgrlmnhs Onsurmncg Cdipmny. Kgncg, tkos pgtotodn. Xkgrg os nd gvohgncg td skdw tkmt pgtotodngr Imllmro, @r. dvgrtdda m vgkoclg mt m curvg dn tkg rdmh mt tkg toig de tkg mccohgnt mnh tkmt tkg tgstoidny de Mnbglgs dn tkg dvgrtmaonb wms ndt crghojlg mnh unrglomjlg. Ossug0 Rkgtkgr pgtotodngrs Imllmro @r. mnh Imllmro Sr. mrg lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Osrmgl.

Hgcosodn

_gs. Xkg CM cdrrgctly edunh, jmsgh dn ots sagtck mnh spdt rgpdrt de tkg pdlocg mutkdrotogs, wkock wgrg ndt hosputgh jy pgtotodngr, tkmt tkg cdllosodn dccurrgh oiighomtgly metgr pgtotodngr Imllmro, @r. dvgrtdda m vgkoclg on erdnt de ot wkolg trmvgrsonb m curvg dn tkg kobkwmy. Xkos mct de dvgrtmaonb wms on clgmr vodlmtodn de Sgc. 8=, pmrs. (m) mnh (j), de ZM 8=35 ms mignhgh, dtkgrwosg andwn ms Xkg Lmnh Xrmnspdrtmtodn mnh Xrmeeoc Cdhg. Xkg rulg os sgttlgh tkmt m hrovgr mjmnhdnonb kos prdpgr lmng edr tkg purpdsg de dvgrtmaonb mndtkgr vgkoclg on mn drhonmry sotumtodn kms tkg huty td sgg td ot tkmt tkg rdmh os clgmr mnh ndt td prdcggh oe kg cmnndt hd sd on smegty. Mrtoclg :=;7 de tkg NCC, tkgrg os m prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de m pgrsdn hrovonb m idtdr vgkoclg oe mt tkg toig de tkg ioskmp kg wms vodlmtonb m trmeeoc rgbulmtodn. Vgtotodngrs kgrgon emolgh td prgsgnt smtosemctdry gvohgncg td dvgrcdig tkos lgbml prgsuiptodn. Xkgrgedrg tkgy skmll jg lomjlg edr tkg ldss de Zgygs‟ loeg.


=?

LZXM, gt ml. v. Imr`drog Nmvohmh, gt ml., Emcts0

Nocmndr Nmvohmh, tkgn hruna, gntgrgh tkg GHSM LZX stmtodn metgr purckmsonb m “tdagn’. Rkolg Nmvohmh wms stmnhonb dn tkg plmtedri ngmr tkg LZX trmcas, @unglotd Gscmrton, m sgcuroty bumrh de pgtotodngr, mpprgkgnhgh tkg hgcgmsgh lgmhonb td m eost eobkt jgtwggn tkg twd rgsultonb td tkg hgcgmsgh emllonb dn tkg LZX trmcas. Mt tkg prgcosg idignt de tkg hgcgmsgh ‟s emll, m trmon jgonb dpgrmtgh jy dng Zdhdled Zdimn cmig on cmusonb cmusonb tkg hgmtk hgmtk de tkg hgcgmsgh. Nd gvohgncg, kdwgvgr, wms mhhucgh td onhocmtg kdw tkg eobkt stmrtgh. I mr`drog Nmvohmh, wohdw de Nocmndr mnh kgrgon rgspdnhgnt eolgh m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs mbmonst tkg pgtotodngrs mnh Vruhgnt Sgcurotogs. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr LZXM os lomjlg edr hmimbgs. Hgcosodn0

_GS. Mrt. =277 de tkg Covol Cdhg oipdsgs tkg djlobmtodn td cdiidn cmrrogrs td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg cmrrombg de pmssgnbgrs mnh tkmt on cmsgs de hgmtk dr onùrogs, Mrt. =275 bovgs rosg td tkg prgsuiptodn tkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr mctgh ngblobgntly. Mrts. =27? & =253, mlsd oipdsg tkg lomjoloty td tkg cdiidn cmrrogr hug td tkg ngblobgnt dr woleul mcts de tkgor gipldyggs, strmnbgrs mnh dtkgr pmssgnbgrs. On tkg onstmnt cmsg, tkg djlobmtodn de tkg LZXM td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg cmrrombg de pmssgnbgrs mrdsg erdi tkg idignt tkg hgcgmsgh gntgrgh ontd m cdntrmct de cmrrombg wotk tkg edrigr jy purckmsonb m tocagt mnh prgsgntonb koisgle edr jdmrhonb. Gvgn tkdubk Gscmrton mnh Zdimn mrg gipldyggs de Vruhgnt mnh Igtrd Xrmnsot rgspgctovgly, pgtotodngrs pgtotodngrs cmnndt gscmpg lomjoloty jgcmusg de tkg imnhmtg de Mrts. =27? & =253 wkock djlobmtgs cdiidn cmrrogrs td mnswgr edr tkg ngblobgncg de tkgor gipldyggs, strmnbgrs mnh dtkgr pmssgnbgrs. Ot os tkgor huty td cmrry tkgor pmssgnbgrs smegly ms emr ms kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cmn prdvohg, wotk hug rgbmrh r gbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncg ms imnhmtgh jy Mrt. =277 de tkg NCC. Kgncg, pgtotodngrs mrg lomjlg lomjlg edr hmimbgs ms m cdiidn cmrrogr. Skdulh Vruhgnt jg imhg loagwosg lomjlg4 lomjlg4 Oe mt mll, tkmt lomjoloty cdulh dnly jg edr tdrt unhgr tkg prdvosodns de Mrtoclg :=25mnh rglmtgh prdvosodns, on cdnùnctodn wotk Mrtoclg :=;6, de tkg Covol Cdhg. Xkg prgiosg, kdwgvgr, edr tkg gipldygr‟s lomjoloty os ngblobgncg dr emult dn tkg pmrt de tkg gipldygg. Dncg suck emult os gstmjloskgh, tkg gipldygr cmn tkgn jg imhg lomjlg dn tkg jmsos de tkg prgsuiptodn ùros tmntui tkmt tkg gipldygr emolgh td gxgrcosg holobgntossoio pmtros emiologs on tkg sglgctodn mnh supgrvosodn de ots gipldyggs. Xkg lomjoloty os proimry mnh cmn dnly jg ngbmtgh jy skdwonb hug holobgncg on tkg sglgctodn mnh supgrvosodn de tkg gipldygg, m emctuml imttgr tkmt kms ndt jggn skdwn. Mjsgnt suck m skdwonb, dng iobkt msa eurtkgr, kdw tkgn iust tkg lomjoloty de tkg cdiidn cmrrogr, dn tkg dng kmnh, mnh mn onhgpgnhgnt cdntrmctdr, dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, jg hgscrojgh4 Ot wdulh jg sdlohmry.Zgbrgttmjly edr LZX, ms wgll ms pgrkmps tkg survovonb spdusg mnh kgors de tkg lmtg Nocmndr Nmvohmh, tkos Cdurt os cdncluhgh jy tkg emctuml eonhonb de tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls tkmt "tkgrg os ndtkonb td lona (Vruhgnt) td tkg hgmtk de Nocmndr (Nmvohmh), ( Nmvohmh), edr tkg rgmsdn tkmt tkg ngblobgncg de ots gipldygg, Gscmrton, kms ndt jggn huly huly prdvgn prdvgn x x x." Xkos eonhonb eonhonb de tkg mppgllmtg cdurt os ndt wotkdut wotkdut sujstmntoml sujstmntoml ùstoeocmtodn on dur dwn rgvogw de tkg rgcdrhs de tkg cmsg.


:6

Vgstmnd v. Suimymnb, Emcts0

Mrdunh :pi de Mubust ?, =?;5, Suimymnb, mccdipmnogh jy kos erognh Imnugl Zdimbds, wms rohonb m idtdr vgkoclg dn m kobkwmy on Cgju. Rkolg turnonb lget mt m ùnctodn, Suimymnb wms vodlgntly kot jy m spgghonb jus hrovgn jy Vgstmnd. Suimymnb mnh kos cdipmnodn hogh hug td tkg mccohgnt. Xkg kgors de Suimymnb eolgh m covol mctodn mbmonst Vgstmnd mnh Igtrd Cgju Jus Cdipmny, Cdipmny, tkg dwngr de tkg Jus hrovgn jy Vgstmnd. M wotngss nmigh Ngos mccdunts tkmt jgedrg Suimymnb turngh lget, tkg edrigr kmh rmosgh kos lget mri ms m sobnml jut wms run dvgr jy tkg jus mnh wms tkrdwn =8 igtgrs mwmy. Vgstmnd mllgbgs tkg voctois wgrg ngblobgnt jgcmusg =7-:6 igtgrs mwmy, kg kmh mlrgmhy jldwn tkg jus‟ kdrn jus‟ kdrn mnh gvgn jlgw ot m sgcdnh toig wkgn kg bdt ngmr jut cdulh dnly stgp dn tkg jrmag metgr tkg jus kmh koh tkg idtdr vgkoclg. Igtrd Cgju cdntgnhs tkmt tkgy gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg supgrvosodn mnh sglgctodn de gipldyggs. ZXC mnh CM kglh Vgstmnd lomjlg mnh mlsd kglh Igtrd Cgju Jus lomjlg edr ngblobgncg.Xkg CM meeorigh rgspdnhgnt's lomjoloty edr tkg mccohgnt mnh edr Suimymnb's hgmtk. Vgstmýd wms ngblobgnt wkgn kg trogh td dvgrtmag tkg voctoi's idtdrcyclg mt tkg Xmjmbdn ùnctodn. Xkg CM dpongh tkmt Igtrd Cgju kmh skdwn lmxoty on tkg cdnhuct de ots dpgrmtodns mnh on tkg supgrvosodn de ots gipldyggs. Jy mlldwonb tkg jus td ply ots rdutg hgspotg tkg hgegctovg spgghdigtgr, smoh pgtotodngr skdwgh ots onhoeegrgncg tdwmrhs tkg prdpgr imontgnmncg de ots vgkoclgs. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr Vgstmnd mnh Igtrd Cgju skdulh jg kglh lomjlg. Hgcosodn

_gs. Xkg SC rulgh r ulgh tkmt tkgy edunh nd cdbgnt rgmsdn td rgvgrsg dr idhoey tkgor emctuml eonhonbs. Xkg CM mbrggh wotk tkg troml cdurt tkmt tkg vgkoculmr cdllosodn wms cmusgh jy Vgstmýd's ngblobgncg wkgn kg mttgiptgh td dvgrtmag tkg idtdrcyclg. Ms m prdegssodnml hrovgr dpgrmtonb m pujloc trmnspdrt jus, kg skdulh kmvg mntocopmtgh tkmt dvgrtmaonb mt m ùnctodn wms m pgroldus imnguvgr mnh skdulh tkus kmvg gxgrcosgh gxtrgig cmutodn. Emctuml eonhonbs de tkg CM meeorionb tkdsg de tkg troml cdurt mrg cdnclusovg mnh jonhonb dn tkos Cdurt. Ms td Igtrd Cgju, unhgr Mrtoclgs :=;6 mnh :=25 de tkg Covol Cdhg, dwngrs mnh imnmbgrs mrg rgspdnsojlg edr hmimbgs cmusgh jy tkgor gipldyggs. Rkgn mn onùry os cmusgh jy tkg ngblobgncg de m sgrvmnt dr mn gipldygg, tkg imstgr dr gipldygr os prgsuigh td jg ngblobgnt gotkgr on tkg sglgctodn dr on tkg supgrvosodn de tkmt gipldygg. Xkos prgsuiptodn imy jg dvgrcdig dnly jy smtosemctdroly skdwonb tkmt tkg gipldygr gxgrcosgh tkg cmrg mnh tkg holobgncg de m bddh emtkgr de m emioly on tkg sglgctodn mnh tkg supgrvosodn de ots gipldygg. ; Xkg CM smoh tkmt mlldwonb Vgstmýd td ply kos rdutg wotk m hgegctovg spgghdigtgr skdwgh lmxoty dn tkg pmrt de Igtrd Cgju on tkg dpgrmtodn de ots jusongss mnh on tkg supgrvosodn de ots gipldyggs. Xkg ngblobgncg mlluhgh td kgrg os on ots supgrvosodn dvgr ots hrovgr, ndt on tkmt wkock horgctly cmusgh tkg mccohgnt. Xkg emct tkmt Vgstmýd wms mjlg td usg m jus wotk m emulty spgghdigtgr skdws tkmt Igtrd Cgju wms rgioss on tkg supgrvosodn de ots gipldyggs mnh on tkg prdpgr cmrg de ots vgkoclgs. Ot kmh tkus emolgh td cdnhuct ots jusongss wotk tkg holobgncg rgquorgh jy lmw.


:=

Luhd v. Cdurt de Mppgmls, Emcts0

Vgtotodngr Luhd & Luyi Cdrpdrmtodn os m hdigstoc cdrpdrmtodn gnbmbgh on tkg jusongss de cdprm prdcgssonb. Dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, kmnh, provmtg provmtg rgspdnhgnt rgspdnhgnt Bmjosmn Bmjosmn Skopponb Skopponb Longs wms wms tkg tkg rgbostgrgh dwngr mnh dpgrmtdr de tkg idtdr vgssgl IUIobuglm. Xkg cmptmon de tkg smoh vgssgl os tkg dtkgr provmtg rgspdnhgnt nmigh Mnsglid Dlmsoimn. Vgtotodngr dwns mnh dpgrmtgs m provmtg wkmre usgh jy vgssgls edr ldmhonb mnh unldmhonb de cdprm mnh dtkgr prdcgssgh prdhucts. Egnhgr polg clustgrs edr hdcaonb mnh iddronb mrg midnb ots wkmre‟s emcolotogs. Xkg IU Iobuglm cmig td hdca mt pgtotodngr‟s wkmre dn Imy :=, =??6. IU Iobuglm hoh ndt sldw hdwn wkolg tkg pgtotodngr‟s sgcuroty bumrh wms pullonb tkg job rdpg td jg togh td tkg jdlmr mnh metgr tkg buohg wms tkrdwn erdi tkg vgssgl. Xkg vgssgl‟s mnckdr wms ndt rglgmsgh jy ots crgw. c rgw. Jgcmusg de tkmt, m egnhgr polg clustgr wms rmiigh mnh hgstrdygh. Xkg polg clustgr wms hosonclongh ms wgll ms hgedrigh tkg cmjlg worgs wrmppgh mrdunh ot hug td tkg oipmct. Xkus, hmimbgs wgrg hgimnhgh jy pgtotodngr wkock wms rgeusgh jy provmtg rgspdnhgnts. Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt hgnogh tkg oncohgnt mnh hmimbgs mnh tkgor wotngssgs clmoigh tkmt tkg hmimbg, oe mny, iust kmvg dccurrgh prodr td tkgor mrrovml mnh cmusgh jy mndtkgr vgssgl dr jy drhonmry wgmr mnh tgmr. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr Bmjosmn Skopponb Longs, tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnt, wms lomjlg edr hmimbgs Hgcosodn0

_gs. Rkgrg tkg tkonb wkock cmusgs onùry os skdwn td jg unhgr tkg imnmbgignt de tkg hgegnhmnt, mnh tkg mccohgnt os suck ms on tkg drhonmry cdursg de tkonbs hdgs ndt kmppgn oe tkdsg wkd kmvg tkg imnmbgignt usg prdpgr cmrg, ot meedrhs rgmsdnmjlg gvohgncg, on tkg mjsgncg de mn gxplmnmtodn jy tkg hgegnhmnt, tkmt tkg mccohgnt mrdsg erdi wmnt de cmrg. Xkg hdctrong de rgs opsm ldquotur os mpplocmjlg on tkos cmsg. Suck hdctrong gnuncomtgs tkmt pmrtogs imy gstmjlosk proim emcog ngblobgncg wotkdut horgct prdde mnh mlldws tkg proncoplg td sujstotutg edr spgcoeoc prdde de ngblobgncg. Xkos os onvdagh wkgn unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs, horgct gvohgncg os mjsgnt mnh ndt r gmholy mvmolmjlg. Xkg Cdurt rulgh tkmt IU Iobuglm wms unhgr tkg gxclusovg cdntrdl de ots deeocgrs mnh crgw mt tkg toig tkg oncohgnt tdda plmcg. Ms tkg deeocgrs mnh crgw imnguvgrgh tkg vgssgl td ots jgrtkonb plmcg, pgtotodngr hoh ndt kmvg horgct gvohgncg dn wkmt trmnsporgh wotkon. On mhhotodn, provmtg rgspdnhgnt hoh ndt skdw pgrsumsovgly dtkgr pdssojlg cmusgs de tkg hmimbg msohg erdi tkg tgstoidny tkmt IU Iobuglm cdllohgh wotk tkg clustgr polg. Xkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts emolgh td dvgrcdig tkg gxostgncg de prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg mbmonst tkgi. On emct, m tmnbojlg prdde wms prgsgntgh jy pgtotodngr tkmt prdvgh tkg ngblobgncg de provmtg rgspdnhgnts. Ms tgstoeogh jy Cmpt. Dlmsoimn, erdi cdiimnh de “sldw mkgmh’ td “stdp gnbong’, tkg vgssgl woll stoll trmvgl =66 igtgrs jgedrg ot eonmlly stdps. Kdwgvgr, kg drhgrgh “stdp gnbong’ wkgn tkg vgssgl wms dnly 76 igtgrs erdi tkg pogr. Eurtkgr, kg tgstoeogh tkmt jgedrg tkg vgssgl os put td sldw mstgrn, tkg gnbong kms td jg rgstmrtgh. Kdwgvgr, Dlmsoimn cmn ndt gstoimtg kdw ldnb ot tmags jgedrg tkg gnbong bdgs td sldw mstgrn metgr tkg gnbong os rgstmrtgh. Erdi tkgsg hgclmrmtodns, tkg cdnclusodn os tkmt ot wms mlrgmhy tdd lmtg wkgn tkg cmptmon drhgrgh rgvgrsg. Jy tkgn, tkg vgssgl wms dnly 8 igtgrs erdi tkg pogr, mnh tkgrgedrg rmiigh ot. MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

::

Vkoloppong Zmjjot v. Ontgrighomtg Mppgllmtg Cdurt, Emcts0

Mjdut ==066 mi dn Hgcgijgr :8, =?55, Cmtmlonm mnh Cmrohmh Vmscum, Mhglmohm Gstdid, gt.ml, jdmrhgh tkg `ggpngy dwngh jy spdusgs Osohrd Imnbung mnh Buollgrid Cmrrgdn mnh hrovgn jy Xrmnquolond Imnmld mt Hmu, Imjmlmcmt, Vmipmnbm, jdunh edr Cmrign, Zdsmlgs Vmnbmsonmn td spgnh Ckrostims mt tkgor rgspgctovg kdigs. Wpdn rgmckonb Jmrrod Sonmydnmn on Xmrlmc, tkg robkt rgmr wkggl de tkg `ggpngy wms hgtmckgh, sd ot wms runnonb on mn unjmlmncgh pdsotodn. Imnmld stgppgh dn tkg jrmag, ms m rgsult de wkock, tkg `ggpngy wkock wms tkgn runnonb dn gmstgrn lmng imhg m W-turn, onvmhonb mnh gvgntumlly stdpponb dn tkg wgstgrn lmng de tkg kobkwmy. Xkg Vkol. Zmjjot Jus juipgh erdi jgkonh tkg robkt rgmr pdrtodn de tkg `ggpngy. Ms m rgsult, 3 pmssgnbgrs de tkg `ggpngy (Cmtmlonm Vmscum, Grlonhm Igromlgs, mnh Mhglmohm Gstdid) hogh wkolg dtkgr `ggpngy pmssgnbgrs sustmongh pkysocml pkysocml onùrogs. Rkmt cdulh kmvg jggn m egstovg Ckrostims turngh dut td jg trmboc. Covol cmsg edr rgcdvgry de hmimbgs wms sujsgqugntly eolgh mnh rgnhgrgh hgcosodn ms

edlldws tkmt emvdrgh tkg plmontoees edr hmimbgs, mnh hgcosodn edr crdss clmoi cmsg drhgronb drhgronb Imnbung gt gt ml. td pmy crdss-clmoimnt Vkoloppong Zmjjot edr edr ldss oncdig mnh rgpmors de tkg jus. Dn mppgml td CM rgbmrhonb tkg hgcosodn de mwmrhonb hmimbgs td Vkoloppong Zmjjot, CM rgvgrsgh tkg CEO rulonb mnh rgnhgrgh mndtkgr hgcosodn drhgronb Vkoloppong Zmjjot mnh Hglds Zgygs td pmy Vmscum gt ml edr tkg onùrogs mnh hgmtk sueegrgh jy tkg voctois. Ossug0

Rkgtkgr tkg CM os cdrrgct on kdlhonb Vkoloppong Zmjjot Jus Longs mnh Xdims Hglds Zgygs covolly lomjlg td hmimbgs hug td hgmtk mnh onùrogs sueegrgh jy tkg voctois Hgcosodn

ND. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt rulgh tkmt tkg tkg CM grrgh on ots hgcosodn. hgcosodn. Xkg Cdurt rulgh tkmt CM iosmpplogh tkg hdctrong wkgrg ot smoh tkmt tkg hdctrong de lmst ckmncg os jgtwggn tkg dwngrs de tkg twd cdllohonb vgkoclg. Xkg cmsg os jmsgh dn cdntrmctuml djlobmtodns de tkg cmrrogr mnh ots pmssgnbgrs. Xkg Cdurt eonhs tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg mccohgnt wms tkg ngblobgncg de Imnmld mnh spdusgs Imnbung mnh Cmrrgdn. Xkgy mll emolgh td gxgrcosg tkg prgcmutodns tkmt mrg ngghgh. On culpm cdntrmctuml, tkg idignt m pmssgnbgr hogs dr os onùrgh, tkg cmrrogr os prgsuigh td kmvg jggn mt emult dr td kmvg mctgh ngblobgntly, mnh tkos hosputmjlg prgsuiptodn imy dnly jg dvgrcdig jy gvohgncg tkmt kg kmh djsgrvgh gxtrm-drhonmry holobgncg ms prgscrojgh on Mrtoclgs =233, =277 mnh =275 de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg : dr tkmt tkg hgmtk dr onùry de tkg pmssgnbgr wms hug td m edrtuotdus gvgnt. Kdwgvgr, Kdwgvgr, ots rulonb r ulonb tkmt spdusgs Imnbung mnh Cmrrgdn mrg `dontly mnh sgvgrmlly lomjlg wotk Imnmld os grrdngdus Xkg hrovgr cmnndt jg kglh `dontly mnh sgvgrmlly lomjlg wotk tkg cmrrogr on cmsg de jrgmck de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Xkg rmtodnmlg jgkonh tkos os rgmholy hoscgrnojlg. Eorstly, tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg os jgtwggn tkg cmrrogr mnh tkg pmssgnbgr, mnh on tkg gvgnt de cdntrmctuml lomjoloty, lomjoloty, tkg cmrrogr os gxclusovgly rgspdnsojlg tkgrgedrg td tkg pmssgnbgr, gvgn oe suck jrgmck jg hug td tkg ngblobgncg de kos hrovgr. On dtkgr wdrhs, tkg cmrrogr cmn ngotkgr skoet kos lomjoloty dn tkg cdntrmct td kos hrovgr ndr skmrg ot wotk koi, edr kos hrovgr's ngblobgncg os kos. Sgcdnhly, oe Rg imag tkg hrovgr `dontly mnh sgvgrmlly lomjlg wotk tkg cmrrogr, tkmt wdulh imag tkg cmrrogr's lomjoloty pgrsdnml onstgmh de igrgly vocmrodus mnh cdnsgqugntly, gntotlgh td rgcdvgr dnly tkg skmrg wkock cdrrgspdnhs td tkg hrovgr, 7 cdntrmhoctdry td tkg gxplocot prdvosodn de Mrtoclg Mrtoclg :=;= de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg. MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

:3

@untollm v. Edntmnmr Emcts0

Zdjgrtd @untollm wms m pmssgnbgr de tkg `ggpngy hrovgn jy Jgredl Cmidrd erdi Hmnmd Coty td Cgju Coty. Xkg `ggpngy wms rgbostgrgh unhgr tkg ermnckosg de Clgigntg Edntmnmr, jut ot wms mctumlly dwngh jy Egrnmnhd Jmnzdn. Rkgn tkg `ggpngy rgmckgh Imnhmug Coty, tkg robkt rgmr torg gxpldhgh cmusonb tkg vgkoclg td turn turtlg. turtlg. Zdjgrtd @untollm, sottonb sottonb mt tkg erdnt sgmt wms tkrdwn dut de tkg vgkoclg. Wpdn lmnhonb dn tkg brdunh, kg idigntmroly ldst ldst cdnscodusngss. Rkgn kg cmig td kos sgnsgs, kg edunh tkmt kg kg kmh m lmcgrmtgh wdunh dn kos robkt pmli. pmli. Kg mlsd onùrgh kos lget mri, robkt tkobk mnh dn kos jmca. Jgcmusg de kos skdca mnh onùrogs, kg wgnt jmca td Hmnmd Coty jut dn tkg wmy, wmy, kg hoscdvgrgh tkmt kos "Digbm" " Digbm" wrost wmtck wdrtk V ;7:.26 wms ldst. Wpdn kos mrrovml on Hmnmd Coty, kg oiighomtgly gntgrgh tkg Hmnmd Coty Kdspotml td mttgnh td kos onùrogs, mnh mlsd rgqugstgh kos emtkgr-on-lmw td prdcggh oiighomtgly td tkg plmcg de tkg mccohgnt mnh ldda edr tkg wmtck. Zdjgrtd @untollm eolgh edr jrgmck de cdntrmct wotk hmimbgs OSSWG0

Rkgtkgr tkgrg os m edrtuotdus gvgnt on tkg cmsg. KGLH0

ND. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt m torg-jldw dut cmnndt jg cdnsohgrgh m edrtuotdus edrtuotdus gvgnt wkgn ot os cduplgh wotk ngblobgncg. Xkg spgcoeoc corcuistmncgs iust jg tmagn ontd mccdunt jgedrg ot os clmssoeogh ms m edrtuotdus gvgnt tkmt woll rglogvg cmrrogrs de lomjoloty. Xkg Cdurt rulgh tkmt tkg mccohgnt wms cmusgh gotkgr tkrdubk tkg ngblobgncg de tkg hrovgr dr jgcmusg de igckmnocml hgegcts on tkg torg. On tkg cmsg mt jmr, tkgrg mrg spgcoeoc mcts de ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de tkg rgspdnhgnts. Xkg rgcdrhs skdw tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy turngh turtlg mnh ùipgh ontd m hotck oiighomtgly metgr ots robkt rgmr torg gxpldhgh. Xkg gvohgncg skdws tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy wms runnonb mt m vgry emst spggh jgedrg tkg mccohgnt. Rg mbrgg wotk tkg djsgrvmtodn de tkg pgtotodngr tkmt m pujloc utoloty `ggp runnonb mt m rgbulmr mnh smeg spggh woll ndt ùip ontd m hotck wkgn ots robkt rgmr torg jldws up. Xkgrg os mlsd gvohgncg td skdw tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy wms dvgrldmhgh dvgrldmhgh mt tkg toig de tkg mccohgnt. mccohgnt. Xkg pgtotodngr stmtgh stmtgh tkmt tkgrg wgrg tkrgg (3) pmssgnbgrs on tkg erdnt sgmt mnh edurtggn (=8) pmssgnbgrs on tkg rgmr. Rkolg ot imy jg trug tkmt tkg torg tkmt jlgw-up wms stoll bddh jgcmusg tkg brddvgs de tkg torg wgrg stoll vosojlg, tkos emct mldng hdgs ndt imag tkg gxpldsodn de tkg torg m edrtuotdus gvgnt. Nd gvohgncg wms prgsgntgh td skdw tkmt tkg mccohgnt wms hug td mhvgrsg rdmh cdnhotodns dr tkmt prgcmutodns wgrg tmagn jy tkg `ggpngy hrovgr td cdipgnsmtg edr mny cdnhotodns lomjlg td cmusg mccohgnts. Xkg suhhgn jldwonb-up, tkgrgedrg, cdulh kmvg jggn cmusgh jy tdd iuck mor prgssurg on`gctgh ontd tkg torg cduplgh jy tkg emct tkmt tkg `ggpngy wms dvgrldmhgh mnh spgghonb mt tkg toig de tkg mccohgnt.


:8

Smturnond JM_MSGN v CM EMCXS0

Dn tkg idrnonb de Mubust =7, =?53, Hr. Smturnond Jmymsgn, tkg Zurml Kgmltk Vkysocomn on Smbmhm, Iduntmon Vrdvoncg, wgnt td jmrrod Mijmsonb td vosot m pmtognt. Xwd nursgs erdi tkg Smont Xkgdhdrg's Kdspotml on Smbmhm, nmigly1 Glgnm Mwockgn (hgcgmsgh) mnh Hdldrgs Jmlcotm, mccdipmnogh koi td smoh vosot. Xkg trod rdhg m `ggp mssobngh edr tkg usg de tkg Zurml Kgmltk Wnot. Xkg smoh `ggp wms hrovgn jy tkg mccusgh-mppgllmnt Hr. Jmymsgn. Sujsgqugntly, mt Mijmsonb, metgr tkgy vosotgh tkg pmtognt, tkg twd nursgs wkd wmntgh td bmtkgr eldwgrs, msagh oe Hr. Jmymsgn cdulh hrovg tkgi td m cgrtmon plmcg dn tkg wmy td jmrrod Suyd, wkock Jmymsgn mlsd ontgnhgh td vosot. Rkolg hrovonb td tkg smoh plmcg, tkg `ggp wgnt dvgr m cloee. Xkg `ggp tkus egll ; eggt dee tkg rdmh, mnh wms jldcagh jy m pong trgg. Xkos cdllosodn cdllosodn cmusgh tkg pmssgnbgrs pmssgnbgrs td jg tkrdwn dut de tkg `ggp. Lmtgr dn, Glgnm Mwockgn‟s Mwockgn‟s jdhy wms edunh lyonb on m crgga eurtkgr jgldw. Midnb dtkgr onùrogs, skg sueegrgh m saull ermcturg, wkock cmusgh kgr hgmtk. Jmymsgn wms tkgrgmetgr ckmrbgh wotk Kdiocohg tkrdubk rgcalgss oipruhgncg. Xkg CEO de Iduntmon Vrdvoncg cdnvoctgh Jmymsgn, rmtodconmtonb tkmt tkg unedrtunmtg mccohgnt wms hug td kos ngblobgncg on hrovonb mt mn unrgmsdnmjlg spggh dn m nmrrdw mnh sloppgry rdmh. Xkg CM meeorigh tkg CEO‟s hgcosodn. Kgncg tkos mppgml. On tkg onstmnt pgtotodn, mccusgh-mppgllmnt cdntgnhs tkmt tkgrg gxost ndt m scontollm de gvohgncg tkmt pdont td kos mllgbgh ngblobgncg edr hrovonb mt mn unrgmsdnmjlg spggh. OSSWG0

Rkgtkgr mccusgh-mppgllmnt cmn jg cdnsohgrgh ngblobgnt, edr mllgbghly hrovonb mt unrgmsdnmjlg spggh4 KGLH0

ND, tkg mccusgh-mppgllmnt cmnndt jg cdnsohgrgh ngblobgnt edr hrovonb mt unrgmsdnmjlg spggh. Eorst, m soiplg pgrusml de tkg cmsg rgcdrhs rgvgmls nd gvohgncg td suppdrt smoh mllgbmtodn. ]uotg tkg cdntrmry, tkg prdsgcutodn‟s stmr wotngss Hdldrgs Jmlcotm‟s tgstoidny, prdvgs tkg dppdsotg. Rkgn msagh jy tkg Cdurt dn wkgtkgr tkg mccusgh-mppgllmnt hrdvg mt m kobk spggh, Hdldrgs mnswgrgh tkmt Jmymsgn hrdvg mt idhgrmtg spggh. Xkos emct os eurtkgr jdlstgrgh jy tkg eonhonbs de tkg onvgstobmtdrs tkmt tkg wrgcagh `ggp wms edunh td jg mt sgcdnh-bgmr. sgcdnh-bgmr. Kgncg, mccusgh-mppgllmnt cdulh ndt kmvg jggn hrovonb mt kobk spggh soncg tkg `ggp wms dnly mt m ldw bgmr. Sgcdnh, Jmymsgn tgstoeogh tkmt jgedrg rgmckonb tkg pdrtodn de tkg rdmh wkgrg tkg `ggp egll, kg ndtocgh tkmt tkg rgmr wkggl saohhgh, wkolg hrovonb erdi ; td =6 aoldigtgrs pgr kdur1 tkmt ms m prgcmutodnmry igmsurg, kg horgctgh tkg `ggp tdwmrhs tkg sohg de tkg iduntmon. Xkg hgcgmsgh kdwgvgr mccohgntmlly stgppgh dn Jmymsgn‟s robkt eddt, wkock mt tkg toig wms ldcagh mt tkg mccglgrmtdr. Xkg `ggp tkgrgdn egll mt tkg cloee. Xkos tgstoidny wms ndt rgjuttgh jy tkg prdsgcutodn, mnh iust tkgrgedrg jg bovgn crghgncg. Xkos jgonb tkg cmsg, ot iust jg strgssgh tkmt cmrs imy saoh dn brgmsy dr sloppgry rdmhs, ms on tkg onstmnt cmsg, wotkdut emult dn mccdunt de tkg imnngr de kmnhlonb tkg cmr. Saohhonb igmns pmrtoml dr cdiplgtg ldss de cdntrdl de tkg cmr unhgr corcuistmncgs ndt ngcgssmroly oiplyonb ngblobgncg. Ot imy dccur wotkdut emult.


:7

Nockdlms CGZUMNXGS v CM mnh Vkoloppong Morlongs Onc. EMCXS0

Dn Imrck =?;?, provmtg rgspdnhgnt Vkoloppong Morlongs Onc. (VML), ossugh on emvdr de pgtotodngr Nockdlms Cgrvmntgs, m rdunh-trop plmng tocagt edr Imnolm-Kdndlulu-Lds Imnolm-Kdndlulu-Lds Mnbglgs-Kdndlulu-Imnolm Mnbglgs-Kdndlulu-Imnolm trop. Smoh tocagt gxprgssly prdvohgs tkmt tkg smig woll jg vmloh erdi hmtg de ossumncg edr m pgrodh de dng ygmr dr up td Imrck :2 =??6. Edur hmys jgedrg tkg medrgigntodngh gxpory hmtg, dr dn Imrck :3, =??6, Cgrvmntgs hgcohgh td utolozg tkg tocagt mnh tkus trmvgllgh td Lds Mnbglgs. Wpdn kos mrrovml on Lds Mnbglgs, Cgrvmntgs oiighomtgly jddagh kos rgturn elobkt td Imnolm, mnh wms cdneorigh jy tkg VML mttgnhmnts td jg sckghulgh dn Mprol : =??6. Wpdn andwonb kdwgvgr tkmt tkg smoh elobkt dn Mprol : wdulh drobonmtg erdi Smn Ermncoscd, pgtotodngr rgqugstgh tkmt kg jg mlldwgh td jdmrh tkg plmng on Smn Ermncoscd. Xkos rgqugst wms brmntgh. Sujsgqugntly kdwgvgr, wkgn Cgrvmntgs ckgcagh-on edr kos rgturn elobkt dn : Mprol, tkg mttgnhonb VML gipldyggs mt Smn Ermncoscd Morpdrt hoh ndw mlldw Cgrvmntgs td jdmrh tkg plmng, ndtonb tkmt tkg tocagt gxporgh dn Imrck :2. Mbbrogvgh, Cgrvmntgs eolgh wotk tkg ZXC de Surobmd Coty m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs. Kg cdntgnhgh tkmt tkg tocagt kms ndt gxporgh soncg tkg VML mttgnhmnts mt Lds Mnbglgs Morpdrt, wkd cdneorigh kos Mprol : elobkt, kms geegctovgly gxtgnhgh dr wmovgh tkg gxpory hmtg de tkg tocagt erdi Imrck :2 td Mprol :. Xkg ZXC kdwgvgr rulgh mbmonst Cgrvmntgs, rmtodconmtonb midnb dtkgrs tkmt, tkg VML gipldyggs kmh nd mutkdroty td gxtgnh tkg loeg de Cgrvmntgs‟ tocagt. Xkg CM meeorigh smoh hgcosodn. Kgncg tkos pgtotodn. OSSWGS0

=. Rkgtkgr tkg VML mttgnhmnts mt Lds Mnbglgs Morpdrt geegctovgly gxtgnhgh tkg pgrodh de vmlohoty de pgtotodngr‟s tocagt. :. Rkgtkgr tkg mpprgcomtodn de tkg hgegnsg de Lmca de Mutkdroty jy VML‟s gipldyggs wms prdpgrly rulgh updn jy tkg Cdurt jgldw. 3. Rkgtkgr tkg hgnoml de tkg mwmrh de hmimbgs wms prdpgr. KGLH0

=. Xkg mctodns de VML gipldyggs on cdneorionb pgtotodngr‟s Mprol : elobkt hoh ndt gxtgnh tkg pgrodh de vmlohoty de pgtotodngr‟s tocagt. Onmsiuck ms tkg tocagt cdnstotutgs tkg mbrggignt dr cdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn pgtotodngr mnh VML, tkgn tkg tocagt iust jg cdnsohgrgh tkg Lmw jgtwggn tkgi. Wnhgr pmr. ; de tkg cdnhotodns lmoh hdwn on smoh cdntrmct, tkg tocagt os vmloh erdi hmtg de ossumncg (Imrck :2, =?;?) edr m pgrodh de dng ygmr, dr untol Imrck :2, =??6. Ngghlgss de eurtkgr mnmlysos, tkg tocagt wms unqugstodnmjly gxporgh mt tkg toig de pgtotodngr‟s rgturn elobkt (Mprol :, =??6). Xkg VML gipldyggs‟ mct de cdneorionb pgtotodngr‟s Mprol : elobkt cdulh ndt kmvg onvmlohmtgh tkg clgmr mnh gxprgss prdvosodns de tkg tocagt. Xkg VML mttgnhmnts wgrg unmutkdrozgh mbgnts. Xkos emct os onhosputmjly andwn td tkg pgtotodngr, gvohgncgh jy kos rgpgmtgh onquorogs wotk tkg VML lgbml hgpmrtignt hmys jgedrg kos elobkt, wkd tkgn onedrigh koi tkmt m rgqugst edr gxtgnsodn cmn dnly jg prdpgrly cdursgh mnh mpprdvgh wotk tkg lgbml hgpmrtignt.

:. Wnhgr Mrt. =?;? de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg, tkg mcts de tkg mbgnt jgydnh kos mutkdroty hd ndt jonh tkg proncopml, unlgss tkg lmttgr rmtoeogs tkg smig gxprgssly dr oiploghly. Eurtkgridrg, wkgn wkgn tkg tkorh pgrsdn (pgtotodngr kgrgon) andws tkmt tkg mbgnt wms mctonb jgydnh kos mutkdroty, tkg proncopml cmnndt jg kglh lomjlg edr tkg mcts de tkg mbgnt. Oe smoh tkorh pgrsdn os mwmrg de suck loiots de mutkdroty, tkgn kg os td jlmig, mnh os ndt gntotlgh td rgcdvgr hmimbgs erdi tkg proncopml MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

:5

ndr tkg mbgnt, unlgss tkg lmttgr unhgrtdda td sgcurg tkg proncopml's rmtoeocmtodn. Xkg emct tkmt tkos hgegnsg wms ndt ontgrpdsgh jy VML on ots onotoml plgmhonbs ms rgquorgh unhgr Zulg ? de tkg Zulgs de Cdurt, hdgs ndt ngcgssmroly oiply tkmt tkos hgegnsg cmnndt jg mvmolgh. Ot os sueeocognt tkmt tkos ossug wms suj`gct td lotobmtodn mnh wms tkgrgupdn ontrdhucgh on Cdurt. 3. Lmstly, tkg rgeusml de tkg Cdurts jgldw td mwmrh hmimbgs td tkg pgtotodngr os prdpgr. Ndt dnly hoh pgtotodngr emol td prdvg jmh emotk dn tkg pmrt de VML, jut kg loagwosg gvohgntly rgvgmlgh td tkg wkdlg wdrlh kos cunnonb imckonmtodns. Vgtotodngr angw tkmt tkg pgrodh de vmlohoty de kos tocagt cmn dnly jg gxtgnhgh oe m rgqugst td gxtgnh os cdursgh tkrdubk mnh m pprdvgh m pprdvgh jy VML‟s lgbml hgpmrtignt. Ndtwotkstmnhonb, mnh wotk ontgntodn td corcuivgnt tkos prdcghurg, pgtotodngr sgcurgh mn onvmloh gxtgnsodn jy m igrg VML mttgnhmnt wkd kmh nd andwlghbg wkmtsdgvgr de suck lgbmlotogs. Xkos os unmccgptmjlg.


:2

Uocgntg CMLMLMS v CM, Glozm Sunbm, mnh Ermncoscd Smlvm EMCXS0

Dn Mubust :3, =?;?, Glozm Sunbm, m ergskimn on Soloimn Wnovgrsoty rdhg m `ggpngy dwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy kgrgon pgtotodngr Uocgntg Cmlmlms. Xkg `ggpngy wms eollgh td cmpmcoty de :8 pmssgnbgrs. Ms suck, Sunbm wms bovgn m wddhgn stddl plmcgh mt tkg rgmr gnh de tkg `ggpngy ms mn gxtgnsodn sgmt. Dn tkg wmy td Vdjlmcodn Sojulmn, tkg `ggpngy stdppgh jy tkg rdmh td lgt m pmssgnbgr dee. Rkolg tkg pmssgnbgr wms mlobktonb, mn Osuzu truca dwngh jy kgrgon provmtg rgspdnhgnt Ermncoscd Smlvm, rmiigh tkg lget rgmr de tkg `ggpngy. `ggpngy. Xkg oncohgnt rgsultgh td iultoplg onùrogs td Glozm Sunbm, oncluhonb m ermcturg de Sunbm‟s robkt lgb. Kgr onùrogs cmusgh Sunbm td jg cdneongh erdi Mubust :3 td Sgptgijgr 2, mnh loagwosg rgquorgh kgr td utolozg crutckgs edr m pgrodh de tkrgg idntks. Sujsgqugntly, Sunbm eolgh m cdiplmont edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg mbmonst kgrgon pgtotodngr edr emolonb td djsgrvg hug holobgncg rgquorgh de koi ms m cdiidn cmrrogr. Cdncurrgntly, Cmlmlms eolgh m tkorh-pmrty cdiplmont edr qumso-hgloct mbmonst tkg dwngr de tkg Osuzu truca, Ermncoscd Smlvm. Rotk twd soiultmngdus cdiplmonts mrosonb erdi m sonblg oncohgnt, tkg ZXC de Huimbugtg Coty rgsdlvgh td mjsdlvg Cmlmlms erdi mny lomjoloty mnh hgclmrgh Ermncoscd Smlvm, tkg dwngr de tkg Osuzu truca, ms tkg deegnhgr. Wpdn mppgml, tkg CM rgvgrsgh tkg ZXC‟s hgcosodn, rulonb midnb dtkgrs tkmt Sunbm‟s cdiplmont mbmonst Cmlmlms edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg iust jg cdnsohgrgh sgpmrmtgly erdi Cmlmlms‟ tkorh-pmrty tkorh-pmrty cdiplmont mbmonst Smlvm jmsgh dn qumso-hgloct. Ms suck, Smlvm cmnndt jg kglh lomjlg on tkg eorst cmsg wkgrg kg os ndt gvgn m pmrty. Cmlmlms tkus mppgmlgh td tkg SC, cdntgnhonb midnb dtkgrs tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg mccohgnt os ndt ngblobgncg dn kos pmrt ms m cdiidn cmrrogr, jut tkg rgcalgssngss de tkg hrovgr de tkg Osuzu truca. OSSWGS0

=. Skdulh tkg pgtotodns jg cdnsohgrgh sgpmrmtgly4 :. Iust Cmlmlms jg mjsdlvgh de mny lomjoloty dn tkg mllgbgh brdunh tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg mccohgnt wms tkg rgcalgssngss de tkg hrovgr de tkg Osuzu truca mnh ndt kos ngblobgncg4 KGLH0

=.

Xkg cdiplmonts iust jg cdnsohgrgh sgpmrmtgly. Xkg emct tkmt tkg mccohgnt wms onhggh ultoimtgly cmusgh jy tkg truca hrovgr‟s rgcalgssngss, ms wms prdpgrly prdnduncgh jy tkg Cdurts jgldw, hdgs ndt ngcgssmroly onsulmtg Cmlmlms erdi lomjoloty jmsgh dn m jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Xkg cmsg jgtwggn Sunbm mnh Cmlmlms os prgiosgh dn Cmlmlms‟ ngblobgncg ms m cdiidn cmrrogr (culpm cdntrmctuml), wkolg tkg cmsg jgtwggn Cmlmlms mnh Smlvm (truca dwngr) os prgiosgh dn qumso-hgloct (culpm mquolmnm dr culpm gxtrm-cdntrmctuml). On nd wmy tkgrgedrg tkmt m prdnduncgignt on tkg lmttgr mbmonst Smlvm wdulh cdnstotutg rgs ùhocmtm on tkg edrigr.

:. ND, Cmlmlms cmnndt jg mjsdlvgh erdi lomjoloty jmsgh dn m soiplostoc mrbuignt tkmt tkg wkdlg mccohgnt wms cmusgh jy Smlvm. Xkg nmturg de Sunbm‟s cdiplmont mbmonst Cmlmlms os jmsgh dn Cmlmlms‟ emolurg td djsgrvg hug holobgncg ms m cdiidn cmrrogr rgquorgh unhgr Mrt. =233 mnh =277 de tkg Covol cdhg. Xkg emct tkmt tkg truca hrovgr wms on emct ngblobgnt, hdgs ndt ngcgssmroly oiply tkmt tkg `ggpngy hrovgr wms holobgnt. Ot iust jg strgssgh tkmt updn tkg kmppgnonb de tkg mccohgnt, tkg prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg mt dncg mrdsg, mnh ot jgcmig tkg huty de pgtotodngr td prdvg tkmt kg kmh td djsgrvg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg cmrg de kos pmssgnbgrs. Ms suck, tkg tkrgskdlh qugstodn os wkgtkgr Cmlmlms‟ `ggpngy cmrrogh MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

:;

tkg pmssgnbgrs smegly ms emr ms kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cdulh prdvohg usonb tkg utidst holobgncg de vgry cmutodus pgrsdns, wotk hug rgbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncgs (Mrt. =277). Xkg mnswgr td tkos qugstodn os m plmon ND. Eorst , ms edunh jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls, tkg `ggpngy wms ndt prdpgrly pmragh, ots rgmr pdrtodn jgonb gxpdsgh mjdut twd igtgrs erdi tkg jrdmh skdulhgrs de tkg kobkwmy, mnh emconb tkg iohhlg de tkg kobkwmy on m hombdnml mnblg. Xkos os m vodlmtodn de tkg Z.M. Nd. 8=35, ms mignhgh, dr tkg Lmnh Xrmnspdrtmtodn mnh Xrmeeoc Cdhg, wkock prdvohgs0

Sgc. 78. Djstructodn de Xrmeeoc . ‘ Nd Nd pgrsdn skmll hrovg kos idtdr vgkoclg on suck m imnngr ms td djstruct dr oipghg tkg pmssmbg de mny vgkoclg, ndr, wkolg hosckmrbonb dr tmaonb dn pmssgnbgrs dr ldmhonb dr unldmhonb ergobkt, djstruct tkg ergg pmssmbg de dtkgr vgkoclgs dn tkg kobkwmy. Sgcdnh , ot os unhosputgh tkmt pgtotodngr's hrovgr tdda on idrg pmssgnbgrs tkmn tkg mlldwgh sgmtonb cmpmcoty de tkg `ggpngy, m vodlmtodn de sgc. 3:(m) de tkg smig lmw. Ot prdvohgs0

Nd pgrsdn dpgrmtonb mny idtdr vgkoclg skmll Gxcgghonb rgbostgrgh cmpmcoty . ‘ Nd mlldw idrg pmssgnbgrs dr idrg ergobkt dr cmrbd on kos vgkoclg tkmn ots rgbostgrgh cmpmcoty. Xkg emct tkmt Sunbm wms sgmtgh on mn gxtgnsodn sgmt plmcgh kgr on m pgrol brgmtgr tkmn tkmt td wkock tkg dtkgr pmssgnbgrs wgrg gxpdsgh. Xkgrgedrg, ndt dnly wms pgtotodngr unmjlg td dvgrcdig tkg prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg ngblobgncg oipdsgh dn koi edr tkg onùry sustmongh jy Sunbm, Sunbm, jut mlsd, tkg gvohgncg skdws kg wms mctumlly ngblobgnt on trmnspdrtonb pmssgnbgrs.


:?

G[CGVXODNS XD VZGSWIVXODN DE NGBLOBGNCG NGBLOBGNCG DZ ONXGNXODNML MSSMWLX J_ CMZZOGZ DZ GIVLD_GG (:)0 Cdrnglom Bollmcd v Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. EMCXS0

Dn tkg idrnonb de Mprol =, =?85 tkg hgcgmsgh (Xdims Bollmcd) jdmrhgh m trmon de kgrgon Vgtotodngr Cdipmny erdi Cmlmijm, Lmbunm td Imnolm. Rkgn tkg trmon mrrovgh mt tkg Vmcd Xrmon Stmtodn on Imnolm, Giolod Hgvgsm, m trmon bumrh de Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd., kmppgngh td jg on tkg smig plmcg. Hgvgsm wms tkgn wmotonb edr tkg smig trmon, wkock wdulh tmag koi td Xutujmn stmtodn, wkgrg kg wms td rgpdrt edr huty. huty. Ms ot kmppgns, Hgvgsm kmh m ldnb-stmnhonb bruhbg mbmonst Bollmcd, hmtonb jmca td tkg @mpmngsg dccupmtodn. Jgcmusg de suck bruhbg, Hgvgsm skdt Bollmcd pdont jlmna, usonb tkg cmrjong eurnoskgh koi jy tkg Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. edr kos usg ms m trmon bumrh. Bollmcd hogh ms m rgsult de tkg bunskdt. Sujsgqugntly, Sujsgqugntly, Hgvgsm wms ckmrbgh mnh cdnvoctgh de kdiocohg, mnh Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. wms, on tkg smig prdcgghonbs, kglh sujsohomroly lomjlg edr hmimbgs edr jgonb Hgvgsm‟s gipldygr. Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. ndw mssmols smoh hgcosod n, mrbuonb midnb dtkgrs tkmt nd lomjoloty mttmckgs td ot ms gipldygr de tkg deegnhgr, jgcmusg tkg deegnsg wms ndt cdiiottgh on tkg gxgrcosg de Hgvgsm‟s eunctodn ms m trmon bumrh. Ndr skdulh Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. jg kglh lomjlg gx cdntrmctu , dr jmsgh dn m jrgmck de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn tkg cdipmny mnh tkg hgcgmsgh, soncg nd ngblobgncg dn pgtotodngr-cdipmny‟s pgtotodngr-cdipmny‟s pmrt wms skdwn. OSSWG0

Skdulh tkg Vgtotodngr Zmolrdmh Cdipmny jg kglh lomjlg edr hmimbgs edr jrgmck de ots rgspdnsojoloty ms m cdiidn cmrrogr4 KGLH0 Xkgrg os nd hdujt tkmt gvgry pmssgnbgr os gntotlgh td prdtgctodn jy tkg cdipmny erdi mny kmri dr vodlgncg jy tkg cmrrogr dr ots mbgnts, soncg tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg djlobmtgs tkg cmrrogr td egrry tkg pmssgnbgrs smegly td tkgor hgstonmtodns. Xko s, td tkg Cdurt‟s ionh os onhosputmjlg. Kdwgvgr, ot iust jg strgssgh tkmt tkos rgspdnsojoloty gxtgnhs dnly td tkdsg tkmt tkg cmrrogr cdulh edrgsgg dr mvdoh, tkrdubk tkg gxgrcosg de m rgmsdnmjlg cmrg mnh holobgncg rgquorgh de ot. Cdiidnly andwn ms Cmsd Edrtuotd (edrtuotdus gvgnt), nd dng skdulh jg kglh lomjlg edr gvgnts wkock cdulh ndt jg edrgsggn dr wkock, gvgn oe edrgsggn, os ongvotmjlg. Ugroly, Hgvgsm‟s mct de skddtonb Bollmcd dut de kmtrgh mnh bruhbg, wms gntorgly unedrgsggmjlg jy tkg Vgtotodngr cdipmny. Xkgrg wms nd igmns edr tkg Cdipmny td andw tkmt dng de ots kunhrghs de gipldyggs kglh bruhbg mbmonst dng de m tkdusmnh pmssgnbgrs ot egrrogs gvgryhmy. Ndr wms tkgrg mny ckmncg tkmt tkg pgtotodngr cdipmny wdulh kmvg tkg slobktgst onalonb tkmt tkg twd idrtml gngiogs wdulh iggt tkmt vgry hmy.

Rkolg tkgrg skdulh jg nd hdujt tkmt m cdiidn cmrrogr os kglh td m vgry kobk hgbrgg de cmrg mnh holobgncg on tkg prdtgctodn de ots pmssgnbgrs, ot iust jg strgssgh tkmt, cdnsohgronb tkg vmst mnh cdiplgx mctovotogs de idhgrn rmol trmnspdrtmtodn, td rgquorg de mppgllmnt tkmt ot skdulh bumrh mbmonst mll pdssojlg iosunhgrstmnhonb jgtwggn gmck mnh gvgry dng de ots gipldyggs mnh gvgry pmssgnbgr tkmt iobkt ckmncg td rohg on ots cdnvgymncgs mt mny toig, stroags us ms hgimnhonb holobgncg jgydnh wkmt kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cmn prdvohg. Clgmrly, tkg onstmnt cmsg os edrtuotdus on nmturg, dng wkock emlls gntorgly dutsohg tkg mijot de pgtotodngr‟s rgspdnsojoloty ms m cdiidn cmrrogr. cm rrogr. VGXOXODN BZMNXGH. VGXOXODNGZ CDIVMN_ MJSDLUGH EZDI LOMJOLOX_.


36

Mntdnom Imrmnmn v Vmscuml Vgrgz Vg rgz EMCXS0 Dn Dctdjgr =;, =?56, Zdbglod Cdrmckgm rdhg m tmxocmj dwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy Vmscuml Vgrgz. Huronb smoh trop, Zdbglod wms stmjjgh mnh aollgh jy tkg cmj hrovgr, Soigdn Umlgnzuglm. Umlgnzuglm wms tkgrgmetgr prdsgcutgh edr kdiocohg on tkg CEO de Jmtmnbms. Hgspotg kos rgpgmtgh plgmhonbs tkmt kg aollgh Zdbglod dnly on sgle-hgegnsg, gvohgncgh jy tkg emct tkmt Zdbglod eorst stmjjgh koi erdi tkg jmca de tkg hrovgr-sgmt, tkg CEO ndngtkglgss edunh Umlgnzuglm buolty de kdiocohg. Vgnhonb mppgml de tkg mjdvg-cmsg mjdvg- cmsg wotk tkg CM, Zdbglod‟s idtkgr Mntdnom Imrmnmn, eolgh mn mctodn td rgcdvgr hmimbgs erdi Umlgnzuglm‟s gipldygr, Vmscuml Vgrgz, edr tkg hgmtk de kgr sdn mnh edr jrgmck de rgspdnsojoloty ms m cdiidn cmrrogr. Xkg CEO edunh tkg suot igrotdrodus mnh tkus mwmrhgh Imrmnmn wotk 3,666 pgsds on hmimbgs. Wpdn mppgml wotk tkg CM, tkg onhginoty wms idhoeogh mnh oncrgmsgh td 5,666 pgsds. Mppgllmnt Vmscuml Vgrgz ndw cdigs td tkg Cdurt qugstodnonb tkg jmsos de tkg ldwgr Cdurts‟ mw mrhonb de hmimbgs. Kg rglogs sdlgly dn tkg hdctrong lmoh hdwn jy tkg Cdurt on Bollmcd v Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd., mssgrtonb on nd cgrtmon tgris tkmt kg iust jg mjsdlvgh erdi lomjoloty jgcmusg tkg meermy wms m cmsd edrtuotd, wkock nd midunt de holobgncg cdulh kmvg prgvgntgh. Mnh idrg oipdrtmntly, tkmt nd ngblobgncg dn kos pmrt ms dwngr-dpgrmtdr wms prdvgn. OSSWGS0 =. Rkgtkgr tkg Bollmcd rulonb mpplogs td tkos cmsg. :. Skdulh Vgrgz jg kglh lomjlg edr jrgmck de rgspdnsojoloty ms m cdiidn cmrrogr4 KGLH0 =. ND, tkg Bollmcd v Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. rulonb cmnndt jg prdpgrly onvdagh on tkos cmsg. Xkg mttgnhmnt corcuistmncgs on tkg Bollmcd cmsg, mnh tkdsg on tkg onstmnt pgtotodn mt jmr, mrg tdtmlly hostonct. On tkg Bollmcd cmsg, tkg pmssgnbgr wms aollgh jy mn gipldygg dutsohg tkg cdursg de huty de tkg buolty gipldygg. Vut ot dtkgrwosg, jdtk voctoi mnh deegnhgr-gipldygg wgrg igrg provmtg pmssgnbgrs de rgpdnhgnt‟s trmon mt tkg toig tkg aollonb wms cdiiottgh. On tkg onstmnt pgtotodn kdwgvgr, Zdbglod wms aollgh jy pgtotodngr‟s gipldygg wkolg gnbmbgh prgcosgly on kos eunctodn ms cmj-hrovgr. On dtkgr wdrhs, tkg aollonb wms pgrpgtrmtgh jy tkg hrovgr de tkg vgry cmj trmnspdrtonb tkg pmssgnbgr, on wkdsg kmnhs tkg cmrrogr kms gntrustgh tkg huty de gxgcutonb tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Eurtkgridrg, tkg Bollmcd cmsg wms hgcohgh unhgr tkg Covol Cdhg de =;??, wkolg tkg onstmnt pgtotodn ndw emlls wotkon tkg prdvosodns de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg.

:.

_GS, Vgrgz iust jg kglh mccduntmjlg de Bollmcd‟s hgmtk edr jrgmck de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Rkolg ot os trug tkmt tkg Mrt. ==67 de tkg Dlh Covol Cdhg dn edrtuotdus gvgnts os sujstmntomlly rgprdhucgh on Mrt. ==28 de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg, tkg smig imy ndt jg onvdagh jy tkg pgtotodngr on tkg imnngr Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. hoh on tkg Bollmcd cmsg. Ot iust jg strgssgh tkmt jdtk mrtoclgs rgidvg erdi tkgor gxgiptonb geegct tkdsg cmsgs wkgrg tkg lmw gxprgssly prdvohgs edr lomjoloty hgspotg tkg dccurrgncg de edrcg im`gurg. im`gurg. Wnloag tkg dlh Covol Cdhg kdwgvgr, tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg gxprgssly imags tkg dwngr lomjlg edr ontgntodnml mssmults cdiiottgh jy ots gipldyggs updn ots pmssgnbgrs, ms wkmt kmppgngh on tkg onstmnt cmsg. Mrt. =27? prdvohgs0 Cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de dr onùrogs td pmssgnbgrs tkrdubk tkg ngblobgncg dr wolleul mcts de tkg edrigr's gipldyggs, mltkdubk suck gipldyggs imy kmvg mctgh jgydnh tkg scdpg de tkgor mutkdroty dr on vodlmtodn de tkg drhgrs de tkg cdiidn cmrrogrs


3=

Xkg Covol Cdhg prdvosodns dn tkg suj`gct de Cdiidn Cmrrogrs mrg ngw mnh wgrg tmagn erdi Mnbld-Migrocmn Lmw. Xkgrg, tkg jmsos de tkg cmrrogr's lomjoloty edr mssmults dn pmssgnbgrs cdiiottgh jy ots hrovgrs rgsts gotkgr dn (=) tkg hdctrong de rgspdnhgmt supgrodr dr (:) tkg proncoplg tkmt ot os tkg cmrrogr's oiplogh huty td trmnspdrt tkg pmssgnbgr smegly. Wnhgr tkg eorst, wkock os tkg iondroty vogw, tkg cmrrogr os lomjlg dnly wkgn tkg mct de tkg gipldygg os wotkon tkg scdpg de kos mutkdroty mnh huty. Ot os ndt sueeocognt tkmt tkg mct jg wotkon tkg cdursg de gipldyignt dnly. Wnhgr tkg sgcdnh vogw, upkglh jy tkg im`droty, ot os gndubk tkmt tkg mssmult kmppgns wotkon tkg cdursg de tkg gipldygg's huty. Ot os nd hgegnsg edr tkg cmrrogr tkmt tkg mct wms hdng on gxcgss de mutkdroty dr on hosdjghogncg de tkg cmrrogr's drhgrs. Xkg cmrrogr's lomjoloty kgrg os mjsdlutg on tkg sgnsg tkmt ot prmctocmlly sgcurgs tkg pmssgnbgrs erdi mssmults cdiiottgh jy ots dwn gipldyggs. Mnh ms cmn jg blgmngh erdi Mrt. =27?, tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg de tkg Vkoloppongs gvohgntly edlldws tkg rulg jmsgh dn tkg sgcdnh vogw. Xkos jgonb tkg cmsg, ot cmn jg smoh mccdrhonbly tkmt ot os tkg cmrrogr's stroct djlobmtodn td sglgct ots hrovgrs mnh soiolmr gipldyggs wotk hug rgbmrh ndt dnly td tkgor tgcknocml cdipgtgncg mnh pkysocml mjoloty, jut mlsd, nd lgss oipdrtmnt, td tkgor tdtml pgrsdnmloty, oncluhonb tkgor pmttgrns de jgkmvodr, idrml eojgrs, mnh sdcoml mttotuhg. VGXOXODN HGNOGH. HMIMBGS ZGRMZHGH MEEOZIGH.


3:

G[CGVXODNS XD VZGSWIVXODN DE NGBLOBGNCG0 VMSSGNBGZ‟ HWX_ XD DJSGZUG DJSG ZUG HOLOBGNCG HOLOBGN CG XD MUDOH MUDOH ON@WZ_0 CDNXZOJWXDZ_ NGBLOBGNCG (:) VNZ v CM mnh Zdsmrod Xupmnb

EMCXS0

Dn Sgptgijgr 2, =?2:, Ronoerghd Xupmnb, kusjmnh de kgrgon plmontoee Zdsmrod Xupmnb, jdmrhgh m trmon de mppgllmnt VNZ mt Lojimnmn, Cmimrongs Sur jdunh edr Imnolm. Jgcmusg tkg trmon wms eollgh td cmpmcoty, Xupmnb kmh td sot dn m imagskoet stddl dn tkg dpgn plmtedri jgtwggn tkg trmon‟s cdmckgs. Wnedrtunmtgly, updn pmssonb tkg Oymi Jrohbg on Lucgnm, ]ugzdn, Ronoerghd Xupmnb egll dee tkg trmon rgsultonb td kos hgmtk. Xkg dtkgr pmssgnbgrs rmosgh mlmri tkmt sdigjdhy egll dee tkg trmon, jut tkg trmon hoh ndt stdp. Xkg trmon cdnhuctdr onstgmh cmllgh tkg Lucgnm Vdlocg td vgroey tkg smoh oncohgnt. Wpdn onvgstobmtodn, tkg pdlocg edunh Xupmnb‟s loeglgss jdhy dee tkg trmon trmcas mt Oymi Jrohbg. Wpdn cdiplmont jy Xupmnb‟s wohdw, kgrgon plmontoee Zdsmrod Xupmnb, tkg CEO edunh VNZ lomjlg edr =:,666 onhginoty edr tkg hgmtk de Ronoerghd Xupmnb, :6,666 edr tkg ldss de kos gmrnonb cmpmcoty, =6,666 ms idrml hmimbgs, mnh :,666 mttdrngy‟s eggs. Xkg smig hgcosodn wms meeorigh jy tkg CM, mhhonb mhhotodnml 7,666 pgsds ms gxgiplmry hmimbgs. Xkg VNZ ndw cdigs td tkg Cdurt mssmolonb jdtk hgcosodns. VNZ cotgs tkg hdctrong de stmtg oiiunoty, rmtodconmtonb tkmt onmsiuck ms VNZ os mn mbgncy de tkg bdvgrnignt wotkdut m sgpmrmtg lgbml pgrsdnmloty, pgrsdnmloty, tkgn ots eunhs mrg bdvgrnigntml on ckmrmctgr mnh imy ndt jg suj`gct td bmrnoskignt. Mhhotodnml rgimras wgrg imhg td tkg geegct tkmt tkg hgcgmsgh imy kmvg jggn gqumlly lomjlg edr tkg unedrtunmtg oncohgnt, tkmt kg iobkt kmvg emolgh td gxgrcosg ngcgssmry prgcmutodns wkolg sgmtonb dn tkg imagskoet stddl (cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg). OSSWG0

=. Cmn VNZ vmlohly onvdag tkg mpplocmtodn de tkg hdctrong stmtg oiiunoty4 :. Imy VNZ clmoi ndn-lomjoloty dn mccdunt de ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de tkg hgcgmsgh4 KGLH0 =. ND, VNZ cmnndt onvdag tkg hdctrong de stmtg oiiunoty. VNZ wms crgmtgh unhgr ZM 8=75 ms mignhgh. M soiplg pgrusml de smoh Mct wdulh rgvgml tkmt VNZ kms mll tkg pdwgrs mnh ckmrmctgrostocs de m cdrpdrmtodn cdr pdrmtodn unhgr tkg Cdrpdrmtodn Lmw. Xkgrg cdulh jg nd hdujt tkmt VNZ cmn on emct sug mnh jg sugh, mnh jg suj`gctgh td Cdurt prdcgssgs ùst loag mny dtkgr cdrpdrmtodn. Ms suck, VNZ‟s onvdcmtodn de Stmtg Oiiunoty on tkg onstmnt cmsg os unmvmolonb. Loagwosg, VNZ‟s mrbuignt tkmt ots eunhs mrg bdvgrnigntml on ckmrmctgr mnh imy ndt tkgrgedrg jg suj`gct td bmrnoskignt os Imquonostms1 VNJ v COZ1 gqumlly elmwgh. On m ldnb long de cmsgs ( VNZ v Wnodn hg Imquonostms1 VNJ v @uhbg Vmjmlmn, Nmtodnml Stggl Cdrp. v COZ 1 gtc.) tkg Cdurt kms rgpgmtghly rulgh tkmt, “mn mssgrtodn td tkg geegct tkmt tkg suj`gct -eunhs mrg pujloc eunhs de tkg bdvgrnignt, mnh ms suck, tkg smig imy ndt jg bmrnoskgh, mttmckgh dr lgvogh updn, os untgnmjlg edr, ms m bdvgrnignt-dwngh mnh cdntrdllgh cdrpdrmtodn, tkg rgspdnhgnt kms m pgrsdnmloty de ots dwn, dwn, hostonct mnh sgpmrmtg erdi tkmt de tkg Bdvgrnignt.’

:.

ND, tkg pgtotodngr kms tkg djlobmtodn td trmnspdrt trmnspdrt ots pmssgnbgrs td td tkgor hgstonmtodns mnh td djsgrvg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on hdonb sd. Hgmtk dr mny onùry sueegrgh jy mny de ots pmssgnbgrs bovgs rosg td tkg prgsuiptodn prgsuiptodn tkmt ot wms ngblobgnt on tkg pgredrimncg pgredrimncg de ots djlobmtodn unhgr tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Ots emolurg tkgrgedrg td prdvg tkmt ot gxgrcosgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg imags VNZ unhdujtghly lomjlg. Kdwgvgr, wkolg pgtotodngr


33

emolgh td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg ms rgquorgh jy lmw, ot mppgmrs tkmt tkg hgcgmsgh wms ckmrbgmjlg wotk cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg. Soncg kg dptgh td sot dn tkg dpgn plmtedri jgtwggn tkg cdmckgs de tkg trmon, kg skdulh kmvg kglh tobktly mnh tgnmcodusly dn tkg uprobkt igtml jmr edunh mt tkg sohg de smoh plmtedri td mvdoh emllonb dee erdi tkg spgghonb trmon. Suck cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg, wkolg ndt gxgiptonb tkg VNZ erdi lomjoloty, ngvgrtkglgss ùstoeogh tkg hglgtodn de tkg midunt mhùhocmtgh ms idrml hmimbgs .

VGXOXODN VMZXOMLL_ BZMNXGH. HGCOSODN IDHOEOGH. IDZML HMIMBGS MNH G[GIVLMZ_ HMIMBGS HGLGXGH MS CDNSG]WGNCG DE HGCGMSGH‟S CDNXZOJWXDZ_ NGBLOBGNCG.


38

Cgsmr OSMMC v M.L. Miign Xrmnspdrt Cdrpdrmtodn EMCXS0

M.L. Miign Xrmnspdrt Cdrpdrmtodn, tkg hgegnhmnt kgrgon, os m jus cdipmny dpgrmtonb on tkg Jocdl Mrgm. Dn Imy 3=, =?7=, plmontoee Cgsmr Osmmc jdmrhgh j dmrhgh dng de M.L. Miign‟s Miign‟s jusgs mt Lobmd, Mljmy jdunh edr Volo, Cmimrongs Sur. Rkolg on trmnsot, tkg jus cdllohgh wotk m pocaup truca cdionb erdi tkg dppdsotg horgctodn. Ms m rgsult de tkg mccohgnt, plmontoee Osmmc cdiplgtgly sgvgrgh kos lget mri, wkock kg k g rgstgh dn tkg jus‟ wonhdw jy prdtruhonb ot dutsohg tkg clgmrmncg de tkg wonhdw. wonhdw. Osmmc unhgrwgnt sgvgrml surbgrogs mnh wms cdneongh mnh prgvgntgh erdi cdionb td wdra edr m pgrodh de tkrgg idntks. Ms mn metgrimtk, Osmmc jrdubkt mn mctodn edr hmimbgs mbmonst kgrgon hgegnhmnt cdipmny, cdipmny, mllgbonb tkmt tkg cdllosodn wkock rgsultgh on tkg ldss de kos lget mri mr i wms hug td tkg brdss oncdipgtgncg mnh rgcalgssngss de M.L. Miign‟s jus hrovgr. Kg cdntgnhgh tkmt M.L. Miign cdiiottgh culpm cdntrmctuml, nmigly m jrgmck de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Mccdrhonb td Osmmc, on cmsg de suck jrgmck, twd rgquosotgs nggh dnly jg prdvgn. Eorst, tkmt m cdntrmct gxosts, mnh sgcdnh, tkmt tkg smoh cdntrmct wms jrgmckgh. M.L. Miign cduntgrgh rmtodconmtonb midnb dtkgrs, tkmt tkg onùry sueegrgh jy plmontoee wms hug gntorgly td tkg emult dr ngblobgncg de tkg hrovgr de tkg poca-up, wkock cdllohgh wotk tkg jus hrovgn jy ots hrovgr mnh td tkg cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg de plmontoee koisgle jy rgstonb kos mri on m imnngr prdtruhonb dut de tkg clgmrmncg de tkg wonhdw. wonhdw. Hgegnhmnt eurtkgr clmois tkmt tkg mccohgnt wkock rgsultgh on tkg onùry de plmontoee os dng wkock hgegnhmnt cdulh ndt edrgsgg dr, tkdubk edrgsggn, wms ongvotmjlg. OSSWGS0 =. Rkgtkgr M.L. Miign wms ngblobgnt on ots imnhmtg ms m cdiidn cmrrogr. :. Rkgtkgr plmontoees‟s mllgbgh cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg mjsdlvgs M.L. Miign erdi lomjoloty. KGLH0

=. Xkg lmw cdncgrnonb tkg lomjoloty de m cdiidn cmrrogr kms ndw sueegrgh m sujstmntoml idhoeocmtodn idhoeocmtodn on vogw de tkg onndvmtodns ontrdhucgh jy tkg ngw Covol Cdhg. Xkgsg onndvmtodns mrg tkg dngs gijdhogh on Mrtoclgs =233, =277 mnh =275 on sd emr ms tkg rglmtodn jgtwggn m cdiidn cmrrogr mnh ots pmssgnbgrs os cdncgrngh. Erdi tkg mjdvg lgbml prdvosodns, tkg edlldwonb rgstmtgignt de tkg proncoplgs bdvgrnonb bdvgrnonb tkg lomjoloty de m cdiidn cmrrogr imy jg imhg0 (=) tkg lomjoloty de m cmrrogr os cdntrmctuml mnh mrosgs updn jrgmck de ots djlobmtodn. Xkgrg os jrgmck oe ot emols td gxgrt gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg mccdrhonb td mll corcuistmncgs de gmck cmsg1 (:) m cmrrogr os djlobgh td cmrry ots pmssgnbgr wotk tkg utidst holobgncg de m vgry cmutodus pgrsdn, kmvonb hug rgbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncgs1 (3) m cmrrogr os prgsuigh td jg mt emult dr td kmvg mctgh ngblobgntly on cmsg de hgmtk de, dr onùry td, pmssgnbgrs, ot jgonb ots huty td prdvg prdvg tkmt ot gxgrcosgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg1 holobgncg1 mnh (8) tkg cmrrogr os ndt mn onsurgr mbmonst mll rosas de trmvgl. Xkg qugstodn tkmt ndw mrosgs os0 Kms hgegnhmnt djsgrvgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg dr tkg utidst holobgncg de gvgry cmutodus pgrsdn, kmvonb hug rgbmrh edr mll corcuistmncgs, on mvdohonb tkg cdllosodn wkock rgsultgh on tkg onùry cmusgh td tkg plmontoee4 – Xkos Xkos os m qugstodn de gvohgncg mnh emct! Dng wkock clgmrly emlls wotkon tkg imnhmtg de tkg Xroml Cdurt. Dn tkos ndtg, tkg eonhonbs de tkg Xroml Xroml Cdurt skmll jg jonhonb0 “ Xkg poca-up cmr wms mt eull spggh mnh wms runnonb dutsohg de ots prdpgr lmng. Xkg hrovgr de tkg jus, jus, updn sggonb tkg imnngr imnngr on wkock tkg poca-up wms tkgn runnonb, runnonb, swgrvgh tkg jus td tkg vgry gxtrgig robkt de tkg rdmh untol ots erdnt mnh rgmr wkggls kmvg bdng dvgr tkg polg de stdngs dr brmvgl sotumtgh dn tkg rmipmrt de tkg rdmh. Smoh hrovgr cdulh ndt idvg tkg jus emrtkgr robkt mnh run dvgr m brgmtgr pdrtodn de tkg polg, tkg pgma de wkock wms mjdut tkrgg eggt kobk,


37

wotkdut gnhmnbgronb tkg smegty de kos pmssgnbgrs. Mnh ndtwotkstmnhonb mll tkgsg geedrts, tkg r gmr lget sohg de tkg jus wms kot jy tkg poca-up poca- up cmr.’ Ugroly, tkg rgcalgssngss de tkg poca poca -up‟s hrovgr os dng tkmt cdulh ndt kmvg jggn edrgsggn jy M.L. Miign‟s Miign‟s hrovgr. Mnh ygt, u pdn u pdn tkg kmppgnonb de tkg mccohgnt, M.L. Miign‟s hrovgr cdnvonconbly gxgrcosgh gxtrmdrhonmry prgcmutodn ms imy jg kuimnly pdssojlg wotkdut gnhmnbgronb tkg rgst de tkg pmssgnbgrs. :. Rkolg cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg drhonmroly cmnndt rglogvg tkg hgegnhmnt-cdipmny de ots lomjoloty jut woll dnly gntotlg ot td m rghuctodn de tkg midunt de hmimbgs cmusgh (Mrt. =25: de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg), tkg gxostgncg de cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg on tkos cmsg os pgculomr mnh unoqug. Cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg on tkos cmsg iolotmtgs mbm onst tkg plmontoee‟s cdntgntodn de ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de tkg cdiidn cmrrogr. Mnh mjsgnt suck ngblobgncg dn tkg cmrrogr‟s pmrt, cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg pons pons tkg lomjoloty dn tkg plmontoee plmontoee koisgle. Xkmt kmh kg ndt plmcgh kos lget mri dn tkg wonhdwsoll wotk m pdrtodn tkgrgde prdtruhonb dutsohg, pgrkmps tkg onùry wdulh kmvg jggn mvdohgh ms os tkg cmsg wotk tkg dtkgr pmssgnbgr. Ot os td jg ndtgh tkmt mppgllmnt wms tkg dnly voctoi de tkg cdllosodn. VGXOXODN HGNOGH


35

G[CGVXODNS XD VZGSWIVXODN DE NGBLOBGNCG0 ON@WZ_ XD VMSSGNBGZ HWG XD MCXS DE CD-VMSSGNBGZ DZ SXZMNBGZ (8) EDZXWNG EDZXWNG G[VZGSS, ONC. vs. vs. CDWZX DE MVVGMLS Emcts0

Vgtotodngr Edrtung Gxprgss os m jus cdipmny on Ionhmnmd, wkock dn Ndvgijgr =;, =?;? kmh mn unemvdrmjlg gncduntgr wotk m `ggp on Amuswmbmn, Lmnmd hgl Ndrtg. Xkos kmh rgsultgh dn tkg hgmtk de twd Imrmnmds. Ckrosmntd Bgngrmlmd cdnhuctgh mn onvgstobmtodn td prdjg dn tkg oncohgnt mnh edunh dut tkmt tkg Imrmnmds mrg plmnnonb td tmag vgnbgmncg dn tkg jus cdipmny jy jurnonb 7 de ots jusgs. Bgngrmlmd updn drhgr de kos supgrodr sgnt m rgpdrt td tkg Vkoloppong Cdnstmjulmry Kgmhqumrtgrs mt Cmbmymn hg Drd. Kg mlsd wgnt mnh sgg Hodshmhd Jrmvd td rgpdrt suck eonhonbs e onhonbs mnh tkg lmttgr mssurgh mssurgh koi tkmt ngcgssmry ngcgssmry prgcmutodns td onsurg tkg smegty de lovgs mnh prdpgrty wgrg huly tmagn. Zgspdnhgnts mrg Vmuolog Cmdrdnb, wohdw de tkg hgsgmsgh mnh tkgor ckolhrgn. Mt mjdut 5087 de Ndvgijgr ::, =?;? tkrgg mrigh Imrmnmds prgtgnhgh td jg pmssgnbgrs jdmrhgh mnh sgozgh m jus de pgtotodngr wkolg tkg lmtgr wms dn ots wmy td Olobmn Coty. Midnb tkg pmssgnbgrs wms Mtty. Cmdrdnb, tkg hgcgmsgh kusjmnh kusjmnh de tkg pgtotodngr pgtotodngr.. Xkg Imrmnmds drhgrgh mll mll tkg pmssgnbgrs pmssgnbgrs td mlobkt tkg jus wotk tkg gxcgptodn de tkg hrovgr wkd wms skdt mt tkg mri wkolg tkg pgrpgtrmtdrs cdntonug td pdur bmsdlong dvgr koi mnh onsohg tkg jus. Mtty. Cmdrdnb, ndtwotkstmnhonb tkg brmvoty de tkg sotumtodn rgturngh td tkg jus td rgtrogvg sdigtkonb, kg plgmhgh wotk tkg pgrpgtrmtdrs td spmrg tkg loeg de tkg hrovgr wkock cdst koi kos dwn loeg. ZXC hosiossgh tkg cmsg, wkock hovgstgh mny ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de tkg jus long mnh mttrojutgh Mtty. Mtty. Cmdrdnb‟s hgmtk sdlgly hug td tkg wolleul mcts de tkg lmwlgss wkock tkg jus cdipmny cdulh ngotkgr prgvgnt ndr stdp. CM rgvgrsgh tkg rulonb mnh bmvg crghgncg td tkg ngblobgncg tkg jus cdipmny gxkojotgh wkgn ot ckdsg ndt td kggh tkg rgpdrt de Bgngrmlmd. Xkg CM rulgh tkmt tkg jus cdipmny skdulh kmvg erosagh tkg pmssgnbgrs mnh gxgrtgh gvgry geedrt td onsurg tkg smegty de ots pmssgnbgrs Ossug0 RDN Edrtung Gxprgss os lomjlg edr tkg onùry de pmssgnbgrs hug td mcts de cd-pmssgnbgrs dr strmnbgr Kglh0

_GS. Mrtoclg =235 de tkg Covol Cdhg gxprgssly rgsgrvgs tkg lomjoloty edr onùrogs sueegrgh jy m pmssgnbgr oneloctgh jy dtkgr pmssgnbgrs dr strmnbgrs td tkg cdiidn cmrrogr. Eurtkgridrg tkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt oe tkgy kmh dnly bmvg crghgncg td tkg rgpdrt de Bgnglmd tkgn tkg jus cdipmny cdulh kmvg jggn idrg cmutodus mnh vobolmnt tdwmrhs tkg prdtgctodn de tkgor pmssgnbgrs. Wnhgr tkg prgcmutodnmry igmsurgs tkmt wdulh wmrrmnt tkgor gxgrcosg de holobgncg wms tkg onspgctodn de cdntmongrs wkock cdulh ultoimtgly rmosg suspocodn jgcmusg de tkg lmrbg qumntotogs de bmsdlong tkmt tkg pgrpgtrmtdrs kmh wotk tkgi. Kgncg, jgcmusg de tkgsg djsgrvmtodns tkg Cdiidn cmrrogr os lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Mtty. Mtty. Cmdrdnb.


32

IMNOLM ZMOLZDMH CDIVMN_ vs. IMCMZOM JMLLGSXGZDS Emcts0 Imnolm Zmolrdmh os mn dwngr de m jus cdipmny mnh tkg rgspdnhgnt Jmllgstgrds wms m pmssgnbgr de tkg edrigr's jus. @dsg Mnmstmcod, tkg hrovgr de tkg jus dwngh jy tkg Imnolm Zmolrdmh stdppgh tkg jus mnh bdt dee td rgplmcg m hgegctovg spmra spmra plub. Wpdn hdonb sd, Hodnosod Hodnosod Mjglld, mn muhotdr muhotdr de tkg pgtotodngr mssobngh jy tkg Bgngrml Muhotonb Muhotonb Deeocg tdda dvgr dvgr tkg wkggls wkggls de tkg jus mnh cdntonugh cdntonugh td dpgrmtg ms oe kg os tkg lgbotoimtg hrovgr de tkg smoh jus. Mnmstmcod trogh twocg td tmag dvgr tkg wkggl erdi Mjglld jut ot wms eutolg. Huronb tkg cdursg de ots trmvgl, wkolg Mjglld wms hrovonb tkg jus mt Osmjglm ot cdllohgh wotk m ergobkt truca hrovgn jy Imrcoml Ndaui, wkock wms jdunh edr Imnolm. Xkg truca on tryonb td gvmhg tkg kdlgs dn tkg robkt lmng swgrvgh kos truca on tkg horgctodn de tkg pgtotodngr's jus jus tkmt rgsultgh td tkg onùrogs onùrogs de =2 pmssgnbgrs. pmssgnbgrs. Vgtotodngr's hgegnsg wms tkmt tkg ngblobgncg de tkg truca's hrovgr, Imrcoml Ndaui rglogvgh tkg lomjoloty erdi tkg jus cdipmny mnh tkmt soncg Mjglld wms ndt ots gipldygg ot skdulh ndt jg kglh rgspdnsojlg edr ots mcts. ZXC dvgrrulgh tkg pgtotodngr's pgtotodngr's cdntgntodn cdntgntodn mnh imhg tkg pgtotodngr pgtotodngr lomjlg edr tkg tkg mcts de Hodnosod Mjglld. Ossug0 RDN tkg cdiidn cmrrogr (Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cdipmny) cdulh jg imhg lomjlg edr tkg onùrogs sustmongh jy ots pmssgnbgrs jy tkg mct de m strmnbgr (Hodnosod Mjglld) Kglh0 _GS. Mrt. =253. M cdiidn cmrrogr os rgspdnsojlg edr onùrogs sueegrgh jy m pmssgnbgr dn mccdunt de tkg wolleul mcts dr ngblobgncg de dtkgr pmssgnbgrs dr de strmnbgrs, oe tkg cdiidn cmrrogr's gipldyggs tkrdubk tkg gxgrcosg de tkg holobgncg de m bddh emtkgr de m emioly cdulh kmvg prgvgntgh dr stdppgh tkg mct dr diossodn. Xkg ZXC mlsd edunh dut tkmt Hodnosod Mjglld os gqumlly ngblobgnt wkgn kg wms hrovonb 86ai td 76ai pgr kdur dn m juipy rdmh mt tkg idignt de tkg cdllosodn. SIOXK JGLL vs. JDZ@M Emcts0 Vgtotodngr rgqugstgh erdi tkg Jurgmu de Custdis td onspgct tkg I/X Aonb Emioly wkock wms hug td mrrovg mt tkg pdrt de Imnolm dn Sgptgijgr :8, =?;2. Smoh vgssgl cdntmongh 276 igtroc tdns de mlayl jgnzgng mnh igtkyl igtkmcrylmtg idndigr. Mctonb erdi tkg rgqugst de Siotk Jgll Jurgmu de Custdis sgnt rgspdnhgnt Cmtmlond Jdr`m td onspgct tkg vgssgl. Kg wms tkgn onstructgh jy kos supgrodr td jdmrh tkg vgssgl td cdnhuct tkg onspgctodn mnh pgredri kos hutogs updn tkg vgssgl's mrrovml untol ots hgpmrturg. Mt mjdut == MI dn Sgptgijgr :8, =?;2 wkolg tkg ckgiocmls wgrg jgonb unldmhgh erdi tkg vgssgl gxpldsodns stmrtgh kmppgnonb. Xkg smig wms kgmrh jy rgspdnhgnt Jdr`m, wkd wms mt tkmt toig prgpmronb kos rgpdrts onsohg tkg cmjon de tkg vgssgl. Kg ckgcagh dutsohg mnh updn sggonb tkg eorg mnh egmronb edr kos loeg, Jdr`m ùipgh dvgr jdmrh td smvg koisgle. Kdwgvgr tkg wmtgr wms loagwosg dn eorg jgcmusg de tkg spollgh ckgiocmls. Kg swmi mnh stmygh dn tkg wmtgr edr m pgrodh de tkrgg kdurs jgedrg rgmckonb tkg skdrg. ZXC mnh CM rulgh on emvdr de rgspdnhgnt Jdr`m mnh kglh tkmt Siotk Jgll os lomjlg edr tkg onùrogs sustmongh jy tkg edrigr.

Ossug0 RDN Siotk Jgll os lomjlg edr tkg onùrogs sustmongh jy Jdr`m Kglh0 _GS. Ot wdulh jg sggn erdi tkg emctuml djsgrvmtodn djsgrvmtodn tkmt gvgn tkdubk tkg vgssgl cdntmon cdntmon ckgiocmls wkock wkgrg hmnbgrdusly onelmiimjlg, ots deeocgrs mnh crgw emolgh td tmag tkg MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

3;

ngcgssmry prgcmutodns prgcmutodns td prgvgnt prgvgnt mn mccohgnt. mccohgnt. Xkgrg wms ndtkonb ndtkonb mhhucgh on tkg gvohgncg gvohgncg prgsgntgh jy Siotk Jgll tkmt tkg eorg cdulh ndt jg mttrojutgh td ot. Ms m rgsult de tkg eorg mnh gxpldsodn huronb tkg unldmhonb de tkg ckgiocmls erdi tkg pgtotodngr's vgssgl tkg rgspdnhgnt sueegrgh hmimbgs. Mccdrhonbly tkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkrdubk @ustocg Vmnbmnojmn tkmt "Xkg dwngr dr tkg pgrsdn on pdssgssodn mnh cdntrdl de m vgssgl os lomjlg edr mll nmturml mnh prdxoimtg hmimbgs cmusgh td pgrsdns mnh prdpgrty jy rgmsdn de ngblobgncg on ots imnmbgignt dr nmvobmtodn".


3?

G[CGVXODNS XD VZGSWIVXODN DE NGBLOBGNCG0 LOIOXGH LOMJOLOX_ MNH HGEGNSGS (7) _DJOHD vs. CDWZX DE MVVGMLS Emcts0

Xotd mnh Lgny Xuijdy tdbgtkgr wotk tkgor ckolhrgn jdmrhgh tkg _djohd Jus Longr wkock wms jdunh td Hmvmd Coty. Coty. Mldnb Vocmp Zdmh on Stm. Imrom Mbusmn hgl Sur, Sur, tkg lget erdnt torg de tkg jus gxpldhgh wkock cmusgh tkg jus td emll td m rmvong tkrgg eggt erdi tkg rdmh mnh struca m trgg, jgcmusg de tkos pmssgnbgrs pmssgnbgrs wgrg onùrogh mnh Xotd Xotd Xuijdy Xuijdy hogh. Rkgn tkg plmontoees eolg edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg tkgy mssgrtgh tkmt tkg jus cdipmny kmh emolgh td gxgrcosg hug holobgncg jgcmusg tkg jus wms trmvgrsonb mt m emst spggh dn rdcay mnh ungvgn rdmh1 eurtkgridrg tkgy mllgbgh tkmt tkg jus wms dn eull cmpmcoty wotk sdig pgdplg gvgn stmnhonb up. Suck rgmsdns wgrg tkg cmusg de tkg torg gxpldsodn tkmt lgh td tkg hgmtk de Xotd Xuijdy. _djohd jus cdipmny hgnogh mll tkg mllgbmtodns mnh smoh tkmt tkg jus wms ndt dn eull cmpmcoty soncg tkg cdnhuctdr wms gvgn mlldwgh td sot hdwn dn tkg vmcmnt sgmts. Kdwgvgr tkgor imon mrbuignt wms jmsgh dn tkg emct tkmt tkmt tkg torg gxpldsodn gxpldsodn wms ndt hug td tkgor ngblobgncg jgcmusg jgcmusg ms gvohgncg jy tkg rgcgopts mnh wotngssgs tkg torg tkmt gxpldhgh wms m jrmnh ngw torg wkock tkgy dnly plmcgh dn tkg jus eovg hmys erdi e rdi tkg unedrtunmtg gvgnt. Xkg ZXC ùhbg hosiossgh tkg cmsg dn tkg brdunh tkmt tkg torg gxpldsodn cdulh pdssojly jg mttrojutgh td tkg jus cdipmny mnh tkmt suck cmsg emlls unhgr edrtuotdus gvgnts wkock gxdngrmtgs tkg lomjoloty de tkg jus cdipmny. cdipmny. Xkg Cdurt de Mppgmls rgvgrsgh tkg hgcosodn de tkg ZXC mnh rulgh on emvdr de tkg kgrgon rgspdnhgnt Ossug0 RDN tkg gxpldsodn de m torg os cmsg gxdngrmtgs tkg cdiidn cmrrogr erdi ots lomjoloty Kglh0 ND. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt ot cdigs wotkon tkg scdpg de gxgrcosonb hug holobgncg dn tkg pmrt de tkg cdiidn cmrrogr td imag surg tkmt tkg vgkoclg os ergg erdi mny hgegcts dr mny igckmnocml prdjlgis tkmt cdulh kmri dr onùrg mny de ots pmssgnbgrs. Xkg igrg emct tkmt tkg torg wms ngw cdulh ndt oiply tkmt ot wms gntorgly ergg de imnuemcturonb hgegcts. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt eurtkgr rulgh tkmt tkg cmsg cmnndt emll dn edrtuotdus gvgnt jgcmusg kuimn emctdrs mrg onvdlvg mnh gvgn oe ot hdgs, ot stoll kms td prdvg tkmt ot wms ndt on mny wmy ngblobgnt sd ms td gnhmnbgr tkg lovgs de ots pmssgnbgrs. On tkos cmsg nd gvohgncg wms mhhucgh td rgjut tkg mccdunt de Irs. Xuijdy, wkgn skg cmutodngh tkg hrovgr td sldw hdwn jgcmusg tkg rdmh wms jdtk sloppgry mnh rdubk r dubk mnh tkg cdurt rulgh tkmt tkos cdntrojutgh td tkg mccohgnt mnh wms rulgh td jg m ngblobgnt mct de tkg hrovgr.


86

JM_MSGN vs. CDWZX DE MVVGMLS Emcts0 Smturnond Jmymsgn, tkg Zurml Kgmtk Vkysocmn de Smbmhm, wms bdonb td sgg m pmtognt on jmrrod Mijmsonb. Glgnm Mwkockgn Mwkockgn mnh Hdldrgs Jmclotm, wgrg nursgs erdi St. Xkgdhdrgs kdspotml hgcohgh td rohg wotk koi dn tkg `ggp tkg pgtotodngr os usonb soncg tkgy wgrg mlsd bdonb td tkg smig plmcg. Metgr bdonb td Mijmsonb tkgy mbmon rgqugstgh Jmysmn oe tkgy cdulh bmtkgr eldwgrs mt Jm rrod Suyd wkock tkg pgtotodngr ontgnhgh td vosot mnywmy. Dn tkgor wmy td tkg smoh plmcg, mt jmrrod Lmnbotow tkg `ggp wgnt dvgr m cloee gobkt eggt jgldw tkg rdmh wkock cmusgh tkg tkrgg td jg tkrdwn dut de tkg vgkoclg. Jgcmusg de tkos Glgnm kmh m ermcturgh saull wkock rgsultgh td kgr hgmtk. Xkg ZXC mnh CM jdtk cdnvoctgh Jmymsgn buolty de rgcalgss oipruhgncg rgsultonb td kdiocohg. Xkgy rulgh tkmt Jmymsgn ngblobgnt on hrovonb kos `ggp mt mn unrgmsdnmjlg rmtg de spggh wkock cmusgh tkg hgmtk de Glgnm wkgn tkg `ggp egll dvgr tkg prgcopocg. Ossug0

RDN Smturnond Jmymsgn os lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Glgnm Mwockgn. Mwockgn. Kglh0 ND. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt rulgh tkmt tkg gvohgncg de tkg prdsgcutodn os lgbmlly onsueeocognt mnh ot cdulh ndt clgmrly gstmjlosk tkmt tkg pgtotodngr os ngblobgnt on hrovonb kos tkg `ggp. Xkg stmr gygwotngss kmh tgstoeogh tkmt pgtotodngr wms hrovonb mt m idhgrmtg spggh ergg erdi mny onelugncg de mlcdkdl dr mny hostrmctodn. Kgncg, ot wms oipdssojlg td cdnvoct tkg pgtotodngr de unrgmsdnmjlg rmtg de spggh wkgn suck wms prgsgntgh jy tkg prdsgcutodn. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt stmtgh tkmt tkg pgtotodngr os ergg erdi jgonb ngblobgnt mnh tkg unedrtunmtg gvgnt wms imhg pdssojlg dnly jy corcuistmncgs wkgrgon tkg pgtotodngr cmnndt jg mt emult. Xkg Cdurt mttrojutgh ot td saohhonb wkock igmns m pmrtoml dr cdiplgtg ldss de cdntrdl de tkg cmr unhgr corcuistmncgs ndt ngcgssmry oiplyonb ngblobgncg. Ot imy dccur wotkdut emult. Xkg saohhonb on tkos cmsg os mn unedrgsggmjlg gvgnt wkock tkg hrovgr cdulh ndt prgvgnt ndt stdp. Xkg pgtotodngr Smturnond Jmymsgs, os mcquottgh de tkg ckmrbg.


8=

BMXCKMLOMN vs. HGLOI Emcts0

Zgynmlhm Bmtckmlomn jdmrhgh tkg rgspdnhgnt's iono jus "Xkmloi" dn @uly ==, =?23, ms m pmyonb pmssgnbgr. Smoh jus wms jdunh edr Jmumnb, Lm Wnodn. Dn ots wmy, m lduh snmpponb sdunh gimnmtgh erdi tkg vgkoclg mnh skdrtly tkgrgmetgr tkg vgkoclg kot m cgignt eldwgr pdt wkock tkgn cmusgh tkg jus td turn upsohg hdwn mnh gvgntumlly emll ontd m hotck. Xkg pmssgnbgrs wgrg sgnt td tkg kdspotml wkgrg tkg dwngr de tkg iono jus Irs. Mhglm Hgloi igt tkgi, pmoh edr tkgor kdspotml gxpgnsgs mnh imhg tkgi sobn m `dont meeohmvot td wmovg tkgor robkts td onstotutg croionml dr covol mctodns on tkg euturg. Xkg ZXC hosiossgh tkg cdiplmont stmtonb tkmt tkg `dont meeohmvot sobngh jy tkg pgtotodngr jmrs kgr erdi onstotutonb mn mctodn mbmonst tkg rgspdnhgnt. Xkg Cdurt de Mppgmls rgvgrsgh tkg hosiossml de tkg cdiplmont dn tkg brdunh tkmt tkg sobn `dont meeohmvot hdgs ndt cdnstotutg m vmloh wmovgr jut ngvgrtkglgss hosiossgh tkg cmsg jy hgnyonb hg nyonb pgtotodngrs clmoi edr hmimbgs Ossug0

RDN tkg cdiidn cmrrogr os lomjlg edr hmimbgs Kglh0

_GS. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt tkgrg gxost ndt vmloh wmovgr de kgr cmusg de mctodn. Xkg `dont meeohmvot igrgly imnoegst tkgor hgsorg td wmovg mny clmois mbmonst tkg jus cdipmny. cdipmny. Xkg wmovgr, td jg vmloh iust jg cduckgh on m clgmr mnh ungquovdcml imnngr. Mnh wotk rgspgct td m cdiidn cmrrogr, wkock os rgquorgh jy lmw td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg suck wmovgr iust jg stroctly cdnstrugh mbmonst tkg cdiidn cmrrogr mnh eurtkgridrg ot iust ndt jg cdntrmry td lmw, pujloc pdlocy dr bddh custdis. Xkg Suprgig rulgh tkmt td upkdlh tkg suppdsgh wmovgr de mny robkt td clmoi hmimbgs wdulh wgmagn tkg stmnhmrh de gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg rgquorgh jy tkg lmw mnh td rgnhgr suck rgquorgignt td jg m suj`gct de wmovgr. Kgncg tkg purpdrtgh wmovgr os on vmloh jgcmusg ot os hggigh deegnsovg deegnsovg td pujloc pujloc pdlocy. pdlocy.


8:

EDZXWNG EDZXWNG G[VZGSS, ONC. vs. vs. CDWZX DE MVVGMLS Emcts0

Vgtotodngr Edrtung Gxprgss os m jus cdipmny on Ionhmnmd, wkock dn Ndvgijgr =;, =?;? kmh mn unemvdrmjlg gncduntgr wotk m `ggp on Amuswmbmn, Lmnmd hgl Ndrtg. Xkos kmh rgsultgh dn tkg hgmtk de twd Imrmnmds. Ckrosmntd Bgngrmlmd cdnhuctgh mn onvgstobmtodn td prdjg dn tkg oncohgnt mnh edunh dut tkmt tkg Imrmnmds mrg plmnnonb td tmag vgnbgmncg dn tkg jus cdipmny jy jurnonb 7 de ots jusgs. Bgngrmlmd updn drhgr de kos supgrodr sgnt m rgpdrt td tkg Vkoloppong Cdnstmjulmry Kgmhqumrtgrs mt Cmbmymn hg Drd. Kg mlsd wgnt mnh sgg Hodshmhd Jrmvd td rgpdrt suck eonhonbs e onhonbs mnh tkg lmttgr mssurgh mssurgh koi tkmt ngcgssmry ngcgssmry prgcmutodns td onsurg tkg tkg smegty de lovgs mnh prdpgrty wgrg huly tmagn. Zgspdnhgnts mrg Vmuolog Cmdrdnb, wohdw de tkg hgsgmsgh mnh tkgor ckolhrgn. Mt mjdut 5087 de Ndvgijgr ::, =?;? tkrgg mrigh Imrmnmds prgtgnhgh td jg pmssgnbgrs jdmrhgh mnh sgozgh m jus de pgtotodngr wkolg tkg lmtgr wms dn ots wmy td Olobmn Coty. Coty. Midnb tkg pmssgnbgrs wms Mtty. Mtty. Cmdrdnb, tkg hgcgmsgh kusjmnh kusjmnh de tkg pgtotodngr pgtotodngr.. Xkg Imrmnmds drhgrgh mll mll tkg pmssgnbgrs pmssgnbgrs td mlobkt tkg jus wotk tkg gxcgptodn de tkg hrovgr wkd wms skdt mt tkg mri wkolg tkg pgrpgtrmtdrs cdntonug td pdur bmsdlong dvgr koi mnh onsohg tkg jus. Mtty. Cmdrdnb, ndtwotkstmnhonb tkg brmvoty de tkg sotumtodn rgturngh td tkg jus td rgtrogvg sdigtkonb, kg plgmhgh wotk tkg pgrpgtrmtdrs td spmrg tkg loeg de tkg hrovgr wkock cdst koi kos dwn loeg. ZXC hosiossgh tkg cmsg, wkock hovgstgh mny ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de tkg jus long mnh mttrojutgh Mtty. Mtty. Cmdrdnb‟s hgmtk sdlgly hug td tkg wolleul mcts de tkg lmwlgss wkock tkg jus cdipmny cdulh ngotkgr prgvgnt ndr stdp. CM rgvgrsgh tkg rulonb mnh bmvg crghgncg td tkg ngblobgncg tkg jus cdipmny gxkojotgh wkgn ot ckdsg ndt td kggh tkg rgpdrt de Bgngrmlmd. Xkg CM rulgh tkmt tkg jus cdipmny skdulh kmvg erosagh tkg pmssgnbgrs mnh gxgrtgh gvgry geedrt td onsurg tkg smegty de ots pmssgnbgrs Ossug0 RDN Edrtung Gxprgss os lomjlg edr tkg onùry de pmssgnbgrs hug td mcts de cd-pmssgnbgrs dr strmnbgr Kglh0 _GS. Mrtoclg =235 de tkg Covol Cdhg gxprgssly rgsgrvgs tkg lomjoloty edr onùrogs sueegrgh jy m pmssgnbgr oneloctgh jy dtkgr pmssgnbgrs dr strmnbgrs td tkg cdiidn cmrrogr. Eurtkgridrg tkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt oe tkgy kmh dnly bmvg crghgncg td tkg rgpdrt de Bgnglmd tkgn tkg jus cdipmny cdulh kmvg jggn idrg cmutodus mnh vobolmnt tdwmrhs tkg prdtgctodn de tkgor pmssgnbgrs. Wnhgr tkg prgcmutodnmry igmsurgs tkmt wdulh wmrrmnt tkgor g xgrcosg de holobgncg wms tkg onspgctodn de cdntmongrs wkock cdulh ultoimtgly rmosg suspocodn jgcmusg de tkg lmrbg qumntotogs de bmsdlong tkmt tkg pgrpgtrmtdrs kmh wotk tkgi. Kgncg, jgcmusg de tkgsg djsgrvmtodns tkg Cdiidn cmrrogr os lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Mtty. Mtty. Cmdrdnb.


83

SONBSDN vs. CDWZX DE MVVGMLS Emcts0 Vgtotodngr, Cmrlds Sonbsdn mnh kos cduson Crgscgntond Xodnbsdn gntgrgh ontd m cdntrmct de cmrrombg wotk Cmtkmy Vmcoeoc Morwmys Morwmys Lth. Xkgy jdubkt jdubkt dpgn hmtgh, hmtgh, ohgntocmlly rdutgh, rdunh trop tocagts td spgnh tkgor vmcmtodn on tkg Wnotgh Stmtgs. Gmck tocagt cdnsostgh de sox (5) elobkt cdupdns cdrrgspdnhonb td tkos otongrmry0 elobkt cdupdn nd. = - Imnolm td Kdnbadnb1 elobkt cdupdn nd. : - Kdnbadnb td Smn Ermncoscd1 elobkt cdupdn nd. 3 - Smn Ermncoscd td Lds Mnbglgs1 elobkt cdupdn nd. 8 - Lds Mnbglgs jmca td Smn Ermncoscd1 elobkt cdupdn nd. 7 - Smn Ermncoscd td Kdnbadnb1 elobkt cdupdn nd. 5 - Kdnbadnb td Imnolm. Xkg prdcghurg wms tkmt mt gvgry lgb de tkg trop tkg cdupdn wdulh jg cdllgctgh. Rkgn tkg toig cmig wkgn tkgy hgcohgh td lgmvg tkg Wnotgh Stmtgs mnh trmvgl jmca td tkg Vkoloppongs Sonbsdn's elobkt cdupdn nd. 7 wms iossonb mnh kos elobkt cdupdn nd. 3 wms stoll on kos pdssgssodn. Ot cmusgh m 5 hmys hglmy on tkgor elobkt cduplgh wotk unemvdrmjlg gxckmnbgs jgtwggn tkg Cmtkmy Vmcoeoc gipldyggs mnh tkg pgtotodngr koisgle. Vgtotodngr eolgh wotk tkg ZXC de Oldcds Sur mn mctodn edr hmimbgs edr jrgmck de cdntrmct edr cmrrombg wkock imhg koi sueegr mnh ioss mn oipdrtmnt gnbmbgignt dn tkg hmy kg wms suppdsgh td rgturn td Imnolm. Cmtkmy hgnogh ots lomjoloty jy stmtonb tkmt tkgrg wms nd jrgmck de cdntrmct jgcmusg tkgrg wms ndt m cdntrmct de cmrrombg ygt. Xkg dpgn hmtgh tocagt, mccdrhonb td Cmtkmy, Cmtkmy, sobnoeogs mn oipgregct cdntrmct jgcmusg ot prgsuigs tkmt m elobkt kms ndt ygt jggn jddagh dn m spgcoeoc elobkt dn m pmrtoculmr hmtg. Xkg ZXC rulgh on emvdr de tkg pgtotodngr. pgtotodngr. Xkg Cdurt de Mppgmls rgvgrsgh tkg rulonbs de troml cdurt jy kdlhonb tkmt Cmtkmy cdulh ndt jg sggn ms ngblobgnt tkgrgjy rgidvonb tkg mwmrh de idrml mnh gxgiplmry hmimbgs prgvodusly mwmrhgh jy tkg ldwgr Cdurt. Ossug0 RDN Cmtkmy os lomjlg edr hmimbgs Kglh0

_GS. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt CMXKM_ unhdujtghly cdiiottgh m jrgmck de cdntrmct wkgn ot rgeusgh td cdneori pgtotodngr's elobkt rgsgrvmtodn jmca td tkg Vkoloppongs dn mccdunt de kos iossonb elobkt cdupdn. Ots cdntgntodn tkmt tkgrg wms nd cdntrmct de cmrrombg tkmt wms jrgmckgh jgcmusg pgtotodngr ‟s tocagt wms dpgn-hmtgh os untgnmjlg. Xd jgbon wotk, tkg rdunh trop tocagt ossugh jy tkg cmrrogr td tkg pmssgnbgr wms on otsgle m cdiplgtg wrottgn cdntrmct jy mnh jgtwggn tkg cmrrogr mnh tkg pmssgnbgr. pmssgnbgr. Ot kmh mll tkg glgignts de m cdiplgtg wrottgn cdn trmct, td wot0 (m) tkg cdnsgnt de tkg cdntrmctonb pmrtogs imnoegstgh jy tkg emct tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr mbrggh td jg trmnspdrtgh jy tkg cmrrogr td mnh erdi Lds Mnbglgs vom Smn Ermncoscd mnh Kdnbadnb jmca td tkg Vkoloppongs, mnh tkg cmrrogrs mccgptmncg td jronb koi td kos hgstonmtodn mnh tkgn jmca kdig1 (j) cmusg dr cdnsohgrmtodn, wkock wms tkg emrg pmoh jy tkg pmssgnbgr ms stmtgh on kos tocagt1 mnh, (c) dj`gct, wkock wms tkg trmnspdrtmtodn de tkg pmssgnbgr erdi tkg plmcg de hgpmrturg td tkg plmcg de hgstonmtodn mnh jmca, wkock mrg mlsd stmtgh on kos tocagt. Ot mlsd mppgmrs tkmt Cmtkmy wms tkg dng rgspdnsojlg edr tkg ldss de tkg cdupdn wkock cdulh kmvg dnly kmppgngh updn tkg rgidvml de suck cdupdn jy tkg mbgnts de Cmtkmy tkgisglvgs. On tkos cmsg tkg ngblobgncg de tkg gipldyggs de Cmtkmy cdulh vgry wgll jg mttrojutgh td tkg hglmy on tkg elobkt de tkg pgtotodngr. Xd kdlh tkmt nd cdntrmctuml jrgmck wms cdiiottgh jy CMXKM_ mnh tdtmlly mjsdlvg ot erdi mny lomjoloty wdulh on geegct put m prgioui dn tkg ngblobgncg de ots mbgnts, cdntrmry td tkg pdlocy de tkg lmw rgquoronb cdiidn cmrrogrs td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg.


88

JOLL DE LMHONB (=;) K.G. Kgmcdca Cd vs. Imcdnhrmy & Cd EMCXS0 Xkg plmontoee cdipmny cmusgh td jg hglovgrgh dn jdmrh tkg stgmiskop Jdltdn Cmstlg on tkg kmrjdr de Ngw _dra, edur cmsgs de igrckmnhosg, dng de wkock cdntmongh twglvg (=:) ;-hmy Ghidnh cldcas, edr trmnspdrtmtodn td Imnolm. Xkg smoh stgmiskop mrrovgh on tkg pdrt de Imnolm mnh cdnsobngh td tkg hgegnhmnt cmrrogr ms mbgnt de tkg smoh vgssgl jut tkg twglvg ;-hmy Ghidnh cldcas wgrg ngvgr hglovgrgh td tkg plmontoee. Xkg joll de lmhonb ossugh mnh hglovgrgh td tkg plmontoee jy tkg imstgr de tkg stgmiskop cdntmongh tkg edlldwonb clmusgs0 Clmusg =0 vmlug de tkg bddhs rgcgoptgh hdgs ndt gxcggh $766 pgr ergobkt tdn, dr on prdpdrtodn edr mny pmrt de m tdn, unlgss tkg vmlug jg gxprgssly stmtgh1 Clmusg ?0 on tkg gvgnt de ldss dr hmimbg td tkg cmrbd, tkg cmrrogr skmll ndt jg lomjlg edr idrg tkmn tkg ngt onvdocg procg. Xkg ldwgr cdurt, on mccdrhmncg wotk clmusg ? de tkg joll de lmhonb, rgnhgrgh ùhbignt on emvdr de tkg plmontoee edr tkg sui de V::5.6:, tkos jgonb tkg onvdocg vmlug de tkg cldcas on qugstodn. Xkg plmontoee mppgmlgh tkg hgcosodn mnh onsostgh tkmt ot os gntotlgh td rgcdvgr tkg imragt vmlug de V8:6 de tkg smoh cldcas. Xkg hgegnhmnt, dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, cdntgnhgh tkmt tkg plmontoee os gntotlgh td rgcdvgr dnly tkg sui de V25.35 on mccdrhmncg wotk clmusg = de tkg joll de lmhonb. Xkg clmoi de plmontoee os jmsgh updn tkg mrbuignt tkmt tkg twd clmusgs (Clmusgs = mnh ?) on tkg joll de lmhonb, loiotonb tkg lomjoloty de tkg cmrrogr, mrg cdntrmry td pujloc drhgr, mnh tkgrgedrg, tkgrgedrg, null mnh vdoh. OSSWGS0 =) Mrg tkg clmusgs on tkg joll de lmhonb vdoh4 :) Rkock de tkg twd clmusgs skmll jg mpplogh4 KGLH0 =) Nd. Xkgrg mrg tkrgg aonhs de stopulmtodns tkmt kmvg detgn jggn imhg on m joll de lmhonb. Xkg eorst os dng gxgiptonb tkg cmrrogr erdi mny mnh mll lomjoloty edr ldss dr hmimbg dccmsodngh jy ots dwn ngblobgncg. Xkg sgcdnh os dng prdvohonb edr mn unqumloeogh loiotmtodn de suck lomjoloty td mn mbrggh vmlumtodn. Mnh tkg tkorh os dng loiotonb tkg lomjoloty de tkg cmrrogr td mn mbrggh vmlumtodn unlgss tkg skoppgr hgclmrgs m kobkgr vmlug mnh pmys m kobkgr rmtg de ergobkt. Xkg eorst mnh sgcdnh aonhs de stopulmtodns mrg onvmloh ms jgonb cdntrmry td pujloc pdlocy, jut tkg tkorh os vmloh mnh gnedrcgmjlg. M rgmhonb de clmusgs = mnh ?, kdwgvgr, clgmrly skdws tkmt tkg prgsgnt cmsg emlls wotkon tkg tkorh stopulmtodn. Xkus, ot os vmloh edr ndt jgonb cdntrmry td pujloc pdlocy. :) Clmusg ? de tkg Joll de Lmhonb skmll jg mhdptgh ms tkg igmsurg de hgegnhmnt‟s lomjoloty. Rkgrgms clmusg = cdntmons dnly mn oiplogh unhgrtmaonb td sgttlg on cmsg de ldss dn tkg jmsos de ndt gxcgghonb $766 pgr ergobkt tdn, clmusg ? cdntmons mn gxprgss unhgrtmaonb td sgttlg dn tkg jmsos de tkg ngt onvdocg procg. Xkos jgonb tkg cmsg, tkg joll de lmhonb on qugstodn skdulh jg ontgrprgtgh mbmonst tkg hgegnhmnt cmrrogr, wkock hrgw smoh cdntrmct. On cdnstruonb m joll de lmhonb bovgn jy tkg cmrrogr, tkg cdntrmct woll jg cdnstrugh idst strdnbly mbmonst tkg cmrrogr, mnh emvdrmjly td tkg cdnsobndr on cmsg de hdujt. Xkgrgedrg, tkg ùhbignt mppgmlgh erdi skdulh jg meeorigh.


87

Imcdnhrmy mnh Cd. vs. Mctonb Cdiiossodngr Cdiiossodngr de Custdis EMCXS0

Vgtotodngr cmrrogr wms tkg ldcml mbgnt de tkg vgssgl tkmt mrrovgh mt tkg pdrt de Imnolm erdi Smn Ermncoscd, Cmloedrnom, WSM, cdnvgyonb vmrodus skopignts de igrckmnhosg, midnb wkock wms m skopignt de dng (=) cdol cmrjdn stggl, dng (=) junhlg cmrjdn stggl elmt, mnh dng (=) cmrtdn cdntmononb cmrjdn tddl kdlhgrs cmrjohg cuttgrs, mll de wkock mppgmrgh on tkg Joll de Lmhonb. Xkg skopignt, gxcgpt tkg dng (=) cdol cmrjdn stggl wms ndt rgelgctgh on tkg Onwmrh Cmrbd Imnoegst ms rgquorgh jy tkg Xmroee mnh Custdis Cdhg. Vgtotodngr mpplogh edr mignhignt de tkg custdis edri td rgelgct tkg trug mnh cdrrgct hgscroptodn de tkg skopignt mnh td geegct ots rglgmsg erdi tkg custdis kdusg. Ngvgrtkglgss, tkg Cdllgctdr de Custdis oipdsgh m eong de V=,666 edr vodlmtodn de tkg smoh cdhg dn unimnoegstgh cmrbdgs. Vgtotodngr pmoh tkg eong unhgr prdtgst. Vgtotodngr cdntgnhgh tkmt tkg Joll de Lmhonb wkgrgdn tkg skopignt wms cdrrgctly imnoegstgh wms m sujstmntoml cdiplomncg wotk tkg prdvosodn de tkg smoh cdhg. Mhhotodnmlly, pgtotodngr onsostgh tkmt tkg edri kmh mlrgmhy jggn mignhgh on ots cdrrgct hgscroptodn. OSSWGS0

=) Os tkg Joll de Lmhonb sueeocognt td cdiply wotk tkg prdvosodn dn imnoegstgh cmrbdgs4 :) Hoh tkg mignhignt imhg jy tkg pgtotodngr curg tkg oneorioty4 KGLH0

=) Nd. Ndwkgrg on tkg smoh sgctodns dn tkg Xmroee mnh Custdis Cdhg os tkg prgsgntmtodn de m Joll de Lmhonb rgquorgh, jut dnly tkg prgsgntmtodn de m Imnoegst cdntmononb m trug mnh mccurmtg hgscroptodn de tkg cmrbdgs. Xkos os edr tkg soiplg rgmsdn tkmt wkolg m imnoegst os m hgclmrmtodn de tkg gntorg cmrbd, m joll de lmhonb os jut m hgclmrmtodn de m spgcoeoc pmrt de tkg cmrbd mnh os m imttgr de jusongss cdnvgnogncg jmsgh gxclusovgly dn m cdntrmct. Idrg sd, tkg purpdsg sgrvgh jy tkg imnoegst os emr hoeegrgnt erdi tkmt de m joll de lmhonb. Rkolg m joll de lmhonb os drhonmroly igrgly m cdnvgnognt cdiigrcoml onstruignt hgsobngh td prdtgct tkg oipdrtgr dr cdnsobngg, m imnoegst de tkg cmrbd os mjsdlutgly gssgntoml td tkg gxpdrtmtodn dr oipdrtmtodn de prdpgrty on mll vgssgls, tkg dj`gct de wkock os td oipdsg updn tkg dwngrs de suck vgssgl mn oipgrmtovg djlobmtodn td sujiot losts de tkg gntorg ldmhonb de tkg skop td hgegmt mny mttgipt td imag usg de suck vgssgls td sgcurg tkg unlmweul gntry de pgrsdns dr tkonbs ontd tkg cduntry. Xkus, tkg Cdurt kglh tkmt tkg joll de lmhonb hoh ndt supply tkg hgeocogncy de tkg imnoegst mnh curg ot de ots oneorioty. :) Nd. Eorst, tkg mignhignt wms imhg wotkdut prodr mpprdvml erdi tkg Cdllgctdr de Custdis on cdntrmvgntodn de tkg usuml mnh mccgptgh deeocg prdcghurg. Sgcdnh, nd mignhgh imnoegst wms prgsgntgh huronb tkg kgmronb on spotg de miplg toig brmntgh td pgtotodngr td gnmjlg tkgi td prdhucg tkos hdcuignt. Xkorh, tkg suppdsgh mignhignt wms ngvgr mttmckgh td tkg imnoegst ms rgquorgh jy tkg prdvosodn dn imnoegstgh cmrbdgs jut dnly mnndtmtgh. Brmntonb mrbugnhd tkmt tkg mignhignt wms mpprdvgh mnh vmloh, ot hdgs ndt on mny wmy rglogvg tkg vgssgl erdi tkg lomjoloty wkock tkg vgssgl kmh mlrgmhy oncurrgh prodr td ots mignhignt. Xkgrgedrg, nd vmloh mignhignt td tkg skop‟s imnoegst wms imhg cdnedrimjly wotk tkg prdvoso dns de tkg Xmroee mnh Custdis Cdhg.


85

Imbgllmn Imnuemcturonb Imragtonb Cdrp vs. CM EMCXS0

Vgtotodngr gntgrgh ontd m cdntrmct wotk Ckdù Cd de _dadkmim, @mpmn td gxpdrt mnmkmw emns edr mnh on cdnsohgrmtodn de $:3,::6. Ms pmyignt tkgrgde, m lgttgr de crghot wms ossugh td pgtotodngr jy tkg juygr. Vgtotodngr cdntrmctgh provmtg rgspdnhgnts td skop tkg mnmkmw emns spgcoeyonb tkmt kg ngghgh =) mn dn-jdmrh joll de lmhonb mnh tkmt :) trmnsskopignt os ndt mlldwgh, unhgr tkg lgttgr de crghot. Vgtotodngr pmoh provmtg rgspdnhgnts mnh sgcurgh m cdpy de tkg joll de lmhonb wkock wms prgsgntgh td tkg jmna. Kdwgvgr, tkg pmyignt wms rgeusgh jy tkg juygr jgcmusg tkgrg wms nd dn-jdmrh joll de lmhonb, mnh tkgrg wms m trmnsskopignt de bddhs. Rkgn onedrigh de wkmt kmppgngh, provmtg rgspdnhgnts tkgn ossugh m cgrtoeocmtg stmtonb tkmt ots joll de lmhonb ot ossugh os mn dn jdmrh joll de lmhonb mnh tkmt tkgrg wms nd mctuml trmnsskopignt de tkg emns jgcmusg mltkdubk tkg bddhs mrg trmnsegrrgh erdi dng vgssgl td mndtkgr, jdtk vgssgls jgldnb td tkg smig dwngr. Ngvgrtkglgss, tkg juygr stoll rgeusgh td mccgpt tkg bddhs mnh tkgrgmetgr, tkg mnmkmw emns wgrg skoppgh jmca td Imnolm jy hgegnhmnt cmrrogr. Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnts bmvg pgtotodngr tkg dptodn td pmy tkg sui de skopignt dr td mjmnhdn tkg mnmkmw emns td gnmjlg tkgi td sgll tkg smoh emns mt pujloc muctodn td cdvgr tkg cdst de skopignt. Vgtotodngr dptgh td mjmnhdn tkg bddhs. Lmtgr, pgtotodngr eolgh m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs mllgbonb tkmt provmtg rgspdnhgnts mrg td jlmig edr tkg rgeusml de tkg juygr td mccgpt tkg mnmkmw emns. OSSWGS0 =) Os tkg joll de lmhonb mn “dn - jdmrh’ jdmrh’ joll de lmhonb dr m “rgcgovgh edr skopignt’ joll de lmhonb4 :) Rms tkgrg trmnsskopignt de bddhs on vodlmtodn de tkg cdnhotodns sgt edrtk on tkg lgttgr de crghot4 3) Rkd, jgtwggn tkg pgtotodngr mnh provmtg rgspdnhgnts, skmll jg lomjlg edr suck vodlmtodns4 KGLH0 =) Xkg joll de lmhonb os m “rgcgovgh edr skopignt’ joll de lmhonb. Mn dn jdmrh joll de lmhonb os dng on wkock ot os stmtgh tkmt tkg bddhs kmvg jggn rgcgovgh dn jdmrh tkg vgssgl wkock os td cmrry tkg bddhs, wkgrgms m rgcgovgh edr skopignt joll de lmhonb os dng on wkock ot os stmtgh tkmt tkg bddhs kmvg jggn rgcgovgh edr skopignt wotk dr wotkdut spgcoeyonb tkg vgssgl jy wkock tkg bddhs mrg td jg skoppgh. Zgcgovgh edr skopignt jolls de lmhonb mrg ossugh wkgngvgr cdnhotodns mrg ndt ndriml mnh tkgrg os onsueeocogncy de skopponb spmcg. Mn dn jdmrh joll de lmhonb os ossugh wkgn tkg bddhs kmvg jggn mctumlly plmcgh mjdmrh tkg skop wotk gvgry rgmsdnmjlg gxpgctmtodn tkmt tkg skopignt os ms bddh ms dn ots wmy. Xkg purpdsg de rgquoronb mn dn jdmrh joll de lmhonb, gspgcomlly on imrotoig cdntrmcts, os ots mppmrgnt bumrmnty de cgrtmonty de skopponb ms wgll ms tkg sgmwdrtkongss de tkg vgssgl wkock os td cmrry tkg bddhs. On tkg onstmnt cmsg, tkg joll de lmhonb ossugh jy tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts jdrg tkg ndtmtodn “rgcgovgh edr skopignt’ wotkdut spgcoeyonb tkg nmig de tkg vgssgl wkock os td cmrry tkg smoh mnmkmw emns. :) _gs. Xrmnsskopignt os hgeongh ms “tkg mct de tmaonb cmrbd dut de dng skop mnh ldmhonb ot on mndtkgr’. m ndtkgr’. Xkgrg os trmnsskopignt, ms on tkos cmsg, wkgtkgr dr ndt tkg smig pgrsdn, eori dr gntoty dwns tkg vgssgls. Xkg emct de trmnsskopignt os ndt hgpgnhgnt updn tkg dwngrskop de tkg trmnspdrtonb skops jut rmtkgr dn tkg emct de mctuml pkysocml trmnsegr de cmrbd erdi dng vgssgl td mndtkgr. Xkgrg mlsd mppgmrs dn tkg emcg de tkg joll de lmhonb tkg gntry “Kdnb Adnb’ on tkg jlmna spmcg lmjglgh “Xrmnsskopignt’ wkock cmn dnly igmn tkmt trmnsskopignt mctumlly tdda plmcg.


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3) Vgtotodngr skmll jg lomjlg edr suck vodlmtodns. M joll de lmhonb dpgrmtgs jdtk ms m rgcgopt mnh ms m cdntrmct. Ot os m rgcgopt edr tkg bddhs skoppgh mnh m cdntrmct td trmnspdrt mnh hglovgr tkg smig ms tkgrgon stopulmtgh. Xkus, m skoppgr wkd rgcgovgs m joll de lmhonb wotkdut dj`gctodn os prgsuigh td kmvg mccgptgh ot ms cdrrgctly stmtonb tkg cdntrmct mnh td kmvg mssgntgh td ots tgris wkgtkgr kg rgmhs tkg joll joll dr ndt, on tkg mjsgncg mjsgncg de ermuh, cdncgmlignt, dr oiprdpgr cdnhuct. cdnhuct. Kg os gstdppgh erdi tkgrgmetgr hgnyonb tkmt kg mssgntgh td suck tgris. Xkg prgsohgnt de tkg pgtotodngr cdipmny pgrsdnmlly rgcgovgh mnh sobngh tkg joll de lmhonb mnh pmoh tkg ergobkt ckmrbgs hgspotg tkg stopulmtodn mppgmronb dn tkg emcg de tkg joll unhgr cdluin “pdrt de skopignt’ mn gntry “Kdnb Adnb’. Vgtotodngr kmh eull andwlghbg andwlghb g tkmt tkg joll ossugh td ot cdntmongh tgris mnh cdnhotodns clgmrly vodlmtovg de tkg rgquorgignts de tkg lgttgr de crghot. Mny vodlmtodn wms gntorgly de tkg pgtotodngr‟s imaonb edr wkock ot iust jgmr tkg cdnsgqugncgs. Ot skdulh ndt meegct provmtg rgspdnhgnts soncg tkgy wgrg ndt provogs td tkg smoh tgris mnh cdnhotodns. Ndngtkglgss, tkg Cdurt kglh tkmt pgtotodngr os mjsdlvgh de mny lomjoloty edr tkg rgmsdn tkmt ot kmh mlrgmhy mjmnhdngh ots bddhs edr tkg pujloc smlg mnh suck prdcgghs mrg sueeocognt td pmy tkg cdsts oncurrgh jy provmtg rgspdnhgnts.


8;

Smluhd, @r. vs. CM EMCXS0 Xkg idtkgr de tkg pgtotodngrs hogh on Ckocmbd, Ollondos. Vdiogrsao Eungrml Kdig de Ckocmbd imhg tkg ngcgssmry prgpmrmtodns mnh mrrmnbgignts edr tkg skopignt de tkg rgimons erdi Ckocmbd td tkg Vkoloppongs. Vdiogrsao jrdubkt tkg rgimons td Cdntongntml Idrtumry Mor Sgrvocgs (CIMS) mt tkg Ckocmbd Morpdrt wkock imhg tkg ngcgssmry mrrmnbgignts suck ms elobkts, trmnsegrs, gtc. CIMS jddagh tkg skopignt wotk VML. VML Morwmy Joll wms ossugh wkgrgon tkg rgqugstgh rdutonb wms erdi Ckocmbd td Smn Ermncoscd dn jdmrh Xrmns Rdrlh Morlong (XRM) mnh erdi Smn Ermncoscd td Imnolm dn jdmrh VML. Smlvmcodn (dng de tkg pgtotodngrs), updn mrrovml mt Smn Ermncoscd, wgnt td tkg XRM td onquorg mjdut kgr idtkgr‟s rgimon s. Jut skg wms tdlh tkgy hoh ndt andw mnytkonb mjdut ot. Skg tkgn cmllgh cm llgh Vdiogrsao tkmt kgr idtkgr‟s rgimons wgrg ndt mt tkg Rgst Cdmst tgrionml. Vdiogrsao oiighomtgly cmllgh CIMS wkock onedrigh tkmt tkg rgimons wgrg dn m plmng td Igxocd Coty, Coty, tkmt tkgrg wgrg twd jdhogs mt tkg tgrionml, mnh sdigkdw tkgy wgrg swotckgh. Vgtotodngrs eolgh m cdiplmont mbmonst XRM mnh VML edr tkg grrdngdus skopignt mnh hglmy de tkg cmrbd. Vgtotodngrs mllgbgh tkmt provmtg rgspdnhgnts rgcgovgh tkg cmsagtgh rgimons de tkg hgcgmsgh dn Dctdjgr :5, =?25, ms gvohgncgh jy tkg ossumncg de VML Morwmy Joll mnh erdi smoh hmtg, provmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrg ckmrbgh wotk tkg rgspdnsojoloty td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg sd iuck sd tkmt tkg mllgbgh m llgbgh swotckonb de tkg cmsagts dn Dctdjgr :2, =?25, tkg lmttgr iust jg lomjlg. VML cdntgnhgh tkmt ot wms ndt untol Dctdjgr :;, =?25 tkmt tkgy rgcgovgh tkg pkysocml hglovgry de tkg jdhy, tkus, tkgy mrg ndt lomjlg edr tkg swotckonb de cmsagts wkock kmppgngh tkg hmy jgedrg. OSSWG0 =) Os tkg Morwmy Joll m joll de lmhonb4 :) Rms tkgrg hglovgry de tkg cmrbd updn igrg ossumncg de tkg Morwmy Joll4 KGLH0 =) _gs. M joll de lmhonb os m wrottgn mcandwlghbgignt de tkg rgcgopt de tkg bddhs mnh mn mbrggignt td trmnspdrt mnh hglovgr tkgi mt m spgcoeogh plmcg td m pgrsdn nmigh dr dn kos drhgr. Suck onstruignt imy jg cmllgh m skopponb rgcgopt, edrwmrhgr‟s rgcgopt mnh rgcgopt edr trmnspdrtmtodn. Xkg hgsobnmtodn, kdwgvgr, os oiimtgroml. Ot kms jggn kglh tkmt ergobkt tocagts edr jus cdipmnogs ms wgll ms rgcgopts edr cmrbd trmnspdrtgh tr mnspdrtgh jy mll edris de trmnspdrtmtodn, wkgtkgr jy sgm dr lmnh, emll wotkon tkg hgeonotodn. Wnhgr tkg Xmroee mnh Custdis Cdhg, m joll de lmhonb oncluhgs morwmy jolls de lmhonb. Ms suck, tkg Morwmy Joll ossugh jy VML os m joll de lmhonb. :) Nd. Rkolg ot os trug tkmt hglovgry de tkg bddhs td tkg cmrrogr ndrimlly prgcghgs tkg ossumncg de tkg joll dr hglovgry de tkg bddhs mnh ossumncg de tkg joll mrg rgbmrhgh on cdiigrcoml prmctocg ms soiultmngdus mcts, tkgrg os ndtkonb td prgvgnt mn onvgrsg drhgr de gvgnts, tkmt os, tkg gxgcutodn de tkg joll de lmhonb gvgn prodr td mctuml pdssgssodn mnh cdntrdl jy tkg cmrrogr de tkg cmrbd td jg trmnspdrtgh. Ot os m bgngrml rulg ms td tkg pmrtogs td m cdntrmct de cmrrombg de bddhs on cdnngctodn wotk wkock m joll de lmhonb os ossugh tkmt tkg rgcotml jgonb on gssgncg m rgcgopt mldng, os ndt cdnclusovg, jut imy jg gxplmongh, vmrogh, dr cdntrmhoctgh jy pmrdl dr dtkgr gvohgncg. Edr onstmncg, wkgn nd bddhs kmvg jggn hglovgrgh edr skopignt, nd rgcotmls on tkg joll cmn gstdp tkg cmrrogr erdi skdwonb tkg trug emcts. Ot dnly rmosgs m rgjuttmjlg prgsuiptodn tkmt suck bddhs wgrg hglovgrgh edr skopignt jut tkg emct iust mlwmys dutwgobk tkg rgcotml cdntmongh tkgrgon. On tkg onstmnt cmsg, tkg gxplmnmtodn de provmtg rgspdnhgnts tkmt tkg Morwmy Joll wms ossugh, ndt ms gvohgncg de rgcgopt de hglovgry de tkg cmrbd jut igrgly ms m cdneorimtodn de tkg jdda tkus imhg


8?

sueeocogntly dvgrcdigs tkg prgsuiptodn rglogh dn jy pgtotodngrs on onsostonb tkmt tkg rgimons de tkgor idtkgr wgrg hglovgrgh td mnh rgcgovgh jy provmtg rgspdnhgnts dn Dctdjgr :5. Zmtkgr, tkg Cdurt os cdnvoncgh tkmt provmtg rgspdnhgnt rgcgovgh tkg pkysocml hglovgry de tkg jdhy dnly dn Dctdjgr :; ms huly gvohgncgh jy tkg Ontgrlong Ergobkt Xrmnsegr Imnoegst de tkg Migrocmn Morlong Ergobkt Systgi. Ot wms erdi tkmt hmtg tkmt provmtg rgspdnhgnts jgcmig rgspdnsojlg edr tkg mbrggh cmrbd unhgr tkgor unhgrtmaonbs on VML Morwmy Joll. Cdnsgqugntly, edr tkg swotckonb de cmsagts prodr tkgrgtd wkock wms wms ndt cmusgh jy tkgi, provmtg provmtg rgspdnhgnts cmnndt cmnndt jg kglh lomjlg.


76

@umn _simgl & Cd, Onc. vs. Loibgnbcd EMCXS0

Vgtotodngr cdrpdrmtodn sdubkt td rgcdvgr erdi tkg rgspdnhgnts V?,?86.?7, tkg mllgbgh vmlug de edur cmsgs de igrckmnhosg de sola wkock ot hglovgrgh td tkg stgmiskop Mnhrgs mt Imnolm td jg skoppgh td Surobmd, jut wkock wgrg ngvgr hglovgrgh td tkg cdnsobngg dr rgturngh td tkg pgtotodngr. Zgspdnhgnt hgnogh lomjoloty jy rglyonb td pmrmbrmpks 2 mnh =: de tkg joll de lmhonb gxgcutgh jy ot mnh tkg pgtotodngr wkock cdntmongh tkg edlldwonb0 Vmrmbrmpk 20 Suots jmsgh updn clmois mrosonb erdi skdrtmbg, hmimbg, dr ndn-hglovgry de skopignt skmll jg onstotutgh wotkon 56 hmys erdi hmtg de mccruml de tkg robkt de mctodn. Emolurg td imag clmois dr td onstotutg ùhocoml prdcgghonbs ms kgrgon prdvohgh skmll cdnstotutg m wmovgr de tkg clmoi dr robkt de mctodn1 Vmrmbrmpk =:0 Ot os gxprgssly unhgrstddh tkmt cmrrogr skmll ndt jg lomjlg edr ldss dr hmimbg erdi mny cmusg dr edr mny rgmsdn td mn midunt gxcgghonb V366 edr mny sonblg pmcambg de sola dr dtkgr vmlumjlg cmrbd, ndr edr mn midunt gxcgghonb V=66 edr mny sonblg pmcambg de dtkgr cmrbd, unlgss tkg vmlug dr cdntgnts de suck pmcambgs mrg cdrrgctly hgclmrgh on tkos joll de lmhonb mt tkg toig tkg skopignt mnh ergobkt pmoh on mccdrh wotk tkg tkg mctuml igmsurgignt dr wgobkt wgobkt de tkg cmrbd skoppgh. skoppgh. OSSWGS0

=) Rms tkg mctodn eolgh e olgh jy pgtotodngr jrdubkt wotkon rgmsdnmjlg toig4 :) Skdulh pmrmbrmpk =: de tkg suj`gct joll de lmhonb jg upkglh4 KGLH0

=) _gs. Mltkdubk Mltkdubk mccdrhonb td tkg joll de lmhonb, lmhonb, clmoi clmoi skdulh skdulh jg eolgh dnly dnly wotkon wotkon 56 hmys, tkg Cdurt rulgh metgr cdnsohgronb mll corcuistmncgs dn tkg ossug tkmt tkg mctodn wms jrdubkt wotkon m ‛rgmsdnmjlg toig‟. Xkg bddhs on qugstodn wgrg skoppgh erdi Imnolm dn Dctdjgr :7, =??:, td jg hglovgrgh td cdnsobngg on Surobmd. Vgtotodngr‟s drobonml cdiplmont wms eolgh dn Mprol =2, =?:3, dr m lottlg lgss tkmn 5 idntks metgr tkg skopignt wms imhg. Ot os trug tkmt jdtk tkg pgtotodngr mnh tkg rgspdnhgnt mrg rgsohgnts de Imnolm, jut ot os mlsd trug tkmt Surobmd wkgrg tkg bddhs on qugstodn wgrg td jg hglovgrgh os dng de tkg idst hostmnt plmcgs erdi Imnolm. On tkg vgry nmturg de tkonbs, pgtotodngr wdulh ndt wmnt td cdiigncg ots mctodn untol suck suck toig ms ot kmh imhg m eull mnh cmrgeul onvgstobmtodn de mll de tkg imtgroml emcts mnh gvgn tkg lmw de tkg cmsg, ms td hgtgriong wkgtkgr dr ndt rgspdnhgnts wgrg lomjlg edr ots ldss. :) Nd. Xkg Cdurt kglh tkmt tkg loiotmtodn de vmlug de tkg bddhs stopulmtgh on on tkg joll de lmhonb os uncdnscodnmjlg mnh vdoh ms mbmonst pujloc pdlocy. Ot os m imttgr de cdiidn andwlghbg tkmt lmrbg qumntotogs de sola mrg oipdrtgh on tkg Vkoloppongs, mnh tkmt metgr jgonb oipdrtgh, tkgy mrg sdlh jy igrckmnts on Imnolm mnh tkgn skoppgh td hoeegrgnt pdonts mnh plmcgs on tkg Oslmnhs. Kgncg, tkgrg os ndtkonb unusuml mjdut tkg skopignt de sola. On trutk mnh on emct, ot os m imttgr de usuml mnh drhonmry jusongss. Vmrmbrmpk =: loiots V366 ‛edr gvgry sonblg pmcambg de sola‟. Xkg gvohgncg skdws tkmt =58 cmsgs wgrg skoppgh, mnh tkmt tkg vmlug de gmck cmsg wms vgry ngmr V:,766. On tkos sotumtodn, tkg loiot de tkg rgspdnhgnt‟s lomjoloty edr gmck cmsg de sola ‛edr ldss dr hmimbg erdi mny cmusg dr edr mny rgmsdn‟ wdulh put ot on tkg pdwgr de tkg rgspdnhgnts td kmvg tmagn tkg wkdlg cmrbd de =58 cmsgs de sola mt m vmlumtodn de V366 edr gmck cmsg, dr lgss tkmn dng-gobkt (=/;) de ots mctuml vmlug. Oe tkmt rulg de lmw skdulh jg sustmongh, nd sola wdulh gvgr jg skoppgh erdi dng oslmnh td mndtkgr on tkg Vkoloppongs.


7=

Skgwmrmi vs. Vkoloppong Mor Longs EMCXS0

Skgwmrmi jdmrhgh Vkoloppong Mor Longs (VML) edr m elobkt erdi Pmijdmnbm Coty td Imnolm. Kg ckgcagh on tkrgg (3) pogcgs de jmbbmbg ‘ m m suotcmsg mnh twd (:) dtkgr pogcgs. Xkg suotcmsg wms iostmbbgh jy VML‟s pgrsdnngl on Pmijdmnbm Coty, ms O.B.N. (edr Olobmn) onstgmh de INL (edr Imnolm). Rkgn Skgwmrmi mrrovgh on Imnolm, kos suotcmsg hoh ndt mrrovg wotk kos elobkt. Sd, kg imhg m clmoi wotk VML's pgrsdnngl on Imnolm mnh mndtkgr suotcmsg soiolmr td kos dwn wms bovgn td koi jut kg rgeusgh td tmag tkg smig dn tkg brdunh tkmt ot wms ndt kos. Metgr onquorogs wgrg imhg jy VML, Skgwmrmi‟s suotcmsg suotcm sg wms edunh td kmvg rgmckgh Olobmn mnh ot mrrovgh on Imnolm tkg ngxt hmy. Rkgn Skgwmrmi‟s suotcmsg mrrovgh on Imnolm, kg ndtocgh tmipgronb de tkg smig mnh tkg Xrmnsostdr Zmhod 2 mnh tkg Zdllelgx Cmigrm wgrg nd ldnbgr onsohg ot. Skgwmrmi hgimnhgh tkmt tkg otgis jg rgturngh td koi dr tkmt VML pmy edr tkgor vmlug jut VML hoh ndt cdiply wotk kos hgimnhs mnh tkus, kg onstotutgh tkos cdiplmont. VML cdntgnhgh tkmt ots lomjoloty skdulh jg loiotgh td tkg midunt stmtgh on tkg cdnhotodns de cmrrombg prontgh mt tkg jmca de tkg plmng tocagt stuj. Xkgsg cdnhotodns mrg gijdhogh on Hdigstoc Xmroee Zgbulmtodns Nd. : wkock prdvohgs0 “Xkg lomjoloty edr ldss dr hmimbg td ckgcagh jmbbmbg dr edr hglmy on tkg hglovgry tkgrgde os loiotgh td ots vmlug mnh, unlgss tkg pmssgnbgr hgclmrgs on mhvmncg m kobkgr vmlumtodn mnh pmy mn mhhotodnml ckmrbg tkgrgedr, tkg vmlug skmll jg cdnclusovgly hggigh ndt td gxcggh V=66.66 edr gmck tocagt.’ OSSWG0 Skdulh VML‟s lomjoloty jg loiotgh td wkmt os onhocmtgh on tkg joll de lmhonb (o.g. plmng toca gt toca gt stuj)4 KGLH0 Nd. VML‟s ML‟s lomjoloty cmnndt jg loiotgh. VML imontmongh tkmt soncg Skgwmrmi emolgh td hgclmrg m kobkgr vmlug edr kos lubbmbg wkgn kg ckgcagh suck lubbmbg mt tkg morpdrt, kg cmnndt hgimnh pmyignt erdi VML de mn midunt on gxcgss de V=66.66. Ms Mrtoclg =276 de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg prdvohgs, tkg pgcunomry lomjoloty de m cdiidn cmrrogr imy, jy cdntrmct, jg loiotgh td m eoxgh midunt. Ot os rgquorgh, kdwgvgr, tkmt tkg cdntrmct iust jg "rgmsdnmjlg mnh ùst unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs mnh kms jggn emorly mnh erggly mbrggh updn." Xkg rgquorgignts prdvohgh on Mrtoclg =276 de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg iust jg cdiplogh wotk jgedrg m cdiidn cmrrogr cmn clmoi m loiotmtodn de ots pgcunomry lomjoloty on cmsg de ldss, hgstructodn dr hgtgrodrmtodn de tkg bddhs. Kdwgvgr, Kdwgvgr, tkg rgquorgignts de smoh mrtoclg kmvg ndt jggn igt. Ot cmnndt jg smoh tkmt Skgwmrmi kmh mctumlly gntgrgh ontd m cdntrmct wotk VML, gijdhyonb tkg cdnhotodns ms prontgh mt tkg jmca de tkg tocagt stuj tkmt ot ossugh. Xkg emct tkmt tkdsg cdnhotodns mrg prontgh mt tkg jmca de tkg tocagt on lgttgrs sd simll tkmt tkgy mrg kmrh td rgmh wdulh ndt wmrrmnt tkg prgsuiptodn tkmt pgtotodngr wms mwmrg de tkdsg cdnhotodns suck tkmt kg kmh "emorly mnh erggly mbrggh" td tkdsg cdnhotodns. VML VML mlsd mhiottgh tkmt pmssgnbgrs hd ndt sobn tkg tocagt, mnh ms suck pmssgnbgrs cmnndt jg jdunh jy tkg cdnhotodns de cmrrombg edunh mt tkg jmca de tkg tocagt stuj. VML‟s lomjoloty iust jg bdvgrngh jy Mrtoclg =237 de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg wkock prdvohgs tkg prgsuiptodn de cdiidn cmrrogrs td kmvg jggn mt emult dr td kmvg mctgh ngblobgntly, ngblobgntly, unlgss tkgy prdvg tkmt tkgy djsgrvgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg ms rgquorgh on Mrtoclg =233.


7:

Dnb _ou vs. CM BZ Nd. L-867?2, @ung :?, =?2? EMCXS0 Vgtotodngr, m lmwygr mnh jusongssimn, wms m pmssgnbgr de rgspdnhgnt Vkoloppong Mor Longs (VML), dn jdmrh m elobkt erdi Cgju jdunh edr Jutumn Coty. Kg wms sckghulgh td mttgnh m covol cmsg troml sgt edr kgmronb. Ms m pmssgnbgr, kg ckgcagh on dng pogcg de lubbmbg, m jlug "imlgtm" edr wkock kg wms ossugh m clmoi ckgca. Wpdn mrrovml, pgtotodngr clmoigh kos lubbmbg jut ot cdulh ndt jg edunh. Ot cdntmongh votml hdcuignts hdcuignts edr tkg troml. VML VML Imnolm worgh worgh VML VML Cgju mhvosonb mhvosonb tkmt tkg lubbmbg kmh jggn dvgr cmrrogh td Imnolm. Xkg ngxt hmy, m “cdldrui’ cmr hrovgr Hmbdrrd, wkd usgh td hrovg edr pgtotodngr, wms msagh td hglovgr tkg "imlgtm" td pgtotodngr, wotk tkg onedrimtodn tkmt tkg ldca wms dpgn. Wpdn onspgctodn, pgtotodngr edunh tkmt m edlhgr cdntmononb cgrtmon gxkojots, trmnscropts mnh provmtg hdcuignts wgrg iossonb, msohg erdi twd boet otgis edr kos pmrgnts-on-lmw. Vgtotodngr rgeusgh td mccgpt tkg lubbmbg. Hmbdrrd rgturngh ot td VML wkd wrdtg jmca td pgtotodngr mpdldbozonb tkmt kos iossonb pmpgrs ms wgll ms tkg pgrsdn rgspdnsojlg edr ot kmvg ndt jggn edunh mnh ohgntoeogh rgspgctovgly. Ot mlsd stmtgh tkg emct tkmt nd onvgntdry wms tmagn de tkg cmrbd updn ldmhonb tkgi dn mny plmng tkus tkgrg wms nd wmy de andwonb tkg rgml cdntgnts de tkg jmbbmbg tkmt wms ldmhgh. Vgtotodngr eolgh m cdiplmont mbmonst VML edr hmimbgs edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de tr mnspdrtmtodn. mnspdrtmtodn. Zgspdnhgnt cdurt, kdwgvgr, loiotgh VML‟s cmrrombg lomjoloty td tkg midunt de V=66.66 ms stopulmtgh mt tkg jmca de tkg tocagt. OSSWG0 Os pgtotodngr jdunh jy tkg stopulmtodn onhocmtgh mt tkg jmca de tkg tocagt loiotonb VML‟s lomjoloty4 KGLH0 _gs. Rkolg ot imy jg trug tkmt pgtotodngr kmh ndt sobngh tkg plmng tocagt, kg os ngvgrtkglgss jdunh jy tkg prdvosodns tkgrgde. "Suck " Suck prdvosodns kmvg jggn kglh td jg m pmrt de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg mnh vmloh mnh jonhonb updn tkg pmssgnbgr rgbmrhlgss de tkg lmttgr's lmca de andwlghbg dr mssgnt td tkg rgbulmtodn". Ot os wkmt os andwn ms m cdntrmct de "mhkgsodn", on rgbmrhs wkock ot kms jggn smoh tkmt cdntrmcts de mhkgsodn wkgrgon dng pmrty oipdsgs m rgmhy imhg edri de cdntrmct dn tkg dtkgr, ms tkg plmng tocagt on tkg cmsg mt jmr, mrg cdntrmcts ndt gntorgly prdkojotgh. Xkg dng wkd mhkgrgs td tkg cdntrmct os on rgmloty ergg td rg`gct ot gntorgly1 oe kg mhkgrgs, kg bovgs kos cdnsgnt. M cdntrmct loiotonb lomjoloty updn mn mbrggh vmlumtodn hdgs ndt deegnh mbmonst tkg pdlocy de tkg lmw edrjohhonb dng erdi cdntrmctonb mbmonst kos dwn ngblobgncg. Cdnsohgronb, tkgrgedrg, tkmt pgtotodngr kmh emolgh td hgclmrg m kobkgr vmlug edr kos jmbbmbg, kg cmnndt jg pgriottgh m rgcdvgry on gxcgss de V=66.66. Jgsohgs, pmssgnbgrs mrg mhvosgh ndt td plmcg vmlumjlg otgis onsohg tkgor jmbbmbg jut td mvmol de tkgor U-cmrbd sgrvocg. Idrgdvgr, pgtotodngr kmh jggn m ergqugnt pmssgnbgr de VML erdi Cgju td Jutumn Coty mnh jmca, mnh kg, jgonb m lmwygr mnh jusongssimn, iust jg eully mwmrg de tkgsg cdnhotodns.


73

Mjdotoz Skopponb Cdrp vs. CM EMCXS0 Xkg vgssgl I/U Mjdotoz tdda dn jdmrh on Kdnbadnb edr skopignt td Imnolm sdig cmrbd cdnsostonb de dng (=) twgnty (:6) – eddtgr eddtgr cdntmongr kdlhonb :2= rdlls de bddhs edr mppmrgl cdvgrgh jy Joll de Lmhonb Nd. 7=7-I mnh dng (=) edrty (86)-eddtgr cdntmongr kdlhonb 882 rdlls, =6 jula mnh ?7 cmrtdns de bddhs edr mppmrgl cdvgrgh jy Joll de Lmhonb Nd. 767-I. Xkg tdtml vmlug de tkg bddhs midunts td V=,62:,5==.:6 wkock wgrg cdnsobngh td tkg Vkoloppong Mppmrgl. Dn ots wmy td Imnolm, tkg vgssgl suna mnh ot wms hgclmrgh ldst wotk mll ots cmrbdgs. Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt eolgh mn mctodn edr hmimbgs mbmonst pgtotodngr mllgbonb tkmt tkg ldss wms hug td tkg emult mnh ngblobgncg de pgtotodngr mnh tkg imstgr mnh crgw de ots vgssgl on tkmt tkgy hoh ndt djsgrvg tkg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg rgquorgh jy lmw ms rgbmrhs cdiidn cmrrogrs wkock emct de ngblobgncg meeorigh jy rgspdnhgnt cdurt. Vgtotodngr cdntgnhgh tkmt ots lomjoloty skdulh jg eoxgh mt $766.66 pgr pmcambg/cdntmongr ms stopulmtgh stopulmtgh on tkg joll de de lmhonb mnh ndt mt tkg mctuml mctuml vmlug de tkg cmrbd. OSSWG0 Os tkg stopulmtodn loiotonb pgtotodngr‟s lomjoloty vmloh mnh gnedrcgmjlg4 KGLH0 Nd. Rkolg ot os trug tkmt on tkg joll de lmhonb tkgrg os suck stopulmtodn tkmt tkg lomjoloty de t kg cmrrogr os $766.66 pgr pmcambg/cdntmongr/custdimry pmcambg/cdntmongr/custdimry ergobkt, tkgrg os mn gxcgptodn, tkmt os, wkgn tkg nmturg mnh vmlug de suck bddhs kmvg jggn hgclmrgh jy tkg skoppgr jgedrg skopignt mnh onsgrtgh on tkg joll de lmhonb. Xkos os prdvohgh edr on Sgctodn 8(7) de tkg Cmrrombg de Bddhs jy Sgm Mct wkock stopulmtgs tkmt tkos hgclmrmtodn de tkg mctuml vmlug, oe gijdhogh on tkg joll de lmhonb, skmll jg proim emcog gvohgncg, jut skmll ndt jg cdnclusovg dn tkg cmrrogr. On tkg onstmnt cmsg, tkg hgscroptodn de tkg nmturg mnh tkg vmlug de tkg bddhs skoppgh mrg hgclmrgh mnh rgelgctgh rg elgctgh on tkg jolls de lmhonb. Xkus, X kus, ot os tkg jmsos de tkg lomjoloty de tkg cmrrogr ms tkg mctuml vmlug de tkg ldss. Xd loiot tkg lomjoloty de pgtotodngr td $766.66 $766.66 wdulh nulloey tkg pdlocy pdlocy de tkg lmw oipdsonb dn cdiidn cmrrogrs tkg huty huty td djsgrvg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg cmrrombg de bddhs. Idrgdvgr, tkg Cdurt mlsd kglh tkmt ot os mjsurh td ontgrprgt “cdntmongr’, ms prdvohgh on tkg joll de lmhonb td jg vmlugh mt $766.66 gmck, td rgegr td tkg cdntmongr wkock os tkg idhgrn sujstotutg edr tkg kdlh de tkg vgssgl. Xkg pmcambg/cdntmongr cdntgiplmtgh jy tkg lmw td loiot tkg lomjoloty de tkg cmrrogr skdulh jg sgnsojly rglmtgh td tkg unot on wkock tkg skoppgr pmcambgh tkg bddhs mnh hgscrojgh tkgi, ndt m lmrbg igntml dj`gct on wkock tkg cmrrogr cmusgh tkgi td jg cdntmongh. Suck “cdntmongr’ iust jg bovgn tkg smig igmnonb mnh clmssoeocmtodn ms m “pmcambg’ mnh “custdimry ergobkt unot’.


78

SGM LMNH SGZUOCG U. OMC

Emcts0 Sgm-Lmnh Sgrvocg, Onc. skoppgh wkdlgsmlg mnh rgtmol bddhs cdnsobngh td Vmulond Cug, erdi tkg W.S. td Cgju, cdvgrgh jy m joll de lmhonb. Cug hoh ndt hgclmrg tkg vmlug de tkg bddhs on tkg joll de lmhonb. Xkg skopignt mrrovgh on Imnolm td jg trmnsskoppgh td Cgju, wkgrg Cug rgsohgs. Kdwgvgr, tkg skopignt wms stdlgn jy polegrgrs mnh wms ngvgr rgcdvgrgh. Xkus, Cug imhg m edriml clmoi edr tkg vmlug de tkg ldst skopignt miduntonb td V=2?,583.8;. Sgm-Lmnh deegrgh td sgttlg edr $8,666.66 (V36,566.66) mrbuonb tkmt tkg deegr os tkg midunt rgprgsgntonb ots imxoiui lomjoloty edr tkg ldss de tkg skopignt unhgr tkg pmcambg loiotmtodn clmusg on tkg joll de lmhonb cdvgronb tkg skopignt. Wnedrtunmtgly, m ùhbgignt wms rgnhgrgh mbmonst Cug sgntgnconb koi td pmy V=;5,68;.66 edr tkg vmlug de tkg cmrbd plus unrgmlozgh prdeot. Ossug0 Skdulh tkg ùhbignt jg jmsgh dn tkg imxoiui lomjoloty ms stopulmtgh on tkg joll de lmhonb4 Kglh0 _gs. Mccdrhonb td tkg Cdurt, tkg lomjoloty de m cdiidn cmrrogr edr ldss dr hmimbg de bddhs td jg trmnspdrtgh os bdvgrngh jy tkg lmws de tkg cduntry de tkg hgstonmtodn. Sujsgqugntly, Sujsgqugntly, Mrt. =28? mnh Mrt. =276 os mpplocmjlg wkgrg ot prdvohgs0 Mrt. =28?. M stopulmtodn tkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr‟s lomjoloty os loiotgh td tkg vmlug de tkg bddhs mppgmronb on tkg joll de lmhonb, unlgss tkg skoppgr dr dwngr hgclmrgs m brgmtgr vmlug, os jonhonb. Mrt. =276. M cdntrmct eoxonb tkg sui tkmt imy jg rgcdvgrgh jy tkg dwngr dr skoppgr edr tkg ldss, hgstructodn, dr hgtgrodrmtodn de tkg bddhs os vmloh, oe ot os rgmsdnmjlg mnh ùst unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs, mnh kms jggn emorly mnh erggly e rggly mbrggh updn. Eurtkgridrg, Xkg Cmrrombg de Bddhs jy Sgm Mct W.S. os mlsd supplgtdry on tkmt ot Sgc. 8(7) de tkg smoh Mct stmtgs0 “Ngotkgr tkg cmrrogr ndr tkg skop skmll on mny gvgnt jg dr jgcdig lomjlg edr mny ldss dr hmimbg td dr on cdnngctodn wotk tkg trmnspdrtmtodn de bddhs on mn midunt gxcgghonb $766 pgrt pmcambg…unlgss tkg nmturg mnh vmlug de suck bddhs kmvg jggn hgclmrgh jy tkg skoppgr jgedrg skopignt mnh onsgrtgh on tkg joll de lmhonb…’ Clmusg :: de tkg joll de lmhonb jgtwggn tkg cdnsobngg mnh tkg cmrrogr mhdpts tkg $ 766 vmlumtodn ms prdvohgh on tkg CDBSM. Mhhotodnmlly, Mhhotodnmlly, tkg Cdurt kglh tkmt tkgrg os ndtkonb on tkg smoh CDBSM stopulmtodn tkmt os unrgmsdnmjlg mnh ndt emorly mbrggh updn. Xkus, tkg imxoiui lomjoloty de $8,666.66 skdulh kmvg jggn upkglh.


77

COXMHGL LONGS U. CM

Emcts0 Xkg pgtotodngr-cmrrogr unhgrtdda td trmnspdrt bddhs jy tkg cdnsobngg, Imnolm Rong Igrckmnts, cdipdsonb de Hunkoll cobmrgttgs erdi Gnblmnh. Wpdn mrrovml mt tkg Vdrt de Imnolm, tkg cdntmongr vmn wms stroppgh de ots cdntgnts, rgsultonb td tkg ldss de ?6 cmsgs de tkg Hunkoll cobmrgttgs. Xkus, m edriml clmoi wms imhg jy tkg cdnsobngg mnh ùhbgignt wms rgnhgrgh on kos emvdr edr tkg midunt de V3=:, 8;6.66 rgprgsgntonb tkg imragt vmlug de tkg ldst skopignt. Xkg pgtotodngr cdntgnhs tkmt tkg Clmusg 5 de tkg joll de lmhonb loiotonb ots lomjoloty td $:.66 pgr aold skdulh kmvg jggn cdntrdllonb. Ossug0 Rms tkg stopulmtodn on tkg joll de lmhonb cdntrdllonb4 Kglh0 _gs. Xkg Cdurt kglh tkmt Mrtoclg =28? = mnh =276: os mpplocmjlg sggonb ms tkg tkg cdnsobngg hoh ndt hgclmrg m kobkgr vmlumtodn tkmn tkmt loiotgh lomjoloty ms stopulmtgh on tkg joll de lmhonb jgtwggn tkgi. Eurtkgridrg, tkg smoh stopulmtodn os edunh td jg ùst mnh rgmsdnmjlg unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs mnh kmvg jggn emorly mnh erggly mbrggh updn. Xkus, tkg lomjoloty de Cotmhgl Longs skdulh kmvg jggn $8,852.56 (:,::3.?6 aolds) ms pgr tkg $:.66 pgr aold stopulmtodn. stopulmtodn.

=

Mrt. =28?. M stopulmtodn tkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr‟s lomjoloty os loiotgh td tkg vmlug de tkg bddhs mppgmronb on tkg joll de l mhonb, unlgss tkg skoppgr dr dwngr hgclmrgs m brgmtgr vmlug, os jonhonb. : Mrt. =276. M cdntrmct eoxonb tkg sui tkmt imy jg rgcdvgrgh jy tkg dwngr dr skoppgr edr tkg ldss, hgstructodn, dr hgtgrodrmtodn de tkg bddhs os vmloh, oe ot os rgmsdnmjlg mnh ùst unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs, mnh kms jggn emorly mnh erggly mbrggh updn.


75

GUGZGXX SXGMISKOV CDZVDZMXODN U. CM

Emcts0 Xkg pgtotodngr unhgrtdda td trmnspdrt tkrgg crmtgs de jus spmrg pmrts erdi Nmbdym @mpmn td Imnolm, cdvgrgh jy m joll de lmhonb. Kdwgvgr, updn mrrovml td Imnolm, dng de tkg tkrgg crmtgs wgrg iossonb. Xkus, tkg rgspdnhgnt cdnsobngg eolgh m edriml clmoi de =,77:,766.66 ygn. Sujsgqugntly, tkg pgtotodngr deegrgh td pmy dnly =66,666.66 ygn, ms rgelgctgh on tkg imxoiui midunt stopulmtgh on Clmusg =; de tkg joll de lmhonb. Kdwgvgr, ùhbignt wms rgnhgrgh mbmonst tkg pgtotodngr soncg tkg stopulmtodn wms ndt emorly mnh erggly mbrggh updn soncg tkg cdnhotodns wgrg prontgh on simll lgttgrs. Ossug0 Skdulh Clmusg =; jg jonhonb updn tkg rgspdnhgnt cdnsobngg4 Kglh0 _gs. Xkg Cdurt kglh tkmt Mrtoclgs =28? 3 mnh =2768 os mpplocmjlg. Eurtkgridrg, Eurtkgridrg, Clmusg =; os edunh edunh td jg rgmsdnmjlg mnh ùst, hgspotg jgonb prontgh on simll lgttgrs. Sujsgqugntly, cdntrmcts de mhkgsodn, ms prgsgntgh jy tkg sotumtodn on tkg joll de lmhonb, os ndt ngcgssmroly onvmloh dnly tkmt tkg cdurts skdulh prdvohg brgmtgr vobolmncg ms prdvohgh on Mrtoclg :8 de tkg Covol Cdhg. Xkus, sggonb ms tkg cdnsobngg hoh ndt hgclmrg m kobkgr vmlumtodn, tkg midunt stopulmtgh on Clmusg =; skdulh jg upkglh.

3

Mrt. =28?. M stopulmtodn tkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr‟s lomjoloty os loiotgh td tkg vmlug de tkg bddhs mppgmronb on tkg joll de lmhonb, unlgss tkg skoppgr dr dwngr hgclmrgs m brgmtgr vmlug, os jonhonb. 8 Mrt. =276. M cdntrmct eoxonb tkg sui tkmt imy jg rgcdvgrgh jy tkg dwngr dr skoppgr edr tkg ldss, hgstructodn, dr hgtgrodrmtodn de tkg bddhs os vmloh, oe ot os rgmsdnmjlg mnh ùst unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs, mnh kms jggn emorly mnh erggly mbrggh updn.


72

JZOXOSK MOZRM_S U. CM

Emcts0 Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt Imktmno, wmntonb td vosot kos rglmtovgs on Onhom, purckmsgh tocagts erdi Jrotosk Morwmys wotk m cdnngctonb elobkt0 Imnolm (vom VML)  Kdnbadnb (vom JM)  Jdijmy Onhom. Imktmno ckgcagh on kos lubbmbgs on VML wotk tkg mssurmncg tkmt tkg smig woll jg trmnsegrrgh td tkg JM cdnngctonb elobkt. Kdwgvgr, updn mrrovml mt Jdijmy, kos lubbmbgs wgrg iossonb. Xkus, Imktmno eolgh m edriml clmoi de wkock ùhbignt wms rgnhgrgh miduntonb td V2,666.66 ms cdipgnsmtdry hmimbgs. Sujsgqugntly, JM hgnogh tkmt Imktmno kmh m cmusg de mctodn mbmonst tkgi soncg ot wms VML wkd ldst tkg lubbmbg. Eurtkgridrg, tkgy cdntgstgh tkmt tkg lomjoloty skdulh jg loiotgh td tkg cdnhotodn ms prdvohgh edr on tkg tocagt0 “Lomjoloty edr ldss, hglmy, hglmy, dr hmimbg td jmbbmbg os loiotgh unlgss m kobkgr vmlug os hgclmrgh on mhvmncg mnh mhhotodnml ckmrbgs mrg pmoh0 =. Edr idst ontgrnmtodnml trmvgl…tkg lomjoloty lo iot os mpprdxoimtgly W.S. $?.62 pgr pdunh (W.S. $:6.66) pgr aold edr ckgcagh jmbbmbg mnh W.S.$866 pgr pmssgnbgr edr unckgcagh jmbbmbg.’ Ossug0 Skdulh tkg cdnhotodn prdvohgh edr on tkg tocagt jg cdntrdllonb4 Kglh0 Nd. Mccdrhonb td tkg Cdurt, tkg jgngeots de loiotgh lomjoloty os suj`gct td wmovgr suck ms wkgn tkg mor cmrrogr emolgh td rmosg toigly dj`gctodns huronb tkg troml wkgn qugstodns mnh mnswgrs rgbmrhonb tkg mctuml clmois mnh hmimbgs sustmongh jy tkg pmssgnbgr wgrg msagh. On tkos cmsg, JM emolgh td dj`gct mnh wms solgnt huronb tkg msaonb de hmimbgs. Xkus, JM os hggigh td kmvg jggn wmovgh kos dppdrtunoty td imag toigly dj`gctodns. Xkus, tkg cdnhotodn cmnndt jg jonhonb. Eurtkgridrg, VML VML mctgh igrgly ms mn mbgnt de JM mnh tkus, ms proncopml, skdulh jg kglh lomjlg.


7;

SRGGX LONGS U. XGUGS

Emcts0 Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnts Mtty. Xmnhdb mnh Xord jdubkt tocagts mt tkg jrmnck deeocg de tkg pgtotodngr mt Cmbmymn Hg Drd Coty. Xkgy wgrg suppdsgh td jdmrh I/S “Swggt Kdpg’ edr trmnspdrtmtodn td Xmbjolmrmn Coty vom pdrt de Cgju jut, updn lgmrnonb tkmt imny pmssgnbgrs wgrg jdunh edr e dr Surobmd, wgnt jmca td tkg jrmnck deeocg edr prdpgr rgldcmtodn td I/S “Swggt Xdwn’. Kdwgvgr, tkgy wgrg onedrigh tkmt tkg vgssgl wms mlrgmhy eollgh td cmpmcoty mnh tkgy wgrg edrcgh td mbrgg td “kohg mt tkg cmrbd sgctodn td mvdoh onspgctodn de tkg deeocgrs de tkg Vkoloppong V koloppong Cdmstbumrh.’ Gvgntumlly, Gvgntumlly, tkg tocagts tkmt tkgy jdubkt mt Cmbmymn edr Xmbjolmrmn wgrg ndt kdndrgh mnh tkgy wgrg cdnstrmongh td pmy edr dtkgr tocgts. Eurtkgridrg, tkg tkg rgspdnhgnts cdiplmongh tkmt tkgy wgrg suj`gct td “tkg scdrckonb kgmt de tkg sun mnh tkg hust cdionb erdi tkg skop‟s cmrbd de cdrn brots’. Xkus, tkgy imhg m edriml clmoi edr hmimbgs miduntonb td V==6,666.66 jgedrg tkg Cdurt de Eorst Onstmncg de Iosmios Drogntml. Kdwgvgr, tkg pgtotodngr idvgh td hosioss tkg cdiplmont dn tkg brdunh de oiprdpgr vgnug, soncg mt tkg jmca de tkg tocagts purckmsgh jy tkg rgspdnhgnts, Cdnhotodn Nd.=8 rgmh tkmt mny mnh mll mctodns skmll jg eolgh on tkg cdipgtgnt cdurts on tkg Coty de Cgju mnh tkmt rgspdnhgnts mccghgh td suck cdnhotodns updn purckmsg. Eurtkgridrg, tkgy mrbugh tkmt vgnug imy jg vmlohly wmovgh. Ngvgrtkglgss, tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts clmoigh tkmt Cdnhotodn Nd. =8 os onvmloh soncg soncg tkg prdvosodn gxmcts gxmcts tdd iuck erdi tkg pujloc mnh os jurhgnsdig td jgmr. jgmr. Ossug0 Os Cdnhotodn Nd. =8 vmloh4 Kglh0 Nd. Xkg Cdurt kglh tkmt wkolg stopulmtodns loiotonb lomjoloty os bgngrmlly vmloh, tkg smoh cdnhotodn skdulh jg vdoh mnh ungnedrcgmjlg soncg =) Xkg cdnhotodn os ndt ùst mnh emor1 mnh :) Xkg cdnhotodn sujvgrts tkg pujloc pdlocy dn trmnsegr de vgnug de prdcgghonbs de tkos nmturg, prgùhoconb tkg robkts mnh ontgrgsts de pmssgnbgrs erdi hoeegrgnt pmrts de tkg cduntry. Ot os ndt ùst mnh emor td jonh tkg pmssgnbgrs td tkg stopulmtodn mt tkg jca de tkg tocagt jgcmusg tkg pmssgnbgrs cdulh kmrhly jg gxpgctgh td gxmiong tkgor tocagts rgcgovgh on tkg cdnbgstgh cduntgrs, rusk kdur cdnhotodns – hgprovonb tkgi de tkg dppdrtunoty td tmag tkg tocagts ontd mccdunt mnh onspgct tkg smig. Eurtkgridrg, wkolg trmnsegr de vgnug os vmloh, tkg cmsg mt jmr os mbmonst pujloc pdlocy soncg tkg gxpgnsg mnh trdujlg tkg pmssgnbgr wdulh jg suj`gctgh de kmvonb td trmvgl td Cgju ùst td eolg tkg clmoi, wkock iobkt rgsult tkg erustrmtodn de m vmloh clmoi soncg tkg pmssgnbgr iobkt ndt pursug tkg clmoi mt mll dn mccdunt de tkg jurhgn.


7?

MLOXMLOM U. OMC

Emcts0 Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt Hr. Vmjld, mn mssdcomtg prdegssdr de W.V. W.V. mnh rgsgmrck brmntgg de tkg Vkoloppong Mtdioc Gngrby Mbgncy wms onvotgh td tmag pmrt mt m iggtonb de tkg Hgpmrtignt de Zgsgmrck mnh Osdtdpgs de tkg @dont EMD-OMGM Hovosodn de Mtdioc Gngrby on Eddh mnh Mbroculturg de tkg W.N. on Osprm, Otmly (wdw). Skg wms td jg tkg sgcdnh spgmagr de tkg eorst hmy de tkg iggtonb. Xkus, Hr. Vmjld jddagh pmssmbg dn pgtotodngr morlong Mlotmlom. Wpdn mrrovml td Iolmn, skg wms tdlh tkmt kgr lubbmbg, wkock cdntmongh kgr rgsgmrck imtgroml edr tkg iggtonb, wms hglmygh on dng de tkg succgghonb elobkts erdi Zdig td Iolmn. Skg wgnt td Zdig td ldcmtg tkg jmbs jut td nd mvmol. Cdiplgtgly hostrmubkt mnh hoscdurmbgh, skg rgturngh td Imnolm wotkdut mttgnhonb tkg iggtonb on Osprm. Sujsgqugntly, tkg lubbmbgs wgrg edunh td on Osprm dng hmy (wdw) metgr kgr sckghulgh mppgmrmncg on tkg iggtonb. Xkus, skg imhg m edriml clmoi edr hmimbgs. Mlotmlom deegrgh kgr ergg morlong tocagts td cdipgnsmtg, jut skg rg`gctgh tkg deegr. deegr. Sujsgqugntly, Sujsgqugntly, ùhbignt wms rgnhgrgh mbmonst Mlotmlom miduntonb td V86,666.66 ms ndionml hmimbgs. Mlotmlom cduntgr-mrbugh tkmt tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn skdulh kmvg jggn mpplogh td loiot tkgor lomjoloty td hmimbgs mrosonb dut de0 =) Xkg hgmtk, wdunhonb dr dtkgr jdholy onùry de m pmssgnbgr oe tkg mccohgnt cmusonb ot tdda plmcg dn jdmrh tkg morcrmet dr on tkg cdursg de ots dpgrmtodns dpgrmtodns de gijmraonb dr hosgijmraonb hosgijmraonb :) Xkg hgstructodn de ldss de, dr hmimbg td, mny rgbostgrgh lubbmbg dr bddhs, oe tkg dccurrgncg cmusonb tdda plmcg huronb tkg cmrrombg jy mor 3) Hglmy on tkg trmnspdrtmtodn jy mor de pmssgnbgrs, lubbmbg dr bddhs.’ Soncg tkg lubbmbg wms ndt edunh td jg on mny de tkg onstmncgs lostgh on tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn, tkgrg os nd jmsos edr tkg ndionml hmimbgs. Ossug0 Os tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn mn gxclusovg gnuigrmtodn de tkg onstmncgs de mn morlong‟s morlong‟s lomjoloty4 Kglh0 Nd. Xkg Cdurt kglh tkmt tkg Cdnvgntodn os ndt mn gxclusovg gnuigrmtodn de tkg onstmncgs de mn morlong‟s lomjoloty. Ot hdgs ndt gxcluhg lomjoloty edr dtkgr jrgmckgs de cdntrmct jy tkg cmrrogr dr ioscdnhuct jy ots deeocgrs mnh gipldyggs, dr edr sdig pmrtoculmr dr gxcgptodnml typg de hmimbg. Xkus, sggonb ms m spgcoml onùry wms cmusgh td Hr. Vmjld vom jgonb unmjlg td mttgnh tkg iggtonb cmusonb hostrgss, mnxogty, mnh kuiolomtodn td ndt dnly kgrsgle jut mlsd de tkg cduntry mnh W.V. soncg tkg lubbmbg wms ndt hglovgrgh td kgr on toig skg os mlsd gntotlgh td ndionml hmimbgs – wkock, wkock, ms tkg lmw smys, os mhùhocmtgh on drhgr tkmt m robkt de tkg plmontoee wkock kms jggn vodlmtgh dr onvmhgh jy tkg hgegnhmnt, imy jg vonhocmtgh mnh rgcdbnozgh, rgc dbnozgh, mnh ndt edr tkg purpdsg de onhginoeyonb tkg plmontoee edr mny ldss sueegrgh.


56

VMN MIGZOCMN RDZLH MOZRM_S U. OMC

Emcts0 Vmnbmn kmh mn mbrggignt wotk sgvgrml eoli cdipmnogs wkgrgon kg jdunh koisgle td supply eolis mnh td gxkojot kos eolis on tkgor tkgmtrgs. Cdnsgqugntly, kg purckmsgh plmng tocagts erdi tkg pgtotodngr jdunh erdi Imnolm Imnolm td Bumi. Kg ckgcagh on kos lubbmbgs wkock cdntmongh cdntmongh sgvgrml eolis mnh vmlumjlgs on VML, tkg cdnngctonb elobkt de tkg pgtotodngr. Rkgn kg mrrovgh on Bumi, tkg lubbmbgs hoh ndt cdig wotk tkg elobkt, mnh tkus, tkg eoli gxkojotodns wgrg cmncgllgh. Xkus, kg eolgh m edriml clmoi edr tkg iossonb lubbmbgs. @uhbignt wms rgnhgrgh on emvdr de Vmnbmn. Sujsgqugntly, tkg pgtotodngr cdntgstgh tkmt tkg mwmrhonb de hmimbgs skdulh kmvg jggn wotkon tkg lomjoloty sgt edrtk on tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn, wkock os gijdhogh on tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg ms imnoegstgh jy tkg morlong tocagt0 “Lomjoloty edr ldss, hglmy, dr hmimbg td jmbbmbg os loiotgh unlgss m kobkgr vmlug os hgclmrgh on mhvmncg mnh mhhotodnml ckmrbgs mrg pmoh0 =. Edr idst ontgrnmtodnml trmvgl…tkg lomjoloty loiot os mpprdxoimtgly W .S. $?.62 pgr pdunh (W.S. $:6.66) pgr aold edr ckgcagh jmbbmbg mnh W.S.$866 pgr pmssgnbgr edr unckgcagh jmbbmbg.’ Xkg rgspdnhgnt mvgrrgh tkmt kg hoh ndt sobn tkg tocagt, mnh tkus, ot os ndt m jonhonb cdntrmct.

Ossug0 Os tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn ms gijdhogh on tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg cdntrdllonb4 Kglh0 _gs. Xkg Cdurt kglh tkmt soncg tkg pgtotodngr hoh ndt hgclmrg mny kobkgr vmlug edr kos lubbmbg, tkg stopulmtodn on tkg cdntrmct ms hgrovgh erdi tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn os jonhonb. Eurtkgridrg, tkg emct tkmt tkg rgspdnhgnt hoh ndt sobn tkg tocagt os oiimtgroml. Lmstly, Lmstly, tkg Cdurt hosmbrggs tkg mwmrh de hmimbgs on emvdr de tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnt hmimbgs edr ldst prdeots wkgn tkgor cdntrmct td skdw tkg eolis on Bumi mnh Smn Ermncoscd. Edr suck mwmrh td jg vmloh, tkgrg iust jg m skdwonb tkmt pgtotodngr‟s mttgntodn wms cmllgh td tkg spgcoml corcuistmncg rgquoronb prdipt hglovgry de provmtg rgspdnhgnt‟s lubbmbgs.


5=

CKONM MOZLONGS U. CKODA

Emcts0 Xkg provmtg rgspdnhgnt purckmsgh tocagts erdi tkg pgtotodngr Ckonm Morlongs Lth0 Imnolm  Xmopgo  Kdnbadnb  Imnolm. Rkgn kg mrrovgh mt Xmopgo, kg wgnt td tkg CML deeocg td cdneori kos Kdnbadnb  Imnolm trop, mnh wms cdneorigh jy tkg smig. Kg hoh tkg smig cdneorimtodn on tkg VML deeocg updn mrrovml td Kdnb Adnb, mnh wms mlsd cdneorigh jy tkg smig. Kdwgvgr, hug td stdriy wgmtkgr, mll tkg tocagt kdlhgrs de VZ 3== wkgrg jddagh edr tkg ngxt elobkt VZ 362. Ngvgrtkglgss, Ckoda onsostgh td rgmck Imnolm I mnolm dn Ndvgijgr :7, =?;= hug td m jusongss hgml. Dn tkg smoh hmtg, Ckoda wgnt td tkg morpdrt, jut wms onedrigh tkmt kos nmig wms ndt on tkg VML cdiputgr lost. Ckoda prdcgghgh td tkg Kdnbadnb deeocg mbmon, jut wms tdlh tkmt tkg cdiputgr on tkgor jrmnck kmh kos nmig dn tkg lost. Wltoimtgly, kg wms ndt mjlg td jdmrh VZ 362 dn tkg smoh hmtg, iossonb kos jusongss hgml. Xkus, kg eolgh m edriml cdiplmont edr hmimbgs. Ossug0 Os CML lomjlg hgspotg VML jgonb tkg dng wkd os ngblobgnt4 Mrg tkgy lomjlg edr hmimbgs4 Kglh0 _gs. Mccdrhonb td tkg Cdurt, Mrt. 36 de tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn prdvohgs tkmt m tocagt-ossuonb cmrrogr os lomjlg edr tkg mcts de tkg gnhdrsgg-morlong ms mbgnt. Xkus, on m cdntrmct de cmrrombg, tkg proncopml os lomjlg edr e dr hmimbgs hgspotg tkg jrgmck ndt dccurronb dn ots dwn elobkt mnh dn tkmt de mndtkgr morlong. Eurtkgridrg, tkg Cdurt kglh tkmt m clmoi edr idrml hmimbgs imy jg mwmrhgh jy vortug de Mrtoclg :::60 Rolleul onùry td tkg prdpgrty imy jg lgbml brdunh edr mwmrhonb idrml hmimbgs oe tkg cdurt skdulh eonh tkmt, unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs, suck hmimbgs mrg ùstly hug. Xkg smig rulg mpplogs td tkg jrgmckgs de cdntrmct wkgrg tkg hgegnhmnt mctgh ermuhulgntly dr on jmh emotk.

On tkos cmsg, tkgrg wms brdss ngblobgncg miduntonb jmh emotk ms skdwn jy0 =) Onsgnsotovg mcts de tkg VML gipldyggs :) Xkg jrgmck de huty td trmnspdrt hgspotg sgvgrml cdneorimtodns. Xkus, idrml mnh gxgiplmry hmimbgs mrg mpplocmjlg.


5:

Mubustd Jgnghoctd Smntds OOO, rgprgsgntgh jy j y kos emtkgr mnh lgbml bumrhomn, Mubustd EMCXS0

Smntds, m iondr mnh rgsohgnt de tkg Vkoloppongs, purckmsgh m rdunh-trop tocagt erdi Ndrtkwgst Drognt Morlongs (NDM) on Smn Ermncoscd, WSM edr kos elobkt erdi Smn Ermncoscd td Imnolm mnh jmca jut tkg rgturn elobkt wms lget dpgn. Hgspotg m prgvodus cdneorimtodn mnh rgcdneorimtodn, kg wms onedrigh tkmt kg kmh nd rgsgrvmtodn edr kos elobkt wkgn kg ckgcagh on mt tkg NDM cduntgr on tkg Smn Ermncoscd morpdrt. Smntds sugh NDM edr hmimbgs on tkg ZXC de Im amto. Xkg troml cdurt brmntgh tkg idtodn td hosioss de NDM dn tkg brdunh tkmt tkg ZXC kms nd ùroshoctodn dvgr tkg cmsg on long wotk Mrtoclg :; (=) de tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn. 7 Xkg mppgllmtg cdurt meeorigh tkg troml cdurt‟s hgcosodn, kgncg tkos mppgml. OSSWGS0 (=) Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg smoh prdvosodn os cdnstotutodnml (:) Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg Vkoloppong cdurt kms ùroshoctodn dvgr tkg cmsg KGLH0 (=) _GS. Xkg Cdnvgntodn os m trgmty cdiiotignt vdluntmroly mssuigh jy tkg Vkoloppong bdvgrnignt mnh, ms suck, kms tkg edrcg mnh geegct de lmw on tkos cduntry. Xkg trgmty cmnndt jg rg`gctgh jy tkg cdurt dn tkg brdunh de rgjus soc stmntojus5 jgcmusg ot os ndt tkg cdurt‟s eunctodn jut de tkg dtkgr jrmnckgs de tkg bdvgrnignt. (:) ND. Imnolm os ndt cdnsohgrgh tkg tkg ultoimtg hgstonmtodn jut igrgly mn mbrggh stdpponb stdpponb plmcg. Kgncg, Vkoloppongs os ndt dng de tkg cdurts wkgrg m plmontoee cmn eolg m cmsg mccdrhonb td Mrtoclg :;(=). Idrgdvgr, m cotozgn hdgs ndt ngcgssmroly kmvg tkg robkt td sug sug on kos dwn dwn cdurts soiply jgcmusg tkg hgegnhmnt morlong kms m plmcg de jusongss on kos cduntry.

NDXG0 WSM kms mlrgmhy prdpdsgh prdpdsgh mn mignhignt tkmt wdulh gnmjlg gnmjlg m pmssgnbgr td sug on kos dwn hdiocolg oe tkg cmrrogr hdgs jusongss on tkmt ùroshoctodn. Ot wms oncdrpdrmtgh on tkg Bumtgimlm Vrdtdcdl mignhonb tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn jut os stoll ongeegctovg jgcmusg ot kms ndt ygt jggn rmtoeogh jy tkg rgquorgh r gquorgh ionoiui nuijgr de cdntrmctonb pmrtogs.

7

Mrt. :; (=). Mn mctodn edr hmimbg iust jg jrdubkt mt tkg dptodn de tkg plmontoee, on tkg tgrrotdry de dng de tkg Kobk Cdntrmctonb pmrtogs, gotkgr jgedrg tkg cdurt de t kg hdiocolg de tkg cmrrogr dr kos proncopml plmcg de jusongss, dr wkgrg kg kms m plmcg de jusongss jusongss tkrdubk wkock tkg cdntrmct cdntrmct kms jggn imhg, dr jgedrg tkg cdurt mt tkg plmcg de hgstonmtodn. 5 M hdctrong wkock ùstoeogs tkg ndn-pgredrimncg de m trgmty djlobmtodn wkgngvgr tkgrg os m votml ckmnbg on tkg cdnhotodn de tkg cdntrmctonb pmrtogs tkmt t kgy cdulh ndt kmvg edrgsggn mt tkg toig to ig tkg trgmty wms cdncluhgh. MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

53

Wnotgh Morlongs vs. Rollog @. Wy EMCXS0

Dn Dctdjgr =3, =?;?, Rollog Wy, m rgvgnug pmssgnbgr dn Wnotgh Morlongs Elobkt Nd. ;=? jdunh td Imnolm erdi Smn Ermncoscd, ckgcagh on tdbgtkgr wotk kos lubbmbg dng pogcg de wkock wms edunh td jg dvgrwgobkt mt tkg morlong cduntgr. cduntgr. Xkg Wnotgh Morlongs gipldyggs gipldyggs mt tkg cduntgr rgjuagh Wy edr ndt pmcaonb kos lubbmbg on mccdrhmncg wotk tkg wgobkt loiot mnh tdlh Wy on m lduh vdocg on erdnt de tkg crdwh td rgpmca kos tkonbs. Wy mbrggh td pmy edr tkg dvgrwgobkt ckmrbgs onstgmh tkrdubk kos morlong prg-pmoh crghot wkock tkg gipldygg rgeusgh td kdndr sd kg wms edrcgh td pmy tkg ckmrbgs wotk kos Migrocmn Gxprgss crghot cmrh. Wpdn mrrovml on Imnolm, dng de Wy‟s jmbs wms slmskgh mnh ots cdntgnts stdlgn. Wy sgnt tkrgg hgimnh lgttgrs dn sgvgrml dccmsodns edr tkg pmyignt de kos ldssgs td wkock tkg Wnotgh Morlongs hgnogh. Dn @ung ?, =??: dr idrg tkmn twd ygmrs lmtgr, Wy eolgh mn mctodn edr hmimbgs jmsgh dn twd cmusgs de mctodn 0 (=) erdi tkg ioscdnhuct de tkg morlong gipldyggs mnh tkg vodlmtodn de rgspdnhgnt‟s robkts ms pmssgnbgr, mnh (:) erdi tkg tkget dr hmimbg td prdpgrty dr bddhs. Xkg troml cdurt hosiossgh tkg cmsg dn tkg brdunh de prgscroptodn jut tkg mppgllmtg cdurt bmvg hug cdursg td tkg cmsg. OSSWG0

Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg mctodn kms prgscrojgh jmsgh dn Mrtoclg :? de tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn 2 KGLH0 Onsdemr ms tkg eorst cmusg de mctodn os cdncgrngh, tkg mctodn kms ndt ygt prgscrojgh soncg tkg morlong imy stoll jg kglh lomjlg edr jrgmck de dtkgr prdvosodns de tkg Covol Cdhg wkock prgscrojg m hoeegrgnt pgrodh dr prdcghurg edr onstotutonb tkg mctodn. Mrtoclg ==85 de tkg Covol Cdhg prgscrojgs edur ygmrs edr eolonb mn mctodn jmsgh dn tdrts.

Ms edr tkg sgcdnh cmusg de mctodn, tkg trmvmux prgpmrmtdrogs ; de tkg Rmrsmw Cdnvgntodn rgvgml tkmt tkg twd-ygmr loiotmtodn os mn mjsdlutg jmr td suot mnh ndt td jg imhg suj`gct td tkg vmrodus tdllonb prdvosodns de tkg lmws de tkg edrui. Xkos tkgrgedrg edrgcldsgs tkg mpplocmtodn de dur dwn rulgs dn ontgrruptodn de prgscroptovg pgrodhs. Mrtoclg :? (:) wms ontgnhgh dnly td lgt ldcml lmws hgtgriong wkgtkgr mn mctodn kmh jggn cdiigncgh wotkon tkg twd-ygmr pgrodh, mnh wotkon dur ùroshoctodn, mn mctodn skmll jg hggigh cdiigncgh updn tkg eolonb de m cdiplmont. Soncg ot os onhosputmjlg tkmt rgspdnhgnt eolgh tkg prgsgnt mctodn jgydnh tkg toig ermig, kos sgcdnh cmusg de mctodn iust jg jmrrgh.

2

Mrtoclg :?. (=) Xkg robkt td hmimbgs skmll jg gxtonbuoskgh oe mn mctodn o s ndt jrdubkt wotkon t wd ygmrs, rgcadngh erdi tkg hmtg de mrrovml mt tkg hgstonmtodn, dr erdi tkg hmtg dn wkock tkg morcrmet dubkt td kmvg mrrovgh, dr erdi tkg hmtg dn wkock tkg trm nspdrtmtodn stdppgh. (:) Xkg igtkdh de cmlculmtonb tkg pgrodh de loiotmtodn skmll jg hgtgriongh jy tkg l mw de tkg cdurt td wkock tkg cmsg os sujiottgh. ; Deeocoml rgcdrh de ngbdtomtodn MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

58

MCXODNS EDZ HMIMBGS ON CMSG DE JZGMCK (=:)0 Ir. & Irs. Gnbrmcod Emjrg, @r. mnh Vdreorod Cmjol vs. CM, Xkg Rdrh edr tkg Rdrlh Ckrostomn Eglldwskop, Onc., Miylong, Mntdnod, gt. ml. (Imzhm ionojus, sdlohmry lomjoloty) EMCXS0 Spdusgs Emjrg wgrg dwngrs de m =?;: Imzhm ionojus wkock tkgy usgh ms m jus sgrvocg edr sckddl ckolhrgn dpgrmtgh on Imnolm. Xkgy kmh m hrovgr, Cmjol, wkdi tkgy korgh metgr tryonb koi de edr twd wggas td tmag sckddl ckolhrgn ckol hrgn td mnh erdi tkg St. Sckdlmstocm‟s Cdllgbg on Imlmtg, Imnolm. Rdrh edr Rdrlh Ckrostomn Eglldwskop (RRCE) mrrmnbgh wotk tkg spdusgs edr tkg trmnspdrtmtodn de 33 igijgrs de ots _dunb Mhults Ionostry erdi Imnolm td Lm Wnodn mnh jmca. M jrohbg on Cmrign, wkock wms tkg usuml rdutg td Lm Wnodn, wms unhgr rgpmor sd Cmjol wms edrcgh td tmag m hgtdur tkrdubk tkg tdwn de Jmmy on Lonbmygn, Vmnbmsonmn. Mt ==036 tkmt nobkt, wkolg trmvgrsonb m skmrp curvg, tkg jus kot tkg lget trmeeoc stggl jrmcg mnh sobn mldnb tkg rdmh mnh rmiigh m egncg, tkgn turngh dvgr mnh lmnhgh dn ots lget sohg, cdionb td m eull stdp dnly metgr m sgrogs de oipmcts. M cdcdnut trgg wkock ot kmh kot egll dn ot mnh simskgh ots erdnt pdrtodn. Sgvgrml pmssgnbgrs wgrg onùrgh. Miylong Mntdnod, wkd sueegrgh pmrmplgbom mnh os pgrimngntly pmrmlyzgh erdi tkg wmost hdwn, jrdubkt tkos cmsg on tkg ZXC de Imamto wkock rulgh on kgr emvdr. Xkg CM meeorigh tkg troml cdurt‟s hgcosodn, kgncg tkos mppgml. OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt Spdusgs Emjrg imy jg imhg td rgspdnh `dontly mnh sgvgrmlly td Mntdnod KGLH0 _GS. Mltkdubk tkg rglmtodn de tkg pmssgnbgr mnh cmrrogr os “cdntrmctuml jdtk on drobon mnh nmturg,’ ngvgrtkglgss “tkg mct tkmt jrgmas tkg cdntrmct imy mlsd jg m tdrt.’ Cdnsohgronb tkmt ot wms rmononb, tkg rdmh wms sloppgry, mnh ot wms hmra, ot wms brdssly ngblobgnt de Cmjol td kmvg hrovgn tkg jus mt 76 aoldigtgrs mn kdur. Mnh pursumnt td Mrtoclgs :=25 mnh :=;6 de tkg Covol Cdhg, kos ngblobgncg bmvg rosg td tkg prgsuiptodn tkmt kos gipldygrs, tkg Emjrgs, wgrg tkgisglvgs ngblobgnt on tkg sglgctodn mnh supgrvosodn de tkgor gipldyggs. Ot os pgriossojlg edr tkg plmontoee td mllgbg on tkg Cdiplmont mltgrnmtovg cmusgs de mctodn mnh `don ms imny pmrtogs ms imy jg lomjlg dn suck cmusgs de mctodn sd ldnb ms tkg plmontoee hdgs ndt rgcdvgr twocg edr tkg smig onùry. Xkus, tkg cmrrogr imy mlsd jg sugh dn tkg mltgrnmtovg cmusgs de mctodn de jrgmck de cdntrmct mnh qumso-hgloct.


57

Mor Ermncg vs. Zmemgl Cmrrmscdsd mnh CM (wkotg imn, eorst clmss) EMCXS0 Cmrrmscdsd, m covol gnbonggr mnh igijgr de m brdup de 8; Eolopond polbrois tkmt lget Imnolm edr Ldurhgs, wms ossugh m eorst clmss rdunh trop morplmng tocagt erdi Imnolm td Zdig jy Mor Ermncg tkrdubk ots mutkdrozgh mbgnt, Vkoloppong Mor Longs. Erdi Imnolm td Jmnbada, kg trmvgllgh on eorst clmss, jut mt Jmnbada, tkg Imnmbgr de Mor Ermncg edrcgh koi td vmcmtg tkg eorst clmss sgmt tkmt kg wms dccupyonb jgcmusg tkgrg wms m “wkotg imn’, wkd, tkg Imnmbgr mllgbgh, kmh m “jgttgr robkt’ td tkg sgmt. Rkgn msagh td vmcmtg kos sgmt, Cmrrmscdsd rgeusgh mt eorst jut kg r gluctmntly bmvg kos sgmt metgr m kdt hoscussodn wotk tkg Imnmbgr.

OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt Cmrrmscdsd kms mn mctodn m ctodn mbmonst Mor Ermncg KGLH0 _GS. M cdntrmct td trmnspdrt pmssgnbgrs os quotg hoeegrgnt on aonh mnh hgbrgg erdi mny dtkgr cdntrmctuml rglmtodn. Mnh tkos, jgcmusg de tkg rglmtodn wkock mn mor-cmrrogr sustmons wotk tkg pujloc. Ots jusongss os imonly wotk tkg trmvgllonb pujloc. Ot onvotgs pgdplg td mvmol de tkg cdiedrts mnh mhvmntmbgs ot deegrs. Xkg cdntrmct de mor cmrrombg, tkgrgedrg, bgngrmtgs m rglmtodn mttgnhgh wotk m pujloc huty. huty. Ngblgct de imlegmsmncg imlegmsmncg de tkg cmrrogr‟s gipldyggs, nmturmlly, nmturmlly, cdulh bovg bovg brdunh edr mn mctodn edr hmimbgs. Vmssgnbgrs hd nd cdntrmct igrgly edr trmnspdrtmtodn. Xkgy kmvg m robkt td jg trgmtgh jy tkg c mrrogr‟s gipldyggs wotk aonhngss, rgspgct, cdurtgsy, mnh hug cdnsohgrmtodn. Xkgy mrg gntotlgh td jg prdtgctgh mbmonst pgrsdnml ioscdnhuct, onùrodus lmnbumbg, onhobnotogs, mnh mjusgs erdi suck gipldyggs. Sd ot os, tkmt mny rulg dr hoscdurtgdus cdnhuct dn tkg pmrt de tkg gipldyggs tdwmrhs m pmssgnbgr bovgs tkg lmttgr lmttgr mn mctodn edr hmimbgs mbmonst mbmonst tkg cmrrogr. Idrml hmimbgs mrg mlsd mwmrhgh jgcmusg jmh emotk wms hgidnstrmtgh wkgn tkg imnmbgr oipdsgh kos mrjotrmry woll mnh edrcojly g`gctgh tkg plmontoee erdi kos sgmt, imhg koi sueegr tkg kuiolomtodn de kmvonb td bd td tkg tdurost clmss cdipmrtignt ùst td bovg wmy td mndtkgr pmssgnbgr wkdsg robkt tkgrgtd kms ndt jggn gstmjloskgh.


55

Rollomi Xou, hdonb jusongss unhgr tkg nmig mnh stylg de “H‟ Zdubk Zohgrs.’ mnh Uorbolod mnh Uorbolod Xg Lmspoýms vs. Vghrd Mrrogsbmhd, Jgn`mion Cdnhdr, Sgrbod Vghrmnd, mnh Vkoloppong Vkdgnox Surgty mnh Onsurmncg, Onc. (torg gxpldsodn, cdllosodn) EMCXS0 Dng de tkg rgmr torgs de m cmrbd truca imragh “Cdnhdr Kdlldw Jldcas mnh Bgngrml Igrckmnhosg’ gxpldhgh sd tkmt tkg hrovgr, Vghrmnd, wms edrcgh td pmra mldnb tkg robkt sohg de tkg nmtodnml kobkwmy mnh rgidvg tkg hmimbgh torg td kmvg ot vulcmnozgh mt m ngmrjy skdp. Vghrmnd lget kos kglpgr, @dsg Iotmntg, @r., td aggp wmtck dvgr tkg stmllgh vgkoclg, mnh onstructgh tkg lmttgr td plmcg m spmrg torg sox emtkdis mwmy jgkonh tkg stmllgh truca td sgrvg ms m wmrnonb td dncdionb vgkoclgs. Xkg truca‟s tmol lobkts wgrg mlsd lget dn. Ot wms mjdut =:066 mi de Imrck =5. =?;2. Mt mjdut 8087 mi, H‟ Zdubk Zohgrs pmssgnbgr jus hrovgn jy Lmspoýms wms cruosonb mldnb tkg smig nmtodnml kobkwmy. Ms tkg jus wms mpprdmckonb tkg jrohbg, Lmspoýms smw tkg stmllgh truca, wkock wms tkgn mjdut :7 igtgrs mwmy. Kg mpplogh tkg jrmags mnh trogh td swgrvg td tkg lget td mvdoh kottonb tkg truca jut ot wms tdd lmtg. Xkg jus rmiigh ontd tkg truca‟s lget rgmr. Xkg oipmct hmimbgh hmimbgh tkg robkt sohg sohg de tkg jus mnh lget sgvgrml pmssgnbgrs onùrgh. Mrrogsbmhd ldst cdnscodusngss mnh sueegrgh m ermcturg dn kos robkt cdllgs. Kos woeg, Eglosm, wms jrdubkt td tkg Hmnmd Coty Kdspotml mnh wms lmtgr trmnsegrrgh td tkg Sdutkgrn Oslmnh Ighocml cgntgr wkgrg skg hogh skdrtly tkgrgmetgr. Mrrogsbmhd tkgn eolgh m cdiplmont edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg. cmrrombg. OSSWG0 (=) Rkgtkgr dr ndt Xou skdulh jg kglh lomjlg (:) Rkgtkgr dr ndt Vghrmnd mnh Cdnhdr skdulh mlsd jg kglh lomjlg KGLH0 (=) _GS. Mny onùry sueegrgh jy tkg pmssgnbgrs on tkg cdursg de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg os oiighomtgly mttrojutmjlg td tkg ngblobgncg de tkg cmrrogr. Wpdn kmppgnonb de tkg mccohgnt, tkg prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg mt dncg mrosgs, mnh ot jgcdigs tkg huty de m cdiidn cmrrogr td prdvg tkmt kg djsgrvgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg cmrg de kos pmssgnbgrs. Xou emolgh td cdnclusovgly rgjut suck prgsuiptodn. Xkg ngblobgncg de Lmspoýms ms hrovgr de tkg pmssgnbgr jus os, os, tkus, jonhonb jonhonb mbmonst Xou, Xou, ms tkg dwngr dwngr de tkg pmssgnbgr pmssgnbgr jus gnbmbgh gnbmbgh ms m cdiidn cmrrogr. (:) _GS. Zgspdnhgnt Vghrmnd wms mlsd ngblobgnt on lgmvonb tkg truca pmragh msagw wotkdut mny wmrnonb lobkts dr rgelgctdr hgvocgs td mlgrt dncdionb vgkoclgs. Suck emolurg crgmtgh tkg prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de kos gipldygr, Cdnhdr, on supgrvosonb kos gipldyggs prdpgrly mnh mhgqumtgly. Xkg unedrtunmtg oncohgnt cdulh kmvg jggn mvgrtgh kmh Cdnhdr gquoppgh tkg vgkoclg wotk lobkts, elmrgs, dr, mt tkg vgry lgmst, mnh gmrly wmrnonb hgvocg.


52

Vkoloppong Migrocmn Bgngrml Onsurmncg Cd., Onc. mnh Xmbui Vlmstocs, Onc. vs. Swggt Longs, Onc., Hmvmd Ugtgrmns Mrrmstrg mnh Vdrt Sgrvocgs, Onc. mnh CM (pdlygtkylgng, gssgntoml glgignts) EMCXS0 On dr mjdut Imrck =?22, =?22 , SS “Uoskvm _msk’ jgldnbonb td dr dpgrmtgh jy Xkg Skopponb Cdrpdrmtodn de Onhom Lth., tdda dn jdmrh : cdnsobnignts de cmrbdgs edr skopignt td Imnolm mnh lmtgr edr trmnsskopignt td Hmvmd Coty, cdnsostonb de 2666 jmbs de Vdlygtkylgng cdnsobngh td tkg drhgr de Emr Gmst Jmna mnh Xrust Cdipmny Imnolm, wotk mrrovml ndtocg td Xmbui Vlmstocs, Onc. On tkg cdursg de toig, tkg smoh vgssgl mrrovgh mt Imnolm mnh hosckmrbgh ots cmrbdgs on tkg Vdrt de Imnolm edr trmnsskopignt td HMvmd Coty. Edr tkos purpdsg, tkg edrgobn cmrrogr mwmotgh mnh imhg usg de tkg sgrvocgs de tkg vgssgl cmllgh I/U “Swggt Ldvg’ dwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy Swggt Longs. Dn Imy =7, =?22, tkg skopignts wgrg hosckmrbgh erdi tkg ontgroslmnh cmrrogr ontd tkg custdhy de tkg cdnsobngg. De smoh skopignt tdtmlonb 2666 jmbs, dnly m tdtml de 7;:6 jmbs wgrg hglovgrgh on bddh drhgr cdnhotodn, lgmvonb m jmlmncg de =6;6 jmbs. Vgtotodngr eolgh m cdiplmont dn Imy =:, =?2; mnh tkg troml cdurt rulgh on emvdr de tkg pgtotodngrs wkolg tkg mppgllmtg cdurt rgvgrsgh tkg ldwgr cdur t‟s cdur t‟s hgcosodn. OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg mctodn kms prgscrojgh KGLH0 _GS. Jgedrg mn mctodn cmn jg prdpgrly cdiigncgh mll tkg gssgntoml glgignts de tkg cmusg de mctodn iust jg on gxostgncg, tkmt os, tkg cmusg de mctodn iust jg cdiplgtg. Mll vmloh cdnhotodns prgcghgnt td tkg onstotutodn de tkg pmrtoculmr mctodn, wkgtkgr prgscrojgh jy stmtutg, eoxgh jy mbrggignt de tkg pmrtogs dr oiplogh jy lmw iust jg pgredrigh dr cdiplogh wotk jgedrg cdiignconb tkg mctodn, unlgss tkg cdnhuct de tkg mhvgrsg pmrty kms jggn suck ms td prgvgnt dr wmovg pgredrimncg dr gxcusg g xcusg ndn-pgredrimncg de tkg cdnhotodn.

On tkg cmsg mt jmr, tkgrg os ngotkgr mny skdwonb de cdiplomncg jy pgtotodngrs wotk tkg rgquorgignt edr tkg eolonb de m ndtocg de clmoi wotkon tkg prgscrojgh pgrodh ndr mny mllgbmtodn td tkmt geegct. Ot imy tkgn jg smoh tkmt wkolg pgtotodngrs imy pdssojly kmvg m cmusg de mctodn, edr emolurg td cdiply wotk tkg mjdvg cdnhotodn prgcghgnt tkgy ldst wkmtgvgr robkt de mctodn tkgy imy kmvg on tkgor emvdr, dr tdagn on mndtkgr sgnsg, tkmt rgighoml r gighoml robkt dr robkt td rgloge kmh prgscrojgh. Xkg skopignt on qugstodn wms hosckmrbgh ontd tkg custdhy de tkg cdnsobngg dn Imy =7, =?22 mnh ot wms erdi tkos hmtg tkmt pgtotodngrs‟ cmusg de mctodn mccrugh, wotk 36 hmys ? tkgrgerdi wotkon wotkon wkock td eolg m clmoi wotk tkg cmrrogr edr mny ldss dr hmimbg wkock imy kmvg jggn sueegrgh jy tkg cmrbd mnh tkgrgjy pgregct tkgor robkt de mctodn.

?

On tkos cmsg, tkgrg wms wms m prdvosodn on tkg joll de lmhonb, lmhonb, wkock wms kglh ms vmloh, prgscrojonb m toig ermig de 36 hmys edr eolonb m clmoi clmo i wotk tkg cmrrogr on cmsg de ldss dr hmimbg td tkg cmrbd mnh 56 hmys erdi mccruml de tkg robkt de mctodn edr onstotutonb mn mctodn on cdurt MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

5;

Hdlg Vkoloppongs vs. Imrotoig Cdipmny de tkg Vkoloppongs (imckong pmrts, prgscroptodn) EMCXS0 Imrotoig wms cdntrmctgh td skop imckong pmrts td cdnsobngg Hdlg mnh tkg cmrbd wms hosckmrbgh td tkg lmttgr‟s custdhy dn Hgcgijgr =;, =?2=. Hdlg eolgh m clmoi edr hmimbgs mbmonst Imrotoig dn Imy 8, =?2:. Dn Hgcgijgr ==, =?28, @uhbg Sgrmeon Cugvms hosiossgh tkg clmoi mldnb wotk tkg twd dtkgr cmusgs de mctodn, tkg eorst dng jgonb wotkdut prgùhocg ms ot wms ndt cdvgrgh jy tkg sgttlgignt. Jgcmusg de tkg hosiossml de tkg cmsg wotk rgspgct td tkg tkorh cmusg de mctodn wotkdut prgùhocg, plmontoee onstotutgh onstotutgh tkos prgsgnt cdiplmont cdiplmont dn @mnumry 5, =?27. OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt Mrtoclg ==77 =6 de tkg Covol Cdhg os mpplocmjlg td mctodns jrdubkt jrdubkt unhgr tkg Cmrrombg de Bddhs jy Sgm Mct == KGLH0 ND. Xkg bgngrml prdvosodns de tkg ngw Covol Cdhg (Mrt. ==77) cmnndt jg imhg td mpply, ms suck mpplocmtodn wdulh kmvg tkg geegct de gxtgnhonb tkg dng-ygmr pgrodh de prgscroptodn eoxgh on tkg lmw. Ot os hgsormjlg tkmt imttgrs meegctonb trmnspdrtmtodn de bddhs jy sgm jg hgcohgh on ms skdrt m toig ms pdssojlg1 tkg mpplocmtodn de tkg prdvosodns de Mrtoclg ==77 de tkg ngw Covol Cdhg wdulh unngcgssmroly gxtgnh tkg pgrodh mnh pgriot hglmys on tkg sgttlgignt de qugstodns meegctonb trmnspdrtmtodn, cdntrmry td tkg clgmr ontgnt mnh purpdsg de tkg lmw.

Hdlg‟s cdntgntodn tkmt tkg prgscroptovg pgrodh rgimongh tdllgh ms de Im y 8, =?2: mnh tkmt on lgbml cdntgiplmtodn tkg cmsg eolgh dn @mnumry 5, =?27 wms wgll wotkon tkg dng-ygmr prgscroptovg pgrodh on SGctodn 3(5) de tkg Cmrrombg de Bddhs jy Sgm Mct gqumtgs td tdllonb wotk onhgeonotg suspgnsodn. suspgnsodn. Ot os clgmrly emllmcodus mnh igrots nd cdnsohgrmtodn.

=6

Mrtoclg ==77. Xkg prgscroptodn de mctodns os ontgrruptgh wkgn tkgy mrg eolgh jgedrg tkg cdurt, wkgn tkgrg os m wrottgn gxtrmùhocoml hgimnh jy tkg crghotdrs, mnh wkgn tkgrg o s mny wrottgn mcandwlghbignt de tkg hgjt jy tkg hgjtdr. == Sgctodn 3, pmrmbrmpk 5. x x x tkg cmrrogr mnh tkg skop skmll jg hosckmrbgh erdi mll lomjoloty on rgspgct de ldss dr hmimbg unlgss suot os jrdubkt wotkon dng ygmr metgr hglovgry de tkg bddhs dr tkg hmtg wkgn tkg bddhs skdulh kmvg jggn hglovgrgh1 Vrdvohgh, Xkmt oe m ndtocg de ldss dr hmimbg, gotkgr mppmrgnt dr cdncghgh, os ndt bovgn ms prdvohgh edr on tkos sgctodn, tkmt emct skmll ndt meegct dr prgùhocg tkg robkt de tkg skoppgr td jronb suot wotkon dng ygmr metgr tkg hglovgry de tkg bddhs d r tkg hmtg wkgn tkg bddhs skdulh kmvg jggn hglovgrgh. MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_ HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ UOLLMIM_DZ

5?

Imrotoig Mbgncogs & Sgrvocgs, Onc. vs. CM, mnh Wnodn Onsurmncg Sdcogty de Cmntdn, Lth. B.Z. Nd. 2253; @uly =:, =??6 Wnodn Onsurmncg Sdcogty de Cmntdn, Lth. vs. CM, Kdnbadnb Oslmnh Cd., Lth., Imrotoig Mbgncogs & Sgrvocgs, Onc., mnh/dr Uovm Custdis Jrdagrmbg (urgm, prgscroptodn) EMCXS0 Xrmnscdntongntml Egrtolozgr Cdipmny de Ldnhdn ckmrtgrgh erdi Kdnbadnb Oslmnh Skopponb Cdipmny de Kdnbadnb tkg idtdr vgssgl nmigh “Kdnbadnb Oslmnh’ edr tkg skopignt de ;623.37 IX (brdss) jmbbgh urgm erdi e rdi Ndvdrdssosa, Dhgssm, WSSZ td tkg Vkoloppongs, Vkoloppongs, tkg pmrtogs sobnonb edr tkos purpdsg m Wnoedri Bgngrml Ckmrtgr hmtgh Mubust ?, =?2?. De tkg tdtml skopignt, 7866.68 IX wms edr tkg mccdunt de Mtlms Egrtolozgr Cdipmny ms cdnsobngg, 3866.68 td jg hosckmrbgh on Imnolm mnh tkg rgimononb :666 IX on Cgju. Xkg bddhs wgrg onsurgh jy tkg cdnsobngg wotk tkg Wnodn Onsurmncg Sdcogty de Cmntdn, Lth. mbmonst mll rosas. Imrotoig Mbgncogs Mbgncogs & Sgrvocgs, Onc. Onc. wms mppdontgh ms tkg ckmrtgrgr‟s mbgnt mnh Imcdnhrmy Cdipmny, Onc. ms tkg dwngr‟s mbgnt. Dn Dctdjgr 3=, =?2?, cdnsobngg eolgh m edriml clmoi mbmonst Imrotoig, rgprgsgntonb tkg vmlug de tkg =3;3 skdrtlmnhgh jmbs. Cdnsobngg wgnt td Wnodn pursumnt td tkg onsurmncg cdntrmct wkgn Imrotoig rgeusgh td pmy. Ms sujrdbgg, Wnodn eolgh m cdiplmont edr rgoijursgignt mbmonst Kdnbadnb Onsurmncg dn Sgptgijgr =?, =?;6 mnh oiplgmhgh Imcdnhrmy ms m ngw hgegnhmnt dn Mprol :6, =?;=. OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg mctodn kms prgscrojgh KGLH0 ND. Xkg dng-ygmr dng-ygmr pgrodh skdulh skdulh cdiigncg dn Dctdjgr :6, :6, =?2?, wkgn tkg tkg lmst otgi otgi wms hglovgrgh td tkg cdnsobngg. Wnodn‟s cdiplmont wms eolgh mbmonst Kdnbadnb dn Sgptgijgr =?, =?;6, jut tmrholy mbmonst Imcdnhrmy dn Mprol :6, =?;=. Xkg cdnsgqugncg os tkmt tkg mctodn os cdnsohgrgh prgscrojgh ms emr ms Imcdnhrmy os cdncgrngh jut ndt mbmonst ots proncopml, wkock os wkmt imttgrs mnywmy.

MS rgbmrhs tkg bddhs hmimbgh dr ldst huronb tkg unldmhonb, tkg ckmrtgrgr os lomjlg tkgrgedr, kmvonb mssuigh tkos mctovoty unhgr tkg ckmrtgr pmrty “ergg de gxpgnsg td tkg vgssgl.’ Xkg h oeeoculty os tkmt Xrmnscdntongntml kms ndt jggn oiplgmhgh on tkgsg cmsgs mnh sd os jgydnh tkg ùroshoctodn de tkg cdurt. Xkg lomjoloty oipdsmjlg updn ot cmnndt jg jdrng jy Imrotoig wkock, ms m igrg mbgnt, os ndt mnswgrmjlg edr onùry cmsgh jy ots proncopml. Ot os m wgll-sgttlgh proncoplg tkmt tkg mbgnt skmll jg lomjlg edr tkg mct dr diossodn de tkg proncopml dnly oe tkg lmttgr os unhoscldsgh.


26

Pulugtm v. Vmn Migrocmn Rdrlh Rdrlh Morwmys, Onc.

EMCXS0 Spdusgs Zmemgl Pulugtm mnh Xglly Mljgrt Pulugtm, wotk tkgor hmubktgr jdmrhgh m VMNMI plmng erdi Kdndlulu td Imnolm, tkg eorst lgb de wkock wms Rmag Oslmnh. Rkolg dn stdpdvgr, Ir. Pulugtm edunh tkg nggh td rglogvg koisgle mnh metgr eonhonb tkg tgrionml‟s cdiedrt rddis eull, kg wmlagh hdwn tkg jgmck td hd kos jusongss. Igmnwkolg, tkg elobkt wms cmllgh mnh Ir. Pulugtm‟s mjsgncg wms ndtocgh. Kgmhonb tdwmrhs tkg rmi, plmontoee rgimragh, “_du pgdplg mlidst imhg ig ioss ydur elobkt. _du _du kmvg m hgegctovg mnndunconb systgi mnh O wms ndt pmbgh.’ Onstgmh de mlldwonb plmontoee td jdmrh tkg plmng, kdwgvgr, tkg morpdrt imnmbgr stdppgh plmontoee mnh msagh koi td surrgnhgr kos jmbbmbgs edr onspgctodn. Zgeusonb td cdiply wotk tkg drhgr, plmontoee wms ndt mlldwgh td jdmrh tkg plmng. Kos woeg mnh hmubktgr wgrg mjlg td prdcggh jut wgrg onstructgh td lgmvg tkgor jmbbmbgs jgkonh. Vlmontoee onstotutgh prgsgnt pgtotodn edr rgcdvgry de hmimbgs mbmonst rgspdnhgnts edr jrgmck de cdntrmct. Xkg hgegnhmnts, kdwgvgr, imontmon tkmt plmontoee‟s rgmsdn edr bdonb td tkg jgmck wms ndt td rglogvg koisgle jut jgcmusg kg kmh m qumrrgl wotk kos woeg. OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt plmontoee os gntotlgh td hmimbgs edr jrgmck de cdntrmct. KGLH0 _GS, plmontoee os gntotlgh td hmimbgs. Eorstly, plmontoee‟s tgstoidny mjdut wkmt kg hoh updn rgmckonb tkg jgmck os uncdntrmhoctgh. Eurtkgridrg, tkgrg os mjsdlutgly nd horgct gvohgncg mjdut smoh mllgbgh qumrrgl. Oe suck wms trug, surgly, plmontoee wdulh ndt kmvg wmlagh jmca erdi tkg jgmck td tkg tgrionml jgedrg tkg plmng kmh rgsuigh ots elobkt td Imnolm, tkgrgjy gxpdsonb kos prgsgncg td tkg eull vogw de tkdsg wkd wgrg lddaonb edr koi. Mngnt tkg rgqugst de tkg cdiidn cmrrogr td onspgct tkg jmbs de plmontoee, ot mppgmrs tkmt Cmptmon Pgntngr rgcgovgh onedrimtodn tkmt dng de tkg pmssgnbgrs gxprgssgh m egmr de m jdij dn jdmrh tkg plmng. Ms m rgsult, kg msagh edr tkg plmontoee‟s jmbs td vgroey tkg jdij. Ngvgrtkglgss, tkos clmoi os unedunhgh. Xkg Cmptmon emolgh td gxplmon wky kg sggionbly mssuigh tkmt tkg mllgbgh mpprgkgnsodn de kos onedrimtodn wms ùstoeogh. Vlmontoee koisgle ontoimtgh ontoimtgh td tkgi tkmt kg wms wgll andwn td tkg WS Stmtg Hgpmrtignt mnh tkmt tkg Cmptmon wms ndt gvgn mwmrg de tkg onedrimnt‟s nmig dr mny corcuistmncgs wkock imy sujstmntomtg tkg lmttgr‟s egmr de m cgrtmon jdij. Hgegnhmnts eurtkgr mrbug tkmt plmontoee wms mlsd buolty de cdntrojutdry ngblobgncg edr emolurg td rgjdmrh tkg plmng wotkon tkg 36 ionutgs mnnduncgh jgedrg tkg pmssgnbgrs hgjmragh tkgrgerdi. Xkos imy kmvg ùstoeogh m rghuctodn de tkg hmimbgs kmh plmontoee jggn unwottonbly lget jy tkg plmng, dwonb td tkg ngblobgncg de VMNMI pgrsdnngl, dr gvgn, wottonbly, wottonbly, oe kg cdulh ndt jg edunh jgedrg tkg plmng‟s hgpmrturg. Ot hdgs ndt, mnh cmnndt kmvg suck ùstoeocmtodn on tkg cmsg mt jmr, plmontoee kmvonb skdwn up jgedrg tkg plmng kmh tmagn dee mnh kg kmvonb jggn dee-ldmhgh ontgntodnmlly mnh wotk imlocg. Rotk mll tkg edrgbdonb, ot os clgmr tkmt plmontoee os g ntotlgh td hmimbgs erdi rgspdnhgnt r gspdnhgnt cdipmny. cdipmny.


2=

Igrkcmn v. Ignhdzm

EMCXS0 Zgspdnhgnts Mrsgnod Ignhdzm, Lgdnmrhm Olmym mnh Pgnmohm Ignhdzm jdmrhgh m jus dwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy Vkoloppong Zmjjot Jus Longs hrovgn jy Solvgrod Imrckmn. Rkolg trmvgllonb dn ots wmy td Imnolm, ot egll ontd m hotck cmusonb tkg pmssgnbgrs onsohg tkg jus td jg tkrdwn dut td tkg brdunh rgsultonb on tkgor iultoplg onùrogs. Xkgrgmetgr, Imrckmn wms cdnvoctgh edr sgrodus, lgss sgrodus mnh slobkt pkysocml onùrogs tkrdubk rgcalgss oipruhgncg. Ms suck, rgspdnhgnts eolgh td rgcdvgr hmimbgs erdi kgrgon pgtotodngrs. Vgtotodngrs, dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, cdntgnhs tkgrg os cmn jg nd oiplogh cdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn tkgi mnh tkg pmssgnbgrs, kgncg, tkgrg cmn jg nd jmsos edr tkg rgcdvgry de hmimbgs erdi jrgmck de cdntrmct. OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkgrg os m cdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn tkg jus cdipmny mnh tkg pmssgnbgrs mnh cdnsgqugntly, cdnsgqugntly, wkgtkgr dr ndt Mrtoclg =27? os mpplocmjlg on tkg prgsgnt cmsg. KGLH0 _GS, tkgrg os m cdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn tkg pmrtogs mnh Mrtoclg =27? os mpplocmjlg on tkg cmsg mt jmr. Zgspdnhgnts wgrg wmotonb edr m pmssgnbgr jus mnh tkg idignt tkgy jdmrhgh tkg jus jgonb hrovgn jy Imrckmn, tkgy wgrg trgmtgh ms pmssgnbgrs tkgrgtd, edr tkgy pmoh tkgor cdrrgspdnhonb eggs. Xkg rohonb pujloc os ndt gxpgctgh td onquorg erdi toig td toig jgedrg kgy jdmrh tkg pmssgnbgr jus wkgtkgr dr ndt tkg hrovgr wkd os mt tkg stggronb wkggl de smoh jus wms mutkdrozgh td hrovg smoh vgkoclg dr tkmt smoh hrovgr os mctonb wotkon tkg scdpg de kos mutkdroty mnh djsgrvonb tkg gxostonb rulgs mnh rgbulmtodns rgquorgh de koi jy tkg imnmbgignt. Cdiidn cmrrogrs cmnndt gscmpg lomjoloty “edr tkg h gmtk de dr onùrogs td pmssgnbgrs tkrdubk tkg ngblobgncg mnh wolleul mcts de tkg edrigr‟s gipldyggs, mltkdubk suck gipldyggs imy kmvg mctgh jgydnh tkg scdpg de tkgor mutkdroty dr on vodlmtodn de drhgrs’. Clgmrly, Clgmrly, tkg mpplocmjoloty de Mrtoclg =27? os onhosputmjlg.


2:

Hg Cmlostdn v. Cdurt de Mppgmls

EMCXS0 Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt Bgrdnoid Hmlimcod rmn dvgr @umnm Sdnzm Uhm. hg Hmrrdckm, m WSUM pgnsodngr, pgnsodngr, survovgh jy kgr dnly ckolh, Bldrom Bmrrdckm hg Cmlostdn, kgrgon pgtotodngr. pgtotodngr. Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt Hmlmicod wms prdsgcutgh edr mnh cdnvoctgh de kdiocohg tkrdubk rgcalgss oipruhgncg. Dn mppgml, tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls mjsdlvgh Hmlimcod erdi tkg pmyignt de V=6,666 edr tkg ldss de pgnsodn. OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg hglgtodn de tkg V=6,666 mwmrh edr tkg ldss de pgnsodn os prdpgr. KGLH0 ND, tkg hglgtodn de tkg V=6,666 mwmrh edr ldss de pgnsodn os unùstoeogh. Xkg pgnsodn de tkg hgcghgnt jgonb m surg oncdig wms cut skdrt jy kgr hgmtk. Xkg survovonb kgor de tkg hgcghgnt os gntotlgh td tkg mwmrh de V=6,666 wkock os m ùst gquovmlgnt td tkg pgnsodn tkg hgcghgnt wdulh kmvg rgcgovgh edr dng ygmr oe skg hoh ndt hog.


23

Vruhgncomhd v. Mllomncg Xrmnspdrt Systgi

EMCXS0 Rkolg crdssonb Xmet Mvgnug, Hrm. Sdeom Vruhgncomhd wms suhhgnly juipgh jy @dsg Lgysdn wkd wms hrovonb m tmxocmj dwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy Mllomncg Xrmnspdrt Systgi, Onc. Ms m rgsult, Hrm. Vruhgncomhd sueegrgh pkysocml onùrogs on hoeegrgnt pmrts de kgr jdhy, oncluhonb m jrmon cdncussodn wkock suj`gctgh kgr td sgvgrml pkysocml gxmionmtodns. Metgr hug kgmronb, @dsg Lgysdn wms edunh buolty de ngblobgncg on tkg pgredrimncg de kos hutogs ms m tmxocmj hrovgr wkock os tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg mccohgnt mnh tkmt Mllomncg Xrmnspdrt Systgi emolgh td prdvg tkmt ot kmh gxgrcosgh tkg rgquorgh holobgncg de m bddh emtkgr de m emioly on tkg sglgctodn, supgrvosodn, mnh cdntrdl de ots gipldyggs. Vgtotodngr qugstodns tkg mwmrh de tkg hmimbgs de tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls. OSSWG0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls os ùstoeogh on idhoeyonb tkg brmnt de hmimbgs jy tkg troml cdurt. KGLH0 _GS mnh ND. M cmrgeul rgvogw de tkg rgcdrh imags ot rgmholy mppmrgnt tkmt tkg onùrogs sustmongh jy Hrm. Vruhgncomhd mrg ndt ms sgrodus dr gxtgnsovg ms tkgy wgrg clmoigh td jg, wkock prdde igrgly cdnsostgh on kgr dwn uncdrrdjdrmtgh tgstoidny, mnh wkock mrg ndt gndubk td wmrrmnt tkg hmimbgs mwmrhgh jy tkg troml cdurt. Dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, tkg rghuctodn de tkg hmimbgs imhg jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls os jdtk tdd hrmstoc mnh unrgmlostoc td pmss tkg tgst de rgmsdnmjlgngss. Jgonb m hdctdr jy prdegss odn, pgtotodngr‟s egmrs cmn jg idrg rgml mnh ontgnsg tkmn mn drhonmry pgrsdn, tkus, skg os unhgnomjly m prdpgr rgcopognt de idrml hmimbgs wkock mrg prdpdrtodnmtg td kgr sueegronb. Rotk rgbmrh td gxgiplmry hmimbgs, Mrtoclg ::3= de tkg Covol Cdhg prdvohgs tkmt gxgiplmry hmimbgs imy jg kmh oe tkg hgegnhmnt mctgh wotk brmvg ngblobgncg. M hrovgr runnonb mt eull spggh dn m rmony hmy, dn m sloppgry rdmh on cdiplgtg hosrgbmrh de tkg kmzmrhs td loeg mnh loijs de dtkgr pgdplg cmnndt jg smoh td jg mctonb on mnytkonb lgss tkmn brdss ngblobgncg. Xkg ergqugnt e rgqugnt oncohgncg de mccohgnts de tkos nmturg cmusgh jy tmxo hrovgrs onhggh hgimnhs cdrrgctovg igmsurgs.


28

Transporation Law Case Digests

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