Touchstone 3: Units 1+2+3+4+7 Unit1: The way we are: Adverbs and Adjectives: Form: 1. Adverbs with – with – ly: ly: To make most adverbs, add – add – ly ly to the adjective form. Quick
- Quickly
Slow
- Slowly
Careful
- carefully
2. Irregular adverbs: Some adverbs of manner are irregular (that is, they do not end in – in – ly). ly). Good
- well
Late
- late
Fast
- fast
Hard
- hard
3. Spelling Rules: Here are the rules for adding – adding – ly ly to adjectives to form adverbs. 1. For most adjectives, add – add – ly. ly. Patient
- Patiently
2. For adjectives ending in y, change the y to I and add – add – ly. ly. Easy
- easily
3. For adjectives ending in c, add – add – ally. ally. Automatic
- Automatically
Use: Adjectives are used to describe or give more information about nouns or pronouns. Th ey often come before nouns. They also come after the verb be and similar verbs . She’s a good artist.
He’s a careful driver. He’s careful. Verb + Adjective. Adjectives are used after verbs that describe states, feelings, and senses such as be, get, feel, seem, and sound. I get impatient. I feel safe with them. Adverbs before adjectives and adverbs
Form:
Intensifying adverbs usually come before the adjectives they modify, except for at all, which is used with not and comes after the adjective: E.g. She’s not selfish at all. E.g. She’s incredibly talented.
Use:
1. Adverbs can describe adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbs such as extremely, totally, very, and really are all intensifying adverbs. E.g. She’s extremely generous. 2. The adverbs extremely and very are not generally used before adjectives such as wonderful or fantastic. Their meaning cannot be made stronger because they are already very strong. Thes e stronger adjectives use adverbs such as absolutely or really. E.g. She’s absolutely wonderful. Adjective Prefixes:
Form:
1. The prefixes dis-, im-, in-, and un- can be added to adjectives to give them the opposite meaning. E.g. He’s Unfriendly. (= not friendly) E.g. She’s impatient. (= Not patient)
Describing Individual Habit: •
•
Be+
Always+
V+ing
The structure always and a verb in the present continuous is used to describe what people often do or did and it can be used to describe someone’s annoying habit or an activity that is funny or special in some way:
e.g. We’re always reading magazines in this house . e.g. When I was in college, I was always buying books.
Vocabulary: Outgoing: friendly and energetic and finding it easy and enjoyable to be with others. e.g. She has an outgoing personality. Shy: (shyer, shyest) nervous and uncomfortable with other people. E.g. He was too shy to ask her to dance with him. Conservative: often not liking or trusting change, especially sudden change. E.g. Older people tend to be quite conservative and a bit suspicious of any supposed advances. Stylish: of a high quality in appearance, design or behavior. E.g. I had the pleasure of meeting his stylish wife. Traffic: the amount of vehicles moving along roads, or the amount of aircraft, trains or ships moving along a route. E.g. There was heavy/a lot of traffic on the roads this morning. Recklessly: doing something dangerous and not worrying about the risks and the possible results. E.g. He was driving recklessly. Honk the Horn: If a car horn honks, it makes a short, loud sound. E.g. People honked their horns as they drove past. Delayed: happening at a later time than expected or intended.
E.g. Some people said that the reason for the large number of delayed trains was the bad weather conditions. Impatient opposite of Patient: wanting something to happen as soon as possible. E.g. He's got a lot of exciting ideas and he's impatient to get started. Complain: to tell someone formally that something is wrong. E.g. If the service was so bad why didn't you complain to the manager? Interrupt: to stop a person from speaking for a short period by something you say or do, or to stop something from happening for a short period. E.g. She tried to explain what had happened but he kept interrupting her. Balance: to give several things equal amounts of importance, time or money so that a situation is successful. E.g. I struggle to balance work and family commitments. Admire: to respect and approve of someone or their behaviour, or t o find someone or something attractive and pleasant to look at. E.g. I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions. Talented: with talent; able or skilful. E.g. a talented footballer/pianist. Sense of Humor: the ability to find things funny, the way in which people see that some things are funny or the quality of being funny. E.g. He's got a great sense of humour. Organized: describes someone who is able to plan things carefully and keep things tidy. E.g. She's not a very organized person and she always arrives late at meetings. Competitive: wanting very much to win or be more successful than other people. E.g. You're very competitive - it's meant to be a friendly match! Arrogant: unpleasantly proud and behaving as if you are more important than, or know more than, other people. E.g. I found him arrogant and rude. Easygoing: Synonym of Laid-back: relaxed and not easily upset or worried. E.g. a friendly, easy-going type of guy
Practical: able to provide effective solutions to problems. E.g. She has a lot of interesting ideas, but they're not very practical. Honest: telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat or lie. E.g. To be honest (with you), I don't think it will be possible. Opposite: dishonest. Generous: willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or expected. E.g. It was most generous of you to lend me the money. Selfish: Someone who is selfish only thinks of their own advantage. E.g. It was selfish of him to leave all the work to you. Reliable: Something or someone that is reliable can be trusted or believed because they work or behave well in the way you expect. E.g. Gideon is very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it. Habit: (Noun) something which you do often and regularly, sometimes without knowing that you are doing it. e.g. I used to swim twi ce a week, but I seem to h ave got out of (= ended) the habit r ecentl y. Annoy: (Verb) to make someone angry. The adjective is Annoying: making you feel annoyed. e.g. I t' s r eall y annoyin g when a tr ain i s late and there' s no explanati on. Invite: (Verb) to ask or request someone to go to an event. e.g. H er fami ly i nvited me to stay with them for a few weeks. Borrow: (Verb) to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a period of time. e.g. We coul d always borr ow some money fr om the bank. Pleasant:(Adjective) opposite of Unpleasant: enjoyable, attractive, friendly, or easy to like. e.g. an un pleasant sur pri se.
At Least: •
In this lesson, At L east is used to introduce a positive idea when a bad situation is being discussed.
e.g. My friend is always late, but at least she apologizes. Brave: (adjective) showing no fear of dangerous or difficult things. Bravery (Noun). e.g. I t was a brave decision t o quit her j ob and star t her own busin ess. Accomplished: (Adjective) ver y good at somethi ng; h avin g a l ot of ski ll s. e.g. She' s a ver y accompl ished piani st/pai nter/ hor sewoman.
Breed: verb (bred, bred) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way. e.g. He breeds different kinds of birds. Summit: (Noun) the highest point of a mountain. e.g. On th is day in 1784, Dr M ichel Paccard and Jacques Balmat r eached the summi t of M ont Bl anc. Supportive: (Adjective) giving help and encouragement. e.g. Chi l dr en wi th supporti ve parents oft en do better at school th an those wit hout. Humble: (Adjective) not proud or not believing that you are important. e.g. H e's ver y hum ble about h i s success. Industry: (Noun) the people and activities involved in one type of business. e.g. Th e computer i ndustr y has been boomi ng.
Unit 2: Experiences: Past Perfect Statements:
Form: Affirmative:
S
+ Have/has
+ Past Participle
e.g. He
has
Written a letter.
e.g. They
have
cleaned their room.
Negative:
S
+
have/has +not + Past Participle
e.g. She
hasn’t
e.g. They
Played basketball.
haven’t
seen him.
Use:
1. For actions and events that happened at an indefinite time in the past that still have importance in the present: e.g. I haven’t saved enough money. { I still don’t have enough} 2. For repeated actions at an infinite time in the past: e.g. We’ve gone sailing three times this year. 3. With certain time expressions: such as {never- just- lately- recently} e.g. I've just finished my homework. Present perfect and simple past questions and answers Form:
Present Perfect Questions:
Have/ Has e.g. Has
+ Subject + (ever) + Past Participle? he
ever
tried rafting?
Present Perfect Affirmative short answers:
e.g.
e.g.
Yes,
+ Subject
Yes,
he
+ Have/Has. has.
Present Perfect Negative shot answers: No,
+ Subject
No,
he
+ Have/ has + not. hasn’t.
Use:
Present perfect questions are used to ask about actions and situations that took place at an indefinite time before now. They often include the adverb (ever).
e.g. Have you ever done anything scary?
When people answer present perfect questions and include reference to a specific, finished time in the past, they use the simple past.
e.g. A: Have you ever done anything scary? (at any time before now) B: Yes, I have. I went rafting last year. Vocabulary: Secret: (Noun) a piece of information that is only known by one person or a few people and should not be told to others. e.g. You j ust can' t k eep a secret. Training: (Noun) the process of learning the skills you need to do a particular job or activity. e.g. New staf f have/r ecei ve a week's tr ain i ng i n h ow to use th e computers. Sailing: (Noun) the sport or activity of using boats with sails. e.g. She l oves to go sail i ng. Surfing: (Noun) the sport of riding on a wave on a special board. e.g. I like to go surfing. White-water rafting: (Noun) the activity of being moved quickly in a raft (= small boat filled with air) along rivers where the current is very strong. e.g. I go white-water rafting every summer. Pull: (Verb) to move something towards yourself, sometimes with great physical effort. e.g. Could you help me move this bookcase over there? You pu ll and I'll push.
Scary: (adjective) frightening. Scared: (adjective) frightened or worried. e.g. a scary movie/story. Talent: (Noun) (someone who has) a natural ability to be good at something, especially without being taught. e.g. Her talent for music showed at an early age. Contest: (Noun) a competition to do better than other people, usually in which prizes are given. e.g. a dance/sports contest. Joke: (Noun) something, such as a funny story or trick, that is said or done in order to make people laugh. e.g. Did I tell you the joke about the chicken crossing the road? Photography: (Noun) (the activity or job of taking) photographs or films. e.g. She's doing an evening class in photography. Mood: (Noun) the way you feel at a particular time. e.g. She's in a good/bad mood. Keeping the conversation going:
In friendly conversations, people often show interest in the experience of other peop le, even if they have not had the same experience themselves. They often try to find something to comment on, saying for example, I’ve heard (read) about that and then asking questions to keep the conversation going.
e.g. A: Are you an Atif Eisa fan? B: umm …….. I’ve heard of him. Is he good? Short Questions:
Use:
People use these short questions to show interest: e.g. A: I love Rosa Garcia. B: Do you? A: I’ve seen most of her painting.
B: Have you? Busy: (Adjective) If you are busy, you are working hard, or giving your attention to a particular thing. e.g. Mum was busy in the kitchen. Snorkel: (Verb) to use a tube to breathe if you are swimming with your face under water. e.g. I went snorkeling with my friends last weekend. Scuba Diving: (Noun) the sport of swimming under water with special breathing equipment. e.g. I went scuba diving when I was in Oman. Giant: (adjective) extremely large. e.g. to take giant steps. Tropical: (Adjective) from or relating to the area between the two tropics. e.g. tropical fish. Wander: (verb) to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or direction. e.g. We spent the morning wandering around the old part of the city.
Unit3: Wonders of the World: Superlative Adjectives: Form: 1. For short adjectives , add est: e.g. Tall ------ the Tallest e.g. What’s the tallest building in the world? 2. For long adjectives, use the most + adjective: e.g. Interesting ----------- the most interesting. e.g. What’s the most interesting city in your country? 3. Least is also used with adjectives to express the opposite of most: e.g. the + least+ adjectives e.g. What’s the least expensive store?
4. Some adjectives have irregular forms for the superlative: e.g. Good ---- The best Bad ----- the worst 5. For superlatives followed by noun, use the most: The most + Noun e.g. Which country has the most tourism?
Spelling Rules: 1. For adjectives ending in y, change the y to I and add est: Happy ---------- Happiest 2. For adjectives ending in e, add – st: Nice --------- nicest 3. For adjectives ending in a vowel + consonant, double the final consonant before adding – est: Big _____ biggest Thin ____ thinnest
Vocabulary: Wonder: (Noun) an object that causes a feeling of great surprise and admiration. e.g. We spent a week visiting the wonders of Ancient Greek civilization. Volcano: (Noun) a mountain with a large circular hole at the top through which lava (= hot liquid rock) gases, steam and dust are or have been forced out. e.g. an active volcano. Roller Coaster: (Noun) an exciting entertainment in an amusement park, which is like a fast train that goes up and down very steep slopes and around very sudden bends. e.g. a roller coaster ride. Canyon: (Noun) a large valley with very steep sides and usually a river flowing along the bottom. e.g. It was an amazing canyon.
Questions with How + Adjective ……? Form: How+ Adjective + Auxiliary + Noun …? •
We ask this question to ask about size, height, length, width, and depth.
e.g. A: How high is Mount Everest? B: It’s 8,850 meters high. e.g. A: How long is the Nile River? B: It’s 6,695 kilometers long. Reach: (Verb) to get to a particular, especially high level, etc e.g. The temperat ur e is expected to r each 30° C t oday. Subway: (Noun) a railway system in which electric trains travel along passages below ground. e.g. We took th e subway uptown to Yank ee Stadiu m. Escalator: (Noun) a set of stairs moved up or down by electric power on which people can stand and be taken from one level of a building to another. e.g. I ' ll meet you by the up/down escalator on th e second fl oor. Altitude: (Noun) height above sea level. e.g. M ount ain cl im ber s use oxygen when they r each hi gher alt it udes. Poisonous: (Adjective) very harmful and able to cause illness or death. e.g. Can you tell th e di ff er ence between poisonous mushr ooms and edi ble vari eti es?
Unit 4: Family Life: Verbs let, make, help, have, get, want, ask, tell Form: 1. Let, make, and have are followed by: object and infinitive without to: Verb e.g. My parents won’t let
+ object
+ infinitive
me
e.g. Should we
let
e.g. They
make me
stay out late.
him
use the car. come home before 11:00.
2. Get, want, ask, and tell are followed by object + infinitive with to: Verb + e.g. I can’t get
Object + them
e.g. My parents want me
to- infinitive to clean their rooms. to study law.
Use: The verbs let, make, help, have, get, want, ask, and tell name an action taken to cause someone else to do something. e.g. Did you tell him to be home by 11:00? Used to and Would
Form:
Used to: 1. In affirmative statements, used to is followed by the base form of the verb: e.g. I used to keep candy in my pockets. 2. Used to refers to the past. There is no present tense form. Negatives and questions with used to follow the rules for regular verbs in the simple past. e.g. I didn’t use to like golf, but I do now. Would:
1. In affirmative statements, would is followed by the base form of the verb. The contracted form is ‘d: e.g. We’d always win.
Use:
Used to: 1. Used to is used to talk about activities, events, or situations that were done regularly in the past or that were the case in the past, but that no longer exist in the present: e.g. We used to play on a team. Would: 1. Would is used to talk about regular activities and events in the past, but not situations. e.g. We would always win. But not: My sister would live next door. Vocabulary: Gripe: (Noun/ Verb) a strong complaint. e.g. There's no poin t gri ping about the pr ice of thi ngs. Law: (Noun) a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves, or the whole system of such rules. e.g. Th ey led the fi ght to i mpose l aws on smoki ng. Spouse: (Noun) a person's husband or wife. e.g. In 60% of the households surveyed both spouses went out to work. Irritating: (Adjective) making you feel annoyed. e.g. an irr itating habit. Memory: (Noun) something that you remember from the past. e.g. Th at tune reall y br i ngs back memori es. Tease: (Verb) to laugh at someone or say unkind things about them, either because you are joking or because you want to upset them. e.g. I used to hate bei ng teased about my r ed hai r when I was at school.
Crawl: (verb) to move slowly or with difficulty, especially (of a person) with the body stretched out along the ground or on hands and knees. e.g. The chil d crawled across the fl oor. Extended family: family unit which includes grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts and uncles, etc. in addition to parents and children. e.g. I meet with my extended family members every Friday. Divorce: (Verb) to end your marriage by an official or legal process. e.g. She' s divor cin g her h usband. Giving opinions:
I think …… It seems like ………. If you ask me, ….., etc., are common expressions that people use at the beginning of a sentence to signal the listener that they are going to express an opinion.
e.g. It seems that there’s a lot of pressure on kids these days. Agreeing:
There are many expressions that people use to agree with another person’s opinions in conversation. The lesson presents some of the more common ones (e.g. Absolutely, Definitely, Exactly.). There are many more (e.g. You’re absolutely right, I couldn’t agree more, I tend to agree.)
e.g. A: Kids are way too busy. B: Absolutely.
Unit 7: Relationships: Relative Clauses:
Relative pronouns:
Who: people. That: People/ things. Which: Things. e.g. Johnny is a man who lives next door. e.g. I saw his car that is so expensive.
Relative clauses give information about who or what you are talking about.
We have two kinds of relative clauses:
1. Subject relative clauses: The relative pronoun is the subject of the verb in the clause: e.g. Paul is the guy who drives the car. 2. Object relative clauses: The relative pronoun is the object of the verb in the clause. In these clauses, the relative pronoun is often left out. e.g. Charlie is someone who/that I can trust. e.g. Charlie is someone I can trust.
