Topsoe Hydrocracking Processes 2011

HALDOR TOPSCE CATALYSING

YOU YOUR

BUSIINESS BUS

L]j

Haldor Topsøe A/S – Nymøllevej 55 2800 Kgs. Lyngby - Denmark

Topsøe HC processes

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JEOM/PZ/PEVB/MKJ 20 August 2010

Contents 1

Topsøe hydrocracking processes

2

2

Hydrogen optimisation

5

3

Hydrocracking technology experience

5

4

Energy conservation in hydroprocessing units

8

5

Cat feed hydrotreater license references

11

6

Hydrocracking catalysts

12

7

Catalyst references

15

Information contained herein is confidential; it may not be used for any purpose other than for which it has been issued, and may not be used by or disclosed to third parties without written approval of Haldor Topsøe A/S.

Haldor Topsøe A/S – Nymøllevej 55 2800 Kgs. Lyngby - Denmark

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1

Topsøe hydrocracking processes

Haldor Topsøe has licensed five hydrocrackers including full conversion single-stage and two-stage hydrocracking processes and a partial conversion hydrocracking process. For partial conversion hydrocracking, we offer once-through hydrocracking, mild hydrocracking (MHC) with integral diesel post treatment, and our patented staged partial conversion (SPC) process. A simplified process diagram illustrating the MHC process with integral diesel post treatment and SPC are shown in the below figures.

Topsoe MHC Process with Distillate Post Treatment

HGO POST-TREAT REACTOR

MHC REACTOR

MHC EFFLUENT H2S

NAPHTHA

HYDROGEN LGO

VGO

FRACTIONATOR

NAPHTHA

FCC FEED

STRIPPER

ULSD

Information contained herein is confidential; it may not be used for any purpose other than for which it has been issued, and may not be used by or disclosed to third parties without written approval of Haldor Topsøe A/S.

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Topsoe Staged Partial Conversion Process HDS REACTOR

HDC REACTOR

HYDROGEN

H2S

GAS

NAPHTH

A

DIESEL

FEED

HDC STRIPPER

FRACTIONATOR

HDS STRIPPER FCC FEED

For the Topsøe MHC process with integral diesel post treatment, the reaction section operates at medium pressure (60 to 100 barg) to produce the desired FCC feed quality. The post treatment stage upgrades the heavy gas oil product from the MHC by hydrotreating or hydrocracking to produce the desired ULSD quality. A comparison of a MHC process with a high pressure partial conversion and Topsøe MHC with post treatment is shown below: Configuration Reactor pressure

barg

MHC (Base) 80

Gross conversion

%vol.

30

30

30

Diesel yield

%vol.

29

30

28

Diesel sulphur

wppm

50

10

10

Diesel density

kg/m

875

845

845

Diesel cetane no.

D-613

40

51

51

Base

1.4*Base

1.3*Base

3

Total installed cost Capex savings €/ TPD (relative to HP HDC) $/BPD

High pressure MHC with HDC post treat 160 80

2400 400

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Hydrogen demand

Base

2.2*Base

3 3 Hydrogen savings Nm /m (relative to HP HDC) SCFB

1.4*Base 50 - 80 300 - 500

The SPC process incorporates a staged reaction system in which a portion of the heavy gas oil product from the lead hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) reactor is bypassed on flow control reducing the net charge rate to the second series flow hydrocracking (HDC) reactor. This allows the net conversion level in the second reactor to be substantially higher than the overall gross conversion requirement for producing FCC feed. Increased conversion dramatically improves the middle distillate product. Severity in the lead reactor is controlled independently based on the minimum HDS requirement for the FCC feed to make ultra low sulphur gasoline. Severity in the lag reactor is controlled based on meeting ultra low sulphur kerosene and diesel fuel requirements including smoke point, density and cetane quality. The separation of gas and liquid in the bottom of the lead reactor vessel is achieved without the need for any complex internals arrangement and uses a minimum of reactor height. Simple flow control is utilised to split the liquid phase from the bottom of the lead reactor. A comparison between a MHC process, a high pressure partial conversion process, and the SPC process is shown in the table below: Configuration

MHC High pressure (Base) HDC

Topsøe SPC

Reactor pressure

barg

100

160

100

Gross conversion

%vol.

30

30

30

Diesel yield

%vol.

31.0

31.5

28.0

Diesel sulphur

wppm

10

10

10

Diesel density

kg/m

875

845

845

46

52

47

Base

1.3*Base

1.1*Base

Diesel cetane index

3

D-4737

Total installed cost Capex savings

MM€/TPD

Hydrogen demand Hydrogen savings

3000 Base

3

Nm /tonne

1.8*Base

1.3*Base 50


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Haldor Topsøe has constructed a pilot plant to demonstrate the SPC process and performed substantial testing and different feedstocks to provide an application database for the new technology.

2

Hydrogen optimisation

Haldor Topsøe optimises the hydrogen usage in a hydrocracker to achieve the process and product objectives by:

-

-

3

Using high selectivity hydrocracking catalysts to reduce light ends make and maximise middle distillates to reduce hydrogen consumption. Using different families of hydrocracking catalysts tailored to achieve desired product properties. For example, one family of catalysts is used to maximise hydrogen uptake to produce high viscosity index unconverted oil used for lube production, while another catalyst family is used to reduce mono-aromatic saturation in the unconverted oil used as FCC feed. Incorporating process features for the recovery of the soluble hydrogen from the off gases of the hydrocracker.

Hydrocracking technology experience

Topsøe has licensed five hydrocrackers – two revamps and three grass-roots units in the last five years. Four of the licensed units were won in the last two years. The reasons why Topsøe was chosen as the hydrocracking licensor by our clients are:

-

-

Topsøe has hired engineers with vast experience in the design, start-up and operation of hydrocracking units. Topsøe has developed a family of commercially demonstrated pre-treating and TM hydrocracking catalysts. Our latest BRIM hydrotreating catalysts are the best performing hydrocracker pretreat catalysts on the market today. Topsøe offers commercially proven hydrocracking catalysts for maximum middle distillate service and for flexible co-production of naphtha and middle distillate. Our maximum middle distillate hydrocracking catalysts produce distillates with excellent cold flow properties due to enhanced isomerisation activity. Topsøe has developed commercially proven reactor internals for hydroprocessing units to maximize utilization of the catalysts activities. Topsøe can confirm operating conditions, yields and product properties in our state-of-the-art pilot plants. Topsøe can provide customer focussed technical services using experienced hydrocracking experts.


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The scope of supply for all five licensed units consists of hydrocracking technology license, engineering, catalysts, reactor internals, and technical services. In addition, scoping studies were performed for three projects to help the client better define the project scope prior to start of engineering. Below is a summary of the hydrocracking units licensed by Topsøe. OMV/Petrom, Petrobrazi Refinery, Romania

OMV/Petrom licensed Topsøe’s hydrocracking technology for a 34,000 bpsd grassroots hydrocracking unit at the Petrobrazi Refinery in Romania. The unit will provide a high conversion of a mixture of heavy vacuum gasoil and heavy coker gas oil into high quality diesel and jet fuel products. The new hydrocracker forms part of an overall project for expanding the capacity of the Petrobrazi Refinery to 6 million tonnes of crudes per year. The hydrocracker feed contains 2000 wppm nitrogen. It is a blend of 80 wt% heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) and 20 wt% heavy coker gas oil (HCGO). Topsøe was one of three licensors that competed in a paid study and was chosen as the licensor by OMV after a thorough evaluation. Topsøe presented study cases covering 55% and 75% conversion to ULSD and lighter. The study deliverables includes PFD and sized equipment to allow independent cost estimates to be done by the client’s contractor. During the study phase, the client ran tests in their hydrocracker pilot plant which confirmed Topsøe’s technical performance predictions. Topsøe produced an engineering design package for this unit and participated in FEED development with the clients selected contractor. The client awarded the project to Topsøe in November 2007. Undisclosed Refinery A

This refinery has licensed a grass-roots 42,000 bpsd single stage full conversion hydrocracking unit from Topsøe. The unit is designed to maximise diesel production from converting vacuum gas oil. Start up is expected to be in 2015.


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Undisclosed Refinery B

An undisclosed refinery has licensed a Topsøe hydrocracker for a 65,000 bpsd grassroots full conversion hydrocracker unit with a post-cracking reactor for maximising light naphtha yield by cracking heavy naphtha and kerosene. Topsøe’s hydrocracking technology was selected based on an innovative and cost-efficient solution for maximising the production of diesel and light naphtha. The unit is expected to start up in 2016. Preem AB, Gothenburg, Sweden - Revamp to mild hydrocracking unit

In 2002, Preem AB in Gothenburg, Sweden awarded a license to Topsøe for the revamp of an existing AKZO Makfining unit for partial conversion hydrocracking of heavy atmospheric gas oil. A secondary revamp objective was to increase unit capacity by 27% to 9,100 bpsd. The reactor was revamped with Topsøe internals, and a full load of partial conversion hydrocracking catalysts was installed in this unit. The product fractionation system was revamped to allow withdrawal of middle distillate blend streams with optimum endpoints to maximise diesel pools. Preem increased the middle distillate yield with Topsøe high mid-distillate NiW hydrocracking catalysts. The diesel product fulfilled the project objectives, meeting with a good margin cloud point and colour specifications with a very low sulphur level of < 2 wppm. The excellent cloud point obtained allowed an increase in diesel endpoint and yield. Following a study phase including pilot plant work, the revamp project was completed on time with a short schedule and was successfully started up in July 2003 after a normal refinery turn-around. Topsøe and Preem engineers co-authored a paper presented in the July 2005 issue of Hydrocarbon Engineering. Slovnaft Bratislava Refinery, Slovakia

Topsøe was awarded a hydrocracker license to revamp the 24,000 bpsd Slovnaft hydrocracker in 2007 (original licensor is UOP) in Bratislava Refinery in Slovakia. The scope of supply is license, catalyst, reactor internals, and engineering. A revamp study was done by Topsøe to achieve the following goals:

-

-

Change the catalyst and define the equipment revamp scope required to shift from co-production of naphtha and middle distillate to maximum middle distillate operation Determine the maximum feed rate feasible without modifications of major equipment Provide new process simulation of the entire the hydrocracking unit (including fractionation section) for new operating mode


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-

Define the impact of adding LCO as a feed component Recommend latest operating and maintenance best practices Define the benefit of reactor internals replacement using Topsøe’s new internals Recommend HPNA management strategy Recommend improvement in unit safety and reliability Recommend improvement in energy and on stream efficiency Recommend solutions to a list of current operating constraints and bottlenecks Provide size and cost estimate for new or modified equipment.

Based on the study results, Slovnaft obtained management approval for the revamp project. Topsøe delivered a process design package for the revamp in 2008. The process design included detail design of the revamped reactor internals for three reactors. The main catalyst system used in the revamp was TK-605 BRIM™ for hydrocracker feed pretreat and TK-951, TK931, and TK-926 hydrocracking catalysts. The combination of these catalysts offers flexibility of product slate and superior product quality. The revamped unit started up successfully in 2009 and met all guarantees.

4

Energy conservation in hydroprocessing units

Energy consumption in hydroprocessing units is related in large part to the pumping and compression of process fluids to reaction pressures, heating reactants to reaction temperatures, and the separation and final cooling of refined products. This energy is supplied to the process through the use of utilities such as electrical power, fuel for combustion heat and steam and represents substantial operating costs for hydroprocessing facilities. Reactor and catalyst technology

Haldor Topsøe designs hydroprocessing units to achieve the required reaction performance at the optimum conditions of temperature, pressure, and gas circulation rate and thereby minimising the associated capex and energy consumption. This detailed knowledge of how the catalyst performance can be optimised leads to the lowest possible capital cost in addition to the most energy efficient design.


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Substantial energy is consumed to overcome the hydraulic pressure drop associated with the operation of fixed catalyst bed hydroprocessing reactors. Topsøe catalysts are manufactured in a variety of shapes and sizes to both minimise pressure drop and prevent the increase in pressure drop associated with the build up of deposits within the catalyst bed. The use of state of the art reactor internals insures that the distribution and temperature control required for optimum catalyst performance can be achieved without the need for high catalyst bed pressure drop and corresponding energy consumption. Heat integration

The reactions associated with hydroprocessing are exothermic and release substantial amounts of heat. This energy can be recovered by heat exchange and used to minimise the need for utility heating by fuel gas or steam. The feed to the reactor is preheated by exchange with the product exiting the reactor at higher temperature. The heat content of the reactor product can also be utilised to off-set a portion of the heat input required for product separation by distillation. Though it is not a preferred design approach, in some cases the reactor product heat can also be used for steam generation and thereby achieve increased efficiency by reducing the need for steam production outside the hydroprocessing unit. Maximising the use of process heat integration in a hydrocracking unit can reduce the required heat input to the fractionation section by 30 to 50 percent. In a modern facility, the capital cost associated with the large heat exchanger surface area required for such integration is easily justified by energy conservation and reduction of carbon emission. Power recovery turbines

Some of the energy content of liquids at high pressure can be recovered through the use of hydraulic power recovery turbines. These turbines recover power when the fluid is expanded from high pressure to low pressure and can be used to drive mechanical equipment directly or can be coupled to an electrical generator. Most commonly in hydroprocessing units, a turbine on the hydrocarbon product fluid is used to help drive the hydrocarbon feed pump. If the unit is equipped with a high pressure amine absorber, a turbine on the rich amine fluid can provide power to the lean amine booster pump. As much as 50 to 70 percent of the electrical pumping power can be saved in these applications.

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High efficiency process heaters

High level process heat is generally supplied to hydroprocessing units by fuel gas combustion in fired heaters. High energy efficiency can be achieved through the use of steam generation and combustion air preheat by the hot flue gas generated in the heater. Such a heater configuration is illustrated in the below sketch. Air preheat reduces the amount of flue gas combustion needed to supply the process heat requirements. Steam generation can in many cases fully produce all the steam needed within the hydroprocessing unit and even export steam for general purpose use in the refinery. The extra cost associated with such systems is justified by energy conservations and the reduction of carbon emission. Process heat can also be supplied in conjunction with electrical power through the use of a gas turbine co-generation scheme. The hot flue gas from the gas turbine is used to supply the process heat while also producing steam and electricity. Such schemes are considerably more expensive than conventional high efficiency heater systems and therefore much more difficult to justify. High Efficiency Process Heater Conf iguration

REF

ST

INERY ST EAM

EAM DRUM BF W

F

AIR PREHEATER

LUE GAS

SUPERHEATER

REACTO

R CH AR GE HEATER

BO

ATM

ILER

F RACTIO NATO

R CH ARGE HEATER

STACK C OMBUSTIO

N AIR

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5

Cat feed hydrotreater license references

Marathon/Ashland Petroleum (MPC) - revamp of Catlettsburg FCC pretreating units

Topsøe licensed two FCC pretreating unit revamps to MPC. One is a 35,000 BPD low pressure VGO (LPVGO) hydrotreater and the other is a 60,000 BPD high pressure VGO (HPVGO) hydrotreater. The processing objective for these units is to reduce the sulphur content in the feedstock from the two FCC pretreating units to approximately 500 wppm and 750 wppm respectively. The combined FCC feed allows the refinery to produce gasoline meeting the 40 wppm EPA specification without FCC gasoline post treatment. Topsøe supplied license, engineering, reactor internals, and catalyst for these two units. Topsøe delivered the engineering packages for the revamps in July 2001. Two new lead reactors and two new lag reactors were designed and fabricated for the HPVGO unit, and four existing reactors were relocated to the LPVGO unit and fitted with Topsøe reactor internals. The new reactors plus internals for this project were shipped in August, 2002. The HPVGO unit started up successfully in June 2003 and met all guarantees. The LPVGO unit started up in February 2004 and met all guarantees.

st

Undisclosed Refinery A – 1 FCC pretreating unit

In November 2001, Topsøe executed an alliance agreement with Refinery A to use Topsøe hydroprocessing technology for the design of new and/or revamped cat feed hydrotreaters (CFHT) within its refining system. The initial project under this alliance is a grass-roots 33,000 BPD CFHT. Topsøe delivered a process design package for the unit in May 2002. The processing objective for this project is to reduce the sulphur in the FCC feed to approximately 700 wppm, which will enable the FCC to produce full range naphtha with a sulphur content less than 50 wppm. Topsøe supplied license, engineering, reactor internals, and catalysts for this unit. The unit started up successfully in November 2005 meeting all guarantees. A process study has been prepared for increasing the feed capacity to 39,000 bpsd while processing much tougher Canadian crudes. These recommended revamp requirements are currently being implemented.

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Undisclosed Client A – 2

nd

FCC pretreating unit

The second unit to be included under the alliance is the revamp of a 29,000 bpd CFHT unit. The first phase of this project was installation of a new top distribution tray for an existing reactor in the VGO hydrotreater in October, 2002. The second phase of this project includes the revamp and tie-in of a second reactor with Topsøe internals, to enable the unit to produce a low sulphur FCC feed. Topsøe’s supply for this unit is license, engineering, reactor internals, and catalysts. The unit started up in April 2006 and has met all guarantees.

6

Hydrocracking catalysts

A hydrocracker is one of the most profitable units in a refinery, partly due to the volume swell, and partly because it converts heavy feedstocks to lighter and more valuable products such as naphtha, jet-fuel, kerosene and diesel. The unconverted oil may be used as feedstock for FCC units, lube oil plants and ethylene plants. Any improvement in the hydrocracking unit operation significantly improves overall refinery economics. The proper selection of hydrocracking catalysts offers a great potential for enhancing the performance of the hydrocracking unit with respect to yield structure, product properties, throughput and cycle length.

For optimum performance of a hydrocracking catalyst, it is important to have a highactivity hydrotreating catalyst in front of it to convert organic nitrogen and heavy aromatic compounds to low levels. Topsøe offers a complete catalyst solution, comprising hydrotreating and hydrocracking catalysts as well as grading and guard catalysts. Maximum middle distillate hydrocracking catalysts

For hydrocracking catalysts, there is often a trade-off between catalyst activity and product selectivity. There can furthermore be a trade-off between the various product properties such as the smoke point of the jet fraction, the cetane number and cold flow properties of the diesel fraction and the viscosity index of the unconverted oil. At the same time, the refiner is often interested in limiting hydrogen consumption. The tools that catalyst developers have at hand to address these various requirements are balancing the hydrogenation function with the acidic function and modifying the two functions.


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As a result of extensive R&D efforts, Topsøe has developed and commercialised two series of hydrocracking catalysts which in combination with the appropriate Topsøe pretreater catalysts from the BRIM™ series have shown to provide a step-out performance compared to existing hydrocracking catalysts in the industry. The red hydrocracking catalyst series provides exceptional middle distillate yields combined with excellent product properties including high cetane number for diesel, high smoke point for kerosene and high viscosity index for unconverted oil: The blue hydrocracking catalyst series provides an even better middle distillate yield with superior cold flow product properties compared to the red series. The red series TK-925 is a maximum distillate catalyst. Its main objective is to maximise high-quality

diesel yield while producing unconverted oil with excellent qualities for lube oil plants or for FCC units. TK-931 is a middle distillate catalyst designed to produce very high yields of premium-

quality diesel, jet-fuel and lube oil base stocks. Specifically, this catalyst gives a high smoke point for jet, an excellent cetane number for diesel fraction and a high viscosity index (VI) for lube base oils. TK-941 and TK-951 are the recommended catalysts when both high activity and high

yield are important. TK-951 is more active than TK-941, and both provide excellent middle distillate yields with efficient hydrogen utilisation. TK-947 is optimised for units at high space velocity and/or low unit pressure. TK-947

has shown excellent performance in both catalyst activity and stability and in product yields and properties. The blue series TK-926 has a high selectivity for diesel production. The acid function of TK-926 has

been modified to enhance the isomerisation reactions and improve the cold flow properties of the products. TK-933 and TK-943 are medium-activity catalysts to be used in services, where very

high middle distillate yields, very good cold flow properties and optimised hydrogen consumption are a must. The diesel cloud point is typically 10-20°C (18-36°F) lower than that obtained with other catalysts.


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A special acid function modification is used to improve the isomerisation activity and the middle distillate selectivity. TK-943 is more active than TK-933. Mild hydrocracking applications

Many hydrocrackers in the refineries operate in mild hydrocracking mode. For these units, the main objectives are to obtain a certain minimum conversion as well as to meet specific product properties such as sulphur content, density and cetane number. Typical pressures are in the 60-110 bar (850-1560 psig) range. Typical conversion is 10-20% for lower pressure units and 30-50% for higher pressure units. Meeting the product objectives under such conditions can be challenging. Very often the cycle length is determined not by decline in conversion, but by failure to meet a product property such as sulphur content in the diesel fraction. Our catalysts exhibit an excellent nitrogen tolerance, resulting in very stable HDS and HDN activities throughout the cycle. The optimal catalyst or combination of catalysts depends on feed quality and available hydrogen. Hydrocracker pretreatment

The pretreatment stage in a hydrocracker has the primary objective of removing organic nitrogen, particularly basic nitrogen compounds and aromatics in the feed. Nitrogen compounds have a significantly negative impact on the activity of the hydrocracking catalyst and consequently on the performance of the hydrocracker. The growing interest in processing heavy oils with high nitrogen content has created a need for pretreatment catalysts with an even higher HDN activity. Depending on the specific needs, Topsøe has developed two catalysts for this service. The catalysts are prepared with the proprietary BRIM™ technology, resulting in high activity for both HDS and in particular HDN. In addition, due to the better utilisation of the active metals and modified carriers the high activity BRIM™ catalysts have attractive filling densities. TK-607 BRIM™ exhibits a very high HDN activity and an excellent stability for high-

pressure hydrocracker services. Sulphur and nitrogen removal are significantly improved with TK-607 BRIM™ compared to previous generation catalysts TK-605 BRIM™ and TK-565. TK-561 BRIM™ is a catalyst where the activity for nitrogen removal has been

maximised while maintaining a high HDS activity. TK-561 BRIM™ is the perfect choice for mild hydrocracking applications, where stability and conversion activity are main objectives, and product sulphur is the limiting factor.


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7

Catalyst references

Slovnaft a.s., Slovakia has purchased 190 tonnes of catalysts for their high pressure

hydrocracker. The catalysts were purchased for their 3,400 MT/day unit, operating at 150 bar with a conversion at about 95%. This decision was taken based on experiences with excellent performance of Topsøe’s catalysts since 2005. The feed to the unit is Russian export blend. Preem Lysekil, Sweden has decided to follow a successful three-year TK-558 BRIM™

run of their 53.000 bpsd, 71 bar mild hydrocracker unit with a new load of Topsøe catalysts. This is due to needs for higher conversion when they are in VGO mode of this unit and improved cold flow properties of the diesel produced in the diesel mode. ENAP Refinerias Bio Bio, Chile has selected catalyst material from Topsøe for the

first time to their high pressure hydrocracker. This 2,400 MT/day unit operates at 143 bar, aiming at a maximum mid-distillate yield at a net conversion of 70% based on volume. The processed feed is blends of HVGO and HCGO, and the feed nitrogen varies from 1,000 to 3,100 ppm N. ENAP Refinerias Aconcagua, Chile has purchased 224 tonnes of catalysts for their

single-stage hydrocracker. The catalysts were purchased for their 3,000 MT/day unit operating with a conversion at about 60%. The main objectives are high quality FCC feed and high quality product diesel. The processed feed is blends of HVGO and VGO. YPF, Argentina selected Topsøe hydrocracking catalyst system after a series of

detailed pilot plant studies on actual feed and conditions. The main objectives for this full conversion 140 bar hydrocracker are increased diesel and kerosene yields with improved properties such as cloud point and cetane index. Murphy Meraux, LA, USA has awarded Topsøe for their hydrocracker train. This full

load of Topsøe hydrocracker and pretreatment catalysts for the high pressure, 2,450 psi, 32,000 bpsd hydrocracker aims at 41% conversion with the highest possible selectivity into low sulphur mid distillates. The processed feed is a blend of HVGO, LVGO and AG with a rather high Si content. Preem Lysekil, Sweden has awarded Topsøe to their major European hydrocracker.

This is a full load of Topsøe hydrocracker and pretreatment catalysts for this singlestage two-reactor 142 bar 47,000 bpsd hydrocracker, aiming at a 55% conversion with good properties of the produced diesel. Most of the feed being processed is Russian VGO.


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Saras, Sarroch, Italy decided again to use Topsøe catalysts for their 60,000 bpsd mild

hydrocracker. This unit, aiming at 40-50% conversion and 10 ppm sulphur in the diesel, requires the most stable catalyst system in order to be able to operate for more than one year. The feed to this 100 bar unit has an end-point as high as 630ºC. MOL Szazhalombatta, Hungary decided again to purchase Topsøe hydrocracking

and pretreatment catalysts for their 2010 turnaround in their 6,000 MTPSD MHC unit. The processed feed is blends of HVGO and HCGO, aiming at a conversion of more than 27% to high quality diesel. The unit operates at a pressure of 75 bar. Petro Piar, Venezuela has again, due to very difficult operating conditions of the U16

and an unpredicted short cycle, selected Topsøe hydrocracking catalysts for this major hydrocracking 55,000 bpsd U16, treating very heavy coker gas oil feed.

Topsoe Hydrocracking Processes 2011

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