Thompson Chapter 2

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Leading the Process of Crafting and Executing Strategy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Grasp why it is critical for company managers to think long and hard about where a company needs to head and why why.. Understand the importance of setting both strategic and financial objectives. Recognize that the task of crafting a company strategy draws on the entrepreneurial talents of managers at all organizational levels. Understand why the strategic initiatives taken at various organizational levels must be tightly coordinated to achieve companywide performance targets. Become aware of what a company must do to achieve operating excellence and to execute its strategy proficiently proficiently.. Understand why the strategic management process is ongoing, not an every-nowand-then task. Learn what leadership skills management must exhibit to drive strategy execution forward. Become aware of the role and responsibility of a company’s board of directors in overseeing the strategic management process.

If you don’t know where you are going, any road will take you there. — Cheshire Cheshire Cat to Alice

Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland

If you can articulate a vision that makes people passionate, there are so many amazing things you can do.

How can you lead if you don’t know where you are going? — George George Newman

The Conference Board

— Dr. Dr. Sophie Vandebroek

Xerox Corporation

C

rafting and executing strategy are the heart and soul of managing a business enterprise. But exactly what is involved in developing a strategy and executing it proficiently? What are the various components of the strategy-making, strategy-executing process? To what extent are company personnel— aside from top t op executives—involved executives—involved in the process? In this chapter we present an overview of the managerial ins and outs of crafting and executing company company strategies. We give special attention to management’s direction-setting responsibilities—charting a

strategic course, setting performance targets, and choosing a strategy capable of producing the desired outcomes. We also explain why strategy making is a task for a company’s entire management team and discuss which kinds of strategic decisions tend to be made at which levels of management. The chapter concludes with a look at the roles and responsibilities of a company’ company’ss board of directors in the strategymaking, strategy-executing process and how good corporate governance protects shareholder interests and promotes good management.

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Concepts and Techniques for Crafting and Executing Strategy

WHAT DOES THE STRATEGY WHAT STRATEGY-MAKI -MAKING, NG, STRATEGY STRATEGY-EXECUTING PROCESS ENT ENTAIL? AIL? The managerial process of crafting and executing a company’s company’s strategy consists of five f ive interrelated and integrated phases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Developing a strategic vision of where the company needs to head and what its future product/customer/market/technology focus should be. company’ss perSetting objectives and using them as yardsticks for measuring the company’ formance and progress. Crafting a strategy to achieve the objectives and move the company along the strategic course that management has charted. Implementing and executing the chosen strategy strategy efficiently and effectively. Evaluating performance and initiating corrective adjustments in the company’s long-term direction, objectives, strategy, or execution in light of actual experience, changing conditions, new ideas, and new opportunities.

Figure 2.1 displays this f ive-phase process. Let’s Let’s examine each phase in enough detail to set the stage for the forthcoming chapters and give you a bird’s-eye view of this book.

PHASE 1: DEVELOPING A STRA STRATEGIC TEGIC VISION Very early in the strategy-making process, a company’s senior managers must wrestle with the issue of what direction the company should take. Would a change in the company’s present product/market/customer/technology focus likely improve the company’s market position and future prospects? Deciding to commit the company to follow one

Figure 2.1 Phase 1

Developing a strategic vision

The Strategy-Making, Strategy-Executing Process Phase 2

Phase 3

Setting objectives

Crafting a strategy to achieve the objectives and vision

Revise as needed in light of actual performance, changing conditions, new opportunities, and new ideas

Phase 4

Implementing and executing the strategy

Phase 5

Monitoring developments, evaluating performance, and making corrective adjustments

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Table 2.1


Factors to Consider in Deciding on a Company’ Company’s s Future Direction

External Considerations

Internal Considerations

•

•

• • • •

25

Is the outlook for the company company promising if the company sticks with its present product/market/customer/ technology focus and strategic direction? Are changes under way way in the competitive landscape acting to enhance or weaken the company’s prospects? What, if any any,, new customer groups and/or geographic markets should the company get in position to serve? Are there any any emerging market opportunities the company ought to pursue? Should we plan to abandon any of the markets, market segments, or customer groups we are currently serving?

• •

•

•

What are our ambitions ambitions for for the company—what industry standing do we want the company to have? Will our present business generate generate sufficient growth and profitability to please shareholders? What resource strengths does the company have that will aid its ability to add new products/services and/or get into new businesses? Is the company company stretching its resources too thin by trying to compete in too many product categories or market arenas, some of which are unprofitable? Is the company’ company’s s technological technological focus too broad broad or or too narrow?

direction versus another pushes managers to draw some carefully reasoned conclusions about whether and how to modify the company’s product/market/customer/technology focus and long-term direction. A number of factors need to be considered in deciding where to head and why such a direction makes good business sense—see Table Table 2.1 Top management’s views and conclusions about the company’s direction and future product/customer/market/technology focus constitute a strategic CORE CONCEPT vision for the company. A strategic vision delineates management’s aspiraA strategic vision describes tions for the business, providing a panoramic view of “where we are going.” the route a company intends A strategic vision thus points an organization in a particular direction, charts to take in developing and a strategic path, and molds organizational identity. A clearly articulated strastrengthening its business. tegic vision communicates management’s aspirations to stakeholders and It lays out the company’s strahelps steer the energies of company personnel in a common direction. For tegic course in preparing for instance, Henry Ford’s vision of a car in every garage had power because the future. it captured the imagination of others, aided internal efforts to mobilize the Ford Motor Company’s Company’s resources, and served as a reference point for gauging the merits of the company’s company’s strategic actions. Well-conceived visions are distinctive and specific to a particular organization; they avoid generic, feel-good statements like “We will become a global leader and the first choice of customers in every market we choose to serve”—which could apply to any of hundreds of organizations. 1 And they are not the product of a committee charged with coming up with an innocuous one-sentence vision that wins approval from various stakeholders. Nicely worded vision statements with no specifics about the company’s product/market/customer/technology focus fall well short of what it takes for a vision to measure up. A strategic vision proclaiming management’s quest “to be the market leader” or “to be the first choice of customers” or “to be the most innovative” or “to be recognized as the best company in the industry” offer scant guidance about a company’s direction and what changes and challenges lie on the road ahead. For a strategic vision to function as a valuable managerial tool, it must (1) illuminate the company’s directional path and (2) provide managers with a reference point for making strategic decisions and preparing the company for the future. It must say something def initive about the company’ company’ss future product/market/customer/technology focus. A good vision always needs to be beyond a company’s company’s immediate reach so as to help unleash unified unif ied actions on the part of company personnel that move the company company

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Table 2.2


Characteristics of an Effectively Worded Vision Statement

Graphic

Paints a picture of the kind of company that management is trying to create and the market position(s) the company is striving to stake out.

Directional

Is forward-looking; forward-looking; describes the strategic course that management has char ted and the kinds of product/market/customer/technology product/market/customer/technology changes that will help the company prepare for the future.

Focused

Is specific enough to provide managers with guidance in making decisions and allocating resources.

Flexible

Is not a once-and-for-all-time once-and-for-all-time statement—the directional course that management has charted may have to be adjusted as product/market/c product/market/customer/technology ustomer/technology circumstances circumstances change.

Feasible

Is within the realm of what the company can reasonably expect to achieve in due time.

Desirable

Indicates why the direction makes good business sense and is in the long-term interests of stakeholders (especially shareowners shareowners,, employees, and customers).

Easy to communicate

Is explainable in 5–10 minutes and, ideally, can be reduced to a simple, memorable slogan (like Henry Ford’s famous vision of “a car in every garage”).

Source: Based Source: Based partly on John P. Kotter, Leading Change (Boston: Change (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1996), p. 72.

down the path of realizing the vision. Table 2.2 lists some characteristics of an effective vision statement. A sampling of vision statements currently in use shows a range from strong/clear to overly general/generic. A surprising number of the vision statements found on company Web Web sites and in annual reports are vague about the company’s company’s future product/market/customer/technology focus. Some are nice-sounding but say little. Others read like something written by a committee hoping to win the support of different stakeholders. And some are so short on specifics as to apply to most any company in any industry. Many read like a public relations statement—high-sounding words that someone came up with because it is fashionable for companies to have an official vision statement.2 Table 2.3 provides a list of the most common shortcomings in

Table 2.3

Common Shortcomings in Company Vision Statements

Vague or incomplete

Short on specifics about where the company is headed or what the company is doing to prepare for the future.

Not forward-looking

Doesn’t indicate whether or how management intends to alter the company’s current product/market product/market/customer/technolog /customer/technology y focus.

Too broad

So inclusive that the company could head in most any direction, pursue most any opportunity, or enter most any business.

Bland or uninspiring

Lacks the power to motivate company personnel or inspire shareholder confidence about the company’s direction or future prospects

Not distinctive

Provides no unique company identity; could apply to companies in any of several industries (or at least sever several al rivals operating in the same industry or market arena).

Too reliant on superlatives

Doesn’t say anything specific about the company’s strategic course beyond the pursuit of such lofty accolades as best, most successful, recognized leader, global or worldwide leader, or first choice of customers.

Sources: Based on information in Hugh Davidson, The Committed Enterprise: How to Make Vision and Values Work (Oxford: Sources: Based Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002), Chapter 2; and Michel Robert, Strategy Pure and Simple II: How Winning Companies Dominate Their Competitors (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998), Chapters 2, 3, and 6.

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ILLUSTRATION ILLUSTRA TION CAPSULE 2.1

Examples of Strategic Visions—How Well Do They Measure Up?

Vision Statement

Effective Elements

Shor tcomings Sh

Red Hat To extend our position as the most trusted Linux and open source provider to the enterprise. We intend to grow the market for Linux through a complete range of enterprise Red Hat Linux software, a powerful Internet management platform, and associated support and services.

• • • • •

Directional Focused Feasible Desirable Easy to communicate

•

Bland or uninspiring

• • •

Focused Feasible Desirable

• •

Not forwardforward-looking looking Bland or uninspiring

• Directional • Desirable • Easy to communicate

• •

Vague or incomplet incomplete e Could apply to many companies in many industries

• • •

•

Too broad

UBS We are determined to be the best global financial services company. We focus on wealth and asset management, and on investment banking and securities businesses. We continually earn recognition and trust from clients, shareholders, and staff through our ability to anticipate, learn and shape our future. We share a common ambition to succeed by delivering quality in what we do. Our purpose is to help our clients make financial decisions with confidence. We use our resources to develop effective solutions and services for our clients. We foster a distinctive, meritocratic culture of ambition, performance and learning as this attracts, retains and develops the best talent for our company. By growing both our client and our talent franchises, we add sustainable value for our shareholders. Caterpillar Be the global leader in customer value.

eBay Provide a global trading platform where practically anyone can trade practically anything.

Graphic Flexible Easy to communicate

Sources: Company documents and Web sites.

company vision statements. The one- or two-sentence vision statements most companies make available to the public, of course, provide only a glimpse of what company executives are really thinking and the strategic course they have charted—company personnel nearly always have a much better understanding of the ins and outs of where the company is headed and why than is revealed in the official vision statement. But the real purpose of a vision statement is to serve as a management tool for giving the organization a sense of direction. Like any tool, it can be used properly or improperly, improperly, either clearly conv conveying eying a company’ company’ss strategic course or not. Illustration Capsule 2.1 provides a critique of the strategic visions of several prominent companies.

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How a Strategic Vision Differs from a Mission Statement The defining characteristic of a well-conceived strategic vision is what it says about the company’s future strategic course—“the direction we are headed and what our future product-customer-market-technology focus will be.” While a company’ company’ss stratest rategic vision and its mission statement could be worded to cover much the same ground, the truth is that the mission statements of most companies say much more about the enterprise’s present business scope and purpose—“who we are, what we do, and why we are here”—than they say about the strategic course that top management has charted. Very Very few mission statements are forward-looking in content or emphasis. The mission statements that one finds in company annual reports or posted on company compa ny Web sites typically typi cally provide a brief overview of the comThe distinction between a pany’s present business purpose and reasons for existing, and sometimes strategic vision and a mission its geographic coverage or standing as a market leader. They may or may statement is fairly clear-cut: not single out the company’s present products/services, the buyer needs A strategic vision portrays a it is seeking to satisfy, the customer groups it serves, or its technological company’s future business and business capabilities. But rarely do company mission statements say scope (“where we are going”), anything about where the company is headed, the anticipated changes in whereas a company’s mission its business, or the kind of company it is trying to become; hence they typically describes its present lack the essential forward-looking quality of a strategic vision in specifyspecifybusiness and purpose (“who ing a company’s direction and future product-market-customer-technology we are, what we do, and why focus. Consider, for example, the mission statement of Trader Joe’s, Joe’s, a spewe are here”). cialty grocery chain: The mission of Trader Joe’s Joe’s is to give our customers the best food f ood and beverage values that they can find anywhere and to provide them with the information required for informed buying decisions. We provide these with a dedication to the highest quality of customer satisfaction delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, fun, individual pride, and company spirit.

Trader Joe’s mission statement does a good job of conveying “who we are, what we do, and why we are here,” but it provides no sense of “where we are headed. headed.”” The here-and-now theme that typifies so many company mission statements means that there is value in distinguishing between the forward-looking concept of a strategic vision and the t he company’s company’s current mission. Thus, to mirror actual practice, we will use the term mission statement to refer to an enterprise’s enterprise’s description of its present business and why it exists. (Some companies use the term business purpose instead of mission statement in characterizing their business activities; in practice, there seems to be no meaningful difference between the terms—which one is used is a matter of preference.) Ideally,, a company mission statement is sufficiently Ideally sufficie ntly descriptive to identify the company’s products/services and specify the buyer needs it seeks to satisfy, the customer groups or markets markets it is endeavoring to serve, and its approach to pleasing customers. Not many company mission statements fully reveal all these facets of its business, but most company mission statements do a decent job of indicating “who we are, what we do, and why we are here.” A well-conceived mission statement should also distinguish a company’s business makeup from that of other enterprises in language specific specif ic enough to give the company its own identity. Occasionally, Occasionally, companies couch their mission in terms of making a profit; prof it; this is misguided. Profit Prof it is more correctly an Moreover, earning a prof it is the obviobjective and a result of what a company does. Moreover, ous intent of every commercial enterprise.

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An example of a good mission statement with ample specifics about what the organization does is that of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): “to promote the safety and health of America’s workers by setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual process improvement in workplace safety and health.” Google’s mission statement, while short, still captures the essence of the company: “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.”

Linking the Vision/Mission with Company Values

CORE CONCEPT

Many companies have developed a statement of values to guide the com- A company’s values are the pany’s pursuit of its vision/mission, strategy, and ways of operating. By beliefs, traits, and behavioral values (or core values, as they are often called), we mean the beliefs, norms that company personnel traits, and ways of doing things that management has determined should are expected to display in conguide the pursuit of its vision and strategy, the conduct of company’s ducting the company’s busioperations, and the behavior of company personnel. Values, good and bad, ness and pursuing its strategic exist in every organization. They relate to such things as fair treatment, vision and strategy. integrity, ethical behavior, innovation, teamwork, top-notch quality, superior customer service, social responsibility, and community citizenship. Most companies have built their statements of values around four to eight traits that company personnel are expected to display and that are supposed to be mirrored in how the company conducts its business. At American Express, the core values are customer commitment, quality, integrity, teamwork, and respect for people. Toyota preaches respect for and development of its employees, teamwork, getting quality right the first time, learning, continuous improvement, and embracing change in its pursuit of low-cost, top-notch manufacturing excellence in motor vehicles. 3 DuPont stresses four values—safety values—safety,, ethics, respect for people, and environmental stewardship; the first three have been in place since the company was founded 200 years ago by E. I. du Pont. Pioneering, achieving, caring, and enduring are the core values that guide decisions and actions at Abbott Laboratories, a pharmaceutical company that appeared on Fortune’s “Most Admired Companies” list in 2008. Abbott chose its four core values according to research suggesting these qualities were of utmost importance to the company’s company’s key stakeholders—patients, employees, employees, and health care professionals. The company conducted a series of values workshops in 2006 that allowed more than 11,000 employees to identify regularly performed work behaviors that supported the company’s values. The company further solidified the values within the organization by asking that each business unit and employee develop develop annual goals that embodied each of the four values. The extent to which company values statements translate into actually living the values varies widely. widely. At companies such as Abbott, top executives believe in the importance of grounding company operations on sound values and ways of doing business. In their view, holding company personnel accountable for displaying the stated values is a way of infusing the company with the desired character, identity, and behavioral norms—the values become the company’s company’s genetic makeup, its DNA. At the other extreme are companies with values that act as window dressing; the values statement is merely a collection of nice words and phrases that have little discernible impact on either the behavior of company personnel or how the company operates. Such companies have values statements because they are in vogue or because they make the company look good. The now-defunct energy corporation Enron,

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for example, touted four corporate values—respect, integrity, communication, and excellence—but some top officials engaged in dishonest and fraudulent maneuvers that were concealed by “creative” accounting. The chasm between the company’s stated values and the actions of its managers became evident during Enron’s dramatic implosion and subsequent bankruptcy, along with criminal indictments, fines, or jail terms for ov over er a dozen Enron executiv executives. es. At companies where the stated values are real rather than cosmetic, managers connect values to the pursuit of the strategic vision and mission in one of two ways. In companies with long-standing values that are deeply entrenched in the corporate culture, senior managers are careful to craft a vision, mission, and strategy that match established values; they also reiterate how the value-based behavioral norms contribute to the company’s business success. In new companies or companies with weak or incomplete sets of values, top management needs to consider what values, behaviors, and business conduct should characterize the company and help drive the vision and strategy forward. Values and behaviors that complement and support the company’ss vision are then drafted by these executives and circulated among managers company’ and employees for discussion and possible modification. A final values statement that incorporates the desired behaviors and traits and that connects to the vision/mission is then officially adopted. Some companies combine their vision and values into a single statement or document, circulate it to all organization members, and in many instances post the vision/mission and values statement on the company’s Web site. Illustration Capsule 2.2 describes Yahoo’s values, and desired behaviors intended to aid it in its mission of “connecting people to their passions, their communities, and the world’s knowledge.”

Communicating the Strategic Vision Effectively communicating the strategic vision down the line to low Effectively lower-lev er-level el managers and employees is as important as the strategic soundness of the long-term direction top management has chosen. Frontline employees can’t be expected to unite behind managerial efforts to get the organization moving in the intended direction until they understand why the strategic course that management has charted is reasonable and beneficial. Winning the support of organization members for the vision nearly always alwa ys means putting “where we are going and why” in writing, distributing CORE CONCEPT the statement organizationwide, and having executives personally explain An effectively communicated the vision and its rationale to as many people as feasible. Ideally, Ideally, executives vision is a valuable management tool for enlisting the com- should present their vision for the company in a manner that reaches out and mitment of company personnel grabs people. An engaging and convincing strategic vision has enormous motivational value—for the same reason that a stone mason is more inspired to actions that get the comby building a great cathedral for the ages than simply laying stones to create pany moving in the intended floors and walls. When managers articulate a vivid and compelling case for direction. where the company is headed, organization members begin to say, “This is interesting and has a lot of merit. I want to be involved and do my part to make it happen.” The more that a vision evokes positive support and excitement, the greater its impact in terms of arousing a committed organizational effort and getting company personnel to move in a common direction. 4 Thus, executive executive ability to paint a convincing and inspiring picture of a company journey and destination is an important element of effective strategic leadership.

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Yahoo’s Core Values

Our mission is to be the most essential global Internet service for consumers and businesses. How we pursue that mission is infl i nfluenced by a set of core co re values—the standards st andards that guide interactions with fellow Yahoos, the principles that direct how we service our customers, the ideals that drive what we do and how we do it. Many of our values were put into practice by two guys in a trailer some time ago; others other s reflect ambitions ambit ions as our company grows. gr ows. All of them are what we strive to achieve every day.

EXCELLENCE We are committed commi tted to winning w inning with wi th integrity. integ rity. We We know leadership is hard won and should never be taken for granted. We aspire to flawless execution and don’t take shortcuts on quality. We seek the best talent and promote its development. We We are flexible and learn from our mistakes.

INNOVATION We thrive on creativity and ingenuity. We seek the innovations and ideas that can change the world. We anticipate market trends and move quickly to embrace them. We are not afraid to take informed, responsible risk.

CUSTOMER FIXATION We respect our customers above all else and never forget that they come to us by choice. We share a personal responsibility to maintain our customers’ loyalty loyalty and tr ust. We listen and respond to our customers and seek to exceed their expectations.

TEAMWORK We treat one another with respect and communicate openly. We foster collaboration while maintaining individual accountability. We encourage the best ideas to surface from anywhere within the organization. We We appreciate the value of multiple perspective perspectivess and diverse expertise.

COMMUNITY We share an infectious sense of mission to make an impact on society and empower consumers in ways never before possible. We are committed to serving both the Internet community and our own communities.

FUN We believe humor is essential to success. We applaud irreverence and don’t take ourselves too seriously. We celebrate achievement. We yodel.

WHAT YAHOO DOESN’T VALUE At the end of its values statement, Yahoo makes a point of singling out 54 things that it does not value, including bureaucracy, losing, “good enough,” arrogance, the status quo, following, formality, quick fixes, passing the buck, micromanaging, Monday-morning quarterbacks, 20/20 hindsight, missing the boat, playing catch-up, punching the clock, and “shoulda coulda woulda.”

Source: www.yahoo.com (accessed March 24, 2008).

Expressing the Essence of the Vision in a Slogan

The task of effectively conveying the vision to company personnel is sometimes made easier when management can capture the vision in a catchy, easily remembered slogan. A number of organizations have summed up their vision in a brief phrase:

• • • •

Strategic visions become real only when the vision statement is imprinted in the minds of organization members and then translated into hard objectives and strategies.

FedEx: “Satifying worldwide demand for fast, time-definite, reliable distribution.” Scotland Yard: Yard: “To make London the safest major city in the world. world.”” The Home Depot: “Helping people improve the places where they live and work.” Charles Schwab: “To “To provide customers with the most useful and ethical financial services in the world.” world.”

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Creating a short slogan to illuminate an organization’s organization’s direction and purpose pur pose helps rally organization members to hurdle whatever obstacles lie in the company’ company’ss path and to focus their attention on “where we are headed and why. why.”

When External Change Calls for a New Strategic Direction

Sometimes there’s an order-of-magnitude change in a company’s environment that dramatically alters its prospects and mandates radical revision of its strategic course. Such changes come about only rarely, rarely, but they do affect almost almos t every industry. The technology company Intel has encountered two strategic inflection points during its history: 1.

2.

In the mid-1980s, when memory chips were Intel’s principal business, Japanese manufacturers intent on dominating the memory chip business began setting their prices 10 percent below the prices charged by Intel and other U.S. memory chip manufacturers. Each time U.S. companies matched the Japanese price cuts, the Japanese manufacturers responded with another 10 percent price cut. In 1985, Gordon Moore, Intel’s chairman and cofounder, and Andrew Grove, Intel’s CEO, jointly concluded that the best long-term solution was to abandon the memory chip business even though it accounted for 70 percent of Intel’s revenue. A new vision was developed that involved committing Intel’s full energies to becoming the preeminent supplier of microprocessors to the personal computing industry. Moore and Grove’s new vision and strategic course for Intel produced spectacular results. More than 80 percent of the world’s PCs have been made with Intel microprocessors since 1996, and Intel has become the world’s most profitable chip maker. In 1998, when its chief managers recognized the growing g rowing importance of the Internet, Intel refocused on becoming the preeminent building-block supplier to the Internet economy and spurring efforts to make the Internet more useful. Intel’s change in vision played a major role in getting more than 1 billion computers connected to the Internet worldwide, installing millions of servers, and building an Internet infrastructure that would support trillions of dollars of e-commerce and serve as a worldwide communication medium.

As the Intel example forcefully demonstrates, when a company reaches a strategic inflection point, management has some tough decisions to make about the company’s course. Often it is a question questi on of how to sustain company success, not just how to avoid possible disaster. Responding quickly to unfolding changes in the marketplace lessens a company’s company’s chances of becoming trapped in a stagnant or declining business or letting attractive new growth opportunities oppor tunities slip sli p away. away.

Breaking Down Resistance to a New Strategic Vision

It is particularly important for executives to provide a compelling rationale for a bold new strategic vision that takes a company in a dramatically different direction. Company personnel are prone to resist change that requires new priorities and work practices when they don’t understand or accept the need for such redirection. Hence, reiterating the importance of the new vision and addressing employees’ concerns about the new direction head-on become part of the task in mobilizing support for the vision. vis ion. A single instance of stating the case for a new direction is not enough. Executives must repeat the reasons for the new direction often and convincingly at company gatherings and in company publications. In addition, senior managers must reinforce their pronouncements with updates about the company’s company’s latest performance and how it confirms confir ms the validity of the new vision. Unless and until the vision gains wide acceptance, it will have little effect in moving the organization down the newly chosen path.

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The Payoffs of a Clear Vision Statement

In sum, a well-conceived, forcefully communicated strategic vision pays off in several respects: (1) it crystallizes senior executives’ own views about the firm’s long-term direction; (2) it reduces the risk of rudderless decision making; (3) it is a tool for winning the support of organizational members for internal changes that will help make the vision a reality; (4) it provides a beacon for lower-level lower-level managers in forming departmental missions, setting departmental depar tmental objectives, and crafting functional and departmental strategies that are in sync with the company’ss overall strategy; and (5) it helps an organization prepare for company’ fo r the future. When management is able to demonstrate significant progress in achieving these five benefits, the first step in organizational direction setting has been successfully completed.

PHASE 2: SETTING OBJECTIVES The managerial purpose of setting objectives is to convert the strategic vision into specific performance targets—results and outcomes the company’s man- CORE CONCEPT agement wants to achieve. Well-stated objectives are quantifiable, or measur- Objectives are an organizaable, and contain a deadline for achievement. As Bill Hewlett, cofounder of tion’ tion’s s performance targets— Hewlett-Packard, shrewdly observed, “You cannot manage what you cannot the results and outcomes measure. . . . And what gets measured m easured gets done.”5 Concrete, measurable objec- management wants to achieve. tives are managerially valuable because they serve as yardsticks for tracking They function as yardsticks for a company’s performance and progress. Indeed, the experiences of countless measuring how well the organicompanies and managers teach that precisely spelling out how much of what zation is doing. kind of performance by when acts as marching orders for the entire organization and communicates to employees what level of performance is expected. 6 Such an approach definitely beats setting vague targets like “increase sales” or “reduce costs,” which specify neither how much nor when, or else exhorting company personnel to “do the best they can” and then living with whatever results they deliver.

The Imperative of Setting Stretch Objectives Ideally, managers ought to use the objective-setting exercise as a tool for stretching an organization to perform at its full potential and deliver the best Setting stretch objectives is an possible results. Challenging company personnel to exert their best efforts to effective tool for avoiding hoachieve “stretch” gains in performance pushes an enterprise to be more inven- hum results. tive, to exhibit more urgency in improving both its financial performance and its business position, and to be more intentional and focused in its actions. Stretch objectives spur exceptional performance and help build a firewall against contentment with modest gains in organizational performance. As Mitchell Leibovitz, former CEO of the auto parts and service retailer Pep Boys, once said, “If you want to have ho-hum results, have ho-hum objectives.” There’ There’ss no better bet ter way to avoid ho-hum results than by setting stretch objectives and using compensation incentives to motivate organization members to achieve the stretch performance targets.

What Kinds of Objectives to Set—The Need for a Balanced Scorecard Two very distinct types of performance yardsticks are required: those relating to financial performance and those relating to strategic performance—outcomes that indicate a company is strengthening its marketing standing, competitive vitality, and future

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business prospects. Examples of commonly used financial objectives and strategic objectives include the following: Financial Objectives

Strategic Objectives

•

•

Winning an x x percent percent market share

•

Achieving lower overall costs than rivals

•

Overtaking key competitors on product performance or quality or customer service

•

Deriving x x percent percent of revenues from the sale of new products introduced within the past x x years years

•

Increased shareholder value—in the form of an upward-trending stock prices and annual dividend increases

Achieving customer satisfaction rates of x x percent percent

•

Consistently getting new or improved products to market ahead of rivals r ivals

•

Bond and credit ratings of x

•

•

Internal cash flows of x x to to fund new capital investme investment nt

Having stronger national or global sales and distribution capabilities than rivals

An x x percent percent increase in annual revenues

•

Annual increases in after-tax profits of x x percent percent

•

Annual increases in earnings per share of x x percent percent

•

Annual dividend increases of x x percent percent

•

Profit margins of x x percent percent

•

An x x percent percent return on capital employed (ROCE) or return on equity (ROE)

•

Achieving acceptable financial results is i s a must. Without adequate profitability and financial strength, a company impairs pursuit of its strategic CORE CONCEPT vision and puts its long-term health and ultimate survival in serious jeopFinancial objectives relate ardy.. Furthermore, subpar earnings and a weak balance sheet not only alarm ardy to the financial performance targets management has estab- shareholders and creditors but also put the jobs of senior executives at risk. Even so, good financial performance, by itself, is not enough. Of equal or lished for the organization to greater importance is a company’s strategic performance—outcomes that achieve. Strategic objectives relate to target outcomes indicate whether the company’s market position and competitiveness are deteriorating, holding steady steady,, or improving. that indicate a company is strengthening its market standing, competitive vitality, and future business prospects.

The Case for a Balanced Scorecard: Improved Strategic Performance Fosters Better Financial Per Performance formance A company’s finan-

cial performance measures are really lagging indicators that reflect the results of past decisions and organizational activities.7 But a company’s past or current financial performance is not a reliable indicator of its future prospects—poor financial performers often turn things around and do better, while good financial performers can fall on hard times. The best and most reliable leading indicators of a company’s future financial performance and business prospects are strategic outcomes that indicate whether the company’s competitiveness and market position are stronger or weaker. For instance, if a company has set aggressive strategic objectives and is achieving them—such that its competitive strength and market posiCORE CONCEPT tion are on the rise—then there’s reason to expect that its future financial A company that pursues and performance will be better than its current or past performance. If a company achieves strategic outcomes is losing ground to competitors and its market position is slipping—outcomes that boost its competitiveness that reflect weak strategic performance (and, very likely, failure to set or and strength in the marketplace is in much better position achieve strategic objectives)—then its ability to maintain its present profitability is highly suspect. Hence, whether a company’s managers set, pursue, to improve its future financial and achieve stretch strategic objectives tend to be a reliable leading indicator performance. of whether its future financial performance will improve or stall.

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Examples of Company Objectives

GENERAL MOTORS Reduce the percentage of automobiles using conventional internal combustion engines (ICE) through the development of hybrid ICEs, plug-in hybrid ICEs, range-extended electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel cell electric engines; reduce automotive structural costs to benchmark levels of 23 percent of revenue by 2012 from 34 percent in 2005; and reduce annual U.S. labor costs by an additional $5 billion by 2011.

THE HOME DEPOT Be the number one destination for professional contractors, whose business accounted for roughly 30 percent of 2006 sales; improve in-stock positions so customers can find and buy exactly what they need; deliver differentiated customer service and the know-how that our customers have come to expect from The Home Depot; repurchase $22.5 billion of outstanding shares during 2008; and open 55 new store locations with 5 store relocations in 2008.

YUM! BRANDS (KFC, PIZZA HUT, TACO BELL) BELL ) Open 100 KFC restaurants in Vietnam by 2010; expand Taco Bell restaurant concept to Dubai, India, Spain and Japan during 2008 and 2009; increase number of international restaurant locations from 12,000 in 2007 to 15,000 in 2012; increase operating profit from international operations from $480 million in 2007 to $770 million in 2012; expand Pizza Hut’s menu to include pasta and chicken dishes; decrease the number of company owned owned restaurant units in U.S. U.S. from 20% of units in 2007 to less than 10% of units by 2010; and increase the number of Taco Bell units in the U.S. by 2%–3% annually between 2008 and 2010.

AVON Increase our beauty sales and market share; strengthen our brand image; enhance the representativ representativee experience; realize annualized cost savings of $430 million through improvements in marketing processes, sales model and organizational activities; and achieve annualized cost savings of $200 million through a strategic sourcing initiative.

Sources: Information posted on company Web Web sites (accessed March 27, 2008).

Consequently, a balanced scorecard for measuring company performance—one Consequently, that tracks the achievement of both financial objectives and strategic objectives— is optimal.8 Just tracking a company’s financial performance overlooks the fact that what ultimately enables a company to deliver better financial results from its operations is the achievement of strategic objectives that improve its competitiveness and market strength. The surest path to boosting company profitability quarter after quarter and year after year is to relentlessly pursue strategic outcomes that strengthen the company’ comp any’ss market position and an d produce a growing competitive adv antage over rivals. In 2006, approximately 70 percent of global companies used a balanced scorecard approach to measuring strategic and financial performance. 9 Organizations that have adopted a balanced scorecard approach to setting objectives and measuring performance include United Parcel Service (UPS), Ann Taylor Stores, the UK Ministry of Defense, Caterpillar, Daimler, Hilton Hotels, Duke University Hospital, and Siemens.10 Illustration Capsule 2.3 provides selected strategic and financial objectives of four prominent companies.

Why Both Short-Term and Long-Term Objectives Are Needed

As a rule, a company’s set of financial and strategic objectives ought to include both nearterm and longer-term performance targets. Having quarterly and annual objectives focuses attention on delivering immediate performance improvements. Targets to be achieved within three to five f ive years prompt considerations of what to do now to put the

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company in position to perform better later. Long-term objectives take on particular importance because it is generally in the best interest of shareholders for companies to be managed for optimal long-term performance. When trade-offs have to be made between achieving long-run objectives and achieving short-run objectives, long-run objectives should take precedence (unless achieving one or more short-run performance targets has overriding importance). Shareholders are seldom well-served by repeated management actions that sacrifice better long-term performance in order to make quarterly or annual targets.

Strategic Intent: Int ent: Relentless Pursuit Pursu it of an Ambitiou Ambitiouss Long-Term Strategic Objective Very ambitious companies often establish a long-

CORE CONCEPT

term strategic objective that clearly signals strategic intent to be a winner in the marketplace, often against long odds. 11 A company’s strategic intent can entail unseating the existing industry leader, becoming the dominant market share leader, delivering the best customer service of any company in the industry (or the world), or turning a new technology into products capable of changing the way people work and live. For some years, Toyota has been charging to overtake General Motors as the world’s largest motor vehicle producer—a goal it achieved in 2007 when its global s ales totaled 9.37 million cars and trucks compared to General Motors’ 2007 sales of 8.8 million cars and trucks.12 During the mid-1970s, United Parcel Service (UPS) management, recognizing that the world was becoming more interconnected, developed the strategic intent of becoming a leading shipper of small packages in international markets. The company made multiple mistakes as it expanded into foreign locations and failed to realize consistent returns on its heavy investments outside the United States for more than 20 years, but did not abandon its long-term strategic goal. By 2007, however, shipments of small packages had become the company’s fastest growing and most profitable business. Honda, too, has engaged in strategic intent with the development of its very light jet. The company’s 20-plus-year dream of producing a “Honda Civic of the sky” began in the mid-1980s. The HondaJet was expected to obtain FAA FAA certif i13 cation in 2009, with production beginning in 2010. In many cases, ambitious companies that establish exceptionally bold strategic objectives and have an unshakable commitment to achieving them lack the immediate capabilities and market grasp to achieve such lofty targets. But they pursue their strategic objective relentlessly, sometimes even obsessively. They rally the organization around efforts to make the strategic intent a reality reality.. They go all out to marshal the resources and capabilities to close in on their strategic target (which is often global market leadership) as rapidly as they can. They craft potent offensive strategies calculated to throw rivals off balance, put them on the defensive, and force them into an ongoing game of catch-up. As a consequence, capably managed up-and-coming enterprises with strategic intents exceeding their present reach and resources are a force to be reckoned with, often proving to be more formidable competitors over time than larger, cash-rich rivals that have modest strategic objectives and market ambitions.

A company exhibits strategic intent when it relentlessly pursues an ambitious strategic objective, concentrating the full force of its resources and competitive actions on achieving that objective.

The Need for Objectives at All Organizational Levels

Objective setting should not stop with top management’s management’s establishing of companywide performance targets. Company objectives need to be broken down into performance targets for each of the organization’s separate businesses, product lines, functional departments, and individual work units. Company performance can’t reach full potential unless each organizational unit sets and pursues performance targets that contribute directly to the desired companywide outcomes and results. Objective setting is thus a top-down

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process that must extend to the lowest organizational levels. And it means that each organizational unit must set performance targets that support—rather than conflict with or negate—the achievement of companywide strategic and financial objectives.

PHASE 3: CRAFTING A STRATEGY The task of crafting a strategy entails addressing a series of hows: how to grow the business, how to please customers, how to outcompete rivals, how to respond to changing market conditions, how to manage each functional piece of the business, how to develop needed competencies and capabilities, and how to achieve strategic and financial objectives. It also means exercising astute entrepreneurship in choosing among the various strategic alternatives—proactively searching for opportunities to do new things or to do existing things in new or better ways. 14 The faster a company’s business environment is changing, the more critical the need for its managers to be good entrepreneurs in diagnosing the direction and force of the changes under way and in responding with w ith timely adjustments in strategy strategy.. Strategy makers have to pay attention to early warnings of future change and be willing to experiment with different ways to establish a market position. When obstacles unexpectedly appear in a company’s company’s path, it is up to management to adapt rapidly and innovatively. Masterful strategies come partly (maybe mostly) by doing things differently from competitors where it counts—innovating more creatively, being more efficient, being more imaginative, adapting faster—rather than running with the herd. Good strategy making is therefore inseparable from good business entrepreneurship. One cannot exist without the other.

Strategy Making Involves Managers at All Organizational Levels A company’s senior executives obviously have important strategy-making roles. The chief executive executive officer (CEO), as captain of the ship, carries the t he mantles of chief direction setter, chief objective setter, chief strategy maker, and chief strategy implementer for the total enterprise. Ultimate responsibility for leading the strategy-making, strategy-executing process rests with the CEO. In some enterprises the CEO or owner functions as strategic visionary and chief architect of strategy, personally deciding what the key elements of the company’s strategy will be, although others may well assist with data gathering and analysis. Also, the CEO may seek the advice of other senior managers and key employees in fashioning an overall strategy and deciding on important strategic moves. A CEO-centered approach to strategy development is characteristic of small owner-managed companies and sometimes large corporations that have been founded by the present CEO or that have CEOs with strong strategic leadership skills. Larry Ellison at Oracle, Andrea Jung at Avon, Steve Jobs at Apple, and Howard Schultz at Starbucks are prominent examples of corporate CEOs who have wielded a heavy hand in shaping their company’s strategy. In most companies, however, strategy is the product of more than just the CEO’s handiwork. Typically, other senior executives—business unit heads; the chief financial officer (CFO); and vice presidents for production, marketing, human resources, and other functional departments have influential strategy-making roles. Normally, a company’s CFO is in charge of devising and implementing an appropriate financial

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strategy; the production vice president takes the lead in developing the company’s production strategy; the marketing vice president orchestrates sales and marketing strategy; a brand manager is in charge of the strategy for a particular brand in the company’ss product lineup, and so on. company’ But even here it is a mistake to view strategy making as a top management function, the exclusive province of owner-entrepreneurs, CEOs, and other senior executives. The more that a company’s operations cut across different products, industries, and geographical areas, the more that headquarters executives have have little option but to delegate considerable strategy-making authority down the line to managers in charge of particular subsidiaries, geographic sales offices, distribution centers, and plants. On-the-scene managers are in the best position to evaluate the local situation and can be expected to have detailed familiarity with local customer requirements and expectations as well as with other aspects surrounding the strategic issues and choices in their arena of authority. This gives them an edge over headquarters executives in keeping the company’s company’s strategy responsive to local market and competitive conditions. Take, for example, a company like General Electric Electri c (GE), a $173 billion corporation corp oration with operating segments ranging from financial services to aircraft engine manufacturing to television broadcasting. While top-level GE executives may well be personally involved in shaping GE’s overall strategy and fashioning important strategic moves, it doesn’t follow that a few senior executives at GE headquarters have either enough expertise or detailed understanding of all the relevant factors to wisely craft all the strategic initiatives for its diverse business lineup and thousands of products. They simply cannot know enough about the situation in every General Electric organizational unit to decide upon every strategy detail and direct every strategic move made in GE’s worldwide organization. Rather, it takes involvement on the part of GE’s whole management team—top executives; subsidiary heads; division heads; and key managers in such geographic units as sales offices, off ices, distribution centers, centers, and plants—to craft the thousands of strategic initiatives that end up comprising the whole of GE’s strategy. While managers farther down in the managerial hierarchy obviously have a narrower, more specific strategy-making role than managers closer CORE CONCEPT to the top, the important understanding here is that in most of today’s comIn most companies, crafting panies every manager typically has a strategy-making role—ranging from and executing strategy is a collaborative effort in which minor to major—for the area he or she heads. Hence, any notion that an organization’ss strategists are at the top of the management hierarchy and that organization’ every manager has a role for midlevel and frontline personnel merely carry out their strategic directives the area he or she heads. It is needs to be cast aside. In companies with wide-ranging operations, it is far flawed thinking to view craftmore accurate to view strategy making as a collabor collaborative ative effort involving ing and executing strategy as something only high-level man- managers (and sometimes key employees) down through the whole organizational hierarchy. A valuable strength of collaborative strategy making is agers do. that the team of people charged with crafting the strategy often include the very people who will also be charged with executing it. Giving people an influential stake in crafting the strategy they must later help execute not only builds commitment to new strategies but also enhances accountability at multiple levels of management—the excuse “It wasn’t my my idea to do this” this ” won’t fly. fly.

A Company’s Strategy-Making Hierarchy It thus follows that a company’s overall strategy is a collection of strategic initiatives and actions devised by managers and key employees up and down the whole organizational hierarchy. hierarchy. As an enterprise’ enterprise’ss operations become larger, more diverse, and more

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geographically scattered, progressively more managers and key employees at more levels in the organizational hierarchy tend to become personally engaged in crafting strategic initiatives and exercise a relevant strategy-making role. Figure 2.2 shows who is generally responsible for devising what pieces of a company’ company’ss overall strategy. In diversified, multibusiness companies where the strategies of several different businesses have to be managed, the strategy-making task involves four distinct types or levels of strategy, each of which involves different facets of the company’s overall strategy: 1.

2.

3.

4.

Corporate strategy consists of initiatives to diversify into different industries, boost the combined performance of the set of businesses the company has diversified diversified into, and figure out how to capture cross-business synergies and turn them into competitive advantage. Senior corporate executives normally have lead responsibility for devising corporate strategy and for choosing among whatever recommended actions bubble up from the organization below. below. Major strategic decisions are usually reviewed and approved by the company’s board of directors. We will look deeper into the strategy-making process at diversified companies when we get to Chapter 8. Business strategy concerns the actions and approaches crafted to produce succes sful performance in one specific line of business. Orchestrating the development of business-level strategy is the responsibility of the manager in charge of the business. The business head has at least two other strategy-related roles: (a) seeing that lower-level lower-level strategies are well conceived and well matched to the overall business strategy, and ( b) getting major business-level strategic moves approved by corporate-level officers (and sometimes the board of directors) and keeping them informed of emerging strategic issues. In diversified companies, business-unit heads may have the additional obligation of making sure business-level objectives and strategy conform to corporate-level objectives and strategy themes. Functional-area strate strategies gies concern the actions and practices employed in managing particular functions or business processes or activities within a business. A company’s marketing strategy, for example, represents the managerial game plan for running the sales and marketing part of the business. A company’s product development strategy represents the managerial game plan for keeping the company’ss product lineup in tune with what buyers are looking for. The primary role of a ny’ functional strategy is to add specif ics to a company’s company’s business-level strategy. Lead responsibility for functional strategies within a business is normally delegated to the heads of the respective functions, with the general manager of the business having final approval and perhaps even exerting a strong influence over the particular pieces of the strategies. Operating strategies concern the relatively narrow strategic initiatives and approaches for managing key operating units (plants, distribution centers, geographic units) and specific operating activities with strategic significance (advertising campaigns, supply chain activities, and Internet sales operations). Operating strategies, while of limited scope, add further detail and completeness to functional strategies and to the overall business strategy. Lead responsibility for operating strategies is usually delegated to frontline managers, subject to review and approval approv al by higher-ranking managers.

Even though operating strategy is at the bottom of the strategy-making hierarchy, its importance should not be downplayed. A major plant that fails in its strategy to achieve production volume, unit cost, and quality targets can damage the company’s

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Figure 2.2


A Company’s Strategy-Making Hierarchy

Orchestrated by the CEO and other senior executives.

Corporate Strategy

The overall companywide game plan for a managing a set of businesses

Two-Way Influence Orchestrated by the general managers of each of the company‘s different lines of business, often with advice and input from the heads of functional area activities within each business and other key people.

Business Strategy (one for each business the company has diversified into) • How to strengthen market position and gain competitive advantage • Actions to build competitive capabilities

Two-Way Influence

Orchestrated by the heads of major functional activities within a particular business, often in collaboration with other key people.

Functional area strategies within each business • Add relevant detail to the hows of overall business strategy • Provide a game plan for managing a particular activity in ways that support the overall business strategy

Two-Way Influence Orchestrated by brand managers; the operating managers of plants, distribution centers, and geographic units; and the managers of strategically important activities like advertising and Web site operations, often in collaboration with other key people

Operating strategies within each business

• Add detail and completeness to business and functional strategy • Provide a game plan for managing specific lower-echelon activities with strategic significance

In the case of a single-business company, these two levels of the strategy-making hierarchy merge into one level— business strategy —that —that is orchestrated by the company's CEO and other top executives.

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reputation for quality products and undercut the achievement of company sales and profit objectives. Frontline managers are thus an important part of an organization’s strategy-making team. One cannot reliably judge the strategic importance of a given action simply by the strategy level or location within the managerial hierarchy where it is initiated. In single-business enterprises, the corporate and business levels of strategymaking merge into one level—business strategy—because the strategy for the whole company involves involves only one distinct line of business. Thus, a single-business enterprise has three levels of strategy: business strategy for the company as a whole, functionalarea strategies for each main area within the business, and operating strategies undertaken by lower-echelon managers. Proprietorships, partnerships, and owner-managed enterprises may have only one or two strategy-making levels since their strategymaking, strategy-executing process can be handled by just a few key people.

A Strategic Vision A Strategic Plan



Objectives



Strategy



Developing a strategic vision and mission, setting objectives, and crafting a strategy are basic direction-setting tasks. They map out where a CORE CONCEPT company is headed, the targeted strategic and financial outcomes, and A company’s strategic plan the competitive moves and internal actions to be used in achieving the lays out its future direction, desired business results. Together, they constitute a strategic plan for performance targets, and coping with industry and competitive conditions, combating the expected strategy. actions of the industry’s key players, and confronting the challenges and issues that stand as obstacles to the company’s success. 15 In companies that do regular strategy reviews and develop explicit strategic plans, the strategic plan usually ends up as a written document that is circulated to most managers and perhaps selected employees. Near-term performance targets are the part of the strategic plan most often spelled out explicitly and communicated to managers and employees. A number of companies summarize key elements of their strategic plans in the company’s annual report to shareholders, in postings on their Web site, or in statements stat ements provided to the business media, media , whereas others, perhaps for reasons of competitive sensitivity, make only vague, general statements about their strategic plans. In small, privately owned companies, it is rare for strategic plans to exist in written form. Small companies’ strategic plans tend to reside in the thinking and directives of owners/executives, with aspects of the plan being revealed in meetings and conversations with company personnel, and the understandings and commitments among managers and key employees about where to head, what to accomplish, and how to proceed.

PHASE 4: IMPLEMENTING AND EXECUTING THE STRATEGY Managing the implementation and execution of strategy is an operations-oriented, make-things-happen activity aimed at performing core business activities in a strategy-supportive manner. It is easily the most demanding and time-consuming part of the strategy management process. Converting strategic plans into actions and results tests a manager’s ability to direct organizational change, motivate people, build and

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strengthen company competencies and competitive capabilities, create and nurture a strategy-supportive work climate, and meet or beat performance targets. Initiatives to put the strategy in place and execute it proficiently have to be launched and managed on many organizational fronts. Management’s action agenda for implementing and executing the chosen strategy emerges from assessing what the company will have to do differently or better to achieve the targeted financial and strategic performance. Each company manager has to think through the answer to the following questions: “What has to be done in my area to execute my piece of the strategic plan?” and “What actions should I take to get the process under way?” How much internal change is needed depends on how much of the strategy is new, how far internal practices and competencies deviate from what the strategy requires, and how well the present work climate/culture supports good strategy execution. Depending on the amount of internal change involved, full implementation and proficient execution of company strategy (or important new pieces thereof) can take several months to several years. In most situations, managing the strategy execution process includes the following principal aspects:

• • • • • • • • •

Staffing the organization with the needed skills and expertise, consciously building and strengthening strategy-supportive competencies and a nd competitive capabilities, and organizing the work effort. Allocating ample resources to activities critical to strategic success. Ensuring that policies and procedures facilitate rather than impede effective execution. Using the best-known practices to perform core business activities and pushing for continuous improvement. Organizational units have to periodically reassess how things are being done and diligently pursue useful changes and improvements. Installing information and operating systems syst ems that enable company personnel to do their jobs better and quicker. Motivating people to pursue the target objectives energetically and, if need be, modifying their duties and job behavior to better fit the requirements of successful strategy execution. Tying rewards and incentives directly to the achievement of performance objectives and good strategy s trategy execution. Creating a company culture and work climate conducive to successful strategy execution. Exerting the internal leadership needed to drive implementation forward and keep improving the strategy execution process. When stumbling blocks or weaknesses are encountered, management has to see that they are addressed and rectified in timely and effective fashion.

Good strategy execution requires diligent pursuit of operating excellence. It is a job for a company’s whole management team. And success hinges on the skills and cooperation of operating managers who can push needed changes in their organizational units and consistently deliver good results. Implementation of the chosen strategy can be considered successful if the company meets or beats its strategic and financial performance targets and shows good progress in achieving management’s strategic vision.

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PHASE 5: EVALUATING PERFORMANCE AND INITIATING CORRECTIVE ADJUSTMENTS The fifth phase of the strategy management process—monitoring external developments, evaluating the company’s company’s progress, and making corrective adjustments—is adjustments—i s the trigger point for deciding whether to continue or change the company’ company’ss vision, objectives, strategy, strategy, and/or strategy st rategy execution methods. So long as the t he company’s company’s direction and strategy seem well matched to industry and competitive conditions and performance targets are being met, company executives may well decide to stay the course. Simply fine-tuning the strategic plan and continuing with efforts to improve strategy execution are sufficient. But whenever a company encounters disruptive changes in its environment, questions need to be raised about the appropriateness of its direction and strategy. If a company experiences a downturn in its market position or persistent shortfalls in performance, then company managers are obligated to ferret out the causes—do they relate to poor strategy, poor strategy execution, or both?—and take timely corrective action. A company’s direction, objectives, and strategy have to be revisited anytime external or internal conditions warrant. It is to be expected that a company will modify its strategic vision, direction, objectives, and strategy over time. Likewise, it is not unusual for a company to find that one or more aspects of its strategy implementation and execution are not going as well CORE CONCEPT as intended. Proficient strategy execution is always the product of much A company’s vision, objectives, organizational learning. It is achieved unevenly—coming quickly in some strategy strategy,, and approach to stratareas and proving nettlesome in others. It is both normal and desirable to egy execution are never final; periodically assess strategy execution to determine which aspects are work- managing strategy is an ongoing well and which need improving. Successful strategy execution entails ing process, not an every-nowvigilantly searching for ways to improve and then making corrective adjust- and-then task. ments whenever and wherever it is useful to do so.

LEADING THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS The litany for leading the process of making and executing strategy is simple enough: Craft a sound strategic plan, implement i mplement it, execute it to the fullest, adjust it as needed, and win! But the leadership challenges are signif icant and diverse. Exerting take-charge take-charge leadership, being a spark plug for change and action, ramrodding things through, and achieving results thrusts top executives and senior mangers in charge of business units, product categories, geographic regions, and major production and distribution facilities into a variety of leadership roles: visionary, strategist, resource acquirer, capabilities builder, motivator, and crisis solver, to mention a few. There are times when leading the strategic management process entails being a hard-nosed authoritarian, and times when it is best to be a perceptive listener and a compromising decision maker; there are times when matters are best delegated to people closest to the scene of the action, and times when being a coach is the proper role. Many occasions call for company leaders to assume a highly visible role and put in long hours guiding the process, while others entail only a brief ceremonial performance with the details delegated to subordinates.

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In general, leading the strategic management process calls for the following six actions on the part of senior executives: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Staying on top of how well things are going. Making sure the company has a good strategic plan. Putting constructive pressure on organizational units to achieve good results and operating excellence. Pushing corrective cor rective actions to improve both the company’s company’s strategy and how well it is being executed. Leading the development of stronger core competencies and competitive capabilities. Displaying ethical integrity and leading social responsibility initiatives.

Staying on Top of How Well Things Are Going To stay on top of whether the company’s direction and strategy are on track and how well the strategy execution process is going, a manager needs to develop a broad network of contacts and sources of information, both formal and informal. The regular channels include talking with key subordinates, attending presentations and meetings, talking to customers, watching the competitive reactions of rival firms, exchanging e-mail and holding telephone conversations with people in outlying locations, making onsite visits, and listening to rank-and-file employees. However, some sources of information are more trustworthy trus tworthy than the rest, and the views and perspectives offered by different people can vary widely. Presentations and briefings by subordinates may not represent the whole truth. Bad news or problems may be minimized or in some cases not reported at all by subordinates in hopes that they can turn things around before the shortcomings are noticed. Hence, senior managers have to make sure that they have accurate information and a feel for the existing situation. They have have to confirm whether things are on track, learn what obstacles lie in the path of good financial and strategic performance, and develop a basis for determining det ermining what, if anything, they can personally do to improve the strategy management process. One of the best ways for executives to stay on top of things is by making regular visits to the field fi eld and talking with many different people at many many CORE CONCEPT different levels—a technique often labeled managing by walking around Management by walking (MBWA). Wal-Mart executives have had a long-standing practice of spendaround (MBWA) is one of ing two to three days every week visiting Wal-Mart’ Wal-Mart’ss stores and talking with the techniques that effective store managers and employees. Sam Walton, Wal-Mart’s founder, insisted, leaders use to stay on top of “The key is to get out into the store and listen to what the associates have to how well things are going and say.” Jack Welch, the highly effective CEO of General Electric (GE) from to learn what issues they need 1980 to 2001, not only spent several days each month personally visiting GE to address. operations and talking with major customers but also arranged his schedule so that he could spend time exchanging information and ideas with GE managers from all al l over the world who were attending classes at the company’s company’s leadership development center near GE’s headquarters. Some companies have weekly gettogethers in each division (often on Friday afternoons), attended by both executives and employees, to create a regular opportunity for tidbits of information to flow freely between down-the-line employees and executives. Many manufacturing executives make a point of strolling the factory floor to talk with workers and meeting regularly with union officials. Some managers operate out of open cubicles in big spaces populated with other personnel in open cubicles so that they can interact easily and frequently with coworkers. Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com’s CEO, is noted for his practice

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of MBWA, firing off a battery of questions when he tours facilities and insisting that Amazon managers spend time in the trenches to prevent overly abstract thinking and disconnections from the reality of what’ what’ss happening. 16 Most managers rightly attach great importance to gathering information and opinions firsthand from people at different organizational levels about how well various aspects of the strategy-execution process are going. Such contacts give managers a feel for what progress is being made, what problems are being encountered, and whether additional resources or different approaches may be needed. Just as important, MBW MBWA A provides opportunities for managers to give encouragement, lift spirits, shift attention from the old to the new priorities, and create some excitement—all of which generate positive energy and help mobilize organizational efforts behind strategy execution.

Making Sure a Company Has a Good Strategic Plan It is the responsibility of top executives—most especially the CEO—to ensure that a company has a sound and cohesive strategic plan. There are two things that the CEO and other top-level executives should do in leading the development of a good strategic plan. One is to effectively communicate the company’s vision, objectives, and major strategy components to down-the-line managers and key personnel. The company’s vision, mission, objectives, and overall strategy paint the white lines for strategy makers throughout the organization. Midlevel and frontline managers cannot craft unified strategic moves without first understanding the company’s long-term direction and knowing the major components of the company’ company’ss strategy that their strate strategygymaking efforts are supposed to support and enhance. Thus, leading the development of a strategic plan is very much a top management responsibility, even though the tasks of setting objectives and formulating the details of strategy are most definitely a company personnel at the corporate and business levels on down team effort, involving company to the associated functional and operating levels—as displayed in Figure 2.2. 2.2 . When the strategizing process is effectively led by the CEO and other top executives, with lower-level strategy-making efforts taking their cues from the higher-level strategy elements they are supposed to complement and support, s upport, there’s there’s less potential for conflict confli ct between different levels in the strategy hierarchy. An absence of strong strategic leadership from the top sets the stage for some degree of strategic confusion and disunity. A second responsibility of senior managers is leading the development of a good strategic plan. There are two things that the CEO and other top-level executives should do in leading the development of a good strategic plan. The first is to effectively communicate the company’s company’s vision, objectives, objecti ves, and major strategy components to down-theline managers and key personnel. The greater the numbers of company personnel who know, understand, and buy into the company’s long-term direction and overall strategy, the smaller the risk that organization units will go off in conflicting strategic directions. The second is to exercise due diligence in reviewing lower-level strategies for consistency and support of higher-level strategies. Any strategy conflicts must be addressed and resolved, either by modifying the lower-level strategies with conflicting elements or by adapting the higher-level strategy to accommodate more appealing strategy ideas and initiatives bubbling up from below. Anything less than a unified collection of strategies weakens the overall strategy and is likely to impair company performance.

The Importance of Corporate Intrapreneurship in the Strategy-Making organization bubbling with fresh supplies of ideas and suggesProcess Keeping the organization tions for improvement is another key demand of strategic leadership. Managers cannot mandate innovative suggestions by simply exhorting people to “be creative.” Rather,

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they have to foster a culture where innovative ideas and experimentation with new ways of doing things can blossom and thrive. In some companies, top management makes a regular practice of encouraging individuals individuals and teams to develop and champion proposals for new product lines and new business ventures. The idea is to unleash the talents and energies of promising “corporate intrapreneurs, intrapreneurs,”” letting them try tr y out untested business ideas and giving them the room to pursue new strategic initiatives. Executives Executives judge which proposals merit support, give the chosen intrapreneurs the organization organizational al and budgetary support they need, and let them run r un with the ball. Thus, important pieces of company strategy can originate with those intrapreneurial individuals and teams who succeed in championing a proposal through the approval stage and then end up being charged with the lead role in launching new products, overseeing the company’s entry into new geographic markets, or heading up new business ventures. At IBM, the company’s chief managers found that its reward system—which focused on short-term results, fostered a managerial preoccupation with current markets, and bred an analysis-driven a nalysis-driven culture—discouraged new business development and slowed the strategy-making process to 12–18 months. To encourage corporate intrapreneurship, IBM developed a new set of policies to foster growth through emerging business opportunities. The new approach encouraged senior managers to push promising entrepreneurial business ventures proposed by subordinates into the market through experiments with existing customers. Those ideas that customers valued and that were deemed capable of generating acceptable revenues and profits went on to be marketed to new customers. Within five years, IBM’s corporate intrapreneurship efforts had developed 25 new businesses; 3 of those failed, but the remaining 22 generated more than $15 billion in revenues in 2004. 17 Organizational leaders can promote innovation and keep the strategy fresh in any of the following ways: ways:

•

•

•

•

Encouraging individuals and groups to brainstorm proposals for new business ventures or impro improving ving existing produ products cts—The leadership trick in promoting corporate intrapreneurship is to keep a sense of urgency alive in the business so that people see change and innovation as necessities. Taking special pains to foster, nourish, and support people who are eager to test new business ventures and explore adding new or improved products —People with maverick ideas or out-of-the-ordinary proposals have to be given room to operate. Above all, would-be champions who advocate radical or different ideas must not be looked on as disruptive or troublesome. The best champions and change agents are persistent, tenacious, and committed to seeing their idea through to success. Ensuring that the rewards for successful champions are large and visible and that people who champion ideas for new products or business ventures that end up being discarded are not punished but rather encouraged to try again — Encouraging lots of tries is important, since many ideas for new products and business ventures won’t pan out. Using all kinds of ad hoc organizational forms to support ideas and t o explore experimentation — Forming venture teams and new business task forces to promising ideas, along with top management willingness to give entrepreneurial employees the latitude to work on a promising project without official authorization, are just a few of the possible organizational means a company can use to foster innovation. (Skunkworks is a term for a group of people who work on a project outside the usual norms or rules in an organization.)

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Putting Constructive Pressure on Organizational Units to Achieve Good Results and Operating Excellence Managers have to be out front in mobilizing organizational energy behind the drive for good financial and strategic performance and operating excellence. Part of the leadership requirement here entails nurturing a results-oriented work climate, where performance standards are high and a spirit of achievement is pervasive. If management wants to drive the strategic management process by instilling a results-oriented work climate, then senior executives have to take the lead in promoting a culture of innovation and high performance, a strong sense of involvement on the part of company personnel, emphasis on individual initiative and creativity, creativity, respect for the contribution of individuals and groups, and pride in doing things right. Organizational leaders who succeed in creating a results-oriented work climate typically are intensely people-oriented, and they are skilled users of peoplemanagement practices that win the t he emotional commitment of company personnel and 18 inspire them to do their best. They understand that treating employ employees ees well generally leads to increased teamwork, higher morale, greater loyalty, and increased employee commitment to making a contribution. All of these foster an esprit de corps that energizes organizational members to contribute to the drive for a top-flight strategic plan, operating excellence and better-than-average financial performance. While leadership efforts to instill a results-oriented culture usually accentuate the positive, there are negative reinforcers, too. Managers whose units consistently perform poorly have to be replaced. Low-performing workers and people who reject the results-oriented cultural emphasis have to be weeded out or at least moved to out-ofthe-way positions. Average performers have to be candidly counseled that they have limited career potential unless they show more progress in the form of more effort, better skills, and ability to deliver better results.

Pushing Corrective Actions to Improve Both the Company’s Strategy and How Well It Is Being Executed The leadership challenge of making corrective adjustments is twofold: deciding when adjustments are needed and deciding what adjustments to make. Both decisions are a normal and necessary part of managing the strategy execution process, since no scheme for implementing and executing strategy can foresee all the events and problems that will arise.19 There comes a time at every company when managers have to fine-tune or overhaul the approaches to strategy execution and push for better results. Clearly,, when a company’ Clearly company’ss strategy execution effort is not delivering good results and making measured progress toward operating excellence, it is the leader’s leader’s responsibility to step forward and push corrective actions. The process of making corrective adjustments involves sensing needs; gathering information; developing options and exploring their pros and cons; putting forth action proposals and partial solutions; striving for a consensus; and, finally, formally adopting an agreed-on course of action. 20 The time frame for deciding what corrective changes to initiate can vary from a few hours or days d ays to a few months—depending on the complexity of the issue and the urgency of the matter. In a crisis, it is typical for leaders to have key subordinates gather information, identify and evaluate options, and perhaps prepare a preliminary set of recommended actions for consideration. consider ation. The organizational organizational leader then usually meets with key subordinates and personally presides over extended discussions

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of the proposed responses, trying to build a quick consensus among members of the executive inner circle. If no consensus emerges and action is required immediately, the burden falls on the manager in charge to choose the response and urge its support.

Leading the Development of Better Competencies and Capabilities A company that proactively tries to strengthen its competencies and competitive capabilities not only adds power to its strategy and to its potential for winning competitive advantage but also enhances its chances for achieving good strategy execution and operating excellence. Senior management usually has to lead the strengthening effort because competencies and competitive capabilities are spawned by the combined efforts of different work groups, departments, and strategic allies. The tasks of developing human skills, knowledge bases, and intellectual assets and then integrating them to forge competitively advantageous competencies and capabilities is an exercise best orchestrated by senior managers who appreciate their significance and who have the clout to enforce the necessary cooperation among individuals, groups, departments, and external allies. Aside from leading efforts to strengthen existing competencies and capabilities, effective strategy leadership also entails trying to anticipate changes in customer/ market requirements and proactively build new competencies and capabilities that hold promise for building an enduring competitive edge over rivals. Senior managers are in the best position to see the need and potential of such new capabilities and then to play a lead role in the capability-building, resource-strengthening process. Proactively building new competencies and capabilities ahead of rivals to gain a competitive edge strengtheni ng the company’s company’s resource base bas e in is strategic leadership of the best kind, but strengthening reaction to newly developed capabilities of pioneering rivals occurs more frequently.

Displaying Ethical Integrity and Undertaking Social Responsibility Initiatives For an organization to avoid avoid the pitfalls of scandal and disgrace associated associa ted with unethical strategies and operating practices, top executiv executives es must be openly and unswervingly committed to conducting the t he company’s company’s business in an ethical manner and to operating according to socially redeeming values and to business principles. Leading the effort to operate the company’ company’ss business in i n an ethically principled fashion f ashion has three pieces.

•

•

•

First and foremost, the CEO and other senior executives must set an excellent example in their own ethical behavior, demonstrating character and personal integrity in their actions and decisions. The behavior of senior executives, always always watched carefully, carefully, sends a clear message to company personnel regarding the real standards of personal conduct. Second, top executives must declare unequivocal support for high ethical standards (perhaps even expressing these standards in a company code of ethics) and take an uncompromising stand on expecting all company personnel to adhere to high ethical standards (and comply fully with the company’s company’s code of ethics). Third, top executives executives must reprimand those who have been lax in enforcing ethical compliance. Failure to act swiftly and decisively in punishing ethical misconduct is interpreted as a lack of commitment.

Undertaking Social Responsibility Initiatives

Like the observance of ethical principles, the exercise of social responsibility requires visible and forthright leadership on the part of top executives. What separates companies that make a

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sincere effort to be good corporate citizens from companies that are content to do only what is legally required are company leaders who believe strongly that just making a profit is not good enough. Such leaders are committed to a higher standard of performance that includes social and environmental metrics as well as financial and strategic metrics. The strength of the commitment from the top—typically a company’s CEO and board of directors—ultimately determines whether a company will implement and execute a full-fledged strategy of social responsibility whereby it pursues initiatives to protect the environment, actively participate in community affairs, support charitable causes, causes , and positively impact workforce diversity and the overall well-being of employees.

Companies with socially conscious strategy leaders and a core value of corporate social responsibility move beyond the rhetorical flourishes of corporate citizenship and enlist the full support of company personnel behind social responsibility initiatives

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: THE ROLE OF THE CORPORATE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN THE STRATEGY-MAKING, STRATEGY-EXECUTING PROCESS Although senior managers have lead responsibility for crafting and executing a company’s strategy, it is the duty of the board of directors to exercise strong oversight and see that the five tasks of strategic management are done in a manner that benefits shareholders (in the case of investor-owned enterprises) or stakeholders (in the case of not-for-profit not-for-prof it organizations). In watching over management’s management’s strategy-making, strategy-executing actions, a company’s board of directors has four important obligations to fulfill: 1.

2.

3.

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Be inquiring critics and oversee the company’s direction, strategy, and business approaches. Board members must ask probing questions and draw on their business acumen to make independent judgments about whether strategy proposals have been adequately analyzed and whether proposed strategic actions appear to have greater promise than alternatives. alter natives. Evaluate the caliber of senior executives’ strategy-making strategy-making and strategy-executing skills. The board is always responsible for determining whether the current CEO is doing a good job of strategic leadership. Institute a compensation plan for top executives that rewards them for actions and results that serve stakeholder interests, and most especially those of shareholders. A basic principle of corporate governance is that the owners of a corporation delegate managerial control to top management in return for compensation. In their role as an agent of shareholders, top executives have a duty to make decisions and operate the company in accord with shareholder interests. Boards of directors must develop salary and incentive compensation plans that make it in the self-interest of executives to operate the business in a manner that benefits the owners. It is also incumbent on the board of directors to prevent management from gaining executive perks and privileges that simply line the pockets of executives. Numerous media reports have recounted instances in which boards of directors have gone along with opportunistic executive efforts to secure excessive, if not downright obscene, compensation of one kind or another (multimillion-dollar interest-free loans, personal use of corporate aircraft, lucrative severance and retirement packages, outsized stock incentive

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awards, and so on). The compensation plan developed by General Electric’s board of directors’ compensation committee makes a significant portion of the CEO’s compensation contingent on GE’s financial performance and growth in its stock price. In 2007, the company’s strong performance allowed GE chairman and CEO Jeffrey Immelt to receive total compensation of $9.1 million. Immelt’s capabilities and track record at leading GE had regularly ranked him as one of the world’s best CEOs by Barron’s and kept GE atop Fortune’s “Most Admired Companies” list. Oversee the company’s financial accounting and financial reporting practices. While top executives, particularly the company’s CEO and CFO, are primarily responsible for seeing that the company’s financial statements accurately report the results of the company’s operations, board members have a fiduciary duty to protect shareholders by exercising oversight of the company’s company’s financial f inancial practices. In addition, corporate boards must ensure that generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are properly used in preparing the company’ company’ss financial f inancial statements and determine whether proper financial controls are in place to prevent fraud and misuse of funds.

Every corporation should have a strong, independent board of directors that (1) is well informed about the company’s performance, (2) guides and judges the CEO and other top executives, (3) has the courage to curb management actions they believe are inappropriate or unduly risky, (4) certifies to shareholders that the CEO is doing what the board expects, (5) provides insight and advice advi ce to management, and (6) is intensely int ensely 21 involved in debating the pros and cons of key decisions and actions. Boards of directors that lack the backbone to challenge a strong-willed or imperial CEO or that rubber-stamp most anything the CEO recommends without probing inquiry and debate abandon their duty to represent and protect shareholder interests. The whole fabric of effective corporate governance is undermined when boards of directors shirk their responsibility to maintain ultimate control over the company’s strategic direction, the major elements of its strategy, the business approaches management is using to implement and execute the strategy, executive compensation, and the financial reporting process.

KEY POINTS The managerial process of crafting and executing a company’s company’s strategy consists of five f ive interrelated and integrated phases: 1.

2.

Developing a strategic vision of where the company needs to head and what its future product/customer/market/technology focus should be. This managerial step provides long-term direction, infuses the organization with a sense of purposeful action, and communicates to stakeholders what management’s aspirations for the company are. Setting objectives and using the targeted results and outcomes as yardsticks for measuring the company’s performance and progress. Objectives need to spell out how much of what kind of performance by when, and they need to require a significant amount of organizational stretch. Measuring company performance entails setting both financial objectives and strategic objectives. A balanced scorecar scorecard d approach tracks both types of objectives.

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3.

4.

5.


Crafting a strategy to achieve the objectives and move the company along the strategic course that management has charted. Crafting strategy is concer ned principally with forming responses to changes under way in the external environment, devising competitive moves moves and market approaches aimed at producing sustainable competitive advantage, building competitively valuable competencies and capabilities, and uniting the strategic actions initiated in various parts of the company. company. The more that a company’s operations cut across different products, industries, and geographical areas, the more that strategy making becomes a collaborative effort involving managers and company personnel at many organizational levels. The total strategy that emerges in such companies is really a collection of strategic actions and business approaches initiated partly by senior company executives, partly by the heads of major business divisions, partly by functional-area managers, and partly by operating managers on the frontlines. The larger and more diverse the operations of an enterprise, the more points of strategic initiative it has and the more managers and employees at more levels of management that have a relevant strategy-making role. A single-business enterprise has three levels of strategy—business strategy for the company as a whole, functional-area strategies for each main area within the business, and operating strategies undertaken by lower-echelon managers to flesh out strategically significant aspects for the company’s business and functional area strategies. In diversified, multibusiness companies, the strategy-making task involves four distinct types or levels of strategy: corporate strategy for the company as a whole, business strategy (one for each business the company has diversified into), functional-area strategies within each business, and operating strategies. Typically Typically,, the strategy-making s trategy-making task is more topdown than bottom-up, with higher-level strategies serving as the guide for developing lower-level lower-level strategies. Implementing and executing the chosen strategy efficiently and effectively. Managing the implementation and execution of strategy is an operationsoriented, make-things-happen activity aimed at shaping the perfor mance of core business activities in a strategy-supportive manner. Management’s handling of the strategy implementation process can be considered successful if things go smoothly enough that the company meets or beats its strategic and financial performance targets and shows good progress in achieving management’s strategic vision. Evaluating performance and initiating corrective adjustments in vision, long-term direction, objectives, strategy, strategy, or execution in light of actual experience, changing conditions, new ideas, and new opportunities. This phase of the strategy management process is the trigger point for deciding whether to continue or change the company’ss vision, company’ vis ion, objectives, strategy strategy,, and/or strategy execution methods. met hods.

A company’s company’s strategic vision plus its objectives plus its strategy equals a strategic plan for coping with industry and competitive conditions, outcompeting rivals, and addressing the challenges and issues that stand as obstacles to the company’s success. Successful managers have to do several things in leading the drive for good strategy execution and operating excellence. First, they stay on top of things. They keep a finger on the organization’s organization’s pulse by spending considerable time outside their offices, listening and talking to organization members, coaching, cheerleading, and picking up important information. Second, they are active and visible in putting constructive pressure on the organization to achieve good results. Generally, this is best accomplished by promoting an esprit de corps that mobilizes and energizes organizational members to execute strategy in a competent fashion and deliver the targeted results. Third, they keep the organization focused on operating excellence by championing

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innovative ideas for improvement and promoting the use of best practices to ensure value-creating activities are performed in a first-rate fashion. Fourth, they exert their clout in developing competencies and competitive capabilities that enable better execution. Fifth, they serve as a role model in displaying high ethical standards, and they insist that company personnel conduct the company’s business ethically and in a socially responsible manner. They demonstrate unequivocal and visible commitment to the ethics enforcement process. Sixth and finally f inally,, when a company’s company’s strategy execution effort is not delivering good results and the organization is not making measured progress toward operating excellence, it is the leader’s responsibility to step forward and push corrective actions. Boards of directors have a duty to shareholders to play a vigilant role in overseeing management’s handling of a company’s strategy-making, strategy-executing process. A company’s board is obligated to (1) critically appraise and ultimately approve strategic action plans; (2) evaluate the strategic leadership skills of the CEO and others in line to succeed the incumbent CEO; (3) institute a compensation plan for top executives that rewards them for actions and results that serve stakeholder interests, most especially those of shareholders; and (4) ensure that the company issues accurate financial reports and has adequate financial controls.

ASSURANCE OF LEARNING EXERCISES 1.

Using the information in Table Table 2.2 and Table Table 2.3 2.3,, critique the adequacy and merit of the following vision statements, listing effective elements and shortcomings. Rank the vision statements from best to worst once you complete your evaluation.

Vision Statement

Effective Elements

Shortcomings

Wells Fargo We want to satisfy all of our customers’ financial needs, help them succeed financially, be the premier provider of financial services in every one of our markets, and be known as one of America’s great companies. Hilton Hotels Corporation Our vision is to be the first choice of the world’s travelers. Hilton intends to build on the rich heritage and strength of our brands by: •

Consistently delighting our customers

•

Investing in our team members

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Delivering innovativ innovative e products and services

•

Continuously improving performance

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Increasing shareholder value

•

Creating a culture of pride

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Strengthening the loyalty of our constituents

The Dental Products Division of 3M Corporation Become THE supplier of choice to the global dental professional markets, providing world-class quality and innovative products. [Note: All employees employees of the division wear badges bearing these words, and whenever a new product or business procedure is being considered, management asks, “Is this representativ representative e of THE leading dental company?”] ( Continued )

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Vision Statement

Effective Elements

Shortcomings

H. J. Heinz Company Be the world’s premier food company, offering nutritious, superior tasting foods to people everywhere. Being the premier food company does not mean being the biggest but it does mean being the best in i n terms of consumer value, customer service, employee talent, and consistent and predictable growth. Chevron To be the the global global energy company most admired for its people, partnership and performance. Our vision means we: •

provide energy products products vital to sustainable economic economic progress and human development throughout the world;

•

are people and and an organization with superior superior capabilities capabilities and and commitment;

•

are the partner of choice;

•

deliver world-class performance;

•

earn the admiration of of all our stakeholders—investor stakeholders—investors, s, customers, host governments, local communities and our employees—not only for the goals we achieve but how we achieve them.

Sources: Company Sources: Company Web sites and annual reports.

2.

3.

Go to www.dell.com/speeches and read Michael Dell’s recent speeches. Do Michael Dell’s speeches provide evidence that he is an effective leader at Dell? Using evidence from his speeches, discuss whether he is concer ned with (a) staying on top of what is happening and identifying obstacles to good strategy execution, (b) pushing the organization to achieve good results and operating excellence, and (c) displaying ethical integrity and spearheading social responsibility initiatives. Go to www.dell.com/leadership and read the sections dedicated to its board of directors and corporate governance. Using evidence from these sections, discuss whether there is effective governance at Dell in regard to (a) a critical appraisal of strategic action plans, (b) evaluation of the strategic leadership skills of the CEO, (c) executive compensation, and ( d ) accurate financial reports and controls.

EXERCISES FOR SIMULA SIMULATION TION PARTICIPANTS 1.

2. 3. 4.

Meet with your co-managers and prepare a strategic vision statement for your company. It should be no shorter than one sentence but no longer than a brief paragraph. When you are finished, check to see if your vision statement meets the conditions for an effectively worded strategic vision set forth in Table 2.2 and avoids the shortcomings set forth in Table 2.3. 2.3 . If not, then revise it accordingly. What would be a good slogan that captures the essence of your strategic vision and that could be used to help communicate the vision to company personnel, shareholders, and other stakeholders? Write a sentence that expresses your company’s company’s strategic intent. What are your company’s company’s f inancial objectives? What are your company’s company’s strategic objectives? What are the t he three or four key elements of your company’s company’s strategy?

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