Home
Add Document
Sign In
Register
thermo1
Home
thermo1
...
Author:
Mostafa Mcafs
25 downloads
136 Views
330KB Size
Report
DOWNLOAD .PDF
Recommend Documents
Thermo1 Chapter 04
Thermo1 Chapter 04
Full description
%760DLQWHQDQFH &RXUVGH7KHUPRG\QDPLTXHQ
FKDRX\#DFQDQF\PHW]IU
&RORQQHGHJDXFKHGLVFRXUVIDLWDX[pOqYHVSDVIRUFpPHQWpFULWDXWDEOHDX &RORQQHGHGURLWHLOOXVWUDWLRQVGXSURSRVGHODFRORQQHGHJDXFKHpFULWHVDXWDEOHDXRXPRQWUpHVVXUWUDQVSDUHQWV
9RLUO¶ ,QWURGXFWLRQ DX[FRXUVGHWKHUPRG\QDPLTXH SRXUVLWXHUFHFRXUVGDQVVRQFRQWH[WH
7HPSpUDWXUHHWFKDOHXU 3UpUHTXLV WHPSpUDWXUHGXQFRUSV $UHWHQLU OH[SUHVVLRQGHODFKDOHXUODWHQWH4 / HWGHODFKDOHXUWKHUPLTXH4
1RWLRQGHFKDOHXU
1RWLRQGHFKDOHXU
8QQDJHXU7 &QDJHGDQVODPHULODXQHVHQVDWLRQ GHIURLG LOSHUGGHODFKDOHXU4 3RXUWDQW VDWHPSpUDWXUHUHVWHj& LODFpGpGHOD FKDOHXU FKDOHXU VDQV VDQV VH UHIURLGL UHIURLGLUU FKDOHXU FKDOHXU HW WHPSpUD WHPSpUDWXU WXUH H VRQW VRQW JUDQGHXUVGLIIpUHQWHV
7 | . &
7| .&
4z 7 4z 7
0HWWRQV 0HWWRQV pJDOHP pJDOHPHQW HQW XQ PRUFHDX PRUFHDX GH PpWDO PpWDO FKDXG FKDXG GDQV GDQV XQ EDLQGHDX EDLQGHDX JODFH7 JODFH7 &/HPpWDO VHVWUHIURL VHVWUHIURLGLW GLW LO D GRQFFpGp4 GRQFFpGp4 PDLVODWHPSpU PDLVODWHPSpUDWX DWXUHGXEDLQ UHGXEDLQTXLDUHoX4 TXLDUHoX4 UHVWHj&4FpGpHSDUOHPpWDODVLPSOHPHQWIDLWIRQGUH XQSHXSOXVGHJODFH FHQHVWSDVSDUFHTXXQFRUSVLFL OHEDLQUHoRLWGHODFKDOHXUTXHVDWHPSpUDWXUHDXJPHQWH FKDOHXUHWWHPSpUDWXUHVRQWJUDQGHXUVGLIIpUHQWHV
&KDOHXU PHVXUDEOH
JUDQGHXU
SK\VLTXH
/D FKDO FKDOHX HXU U 4 D VLP VLPSOHP SOHPHQ HQW W IDLW IDLW IRQGU RQGUH H OD JODFH ODFH VDQ VDQV FKDQJHUODWHPSpUDWXUH7GXEDLQ
&KDOHXUJUDQGHXU &KDOHXUJUDQGHXUSK\VLTX SK\VLTXHGRQFP HGRQFPHVXUDEOH HVXUDEOH
0NJGH &XLYUHj7 | &
0 NJGH &XLYUHj7 | &
GRQF
1RX 1RXV V DYRQ DYRQV V YX YX GDQV GDQV OH[ OH[Sp SpUL ULHQ HQFH FH SUpF SUpFpG pGHQ HQWH WH TXH TXH OD FKDOHXUIDLVDLWIRQGUHODJODFHVDQVSRXUDXWDQWDXJPHQWHU ODWHPSpUDWXUHGXEDLQ 2Q SHXW SHXW LPDJ LPDJLQ LQHU HU XQH XQH H[Sp H[SpUL ULHQ HQFH FH TXL TXL QRXV QRXV SHUP SHUPHW HW GH FRQQD FRQQDvW vWUH UH OD TXDQ TXDQWL WLWp Wp GH FKDO FKDOHXU HXU TXDE TXDEVR VRUEH UEH OD JODFH JODFH HW GRQFFHOOHTXHGpJDJHXQFRUSV9RLUòSDJHGHGURLWH GHFHVH[SpULHQFHVRQHQGpGXLWTXH
JGHDX HW
JGHDX 4v 0
WH
4SURSRUWLRQQHO 4SURSRUWLRQQHOj0 j04N 4N u 0DYHFN & WH 4SURSRUWLRQQHO 4SURSRUWLRQQHOj j '74N u '7DYHFN & 4OLpHDXFRUSV 4OLpHDXFRUSV &HODVH &HODVH UpVXPHSDUODUHODWL UpVXPHSDUODUHODWLRQ4 RQ4 0&'7 TXLGpILQLWOD FDSDFLWpFDORULILTXH&GXFRUSV3RXUGRQ FDSDFLWpFDORULILTXH&GXFRUSV3RXUGRQQHUXQHXQL QHUXQHXQLWpj Wpj &HWFRPSDUHUOHVGLIIpUHQWVFRUSV &HWFRPSDUHUOHVGLIIpU HQWVFRUSVRQGpILQLW RQGpILQLW4 4 NFDO SRXUpFKDXIIHUNJGHDXGH&j&
0NJGH VRXIUHj7 | &
0NJGH &XLYUHj7 | &
JGHDX
JGHDX HW
SDJH
4v '7
HW
4OLpHDXFRUSV
%760DLQWHQDQFH &RXUVGH7KHUPRG\QDPLTXHQ
FKDRX\#DFQDQF\PHW]IU
5HPDUTXH XQ FRUSV QH SRVVqGH SDV XQH TXDQWLWp GH FKDOHXU GpWHUPLQpH FRQWUDLUHPHQW j OD WHPSpUDWXUH ,O SHUGRXJDJQHGHODFKDOHXURXTXDQWLWpGHFKDOHXUHQ IRQFWLRQGHV FRUSV DYHF OHVTXHOV LOHQWUHHQ FRQWDFW HWHQ IRQFWLRQ GX W\SH GH[SpULHQFH PHQpH RQ GLUD SOXW{W WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
&HVH[SpULHQFHVSHUPHWWHQWGpFULUHTXH
2Q GLUD TXH OD FKDOHXU 4 QHVW SDV XQH IRQFWLRQ GpWDW FRQWUDLUHPHQWjODWHPSpUDWXUH
DYHF& FKDOHXUPDVVLTXHGXFRUSVFRQVLGpUp & NFDONJ . SRXUOHDXHQWUH&HW& NFDOSRXUpFKDXIIHUNJGHDXGH&j&
&KDOHXUpQHUJLH
0&'7
>NFDO@
>.@ >NJ@
>NFDONJ . @
4
&KDOHXUpQHUJLH
([SpULHQFH GH -RXOH YRLU ò SDJH GH GURLWH OD PDVVH WRPEH HWpOqYH ODWHPSpUDWXUHGH OHDX LO \D HX DSSRUW GpQHUJLH VRXV IRUPH GH IURWWHPHQW WUDYDLO GHVIRUFHV GH IURWWHPHQW HW QRQ GLUHFWHPHQW VRXV IRUPH GH FKDOHXU &KDOHXUHWWUDYDLOSURYRTXHQWGRQFOHPrPHHIIHWDSSDUHQW OpOpYDWLRQ GH WHPSpUDWXUH FHVW SRXUTXRL RQ FRQVLGqUH TXH OD FKDOHXU HVW pJDOHPHQW XQH pQHUJLH RQ ODSSHOOH pQHUJLH WKHUPLTXH 2QSUpIqUH GRQFGRQQHUj ODFKDOHXU 4 ODPrPH XQLWp TXH OHWUDYDLO OHMRXOH>-@3XLVTXH OD FKDOHXUHVWILQDOHPHQWXQHIRUPHGpQHUJLHLOIDXWFRQYHUWLU OHV NLORFDORULHV HQ MRXOHV OD UHODWLRQ 4 >NFDO@ 0&'7 GHYLHQW4>-@ 0-&'7DYHF-ODFRQVWDQWHGHFRQYHUVLRQ NFDOo -RXOH /H[SpULHQFHGH -RXOHSHUPHW GHWURXYHU- OH WUDYDLOGHV IRUFHV GH IURWWHPHQW HVW pJDO j PJK HW SURYRTXH OpFKDXIIHPHQW GH '7 RU SRXU pFKDXIIHU GH '7 OHDX LO IDXGUDLW DSSRUWHU OD FKDOHXU 4 0& '7 u - /pFKDXIIHPHQWGDXWUDYDLOHVWOHPrPHVL4:FHVWj GLUH VL 0&'7 u- PJK 2Q HQ GpGXLW OD YDOHXUGH OD FRQVWDQWHGHFRQYHUVLRQ-PJK0&'7/H[SpULHQFH QRXVPRQWUHTXH- | -NFDO 3DUGpILQLWLRQHWFRPPH&GpSHQGGHODWHPSpUDWXUHRQD IL[pODYDOHXUGH -- -NFDO 2QDGRQF4 >-@ 0&'70&'7-RXOHDYHF& -&&TXLVH[SULPHHQ>-NJ . @2QSHXWGRQF pJDOHPHQW pFULUH
>.@
>NJ@
([SpULHQFHGH -RXOH ODPDVVHWRPEH HWpFKDXIIH OHDX WUDYDLO :HWFKDOHXU4VRQWGHPrPHQDWXUH
'7
0 &
P
K
: PJK >-@ 40& '7 >NFDO@ PrPH'7
:HW4RQWOHVPrPHVHIIHWV
4HW:VRQWGHPrPHQDWXUH RQOHXU GRQQHOD PrPH XQLWpOHMRXOH,OIDXWDORUVFRQYHUWLU4HQ-RXOHJUkFHjOD FRQVWDQWHGHFRQYHUVLRQ- 4: 0&'7u -PJK -PJK0&'7 /H[SpULHQFHPRQWUHTXH- | -NFDO 4 u0&'7MRXOHV0&'7-RXOHDYHF&HQ >-NJ . @ 2QDGRQFVLRQFKDQJHOHVXQLWpV
4 0&'7 >-@
4
>-NJ . @ 5HPDUTXHV & | -NJ . SRXUOHDXj& LOIDXW | x -SRXUpFKDXIIHUOLWUHGHDXGH&j& & FDSDFLWp FDORULILTXH PDVVLTXH RX FKDOHXU x PDVVLTXHGXFRUSVFRQVLGpUpj& 0u& FDSDFLWp FDORULILTXH RX FDSDFLWp WKHUPLTXH x HQ>-.@
SDJH
4 0&'7 >-@
>.@
>NJ@
>-NJ . @
%760DLQWHQDQFH &RXUVGH7KHUPRG\QDPLTXHQ
FKDRX\#DFQDQF\PHW]IU
6LJQHGHODFKDOHXU4HWpQHUJLHLQWHUQH8
6LJQHGHODFKDOHXU4HWpQHUJLHLQWHUQH8
8QH FKDOHXU UHoXH HVW FRPSWpHSRVLWLYHPHQW XQHFKDOHXU FpGpH HVWFRPSWpHQpJDWLYHPHQWFRQYHQWLRQpJRwVWH 3DUH[HPSOH4N-VLJQLILHTXHOHFRUSVDUHFXN-GH FKDOHXU6LOHFRUSVFRQVLGpUpHVW/GHDXLOVHVWpFKDXIIp GH'7
4 0&HDX
|
u
.
4
2Q DSSHOOHpQHUJLH LQWHUQH 8 OpQHUJLH WKHUPLTXH WRWDOH TXHSHXWIRXUQLUXQFRUSVLPPRELOHVDQVTXLOVHGpVDJUqJH RX VDQV SHUGUH GH PDWLqUH FHVW j GLUH ILQDOHPHQW QH SHUGDQW GpQHUJLH TXH VRXV IRUPH GH FKDOHXU VD WHPSpUDWXUHWRPEDQWQpDQPRLQVj.VLOD SHUGX86LO \DYDULDWLRQGpQHUJLHLQWHUQH '8FHVWTXHOHFRUSVDUHoX RXSHUGXGHOpQHUJLHVRXVIRUPHGHFKDOHXUSDUH[HPSOH &HODVHUDDIILQpGDQVOHVFRXUVXOWpULHXUV
4SHUGXHSDUOHPRUFHDX N-SDUH[HPSOH 4UHoXHSDUOHDXN-
&KDOHXU ODWHQWH FRPEXVWLRQ4 &
/DFKDOHXUODWHQWH4 / HWFKDOHXUGHFRPEXVWLRQ4 &
4/
HW
FKDOHXU
GH
x x
8 pQHUJLH LQWHUQH pQHUJLH WRWDOH TXH SHXW IRXUQLUXQFRUSVjOH[WpULHXUHQFRQVHUYDQWVDPDVVH '8 YDULDWLRQ GpQHUJLH LQWHUQH 4 VL OHFRUSV QD FpGp RX DEVRUEp GH OpQHUJLH TXH VRXV IRUPH GH FKDOHXU
/DUHODWLRQ40& '7 QHVWSDVJpQpUDOHHQHIIHWRQD YXTXHQSODoDQWXQPpWDOFKDXGGDQVXQEDLQGHDX JODFH FH EDLQ UHFHYDLW XQH TXDQWLWp GHFKDOHXU 4 TXL VHUYDLW j IDLUH IRQGUH OD JODFH HW QRQ j IDLUH DXJPHQWHU OD WHPSpUDWXUH4 z RU '7
7| &.
(Q IDLW OD FKDOHXU UHoXH SDU OD JODFH j VHUYL j FUpHU XQ FKDQJHPHQWGHSKDVHVROLGHJODFH o OLTXLGHHDXHWQRQ j DXJPHQWHUOD WHPSpUDWXUH GHOD JODFH FHWWHFKDOHXUHVW DSSHOpH FKDOHXUODWHQWH &HWWHFKDOHXUHVWXQHFKDOHXUTXH GRLWSHUGUHRXJDJQHUOHFRUSVSRXUFKDQJHU GHSKDVH8Q FKDQJHPHQW GH SKDVH VHIIHFWXH WRXMRXUV j WHPSpUDWXUH FRQVWDQWHHWSUHVVLRQFRQVWDQWHDXVVLGDLOOHXUV
(VVHQFH 4UHoXHSDUODPDVVH0GHJODFHIRQGXH z 0&'7
3RXUIDLUHIRQGUH0NJGHJODFHj&LOIDXWDSSRUWHU ODFKDOHXU4 u 0/HQRPEUH VDSSHOOH FKDOHXUODWHQWHGH IXVLRQVRXV HQWHQGXPDVVLTXHGH ODJODFHHWRQODQRWH/ I 4I 0 u/I >-NJ@ ,O\DpJDOHPHQWGHVFKDOHXUVGHFRPEXVWLRQYRLUòSDJH GHGURLWH
4 4 / 0 JODFH u /IXVLRQ
4/ 4/ /IXVLRQ
HVWOD FKDOHXUj IRXUQLU SRXU IDLUH IRQGUH0 NJ GH JODFH GRLW rWUH FRQVLGpUpH FKDTXH IRLV TX LO \ D XQ FKDQJHPHQWGHSKDVHGXFRUSVFRQVLGpUp &KDOHXUODWHQWHPDVVLTXHGHIXVLRQ GHOHDX| -NJSRXUODJODFH
'LIIpUHQWHVFKDOHXUVODWHQWHVGHIXVLRQ FRUSV /IXVLRQ >-NJ @
DUJHQW
SODWLQH
IHU
JODFH
4XDQWjOHVVHQFHHOOHDSSRUWHXQH FKDOHXUGHFRPEXVWLRQ 4F TXL VHUW j IDLUH IRQGUH OD JODFH HW GRQF SHXW rWUH FRQVLGpUpHFRPPHXQHFKDOHXUGHIXVLRQGHODJODFH 4F 0 HVVHQFH u /FRPEXVWLRQ
(0u&ðHVW OpQHUJLHWRWDOHTXH SHXW FpGHU XQ FRUSV PDLVDXSUL[GHVDGpVLQWpJUDWLRQSHUWHGHPDVVH SDJH
%760DLQWHQDQFH &RXUVGH7KHUPRG\QDPLTXHQ
FKDRX\#DFQDQF\PHW]IU
'LIIpUHQWHVFKDOHXUVPDVVLTXHVGHFRPEXVWLRQ FRUSV /F >-NJ @
DOFRRO
FKDUERQ
3pWUROH
HVVHQFH
([HUFLFH 1RXV SRVVpGRQV 0 HVV | J GHVVHQFH TXH ORQ EUOH SRXUpFKDXIIHU0 | NJGHJODFHj&TXHOOHHVWOD WHPSpUDWXUHILQDOHGHODYDSHXUREWHQXH" 'RQQpHV/) | N-NJ/F | N-NJ/YDS | N-NJ &JODFH | -NJ . &HDX | -NJ . HW &YDS | -NJ . 5pS x 1RXV GLVSRVRQV GXQH FKDOHXU 4 F FHWWH FKDOHXU YD VHUYLUj pFKDXIIHUODJODFHGHj& 4JODFH 0& JODFH '7 IDLUHIRQGUHODJODFH4IXVLRQ 0/) pFKDXIIHUOHDXGHj&4 HDX 0&HDX'7 YDSRULVHUOHDX4YDS 0/YDS pFKDXIIHUODYDSHXUGH&j7& 40& YDSu'7 x 2QDDORUV4 & 4JODFH 4 IXVLRQ 4 HDX 4 YDS 4
0HVVu/F 0&JODFH '7 0/) 0&HDX'7 0/YDS 0&YDSu'7 ' 7 7& &>0 HVVu/F 0&JODFH '7 0/) 0&HDX'7 0/YDS@0& YDS 7> u u u u u u u @ u | &
SDJH
%760DLQWHQDQFH &RXUVGH7KHUPRG\QDPLTXHQ
FKDRX\#DFQDQF\PHW]IU
([HUFLFHVVXUODFKDOHXU ([HUFLFH (QHUJLHpOHFWULTXHjIRXUQLUSRXUXQFKDXIIH HDX 2QVRXKDLWHFRQVWUXLUHXQGLVSRVLWLISHUPHWWDQWFKDXIIHUXQFKDXIIH HDXGHOLWUHV/HDXFKDXGHGRLWrWUHFKDXIIpHSHQGDQWOD QXLWSRXUrWUHGLVSRQLEOHDXPDWLQWHPSVGHFKDXIIH | KHXUHV 2QVRXKDLWHTXHOHDXFKDXGHVRUWHjXQHWHPSpUDWXUHGH&GXFKDXIIH HDXDORUVTXHOOH\HQWUHHW\HVWVWRFNpHj&2Q GRQQHODFKDOHXUPDVVLTXHGHOHDX& | N-NJ . 4XHOOHTXDQWLWpGHFKDOHXUGRLW RQDSSRUWHUSRXUFKDXIIHUF HWWHHDX"
/H FKDXIIH HDX HVWFRQVWLWXp GXQH UpVLVWDQFH pOHFWULTXH /HFRQVWUXFWHXULQGLTXHTXH DOLPHQWp VRXV ODWHQVLRQ VHFWHXUGH 9LOGpYHORSSHXQHSXLVVDQFHpOHFWULTXHGHN: &DOFXOH]ODYDOHXUGH ODUpVLVWDQFHpOHFWULTXHGXFKDXIIH HDX'pGXLVH]HQOLQWHQVLWpHIILFDFHDSSHOpHSDUOHFKDXIIH HDX (QFRPELHQGHWHPSVXQWHOFKDXIIH HDXSHUPHWWLOGHFKDXIIHUOHVOLWUHVGHDXSRX UpOHYHUVDWHPSpUDWXUHGH&j &"
2QYHXWTXHOHVOLWUHVGHDXVRLHQWFKDXIIpVHQKHXUHVSRXUpYLWHUGHIDLUHGLVMRQFWHU 4XHOOHSXLVVDQFHGRLWDORUVGpYHORSSHUOHFKDXIIH HDX" 3RXUGpYHORSSHUFHWWHSXLVVDQFHRQUpDOLVHXQSRQWUHGUHVVHXUFRPPDQGpSDUGHVWK\ULVWRUV / LW 9 +]
FKDXIIH HDX
7 ' X'W &
XW 9
LFW
XFW
5
FLUFXLW GHDX
7 '
&HW/VRQWVXIILVDPPHQWpOHYpVSRXUDYRLUX FWFRQVWDQWOHSRQWIRQFWLRQQHpJDOHPHQWHQFRQGXFWLRQFRQWLQXH 'RQQH]ODOOXUHGHX 'W (QXWLOLVDQWOHVUqJOHVGRSpUDWLRQVXUOHVYDOHXUVPR\HQQHVHWVDFKDQWTXHODWHQVLRQPR\HQQHDX[ERUQHVGXQHERELQH HVWWRXMRXUVQXOOHFDOFXOH]ODYDOHXUGHX FW SRXUXQUHWDUGjODPRUoDJHD GRQQpGHVWK\ULVWRUV 4XHOOHHVWHQIRQFWLRQGHXFWODSXLVVDQFHGpYHORSSpHSDUODUpVLVWDQFH" 'pGXLVH]HQODYDOHXUGHD jUpJOHUSRXUREWHQLUOHFKDXIIDJHHQKHXUHV
([HUFLFH *ODoRQVHDXHWYDSHXU 2QSRVVqGHNJGHJODFHGDQVXQIUHH]HU&HWWHJODFHHVWj& 2QQRXVGRQQH/IXVLRQ | N-NJ /YDSRULVDWLRQ | N-NJ &SJODFH VXSSRVpHVFRQVWDQWHVWRXWDXORQJGHVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQV
|
&SHDX
|
&SYDSHXU | N-NJ . &HVYDOHXUVVRQW
4XHOOHHVWODFKDOHXUjDSSRUWHU SRXUFKDQJHUFHWWHJODFHHQGHOHDXj&" 2QYHXWREWHQLUGHODYDSH XUj&jODLUOLEUHTXHOOHFKDOHXUVXSSOp PHQWDLUHGRLW RQIRXUQLU" &RPELHQGH WHPSVFHODSUHQGUDLWLOSRXU UpDOLVHUOHV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHVVL ORQGLVSRVDLWGXQGLVSRVLWLIGH FKDXIIDJHGHN:GHSXLVVDQFH"&RPELHQGHWHPSVDXUDLWSULVODVLPSOHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQUpDOLVpHHQ" 4XH SRXYH] YRXV FRQFOXUH VXU OD SXLVVDQFH GHV PDFKLQHV LQGXVWULHOOHV GHYDQW UpDOLVHU TXRWLGLHQQHPHQW GH WHOOHV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV"
&HTXLHVWHQUpDOLWpIDX[FHTXLGRQQHUDXQUpVXOWDWDSSUR[LPDWLI(QSUDWLTXHOHSUREOqPHHVWUpVROX jODLGHGX GLDJUDPPH HQWURSLTXHRXHQWKDOSLTXH GHOHDXYRLUFRXUVXOWpULHXUV SDJH
×
Report "thermo1"
Your name
Email
Reason
-Select Reason-
Pornographic
Defamatory
Illegal/Unlawful
Spam
Other Terms Of Service Violation
File a copyright complaint
Description
×
Sign In
Email
Password
Remember me
Forgot password?
Sign In
Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement.
Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data
.
Agree & close