thepblockelements.ppt

THE P BLOCK ELEMENTS

The elements in which the last electron enters in the outermost p orbital

      

There are 6 groups (13-18) Boron Family Carbon Family Nitrogen Family Oxygen family (Chalcogens) Halogen Family Noble Gas Family

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GENERAL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION AND OXIDATIO LOCK E LEMENTS LEMENTS -B LOCK STATES OF P -B















REASON FOR ANOMALOUS BEHAVOUR OF FIRST MEMBER FROM OTHERS



Small

size

High electronegativity



Non-availabilty of d- orbitals to expand

















GROUP 13 ELEMENTS BORON FAMILY















ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION electron configuration Name

Symbol

Boron

B

[He]2s22p1

Aluminium

Al

[Ne]3s23p1

Gallium

Ga

[Ar]3d104s2 4p1

Indium

In

[Kr]4d105s2 5p1

Thallium

Tl

[Xe]4f 14 5d106s2 6p1















ATOMIC RADII 

Atomic Radii *(pm) B (85) Al 143 Ga

135

In

167

Tl

170

















IONIZATION ENTHALPY

















ELECTRONEGATIVITY B Al

2.0 1.5

Ga

1.6

In

1.7

















PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 

Boron hard black coloured high melting non metallic solid

















O XIDATION STATE XIDATION STATE AND AND TRENDS TRENDS IN IN C HEMICAL HEMICAL REACTIVITY 

Except B all other are metals



Boron due to small size forms covalent compounds.

















INERT PAIR PAIR EFFEC EFFECT T

Reluctance of ns2 electrons to take part



































EACTIVITY TOWARDS AIR AIR R EACTIVITY TOWARDS

















EACTIVITY TOWARDS N ITROGEN ITROGEN R EACTIVITY TOWARDS

















R

















EACTIVITY TOWARDS HALOGENS HALOGENS R EACTIVITY TOWARDS





























































































































































































ATOMIC RADII 

Atomic Radii *(pm) Atomic radius (pm) Ionic radius (pm) M 4+ Ionic radius (pm) M 2+

On

C 77 -

Si

Ge

Sn

Pb

118

122

140

146

40 -

53 73

69 118

78 119

moving down the group atomic radius and ionic radius















IONIZATION ENTHALPY



 

The IE1 of group 14 members is higher than the corresponding members of group 13. General the ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group. and slight increase Small decrease in Δ iH from Si to Ge to Sn and slight















ELECTRONEGATIVITY



C

Si

Ge

Sn

Pb

2.5

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

Due to small size, the elements of this group are slightly















PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MEMBER

CHARACTER

CARBON

NON METAL

SILICON

NON METAL

GERMANIUM

METALLOID

TIN

Soft METAL

LEAD

Soft METAL



All group 14 members are solids.















O XIDATION STATE XIDATION STATE AND AND TRENDS TRENDS IN IN C HEMICAL HEMICAL REACTIVITY o

o

o

o

o

Common oxidation are +4 and +2. Carbon also exhibits negative oxidation states. Compounds in +4oxidation state are generally covalent in nature. The tendency to show +2 oxidation state increases in the sequence Ge


















On account of high ionization enthalpies, simple si mple M4+ ions of the group are not known k nown

















R EACTIVITY TOWARDS EACTIVITY TOWARDS OXYGEN OXYGEN



when heated in oxygen form two types of oxides,



monoxide and dioxide of formula MO and MO and MO2. SiO only exists at hightemperature.

















R EACTIVITY TOWARDS EACTIVITY TOWARDS WATER 

C, Si and Ge are not affected by water. water.

















R EACTIVITY TOWARDS EACTIVITY TOWARDS HALOGEN 

forms halides of formula MX 2 and MX4 (where X = F, Cl, Br, I).



Except carbon, all other members react directly with halogen under

















HLORIDES HYDROLYSIS OF C HLORIDES



Except CCl4,other tetrachlorides are easily hydrolysed by water because the central atom accommodate the lone pair of electrons



















IMPORTANT TRENDS AND ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF

















ALLOTROPES OF

















DIAMOND





























































































































































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