THE TEACHINGS OF HIPPOCRATES (1)
By David L. Duffy, MD
Hippocrates is known as the as the Father of Medicine. He was born in 460 B.C. In one of his writings called "Tradition in Medicine" he discusses the scientific aspects of medicine. In this article we will examine some of the observations and theories and compare them with the teachings of Arnold Ehret. [See Hippocratic Writings, edited by G.E.R. Lloyd, Penguin Classics, New York, 1978].
Hippocrates describes describes the discovery of cooking foods to improve their digestion:
If sick men fared just as well eating and drinking and living exactly as healthy men do, and no better on some different regimen, there there would be little l ittle need for the science. But the reason why the art of medicine became necessary was because sick men did not get well on the same regimen as the healthy, any more than they do now. (Hippocratic Writings, p. 71)
The produce of the earth, fruits, vegetables vegetables and grass, is the food of animals on which they grow and flourish without needing other articles of diet. In the beginning I believe that man lived on such food and the modern diet is the result of many years' discovery. Such devising was necessary because, in primitive times, men often suffered terribly from their indigestible and animal like diet, eating raw and uncooked food, difficult to digest. (Hippocratic Writings, p. 72)
For this reason I believe these primitive men sought food suitable to their constitutions and discovered that which we now use. Thus, they took wheat and wetted it, winnowed it, ground it, sifted it, and then mixed it and baked it into bread, and likewise made cakes from barley. They boiled and baked and mixed and diluted the strong raw foods with the weaker ones and subjected them to many other processes, always with a view to man's nature and his capabilities. They knew that if strong food was eaten the body could not digest it and thus it would bring about pain, sickness, and death, whereas the body draws nourishment and thus grows and is healthy from food it is able to digest. What fairer or more
fitting name can be given to such research and discovery than that of medicine, which was founded for the health, caused pain, sickness and death? (Hippocratic Writings, p. 72)
Arnold Ehret made a similar point in his discussion of raw and cooked foods:
The entire effect or benefit from raw food is the rough fiber of uncooked vegetables, which relieves constipation, constipation, and acts as an ideal "mucus broom" in the intestines. I do not believe that the human body assimilates "foodvalue vegetables" such as cauliflower, asparagus, asparagus, turnips, potatoes, or cereals in their uncooked state. After a certain beneficial mechanical cleansings of the bowels through these raw foods the onesided rawfood eater lacks, in fact the most important food substance, and that is grape or fruit sugar, unless he eats sufficient fruits. Raw fruits, and if desired, raw green leaf vegetables form the ideal food of man. That is i s the mucusless diet.
But the mucusless diet as a healing system uses raw, rough vegetables for their cleansing qualities, baked ones as food, and baked and stewed fruits as a LESS AGGRESSIVE AGGRESSIVE DISSOLVER of poisons and mucus to MODERATE THE ELIMINATION IN SEVERE CASES. This is one of the most important principles of the system, a point the raw food fanatic ignores entirely. Eating raw potatoes, raw cereals, and unfired pies is, in my opinion, absurd and worse than if they are carefully baked, which means developing the starch into at least partly digestible gluten and grape sugar. [Arnold Ehret, Mucusless Diet Healing System, pp. 93, 94].
Hippocrates analyzes differences differences between food for the healthy person and food for the one who is sick:
As I have already said, I do not believe anyone would ever have looked for such a science if the same regimen were equally good for the sick and the healthy. Even now some people, the barbarians and some Greeks, who have no knowledge of medicine, go on behaving when they are ill just as they do in health. First of all, I imagine, they cut down the quantity without changes the quality of the food, making the sick eat very little. li ttle. But when it became clear to them that such a regimen suited and helped some of the sick but not all, and that there were some even who were in such a condition that they could not digest even a very little food, then they concluded that in some cases a more easily digested food was necessary, Thus they invented gruel by mixing a little strong food with much water, so taking away its strength by dilution and cooking. For those that could not digest even gruel, they substituted liquid
nourishment, nourishment, taking care that this should be of moderate dilution and quantity, neither too weak nor too strong.
Hippocrates has noted the difference between "strong" "strong" and "weak" foods. He gives "weak" or more dilute foods to the sick. This is in line with what Ehret describes as "compensation "compensationaction". When the patient fasts or eats only a mucusless diet of fruits and vegetables the body can eliminate waste material and reverse the disease process. [Arnold Ehret, Mucusless Diet Healing System, pp 23, 241
Hippocrates now deepens his analysis:
It must be clearly understood, however, that gruel is not necessarily of assistance to everyone who is sick. In some diseases it is evident that on such a diet, the fever and pains increase, the gruel serving as nourishment to the the disease, but as a source of decline and sickness to the body. In such cases were dry food to be taken, barleycakes or bread for example, even in i n very small quantities, the patients would become ten times worse than they would be on a diet of gruel, simply because of the strength of the food.
Again a man who was helped by gruel but not by dry food would be worse if he ate more of the latter than if he took only a llittle ittle and even a small quantity would give him pain. In fact, it is obvious that all the causes of such pains come to the same thing; the stronger s tronger foods are the most harmful to man whether he be in health or sickness. (Hippocratic Writings, p. 73, 74)
Hippocrates makes the point that when a person discovers foods that help him feel better and foods that make him feel worse he is making scientific observations similar to what a physician should do. Hippocrates proposes proposes that the whole science of medicine might be discovered by research according to these principles:
The one [i.e. sick person] sought to do away with those articles of diet which, on account of their savage and undiluted nature, the human frame could not digest, and on which it could not remain healthy; the other [i.e., the physician] discovered what a sick man could not digest in view of his particular malady (Hippocratic Writings, p. 74)
Hippocrates now describes the dangers of undereating and overeating:
If it were all as simple as this, that the stronger stronger foods are harmful and the weaker good and nourishing for men both in health and sickness, the matter were an easy one. The safest course would be to keep to the weaker food.
But if a man were to eat less than enough he would make as big a mistake as if he were to eat too much. Hunger is a powerful agent in the human body; it can maim, weaken and kill. Under nourishment nourishment gives rise to many troubles and, though they are different from those produced by overeating, they are none the less severe because they are more diverse and more specific. One aims at some criterion as to what constitutes constitutes a correct diet, but you will find neither number nor weight to determine what this is exactly, and no other criterion than bodily feeling. Thus exactness is difficult to achieve and small errors are bound to occur. (Hippocrat (Hi ppocratic ic Writings, p. 75)
That overeating should cause no less sickness than excessive fasting is easily understood by reference to the healthy. Some find it i t better to dine but once a day and consequently consequently make this their custom. Others, likewise, find it is better better for them to have a meal both at noon and in the evening. Then there are some who adopt one or other of these habits merely because it pleases them, no because of chance circumstances. circumstances. On the grounds of health it matters little to most people whether they take but one meal a day or two. But there are some who, if they do not follow their usual custom, do not escape the result and they may be stricken with a serious illness within a day. Some there are who, if they take luncheon when this practice does not agree with them, at once become both mentally and physically dull; they yawn and become drowsy and thirsty. If subsequently they should dine as well, they suffer from wind, colic, and diarrhea and, not infrequently, this has been the start of a serious illness even though they have taken no more than twice the amount of food they have been accustomed to.
Similarly, a man who is accustomed to taking luncheon because he finds that this agrees with him, cannot omit the meal without suffering great weakness, fear, and faintness. In addition, his eyes become sunken, the urine more yellow and warmer, the mouth bitter, and he has a sinking feeling in his stomach. He feels dizzy, despondent and incapable of exertion. Then later when he sits down to dine, food is distasteful to him, and he cannot eat his customary dinner. Instead the food causes colic and rumblings and burns the stomach; he sleeps poorly a nd is disturbed by violent nightmares. With such people this too has often been the start of some illness. (Hippocratic Writings, p. 75, 76)
Hippocrates explains these observations:
Let us consider the reason for these things. The man who is accustomed to dine only once a day suffers, in my opinion, when he takes an extra meal because he has not waited long enough since the last. His stomach has not fully benefited from the food taken on the previous day and has neither digested nor discarded it, nor calmed down again. This new food is introduced into the stomach s tomach while it is still digesting and fermenting the previous meal. Such stomachs are slow in digestion and need rest and relaxation.
The man who is accustomed to a meal at midday suffers when he has to go without, because because his body needs nourishment and the food taken at the previous meals has already been been used up. If no fresh food be taken his body wastes through starvation, and I attribute to this the symptoms from which I described such a man to suffer. I maintain that other healthy people will suffer from these same troubles if they fast for two or three days.
Hippocrates' observations observations are very interesting. Ehret described this phenomenon in his discussion on the effects of fasting:
When you fast you eliminate first and at once the primary obstructions obstructions of wrong and too much eating. This results in your feeling relatively relatively good, or possibly even better than when eating, but, as previously explained, you bring new, secondary obstructions obstructions from your y our own waste in the circulation and you feel miserable. You and everyone else blame the lack of food. The next day you can notice with certainty certainty mucus in the urine and when the quantity of waste, taken in i n the circulation, is eliminated, you will undoubtedly undoubtedly feel fine, even stronger than ever before. [Arnold Ehret, Mucusless Diet Healing System, pp. 144,145]
In the writings of Hippocrates which we have examined in this article he describes the role of the physician to research the effect of diet in promoting health and treating disease. When Arnold Ehret was sick with kidney disease he followed the same pattern which Hippocrates described. Ehret cured cured himself and went onto cure others. In future articles we will continue to study and appreciate the brilliance of Hippocrates.
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About the author: Dr. David L. Duffy, MD graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1971. He trained in Internal Medicine and Ambulatory Care at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, from 1971 - 1975. He continued seeing patients and supervising interns and residents at the Montefiore Medic Clinic until 1980. From 1981-1988 he had a private medical practice in Oceanside, California. In 1988 he returned to New York to work at Metropolitan Hospital Center in Manhattan. From 1996 to 2005 he served as Section Chief of General Internal Medicine. He also served as Chairman C hairman of the Patient Education Committee from 1999 to 2005. His medical office is located at 27-10 30th Avenue, Suite LA, Astoria, NY 11102. Astoria is in a section of Queens County, NY a part of New York City. Dr. Duffy is only available by appointment. Dr. Duffy can be reached by phone at 718-932-9870. 718-932-9870. Dr. Duffy will not be available for phone, fax, mail or e-mail consultations. consultations.
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THE TEACHINGS OF HIPPOCRATES (2)
By David L. Duffy, MD
The Hippocratic Writings include a book called Epidemics. Hippocrates described a series of case studies. We will look at four cases, three in which the patients recovered and one in which the patient died. The concept which we wish to examine is what Hippocrates calls the "crisis". [See Hippocratic Writings, Writings, edited by G.E.R. Lloyd, Penguin Classics, New York, 1978, pages 87 138].
Case 1: "A girl who lay at a house on the Sacred Way at Abdera took a fever of the causus type. [Causus is an untranslatable Greek word describing a febrile illness.] She complained of thirst and was wakeful. Menstruation Menstruation took place for the first time,
< Sixth day: much nausea, redness and shivering; she was distraught.
< Seventh day: no change. The urine, though thin, was of good color and there was no trouble with the bowels.
< Eighth day: deafness supervened, with high fever, insomnia, nausea and shivering. She became lucid. Urine the same.
< Fourteenth day: mind disordered; the fever became less.
< Seventeenth day: a large epistaxis [nose bleed]; the deafness became slightly less. Nausea and deafness were present on the following days as well as some delirium.
< Twentieth day: pain in the feet and deafness. The delirium ceased and there was a slight nose bleed and sweating; no fever.
< Twentyfourth day: the fever returned and she was deaf again. The pain in the feet continued and her mind was wandering.
< Twentyseventh day: severe sweating and lost her fever. The deafness cleared up and, although pain in the feet remained, in other respects the final crisis was reached," (Hippocratic Writings, pp. 131,132).
Case 2: "A girl at Larisa took a high fever of the causus type. She had insomnia and thirst while her tongue was dry and smoke colored. The urine was of good color but thin.
< Second day: distressed; did not sleep. < Third day: the stools were bulky, watery and greenish. On the following f ollowing days stools of similar character character were passed without distress.
< Fourth day: passed a small quantity of thin urine which contained suspended matter which did not settle. Delirium during the night.
< Sixth day: a violent and copious epistaxis. Shivering was followed by profuse hot sweating all over; she lost her fever and reached the crisis,
She menstruated for the first time during this illness, while the fever was still present, but after the crisis. She was only a girl. Throughout she suffered from nausea, shivering, a flushed face, aching eyes and heaviness of the head. In this case there was no relapse but a single crisis. The distress was experienced on the even days." (Hippocratic Writings, p. 135).
Case 3: "At Abdera, Pericles took a high fever of continued type, accompanied by distress. He had much thirst, was nauseated and could not keep liquids down. The spleen was enlarged and he had headaches.
< First day: epistaxis from the left nostril; the fever however increased considerably He passed much cloudy white urine which did not sediment on standing.
< Second day: all symptoms more pronounced. pronounced. The urine however was thick and settled more. The nausea was less severe and the patient slept.
< Third day: the fever became less and he passed a large l arge quantity of ripe urine with a lot of sediment. A quiet night.
< Fourth day: about noon he had a warm sweat involving the whole body, the fever left him and he reached the crisis. There was no relapse. (Hippocratic Writings, p. 13 1).
Case 4: "The lad who lay by the Liars' Market took a fever as the result of exhaustion, having exerted himself by running more than he was accustomed.
< First day: bowels disordered with copious thin bilious stools; urine thin, rather dark; insomnia, thirst.
< Second day: all symptoms more pronounced; pronounced; stools more copious and unhealthy. No sleep; his mind was disordered; slight sweating.
< Third day: uneasy, thirst, nausea, much tossing about distress, delirium, extremities cold and livid; a somewhat flabby bilateral distension of the hypochondrium [upper abdomen].
< Fourth day: no sleep; condition deteriorated.
< Seventh day: died. Age about twenty.(Hippocratic twenty.(Hippocratic Writings, p. 118).
We have no idea about the actual diagnosis of these cases and we will not speculate. Their value is a pure description of untreated illnesses and the symptoms experienced. In each case of survival Hippocrates used the term "crisis". In his commentary about febrile illnesses he said: "In general, the diseases reached a crisis with difficulty, or there was no n o crisis and the illness i llness remained chronic..." (Hippocratic Writings, p. 125).
In the context of Hippocrates' description the term "crisis" indicates the successful culmination of the bodys attempt to eliminate waste and resolve the illness. In Modern Medicine we intervene with antibiotics and other drugs to control symptoms without thinking about the body's purpose for the symptoms. When a person has a cold and allows it to run his natural course, there is a discharge of clear mucus from the nose for a day or two. Then the mucus thickens and yellow or green phlegm comes out. The nose clears and the cold resolves. However, when the decongestants decongestants and antihistamines are used, the symptoms are suppressed. The nose remains stuffy for days or weeks. Sometimes the infection goes down into the chest and causes bronchitis or even pneumonia. When by suppression of symptoms the body fails to have a crisis, the condition may become chronic, like in asthma or chronic bronchitis.
Arnold Ehret'sMucusless Ehret'sMucusless Diet Healing System uses fasting and the mucusless diet to help the body eliminate waste in a way similar to Hippocrates' crisis. When you have a chronic condition and begin to apply fasting and a transition diet, you are voluntarily allowing yourself to "get sick" or go through a healing process.
Arnold Ehret described his experience after one of his fasts: "While sojourning in Italy many years ago, I drank about three quarts of fresh grape juice after a fast. At once I experienced a watery diarrhea set in foaming mucus. Almost immediately immediately after, I experienced a feeling of such unusual strength that I easily performed the kneebending and armstretching exercise 352 times." (Arnold Ehret'sMucusless Diet Healing System, Lesson XIX, pp. 127 128).
Teresa Mitchell was a student of Arnold Ehret. She went we nt on a transition diet for two years. She experienced the shrinkage of the thyroid goiter in her neck. She decided to go on a strictly fruit diet for as long as it took for her body to heal. She continued the fruitarian diet for nine months. She described her "first cleansing" as follows: "Then the first great event happened. One night after a supper of grapes, I was awakened by a sensation of fullness in my throat. I had no particular feeling of nausea or pain, but upon reaching the bathroom I threw up large quantities quantities of a sticky, clear substance. After this ordeal was over I felt a new sense of well being come over me. New strength and power seemed to fill my whole being. I thought, this must be the great final cleansing that Prof. Ehret taught us to expect. However, it was only a forerunner of two more similar experiences before the long expected
day arrived" ("My Road to Health" by Teresa Mitchell in Arnold Ehret's Rational Fasting for Physical, Mental, and Spiritual Rejuvenation, page 19).
When we contemplate the elegant deign of the human body, we may conceive that there is an orderly process in which the body heals itself. From a modern perspective we understand the role of the immune system in causing symptoms of fatigue, headache and fever. For example there is a substance called interferon made by white blood cells. It is produced in response to viral infections. When given as a medication interferon causes symptoms including loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, runny nose, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and fatigue.
What Hippocrates observed as a healing "crisis" can be described as a cleansing process. The body eliminates whatever it brings to the surface. The normal elimination channels are the lungs, the bowels, and the kidneys. Supplemental Supplemental elimination channels include nasal discharge, a productive cough, menstruation, menstruation, a skin rash, and fever with sweating.
Teresa Mitchell used an exclusive diet of fruit to trigger her personal healing crises. In her booklet she advocated patience patience in the healing process and warned of the dangers of rapid elimination.
"You should not try the complete fruit fast until you are quite certain that all of the dangerous waste matter has been eliminated from your body. Fruit is a relentless eliminator of diseased substances.
Many of us could not possibly undergo this severe type of housecleaning because of our physical condition. Vegetables, Vegetables, both naturally raw and cooked, work thoroughly but much more slowly and gently. The fruit diet in itself is the "proof of the pudding". If you are able to live on it comfortably, without any untoward reactions, reactions, you are healed. This reminds me of the case of a middle aged person who really tried to prepare himself over a period of three or four years for an exclusive fruit diet. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, the "cleansing" was not complete for the sinuses still contained mucus which had not been completely emptied for years. Apparently there was also some pus in his system clamoring for release. His experience could have avoided this had he made certain that his system was free of old and poisonous substances. substances. You can make certain by observing the reaction to a fruit fast of no more twentyfour hours duration. If the result is a severe headache, dizziness, bad breath, thickly coated tongue, increased mucus mucus discharge from the throat and nose, it is quite certain that you are not ready for a pure fruit diet." (My Road to Health" by Teresa Mitchell in Arnold Ehret's Rational Fasting for Physical, Mental, and Spiritual Rejuvenation, page 28, 29).
Hippocrates considered considered the healing crisis as a key factor in the bodys ability to recover from an illness. Arnold Ehret and Teresa Mitchell demonstrated that through lemon drink fasts or fruit fasts the healing crisis could be triggered. The fast is a diagnostic tool which indicates whether the body is clean or has residual waste to eliminate. The details of the transition diet and the frequency of fasting depend upon individual circumstances. circumstances. Too rapid elimination can precipitate symptoms and be dangerous. Avoiding elimination can lead to chronic disease. It is my hope that we can ffollow ollow Ehret's recommendation recommendation to combine a transition diet with intermittent intermittent short fasts. Ehret said that "the patient is able at the same time to dissolve and eliminate 'disease deposits' from the deepest tissues of the body; deposits that no doctor ever dreamed existed, and that no other method of healing has ever discovered or can remove. This, then, is the Mucusless Diet Healing System, with fasting as an essential part of it". (Arnold Ehret's Rational Fasting for Physical, Mental, and Spiritual Rejuvenation, page 58).
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VITAMINS AND ANTIOXIDENTS By David L. Duffy, MD
In the 18" Century sailors on long voyages would go months months without fresh food. Many developed scurvy, the syndrome of Vitamin C deficiency. The symptoms of scurvy include i nclude fatigue, depression, bleeding bleeding gums, and bleeding into skin and joints. Eating limes and other sources of Vitamin C on the voyage prevented the disease. Nowadays Vitamin C tablets are available.
If we think of the miracle of life, vitamins are very interesting substances. substances. Vitamin B1, also known as Thiamine, is found in yeast, legumes, beef, whole grains, and nuts. It participates in the metabolism of certain amino acids and carbohydrates. Deficiency Deficiency can cause damage to the peripheral nerves, heart failure, and mental impairment. In the Orient, thiamine deficiency occurred when they began eating polished white rice in which the source of thiamine on the outer surface of the rice was removed.
Some vitamins like Vitamin C and Vitamin E are antioxidants. antioxidants. A free radical is an atom or atom group carrying an unpaired electron and no charge. Oxygen gas has two oxygen atoms combined into one molecule. They share two electrons. When wood burns oxygen joins with 2 hydrogen atoms to form water. Carbon joins with two oxygen atoms to form ca rbon dioxide. Fire is an example of an oxidation process.
Our bodies use fatty acids as nutrients and building blocks. Many of the fatty acids are polyunsaturated. polyunsaturated. That means that they have carbon atoms linked together with a double bond. Free radicals can react with fat and cause deterioration. deterioration. Oxidation of lipoproteins contributes contributes to atherosclerosis atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and heart disease. As antioxidants, Vitamin C and Vitamin E are protective. Vitamin C works by donating electrons to quench reactive free radicals. Vitamin E consists of unsaturated side chains. Vitamin E absorbs the impact of the free radical and thus protects protects the polyunsaturat p olyunsaturated ed fats.
Today we hear much advertising about the need for supplemental vitamins and antioxidants. The idea is that food does not give us enough vitamins and we need supplements as insurance for our health. Also we should protect our heart and blood vessels by taking plenty of antioxidants. antioxidants.
How would Arnold Ehret address this issue?
First, it does not make sense to eat highly processed foods that have removed fiber, vitamins and other nutrients. Overeating processed foods artificially creates a vitamin deficiency. Vitamin depleted, overprocessed foods are mucus producing and add to the accumulation of waste in the body.
Second, the best source of vitamins and antioxidants is fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and perhaps a small amount of dairy and meat,
Third, overloading the body with supplementary vitamins and antioxidants antioxidants puts a burden on the body to eliminate what is not needed. It also fosters a dependency on the supplement and may blunt the body's capacity to absorb vitamins from food.
Fourth, when we apply Ehret'sMucusless Ehret'sMucusless Diet Healing System and eliminate waste our bodies approach their ideal metabolism. The body is then able to choose the food elements it needs to stay healthy.
Fifth, the recommended daily requirements requirements of vitamins given by the government are based on the study of "normal" people with latent disease. What were the minimal daily requirements requirements for Arnold Ehret after he had cleansed his body? There is a need to study the food requirements of people who are following Ehret's diet.
In the meantime, should you take supplemental vitamins and antioxidants or not? This i s really an individual decision.
A person who regularly drinks alcohol would benefit from supplementary supplementary thiamine. When he stops drinking and has restored his body supply of thiamine he may move to whole grains as his source. Vitamins may be on important i mportant part of a transition diet. A person who follows a vegetarian diet may need supplemental vitamin B12. B12. A person with an intestinal disorder may need a vitamin supplement to compensate compensate for his impaired absorption.
When we continue to follow Arnold Ehret'sMucusless Diet Healing System we expect to obtain more and more of our vitamins and antioxidants from a wholesome diet and the need for vitamin and antioxidant supplementation supplementation should diminish.
Dr. David L. Duffy, MD graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1971. He trained in Internal Medicine and Ambulatory Care at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, from 1971 1975. He continued seeing patients and supervising interns and residents at the Montefiore Medic Clinic until 1980. From 19811988 he had a private medical practice in Oceanside, California. In 1988 he returned to New York to work at Metropolitan Hospital Center in Manhattan. From 1996 to 2005 he served as Section Chief of General Internal Medicine. He also served as Chairman C hairman of the Patient Education Committee from 1999 to 2005. His medical office is located at 27 10 30th Avenue, Suite LA, Astoria, NY 11102. Astoria is in a section of Queens County, NY a part of New York City. Dr. Duffy is only available by appointment. Dr. Duffy can be reached by phone at 7189329870. 9870. Dr. Duffy will not be available avai lable for phone, fax, mail or email consultations. consultations.
