The Section 66A judgment

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL/CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.167 OF 2012

SHREYA SINGHAL

… PETITIONER VERSUS

UNION OF INDIA

… RESPONDENT WITH

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.21 OF 2013 WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.23 OF 2013 WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 97 OF 2013 WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.199 OF 2013 WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 217 OF 2013 WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.222 OF 2013 WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.225 OF 2013 WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.758 OF 2014 WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.196 OF 2014

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JU!MENT R.F. NARIMAN" J. 1.

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!"0&+'% %'s"+%!' "% a !"00+(i!ai"( *'i!'? "% 6c 7 a( ')'!%"(i! 0ai) "% ')'!%"(i! 0ai) 0'ss 0'ssa2 a2' ' #"% #"% h' h' &+%& &+%&"s "s' ' "# !a+s !a+si( i(2 2 a((" ("a(!' (!' "% i(!"('( ('(ii'(!' "% " *'!'i' "% " 0is)'a* h' a**%'ss'' "% %'!i&i'( ab"+ h' "%i2i( "# s+!h 0'ssa2's: sha)) b' &+(ishab)' $ih i0&%is"(0'( #"% a '%0 $hi!h 0a '4'(* " h%'' 'a%s a(* $ih #i('. Explanation.> Explanation.> F"% F"% h' h' &+%& &+%&"s "s's 's "# his his s'! s'!i" i"(: (: '%0s =')'!%"( %"(i! 0ai)B a(* =')' ')'!%"(i %"(i! ! 0ai) 0'ssa2'B 0'a(s a 0'ssa2' "% i(#"%0ai"( !%'a'* "% %a(s0i'* %a(s0i'* "% %'!'i'* %'!'i'* "( a !"0&+'%: !"0&+'%: !"0&+'% ss ss'0 '0:: !"0& !"0&+ +'% '% %'s" %'s"+% +%!' !' "% !"00 !"00+( +(i! i!a ai" i"( ( *'i!' i(!)+*i(2 aa!h0'(s i( '4: i0a2': a+*i": i*'" a(* a( "h'% ')'!%"(i! %'!"%*: $hi!h 0a b' %a(s0i'* $ih h' 0'ssa2'.B 1 1 The genealogy of this Section may be traced back to Section 10(2)(a) of the U.K. Post Office (mendment) ct! 1"#$! %hich made it an offence to send any message by tele&hone %hich is grossly offensi'e or of an indecent! obscene! obscene! or menacing character. character. This Section %as sbstantially sbstantially re&rodced by Section  of the UK Post Office ct! 1"$# as follo%s* 66. Prohibition of sending offensive or false telephone messages or false telegrams, etc. +f any &erson, (a)sends any message by tele&hone %hich is grossly offensi'e or of an indecent! obscene or menacing character (b)sends any message by tele&hone! or any telegram! %hich he kno%s to be false! for the &r&ose of casing annoyance! incon'enience incon'enience or needless aniety to any other other &erson - or (c)&ersistently makes tele&hone calls %ithot reasonable case and for any sch &r&ose as aforesaid! he shall be liable on smmary con'iction to a fine not eceeding ten &onds! or to im&risonment for a term not eceeding one month! or to both. This Section in trn %as re&laced by Section /" of the ritish Telecommnication ct! 1"1 and Section /# of the ritish Telecommnication elecommnication ct! ct! 1"/. +n its &resent form in the UK! it is Section Section 12 of the Telecommnication Telecommnication ct! 200# %hich is rele'ant and %hich is as follo%s*3



























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A %')a'* !ha))'(2' is a)s" 0a*' " S'!i"( 85A

i(%"*+!'* b h' sa0' a0'(*0'( $hi!h %'a*s as #"))"$s< 69#A. P-* +- &''$* /&*+&-%' ,- -&% ,- $& *'' -, %: &%,-+&-% +-$ %: -$ -$+* +* *'*'-$ $* *..>617 617 Wh' Wh'%' h' C'(%a) G" G"'%(0 %(0'( '( "% a( "# is "##i!'%s s&'!ia)) a+h"%is'* b i i( his b'ha)# is sais#i'* ha i is ('!'ssa% "% '4&'*i'( s" " *": i( h' i('%'s "# s"'%'i2( a(* i('2%i "# I(*ia: *'#'(!' "# I(*ia: s'!+%i "# h' Sa': #%i'(*) %')ai"(s $ih #"%'i2( Sa's "% &+b)i! "%*'% "% #"% &%''(i(2 i(!i'0'( " h' !"00issi"( "# a( !"2(iab)' "##'(!' %')ai(2 " ab"': i 0a s+b'! " h' &%"isi"(s "# s+b s'!i"( 6-7: #"% %'as"(s " b' %'!"%*'* i( $%ii(2: b "%*' "%*'%%: *i%' *i%'! ! a( a( a2'( a2'(! ! "# h' G"' G"'%( %(0' 0'( ( "% i('%0'*ia% " b)"!@ #"% a!!'ss b h' &+b)i! "% !a+s' " b' b)"!@'* #"% a!!'ss b h' &+b)i! a( i(#"%0ai"( 2'('%a'*: %a(s0i'*: %'!'i'*: s"%'* "% h"s'* i( a( !"0&+'% %'s"+%!'. 6-7 Th' &%"!'*+%' a(* sa#'2+a%*s s+b'! " $hi!h s+!h s+!h b)"! b)"!@i @i(2 (2 #"% #"% a!!' a!!'ss ss b h' h' &+b) &+b)i! i! 0a 0a b' !a%%i'* "+: sha)) b' s+!h as 0a b' &%'s!%ib'*. 6,7 Th' i('%0'*ia% $h" #ai)s " !"0&) $ih h' *i%' *i%'! !i" i"( ( iss+ iss+'* '* +(*' +(*'%% s+b s+bs' s'! !i" i"( ( 617 617 sha) sha))) b' (2) (a) (a) (b) (b) (c) (c) (#) (#)

 &er &erson is gilty of an offence nce if! for the &r&ose of casing annoyance! incon'enience or needless aniety to another! he3 send ends by mea means of a &bl &blic ic elec electr tron oniic com commni mniccatio ation ns net% net%or ork! k! a message that he kno%s to be false! cas casees sc sch a messa essag ge to to be be sen sent- or &ers &ersis iste tent ntly ly mak makes es se se of a &bl &blic ic elec electr tron onic ic com comm mni nica cati tion onss net% net%or ork. k.  &er &erso son n gil gilty ty of of an offe offenc ncee nde nderr this this sec secti tion on sha shall ll be be liab liable le!! on smmary con'iction! to im&risonment for a term not eceeding si months or to a fine not eceeding le'el $ on the standard scale! or to both.



























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5.

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$ih h' i('(i"( "# h' )'2is)a+%'. Th+s i# h' )a$ is "&'( "&'( " *i' *i'%s %s' ' !"(s !"(s% %+! +!i i"(: "(: ha ha !"(s !"(s% %+! +!i i"( "( $hi!h a!!"%*s %*s b's 's $ih h' i('( ('(i"( "# h' )'2is)a+%' )'2is)a+%' a(* a*a(!'s a*a(!'s h' &+%&"s' "# )'2is)ai"(: )'2is)ai"(: is " b' &%'#'%%'*. Wh'%' h"$''% h' )a$ a*0is "# (" s+!h !"(s%+!i"( a(* h' &'%s"(s a&&)i(2 i a%' i( a b"+(*)'ss b"+(*)'ss s'a "# +(!'%ai( +(!'%ai( a(* h' )a$ &%i0a #a!i' a@'s a$a a 2+a%a(''* #%''*"0: h' )a$ 0+s b' h')* " "##'(* h' C"(si+i"( as $as *"(' i( h' !as' "# h' G""(*a A!. This is (" a&&) a&&)i! i!a ai" i"( ( "# h' h' *"! *"!%i %i(' (' "# *+' *+' &%"! &%"!'s 'ss. s. Th' Th' i(a)i*i a%is's #%"0 h' &%"babi)i "# h' 0is+s' "# h' )a$ " h' *'%i0'( "# h' i(*ii*+a). I# &"ssib)': h' C"+% i(s'a* "# s%i@i(2 *"$( h' )a$ 0a is')# *%a$ h' )i(' "# *'0a%!ai"( $h'%' &"ssib)' b+ his '##" '##"% % sh"+) sh"+)* * b' s&a% s&a%i( i(2) 2) 0a*' 0a*' a(* a(* "() "() i( h' h' !)'a%'s "# !as's.B 6a &a2's ;9: ;17

88.

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U%&-% -, I%/& = O'.: O'. : 1585 6-7 SCC 188: S'!i"( -; "# h' G")* G")* C"( C"(%" %")) A! A! $as $as s%+ s%+!@ !@ *"$( *"$( "( h' h' 2%"+ 2%"+(* (* ha ha h' h' !"(*ii"(s i0&"s'* b i #"% h' 2%a( "# %'('$a) "# )i!'(!'s a%' +(!'%ai(: a2+' a(* +(i('))i2ib)'. Th' C"+% h')*<





























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i0&"s'* #"% *i##'%'( !)ass's "# *'a)'%sB. O( h' #a!' "# i: his s+bs'!i"( !"(#'%s s+!h $i*' a(* a2+' &"$'% +&"( h' A*0i(is%a"% ha i is *i##i!+) " )i0i is s!"&'. I( "+% "&i(i"( S'!i"( -;6-76 * 7 "# h' A! 0+s b' s%+!@ *"$( as a( +(%'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"( "( h' #+(*a0'(a) %i2h "# h' &'ii"('%s " !a%% "( b+si('ss. I a&&'a%s: h"$''%: " +s ha i# S'!i"( -;6-76* -;6-76* 7 a(* S'!i"( -;687 "# h' A! a%' i(a)i* h' )i!'(si(2 s!h'0' !"('0&)a'* b h' %'s "# S'!i"( -; "# h' A! !a((" b' $"%@'* i( &%a!i!'. I is: h'%'#"%': ('!'ssa% #"% Pa%)ia0'( " '(a! '(a! #%'s %'sh )'2i )'2is) s)a ai" i"( ( i0&"s 0&"si( i(2 2 a&& a&&%"&% %"&%iia' a' !"(*ii"(s a(* %'s%i!i"(s #"% h' 2%a( a(* %'('$a) "# )i!'(!'s " *'a)'%s. I( h' a)'%(ai' h' C'(%a) G"'% G"'%(0 (0'( '( 0a 0a 0a@' 0a@' a&&%"& a&&%"&%i %ia a' ' %+)' %+)'s s #"% #"% h' h' sa0' &+%&"s' i( '4'%!is' "# is %+)'0a@i(2 &"$'% +(*'% S'!i"( 11 "# h' A!.B

8;.

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(" &%"i*i(2 #ai% $a%(i(2. S+!h a )a$ i0&'%0issib) *')'2a *')'2a's 's basi! basi! &")i! &")i! 0a'% 0a'%s s " &")i!' &")i!'0'( 0'( a(* a)s a)s" +*2's #"% %'s")+i"( "( a( a* h"! h"! a(* s+b' s+b'! !i i' ' basis basis:: $ih $ih h' h' a' a'(* (*a( a( *a(2' *a(2'%s %s "# a%bi%a a%bi%a% % a(* *is!%i *is!%i0i( 0i(a" a"% % a&&)i!a a&&)i!ai" i"(. (. M"%' M"%' s" +(!'%ai( a(* +(*'#i('* $"%*s *'&)"'* i('iab) )'a* !ii'(s " =s''% #a% $i*'% "# h' +()a$#+) "(' … ha( i# h' b"+(*a%i's "# h' #"%bi**'( a%'as $'%' !)'a%) 0a%@'*. 1,1. L' +s '4a0i(' !)a+s' 6i 6 i 7 "# S'!i"( -6176a -6176a7. This s'!i"( is sh"$( " b' b)iss#+)) a(* i0&' i0&'%0 %0is issi sib) b)  a2+ a2+' ' a(* a(* i0&% i0&%'! '!is is'. '. As %i2h %i2h) )  &"i &"i('* "+ b h' )'a%(' %('* !"+(s "+(s') '):: '' ''( a( i(("!'( &'%s"( $h" i(2'(+"+s) a(* +(*'#i)'*) !"00+(i!a's "% ass"!ia's $ih"+ a( @("$)'*2' "% hai(2 (" %'as"( " b')i'' "% s+s&'! ha h' &'%s &'%s"( "( "% !)as !)ass s "# &'%s &'%s"( "(s s $i $ih $h"0 h"0 h' has has !"00+(i!a'* "% ass"!ia'* is '(2a2'* i( assisi(2 i( a( 0a(('% '%%"%iss "% *is%+&i"(iss: !a( b' a%%'s'* a(* &%"s'!+'* b ab+si(2 "% 0is+si(2 "%































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;9. ;9.

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a%' s&"@'( "# b S'!i"( 88:

mens rea

i" an inredient inredient and te

e-r e-re"" e""ion ion di"o di"one" ne"t&' t&'  and fraudu fraudu&en &ent&' t&'  are are define defined d )it )it "ome deree of "-ecificit', un&ie te e-re""ion" u"ed in Section

































!h'a !h'as s b &'%s &'%s"( "(ai ai(2 (2 b'!"0 b'!"0's 's )iab )iab)' )' " &+(i &+(ish sh0'( 0'( $ih $ih i0&%is"(0'( i0&%is"(0'(.. S'!i"( S'!i"( 88F a2ai( a2ai( is a (a%%"$) (a%%"$) *%a$( *%a$( s'!i"( s'!i"( $hi!h i(#)i!s &+(ish0'( $hi!h 0a '4'(* " i0&%is"(0'( #"% )i#' )i#' #"% &'%s"(s &'%s"(s $h" h%'a h%'a'( '( h' +(i +(i: i('2%i i('2%i :: s'!+%i s'!+%i  "% s"'%'i2( s"'%'i2( "# I(*ia. I(*ia. S'!i"(s S'!i"(s 8; " 8; *'a) $ih $ih &+(ish0'( &+(ish0'( #"% "##'( "##'(!'s !'s #"% &+b)ish &+b)ishi(2 i(2 "% %a(s0 %a(s0i ii(2 i(2 "bs!'( "bs!'(' ' 0a'%ia 0a'%ia))

































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F"% i(sa( i(sa(!': !': M/% ;&% . ;++* -, B& :

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H.H..H..HHHHHHHHH...J. (J. C**')

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The Section 66A judgment

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