^EB PLNILOLHW
< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^EB PLNILOLHW IDWBPE LA]D^ PLNILO
; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Z.C. Zlsmfmbvshy, wed wls teb jmrst ladoc emstdrmlos td alhb gfblr teb emstdrmglf smcomjmglogb dj teb Pltzmolhs XPlnilolhsQ, wrdtb mo <53; gdogbromoc tebmr lnvlogb motd Kyzlotmob tbrrmtdry9 ―^ems bvbot, wemge els bsglpbn teb lttbotmdo dj lff adnbro emstdrmglf wdrhs, eln bodradus smcomjmglogb jdr teb emstdry dj eualomty. Mo mts gdosbqubogbs mt wls lfadst ls mapdrtlot ls teb grdssmoc dj teb Nloukb ky teb wbstbro Cdtes, wemge momtmltbn teb sd-glffbn amcrltmdo dj oltmdos.” ‗ Lfbxlonbr L. Zlsmfmbv
7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb Plnilolhs
Gdpyrmcet © ;0<> ky Idsbpe Laydt Plnilo Lff rmcets rbsbrvbn. Od plrt dj tems kddh aly kb usbn dr rbprdnugbn mo loy jdra dr ky loy ablos wmtedut pbramssmdo mo wrmtmoc jrda teb pukfmsebr. Moqumrmbs9 idsbpelaydtplnilo.gda
> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Gdotbots Prbjlgb
5
M ^eb Drmcmo lon Emstdry dj teb Wurolab Plnilo
<<
MM ^ebdry dj Plnilo Amcrltmdo jrda Odvm Zmodndfshm Lrbl td Hlom!hl Mvl8 ^ebdrmbs do teb Btyadfdcy dj teb Wurolab Plnilo 7< MMM ^eb Zflge, dr Adrflge, Gdoobgtmdo
:>
MZ ^eb Plnilo-Plnilolh Gdoobgtmdo, ^dpdoyas, Plnilolhs
<0>
Z Ysmtvìkbsboy! lon teb Wurolab Plnilo/Plcylo
<>0
ZM Alvrdvflgeds, Gebroyb Hfdkuhm, Kflgh Glps
<2;
2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ZMM Plnilolhs lon Hloclr8 ^eb Ablomoc dj teb Olab Plnilolh (P. <) <:: ZMMM Hloclr, Huselos, Plnilolhs, Semtb Euos8 Ablomoc dj teb Olab Plnilolh (P. ;) <3= MU Hloclr, Heloclr, Humboiu, Hlociu, Helon, Hedon, Cdon, Hdyl, Alclr, Alcylr, Wuabrmlos ;02 U ^eb [dalom ls Nbsgbonlots dj teb Hloclr lon Plnilolhs8 ^eb Drmcmo lon Btyadfdcy dj teb Sdrn Pl"bomil (Plnibomil)8 ^eb Nmstrmkutmdo dj Elpfdcrdup E-A:= mo Burdpb lon ^urhby ;;; UM Plnilos, Plnilolhs, Hloclr, Huselos, Rsuo (Su-suo),]ubzem, Im, Klm, Euos, Wlhl, ^dgelrmlos, Lvlrs, Esmuoc-ou/ Umdocou
;>3 : dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
UMM. ^eb Btyadfdcy dj Plnilolh/Klnilolh8 Plnilolhs, Klnilolhs, Plsmlom, Klm-seuo, Klm, Huselos, ]ub-im, Im„^eb Addo ;35 Pbdpfb UMMM ^eb ]ub-im (]ubzem)
70;
UMZ ^eb Btyadfdcy dj Hlom!hl Mvl
7<0
UZ Gdlt dj Lras dj Slfflgeml8 Plnilolh Edusb dj Klslrlk
7<5
UZM NOL ^bst [bsufts
7;2
UZMM Gdogfusmdo
>0;
UZMMM Kmkfmdcrlpey
><>
3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Prbjlgb ^ems kddh kbclo ls l plpbr jdr ay jlamfy do teb drmcmo dj dur jlamfy olab ‗ Plnilo ‗ kut dvbr tmab, ls M nmsgdvbrbn vlrmdus gdoobgtmdos kbtwbbo ay gflo, dr trmkb, lon pbdpfbs lon trmkbs hodwo td emstdry, mt bvdfvbn motd mts prbsbot jdra. ^eus welt kbclo ls l plpbr do teb drmcmo dj ay jlamfy olab, bvdfvbn motd l kddh do teb drmcmo dj ay logbstdrs ‗ teb Plnilolhs lon teb Hloclr (teb Hloclr wbrb hodwo ‗lslonWuabrmlos mo Absdpdtlaml mo lotmqumty) tebmr gdoobgtmdos td lon rbfltmdosemps wmte l ouakbr dj trmkbs lon pbdpfbs, suge ls teb Huselos, dr wemtb Euos, teb ]ub-im (]ubzem), teb Zflges, teb Adrflges, dr Kflgh Zflges, teb Gebroyb Hfdkuhm, teb Kuoibvgm, teb [dalom, dr Cypsmbs, lon dtebrs. Mo tems kddh M nbadostrltb telt ay logbstdrs teb Plnilolhs, weltbvbr teb spbffmoc dj teb olab (Klnilolhs, Pltzmolhs, Pbgebobcs, btg.), wbrb, mo teb almo, Euos, kut hodwo ls wemtb Euos, lon telt kbjdrb 5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teby wbrb hodwo ls Plnilolhs, teby eln kbbo hodwo ls Huselos. ^eb rbsufts dj teb lolfysms dj ay NOL, lon dj ay jltebr”s ls wbff, sbrvb ls strdoc suppdrt jdr teb lrcuabots telt M alhb mo tems kddh. Mt wdufn odt kb pdssmkfb jdr loy rblnbr td edw ay dr gflo, dr uonbrstlon trmkb, jmcurbsgdapfbtbfy motd teb emstdry dj jlamfy, teb trmkbs lon pbdpfbs olabn lkdvb lon nmsgussbn mo tems kddh wmtedut ay prdvmnmoc mojdraltmdo do ay jlamfy, lon do dur jlamfy olab. ^ebrbjdrb teb jmrst terbb gelptbrs dj tems kddh, wemge wbrb drmcmolffy wrmttbo adstfy jdr ay jlamfy, nblf almofy wmte ay jlamfy lon wmte teb emstdry lon drmcmo dj dur jlamfy olab ‗ Plnilo. ^elt ms wey M djtbo usb teb jmrst pbrsdo pfurlf pdssbssmvb prdoduo dur lon teb odamoltmvb wb mo teb jmrst plrt dj tems kddh. ^eb vmbws bxprbssbn mo tems kddh, lon teb lrcuabots alnb, lrb botmrbfy amob. M nd qudtb l ouakbr dj lutedrs mo tems kddh, lon teb qudtltmdos lrb gfblrfy monmgltbn ls qudtltmdos. Grbnmt ms cmvbo webrb grbnmt ms nub. ^ems kddh wdufn odt elvb kbbo pdssmkfb mj dtebrs eln odt gdonugtbn sbrmdus lon lon bxtbosmvb lon pukfmsebn plpbrs kddhs do rbsblrge teb vlrmdus = dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
pbdpfbs lon trmkbs nmsgussbn mo tems kddh. M la vbry crltbjuf td lff tedsb sgedflrs jdr teb elrn lon cddn wdrh telt teby elvb ndob. M rblfmzb telt sdab pbdpfb aly jmon mt elrn td lggbpt gbrtlmo vmbws telt M bxprbss mo tems kddh. ^d pbdpfb sly,ay pfblsb elvb amon, lon tedsb hbbp mo amonMtelt vmbws alylokbdpbo sukibgt td gelocb, telt odtemoc slmn mo tems kddh ms obgbsslrmfy wrmttbo mo stdob, maautlkfb, dr td kb sbbo ls grystlffmzbn lon pbralobot. Edwbvbr, ls mt ms, M la sltmsjmbn telt ay lrcuabots lrb fdcmglf, wbff drclomzbn, teducetjuffy gdosmnbrbn, lon gfblrfy bxprbssbn. Adst dj lff, M la elppy wmte welt M elvb wrmttbo, lon gbrtlmo lkdut welt M elvb prdvbn. Idsbpe Laydt Plnilo Rkdo [ltgeltelom, ;0<>
<0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb wmsbst, tmab, jdr mt krmocs bvbrytemoc td fmcet. ‗ ^elfbs
M. ^eb Drmcmo lon Emstdry dj teb Wurolab Plnilo Sebo M wls stmff l kdy, ay crlonjltebr lon M stlrtbn tlfhmoc dob nly lkdut dur jlamfy olab ‗ Plcbo ‗ lon webrb mt eln gdab jrda. M gloodt rbabakbr wey mt wls telt mts drmcmo eln gdab up mo gdovbrsltmdo mo teb jmrst pflgb, kut ay abadry dj welt eb slmn, lon edw eb slmn mt, ms stmff, ljtbr lt fblst temrty yblrs, ls nmstmogt lon ls vmvmn tdnly ls mt wls jmvb amoutbs ljtbr eb eln spdhbo. Fblomoc dvbr tdwlrns ab jrda ems rbgfmomoc gelmr, wmte lo monbx jmocbr rlmsbn lon pdmotbn lt ab sd ls td maprbss updo ay amon teb mapdrtlogb dj welt eb wls lkdut td sly, eb slmn, ―Mt wls drmcmolffy Plnilo,” lon eb spbffbn mt dut jdr ab8 ―lon mt wls ple-nimo,”moeblslmn, prdoduogbn bouogmltmoc mt vbry gfblrfy lon spblhmoc sbrmdus tdob. ^ebo eb << dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
slt klgh l fmttfb mo ems gelmr, lon tdfn ab telt mt wls l Grdltmlo surolab. M wls smttmoc mo l gelmr l jbw jbbt jrda ema, fmstbomoc motbotfy teb wedfb tmab. ―M la l Grdltmlo-Labrmglo,” eb slmn, ―dob euonrbn pbrgbot Grdltmlo.” Eb wls l prdun Grdlt. Mt wls lt fmhb tems ay tmabcrlonjltebr telt M rblfmzbn, ls juffy ls pdssmkfb, telt, lon ay nln, M wls Grdltmlo tdd. Bvbry jlamfy olab, dr surolab, drmcmoltbn sdabwebrb wmte sdabdob lon els l stdry kbemon mt, mts dwo uomqub emstdry. Mts stdry ms teb stdry dj tedsb wed kdrb mt ‗ wed wbrb kdro wmte mt, wed glrrmbn mt tebmr wedfb fmvbs, wed wbrb hodwo ky mt, lon wed nmbn wmte mt. Dur olab kbgdabs dur flst rbamonbr td teb wdrfn telt wb bxmstbn ‗ l smfbot absslcb do l tdakstdob dr lo uro slymoc telt wb wbrb kdro, telt wb fmvbn, telt wb nmbn. Wdab surolabs nmb dut, lon sdab fmvb do cbobrltmdo ljtbr cbobrltmdo jdr euonrbns dj yblrs. Mo dur sdgmbty mt ms teb alfbs dj l jlamfy telt glrry do l surolab mt do. Mt ms lo dfn trlnmtmdo, lon fdoc lon wmff mtplss gdotmoub. <; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Dur dwo surolab mo mts vlrmdus jdras els kbbo plssbn ndwo jrda jltebr td sdo mo dur Plnilo fmoblcb jdr euonrbns dj yblrs, lon adst dj teb cbobrltmdos dj dur logbstdrs wed kdrb mt fmvbn mo Burlsml rltebr telo mo Labrmgl. Mt wls, dj gdursb, sdabwebrb mo Euonrbns Burlsml telt dur surolab motd bxmstbogb. dj yblrs lcd tebrb glab fmvbn l alo wed wls teb jmrst td kblr dur surolab mo sdab jdra. Eb wls teb prdcbomtdr dj dur jlamfy, wemge wdufn kb l krloge dj lo bvbo flrcbr jlamfy. ^elt alo, dur adst nmstlot logbstdr td kblr dur surolab, eln l jlamfy sdabwebrb lon lt fblst dob sdo, lon telt sdo eln l sdo, lon plssbn do dur surolab, lon sd do lon sd jdrte, cbobrltmdo ljtbr cbobrltmdo, lff teb wly ndwo td us. Loydob wed fddhs sbrmdusfy lon glrbjuffy motd teb drmcmo dj dur jlamfy olab, dur surolab ‗ Plnilo ‗ lon bxlamobs bvbry lvlmflkfb kmt dj mojdraltmdo nmsgdvbrlkfb lkdut mt, mo teb gdotbxt dj teb emstdry dj Grdltml lon dj teb Klfhlos mo cbobrlf, wmff lt sdab pdmot lrrmvb lt teb fdcmglf gdogfusmdo telt mt ms odt l Grdltmlo surolab, odt l Wbrkmlo <7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
surolab, odt l Kdsomlo, lon odt l Wflvmg surolab. Selt ms teb drmcmo dj dur jlamfy olab4 Sebrb nmn tems alo fmvb wed wls teb jmrst td kblr mt4 Selt oltmvb floculcbwed dr adtebr tdocub4 Sebrbwls nmnemsems logbstdrs, lrb lfsd dur logbstdrs, gdab jrda4 Ay crblt-crlonjltebr, Lotdo Plnilo (Lotedoy Plcbo), wls kdro mo l vmfflcb olabn Hlom!hl Mvl, odw fdgltbn mo prbsbot-nly Grdltml. ^eb dfnbst rbgdrns dj Hlom!hl Mvl lrb jduon mo teb plrmse dj ^dal!mgl, l vmfflcb l jbw hmfdabtbrs td teb odrteblst dj Hlom!hl Mvl. Mo teb geurge rbcmstbr dj ^dal!mgl, rbgdrns kbcmo lt teb vbry bon dj <3;0 (tebrb lrb dofy > rbgdrns jdr <3;0), kut, jdr lff motbots lon purpdsbs, <3;< alrhs teb kbcmoomoc dj rbcuflr rbgdrn-hbbpmoc mo ^dal!mgl. Mo tebsb blrfmbst rbgdrns pbrtlmomoc td rbsmnbots dj Hlom!hl Mvl, wb jmon teb alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj dur adst nmstlot hodwo Plnilo logbstdr ‗ Sdfjcloc Plcylo ‗ lon ems wmjb Alrclrbtel Kdfj9 <> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Sdfjcloc Plcylo lon Alrclrbtel Kdfj (Kddffjj) dj Hlom !hl Mvl, ;7 Iloulry <3;>. <
<2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
;: Iloulry <3;< alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Sdfjcloc Plcylo dj Hlom !hl Mvl lon ems jmrst wmjb Gltelrmol Prmklomge, ; wed eln bvmnbotfy nmbn kbjdrb <3;>. [bgdrns dj rbsmnbots dj Hlom !hl Mvl wbrb rbgdrnbn mo tems rbcmstbr uotmf <3>5. <: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Sdfjcloc Plcylo lon Alrclrbtel Kdfj, Hlom!hl Mvl, ;7 Lprmf <3;= 7
<3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Sdfjcloc Plcylo lon Alrclrbtel Kdfj, Hlom!hl Mvl, ;: Iloulry <3>< >
<5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Sdfjcloc Plcylo lon Alrclrbtel Kdfj alrrmbn mo Hlom!hl Mvl do ;7 Iloulry <3;>. 2 ^ems wls, edwbvbr, Sdfjcloc”s sbgdon alrrmlcb. Eb jmrst alrrmbn Gltelrmol Prmklomge do ;: Iloulry <3;<, mo Hlom!hl Mvl iuncmoc ky teb fdgltmdo dj teb :
rbgdrn. Wmogb sbgdon alrrmlcb tddh pflgbtelt mo Hlom!hl Mvl mo ems Iloulry <3;>, mt ms prdklkfb Gltelrmol eln nmbn mo Hlom!hl Mvl kbjdrb <3;>. Alrclrbtel Kdfj wls dur logbstdr. ^ebsb alrrmlcb rbgdrns lrb twd dj lt fblst jdurtbbo rbgdrns dj Hlom!hl Mvl mo wemge teb olab dj Sdfjcloc Plcylo dggurs. ^eb surolab Plnilo, mo teb botrmbs mo wemge Sdfjcloc ms jduon, ms spbffbn mo terbb nmjjbrbot wlys (pdssmkfy jdur), olabfy, Plclo (7 tmabs, dr ;, smogb mt ms pdssmkfb telt teb spbffmoc mo teb sbgdon alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Sdfjcloc wls Plcmo), Plcôo (3 tmabs), lon Plcôlo (> tmabs), wmte teb dfnbst rbgdrnbn spbffmoc dj mt kbmoc Plclo. ^eb suksbqubot spbffmocs dj dur surolab mo tebsb rbgdrns ls Plcôo lon Plcôlo nbadostrltb telt teb c mo Plclo ms prdoduogbn sdjt, lon bxlgtfy teb slab ls cy dr ni. <= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb rbgdrns dj ^dal!mgl pbrtlmomoc td rbsmnbots dj Hlom !hl Mvl lrb tedsb jrda teb yblr <3;< td <3>5. Jrda <3>5 td lkdut <5<>, rbgdrns pbrtlmomoc td rbsmnbots dj Hlom!hl Mvl lrb jduon mo teb geurge rbcmstbr dj teb vmfflcb dj Clrb!omgl, wemge fmbs kbtwbbo mgl lon pbrtlmomoc Hlom!hl Mvl. Jrda <5<> dowlrn,^dal lff !rbgdrns td rbsmnbots dj Hlom!hl Mvl lon rbfbvlot td dur logbstdrs, lrb jduon mo teb rbgdrns dj Hlom!hl Mvl. ^eb dfnbst rbgdrnbn spbffmoc dj dur surolab mo teb rbgdrns dj teb geurge dj Hlom!hl Mvl, ms Plcôlo. ^eb ndguabot mo wemge tems spbffmoc dj mt dggurs ms teb drmcmolf <5<> alrrmlcb rbgdrn3 dj Pbtrus Plcôlo (Pbtlr Plnilo) lon Alcnlfbol Iurbtmge (Iurbtm#)9
;0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Pbtrus Plcôlo (Pbtlr Plnilo) lon Alcnlfbol Iurbtmge (Iurbtm#)
;< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Sdfjcloc Plcylo lon Alrclrbtel Kdfj, ls wbff ls telt dj Pbtrus Plcôlo lon Alcnlfbol Iurbtmge, wls wrmttbo mo Fltmo, wemge wls teb floculcb dj teb Geurge lt teb tmab. ^ebrbjdrb, lff teb floculcb dj teb alrrmlcb rbgdrn mo Fltmo. olabs mo mtwbrb lrb wrmttbo mo teb msFltmo jdras,Cmvbo kut surolabs spbffbn pedobtmglffy8 teby wbrb odt trlosfltbn motd Fltmo. ^erducedut teb jmrst plrt dj teb omobtbbote gbotury, kmrte rbgdrns mo tems rbcmdo dj teb Klfhlos, ls bfsbwebrb terducedut Burdpb, wbrb wrmttbo mo Fltmo. Sey wdonbr lkdut teb drmcmo dj dur surolab mo teb jmrst pflgb4 Ljtbr lff, dur crlonplrbots lon crblt-crlonplrbots, wed spdhb Grdltmlo, mojdrabn us telt dur surolab wls Grdltmlo, lon telt wb tdd wbrb Grdltmlo. Kb telt ls mt aly, mt wls dofy ljtbr Iloulry <=;0, telt Lotedoy Plcbo (Lotdo Plnilo), ay crblt-crlonjltebr, gdosmnbrbn ems oltmvb floculcb td kb Grdltmlo. Mo Iloulry <=;0, lon blrfmbr, eb gdosmnbrbn ems oltmvb floculcb td kb Wbrkmlo, lon ems adtebr gdosmnbrbn Wbrkmloodt td Grdltmlo, kb ebr oltmvb ;; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
floculcb ls wbff, uotmf <=;0. Lotedoy”s jltebr lfsd gdosmnbrbn Wbrkmlo ems oltmvb floculcb 5 (sbb teb bonodtb jdr adrb mojdraltmdo). Lotedoy alrrmbn ay crblt-crlonadtebr (wedsb jlamfy wls jrda Arlgfmo, Grdltml) mo Lprmf <=;0. Web lfwlys ebrsbfj Lotedoygdosmnbrbn eln alrrmbn ebr ebGrdltmlo, gblsbn tdlon sly ljtbr telt Wbrkmlo wls ems oltmvb floculcb. Ay crlonjltebr, wed wls kdro mo <=;<, nmn odt hodw telt mo Iloulry <=;0, lon blrfmbr, ems jltebr eln gdosmnbrbn Wbrkmlo td kb ems oltmvb floculcb, odr nmn eb hodw telt kdte ems pltbrolf crlonplrbots eln gdosmnbrbn Wbrkmlo td kb tebmr oltmvb floculcb. Mo loy glsb, Plnilo ms obmtebr l Wbrkmlo surolab odr l Grdltmlo dob. Mj dur surolab ms odt dj Grdltmlo, dr dj Wbrkmlo, dr bvbo dj Wflvmg drmcmo, tebo welt ms mts drmcmo4 Jmrst dj lff, fbt us fddh lt lff mts hodwo spbffmocs, kbcmoomoc wmte teb dfnbst hodwo spbffmoc dj mt, sd telt wb elvb lo uonbrstlonmoc dj edw mt els kbbo spbffbn dvbr teb gboturmbs, ls wbff ls lo uonbrstlonmoc welt mt ms(btg.) telt odr monmgltbs mts drmcmo ms obmtebrdjGrdltmlo Wflvmg.teltDur ;7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
surolab els kbbo spbffbn mo tebsb wlys, mo dur fmoblcb, mo drmcmolf rbgdrns9 Plclo (pdssmkfy Plcmo dob tmab) wmte sdjt c, Plcôo, Plcôlo, Plcylo, Plnôlo, Plnylo, Plnilo, lon Plcilo8 lon tebrb ms lfsd, dj gdursb, teb spbffmoc dj mt ls Plcbo. Smte teb bxgbptmdo dj Plcbo, lff tebsb spbffmocs lrb jduon mo teb drmcmolf rbgdrns dj Hlom!hl Mvl, webrb Lotedoy Plcbo wls kdro, ls wbff ls mo ^dal!mgl lon Clrb!omgl, lon teby lff rbjfbgt teb slab prdouogmltmdo dj dur surolab. Ems olab wls, dj gdursb, Lotdo Plnilo kbjdrb eb gelocbn mt td Lotedoy Plcbo. ^eb jdffdwmoc lrb malcbs sedwmoc adst dj teb vlrmlots dj dur surolab9
;> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
;2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
;: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb jdra Pl"lo ms teb usulf spbffmoc dj dur surolab tdnly mo teb adnbro Grdltmlo floculcb, kut adst dj dur rbfltmvbs mo Hlom!hl Mvl stmff spbff dur jlamfy olab Plnilo, usmoc teb dfn drtedcrlpey. Dtebr vlrmlots dj dur surolab bxmst, lon tebsb spbffmocs dj mt, dr lt fblst sdab dj teba, lrb iust ls gdaado ls teb spbffmocs dj mt jduon mo dur fmoblcb, dr adrb gdaado. Mo bvbry glsb, tebsb vlrmlots, teduce odt usbn ky dur krloge dj Plnilos, nmjjbr jrda dur surolab lon mts spbffmocs dofy sfmcetfy lon supbrjmgmlffy. Hodwo vlrmlots mogfunb9 Plibo, Plcôbo, Plcybo, Plnôbo, Plnybo, Plnibo. Lff teb spbffmocs dj tems dur jlamfy olab ‗ lff teb vlrmlots dj mt ‗ lma td nd dob temoc9 td gdovby mo wrmttbo floculcb teb prdouogmltmdo dj teb jlamfy olab. Lon mt ms mapdrtlot td odtb telt lff tebsb nmjjbrbot spbffmocs dj dur surolab rbjfbgt teb slab prdouogmltmdo, olabfy, ple-nimo (teb ni mo Plnilo ms prdoduogbn fmhb teb nc mo bncb dr teb i mo ;3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ila ‗ fmhb pmncmo, kut prdoduogbn ple-nimo ‗
Plnilo). ^eb surolab Plnilo, weltbvbr mts spbffmoc, ms odt spbffbn wmte loy Wflvmg sujjmx dj loy hmon. Mo drmcmolf sploomoc euonrbns yblrs, tebrb ms rbgdrns odt l smocfb mostlogb dj dur djsurolab spbffbn wmte loy dj teb surolab sujjmxbs telt monmgltb omobty pbrgbot dr sd dj Grdltmlo surolabs (lon dtebr Wflvmg surolabs). Bvbo tdnly, dur surolab ‗ dur gflo olab ‗ ms stmff spbffbn wmtedut loy sujjmxbs, suge ls m!, dr dvm!, dr molg, dr lg, btg. Jdr euonrbns dj yblrs mt els movlrmlkfy bonbn wmte bmtebr lo dr bo (wemge lrb odt sujjmxbs), obvbr wmte loy Wflvmg sujjmx dj loy hmon. Lon tebrb ms l rblsdo wey mt els obvbr bonbn wmte loy suge sujjmxbs. Jrda tmab td tmab dur jlamfy olab wls spbffbn Plcôlo lon Plnôlo mo kmrte rbgdrns ls wbff ls mo alrrmlcb rbgdrns, ls mo teb lkdvb alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Pbtrus Plcôlo lon Alcnlfbol Iurbtmge. ^eb y mo ^eby nmlgrmtmgs lkdvb teb fbttbr tebsb vlrmlots monmgltb lksdfutbfy odtemoc. monmgltb nd ;5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
obmtebr l nmlbrbsms odr lo uaflut. ^eby lrb supbrjfudus, wemge ms wey teby jbff dut dj usb. Mo prbvmdus gboturmbs mt wls gdaado prlgtmgb td pflgb twd ndts (nmlgrmtmgs) lkdvb teb fbttbr y mo wdrns lon olabs telt obbnbn od nmlgrmtmgs. Kdte Plcôlo lonlon Plnôlo lrb prdoduogbn slab wly, iust fmhb lff teb dtebrbxlgtfy vlrmlotstebdj dur jlamfy dr gflo olab, olabfy, ls ple-nimo. M sedufn pdmot dut telt mo tebsb drmcmolf rbgdrns dur surolab ms odt spbffbn Plcmilo‗wmte dob ndt dvbr teb fbttbr m lon dob ndt dvbr l fdwbrglsb i. Dur surolab ms odt teb dofy olab mo tebsb rbgdrns telt ms spbffbn wmte l y telt els nmlgrmtmgs dvbr mt. ^ebrb lrb sbvbrlf dtebrs8 lon bvbo teb olabs dj teb adotes Iloulry, Jbkrulry, Aly, lon Iufy lrb spbffbn, mo tebsb blrfy rbgdrns, ls Iloulrô, Jbkrulrô, Alô, lon Iufô ‗ wmte l y telt els nmlgrmtmgs dvbr mt. (Mj teb nmlgrmtmgs eln sbrvbn l obgbsslry dr mapdrtlot juogtmdo, wb wdufn stmff usb teba tdnly.) Mo dtebr wdrns, mo tebsb blrfy rbgdrns, dur surolab ms spbffbn wmte l ô ‗ Plcôlo8 teducet. mt ms odt spbffbn Plcmilo, ls amcet kb ;= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb spbffmoc dj dur surolab ls Plcôlo dr Plcylo, mo wemge, lclmo, cy rbprbsbots teb i sduon ls mo ila, dr teb nc sduon ls mo bncb, ms odt lo monmgltmdo telt dur surolab ms dj Euoclrmlo drmcmo8 kut suge spbffmoc aly kb tlhbo ls lo monmgltmdo telttebEuoclrmlo wlsls bapfdybn mo wrmtmoc djdrtedcrlpey dur surolab Plcôlo lon Plcylo mo teb <300s lon teb blrfy <500s. ^eb usb dj suge drtedcrlpey wdufn elvb kbbo olturlf, dj gdursb, mo Hlom!hl Mvl, smogb Hlom!hl Mvl wls mo Wflvdoml rltebr telo mo Grdltml8 lon Wflvdoml wls adrb gfdsbfy gdoobgtbn jdr gboturmbs wmte Euoclry telo mt wls wmte Grdltml. Mo loy glsb, Plnilo ms odt l Euoclrmlo surolab.
70 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
MM. ^ebdry dj Plnilo Amcrltmdo jrda Odvm Zmodndfshm Lrbl td Hlom!hl Mvl8 ^ebdrmbs do teb Btyadfdcy dj teb Wurolab Plnilo M la odt teb dofy rbsblrgebr td pdmot dut telt dur surolab ms odt djlutedr Grdltmlo dj Wflvmg drmcmo. Ervdib Wlfdpbh, dj drDcufmoshd-adnrushm rdndvm (^eb Dcufmo-Adnrus Gflos), l kddh lkdut gflos (mogfunmoc durs lggdrnmoc td ema) jrda l gdlstlf rbcmdo dj Grdltml, wrdtb l fbttbr td ab sdab yblrs lcd mo rbspdosb td l fbttbr telt M eln wrmttbo td ema, lon tdfn ab telt teb drmcmo dj dur surolab ms Crbbh. Sebo rblnmoc teb fbttbr, wemge, ls Wlfdpbh slys, suaalrmzbs welt eb els wrmttbo lkdut ay jlamfy lon ay logbstdrs mo ems kddh, rbabakbr telt teb Grdltmlo lfpelkbt mo <:== nmn odt gdotlmo teb fbttbr ", wemge rbprbsbots teb sduon dj teb Grdltmlo nmcrlpe ni. Odob dj ay logbstdrs” olabs, mo loy drmcmolf rbgdrns, wbrb bvbr rbgdrnbn wmte l smocfb fbttbr n ls mo ―Plnbomg.” ^d elvb wrmttbo olab mo <:==, l prdouogmltmdo fmhb telttems dj ay jlamfy olab,wmte l nmcrlpe wls usbn, 7< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
suge ls ni dr ny dr nz. Mo teb terbb glsbs mo wemge l smocfb fbttbr wls usbn td rbprbsbot teb sduon dj teb nmcrlpe cy dr ni, sdjt c wls teb fbttbr usbn. ^elt teb c wls sdjt mo tebsb terbb mostlogbs lon prdoduogbn fmhb teb cy dr teb ni, ms nbadostrltbn ky lff logbstdr, teb suksbqubot spbffmocs dj teb olab dj slab Sdfjcloc Plcylo, mo wemge tebteb cy nmcrlpe wls gdosmstbotfy usbn dvbr lon dvbr.
7; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
77 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Lclmo, welt Ar. Wlfdpbh els wrmttbo mo ems fbttbr td ab suaalrmzbs welt eb els wrmttbo lkdut ay Plnilo logbstdrs lon jlamfy mo ems kddh. Odw, kbjdrb M nmsguss teb btyadfdcy dj teb surolab Plnilo lon sedw telt mt ms odt dj Crbbh drmcmo, M wmff ems stltbabots lkdutdj teb drmcmonmsguss lon suppdsbn amcrltmdo ay suppdsbn Plnilos. ^eb Plnilos, lggdrnmoc td ema, ―glab motd bxmstbogb mo teb <:te gbotury” mo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo oblr teb Lnrmltmg gdlst, lon, lggdrnmoc td ema, nmn odt amcrltb td Hlom!hl Mvl uotmf teb amnnfb dj teb bmcetbbote gbotury. Eb prbsbots tems mojdraltmdo ls mj mt wbrb jlgtulf, ls mj ay Plnilos, dr loy Plnilos/Plnibos, nmn odt bxmst kbjdrb teb <:te gbotury, lon ls mj tebrb wbrb ndguabotlry bvmnbogb telt sedws telt ay Plnilos lrrmvbn mo Hlom!hl Mvl od blrfmbr telo teb amnnfb dj teb bmcetbbote gbotury. ^ebrb ms od suge bvmnbogb. Mo rblfmty, eb abrbfy tebdrmzbs telt ay Plnilos amcrltbn td Hlom!hl Mvl lkdut <320, lon eb ndbs sd do teb klsms dj ems motbrprbtltmdo dj teb rbgdrns telt eb els bxlamobn mo teb vmfflcbs lon tdwos eb abotmdos. ^ebrbfbvlot prdkfbarbgdrns ms telt eb els odttelt bxlamobn lff teb 7> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
pbrtlmomoc td ay Plnilo logbstdrs. Eb amssbn teb rbgdrns telt sedw telt ay Plnilo logbstdrs wbrb fmvmoc mo Hlom!hl Mvl mo teb blrfy <3;0s, webo rbgdrn-hbbpmoc mo teb lrbl jmrst kbclo. Dtebr rbsblrgebrs ls wbff, fmhbwmsb jlmfmoc td bxlamob lff teb rbfbvlot td ay Plnilo logbstdrs, lonrbgdrns kfmonfy pbrtlmomoc kbfmbvmoc welt dtebrs sly, elvb alnb teb amstlhb dj selrmoc Wlfdpbh”s vmbw telt ay Plnilos amcrltbn td Hlom!hl Mvl lkdut <320. Jdrtuoltfby, M elvb drmcmolf rbgdrns, ls sedwo do plcbs <2 terduce <5 dj tems kddh, telt prdvb telt ay Plnilos eln kbbo fmvmoc mo Hlom!hl Mvl lt fblst bvbr smogb rbgdrns jmrst kbclo td kb hbpt dj mts moelkmtlots mo <3;<. ^ebsb drmcmolf rbgdrns prdvb telt tebmr amcrltmdo tebdry ‗ telt ay Plnilos lrrmvbn mo Hlom!hl Mvl lkdut <320 ‗ ms movlfmn. Ar. Wlfdpbh, mo ems fbttbr td ab, slys telt teb Plnilo gflo ―glab motd bxmstbogb mo teb <:te gbotury” mo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo. Wuge stltbabot, teduce wbff-motbotmdobn, ms kdte amsfblnmoc lon mogdrrbgt. Selt msdob ablot teltdfnbst mo teb rbgdrns Zmodndf rbcmdo ms jduon dj msteb 72 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
pbrtlmomoc td l abakbr dj teb Plnibo crdup, wemge, od ndukt, ms rbfltbn td teb Plnilo crdup dr gflo. ^ebrb ms sdabtemoc vbry mapdrtlot td uonbrstlon ebrb. [bgdrns dofy ndguabot teb bxmstbogb dr prbsbogb dj abakbrs dj l jlamfy dr gflo mo l dr cmvbo lrbl8 dj rbgdrns nd odt bxmstbogb prbsbogb abakbrs dj lgrbltb jlamfyteb dr gflo loywebrb. Mo dtebr wdrns, teb bxmstbogb dj rbgdrns dj l gflo ndbs odt glusb td gdab motd bxmstbogb l gflo8 rbgdrns dj mt lrb iust ndguabots dj mts bxmstbogb. ^eb gflo ‗ loy gflo ‗ lfwlys lotbnltbs teb bxmstbogb dj rbgdrns dj mt. ^eb lksbogb dj rbgdrns gloodt, tebrbjdrb, kb usbn td prdvb telt l gflo dr jlamfy nmn odt bxmst sdabwebrb. Jdr bxlapfb, teb rbgdrns dj ^dal!mgl, wemge, lclmo, mogfunb teb blrfmbst rbgdrns dj moelkmtlots dj Clrb!omgl lon Hlom!hl Mvl, kbcmo mo <3;<. ^eb jlgt telt teb rbgdrns kbcmo mo <3;< ndbs odt, lon gloodt, prdvb lo dppdsmtb ‗ olabfy, telt od dob ‗ Plnilos dr dtebrs ‗ bxmstbn dr fmvbn mo ^dal!mgl, dr mo Clrb!omgl, dr mo Hlom!hl Mvl kbjdrb <3;<. ^eb olab dj teb vmfflcb Hlom lon teus teb !hlmsMvl, vbry vmfflcb dj Hlomdj!hl Mvl, ndguabotbn td 7: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
elvb bxmstbn jdr gboturmbs kbjdrb loy rbgdrns dj pbdpfb fmvmoc tebrb wbrb hbpt.= ^eb jlgt telt teb vmfflcb ms ndguabotbn td elvb bxmstbn jdr gboturmbs kbjdrb loy rbgdrns dj pbdpfb fmvmoc mo mt kbcmo td sedw up mapfmbs sdabtemoc telt wb obbn od rbgdrns prdvb, olabfy, telt kbclo pbdpfbtdwbrb fmvmoc tebrb td kbjdrb rbgdrns dj teba kb hbpt. Mo dtebr wdrns, teb lksbogb dj rbgdrns dj kmrtes, alrrmlcbs, lon nbltes jdr l pflgb prmdr td l gbrtlmo tmab, gloodt prdvb loytemoc lt lff, bxgbpt dob temoc, telt tebrb lrb od rbgdrns jdr suge pflgb kbjdrb suge tmab. ^eb rbsblrgebrs <0 wed tebdrmzb telt ay Plnilos, ljtbr ―gdamoc motd bxmstbogb mo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo,” amcrltbn td Hlom !hl Mvl ―lkdut <320,” tbff us td fddh jdr Plnilos (weltbvbr teb spbffmoc dj teb surolab) mo teb rbgdrns dj teb plrmse dj Fbnbomgb (Zmodndf rbcmdo) jdr rbgdrns dj teba kbjdrb <3208 lon jdr rbgdrns dj Plnilos (weltbvbr teb spbffmoc) alnb prmdr td tedsb telt lrb jduon mo Fbnbomgb, td fddh mo tedsb dj Odvm Zmodndfshm. << M elvb fddhbn lt lffdjtebsb rbgdrns, fmob mo ky fmob. glrbjuffy ^eb dfnbst rbgdrn l Plnibo fmvmoc 73 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Fbnbomgb ms nltbn td <375. <; ^eb dfnbst rbgdrn dj l Plnibo fmvmoc mo Odvm Zmodndfshm ms nltbn td <32=.<7 ^eb dfnbst rbgdrn dj l Plnilo fmvmoc mo Hlom!hl Mvl, edwbvbr, ms nltbn td ;7 Iloulry <3;>, olabfy, teb alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Sdfjcloc Plcylo lon Alrclrbtel wemge tebmr alrrmlcb tddh pflgbKdfj, mo Hlom !hl prdvbs Mvl do telt telt nltb mo Iloulry <3;>. Adrbdvbr, teb alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Sdfjcloc Plcylo lon Gltelrmol Prmklomge monmgltbs telt Sdfjcloc wls fmvmoc mo Hlom!hl Mvl mo Iloulry <3;<8 mt prdvbs telt eb wls odt fmvmoc mo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo lt teb tmab. ^ebsb twd alrrmlcb rbgdrns prdvb telt ay Plnilo logbstdrs wbrb fmvmoc mo Hlom!hl Mvl ;: (dr ;= dr adrb) yblrs blrfmbr telo teb suppdsbn amcrltmdo tddh pflgb, <> yblrs blrfmbr telo teb dfnbst rbgdrn dj l Plnibo mo Fbnbomgb, lon 72 yblrs blrfmbr telo teb dfnbst rbgdrn dj l Plnibo mo Odvm Zmodndfshm. ^eb jlgt telt tebsb rbsblrgebrs <> elvb stltbn mo wrmtmoc telt teb suppdsbn amcrltmdo dj ay Plnilos td Hlom!hl Mvl wls ―lkdut <320,” lon teb jlgt telt teb alrrmlcb dj Sdfjcloc Plcylo lon Alrclrbtel ms mo ndguabotbn td lrb elvblksdfutb tlhbo pflgb mo HlomKdfj !hl Mvl Iloulry, <3;>, 75 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
prddj telt tebsb rbsblrgebrs elvb odt bvbo bxlamobn lff teb rbfbvlot rbgdrns. ^elt ms l sbrmdus jlmfurb do tebmr plrt. Mj teby eln lgtulffy fddhbn lt lff teb rbgdrns, teby wdufn surbfy elvb sbbo teb rbgdrns dj ay Plnilos (tebrb lrb l ouakbr dj <370s, rbgdrns<3>0s dj Plnilos mo Hlomlon mo !hl Mvl teb <3;0s, lon dowlrn) wdufn odt elvb stltbn telt teby lrrmvbn mo Hlom !hl Mvl ―lkdut <320.” Jdr tebsb rblsdos, lon jdr aloy dtebrs ls wbff, tebsb rbsblrgebrs lrb mo od pdsmtmdo td sly wed wls dr wed wls odt fmvmoc mo Hlom !hl Mvl kbjdrb <3;<. ^eb rblsdo ms telt teby nd odt hodw wed wls dr wed wls odt fmvmoc tebrb kbjdrb <3;<. ^eby gloodt hodw. ^ebrb lrb od rbgdrns. ^eby elvb odt bvbo bxlamobn lff teb bxmstmoc rbgdrns. M nd odt nmsputb telt teb Plnibos dj teb Zmodndf rbcmdo lon teb Plnilos dj Hlom!hl Mvl lrb rbfltbn. M elvb od ndukt lt lff telt teby lrb lff nbsgbonbn jrda teb slab trmkb, lon odt iust rbfltbn, kut gfdsbfy rbfltbn. M nmslcrbb, edwbvbr, wmte tedsb wed prdadtb dj jmrst l cbobsms dj ayl Plnilo gflo motems tebtebdry Zmodndf rbcmdo, lon fltbr 7= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
amcrltmdo dj ay Plnilo gflo jrda teb Zmodndf rbcmdo td Hlom!hl Mvl. ^ebmr tebdry ndbs odt jmt teb jlgts8 teb jlgts movlfmnltb tebmr tebdry. M nmslcrbb wmte teba jdr teb smapfb rblsdo telt teb <3;> Hlom!hl Mvl alrrmlcb rbgdrn dj Sdfjcloc Plcylo Alrclrbtel lonlontebems <3;< alrrmlcb lon rbgdrn dj SdfjclocKdfj, Plcylo jmrst wmjb Gltelrmol Prmklomge, lrb mrrbjutlkfb prddj telt tebmr tebdry dj l amcrltmdo dj ay Plnilos td Hlom!hl Mvl ms movlfmn. Mogmnbotlffy, dtebr sdurgbs <2 telt lrb trufy rbfmlkfb ‗ teb Zbobtmlos ‗ nmn ndguabot mo teb sbvbotbbote gbotury lo blst td wbst amcrltmdo dj Plnibos, ls M selff sedw kbfdw. Mt aust lfsd kb rbabakbrbn telt pbdpfb lrb fmvmoc temocs. ^eby advb lrduon jrda pflgb td pflgb ‗ lon djtbo klgh lon jdrte kbtwbbo pflgbs. Mo loy glsb, ls wmff kb sbbo, M nbadostrltb telt teb Plnilos ―glab motd bxmstbogb” fdoc kbjdrb teby kbcmo td sedw up mo rbgdrns mo teb Klfhlos ‗ lkdut ;;00 yblrs kbjdrb ‗ lon vbry jlr jrda Burdpb.
>0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
M wdufn fmhb td lghodwfbncb l nbkt dj crltmtunb td tedsb fmocumsts lon emstdrmlos wed elvb prdvbn dob temoc kbydon lff ndukt ‗ telt Plnibos lrb l Kuoibvgm gflo.<: (^ems ms vbry smcomjmglot, ls wmff kb sbbo.) M wmff odw turo tems nbsgrmptmdo lrduon9 teb l Kuoibvgm gflo9 teb Kuoibvgm, dr Plnibos lt fblst lrb tebodtPlnibos ladoc teba, lrb Plnilolhs. Mt ms fmttfb hodwo telt teb Euoclrmlos bonblvdrbn td sedw jdralffy mo Plrms mo teb blrfy <=00s telt teb Kuoibvgm lrb teb rbalmos dj teb Gualos.<3 ^eb Euoclrmlos lfadst eln mt rmcet. Dob dj ay logbstdrs mo ay Plnilo fmob wls mo jlgt l Gualo. Lt loy rltb, ay yNOL prdvbs telt ay Plnilos lrb odt lutdgetedodus td teb Klfhlos, dr bvbo td Burdpb. M wlot td alhb mt gfblr, edwbvbr, telt M temoh telt lff Plnilos lon Plnibos mo teb Klfhlos lrb rbfltbn ‗ lrb lff dj teb slab trmkb ‗ webtebr teby lrb, dr wbrb, dj teb Gltedfmg dr teb Drtedndx jlmte. Ar. Wlfdpbh slys, mo ems fbttbr td ab, telt teb surolab Plnilo gdabs jrda teb Crbbh floculcb lon ablosdj adolstbry Crbbh btyadfdcy teb surolabwdrhbr. Plnilo ms^ems spurmdus lon >< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
movlfmn, lon M nbadostrltb tems td kb teb glsb mo teb jdffdwmoc plcbs, webrb M nmsguss lt fbocte teb vlrmdus tebdrmbs do teb btyadfdcy dj teb surolab Plnilo, lon mojdra teb rblnbr dj webrb tems spurmdus Crbbh btyadfdcy drmcmoltbn. Lfteduce Wlfdpbh nmn odt abotmdo mt mo ems fbttbr td ab, dr lt loy tmab ljtbr tbffmoc ab lkdut teb Crbbh btyadfdcy, tebrb ms l Fltmo btyadfdcy dj teb surolab ls wbff. <5 ]blrs lcd mt lpplrbotfy kbglab teb adst wmnbfy lggbptbn. Mt ms teb dob telt adst fmocumsts wed elvb fddhbn motd teb surolab Plnilo (lon teb wdrn pl " bomil ) lpplrbotfy glab td kbfmbvb td kb teb adst pflusmkfb btyadfdcy, <= lt fblst teb adst pflusmkfb dj teb odw dksdfbtb btyadfdcmbs. [babakbr telt Wlfdpbh slys telt ay Plnilo gflo ―glab motd bxmstbogb mo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo” (mo gdlstlf Grdltml), lon amcrltbn jrda tebrb td Hlom!hl Mvl. Ideo Z. L. Jmob, Ir., mo Sebo Bteomgmty Nmn Odt Alttbr mo teb Klfhlos, alhbs sdab mapdrtlot rbalrhs lkdut teb Zmodndf >; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
rbcmdo lon mts moelkmtlots, lon teby lrb rbfbvlot td tems nmsgussmdo9 Edwbvbr, jrda motbrolf bvmnbogb, wemge ms vbry sgloty, teb bnmtdr (Huhufibvm#-Wlhgmoshm, wed mnbotmjmbs emasbfj ls M. H. W.) ―cubssbs telt eb X^dal!m#Q wls kdro mo teb prbsbot-nly WboiAdnru! kmsedprmg lon telt eb wls mo sdab wly kbedfnbo td teb Jrlohlplo jlamfy.” ^educe jlr jrda gbrtlmo, tems cubss, mj trub, wdufn fdgltb ^dal!m#”s drmcmos mo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo, webrb fmvbn dur Prmbst Alrtmo lon webrb ls blrfy ls <;55 teb lutedrs dj l rbcmdolf flw gdnb wbrb glffmoc teb floculcb ―Grdltmlo.” ^ems rbcmdo sbbas td elvb kbbo dob dj teb vbry jbw mo wemge sdab pbdpfb Xlt tems blrfy nltbQ eln lgqumrbn l jbbfmoc dj ―Grdlt” mnbotmty.;0 ^ems ms teb rbcmdo XZmodndfQ mo wemge teb flrcbst ouakbr lon adst smcomjmglot smcos dj Grdltmlo jbbfmoc dggur, jdr bxlapfb, Prmbst Alrtmo lon teb Zmodndf Flw Gdnb. ^eus tebsb Amsslfs lrb jurtebr bvmnbogb telt mo tems dob plrtmguflr rbcmdo XZmodndfQ, Grdlt jbbfmoc sbbas td elvb, jdr lt fblst sdab, suoh mo nbbp rddts. ;< >7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb Crbbh btyadfdcy telt Wlfdpbh selrbn wmte ab, wemge cmvbs teb slab nbjmomtmdo dj pl"bomil lon Plnilo telt teb Fltmo dob ndbs, ndbs odt gdojfmgt wmte ems cbobsms lon amcrltmdo tebdrmbs dj ay Plnilo logbstdrs. Kut teb Fltmo btyadfdcy ndbs ‗ gdapfbtbfy. fmocumsts wed wdrn elvb prdvmnbn teb Fltmo ^eb btyadfdcy dj teb pl"bomil, prdvmnb tems lnnmtmdolf nbtlmf lkdut mt ‗ telt teb wdrn pl"bomil wls usbn mo Wbrkml, ;; odt mo Grdltml. Wlfdpbh”s sdurgb, Lotuo $ma%áh, ndbs odt abotmdo loywebrb mo ems Crbbh btyadfdcy telt teb wdrn pl"bomil wls usbn mo Wbrkml lon odt mo Grdltml. Edw gdufn teb ―Grdltmlo - Gltedfmg Plnilo gflo” telt Wlfdpbh nbsgrmkbs ls ay logbstdrs ―gdab motd bxmstbogb” mo teb gdlstlf Zmodndf rbcmdo, webrb teb Grdltmlo bteomg mnbotmty wls adst wmnbsprbln lon adst nbbpfy jbft mo lff teb Klfhlos, kut kblr l jlamfy olab telt gdabs jrda l wdrn usbn odt mo Grdltml, kut mo Wbrkml4 ^eb loswbr ms telt teby gdufn odt elvb gdab motd bxmstbogb mo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo lon tebo elvb amcrltbn td jrda Hlomteb Mvl. !hl blst, Ay Plnilos lrrmvbn mo Hlom !hl Mvl >> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lon nmn sd fdoc kbjdrb rbgdrns kbclo td kb hbpt dj mts moelkmtlots mo <3;0/;<. ^ebrb ms lfsd l salffbr Wbrkmlo - drtedndx gflo jrda wbstbro Kdsoml (M temoh sd) wmte teb slab surolab, wemge ms odt rbfltbn td teb Grdltmlo gltedfmg Plnbo gflo. ‗ Ervdib Wlfdpbh
Ay crblt-crblt-crlonjltebr Idsmp Plnilo, wed wls kdro mo Hlom !hl Mvl, gdosmnbrbn Wbrkmlo (Wbrvmlo) ems adtebr tdocub, odt Grdltmlo9
>2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
<=<0 gbosus dj Amoobsdtl monmgltmoc Wbrkmlo (Wbrvmlo) td kb teb adtebr tdocub dj ay crblt-crbltcrlonjltebr, Idsmp Plnilo. Lt tems tmab eb wls rbalrrmbn lon fmvmoc mo Amoobsdtl. wmte ems obw wmjb (odt ay crblt-crblt-crlonadtebr) >: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Kbjdrb Lprmf <=;0, ay crblt-crlonjltebr Lotdo Plnilo (Lotedoy Plcbo), wed wls kdro mo Hlom!hl Mvl, lon ems adtebr, wed wls lfsd kdro mo Hlom!hl Mvl, kdte rbclrnbn Wbrkmlo ls tebmr adtebr tdocub ls wbff, odt Grdltmlo9
>3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
<=;0 gbosus dj Amgemclo sedwmoc Wbrkmlo td kb teb adtebr tdocub dj ay crblt-crlonjltebr, Lotdo Plnilo, ls wbff ls teb adtebr tdocub dj ems adtebr. >5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Odtb mo teb lkdvb gbosus telt teb adtebr tdocub dj l ouakbr dj tebmr maabnmltb obmcekdrs wls Grdltmlo. Odtb lfsd telt teb gbosus plcb jdffdwmoc tems dob sedws telt dtebr monmvmnulfs kdro mo welt wls tebo Lustrml rbclrnbn Grdltmlo ls tebmr adtebr Mo dtebr telt wdrns, teb gbosus-tlhbr alnbtdocub. od lssuaptmdo Wflvmgfloculcb-spblhmoc pbrsdos kdro mo welt wls tebo Lustrml spdhb l gbrtlmo Wflvmg floculcb. Wdab kdro mo welt wls tebo Lustrml rbclrnbn tebmr adtebr tdocub ls Grdltmlo, lon sdab rbclrnbn tebmr adtebr tdocub ls Wbrkmlo. Lotdo Plnilo lon ems wedfb jlamfy rbclrnbn Wbrkmlo ls tebmr adtebr tdocub8 lon ls teb rbgdrns sedw, dtebr Plnilos nmn ls wbff. Ls M slmn lkdvb, M nd odt nmsputb telt teb Plnibos dj teb Zmodndf rbcmdo lon ay Plnilos dj Hlom !hl Mvl lrb rbfltbn. M la surb teby lrb rbfltbn, lon gfdsbfy rbfltbn. Mt ms alomjbst, edwbvbr, telt teb Plnibos dj teb Zmodndf rbcmdo, dj Grod lon Fbnbomgb mo plrtmguflr, eln fdoc bxmstbn ls l gflo dj Plnibos fdoclon kbjdrb lrrmvbnelvb mo kbbo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo, aust teby tebasbfvbs >= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
amcrlots td telt rbcmdo8 lon, fmhb lff dtebr Plnilos/Plnibos mo teb Klfhlos, teby aust drmcmolffy elvb gdab jrda teb Blst (welt M ablo ky Blst wmff sddo kb gfblr). Mj ljtbr fmvmoc mo teb Zmodndf rbcmdo jdr sdab tmab l ouakbr dj Plnibos amcrltbn jrda tebrb gbotury, td Hlom!ay hl Mvl mo teb amnnfb dj teb bmcetbbote Plnilo logbstdrs wbrb tebrb td wbfgdab teba, lon eln kbbo tebrb jdr l vbry fdoc tmab, ls M selff sedw. ^eb mojdraltmdo telt Wlfdpbh selrbn wmte ab rbclrnmoc teb drmcmo dj teb surolab Plnilo wls, lclmo, jmrst prbsbotbn ky l alo olabn Lotuo $ma%áh. $ma%áh movbotbn lo btyadfdcy jdr teb wdrn telt teb surolab (lggdrnmoc td ema) suppdsbnfy gdabs jrda, kut eb nmn odtemoc td nbadostrltb mts btyadfdcmglf rbfltmdosemp ‗ odtemoc td nbadostrltb telt welt eb slys lkdut mts btyadfdcy ms lggurltb. Mt ms l spurmdus btyadfdcy. Lff telt eb nmn td ―bstlkfmse” teb btyadfdcy dj tems wdrn wls smapfy td sly telt mt wls nbrmvbn jrda l wdrn mo lodtebr floculcb, l wdrn td kb llon cddndtebrs jmt jdrgdotmoub ems tebdry. Kut $telt ma%áhlppblrbn wls amstlhbo, td 20 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
pbrpbtultb ems amstlhb. $ma%áh wrdtb l twd plcb plpbr mo Grdltmlo botmtfbn Wbvbrlf Crbbh Sdrns mo XtebQ Grdltmlo Floculcb lon pukfmsebn mt mo Lprmf dj <=2;, mo l idurolf telt wls obw lt teb tmab ‗ Idurolf dj Gufturlf Grdltmlo Floculcb. Kbfdw ms teb botmrb plpbr wrmttbo ky $ma%áh9
2< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
2; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
27 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
(^rlosgrmptmdo) OBHDFMHD C["HME [MIB"M R E[ZL^WHDA IBYMHR Lotuo $ma#áh 7. Plnbom Pd [IL MU, 223 Pî"bo ib prbzmab u Fmgm, l Pl "bom ib mab obhma sbfmal m zlsbdgmal9 Pl"bom, alelfl u dhru &iu kmel#hda8 sbfd u hdtlru homoshda, hdib crmib !hda pm!u m Pl"bob8 sbfd u Ebrgbcdvmom (uprlvd u hdtlru kmfb#hda)8 zlsbflh u &uplomim adnru ! hd-rmib %hdi. Ndnliba dvlad Pl " mob, alelfu sbfl Whd%m#l, hdtlr Yvdromh. Ylomafimvd ib, nl Zmohd Wlkfilr (Ambstdpmsom rmb%omh hrlfibvmole Nlfalgmib, Ebrvltshb m Wflvdomib, Ylcrbk <5::) mal mstm dkfmh Plcimob (Plcibob) zl spdaboutd sbfd u hdtlru homoshda. [IL mal nlfib9 ?? Pl"bomil, rlkdtl, hdil sb rlnm alolstmru. [mib% ib ilal%od tunl, vlfinl mz cr%hdcl ibzmhl. Jrdeob bmobs Hfdstbrklubrs, loclrml ln adolstbrmua prlbstlonl 66, u vdivdnstvu. Yltma9 Pl"bomi rlkdtlr #!, alolstmrshm XsflvbQ, hfdstbr-rdkdtbr, dpbrlrmus adolstmgus. Yl 2> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
prbzmab Pl "bo hl&b tli [ib%omh nl #b kmtm mstd, !td m proilvdrlg. Pl"bo m oibcdvm nbrmvltm pdtib%u dn cr %hdcl lnvbrkl '$%%&'&(, sl svma olrdnda, shupod, gdo tuttd mf pdpdfd, mo alssl, tdtlfabotb. Krmcebotm Nmz. Dvb rmib%m obal [usdpufds, l obal ib om vbfmhm cr %hd-jrlogushm rib%omh Lotdomil Empmtmsl mz cdnmob <=05., omtm ib mal, %mom sb, u kuclrshda ibzmhu.
22 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Wbvbrlf Crbbh Sdrns mo teb Grdltmlo Floculcb
Lotuo $ma%áh 7. Plnbom Lggdrnmoc td [IL MU, 223 Pl "bo flst olab ms jduon mo Fmhl, lon Pl"bom olab ms jduon mo sdab vmfflcbs lon elafbts mo dtebr plrts dj Grdltml9 Pl"bom mo l obmcekdreddn mo teb Kmelg lrbl8 vmfflcb mo teb nmstrmgt dj Homo, telt amstlhb lon wrmtb Pl"bob8 vmfflcb mo Ebrzbcdvmol (iust mo nmstrmgt Kmfb#hd)8 elafbt mo teb gduoty Adnrus[mibhl. M lnn ebrb Pl"mob, ms mo obmcekdreddn mo Whd%m# vmfflcb, nmstrmgt Yvdromh. Motbrbstmocfy, Zmohd Wlkfilr (Ambstdpmsom rmb%omh hmocnda dj Nlfaltml, Ebrvltshb lon Wflvdoml, Ylcrbk <5::) els teb slab jdra Plcimob (Plcibob) ls mo teb vmfflcb abotmdobn mo teb nmstrmgt dj Homo. [IL ^ebrb lrb stmff9 ?? Pl"bomil, wdrh telt ms ndob do l adolstbry. Mt ms gbrtlmofy telt wly, M cubss, mo teb Crbbh floculcb. Jrdeob l adolstbry kumfnbr, sbrvmgb td kb pbrjdrabn jdr teb adolstbry 66, teb Nugey. ^ebo9 Pl"bomi#!, gdapufsdry adolstmg Xrlkdtlr1sflvbQ, adolstbry wdrhbr, adolstbrywdrh bapfdybb. ^d olab Pl " bo teb 2: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
nmgtmdolry slys mt wmff kb teb slab, welt lon proilvdrlg Xfmtbrlf trlosfltmdoQ. Pl"bo lon mts nbrmvltmvbs drmcmoltb jrda teb Crbbh lnvbrk '$%%&'&(, ablomoc lff teb pbdpfb, gdffbgtmvbfy, wmte lff teb pbdpfb, mo alss, tdtlffy. Krmcebotm Nmz. ^ebsb wdrns lrb odt [usdpufds', lon tebrb ms bvbo l Crbbh-Jrboge nmgtmdolry ky Lotdomil Empmtmsl Xjrda tebQ yblr <=05. Odr ms tebrb, mt sbbas, mo teb Kufclrmlo floculcb. ;7
Jmrst, $ma%áh tbffs us teb olabs dj sdab dj teb vmfflcbs webrb teb surolab Pl "bo (Plnibo, Plnilo) ms jduon. Obxt eb tbffs us welt teb wdrn pl"bomil ablos. Flstfy eb tbffs us telt Pl "bo lon mts nbrmvltmvbs drmcmoltb jrda tebodtemoc. Crbbh lnvbrk '$%%&'&( . Eb els nbadostrltbn Mj wb wbrb td gdostrugt l rbjutltmdo prdpdrtmdoltb mo bjjdrt td teb bjjdrt telt eb put motd teb nbvbfdpabot dj ems tebdry dj teb btyadfdcy dj teb wdrn pl"bomil lon teb surolab Pl"bo, wb wdufn obbn td wrmtb od adrb telo tems smocfb sbotbogb9 Pl "bo lon mts nbrmvltmvbs nd odt drmcmoltb jrda teb Crbbh lnvbrk '$%%&'&(. ^elt ms lff telt wb elvb td sly td rbjutb sujjmgmbotfy welt eb slmn. Lo bxelustmvb rbjutltmdo dj ems 23 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
―btyadfdcy” ms odt wlrrlotbn kbglusb ems stltbabot ndbs odt gdostmtutb lo btyadfdcy dj teb wdrn mo teb jmrst pflgb. Iust kbglusb eb slys telt ―Pl"bo lon mts nbrmvltmvbs drmcmoltb jrda teb Crbbh lnvbrk '$%%&'&(,” mt ndbs odt ablo telt mt ndbs, mo jlgt, drmcmoltb wdrn. Eb els ndob odtemoc adrb telojrda alhbtelt l stltbabot lkdut teb surolab Pl"bo lon teb wdrn pl"bomil. ^elt ms wey mt ms sujjmgmbot td rbjutb ems stltbabot smapfy ky alhmoc ems dwo stltbabot l obcltmvb dob9 Pl"bo lon mts nbrmvltmvbs nd odt drmcmoltb jrda teb teb Crbbh lnvbrk '$%%&'&(. Odtemoc adrb ms obgbsslry. Eb els odt alnb l glsb jdr teb surolab Pl"bo kbmoc nbrmvbn jrda teb Crbbh wdrn '$%%&'&(. Sebo eb wrdtb tems sbgdon sbotbogb ―Mt ms gbrtlmofy telt wly, M cubss, mo teb Crbbh floculcb” ljtbr ems jmrst sbotbogb ―Pl"bomil, wdrh telt ms ndob do l adolstbry,” eb lssmcobn td teb Crbbh wdrn teb ablomoc adolstbry wdrh, gfblrfy sedwmoc telt eb eln od mnbl dj welt eb wls tlfhmoc lkdut. td ^ebndablomoc dj teb Crbbh els odtemoc wmte adolstbry wdrhwdrn dr 25 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
loytemoc rbfltbn td adolstbrmbs, bstltbs, dr wdrh btg. Odtb lfsd telt '$%%&'&( ms l wdrn telt wls usbn mo Logmbot Crbbh, odt Adnbro Crbbh. ;> Logmbot Crbbh wls lfrblny l nbln floculcb euonrbns dj yblrs kbjdrb dur Plnilo logbstdrs lrrmvbn teb lo Klfhlos. Plmo ms odt "boLogmbot nbrmvbn mo jrda lnvbrk^eb teltsurolab wls usbn Crbbh. ^elt ms td sly, teb surolab Plnilo ms odt nbrmvbn jrda teb Logmbot Crbbh wdrn '$%%&'&( (plocbobm dr plccbobm dr ―plcboml”), lon mt ms odt, tebrbjdrb, dj Crbbh drmcmo. Pbrelps teb jlgt telt '$%%&'&( ms l wdrn telt wls usbn mo Logmbot Crbbh bxpflmos wey dtebrs ;2 wrmtmoc lkdut teb btyadfdcy dj teb wdrn pl"bomil elvb rbibgtbn $ma%áh”s Crbbh btyadfdcy dj mt (lon dj teb surolab Pl"bo), lon elvb fddhbn td l gdapfbtbfy nmjjbrbot floculcb jdr mts drmcmo. Mo tebmr wdrhs, teby cmvb teb slab nbjmomtmdo dj pl"bomil telt $ma%áh clvb, kut mostbln dj slymoc telt mt ms nbrmvbn jrda teb Logmbot Crbbh lnvbrk '$%%&'&(, ls $ma%áh nmn, teby sly telt pl"bomil, ls wbff ls teb surolab Pl"bo, ;: ms nbrmvbn jrda teb Fltmo wdrn plclous (plcmous). Mt ms blsy td alhb 2= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
l stltbabot telt tems dr telt wdrn ms nbrmvbn jrda tems dr telt wdrn. Mt ms l adrb nmjjmguft alttbr td nbadostrltb telt l wdrn ms nbrmvbn jrda l gbrtlmo wdrn. ^eby elvb nbadostrltbn odtemoc. Fmhb $ma%áh, teby nd odt nbadostrltb edw teby pl"bomil lon lrrmvbn tebmr gdogfusmdo telt wdrn Pl"bo lrblt nbrmvbn jrda teb Fltmo plclous. ^eby elvb alnb od glsb td suppdrt tebmr btyadfdcy. ^eby elvb prdvbn odtemoc.
Monbbn, teb jlgt telt dtebrs elvb stltbn telt teb wdrn pl"bomil lon teb surolab Pl"bo lrb nbrmvbn jrda teb Fltmo wdrn plclous, ms mrrbjutlkfb prddj telt dob dj tebsb twd btyadfdcmbs ms wrdoc. ^eby gloodt kdte kb gdrrbgt. Kut teby glo, mo jlgt, kdte kb mogdrrbgt. Mt aly kb elrn td kbfmbvb, kut tebrb ms ybt l temrn lon gdapfbtbfy nmjjbrbot btyadfdcy succbstbn jdr teb wdrn pl"bomil. Lggdrnmoc td teb lutedr dj teb Kdsomlo-Bocfmse Nmgtmdolry9 ^urgmsas X^urhmsasQ, Gdffdqumlfmsas, Msflamg Sdrns lon Bxprbssmdos, teb "
pl bomil botbrbn wdrn Kdsomlo;3floculcb teb Dttdalo ^urhmsetebfloculcb nurmoc jrda teb :0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Dttdalo dggupltmdo dj Kdsoml lon ablos uoplmn flkdr.;5 Dofy teb nbjmomtmdo ms cmvbo. Ls wmff kb sbbo, teb surolab Plnilo ndbs odt nbrmvb jrda bmtebr teb Crbbh wdrn '$%%&'&( dr plcus dr plclous, dr jrda l teb Fltmo djwdrn nbrmvltmvb bmtebr teb Crbbh dr teb Fltmo wdrn. Obmtebr ndbs mt nbrmvb jrda Dttdalo ^urhmse, ls wmff kb sbbo. ^eb spurmdus btyadfdcmbs dj teb wdrn pl"bomil telt $ma%mh lon dtebrs elvb movbotbn, elvb gdab td sbrvb ls rbjbrbogbs jdr dodalsts wed lrb gdogbromoc tebasbfvbs wmte tbffmoc pbdpfb teb drmcmo dj teb surolab Plnilo, rbsuftmoc mo teb pbrpbtultmdo dj tebsb molggurltb btyadfdcmbs.
Dob dkvmdus lon smcomjmglot nmjjbrbogb kbtwbbo teb surolab Plnilo lon teb wdrns plclous lon '$%%&'&(, ms teb prdouogmltmdo. ^ebrb ms od elrn c sduon, lon tebrb els obvbr kbbo l elrn c sduon, mo Plnilo (Plnibo, Plcylo, Pl"lo, Pl"bo, btg.), ls tebrb ms mo plclous lon '$%%&'&(. Odt dob pbrsdo wed elsPlnilo, wrmttboels lkdut btyadfdcy dj pl"bomil, lon dj bvboteb lttbaptbn td bxpflmo wey :< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
tems smcomjmglot nmjjbrbogb bxmsts kbtwbbo teb prdouogmltmdo dj teb surolab lon teb wdrn telt mt ms slmn td nbrmvb jrda‗plclous dr '$%%&'&(. ^eb nmjjbrbogb mo prdouogmltmdo bxmsts jdr teb smapfb rblsdo telt Plnilo lon teb wdrn pl"bomil elvb od gdoobgtmdo weltbvbr Crbbh wdrn dr teb Fltmowmte dob. bmtebr teb Logmbot ^eb Kdsomlo-Grdltmlo-Wbrkmlo wdrn pdcloshd ms nbrmvbn jrda teb Fltmo plclous8 mt ablos teb slab temoc ls plclous, olabfy, plclo. Mo pdcloshd teb c ms elrn, ls mt ms mo plclous8 lon mt els lfwlys kbbo prdoduogbn elrn. ^eb wdrn pl"bomil (wmte mts sdjt c sduon) wdufn elvb kbbo usbn ky twd crdups9 ky teb adohs wed wdufn elvb usbn mt td rbjbr td teb adolstbry wdrhbrs, lon ky teb adolstbry wdrhbrs td weda teb wdrn wls lppfmbn, wed wdufn elvb fblrobn dj teb wdrn jrda teb adohs telt usbn mt td rbjbr td teba. Mt ms mogdogbmvlkfb telt teb wdrn plclous (dr pdcloshd) gdufn elvb kbgdab sd gdrruptbn mo teb adutes dj adohs ls td kb trlosjdrabn motd l wdrn (pl"bomil) c sduon, lt teb slab tmab telt teb slab wmte l sdjt adohs wdufn elvb kbbo usmoc teb wdrn pdcloshd :; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
jrda Fltmo plclous lon prdoduogmoc mt wmte l elrn c. ^eb drmcmo dj teb wdrn pl"bomil gloodt kb lttrmkutbn td teb adohs telt usbn mt8 teb wdrn pl"bomil ms odt nbrmvbn jrda Fltmo plclous. ^eb wdrn pl"bomil aust elvb kbbo nbrmvbn jrda teb olab wemge teb adolstbry wdrhbrs (wed wbrb sflvbs)kyglffbn tebasbfvbs, lon lndptbn motd usb ky teb adohs. Wmogb teb adolstbry wdrhbrs wbrb jdrgbn td wdrh lon wbrb odt plmn jdr tebmr wdrh, teby wbrb sflvbs. ^eb gmrguastlogbs dj tebsb uoplmn adolstbry wdrhbrs prdvmnbn teb nbjmomtmdo dj teb vlrmlot dj teb olab ky wemge teby wbrb hodwo lt telt tmab, olabfy, pl"bomil. Sb elvb sbbo telt l ouakbr dj rbsblrgebrs elvb prbsbotbn terbb gdapfbtbfy nmjjbrbot btyadfdcmbs dr drmcmos ‗ Crbbh, Fltmo, lon Dttdalo ^urhmse ‗ jdr teb wdrn pl"bomil, kut lff dj teba elvb cmvbo teb slab klsmg nbjmomtmdo dj teb wdrn9 uoplmn flkdr8 gdapufsdry flkdr. ^eby gloodt lff kb rmcet lkdut mts drmcmo, kut teby glo lff kb wrdoc. Odtb telt M nd odt nmsputb teb ablomoc dj "
plWbrkml. bomil, odr telt mt wls usbn, lon glab teb motdwdrn usb, mo :7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
MMM. ^eb Zflge, dr Adrflge, Gdoobgtmdo Mo loy gdosmnbrltmdo dj teb drmcmo dj dur surolab, teb drmcmo lon emstdry dj l gbrtlmo vmfflcb mo Grdltml aust lfsd kb gdosmnbrbn. ^eb pleolab nimo-l).dj telt vmfflcb ms Plnibob (Pl "bob) (
Plnibob ms l salff vmfflcb lkdut <7 hmfdabtbrs jrda teb tdwo dj Homo, wemge mtsbfj ms sdabwelt salff. Nbspmtb mts salff smzb, Homo els pflybn l strltbcmg rdfb mo teb emstdry dj Grdltml, lon dj teb rbcmdo mo cbobrlf, smogb lt fblst teb <200s. Lfteduce Homo eln lo bvbotjuf emstdry bvbo kbjdrb teb yblr dj <2;;, mt ms mo <2;; telt mts emstdry kbgdabs rbfbvlot td lff Plnilos (Plnibos). Mo <2;; teb Dttdalo ^urhs tddh gdotrdf dj Homo.;= Gdosbqubotfy, teb Grdlts (Gltedfmg) wed eln kbbo fmvmoc tebrb advbn lwly, 70 fblvmoc Homo lon teb surrduonmoc lrbls nbpdpufltbn. 7< ^eb ^urhs rbpdpufltbn teb lrbl wmte Wbrks (Drtedndx) lon Zflges (wed spdhb Wbrkmlo ls l 7;
sbgdon floculcb) lon <:50s. almotlmobn gdotrdf dj teb rbcmdo uotmf teb blrfy Mo <:57 Elkskurc :> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
jdrgbs nbjbltbn teb Dttdalo ^urhs lt Zmbool, 77 lon ky <:55 teb Zbobtmlos wbrb mo gdotrdf dj Homo, elvmoc jducet lon nbjbltbn teb ^urhs tebrb. Ky teb tmab teb Zbobtmlos eln gdotrdf dj Homo lon teb lrbls lrduon mt, teb flon eln lclmo kbgdab nbpdpufltbn, pdpuflgb elvmoc jfbn kbglusb dj teb jmcetmoc teb kbtwbbo teb Zbobtmlos lon teb ^urhs. ^d rbpdpufltb teb lrbl, teb Zbobtmlos djjbrbn flon dwobrsemp rmcets td gbrtlmo crdups dj pbdpfb mj teby lcrbbn td guftmvltb teb flon telt teby sbttfbn.7> ^d tlhb lnvlotlcb dj tems djjbr, jmvb teduslon pbdpfb dj teb Drtedndx jlmte amcrltbn jrda Kdsoml td sbttfb tems flon lrduon Homo, aloy dj weda ‗ pbrelps teb alidrmty ‗ wbrb Zflges, dr Adrflges. ^eb Zflges dr Adrflges flrcbfy glab jrda lo lrbl mo prbsbot-nly Kdsoml glffb n Kdslo shm Pbtrd vlg, 72 wemge fmbs =2 hmfdabtbrs td teb sdutewbst dj teb gmty dj Prmibndr, Kdsoml, lon 52 hmfdabtbrs td teb odrteblst dj Homo. ^eb Zflges dr Adrflges wed glab jrda Kdsloshm Pbtrdvlg rbgbmvbn flon mo teb dutfymoc lrbls dj Homo, mo Plnibob, Pflvod, Adhrd londjDtdol lon Dftboml 7:). 73 Mt lrb gfblrfy Pdfib, vlrmlots teb (Dtdol slab olab ms :2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
odtbwdrtey telt lkdut <7 hmfdabtbrs td teb sdute dj Prmibndr, tebrb ms l sbttfbabot olabn Plnilom. Mt ms lfsd wdrtey dj odtb telt mo teb vmfflcb dj Alrm # hl, Kdsoml, wemge ms wmtemo wlfhmoc nmstlogb dj Plnilom, tebrb lrb tdnly pbdpfb surolabn Plnilo (spbffbn Plnilo). Mo bvbry gduotry tebrb lrb l vlrmbty dj sdurgbs dj surolabs. Aloy surolabs lrb fdgltmdolf8 teby lrb nbrmvbn jrda teb olab dj l pflgb ‗ l vmfflcb, l tdwo, l gmty. ^eb jlgt telt tebrb ms l vmfflcb olabn Plnibob mo Grdltml lon jlamfmbs surolabn Plnilo mo Grdltml ms od gdmogmnbogb. ^ebrb ms l gdoobgtmdo kbtwbbo teb olab dj teb vmfflcb lon teb jlamfy olab, dr gflo olab, dr trmklf olab, dj Plnilo, webtebr mt ms spbffbn Pl"bo, Pl"lo, Plnibo, dr Plnilo, btg. Ms teb gflo dr trmklf olab nbrmvbn jrda teb olab dj teb vmfflcb4 dr ms teb olab dj teb vmfflcb nbrmvbn jrda teb olab dj teb gflo dr trmkb4 ^eb loswbr ms telt teb olab dj teb vmfflcb dj Plnibob ms nbrmvbn jrdamsteb dr trmklf olab Plnilo (wemge, lclmo, odtgflo l Wflvmg olab). ^ebdjprddj dj :: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
tems, telt teb vmfflcb wls olabn ljtbr teb gflo dr trmkb, ms telt teb Zflges dr Adrflges (wed lrb odt Wflvmg) lrb ndguabotbn td elvb amcrltbn td Grdltml jrda Kdsoml, webrb teb gflo dr trmklf olab dj Plnilo wls lfrblny bstlkfmsebn mo pflgbs webrb teb sd-glffbn Zflgesvmfflcbs dr Adrflges eln dj fmvbn, tebrb kbmoc lt fblst terbb mo Kdsoml teb slab olab ls teb gflo dr trmkb, lon tedsb vmfflcbs cbttmoc tebmr olabs mo od dtebr wly telo jrda Plnilos telt sbttfbn teba9 Plnilom (iust sdute dj Prmibndr)8 Pl"mob (blstbroadst Kdsoml ‗ mo teb odrte, do teb Nrmol rmvbr)8 lon Pl"bom (mo teb jlr sdute dj Kdsoml)8 lon dob dj teb sbttfbabots ‗ Plnilom ‗ ms mo teb cbobrlf lrbl dj Kdsoml webrb teb Zflges amcrltbn jrda td teb Homo rbcmdo. Mj wb wbrb td lrcub telt teb drmcmo dj teb gflo dr trmklf olab wls jrda teb olab dj teb sbttfbabot dj Plnibob mo Grdltml, wb wdufn kb jdrgbn td gdogbnb telt teb sbttfbabot aust elvb bxmstbn lon kbbo glffbn Plnibob kbjdrb teb lrrmvlf dj tedsb wed wdufn kbgdab teb jmrst td kblr teb surolab. wb wdufn jdrgbn td bxpflmo edw tebrb Kut bxmsttebo mo Kdsoml terbbkbsbttfbabots dj teb :3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
slab olab kut iust tems dob mo Grdltml, ls wbff ls edw tems rltmd dj terbb mo Kdsoml td dob mo Grdltml glab lkdut webo teb vlst alidrmty dj teb pbdpfb surolabn Plnilo (Plnibo, btg.) fmvbn dutsmnb Kdsoml mo teb gboturmbs ljtbr teb sbttfbabot dj teb Homo rbcmdo ‗jdffdwmoc mo teb <300s, <500s, lon drmcmo <=00s dj ‗ teb gboturmbs tems eypdtebtmglf teb gflo dr trmklf olab jrda Plnibob mo Grdltml. ^ems lrcuabot wdufn kb, lon ms, uotbolkfb. Mo tems eypdtebtmglf sgbolrmd, teb pbdpfb wed eln lgqumrbn teb surolab Plnilo mo Plnibob, Grdltml, ljtbr teb sbttfbabot pbrmdn dj Homo mo teb <:50s, wdufn tebo elvb eln td amcrltb mo sujjmgmbot ouakbrs td sdutebroadst Kdsoml (Pl "bom), blstbroadst Kdsoml (Pl"mob), lon odrtebroadst Kdsoml (Plnilom), jrda kbydon wbstbroadst Kdsoml (Plnibob, Grdltml), dvbr ruccbn lon aduotlmodus tbrrlmo, td sbttfb, bstlkfmse, lon olab tebsb pflgbs kblrmoc teb gflo dr trmklf olab dj Plnilo, mo gboturmbs webo teb vlst alidrmty dj Plnilos wbrb fmvmoc dutsmnb Kdsoml. ^eb dofy fdcmglf gdogfusmdo ms telt teb Zflges dr Adrflges, dr Plnilos, amcrltbn Kdsoml mowbrb lfrblny glffbntelt Plnilos webo jrda teby lrrmvbn teb :5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
<:50s mo teb lrbl dj Homo lon sbttfbn teb vmfflcb telt kblrs tebmr olab. ^elt ms teb dofy wly td bxpflmo teb crbltbr ouakbr dj pflgbs mo Kdsoml telo mo Grdltml telt lrb olabn ljtbr teb Plnilos. Odtb lfsd telt Hlom!hl Mvl, webrb ay Plnilo logbstdrs lrb jrda, mo Wflvdoml jdr adst dj mts emstdry. Hlom !hl Mvlwlswls odt l plrt dj Grdltml uotmf teb flttbr elfj dj teb omobtbbte gbotury. Plnilos wbrb fmvmoc mo Wflvdoml lt teb slab tmab telt Plnilos wbrb fmvmoc mo Kdsoml, iust ls, fltbr, Plnilos wbrb stmff fmvmoc mo Wflvdoml webo Plnibos lon Plnilos wbrb fmvmoc mo Grdltml. Mo <>0>, teb klo dj Wflvdoml, Grdltml, lon Nlfaltml wls Pìf Kbsboy!, telt ms, Plufus Plnilo. Mt ms lff kut gbrtlmo telt eb fmvbn mo Wflvdoml, iust ls, l fmttfb fltbr, sdab dj teb Kltteìoy (Kl#lo, Klnilo, Plnilo) jlamfy nmn.75 (Wbb ay plpbr Lodalfdus lon Hurnmse Wurolabs mo Grdltml.) Wdabtemoc aust kb kdrob mo amon lt tems pdmot mo tems nmsgussmdo. ^eb surolab Plnilo, edwbvbr spbffbn, els lfwlys kbbo l rlrb surolab. ^ebrb lrb odt odw, lon kblrmoc tebrb elvb obvbr Plnilo kbbo, teduslons dj pbrsdos teb surolab := dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
(dr loy dtebr vlrmlots dj mt). Mt ms odt fmhb teb surolabs Wamte lon ^lyfdr, jdr bxlapfb, wemge lrb bxtrbabfy gdaado8 obmtebr ms mt fmhb teb Euoclrmlo surolab Alcylr, wemge ms ky drnbrs dj alcomtunb adrb gdaado telo teb surolab Plnilo, edwbvbr spbffbn. ^ebrb aly kbtebrb euonrbns dj pbrsdos surolabn Plnilo tdnly, lon aly elvb kbbo euonrbns mo teb plst8 kut obvbr wbrb tebrb teduslons surolabn Plnilo. Lon, lclmo, mo teb <300s, teb <500s, lon teb <=00s, teb vlst alidrmty dj teb pbdpfb surolabn Plnilo, edwbvbr spbffbn, fmvbn mo Wflvdoml lon Grdltml, odt mo Kdsoml (odr mo Wbrkml). Mo Burdpb bvbo tdnly teb vlst alidrmty dj pbdpfb surolabn Plnilo, weltbvbr teb spbffmoc, fmvb mo prbsbot-nly Grdltml, wemge odw mogfunbs Wflvdoml. Kut kbjdrb teb <300s ‗ kbjdrb teb <:00s ‗ teb alidrmty (kut odt lff) dj teb pbdpfb wed wbrb nbodamoltbn Plnilo, dr Plnibo, fmvbn mo Wflvdoml lon Kdsoml, lon mo Kdsoml teby bvmnbotfy fmvbn mo teb rbcmdos webrb teb vmfflcbs lrb telt kblr teb olab dj teb gflo dr trmkb.
30 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Edw, tebo, ndbs l salff ouakbr dj pbrsdos surolabn Plnilo alolcb td bstlkfmse terbb sbttfbabots mo Kdsoml, lt fblst twd mo Wflvdoml, lon dob mo Grdltml, lt loy pdmot mo tmab4 ^eb loswbr ms telt tebmr logbstdrs aust elvb ndob mt, l trmkb. Lon mj teb lon teby aust bxmstbogb dj (ltelvb fblst)gdostmtutbn jdur sbttfbabots kblrmoc teb olab Plnilo ms loy monmgltmdo dj welt teb olab dj teb trmkb wls, wb aust gdogfunb telt teb olab dj teb trmkb wls, mo jlgt, Plnilo. ^eus tebrb aust elvb kbbo l trmkb dj Plnilos, lon teb olab dj teb trmkb aust elvb kbbo Plnilo. Monbbn, teb olabs dj lff tebsb vmfflcbs ls rbprbsbotbn do teb alp mo teb Kdsomlo-Grdltmlo-Wbrkmlo floculcb, elvb mo gdaado tems9 teby elvb lff kbbo pfurlfmzbn ky teb lnnmtmdo dj teb sujjmx m dr b lt teb bon dj teb olab. Lff dj teba ‗ Plnilom, Plnibob (Pl"bob), Pl"bom, Pl"mob ‗ ablo Plnilos ‗ pfurlf. ^eb Zbobtmlos rbjbrrbn td teba ls Zflges, dr rltebr, ls Adrflges ‗ Kflgh Zflges.
3< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
3; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
M lrrmvbn monbpbonbotfy lt teb gdogfusmdo telt teb surolab Plnilo wls krducet td Grdltml ky (Kflgh) ―Zflges.” M fltbr jduon, nurmoc teb gdursb dj ay rbsblrge, telt ay gdogfusmdo ms gdrrdkdrltbn ky teb Grdltmlo lrgelbdfdcmst Wtmpb Cuoil wed teb pukfmsebn mo <=2= mo %l, lkdut Grdltmlo jmons djlloplpbr bxglvltmdo lt teb vmfflcb dj Plnibob. Ebrb ms l gdpy dj plrt dj ems drmcmolf plpbr9
37 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
3> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
32 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
3: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
33 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^rlosgrmptmdo9 Wbfd Pl"bob olflzm sb <; ha sibvbrdzlplnod dn Homol ol gbstm m &bfibzom %hdi pruzm, hdib mz Homol vdnb u Ylcrbk. Hln sb pddnlvod u Hl !tbfWu#urgu prdol!ld oltpms, ol hdiba sb olflzb mabol % btmrmiu auomgmpmil, ab " u hdimal m PLYMOL(tmua), stld ib Kufm # ndvdnmtm dvli tdpdoma u vbzu s Pl"bolal, pdnupmru#m td s dhdfod!#u, nl sb Pfmomibvl gmvmtls Plsmom (Olt. Emst. <>0) prbal drmibotlgmdoda hrmtbrmiu hdn olkrliloil dstlfme aibstl adrlfl olflzmtm ol zlnoiba aibstu u Fmkuromim ?? uprlvd tlad, cnib ib Fmkuromil s Ilpdnmida m Nlfalgmida 66. Pdrbn btmadfd!hb sfm%odstm mabol Plzmomua ‗ Pl"bob pdnupmrb Kufm#l m dhdfodst, !td sb u kfm&oiba d%bstdvu, hlhd ib %ud cdvdrmtm, olflzmfd dstltlhl stlrme spdabomhl, odvgl, trlcdvl vdndvdnl m t. n. Kufm# sb id! upmrb u %moibomgu !td sb u plrdhmishdi grhvm u Pl"bolal prbal Lfl%bvm#bvu mzvib!tliu olflzb spdfmil, m td sl sibvbrob strlob nvl hrlsol jrmzl urb!bol gvibtdvmal, u grhvboda pfd%omhu jrlcabot uhrl ! bodc pmflstrl s oltpmsda NMCOLNDARJRONL m ol iu&oda prdzdru id ! ibnlo oibau prmplnliu#m pmflstlr. Mstlhoud ib, nl su ol oibau sfdvl dtu%bol. Kufm# ol dsodvu svdc 35 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
mzod !boil zlhfiu #uib, nl ib vibrdiltod, nl ib Plzmomua fb&ld u nlol!oiba sbfu Pl"bolal. L nlfib, hlhd km sb suhgbsmvod susrbtld s hdima olflzda mz Pl "bol, prm dkibfdnloimvloiu ib olvdnmd pdrmibhfd 9 ?? Plzmomua466 mfm ??Plzmoltmua466. !unod km kmfd, nl km nlol!oim olzmv Pl"bol vuhld hdrmibo dn stlrdcl Plzmoua mfm Auomgmpmua Plzmoltmua, l nl sb ob spdamoiu hrdz gmibfm Wrbnoim vmibh hld om u pd#bthu Odvdcl, obcd sb s tma maboda prvm put susrb $bad u ndhuabotu mz c. <:57. Aodcd ib vibrdiltomib, nl mab pdtib $ b dn odvme stlodvomhl, hrlim!omhl, hdib afbtl#hb msprlvb olzmvliu Adrflgmal, t.i. Groma Zflsmal, dn hdime su sb obhm prbzmvlfm Pl"bo, ibr sb dom hld Zflsm spdamoiu u Kdsom, l zolad, nl ib zl ndkl turshb ndamolgmib nlol !oib stlodvom !tvd zlcdrshb Nlfalgmib u obhdfmhd vlfdvl mamcrmrlfd mshfiu#mvd mz Kdsob m Ebrgbcdvmob, pl su, svl ib vibrdiltodst, nd!fm m Pl"bom, tb sb ibnod vrmibab olsbfmfm dvnib, m pd oimal ib zlr dstld nlol!oim olzmv, l prmib sb sbfd adrlfd nruh#mib zvltm.
3= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^rlosfltmdo dj teb sbotbogbs mo kdfn jlgb9 Mt wdufn kb strlocb mj teb prbsbot olab Xdj teb vmfflcbQ Pl"bo nrlccbn teb rddt dut dj teb dfn XlogmbotQ Plzmoua XPlsmouaQ dr Auomgmpmua Plzmoltmua, kut ms odt abotmdobn nurmoc teb Amnnfb Lcbs ls wbff ls teb kbcmoomoc dj teb obw XlcbQ. Kut telt olab XPl"boQ wls jmrst jduon mo l ndguabot jrda teb yblr <:57. Mt ms auge adrb fmhbfy telt teb olab Xdj teb vmfflcb dj Pl "bobQ gdabs jrda obw rbsmnbots, jrdotmbrsalo, telt Zbobtmlo ndguabots glffbn Adrflges, m.b., Kflgh Zflges, lff dj wemge elvb l flst olab Pl"bo, kbglusb teby lrb abotmdobn ls Zflges mo Kdsoml8 lon smogb wb hodw telt jdr teb pbrmdn dj ^urhmse ndamoltmdo teb prbsbot pdpufltmdo dj Nlfaltmlo Ylcdrb XZflges dr AdrflgesQ maamcrltbn XtebrbQ mo sbvbrlf wlvbs bxgfusmvbfy jrda Kdsoml lon Ebrzbcdvmol, lon mo lff prdklkmfmty teby eln gdab td Pl"bo, lon jdr l tmab sbttfbn ebrb, lon ky teba wls odt fbjt teb olab XPl"bob/PlnibobQ, lon kbjdrb telt teb vmfflcb eln td kb glffbn ky l nmjjbrbot olab.
50 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Eb XWtmpb Cuoil%lQ lssbrts telt teb olab dj tdnly's Plnibob XPl"bobQ ndbs odt drmcmoltb jrda tems dfn auomgmpmua, kut jrda teb Slfflgemlo trmkb dj Plnibo XPlniloQ, wemge amcrltbn motd tems rbcmdo mo teb tmab dj ^urhmse ndamoltmdo. Dkilvfiuiu#m olflz mz Pl"bol dsvroufm sad sb ol tdpdomamh sbfl m utvrnmfm, nl sbfd ob vu%b mab mz Pfmomibvl gmvmtls Plsmom mfm auomgmpmua Plzmoltmua, hlhd ib td vibrdvld Kufm#, obcd dn Pl"bol vfl!hdc pfbabol, hdib sb dhd ndkl turshb ndamolgmib ndsbfmfd mz Kdsob. ‗ Wtmpb Cuoil%l Looduogmoc teb jmonmocs dj Pl"bo wb nblft wmte ^dpdomamgs vmfflcbs lon jduon telt teb vmfflcb ndbs odt nrlw l olab jrda Pfmoy gmvmtls Plsmom dr auomgmpmua Plzmoltmua, ls mt kbfmbvbn Kufmg, kut teb Pl"bo Zflge trmkbs, wemge ms lkdut teb pbrmdn dj ^urhmse ndamoltmdo maamcrltbn jrda Kdsoml. ‗ Wtmpb Cuoil%l
Odtb teb wly mo wemge Cuoil%l wdrnbn teb lkdvb stltbabot. Eb ms spbgmjmg. Eb stltbs telt tebsb trmkbs dj Zflges wbrb odt iust cbobrmg Zflges, kut, spbgmjmglffy, ―Pl"bo Zflge trmkbs.” ^elt ms td sly telt teb olab dj tems trmkb dj Zflges, dr tebsb 5< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
trmkbs dj Zflges, wls Pl"bo (Plnibo, Plnilo). ^eb spbgmjmgmty dj ems tbramodfdcy ms lff teb adrb motbrbstmoc webo wb fddh glrbjuffy motd teb emstdry dj tedsb wed wbrb rbjbrrbn td ls Zflges lon Adrflges. [babakbr telt tems mojdraltmdo telt Cuoil l els selrbn glab jrda teb Zbobtmlos. Mt wls teb %Zbobtmlos telt ndguabotbn teb olab dj tebsb Zflge trmkbs ls Plnilo (Plnibo). ―^eb Slfflgemlo trmkb dj Plnibo” ms, obbnfbss td sly, bqumvlfbot td ―^eb Zflge trmkb dj Plnibo.” Slfflgemlo ms, dj gdursb, teb lnibgtmvb jdra dj Slfflgeml, l cbdcrlpemglf rbcmdo mo prbsbot-nly sdutebro [daloml wmte l fdoc lon turkufbot emstdry. Mo teb twbfjte gbotury, teb logbstdrs dj tedsb wed wdufn mo tmab gdab td kb hodwo ls [dalomlos, wbrb glffbn Zflges. Slfflgeml ablos flon dj teb Zflges. L fmttfb emstdry dj Slfflgeml lon dj Zflges wmff ebfp us td uonbrstlon edw l trmkb dj Zflges,7= dr Adrflges, dr Plnilos, glab td kb glffbn Plnilo. (Mo teb almo, M la cdmoc td usb teb spbffmoc Plnilo terducedut, bxgbpt mo pflgbs l nmstmogtmdo kbtwbbo Plnilo lon Plnibo webrb sbbas obgbsslry.) 5; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Odw, mt ms dkvmdus telt wb obbn td lsh l jbw qubstmdos. Sed wbrb teb Zflges4 Sebrb nmn teby gdab jrda drmcmolffy4 Sebrb nmn tebsb plrtmguflr Plnilo trmkbs dj Zflges, td weda dur gflo ms rbfltbn, cbt teb olab Plnilo4 Edw nmn teb Zbobtmlos usb webo teb wdrns Zflge lon Adrflge (Kflgh Zflge) rbjbrrmoc td pbdpfb4 Lon rbabakbr, teb Zbobtmlos rbjbrrbn td teb Plnilo Zflge trmkb ls Adrflges„Kflgh Zflges. Mo ^eb Zflges dj Crbbgb lon ^ebmr Amsuonbrstddn Emstdry , Ebfbo Lklnzm wrmtbs9 ^eb Zflges spblh l floculcb telt bvdfvbn jrda Fltmo. Mt wls trlosamttbn ky [dalos td aloy pbdpfbs lon wls usbn ls lo motbroltmdolf floculcb jdr gboturmbs. Adst Zflge pdpufltmdos fmvb mo lon lrduon teb kdrnbrs dj adnbro Crbbgb. ^eb wdrn ―Zflges” lppblrs mo teb Kyzlotmob ndguabots lt lkdut teb <0te gbotury, kut jbw nbtlmfs lrb gdoobgtbn wmte mt lon mt ms uogfblr mt ablos XsmgQ jdr vlrmdus lutedrs. Mt els kbbo vlrmdusfy eypdtebsmzbn telt Zflges lrb nbsgbonlots dj [dalo sdfnmbrs, ^erlgmlos, nmlspdrl [dalomlos, dr Fltmomzbn Crbbhs. Edwbvbr, teb bteomg alhbup 57 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
dj teb bapmrbs telt rufbn teb Klfhlos lon teb usb dj teb floculcb ls l fmocul jrlogl succbst telt teb Zflges nd odt elvb dob smocfb drmcmo. NOL stunmbs amcet gflrmjy rbfltmdosemps, kut tebsb elvb odt ybt kbbo ndob. Mo teb <=te gbotury Zflge wls spdhbo ky sebpebrns mo Lfkloml wed eln prlgtmglffy od rbfltmdosemp wmte Ebffbomsa ls wbff ls ky urklo Algbndomlos wed eln Crbbh bnugltmdo nltmoc klgh td lt fblst teb <3te gbotury lon wed gdosmnbrbn tebasbfvbs Crbbh. ^eb flttbr clvb rmsb td aloy pdfmtmgmlos, fmtbrlry jmcurbs, lon oltmdolf kbobjlgtdrs mo Crbbgb. Kbglusb dj teb floculcb, vlrmdus rbfmcmdus lon pdfmtmglf spbgmlf motbrbsts trmbn td lttrlgt teb Zflges mo teb <=te lon blrfy ;0te gboturmbs. Lt teb slab tmab, teb Crbbh geurge lon cdvbroabot wbrb edstmfb td tebmr floculcb. ^eb nmsputbs dj teb brl gufamoltbn mo bamcrltmdos, lfmboltmdo dj teduslons dj pbdpfb, lon oblr-nmslppblrlogb dj teb floculcb. Obvbrtebfbss, nub td lssmamfltmdo lon alrrmlcbs wmte Crbbh spblhbrs, l smcomjmglot sbcabot dj teb Crbbh pdpufltmdo mo Algbndoml lon bfsbwebrb nbsgbons jrda Zflges.
5> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Lon mo
^eb Klfhlo Zflges/Lrdalomlos Lwlhbomoc, Oltmdolf Pdfmgmbs, Lssmamfltmdo ,
Amrdsflv [uzmgl wrmtbs9 ^eb Zflges lrb nbsgbonbots dj teb [dalo Bapmrb”s Fltmomzbn kutZflge monmcbodus pdpufltmdo dj teb Klfhlos. ^eb wdrn ms dj Cbralo drmcmo lon wls usbn ky logmbot Cbralos td olab teb gmtmzbos dj teb [dalo Bapmrb. ^ems olab wls bvbotulffy bakrlgbn ky Kyzlotmua, Dttdalo Bapmrb, lon cbobrlffy ky lff Wflvs, teduce teb olab wls fltbr fmamtbn td nbsgrmkb dofy teb rbaolots dj teb [dalomzbn pdpufltmdo dj teb Klfhlos. ^eb Zflges, edwbvbr, glff tebasbfvbs Lrualom, Lralom, Lrdalom, [ualom ‗ lff dj teba ablomoc [dalos X^eby glff tebasbfvbs Lraëos, lon mt ndbs odt ablo [dalos. Mt ablos Lrabos. Wbb kbfdwQ. Motbroltmdolffy, teb adst gdaado olabs lrb Zflges lon/dr Lrdalomlos. ^ems sbgdon crdup rbjbrs td tedsb mojfubogbn ky Crbbh gufturb lon fmvmoc almofy mo odrtebro Crbbgb, Lfkloml, lon teb [bpukfmg dj Algbndoml. L crdup dj urklo Zflges mo Algbndoml, Wbrkml, Wdutewbst Kufclrml (lon Crbbgb) ms lfsd glffbn ―teb ^smotslrs”. Mt ms motbrbstmoc td odtb telt tebsb urklo Lrdalomlos mo Wbrkml mosmst do kbmoc 52 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
bxgfusmvbfy glffbn teb ^smotslrs (m.b. Gmoglrm). Lon jmolffy, teb Zflges telt usbn td fmvb mo teb emotbrflon dj teb Lnrmltmg Gdlst wbrb glffbn Alurdvflgem dr Adrflges, lon Omcrm Fltmom - lff ablomoc teb Kflgh Zflges. Mt sbbas telt teb Adrflges eln amcrltbn td teb Lnrmltmg emotbrflon lfdoc wmte teb Dttdalo Bapmrb's gdoqubst dj teb Gbotrlf Klfhlos lon telt tebmr Wflvmgmzltmdo wls lfrblny lnvlogbn nurmoc teb <:te gbotury. Sebo Wflvmg pbdpfb stlrtbn amcrltmoc td teb Klfhlos mo teb smxte lon sbvbote gboturmbs tems monmcbodus Klfhlo pdpufltmdo, prb-[dalo kut Fltmomzbn, eln jfbn td teb wlffbn [dalo gmtmbs do teb Lnrmltmg Gdlst dr td teb Klfhlo emce aduotlmos. ^eb crdup dj urklo [dalos lon Zflges wls dvbr tmab sfdwfy lssmamfltbn ky teb Wflvs, lon crlnulffy fdst mts floculcb lon mnbotmty. ^eb dtebr Zflges, tedsb wed jfbn td teb aduotlmos, elvb plstdrlffmzbn tebmr fmjb wmte teb odalnmg ebrnmoc ls hby bgdodamg lgtmvmty, l trmklf strugturb ls tebmr gdrb drclomzltmdolf jdra, lon teb Blstbro Drtedndx Germstmlomty ls teb almostrbla rbfmcmdo. Sebo teb Wflvmg pbdpfbs bstlkfmsebn tebmr abnmbvlf stltbs, teb Zflges crlnulffy kbgdab lggbptbn lon tdfbrltbn, kut gdotmoubn tebmr plrlffbf bxmstbogb telt wls usulffy mostmtutmdolfmzbn ky sd glffbn ―Zflge flws” (Gmrhdvmg, ;00>). ^eb Dttdalo 5: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Bapmrb's wbstwlrn pbobtrltmdo glusbn teb vlst tbrrmtdrmlf amcrltmdo dj teb Klfhlos Wflvs lon Zflges td tdnly”s Grdltml, Kdsoml, lon Euoclry (<2te-<3te gboturmbs). ^eb Dttdalos usbn tebsb Wflvs/Zflges td sbrvb ls kdte luxmfmlry amfmtlry lon trlospdrtltmdo uomts. Lustrmlos lon Zbobtmlos nmn teb slab lon grbltbn spbgmlf amfmtlry strugturbs lfdoc teb Dttdalo Bapmrb”s kdrnbr ky mogdrpdrltmoc motd tebsb strugturbs teb ruolwly dr rbobclnb Zflges/Wflvs ls tebmr gdrb alopdwbr ([dhslonmg, ;007). ^eb alidrmty dj teb Zflges wbrb, edwbvbr, lssmamfltbn ky teb Wbrks (almofy) lon Grdlts mo teb <5te lon <=te gboturmbs. XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q ^ebrb lrb aloy gdotrdvbrsmbs lon obvbr-bonmoc nbkltbs lkdut teb bteomg drmcmo lon mnbotmty dj Zflges, nmsgussmdos lkdut wemge mogfunb tebmr cbdcrlpemg rddts lon amcrltdry pltes. ^eb wrmttbo ndguabots lon dtebr altbrmlfs lrb bxtrbabfy rlrb. ^ebsb trloseualot lon stltbfbss ebrnbrs nmn odt prdnugb loy wrmttbo dr altbrmlf bvmnbogb uotmf teb amnnfb dj teb <5te gbotury. ^eb Klfhlo oltmdolf emstdrmdcrlpembs, edwbvbr, motbrprbt tebmr rbspbgtmvb oltmdolf wly, emstdrmbs mo l vbry smapfmjmbn lon rdalotmgmzbn mo wemge 53 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb olrrltmvbs dj teb Zflges lrb lfwlys alrcmolf lon kmlsbn (Amrnmtl, ;007). ^eb stdry dj tebmr rbspbgtmvb oltmdolf emstdry ms smapfb9 oltmdo L els fmvbn mo sdab lrbls jrda tmab maabadrmlf dr els gdab tebrb wmte l gfblr bteomg lon gufturlf mnbotmty8 mts oltmdolf dr stltb tbrrmtdry wls bxplonmoc dr gdotrlgtmoc kut mts gdrb ms uonbomlkfb, lon mts pdssmkfb lnnmtmdolf tbrrmtdrmlf gflmas lrb sbfj-bvmnbot lon blsy td iustmjy8 teb jdrbmco rufbs gdufn elvb flstbn jdr gboturmbs kut stmff teby elvb odt gelocbn loytemoc dj teb oltmdo's klsmg trlmts8 lon jmolffy, teb rmvlf bteomg dr pdfmtmglf gflmas dj dtebr pbdpfbs, wmte weda oltmdo L usbn td fmvb lon selrb splgb lon mostmtutmdolf drnbr, lrb bpebabrlf lon gloodt kb sukstlotmltbn. Smtemo suge l gdogbptulf gdotbxt, vmbws dr bvmnbogb telt teb Zflges (dr loy dtebr rmvlf crdup) gdufn elvb kbbo tbrrmtdrmlf prbnbgbssdrs dr kmdfdcmglffy, gufturlffy, fmocumstmglffy dr pdfmtmglffy l rblf gdotbstbr lon sdabtmabs dr djtbo lo mapdrtlot jlgtdr mo selpmoc oltmdo”s L mnbotmty, lrb rdutmobfy rbibgtbn ls crduonfbss. ^elt ms wey tebrb ms elrnfy loy sbrmdus lon grmtmglf motbrprbtltmdo dj teb Zflge prbsbogb lon maplgt mo teb emstdry lonstltbs. gdotbapdrlrmobss loy dj teb rbspbgtmvb Klfhlo Ky teb bon djdj;0te gbotury, edwbvbr, obw rbsblrge lkdut bteomg 55 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
drmcmos lon mnbotmtmbs krducet obw gdogbpts lon bvmnbogb, wemge aly kb lo bolkfmoc jrlabwdrh td grmtmglffy motbrprbt teb vlrmdus bteod-cbobsbs dj teb Klfhlo pbdpfb, teb Zflges mogfunbn. Mo tems plpbr, edwbvbr, wb wmff bxpfdrb dofy dob prdamsmoc gdogbpt. Mt ms l pmdobbrmoc wdrh do teb gdogbpt dj l odalnmg abnmbvlf trmkb ky [. Fmonobr mo ―Selt Sls l Odalnmg ^rmkb” (Fmonobr, <=5;), wemge aly ebfp td kbttbr uonbrstlon teb Klfhlo bteod-cbobsbs. I. Jmob els suaalrmzbn teb gdogbpt9 ―L trmkb wls odt lo bteomg crdup, kut teb gdostmtubogy dr jdffdwmoc dj l gembj. L flrcb trmkb wls gdapdsbn dj l sbrmbs dj nmjjbrbot uorbfltbn crdups, wed wbrb gdoqubrbn ky dr bfsb vdfuotlrmfy lssdgmltbn tebasbfvbs jdr altbrmlf rblsdos wmte teb gembj. ^eb rbsuftmoc trmkb wls usulffy olabn jdr teb gflo dj teb gembj. ^eus teb Whytemlos, Wlraltmlos, Euos, Lvlrs, lon sd do, wbrb lff gdapdsbn dj klons dj edrsbabo nrlwo jrda aloy floculcb crdups ‗ Mrlomlos, ^urhs, Euos ‗ wed gdffbgtmvbfy kdrb teb olab dj teb ndamolot crdup lt l cmvbo tmab (Jmob, ;00:).” Lggdrnmocfy, teb ―drmcmolf” Grdlts, Wbrks, Kufclrmlos, lon dtebrs aly elvb lppblrbn mo emstdry mo ls (salff lon) amxbn crdups dj odalnmg wlrrmdrs tebmr sblrge jdr obw plsturbs lon pfuonbr, dr bvbo ruoomoc lwly uonbr teb prbssurb 5= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
jrda lodtebr kut adrb pdwbrjuf crdup dj odalns. Kdte Blst Burdpblo lon Klfhlo emstdry jrda teb yblrs ;00 td <000 LN eln kbbo eblvmfy selpbn ky suggbssmvb rlmns dj ouabrdus odalnmg trmkbs usmoc teb blst-wbst rdutb (AgObmff lon AgObmff, ;007). ^eb slab glo kb lppfmbn td teb Zflges, ls wbff. ^eby aly lfsd elvb kbbo drmcmolffy l amxturb dj nmjjbrbot monmcbodus trmkbs lon [dalos, jrlcabotbn lon nmspbrsbn lff dvbr teb Klfhlos. Mo spbgmjmg lrbls teby wbrb lkfb td mapdsb tebmr floculcb lon gufturb8 mo dtebr lrbls teby wbrb lssmamfltbn lon fdst tebmr floculcb. Kut ls trloseualot odalns teby elvb hbpt sdab dj teb klsmg gelrlgtbrmstmgs dj abnmbvlf trmkbs. Krmbjfy, teby wbrb drclomzbn mo gflos (glffbn hltuom mo teb gbotrlf Klfhlos) lon pbralobotfy amcrltbn mo sblrge jdr kbttbr plsturbs lon prdspbgts dj pfuonbrs. Ls mt ms wbff hodwo, teb hby bfbabot dj teb bgdoday dj loy aduotbn wlrrmdrs els lfwlys kbbo teb pfuonbr. Ky djjbrmoc dppdrtuomtmbs jdr obw plsturbs lon pfuonbr, teb Zflge gflos wbrb lkfb td lttrlgt aloy Wbrkmlo, Adotbobcrmlo, Grdltmlo, Kufclrmlo, Crbbh bspbgmlffy Lfklomlo ebrnbrs, dr vmgb vbrsl.lon Mt ms odt l surprmsb =0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
telt sdab Adotbobcrmlo lon Lfklomlo gflos gflma teb slab logbstdrs. ^eb Ebrzbcdvmlo lon Adotbobcrmlo gflo strugturb ms selpbn ky teb Fltmomzbn Zflge odalns, kut lfsd ky tebmr bvbotulf sflvmgmzltmdo. Wbrmdus rbsblrge lkdut teb Plstrdvmg gflo mo Adotbobcrd, Pdfimgb [bpukfmg mo Grdltml dr lkdut Kuoibvgm mo Wbrkml dr teb <=te gbotury aduotlmo dj Zbfbkmt rbcmdo”s sebpebrns mo Grdltml wdufn prdklkfy nmsgdvbr tebmr (lt fblst plrtmlf) Zflge logbstdrs. ^eb alidr pdmot ebrb ms, edwbvbr, telt tebmr amcrltmdos lon rlmns elvb eblvmfy selpbn teb bteodcrlpemg (lon fmocumstmg) strugturb lon gufturb dj teb gbotrlf Klfhlos, bspbgmlffy lrduon teb Nmolrl Lfps. ^ebsb odalnmg wlrrmdrs wbrb usbn ky Dttdalo ^urhs td culrn obw kdrnbrs, krmncbs dr cdrcbs, td kb l hby amfmtlry jdrgb dr bvbo iust stltb-suppdrtbn rlmnbrs td sprbln jblr lon plomg … ^eb Lustrmlos lon Zbobtmlos nmn teb slab ([dhslonmg, ;007). ^eus tebsb ―Zflges” elvb kbbo teb Fltmo spblhmoc pbdpfb, Wflvs dr djtbo Lfklomlos, kut lfsd vbry djtbo l amxturb dj teba lff. ^eb rbspbgtmvb bapmrbs wbrb trlospdrtmoc teba lgrdss tebmr splgb, lon rbcufltbn lon mogdrpdrltbn teba motd spbgmjmg (fltbr do) gmvmg^elt mostmtutmdolf drnbrs moamfmtlry <:te tdlon <5te gboturmbs. wls teb kbcmoomoc dj teb bon jdr aloy Zflges ls l spbgmjmg =< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
fmocumstmg lon gufturlf mnbotmty. Kut sdab survmvbn.
^eb twd bxgbrpts lkdvb ebfp td gfblr up sdab dj teb gdojusmdo telt els rbsuftbn jrda teb djtbo cbobrmg usbZflge dj teb td wdrn Zflge.welt Semfb teb usb td dj teb wdrn nbodtb lppblrbn dutsmnbrs td kb l pbdpfb elvmoc l selrbn logbstry lon bteomgmty aly elvb lppfmbn wmte sdab lggurlgy td gbrtlmo Zflge trmkbs dr crdups, teb lppfmgltmdo dj teb wdrn Zflge td dtebr crdups wls gfblrfy adrb cbobrlf. ^eb Zbobtmlos, jdr bxlapfb, webo teby usbn teb wdrn Zflge dr Adrflge dr Wflv, wmtedut loy qulfmjymoc olabs td nbodtb l spbgmjmg trmkb, sbba td elvb>0 usbn teb wdrn mo lo lfadst cbobrmg sbosb, smapfy nbodtmoc loy pbdpfb wed fmvbn mo teb motbrmdr dj Nlfaltmlo Grdltml. Mt ms mapdrtlot td rbabakbr telt tedsb wed wbrb glffbn Zflges dr Adrflges ky dtebrs nmn odt glff tebasbfvbs Zflges dr Adrflges. ^eb Plnilos ndguabotbn ls Adrflges ky teb Zbobtmlos, jdr bxlapfb, nmn odt glff tebasbfvbs Adrflges, kut Plnibos. Ebogb teb olab dj teb trmkb ‗ Plnilo. =; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Eln teb olab dj teb trmkb kbbo Adrflge, dr Adrflggem, teb olab dj Plnilo wdufn odt elvb kbbo rbgdrnbn9 mt wdufn odt elvb bxmstbn ls teb olab dj teb trmkb. ^eus, mt ms welt teb sd-glffbn Zflges lon Adrflges glffbn tebasbfvbs telt sedufn kb tlhbo teb bteomg stlrtmoc lon pdmotgufturlf jdr lo movbstmcltmdo motd lstebmr klghcrduon lon emstdry, rltebr telo teb wdrn Zflge dr Adrflge kbmoc tlhbo ls teb stlrtmoc pdmot. ^ebsb bxdoyas glo, edwbvbr, ebfp td cumnb us mo dur sblrge jdr loswbrs. Kut wb aust rbabakbr telt wb lrb fddhmoc motd teb drmcmo dj l trmkb olabn Plnilo. ^eb Lraëos, jdr bxlapfb, wed lrb hodwo ls Zflges lon Lrdalomlos ky tebmr obmcekdrs, fmvb mo teb Klfhlos lon spblh l floculcb telt ms gdosmnbrbn l nmlfbgt dj [dalomlo, kut telt els l nbjmomtb lon juonlabotlf gdoobgtmdo td teb Lfklomlo floculcb.>< ^eb jblturbs telt teb floculcb dj teb Lraëos lon teb floculcb dj teb Lfklomlos elvb mo gdaado lrb lttrmkutlkfb td tebsb floculcbs mo gfdsb prdxmamty td blge dtebr, dr tdbvdfvmoc tebmr kbmoc nlucetbrs dj teb =7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
slab plrbot floculcb, dr td tebmr kbmoc nlucetbrs dj twd plrbot floculcbs telt wbrb rbfltbn. Mo loy glsb, tebrb ms l cbobtmg rbfltmdosemp kbtwbbo teb floculcb dj teb Lfklomlos lon teb floculcb dj teb Lraëos, iust ls tebrb ms l gdoobgtmdo kbtwbbo tebsb twdtelt pbdpfbs tebrb loy dr dtebr floculcb aly tebasbfvbs. kb rbfltbn tdMs Lfklomlo, td teb floculcb dj teb Lraëos4 Mo Motrmcumoc Fmocumstmg Wmamflrmtmbs9 LfklomloLrabomlo, Nr. Alrmhl Kutshermhmnzb wrmtbs9 M wls lfwlys motrmcubn ky teb jlgt telt Lfklomlo lon Lrabomlo (fblvmoc lsmnb teb glsb dj Crbbh jdr odw) stlon mo msdfltmdo, kut stmff elvb boduce jblturbs td kbfdoc td teb Mond-Burdpblo floculcb jlamfy. \ubstmdos telt wbrb puzzfmoc ab jdr qumtb sdab tmab wbrb9 welt lrb teb gelrlgtbrmstmgs telt alhb tebsb floculcbs Mond-Burdpblo, lon lt teb slab tmab nmstmogt td alhb teba stlon mo msdfltmdo4 Lon wey teby nd odt elvb ―smstbrs,” iust fmhb dtebr floculcbs, ls jdr bxlapfb Pdfmse dr Jrboge4 Semfb M stmff nd odt elvb lff teb loswbrs jdr odw, M gloM ltjduon fblst tbff ydu lkdut rbalrhlkfb smamflrmtmbs, kbtwbbo Lfklomlo lon LrabomloX...Q Alrtmrdsylo (;0<0) mo ems => dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
―Btyadfdcmglf Nmgtmdolry dj teb Lrabomlo Moebrmtbn Fbxmgdo” cmvbs l fmst dj sdab >= Lfklomlo wdrns lttbstbn (kut sdab dj teba nmsputbn ls wbff) mo Lrabomlo. ^ebsb wdrns lrb9 kfbtèz, kdtè, krbne, nlf, nbfb, nbff, nbrè, nbt, nelffè, nem, neib, neibtè, nilteè, nibrsè, ndrè, nrbne, nrmteè, nru/nr), bon/*o(n), èonèrrè, jilfè, cilfpb, cdcèf, ebrneè, euneèr, ma, fbrè, alt, amse, ailftè, aibhèr, ad, oèoè, oèotè, oiè, ousb, rrèoiè, sdrrè, tltè, -l, teèrá/te(è)oá, teièr(r), teur, trmseb, uneè, vbrè/v*oè, vbrrè, vbte, vmne, zdc. >;
^eb Lraëos, teb sd-glffbn Zflges ‗ wedsb uftmaltb drmcmo els kbbo nbkltbn jdr euonrbns dj yblrs ‗ lrb, alrh ay wdrns, rdalomzbn Lrabomlos ‗ Lrabos ‗ kut wmtedut teb logbstry jrda teb Elylsl, teb Rrlrtmlos, lon teb Fuwmlos telt teb Lrabomlos dj tdnly elvb. ^eb Lraëos lon teb Lrabos lrb dob lon teb slab pbdpfb. Mo ems L Emstdry dj Lraboml, Zlelo A. Hurhimlo wrmtbs9 Hbvdrh nbgflrbs Lrabos, pblgbjuffyLsflo pbobtrltmoc motdtelt tebsbteb emceflons, jduon =2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
tebrb l pdpufltmdo lhmo td tebasbfvbs mo spbbge lon gustdas. Pdssmkfy tems rbjbrs td teb moelkmtlots dj teb flon dj Elylsl. >7
Mo teb Amnnfb Lcbs teb Lrabomlos ‗ Lrabos ‗ fmvbn lfdocsmnb Lfklomlos mo teb Gluglsus (teb sd-glffbn Gluglsmlo Lfklomlos)8 lon mo teb Amnnfb Lcbs teb Lraëos (Zflges) lon Lfklomlos fmvbn smnb ky smnb mo teb Klfhlos (webrb sdab stmff fmvb mo gfdsb prdxmamty td blge dtebr). Semfb mt ms pdssmkfb jdr mt td kb abrbfy gdmogmnbotlf telt twd nmjjbrbot lon uorbfltbn pbdpfbs fmvmoc mo twd nmjjbrbot plrts dj teb wdrfn aly elvb, dr kb hodwo ky, teb slab olab, suge ls teb Lfklomlos dj teb Gluglsus lon teb Lfklomlos dj teb Klfhlos, mt ms bxtrldrnmolrmfy uofmhbfy telt suge pbdpfbs ‗ teb Lfklomlos dj teb Gluglsus lon teb Lfklomlos dj teb Klfhlos ‗ wdufn elvb teb slab obmcekdrs ‗ Lrabos/Lraëos ‗ mo kdte fdgltmdos ‗ teb Gluglsus lon teb Klfhlos, mj teby ‗ teb Lfklomlos mo tebsb twd fdgltmdos ‗ wbrb odt rbfltbn td blge dtebr. ^eby aust elvb kbbo teb slab pbdpfb. Lon teb slab edfns trub jdr teb Lraëos dj teb Klfhlos lon teb Lrabos dj teb Gluglsus8 teby aust kb teb slab pbdpfb. Monbbn, teb dofy sduon =: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
gdogfusmdo ms telt teb Lfklomlos dj teb Gluglsus wbrb rbfltbn td teb Lfklomlos dj teb Klfhlos, iust ls teb Lrabos dj teb Gluglsus lon teb Lraëos dj teb Klfhlos aust kb dj teb slab drmcmolf stdgh. ^eus, teb Lfklomlos lon teb Lrabos/Lraëos aust elvb bmtebr amcrltbn tdcbtebr td dob fdgltmdos, td teb Klfhlos dr dj td tebsb teb Gluglsus-Loltdfmlo rbcmdo. Wdab sgedflrs pflgb teb drmcmo dj teb Lrabomlos (Lrabos/Lraëos) mo teb Klfhlos, >> wemfb dtebr sgedflrs lrcub telt teby lrb lutdgetedodus td teb Gluglsus-Loltdfmlo rbcm do. >2 Sebrbvbr teb drmcmolf edabflon dj teb Lrabomlos (Lrabos/ Lraëos) ms, teb drmcmolf edabflon dj teb Lfklomlos, mt wdufn sbba, aust kb ls wbff. Nmn teb Lrabomlos (Lrabos/Lraëos) drmcmoltb mo teb Gluglsus-Loltdfmlo rbcmdo4 dr nmn teby drmcmoltb mo teb Klfhlos4 Mt ms kbydon teb sgdpb dj tems kddh td lttbapt td loswbr telt qubstmdo lnbqultbfy, kut teb jdffdwmoc qudtltmdos lrb motrmcumoc.
=3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Mo NOL ^rmkbs Nmcbst (;0<<), Fugls Alrtmo wrmtbs9 [bsufts jrda kdte lutdsdalf W^[ lon lutdsdalf WOP lolfysms monmgltbn cbobtmg gdotmoumty kbtwbbo Lrabomlos lon obmcekdrmoc pdpufltmdos. ^ems ms gdosmstbot wmte logmbot Lrabomlo drmcmos mo Emceflon Wdutewbst Lsml. Mo lnnmtmdo, WOP lolfysms monmgltbn telt Lrabomlo pdpufltmdos selrb l GluglsusLoltdfmlo cbobtmg gdapdobot wmte pdpufltmdos dj teb Fbvlotmob (Blst Abnmtbrrloblo) gdlst. ^ems amcet rbjfbgt fmohs kbtwbbo teb ^rlosgluglsus lon Jbrtmfb Grbsgbot mogfunmoc Krdozb Lcb Eurrmlo bxplosmdos.
Lon mo Gebghmoc teb eypdtebsms dj l Klfhlo drmcmo dj teb Lrabomlos, F. ]bpmshdpdsylo, P. Erbgenlhmlo, lon E. Wmadomlo stltb9
^eus, teb pltrmfmoblf cbobtmg strugturb dj adnbro Lrabomlos crdups ndbs odt suppdrt tebmr Klfhlo drmcmo.>:
^eb rbsufts dj tebsb NOL stunmbs, edwbvbr, sedufn odt kb rbclrnbn ls prddj telt mt wls mo teb =5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Gluglsus telt teb Lfklomlos lon teb Lrabomlos drmcmoltbn. L smamflr NOL stuny dj Euoclrmlo lutdsdalf NOL ky NOL ^rmkbs >3 jduon telt Euoclrmlos wbrb cbobtmglffy adst smamflr td tebmr maabnmltb Burdpblo obmcekdrs, lon sedwbn lfadst od Burdpb cbobtmg (Rrlfs smamflrmty td pbdpfbs mo blstbroadst lon Wdutebro [ussml) wedsb logbstdrs wbrb tebmr maabnmltb logmbot obmcekdrs prmdr td 5=2 GB. Mo dtebr wdrns, iuncmoc ky teb rbsufts dj teb stuny dj Euoclrmlo NOL, mo l rbfltmvbfy sedrt tmab teb NOL prdjmfb dj l pbdpfb glo gelocb smcomjmglotfy. ^ems dksbrvltmdo lssuabs, edwbvbr, telt teb lutdsdalf NOL dj Euoclrmlos fmvmoc kbjdrb 5=2 wls nmssmamflr td telt dj tebmr maabnmltb obmcekdrs tdnly, lon adrb fmhb telt dj tebmr jdrabr logmbot obmcekdrs, lon telt teb Euoclrmlos wbrb odt l edadcbobdus pbdpfb prmdr td 5=2. ^eb fbclgy dj teb alcylrmzltmdo dj odo-Euoclrmlos aust lfsd kb tlhbo motd lggduot. Obvbrtebfbss, mo teb slab stuny teb Wzíhbfy, dr Wzbhfbrs, wed spblh teb purbst jdra dj Euoclrmlo, >5 sedwbn rbfltmvbfy smcomjmglot cbobtmg td crdups mo Wdutebro [ussml lon smamflrmty td Gbotrlf Lsmlos (Lftlmlos). == dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Ls jdr teb yNOL stuny dj teb Lrabomlos, teb rbsufts dj mt sedufn odt kb rbclrnbn ls nbjmomtmvb prddj dj l Gluglsmlo drmcmo dj teb Lrabomlos (Lrabos/Lraëos). Jurtebr NOL stunmbs lrb obgbsslry td loswbr nbjmomtmvbfy teb qubstmdo dj tebmr Lon rbabakbr teb Lrabos amxbndrmcmo. wmte dtebrs, suge ls telt teb Elylsl, teb Rrlrtmlos, lon teb Fuwmlos, lon kbglab l smocfb pbdpfb wmte teba. Monbbn, teb almo nmjjbrbogb tdnly kbtwbbo teb Lrabos lon teb Lraëos, ms telt teb Lrabos elvb lnamxturb wemge teby lgqumrbn mo Loltdfml lon teb Gluglsus, webrbls teb Lraëos nd odt. ^eb fdcmglf gdogfusmdo ms telt teb drmcmolf edabflon dj teb Lrabos/Lraëos (Lrabomlos), ls wbff ls dj teb Lfklomlos, ms teb Klfhlos. ^eus, M gdogfunb telt crdups dj Lrabos/Lraëos (Lrabomlos) lon crdups dj Lfklomlos amcrltbn tdcbtebr jrda teb Klfhlos, terduce Lsml Amodr, td teb Gluglsus mo lotmqumty, lon bvbotulffy sbttfbn tebrb. ^eb Lrabos/ Lraëos (Lrabomlos) wbrb Perycmlos, >= wed wbrb ^erlgmlos, lon teb Lfklomlos wbrb Mffyrmlos. Kut mt aly kbst wbff nbsgrmkbs kb teb glsb teb tbra ^erlgdMffyrmlo kdtetelt pbdpfbs. <00 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Sebo teb Zbobtmlo ndguabots rbjbr td Plnilo Zflge dr Adrflge trmkbs, teb mapdrtlot wdrn dr olab mo teb perlsb ms odt teb wdrn Zflge dr Adrflge, kut teb olab Plnilo, kbglusb teb olab Plnilo pdmots td teb bteomg lon gufturlf klghcrduon dj ndamolot teb abakbrs dj teb bspbgmlffy td teb abakbrs dj tebtrmkb, trmkb, webrbls teb wdrn Zflge dr Adrflge ndbs odt. ^eb wdrn Zflge dr Adrflge ky mtsbfj ndbs odt pdmot td tebmr gufturlf lon bteomg klghcrduon kbglusb dj edw teb Zbobtmlos usbn teb wdrn Zflge dr Adrflge. Kut teb jlgt telt teb Zbobtmlos qulfmjmbn teb wdrn Zflge dr Adrflge mo tems mostlogb dj tebmr usb dj mt ky plmrmoc mt wmte teb olab Plnilo, monmgltbs telt teby wbrb nblfmoc wmte Zflges, dr, adrb spbgmjmglffy, wmte Adrflges ‗ Kflgh Zflges ‗wed eln l spbgmjmg lon nbjmomtb olab jdr tebasbfvbs ‗ jdr tebmr trmkb, olabfy, Plnilo. ^eus, teby wbrb l trmkb ndamoltbn ky Plnilos8 tebmr trmklf olab wls Plnilo. ^eb jlgt telt teb Zbobtmlos ndguabotbn l teb trmkbtrmklf ndamoltbn ky Plnilos, lon teb jlgt telt olab wls <0< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Plnilo lon ndguabotbn ls suge, lon telt teb trmklf abakbrs kdrb teb surolab Plnilo, 20 prdvb telt teb surolab Plnilo ms odt nbrmvbn, lon gloodt kb nbrmvbn, jrda teb wdrn pl"bomil, wemge ablos sflvbry lon monmgltbs sflvbs. Wflvbs wdrhmoc lt l tebmr adolstbry, loywebrb lrb kduon lclmost wmff td ldrfdgltmdo8 tebybfsb, nd odt gdostmtutb l trmkb8 sflvbs nd odt elvb teb jrbbnda td amcrltb lkdut l rbcmdo bstlkfmsemoc sbttfbabots lon olamoc teba. ^eby elvb od jrbbnda. ^eb Plnilos ndguabotbn ky teb Zbobtmlos wbrb l trmkb dj jrbb pbdpfb, lon teby lon dtebr jrbb Plnilos odt ndguabotbn ky teb Zbobtmlos bstlkfmsebn l ouakbr dj sbttfbabots mo fdgltmdos terducedut teb Klfhlos, plrtmguflrfy mo Kdsoml, kut lfsd mo Wflvdoml, Kufclrml, Wbrkml, Grdltml, Euoclry, [daloml, lon bfsbwebrb, ls bvmnbogbn ky tdpdoyas, ls sedwo lkdvb lon kbfdw. Obvbrtebfbss, l flrcb ouakbr dj Plnilos ‗ l flrcb ouakbr dj abakbrs dj teb trmkb ‗ aust elvb kbbo bosflvbn. ^ebmr bosflvbabot, ls wmff kb sbbo, adst prdklkfy kbclo mo <0=< GB, dr vbry sedrtfy ljtbr ls wmff dr kb Plnilolh sbbo, mt ms(Klnilolh, jrda teb trmklf <0=<. olab Lon dj Plnilo, <0; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Pltzmolh, Pbgebobc, btg.), wemge ms teb slab trmklf olab ls Plnilo, telt teb wdrn pl"bomil ms nbrmvbn.
<07 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
MZ. ^eb Plnilo-Plnilolh Gdoobgtmdo, ^dpdoyas, Plnilolhs, btg. Djjmgmlf Zbobtmlo ndguabots stltb telt Plnilo trmkbs eln gdab td Nlfaltml jrda Kdsoml 2< lon 2;
eln sbttfbnjrda mo tebtebHomo rbcmdo mo teb <:50s, ky movmtltmdo Zbobtmlos. Kbjdrb teb <:50s, Kdsoml wls bvmnbotfy l rbcmdo webrb aloy Plnilos wbrb sbttfbn, ls monmgltbn ky teb ouakbr dj vmfflcbs tebrb kblrmoc l jdra dj teb olab Plnilo. Ay Plnilos wbrb, lclmo, mo Wflvdoml, mo Hlom!hl Mvl, odt tdd jlr jrda Kdsoml. ^ebsb Plnilo vmfflcbs mo Kdsoml lrb vbry jlr jrda dob lodtebr8 lon teb jlgt telt teb vmfflcbs lrb sd jlr jrda dob lodtebr sbbas td monmgltb telt Plnilos eln spbot l fdoc tmab mo Kdsoml kbjdrb amcrltmoc td Grdltml (Nlfaltml), fdoc boduce td advb dvbr crblt nmstlogbs lon bxtrbabfy ruccbn lon aduotlmodus tbrrlmo, td bstlkfmse sbttfbabots sd jlr lplrt. ^d alhb tebmr idurobys blsmbr, wemge wbrb nduktfbss alnb do jddt, lon do edrsbklgh, wmte plghrdutbs lomalf lon rmvbrs wlcdo, tebypdssmkfb. adst fmhbfy jdffdwbn lfdoc webo ^eb <0> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
vmfflcb dj Pl "mob mo blstbroadst Kdsoml, oblr teb kdrnbr wmte Wbrkml, jdr bxlapfb, ms fdgltbn rmcet obxt td teb Nrmol [mvbr, wemge ms teb flrcbst trmkutlry dj teb Wlvl [mvbr. Mj wb teb wbrbNrmol td trlvbf jrda Pl "mob, Kdsoml, lfdoc [mvbr,odrte wb wdufn bvbotulffy rblge teb Wlvl [mvbr, lon gdufn wlfh lfdoc mts klohs bmtebr blst dr wbst. Mj wb trlvbfbn blst, wb wdufn sddo fblvb Kdsoml lon botbr welt ms tdnly Wbrkml, lon teb jmrst flrcb sbttfbabot wb wdufn rblge wdufn kb Wrbashl Amtrdvmgl, wemge mo teb Amnnfb Lcbs wls hodwo ls Wmramua9
<02 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Wmramua <0: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Dob bvbot mo teb emstdry dj Wmramua gdogbros us. Mo <03< GB tebrb lrrmvbn mo Wmramua l edrnb dj wlrrmd rs glf fbn Plt zmo lhs (P lni lol hs). 27 ―Pltzmolhs” ms lo Bocfmse trlosfmtbrltmdo dj teb Kyzlotmob Crbbh +$,-('$.(,$(, wemge wls teb spbffmoc teltteb Gdostlotmob Pdrpeyrdcbomtus td rbprbsbot prdouogmltmdo dj teb olab djusbn teb 2> trmkb. Pltzmolhs ms prdoduogbn Plnilolhs. Odtb telt teb olab dj teb trmkb els kbbo rbgdrnbn mo l vlrmbty dj spbffmocs ky wbstbro wrmtbrs terducedut Burdpb, lon ky dtebrs bfsbwebrb. Mo ems Emstdry dj teb Adocdfs , Wmr Ebory Edyfb Edwdrte odtbn l ouakbr dj teba, kut odt lff telt tebrb lrb. Eb abotmdos teb jdffdwmoc vlrmlots9 ^eby wbrb glffbn Pmzbolgm ky Fmutprlon, Pbgboltmgm ky Gdsals dj Prlcub lon Pb#mobm, Pbtmobm, Pdstmolcm, ky dtebr wbstbro wrmtbrs 8 Pltzmolhmtlm Xpfurlf jdra dj teb CrbbhQ, ky Gdostlotmob Pdrpeyrdcbomtus 8 Pbgzboibm, ky teb Wflvs 8 lon Kmssbom XFltmo jdraQ, dr Kbssm, ky teb Euoclrmlos XKbsboy! ms teb Euoclrmlo jdra.Q” 22 <03 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Pbrelps teb adst gdaado vlrmlot dj teb olab dj teb Pltzmolhs ms teb vlrmlot bogduotbrbn mo adst Bocfmse floculcb wrmtmocs, olabfy, Pbgebobc(s). ^eb spbffmoc dj teb olab ls Pbgebobc ms lgtulffy lo Bocfmse trlosfmtbrltmdo dj /0<0;07, wemge ms teb [ussmlo spbffmoc dj dj tebteb olab dj tebspbffmoc trmkb. ^eb Bocfmse trlosfmtbrltmdo [ussmlo els kbgdab teb adst gdaado jdra usbn mo Bocfmse wrmtmocs jdr dob rblsdo, olabfy, jdr teb slhb dj gdovbombogb. ^eb wmnbsprbln lon gdaado usb dj teb spbffmoc dj teb trmkb olab ls Pbgebobc sedufn odt kb tlhbo td ablo telt mt ms l jdra telt adrb gdrrbgtfy rbprbsbots teb prdouogmltmdo dj teb olab dj teb trmkb telo dtebr jdras nd. Dtebr vlrmlots dj teb trmkb olab kbcmo wmte teb fbttbr k, odt teb fbttbr p, lon teby sedufn odt kb rbclrnbn ls fbss gdrrbgt dr fbss lggurltb telo teb Bocfmse trlosfmtbrltmdo dj teb [ussmlo spbffmoc smapfy kbglusb teby lrb usbn lon jduon fbss jrbqubotfy. Monbbn, teb jlgt telt suge vlrmlots dj mt bxmst ‗ vlrmlots dj mt telt kbcmo wmte teb fbttbr k ‗ ms lo monmgltmdo telt teb momtmlf gdosdolot sduon dj teb olab dj teb tebBocfmse trmkb msk lon sdabwebrb teb sduon dj p ‗ l fmttfbkbtwbbo elrnbr telo <05 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
k lon l fmttfb sdjtbr telo p. ^ebrb ms, lgtulffy, lo
bxtlot floculcb telt ms wmnbfy usbn lon telt els l gelrlgtbr wmte wemge wb aly qumtb prbgmsbfy rbprbsbot teb sduon dj teb momtmlf gdosdolot dj teb olab dj teb trmkb. ^elt floculcb ms ^elm. ^eb ^elm gelrlgtbr ! (kpllw kpflle) rbprbsbots l gdosdolotlf sduon telt ms sdabwebrb kbtwbbo teb Bocfmse fbttbrs k lon p ‗ kp. ^elt ms odt td sly, edwbvbr, telt tebrb ms loy gdoobgtmdo kbtwbbo teb Pltzmolhs lon teb ^elm. M elvb abotmdobn teb ^elm gelrlgtbr ! mo tems nmsgussmdo dofy jdr teb purpdsb dj lolfdcy. Wdab dtebr(Gflssmglf vlrmlots ^mkbtlo), dj teb olab dj teb trmkb lrb9 Kb-%l-olc Klnilolh/Klilolh (Lrlkmg lon Pbrsmlo), Kbsboy!h (Euoclrmlo), Plgmoolh (Lrabomlo), Plnzmolh, Pb % bobc, Pbtgebobc, lon, motrdnugmoc, Plnilolh. ^eb cbobrlf gdosbosus do teb btyadfdcy dj teb olab ms telt mt gdabs jrda teb Dfn ^urhmg wdrn klilolq, ablomoc krdtebr-mo-flw. 2: 23 ^eb Plnilolhs rlmnbn Wmramua mo <03< lon tddh dvbr teb gmty. 25 Kut mo l sedrt tmab teb <0= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Euoclrmlos boclcbn teba mo l klttfb tebrb lon nbjbltbn teba.2= ^ems nbjblt wls prdklkfy dwmoc td teb jlgt telt dofy l salff ouakbr dj Plnilolhs eln rlmnbn Wmramua, teb kufh dj teba kbmoc sbttfbn, lt teb tmab, mo lo lrbl dj flon kbtwbbo Om Algbndoml (jdrabrfy ! , Wbrkml, :0 Mt wls, Kufclrml), lon Whdpib, Wdjml, Kufclrml. mo jlgt, adst fmhbfy l crdup jrda tems sbttfbabot telt eln rlmn bn Wmram ua. :< ^eb sbttfba bot dj t eb Plnilolhs mo tems lrbl tddh pflgb mo <0>:/>3, ljtbr l jlffmoc dut kbtwbbo twd Plnilolh gembjs, teb suprbab gembj ^yrlge lon teb crblt wlrrmdr lon gembj Hbcbo. Kbjdrb <0>:, adst dj teb Plnilolhs wbrb sbttfbn mo prbsbot-nly Slfflgeml lon ^rlosyfvloml, ls wbff ls mo Adfndvl lon Rhrlmob. ^eby eln lrrmvbn mo Blstbro Burdpb jrda Gbotrlf Lsml. ^ebmr amcrltmdo wbstwlrn jrda Gbotrlf Lsml eln kbcuo mo teb amn td fltb 500s kbglusb dj prbssurb jrda tebmr bobambs, teb Helzlrs lon teb Rzbs (Dceuz). :; Ky 5=2 GB dr sd, teby eln advbn lgrdss teb bxplosbs dj Lsml td teb flon kbtwbbo teb Zdfcl lon teb Nombstbr, wmte jdurrbst gflos sbttfmoc dj tebwbst Nombpbr lon teb dj teb gflosblst sbttfmoc dj mt. :7[mvbr, ^ems <<0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
flrcb lrbl ms webrb teb Plnilolhs eln sbttfbn, jdr teb adst plrt, lkdut =00. Kut mo tmab adst dj teb Plnilolhs wdufn puse jlrtebr lon jlrtebr sdute lon wbst, nrmvmoc teb Alcylrs (Euoclrmlos) lebln dj teba. ^eb alss advbabot lon semjtmoc dj tebsb glab twd pbdpfbs, Plnilolhs lon teb teb Alcylrs, td lo bon,teb adrb dr fbss, webo Plnilolhs rblgebn prbsbot-nly Slfflgeml. Mt wls ebrb, mo Slfflgeml, telt teb alidrmty dj teb Plnilolhs sbttfbn. ^eb Plnilolhs gdotrdffbn teb lrbl dj Slfflgeml jdr lfadst dob euonrbn yblrs, jrda lkdut <0<5 td <0=<. Mt ms mapdrtlot td odtb telt Slfflgeml wls odt teb olab dj teb rbcmdo lt tems tmab.
<<< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Alp jrda <=<< sedwmoc teb cbobrlf lrbl telt teb Plnilolhs (spbffbn Pbtgebobcs lon Pltzmolhs do teb alp) dggupmbn lkdut teb yblr <000.
<<; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Boflrcbn <<7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Nurmoc teb blrfy pbrmdn dj tebmr gdotrdf dj teb lrbl gdrrbspdonmoc td prbsbot-nly Slfflgeml, teb Plnilolhs” maabnmltb obmcekdrs td teb sdute, do teb dtebr smnb dj teb Fdwbr Nloukb, wbrb teb Kufclrmlos, wedsb flons teb Plnilolhs jrbqubotfy rlmnbn, kbmoc td mo nd wlr sd wmte ky teb Kyzlotmobs, wedbogdurlcbn wbrb boclcbn teb Kufclrmlos uotmf <0<5. Ideo Z. L. Jmob, Ir. wrmtbs9 Ablowemfb teb ^urhmg trmkbsabo glffbn Pbgebobcs kbglab l alidr prdkfba jdr teb XKyzlotmobQ bapmrb nurmoc teb pbrmdn ljtbr Klsmf MM”s nblte. Prmdr td ems loobxltmdo dj Kufclrml, telt stltb eln kbbo l kujjbr kbtwbbo teb Pbgebobcs lon teb Mo jlgt teb Pbgebobcs eln kbbo usbjuf td bapmrb. teb Kyzlotmobs, jdr jrbqubotfy webo teb Kufclrmlos eln prdvbn trdukfbsdab td teb bapmrb, teb bapmrb eln kbbo lkfb td glff updo teba td rlmn Kufclrml. Kut odw, wmte teb loobxltmdo dj Kufclrml, teb Kyzlotmobs jduon tebasbfvbs wmte l kdrnbr lfdoc teb Nloukb kbydon wemge fmvbn teb Pbgebobcs Xmo prbsbot-nly SlfflgemlQ. Odw Pbgebobc rlmns glab td kb nmrbgtbn lclmost mapbrmlf tbrrmtdry, lon teb bapmrb eln teb rbspdosmkmfmty td nbjbon tebsb flons lclmost tebmr rlvlcbs, wemge kbglab plrtmguflrfy <<> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
trdukfbsdab mo teb <070s. Bvbotulffy sdab dj teb Pbgebobcs sducet lon rbgbmvbn pbramssmdo mo <0>: dr <0>3 td grdss teb Nloukb mo flrcb ouakbrs td sbttfb. ^ebsb Pbgebobcs, lffdwbn td sbttfb mo teb bapmrb, wbrb uonbr l gembj olabn Hbcboms XHbcboQ, lo dppdobot dj teb crblt gembj ^yrlge. Eb lon ems jdffdwmoc eln spfmt lwly jrda teb almo edrnb. Pursubn lon wblhbr telo ems rmvlf, Hbcboms eln lshbn jdr lon rbgbmvbn pbramssmdo td sbttfb mosmnb mapbrmlf tbrrmtdry lfdoc teb Nloukb wmte teb rbspdosmkmfmty dj nbjbonmoc teb rmvbr kdrnbr. L gdonmtmdo dj tems lrrlocbabot wls telt Hbcboms eln td lcrbb td kb klptmzbn. ^ems ms lo bxgbffbot mffustrltmdo dj teb Kyzlotmob tbgeomqub dj sbttfmoc jdrbmcobrs do nlocbrdus jrdotmbrs„fmhb teb jdrabr jbnbrltbs„td nd teb kruot dj teb jmcetmoc. Mt wls l sbosmkfb pdfmgy mj teb jdrbmcobrs wbrb rbfmlkfb, lon smogb Hbcboms”s pbdpfb XPlnilolhsQ wbrb lfrblny bobambs dj ^yrlge”s Pbgebobcs lgrdss teb kdrnbr, dob amcet bxpbgt telt mj teby wbrb wbff trbltbn teby wdufn sbrvb fdylffy. Hbcboms sbbas td elvb lggbptbn ems obw rdfb wemfb rbtlmomoc ems eltrbn jdr ^yrlge. Hbcboms, tebrbjdrb, sbot jrbqubot rlmnmoc plrtmbs lgrdss teb Nloukb td pfuonbr teb flons lon glaps dj <<2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^yrlge”s Pbgebobcs. ^yrlge, kbgdamoc bxlspbrltbn lon hodwmoc telt Hbcboms wls odw lo mapbrmlf sukibgt, ebfn teb bapbrdr rbspdosmkfb. Mo <0>3 eb sbot lo baklssy td Gdostlotmodpfb td gdapflmo. ^eb bapbrdr, Gdostlotmob MU Adodalgeus, stupmnfy mosuftbn teb bovdys8 sd, telt wmotbr, webo teb Nloukb wls jrdzbo, ^yrlge fbn ems edrnbs motd teb Klfhlos. ^eduslons pdurbn mo, pfuonbrmoc ls teby wbot. ^eb rlmnbrs, edwbvbr, wbrb qumghfy strugh wmte nysbotbry lon tebrbky wblhbobn. ^ems bolkfbn Hbcboms”s abo lon teb Kyzlotmob tebaltmg trddps jrda Algbndoml lon ^erlgb td jmolffy nbjblt teba. Aloy prmsdobrs wbrb tlhbo, mogfunmoc ^yrlge, lon teb prlgtmglf Hbcboms succbstbn telt teby sedufn kb alsslgrbn8 kut teb Kyzlotmobs nmn odt jdffdw tems lnvmgb. Mostbln teby sbttfbn teba mo vlrmdus uonbrpdpufltbn plrts dj Kufclrml. Mt sbbas aloy wbrb sbttfbn oblr Hbcboms”s Pbgebobcs, wemge grbltbn l crblt gdogbotrltmdo dj Pbgebobcs mo teb slab cbobrlf lrbl. :> XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb uonbrpdpufltbn plrts dj Kufclrml webrb teb Kyzlotmobs sbttfbn tebsb Plnilolhs wbrb, lclmo, <<: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb flons kbtwbbo Om!, Wdjml, lon Whdpib. Ideo Whyfmtzbs mojdras us9 Klsmf Adolgeds, teb cdvbrodr dj Kufclrml, tddh teb tbos dj teduslons dj Pltzmolhs Xfdylf td ^yrlgeQ lon sbttfbn teba do teb pflmos dj Wlrnmhb XWdjmlQ, Olmssds XOm!Q lon Butzlpdfms XDv%b Pdfib, l gmty l fmttfb td teb sduteblst dj WhdpibQ. :2
Bvbo teduce aloy teduslons dj Plnilolhs grdssbn teb Fdwbr Nloukb motd mapbrmlf tbrrmtdry ljtbr teb Kyzlotmob nbjblt dj teb Kufclrmlos, jmrst wmte Hbcbo, lon tebo wmte ^yrlge, teduslons dj Plnilolhs eln stlybn kbemon do teb odrtebro smnb dj teb Fdwbr mo lo lrbl dj tdflon strbtgemoc jrda Nloukb, prbsbot-nly Slfflgeml Wdutebro [ussml, oblr teb Kflgh Wbl. Mo teb sprmoc dj <053, teb gembjtlmo ^zbfcu grdssbn teb Fdwbr Nloukb wmte lkdut bmcety teduslon Plnilolhs lon movlnbn ^erlgb. :: Plnilolh pdwbr glab td lo bjjbgtmvb bon lkdut <0=<, webo lo lray dj Kyzlotmobs lon Gualos (Hualos), l ^urhmg trmkb, vloqumsebn teb Plnilolhs lt teb Klttfb dj Fbvduomdo. :3 ^ems <<3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
klttfb wls nbgmsmvb, lon krducet lkdut teb nbstrugtmdo dj teb Plnilolh lray8 mt nmn odt laduot td teb gdapfbtb loomemfltmdo dj teb Plnilolhs. *** Mo <03<, teb Pbgebobcs rlmnbn teb rbcmdo lrduon Wmramua, lpplrbotfy bogdurlcbn td nd sd ky teb Kyzlotmob gdaalonbr dj Kbfcrlnb, nux Omgdtl (Omhbtls). ^ems alo wls adst fmhbfy teb gdaalonbr dj teb Wmramua prdvmogb, lon odt iust teb strltbcds dj Kbfcrlnb. Mt ms emcefy prdklkfb telt teb Pbgebobcs XPlnilolhsQ movdfvbn mo tebsbkbtwbbo lgtmdos Omlclmost Euoclry tedsb :5 ‗ wbrb sbttfbn Lfbxlonru ! lon Wdjml. Alncblru, ^eb Pbgebobcs mo teb Kyzlotmob Lray
Ls sbbo do teb alp lkdvb, Wmramua ms fdgltbn obxt td teb Wlvl [mvbr. Mo dur malcmoltmdo wb elvb lfrblny trlvbffbn odrte lfdocsmnb teb Nrmol [mvbr jrda Pl"mob, Kdsoml, rblgebn teb Wlvl, lon wlfhbn blstwlrn lfdoc mts klohs td Wrbashl Amtrdvmgl, wemge ms teb prbsbot-nly olab dj logmbot Wmramua. Fbt us odw fblvb Wmramua lon <<5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ebln wbstwlrn lfdoc teb Wlvl mo teb nmrbgtmdo dj Kdsoml. Mostbln dj eblnmoc sdute webo wb rblge teb Nrmol, wb wmff gdotmoub lfdoc teb Wlvl lon almotlmo l wbstbrfy nmrbgtmdo. Kut jmrst, wb sedufn lsh, welt elppbobn webo teb Plnilolhs rlmnbn Wmramua4wrmtbs9 Mo ems Drmcmo dj teb [ualomlos , Bonrb Elrlsztm ^eb Pbtgebobcs wbrb lfrblny nbstrugtbn lon plrtmlffy loomemfltbn ky teb Gualos lt tems tmab, kut sdab survmvmoc jrlcabots stmff prbsbotbn l gdosmnbrlkfb jdrgb, lon teby pusebn ky teb Gualos sfmcetfy wbstwlrn mo teb Fdwbr Nloukbvlffby. ^eby prdklkfy amxbn tebasbfvbs wmte amcrltdry Zflges Wzbrbasbc), mo <03<, webo tebyelppbobn gdoqubrbn Wmramua (Euoc9 wemge td kb l Euoclrmlo ndamomdo lt tems tmab. :=
Wd mo <03< l smzblkfb ouakbr dj Plnilolhs, elvmoc gdab adst prdklkfy jrda lo lrbl kbtwbbo Om!, Wdjml, lon Whdpib, lrb mo Wmramua jmcetmoc teb Alcylrs (Euoclrmlos). 30 Mt ms odt prdklkfb telt Plnilolhs amxbn wmte Lraëos (Zflges)8 mt ms gbrtlmo telt teby nmn. ^eb Plnilo Zflge trmkbs ndguabotbn ky teb Zbobtmlos stlon ls prddj telt <<= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
suge l abrcbr kbtwbbo flrcb crdups dj tebsb twd pbdpfbs ‗ teb Plnilolhs lon teb Lraëos ‗ tddh pflgb. Kut webo nmn suge abrcbr tlhb pflgb, lon webrb4 Mo <03<, webo telt edrnb dj Plnilolhs rlmnbn Wmramua, tebrb wbrb twd dtebr crdups dj Plnilolhs mo teb olabfy, Klfhlos,teblon tebydj wbrb kdte vbry flrcb crdups, crdup Plnilolhs sbttfbn kbtwbbo Om!, Wdjml, lon Whdpib, wemge aly elvb ouakbrbn mo teb euonrbns dj teduslons (500,000 lggdrnmoc td Hbnrbods), lon teb crdup do teb odrtebro smnb dj teb Fdwbr Nloukb telt ^zbfcu wdufn fbln motd ^erlgb mo <053 (wemge gdosmstbn dj 50,000 Plnilolhs). Dj teb terbb crdups dj Plnilolhs mo <03<, teb crdup telt wls sbttfbn kbtwbbo Om!, Wdjml, lon Whdpib, wls fdgltbn gfdsbst td teb rbcmdo webrb teb floculcb dj teb Lraëos lgqumrbn crlaaltmglf jblturbs telt bstlkfmse mts cbobtmg gdoobgtmdo wmte Lfklomlo, lon tebrbjdrb, mo <03<, mt wls mo lff prdklkmfmty teb glsb telt teb Lraëos wbrb fmvmoc gfdsb td teb Lfklomlos, lon teus fmvmoc kbtwbbo teba lon teb Plnilolhs sbttfbn kbtwbbo Om!, Wdjml, lon Whdpib. <;0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb Plnilolhs telt ^zbfcu wdufn fbln, mo <053, motd ^erlgb, wbrb adst eblvmfy sbttfbn td teb blst dj prbsbot-nly [daloml mo <03<, oblr teb Kflgh Wbl, wbff dutsmnb teb rlocb dj teb Lraëos. Mt ms, tebrbjdrb, uofmhbfy telt ^zbfcu”s Plnilolhs wbrb tedsb eln abrcbn wmte teb abrcbrwed kbtwbbo Plnilolhs lontebtebLraëos Lraëosmjtddh pflgb kbtwbbo <03< lon <0538 lon ljtbr ^zbfcu”s movlsmdo mo <053, mo wemge mo klttfb ^zbfcu wls hmffbn, teb Plnilolhs fbn ky ema sbttfbn do teb rmcet kloh dj teb Nloukb ljtbr tebmr nbjblt ky l Kyzlotmob jdrgb fbn ky Omgdfls Alurdgltlglfdo. 3< Mo dtebr wdrns, kdte kbtwbbo <03< lon <053, lon ljtbr <053, teb edrnb dj Plnilolhs sbttfbn kbtwbbo Om!, Wdjml, lon Whdpib, telt ms, ^yrlge”s Plnilolhs, wdufn elvb kbbo teb crdup dj Plnilolhs gfdsbst td teb rbcmdo webrb teb Lraëos aust elvb kbbo sbttfbn lt teb tmab, webo tebmr floculcb lgqumrbn teb juonlabotlf crlaaltmglf jblturbs telt mt selrbs wmte Lfklomlo. ^eb Plnilolhs telt rlmnbn Wmramua mo <03< lrb ebfn td elvb teblclmo, lrbl kbtwbbo Om!, gdab Wdjml, td lonWmramua Whdpib, jrda webrb, <;< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
twd flrcb crdups dj Plnilolhs telt eln spfmt motd jlgtmdos mo <0>:/>3 lon telt wbrb fdylf td twd nmjjbrbot Plnilolh gembjs ‗ ^yrlge lon Hbcbo ‗ bonbn up tdcbtebr webo tedsb wed wbrb fdylf td Hbcbo sbttfbn oblr td tedsb wed wbrb fdylf td ^yrlge webo ky teb Kyzlotmobs. ^ebHbcbo crdupwls dj maprmsdobn Plnilolhs fdylf td ^yrlge wls, ky lff lggduots, auge flrcbr telo teb crdup fdylf td Hbcbo. Wmogb teb crdup dj Plnilolhs telt rlmnbn Wmramua wls qumghfy lon blsmfy nbjbltbn ky teb Euoclrmlos, mt ms maprdklkfb telt teb flrcb crdup dj Plnilolhs fdylf td ^yrlge wbrb teb Plnilolhs telt rlmnbn Wmramua. ^bos dj teduslons, lon pbrelps euonrbns dj teduslons dj Plnilolhs wbrb fdylf td ^yrlge. Mj tedsb fdylf td ema eln kbbo teb Plnilolhs telt rlmnbn Wmramua, teb Euoclrmlos wdufn odt elvb kbbo lkfb td nbjblt teba qumghfy lon blsmfy8 teb klttfb lt Wmramua wdufn elvb bsglfltbn motd l wlr. Mt aust elvb kbbo, tebrbjdrb, teb crdup dj Plnilolhs fdylf td telt Hbcbo cdobtelt td Wmramua lon rlmnbn gmty. telt Loneln bvmnbogb <;; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
mt wls, mo jlgt, tedsb wed eln kbbo fdylf td Hbcbo telt rlmnbn Wmramua, lon telt l ouakbr dj ems Plnilolhs wbrb odt glpturbn ky teb Euoclrmlos, ms jduon mo Wflvdoml, webrb twd tdpdoyas dj Plnilolh drmcmo ‗ Hlom!hl Mvl lon Hliclol (Hlmclol, ‗ lrb fdgltbn, sbplrltbn ky l abrbHbcbo) = hmfdabtbrs. Hlomlon !hl lrb Mvl, webrb, lclmo, lff ay Plnilo logbstdrs wbrb jrda, ablos Hlomsehl M (Hlomsehl teb Jmrst), ls M selff nbadostrltb kbfdw. Hlomsehl M, dr Hlom!hl Mvl, wls teb crbltbst bapbrdr dj teb Huselos, lon ls M selff nbadostrltb, teb Plnilolhs prdpbr wbrb, mo jlgt, teb Huselos prdpbr. ^eb pflgb olab Hliclol (Hlmclol), ls mt pbrtlmos td teb sbttfbabot fdgltbn = hmfdabtbrs jrda teb Plnilolh (Huselo) sbttfbabot Hlom!hl Mvl, ms gbrtlmofy olabn ljtbr Hbcbo, teb Plnilolh gembj. ^eb Plnilolhs telt olabn tebsb twd sbttfbabots aust elvb kbbo tedsb wed wbrb fdylf td Hbcbo, lon teby aust elvb olabn tebsb sbttfbabots ‗ Hlom!hl Mvl lon Hliclol (Hlmclol) ‗ lt l vbry blrfy nltb, lon lt teb slab tmab, lon kbjdrb teby abrcbn wmtemaprdklkfb dr lssmamfltbn lodtebr gufturb. Mt ms emcefy telt motd Plnilolhs (Huselos) <;7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
wdufn elvb olabn teb sbttfbabot ljtbr teb bapbrdr Hlomsehl M (Hlom ! hl Mvl), wed jfdurmsebn mo teb jmrst gbotury GB, ljtbr tebmr lssmamfltmdo motd lodtebr gufturb. ^ebrbjdrb teby aust elvb olabn teb sbttfbabot Hlom!hl Mvl kbjdrb abrcmoc lodtebr crdup, lonkbbo lt l vbry blrfy nltb. Lonwmte smogb mt gdufn elvb dofy tedsb Plnilolhs fdylf td Hbcbo telt eln rlmnbn, mo <03<, Wmramua, wemge ms lkdut ;:2 hmfdabtbrs jrda Hliclol mj dob jdffdws teb Wlvl [mvbr jdr adst dj teb wly, lon smogb Hbcbo nmbn ljtbr <0>3 kut kbjdrb <03<, mt aust elvb kbbo mo <03<, dr sedrtfy ljtbr telt yblr, telt teb Plnilolhs fdylf td Hbcbo sbttfbn mo Wflvdoml lon olabn teb dob sbttfbabot Hliclol (Hlmclol, Hbcbo), lon teb dtebr Hlom ! hl Mvl. Dogb sbttfbn mo tebsb fdgltmdos, mt ms gfblr telt teb Plnilolhs obvbr fbjt. Mj teby eln lklondobn tebsb sbttfbabots, wemge elvb lfwlys kbbo qumtb salff, mt ms gbrtlmo teb olabs dj teb sbttfbabots ‗ Hlom!hl Mvl lon Hliclol (Hlmclol, Hbcbo) ‗ wdufn elvb kbbo rbpflgbn wmte olabs cmvbo td teba ky fltbr lrrmvlfs l nmjjbrbot ^eb jlgt teltdj teb olabs gufturlf dj teb klghcrduon. sbttfbabots elvb <;> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
rbalmobn uogelocbn terduce teb gboturmbs, tdcbtebr wmte teb jlgt telt lff ay Plnilo/ Plnilolh logbstdrs wbrb oltmvbs dj Hlom!hl Mvl, ms bvmnbogb dj l gdotmoudus Plnilo/Plnilolh prbsbogb smogb teb bstlkfmseabot dj teb sbttfbabots, lkdut <03<. wemge, lclmo, aust elvb tlhbo pflgb ^eus, dj teb terbb crdups dj Plnilolhs lgtmvb kbtwbbo <0>: lon <053 ‗ ^yrlge”s Plnilolhs, Hbcbo”s Plnilolhs, lon ^zbfcu”s ‗ mt aust elvb kbbo ^yrlge”s, dr l flrcb ouakbr dj ^yrlge”s, telt abrcbn wmte teb Lraëos jmrst, lon teb abrcbr aust elvb tlhbo pflgb l fmttfb td teb wbst dj teb Adrlvl Zlffby lon l fmttfb td teb blst dj teb lrbl webrb teb Lfklomlos wbrb fdgltbn8 adst prdklkfy, ^yrlge”s Plnilolhs lon teb Lraëos kbclo td abrcb mo teb blstbro flons dj prbsbotnly Hdsdvd, pbrelps kbtwbbo Prmsetmol lon Whdpib, lon iust l stdob”s terdw jrda teb Lfklomlos. Odbf Alfgdfa wrmtbs9 ^eb drmcmosdo djtebtebMffyrmlo Lfklomlos sducet,‗ tebrbjdrb, smnb aust dj tebkbnmvmnb plrtmguflrfy mo teb aduotlmos rduon Hdsdvd, mo <;2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb Alfèsm, lon mo teb tlocfb dj aduotlmos strbtgemoc odrte jrda tebrb terduce Adotbobcrd. ^eb Fltmo bfbabots mo Lfklomlo ebfp td gdojmra tems fdgltmdo. Jrda teb jlgt telt sd auge cbobrlf vdglkuflry wls lksdrkbn motd Lfklomlo jrda Fltmo, lon sd fmttfb jrda Crbbh, mt ms gfblr telt teb prdtd-Lfklomlos fmvbn sdab wly td teb odrte dj teb Fltmo-Crbbh fmocumstmg nmvmnb. ^ems floculcb jrdotmbr rlo jrda teb Lnrmltmg gdlst oblr Fbzel lgrdss teb amnnfb dj Lfkloml, tebo up td teb fmob dj teb $lr aduotlmos, gurvmoc sdutewlrns td tlhb mo Fltmo-spblhmoc Whdpib, lon tebo ruoomoc odrtewlrns rducefy lfdoc teb Wbrkmlo-Kufclrmlo kdrnbr. Lt teb slab tmab, teb jlgt telt teb prdtdLfklomlos obvbr lgtulffy fdst tebmr floculcb monmgltbs telt teby wbrb sdabwelt msdfltbn jrda teb almo lrbls dj [dalo sbttfbabot ‗ wemge mogfunbn teb fdwflons lon teb alidr rdlns. Dob mojfubotmlf tebdry tebrbjdrb pflgbs teb blrfy Lfklomlos mo teb plrt dj odrtebro Lfkloml wemge (lggdrnmoc td lrgebdfdcmglf bvmnbogb lon pflgbolabs) wls teb adst uotdugebn ky [dalo mojfubogb9 teb ―Alt” nmstrmgt odrte-blst dj ^mrlol lon wbsttebdjblrfy Nbklr. Jrda tebrb, lggdrnmoc td tems tebdry, Lfklomlos wbrb lkfb td bxplon td <;: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
jmff teb rbcmdo kduonbn ky teb rmvbr Wehuakmo, teb Kflgh Nrmo, teb uomtbn Nrmo lon teb gdlst. Selt tems tebdry jlmfs td lggduot jdr, edwbvbr, ms lodtebr hby lspbgt dj teb Lfklomlo floculcb”s gdoobgtmdo wmte Fltmo9 mts motmaltb movdfvbabot mo teb nbvbfdpabot dj teb Zflge-[dalomlo floculcb. Fmocumsts elvb fdoc kbbo lwlrb telt Lfklomlo lon [dalomlo elvb aloy jblturbs mo gdaado, mo alttbrs dj strugturb, vdglkuflry lon mnmda, lon telt tebsb aust elvb lrmsbo mo twd wlys. Jmrst, teb ―sukstrltua” dj [dalomlo (telt ms, teb floculcb spdhbo ky teb prdtd-[dalomlos kbjdrb teby swmtgebn td Fltmo) aust elvb kbbo smamflr td Lfklomlo8 lon sbgdonfy, tebrb aust elvb kbbo gfdsb gdotlgt kbtwbbo Lfklomlos lon blrfy [dalomlo-spblhbrs dvbr l fdoc pbrmdn, movdfvmoc l selrbn plstdrlf fmjb. (Wdab hby bfbabots dj teb plstdrlf vdglkuflry mo [dalomlo lrb kdrrdwbn jrda Lfklomlo.) ^eb sukstrltua bfbabots mogfunb kdte strugturlf alttbrs, suge ls teb pdsmtmdomoc dj teb nbjmomtb lrtmgfb ls l sujjmx do teb bon dj teb oduo, lon vlrmdus bfbabots dj prmamtmvb Klfhlo prb-Fltmo vdglkuflry, suge ls gdpmf (―gemfn” mo [dalomlo) hdpmf (―klstlrn gemfn” mo Lfklomlo). Mj teb fmohs dr kbtwbbo teb twd floculcbs wbrb dofy <;3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lt sukstrltua fbvbf, tems amcet odt mapfy loy cbdcrlpemglf prdxmamty ‗ mt wdufn abrbfy sedw telt prdtd-Lfklomlo wls smamflr td dtebr vlrmbtmbs dj Mffyrmlo spdhbo bfsbwebrb. Kut teb plstdrlf gdoobgtmdos nd monmgltb telt Lfklomlos lon blrfy [dalomlos fmvbn jdr l fdoc tmab mo teb slab (dr lt fblst dvbrflppmoc) lrbls. ^ems els sdab cbdcrlpemglf mapfmgltmdos. Fltb Fltmo nbvbfdpbn mo twd nmjjbrbot jdras mo teb Klfhlos9 l gdlstlf vlrmbty, wemge survmvbn ls l nmstmogt floculcb (hodwo ls Nlfaltmlo) uotmf teb bon dj teb omobtbbote gbotury, lon teb jdra spdhbo mo teb motbrmdr, wemge turobn motd [dalomlo lon Zflge. Jrda pflgb-olabs mt ms gfblr telt teb gdlstlf jdra, spdhbo lfsd mo Wehdnrl lon Nurrès, pbobtrltbn sdab wly motd teb odrtebro Lfklomlo aduotlmos. ^ebrb lrb sdab trlgbs dj tems vlrmbty dj Fltmo mo Lfklomlo, kut teb Lfklomlo floculcb's fmohs wmte teb moflon vlrmbty dj Klfhlo Fltmo lrb auge strdocbr. ^ems succbsts telt teb gbotrb dj crlvmty dj Lfklomlo-Zflge syakmdsms fly l fmttfb jurtebr td teb blst. XMtlfmgs lnnbn.Q Sebo lon edw nmn telt syakmdsms tlhb pflgb4 Prbsualkfy teb Fltmo-spblhmoc prdtd-[dalomlos <;5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
glab td plstdrlfmsa fltbr telo teb blrfy Lfklomlos. Mj teby eln kbbo ndmoc mt jdr ls fdoc ls teb Lfklomlos, lon mo smamflr lrbls, teby wdufn ‗ iust fmhb teb Lfklomlos ‗ elvb bsglpbn Fltmomzltmdo lftdcbtebr. Wdab emstdrmlos elvb nbgmnbn telt teb prdtd-[dalomlos aust elvb kbbo Fltmo-spblhmoc gmty-nwbffbrs, wed sdabedw bxtrmgltbn tebasbfvbs jrda tebmr tdwos mo teb blrfy Wflv gboturmbs lon kbglab fdoc-nmstlogb trlvbffbrs dr sebpebrns mostbln8 kut tems sbbas moebrbotfy mapflusmkfb. (Eln teby gdab jrda teb tdwos, tebmr Fltmo wdufn surbfy elvb kbbo gfdsbr td stlonlrn Fltmo mo mts strugturb, tdd.) ^ebrb ms mo jlgt boduce Fltmo lcrmgufturlf vdglkuflry mo [dalomlo ‗ wdrns jdr sdwmoc, pfducemoc, elrrdwmoc, lon sd do ‗ td sedw telt teby wbrb jlramoc mo [dalo tmabs. ^eb semjt tdwlrns plstdrlfmsa wls prdklkfy qumtb crlnulf. Dob plrtmguflr jlgtdr telt aly elvb ebfpbn td prdadtb mt wls teb prlgtmgb dj edrsb-krbbnmoc, wemge wls, dr lt fblst kbglab, l Zflge spbgmlfmty9 teb abnmbvlf rbgdrns lrb juff dj Zflge aufbtbbrs lon Zflges fblnmoc glrlvlos dj plgh-edrsbs. XMtlfmgs lnnbn. ^eb Plnilolhs wbrb gbrtlmofy teb rblsdo jdr teb babrcbogb dj teb edrsb gufturb ladoc temsloamxbn Lraëo-Plnilolh/Zflge pbdpfb.Q Wuge dggupltmdo rbqumrbs gdotlgt wmte tdwos (webrb <;= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb trlnb ms), lon aly kb gdakmobn wmte sdab jlramoc mo teb tdwos” vmgmomty8 kut mt lfsd movdfvbs l jdra dj stdgh-krbbnmoc, wemge gdufn elvb cmvbo teb blrfy Zflges lo botríb motd teb emcebr-lftmtunb wdrfn dj Lfklomlo jfdghs lon ebrns. ^eb almo lrbl dj teb Klfhlo motbrmdr webrb l Fltmo-spblhmoc pdpufltmdo aly elvb gdotmoubn, mo kdte tdwos lon gduotry, ljtbr teb Wflv movlsmdo, els lfrblny kbbo abotmdobn9 mt mogfunbn teb uppbr Adrlvl vlffby, odrtebro Algbndoml, lon teb wedfb dj Hdsdvd. X^ebsb lrbls lrb tedsb webrb ^yrlge”s Plnilolhs wbrb sbttfbn.Q Mt ms, tebrbjdrb, mo teb upflons dj teb Hdsdvd lrbl (plrtmguflrfy, kut odt dofy, do teb wbstbro smnb, mogfunmoc plrts dj Adotbobcrd) telt tems Lfklomlo-Zflge syakmdsms prdklkfy nbvbfdpbn. Lff teb bvmnbogb gdabs tdcbtebr lt tems pdmot. Selt mt succbsts ms telt teb Hdsdvd rbcmdo, tdcbtebr wmte lt fblst plrt dj odrtebro Lfkloml, wls teb grugmlf jdgus dj twd nmstmogt kut motbrfmohbn bteomg emstdrmbs9 teb survmvlf dj teb Lfklomlos, lon teb babrcbogb dj teb [dalomlos lon Zflges XPlnilolhs lon Lraëos9 ZflgesQ. Dob flrcb crdup dj Zflges XLraëosQ td elvb lwlygbotury8 lon advbn sdutewlrnssbbas ky teb omotekrdhbo dr tbote teb <70 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
prdtd-[dalomlos stlybn mo gdotlgt wmte Lfklomlos smcomjmglotfy fdocbr, kbjdrb nrmjtmoc odrte-blstwlrns, lon grdssmoc teb Nloukb mo teb twbfjte gbotury. 3;
^eb Plnilolhs telt sbttfbn mo Wflvdoml wdufn mo tmab abrcb wmte Lraëos lfsd, kut tebmr abrcmoc wmte teba wdufn tlhb pflgb auge fltbr, nurmoc teb Dttdalo gboturmbs, lon lt l tmab webo teb Lraëos eln lfrblny kbbo abrcbn jdr gboturmbs wmte ^yrlge”s Plnilolhs, tedsb wed eln kbbo sbttfbn mo teb rbcmdo kbtwbbo Om!, Wdjml, lon Whdpib. Mo dtebr wdrns, teb bteodcbobsms dj teb Zflges, ls wbff ls dj teb Adrflges, wls, mo teb almo, teb abrcmoc dj teb Lraëos lon ^yrlge”s Plnilolhs, dr l flrcb ouakbr dj ^yrlge”s Plnilolhs, mo teb amn td fltb bfbvbote gbotury lon teb blrfy twbfjte gbotury. M gdogfunb teb jdffdwmoc9 teb amxbn crdup dj Plnilolhs lon Lraëos wls glffbn Zflges webo teb Lraëos” ouakbrs wbrb crbltbr telo teb Plnilolhs”, dr webo teb Lraëos wbrb ndamolot lon tebmr trlnmtmdos adrb lpplrbot telo tedsb dj teb Plnilolhs, webo teb adtebr tdocub dj teb abakbrs dj teb crdup wls, mo teb almo, <7< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Lrdalomlo, lon webo ls l sbgdon floculcb teb crdup (dr sdab krlogebs dj mt) spdhb (fltbr) Wbrkmlo (bmtebr $tdhlvmlo dr Mibhlvmlo $tdhlvmlo)8 teb amxbn crdup wls glffbn Adrflges webo teb Plnilolhs” ouakbrs wbrb crbltbr telo teb Lraëos”, dr vmgbdrvbrsl, webotrlnmtmdos teb Plnilolhs wbrb ndamolot webodrtebmr wbrb adrb lpplrbot telo tedsb dj teb Lraëos, dr vmgb vbrsl, lon webo teb floculcb spdhbo ky (lon prdklkfb adtebr tdocub dj) teb crdup wls Blstbro Ebrzbcdvmomlo (Mibhlvmlo $tdhlvmlo). ^eb usb dj Blstbro Ebrzbcdvmomlo succbsts telt Wbrks, dr pbrelps, mo teb almo, Wbrkmlo wdabo, gdaprmsbn l smcomjmglot prdpdrtmdo dj teb amxbn crdup. Kut mt ms lfsd pdssmkfb telt Blstbro Ebrzbcdvmomlo, dr Mibhlvmlo $tdhlvmlo, sbrvbn ls l hmon dj fmocul jrlogl mo teb rbcmdo8 Plnilolhs aly wbff elvb lndptbn blrfy do teb usb dj Mibhlvmlo $tdhlvmlo jdr teb purpdsb dj kbmoc lkfb td gdaauomgltb wmte Wbrks lon wmte teb Lraëos, wed prdklkfy spdhb mt ls l sbgdon floculcb. Lraëos elvb lfwlys kbbo odtbn jdr tebmr kmfmoculfmsa8 lon lfwlys tebmr kbbo sbgdon floculcb els emstdrmglffy lfadst Wbrkmlo. <7; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb olabs dr wdrns Zflge lon Adrflge wbrb, rbabakbr, bxdoyas. Sebo teb ouakbr dj Plnilolhs mo teb amxbn crdup wls crbltbr telo telt dj teb Lraëos, dr webo teb Plnilolhs wbrb ndamolot lon tebmr trlnmtmdos wbrb tedsb telt wbrb ouakbr, lonalmo, webo tebmr jdffdwbn floculcb ky kyteb temscrbltbst tmab wls, mo teb Blstbro Ebrzbcdvmomlo (Mibhlvmlo $tdhlvmlo), teby glffbn tebasbfvbs Plnilolhs dr Plnilos lon wbrb hodwo td dutsmnbrs ls Adrflges8 webo teb ouakbr dj Lraëos mo teb amxbn crdup wls crbltbr telo telt dj teb Plnilolhs (dr Plnilos) dr webo teb Lraëos wbrb ndamolot, webo teb adtebr tdocub dj teb abakbrs dj teb amxbn crdup wls (lon jdr teb Plnilolh abakbrs kbglab) Lrdalomlo, lon webo Lraëo trlnmtmdos wbrb jdffdwbn ky teb crbltbst ouakbr, teby glffbn tebasbfvbs Lraëos lon wbrb hodwo td dutsmnbrs ls Zflges ‗ kut, webo teb trlnmtmdos dj teb Plnilolhs wbrb jdffdwbn ky l flrcb ouakbr ls wbff, lon webo Blstbro Ebrzbcdvmomlo (Mibhlvmlo $tdhlvmlo) wls teb floculcb (lon ky odw teb prdklkfb adtebr dj teb crdup,teb teby glffbn tebasbfvbs Zflssmtdocub) (prdklkfy lndptmoc bxdoya <77 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lon alhmoc mt lo lutdoya dr bondoya), lon wbrb (fmhbwmsb) hodwo td dutsmnbrs ls Adrflges. Ebogb teb Plnilo Zflge dr Adrflge trmkb, dr trmkbs, ndguabotbn ky teb Zbobtmlos. Lon mt ms, lclmo, prlgtmglffy gbrtlmo telt ladoc teb amxbn crdup dj Plnilolhs lonPlnilolhs Lraëos, webtebr glffbnwbrb Zflges dr Adrflges dr dr Plnilos, Wbrks. Kut wb sedufn odt dvbrbstmaltb teb ouakbr dj Wbrks telt aly elvb gdosmstbn mo teb amxbn crdup dj Plnilolhs lon Lraëos, smogb mt ms botmrbfy pdssmkfb telt Plnilolhs lndptbn teb usb dj Blstbro Ebrzbcdvmomlo (Mibhlvmlo $tdhlvmlo) jdr mts utmfmty. M elvb rbjbrrbn td tems pbdpfb telt teb Plnilolhs abrcbn wmte ls Lraëos rltebr telo ls Zflges, kbglusb, mt ms gfblr, teb olab Zflge nmn odt gdab motd usb uotmf ljtbr teb twd crdups eln abrcbn. Monbbn, mo wrmtmocs dj teb bfbvbote lon twbfjte gboturmbs, usbs dj teb wdrn Zflge td nbsgrmkb plrtmgmplots dj bvbots telt tddh pflgb kbjdrb <020 lrb, mo jlgt, lolgerdomsas. Mo teb glsb dj Whyfmtzbs, teb lon usb lo dj lolgerdomsa8 teb wdrn Zflge lo motbrpdfltmdo lonms mtkdte ms lfsd <7> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lo lolgerdomsa mo teb Loolfbs Klrbosbs. Mo teb Wtrltbcmhdo dj Hbhluabods, lon mo ^eb Lfbxmln dj Lool Gdaobol, mt aly dr aly odt kb lo lolgerdomsa. Mo teb glsb dj Kboilamo dj ^unbfl, teb usb dj teb wdrn Zflge ms odt lo lolgerdomsa. (^eb ―Wbgdon Kufclrmlo Bapmrb,” wemge eln mts bjjbgtmvb kbcmoomoc wmte teb suggbss dj teb rbvdft fbn ky teb krdtebrs Pbtbr lon Lsbo, wls, mo jlgt, lo Lraëo-Plnilolh ‗ l Zflge ‗ bapmrb. M wmff nmsguss tems mo ay jdrtegdamoc kddh ^eb Plnilolhs mo teb Klfhlos.) Mt ms wbff td rbabakbr telt teb odalnmg fmjbstyfb wls lfwlys mo teb kfddn dj teb Plnilolhs, lon mt wdufn teus elvb kbbo olturlf jdr teba td kbgdab l smocfb pbdpfb wmte teb Lraëos. Kbsmnbs, teb odalnmg fmjbstyfb djjbrbn l jurtebr lttrlgtmdo telt lfwlys lppblfbn td teb Plnilolhs, olabfy, pfuonbr. Sey nmn teb Zflges cd td prbsbot-nly [daloml mo teb twbfjte gbotury4 ^eby wbot tebrb kbglusb Plnilolhs fbn teba tebrb. Odw ms l cddn tmab td fddh lt teb alp9 <72 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
<7: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Fddhmoc lt teb alp wb glo sbb, td teb wbst dj Wdjml, teb vmfflcb dj Plnmob, Kufclrml (teb fbttbr n mo Plnmob ms ls gfdsb lo bqumvlfbot td teb Bocfmse fbttbr i ls pdssmkfb mo rdalomzbn Kufclrmlo. Kufclrmlos prdoduogb teb fbttbr i fmhb teb fbttbr n. ila wdufn kb prdoduogbn nla Wd wdrn suge ls ky ll Kufclrmlo). ^elt vmfflcb, fmhb mts obmcekdrmoc vmfflcb Pb#mom, wemge ms mo prbsbot-nly Wbrkml, ms mo teb bxlgt lrbl webrb teb Plnilolhs wbrb sbttfbn mo <0>:/>3. ^eb olabs dj tebsb vmfflcbs ‗ Plnmob lon Pb#mom ‗ lrb bxlgtfy teb slab olabs ls teb dobs mo Kdsoml lon teb dob mo Grdltml. Odtb lfsd teb vmfflcb olabn Kd"lom td teb wbst dj Odvm Wln.
^eb olab dj teb vmfflcb dj Pb#mobm, Wbrkml, wemge ms 77 hmfdabtbrs jrda webrb logmbot Wmramua wls, ms spbffbn mo bxlgtfy teb slab wly telt teb olab dj teb trmkb dj Plnilolhs els kbbo rbgdrnbn ky sdab wbstbro wrmtbrs, ls, lclmo, Wmr Ebory Edyfb Edwdrte pdmotbn dut9 ^eby wbrbkyglffbn Pmzbolgm ky Fmutprlon, Pbgboltmgm Gdsals dj Prlcub lon Pb#mobm, Pbtmobm, Pdstmolcm, ky dtebr wbstbro wrmtbrs 8 <73 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Pltzmolhmtlm Xpfurlf jdra dj teb CrbbhQ, ky Gdostlotmob Pdrpeyrdcbomtus 8 Pbgzboibm, ky teb Wflvs 8 lon Kmssbom XFltmo jdraQ, dr Kbssm, ky teb Euoclrmlos XKbsboy! ms teb Euoclrmlo jdra.Q” 37 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb olab dj teb vmfflcb dj Pb#mobm, wemge ms lfsd spbffbn Pb#mom (prdoduogbn fmhb Plnilom), ms l vlrmlot dj teb olab dj teb Plnilolhs. ^eb olab dj teb vmfflcb dj Pb %bobc Mfdvl, mo Kdsoml, ms l vlrmlot dj teb olab dj teb Plnilolhs, djtbo spbffbn Pbgebobcs kut lfsd ls Pb %bobcs. ^eb wdrn mfdvl ablos gfly. Lkdut <00 hmfdabtbrs td teb wbst dj Pb%bobc Mfdvl ms teb vmfflcb dj Plnilom, Kdsoml. Plnilom ms lfsd l vlrmlot dj teb olab dj teb Plnilolhs. Ay jlamfy olab ‗ Plnilo ‗ ms l vlrmlot dj Plnilolh. Plnilom ms lkdut <00 ha td teb sdute dj Hlom!hl Mvl, wemge ms, lclmo, teb vmfflcb mo wemge ay crblt-crlonjltebr Lotdo Plnilo wls kdro. Mt ms, mo jlgt, teb vmfflcb webrb lff ay hodwo Plnilo logbstdrs wbrb kdro (dofy dob dj ay logbstdrs wls kdro mo Zuhdvib, wemge wls lo dutcrdwte <75 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lon bxtbosmdo dj Hlom!hl Mvl). Ay >/crbltcrlonjltebr Idsmp Plnilo wls l fdo#lr, telt ms, l pdttbr (jmcufus) . Kut ndguabotlry bvmnbogb monmgltbs telt eb wls teb dwobr dj l pdttbry amff dr jlgtdry. Eb wls l odkfb (odkmfms), lon eb wls rbclrnbn ls suge mo ems gdaauomty8 eb kdrbwbrb teb tmtfb ndamous . Dtebr Plnilos mo ay jlamfy lfsd pdttbrs ky prdjbssmdo mo Hlom !hl Mvl. Mogmnbotlffy, Pb%bobc Mfdvl ablos Plnilolh gfly (pdttbry). Hliclo lon Hliclol, lfsd spbffbn Hlmclo lon Hlmclol mo dfn drmcmolf rbgdrns, lrb rlrb surolabs jduon mo prbsbot-nly Grdltml, suge ls mo Wmslh lon Clrb!omgl. Wmxty-jdur pbrgbot dj pbdpfb surolabn Hliclo (Hlmclo) fmvb mo Wmslh, 3> wemge ms :; hmfdabtbrs jrda Hlom!hl Mvl. ―^lhmoc motd lggduot teb pdpufltmdo nbosmty, adst pbdpfb wed elvb teb surolab Hliclol XHliclo, HlmcloQ lrb fmvmoc mo Clrb!omgl.”32 Clrb !omgl ms 2.: hmfdabtbrs jrda Hlom!hl Mvl. ^eb vmfflcb dj Hliclol/ Hlmclol ms, lclmo, = hmfdabtbrs jrda Hlom!hl Mvl. 3:
Hliclol/Hlmclol nbodtbs, lclmo, teb olab dj teb Plnilolh gembj Hbcbo ‗ Hlmclo. <7= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Z. Ysmtvìkbsboy! lon teb Wurolab Plnilo/ Plcylo ^eb ouakbr dj kmrte, alrrmlcb, lon gbosus rbgdrns telt teb Geurge dj Ibsus Germst dj FlttbrNly Wlmotslon (FNW sedrt) els lalssbnJdr ms bodradus, telt jdr ms lo uonbrstltbabot. Euoclry, teb FNW els ;>,22<,030 rbgdrns. ^ebsb rbgdrns splo l pbrmdn dj 7>> yblrs, jrda teb yblr <:7: td teb yblr <=50. Jdr Wfdvlhml mt els l gdffbgtmdo dj <<,<7>,=70 rbgdrns sploomoc l pbrmdn dj 7<5 yblrs, jrda teb yblr <2=; td <=<0. ^eb FNW els l gdakmobn tdtlf dj 72,:5:,000 rbgdrns (ls dj Nbgbakbr ;>, ;0<7) jdr Euoclry lon Wfdvlhml lfdob. Mj wb sblrge teb FNW jdr l surolab ‗ loy surolab ‗ lon usb dofy teb bxlgt spbffmoc dj teb surolab ls dur sblrge plrlabtbr, teb sblrge wmff odt kb fmamtbn td loy dob gduotry dr loy dob gdffbgtmdo dj FNW rbgdrns8 mt wmff kb l sblrge dj teb botmrb nltlklsb, lon dofy teb surolab telt wb lrb fddhmoc jdr lon mts bxlgt spbffmoc wmff kb mo teb <>0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
rbsufts, rbclrnfbss dj teb gduotry, lon rbclrnfbss dj teb hmons dj rbgdrns sblrgebn. L sblrge jdr teb Euoclrmlo surolab Alcylr, jdr bxlapfb, ymbfns <>=,0;5 bxlgt altgebs, m.b., jdr teb spbffmoc dj teb ls Alcylr. Kut teb altgebs ymbfnbn lrbsurolab odt fmamtbn td tedsb jduon mo iust Euoclry8 teby lrb altgebs jduon mo teb botmrb nltlklsb dj teb FNW ‗ l nltlklsb gdosmstmoc dj euonrbns dj amffmdos dj rbgdrns. L sblrge jdr teb Euoclrmlo surolab Olcy, spbffbn bxlgtfy ls suge, ymbfns <,35;,;05 bxlgt altgebs. L sblrge jdr teb Euoclrmlo surolab Wzlkd ymbfns <,:;>,=5= bxlgt altgebs. ^eb Euoclrmlo surolab Adfolr ms sdabwelt fbss gdaado telo Wzlkd, teb sblrge ymbfnmoc 577,=;= bxlgt altgebs mo teb botmrb FNW nltlklsb. Jdr lff tebsb surolabs ‗ Alcylr, Olcy, Wzlkd, Adfolr ‗ dur dofy sblrge plrlabtbr wls teb bxlgt spbffmoc dj teb surolab. ^eb rbsufts ymbfnbn mogfunb rbgdrns dj teb surolab webrbvbr mt ms jduon. Kut kbglusb tebsb lrb Euoclrmlo <>< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
surolabs, adst dj teb rbsufts ymbfnbn lrb dj rbgdrns jduon mo Euoclry, olturlffy. Sebo wb sblrge teb FNW nltlklsb jdr teb jdra dj dur surolab rbgdrnbn jdr lon usbn ky dur adst nmstlot hodwo logbstdr ‗ Plcylo ‗ wmte dr wmtedut teb nmlgrmtmgs dvbr teb fbttbr y, wb cbt dofy > bxlgt altgebs ‗ dofy >. Odw, dur surolab ls spbffbn tems wly ‗ Plcylo ‗ fddhs fmhb l Euoclrmlo surolab kbglusb dj teb cy nmcrlpe, kut wb hodw telt mt ms odt l Euoclrmlo surolab. Sb hodw telt tems ms iust l pedobtmg spbffmoc dj teb surolab lon telt teb cy wls usbn dofy jdr teb purpdsb dj rbprbsbotmoc teb sduon ni dr ". Wd webrb lrb tebsb > altgebs4 ^eby lrb odt mo Grdltml, Kdsoml, dr Wbrkml, ls amcet kb bxpbgtbn. ^erbb dj teb altgebs lrb jduon mo sdutewbstbro Wfdvlhml ‗ twd mo l vmfflcb glffbn Ndfoì Wtrbnl, lon dob mo l tdwo glffbn Wbrbn'8 lon dob dj teb altgebs ms jduon mo l vmfflcb mo odrtebroadst Euoclry, glffbn Funìoyelfìszm, jdrabrfy Jbfs!funìoy. Mt ms mapdrtlot td rbabakbrhodwo telt lsbxlgtfy teb slab ouakbr dj <>; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
rbgdrns ms sblrgebn rbclrnfbss dj welt surolab wb sblrge jdr. ^eus, wemfb l sblrge jdr teb surolab Wzlkd ymbfns <,:;>,=5= bxlgt altgebs, l sblrge jdr teb surolab Plcylo, mo teb slab rbgdrns, ymbfns dofy > bxlgt altgebs. L sblrge jdr altgebs dj vlrmlot spbffmocs dj Plcylo mo lff teb FNW rbgdrns ymbfns9 Plcybo • 0 altgebs Plcyuo • 0 altgebs Plcydo • 2 altgebs (amous rbpblts) Plcymo • 0 altgebs Pdcylo • 2 altgebs (amous rbpblts) Pdcymo • ; altgebs Pdcybo • 0 altgebs Pdcyuo • 0 altgebs <>7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Pdcydo • < altge XWmogb teb pukfmgltmdo dj ^eb Plnilolhs mo Iloulry ;0<>, adrb altgebs jdr teb surolab Plcylo, spbffbn suge, odw mo teb FNW rbgdrns. Lff dj teblsaltgebs lrb dggur mo Grdltml, lon teb alidrmty dj teb pbrsdos td weda teb rbgdrns pbrtlmo, fmvbn mo teb vmgmomty dj Hlom!hl Mvl, dr mo Hlom!hl Mvl, webrb, lclmo, ay Plnilo jlamfy ms jrda.Q M elvb pfdttbn lff tebsb do l alp td sedw webrb teby dggur9
<>> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Odtb teb fdgltmdo dj Ysmtvìkbsboy!
<>2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb kflgh fmobs nrlwo jrda blge vlrmlot dj teb surolab td l pflgb sedw lff teb pflgbs webrb l altge ms jduon dj telt bxlgt spbffmoc dj teb surolab. Blge salff kflgh ndt monmgltbs l smocfb altge8 od rbpblts lrb mogfunbn (suge ls teb olab dj slabkdro jltebr nmjjbrbot jdrteb smkfmocs mo mo tebtwd slab vmfflcb).kmrte ^eb rbgdrns vlrmlot spbffbn Plcylo, jdr bxlapfb, ms jduon mo Ndfoì Wtrbnl, Wbrbn', lon Jbf!sdfunìoy ‗ twd altgebs mo Ndfoì Wtrbnl (twd kflgh ndts)8 dob altge mo Wbrbn' (dob kflgh ndt)8 lon dob mo Jbf!sdfunìoy (dob kflgh ndt) ‗ jdr l tdtlf dj jdur bxlgt altgebs. ^ebrb lrb od dtebr Plcylo altgebs mo teb nltlklsb. Odtb telt tebrb ms dob altge jdr teb spbffmoc dj teb surolab ls Pìniìo mo Ndfoì Wtrbnl. ^ebsb lrb teb dofy pflgbs webrb lff tebsb spbffmocs (Plcylo, Plcydo, Pdcylo, btg.) dj teb surolab lrb jduon mo lff dj teb monbxbn rbgdrns dj teb FNW8 lon tlhbo lff tdcbtebr tebrb lrb jbwbr telo twboty. Odt lff rbgdrns elvb kbbo trlosgrmkbn dr monbxbn, bxpflmos wey teb surolab Plcyloedwbvbr, ls jduon wemge mo teb drmcmolf <>: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
rbgdrns dj Hlom!hl Mvl ndbs odt gdab up mo teb sblrge rbsufts. Kut wb hodw telt Plcylo ms l rlrb surolab ls mt ms, iuncmoc ky teb jbwobss dj teb altgebs telt lrb ymbfnbn mo lff nltlklsbs. Lt loy rltb, teb ouakbr dj trlosgrmkbn rbgdrns ms eucb boduce ymbfnlsamffmdos dj mostlogb, altgebs wemge jdr l smocfb surolab,tdsuge Olcy, jdr ymbfns <,35;,;05. Jdr Plcylo, spbffbn ls suge, wb cbt, lclmo, iust >. Kut odtb webrb teby lrb. ^elt ms welt ms trufy smcomjmglot. Mo Pbgebobcs, Gualos, Mlsmlos9 Wtbppb pbdpfbs mo abnmbvlf Euoclry , Lonrìs Pìf÷gzm-Edrvìte
wrmtbs9 L Pbgebobc-styfb soljjfb wmte gurvbn adutepmbgb wls nmsgdvbrbn lt teb smtb dj l tbote-gbotury sbttfbabot mo teb vmfflcb dj Kligs-Jlrhlsn, Hdaìrda Gduoty (odw Kli % -Zfhlodvd, Gzbgedsfdvlhml Xodw sdutewbstbro, WfdvlhmlQ) do teb fbjt kloh dj teb [mvbr Ysmtvl ( (mtvl, Gzbgedsfdvlhml Xodw WfdvlhmlQ). L jbw hmfdabtrbs jrda tebrb fmbs Ysmtvlkbsboy! (odw Kb!b>dv, Gzbgedsfdvlhml Xodw Kb!bodv, WfdvlhmlQ), l vmfflcb dj Pbgebobc gdurt djjmgmlfs jdr wemge wb elvb <>3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ndguabotlry rbjbrbogbs jrda <;0= lon <;<>. ^eb crlvbs dj Pbgebobc odkfbabo kurmbn mo teb ebltebo aloobr wbrb nmsgdvbrbn lt teb jlrastbln dj ^mo÷n, Jbiír Gduoty, lt teb bon dj teb flst gbotury8 teb crlvb cddns mogfunbn l krmnfb-kmt, l stmrrup lon twd slkrbs. 33 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
Lon mo ^eb Malcb lon Lrgelbdfdcy dj teb Pbgebobcs, Jfdrmo Gurtl mojdras us9 Mo <03<, teb Pbgebobcs grdssbn teb Wlvl jrda teb sdute lon rlmnbn sdutebro Euoclry. Hmoc Wlfdado pursubn teb alrlunbrs td teb wlffs dj Kbfcrlnb, lon tebo kbsmbcbn teb gmty. Mts moelkmtlots glffbn teb Pbgebobcs jdr ebfp, kut teb gmty wls bvbotulffy gdoqubrbn lon teb Pbgebobcs nbjbltbn ky Gduot Mlo dj Wdprdo, wed tddh aloy prmsdobrs, lff dj weda eb tebo advbn td teb gduoty dj Wdprdo. Mt ms pdssmkfb telt teb Pbgebobcs mo qubstmdo wbrb Kyzlotmob kdrnbr culrns. ^ebrb wbrb Pbgebobc culrns dj teb rdylf ndalmo oblr Ysmtvlkbsboy! mo welt ms odw sdutewbstbro Wfdvlhml, webo Hmoc Cízl M ndoltbn telt vmfflcb td teb Lkkby dj Clrla Wt. Kbobnmgt.35 <>5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Odtb telt teb plrlcrlpe ndbs odt sly telt teb gduot tddh lff dj teb Pbgebobcs prmsdobr. Mt slys telt eb tddh aloy dj teba ls prmsdobrs, odt lff dj teba, lon telt eb advbn lff dj tedsb prmsdobrs td teb Gduoty dj Wdprdo. Ysmtvìkbsboy!, Wfdvlhml, hodwo ls Kb!b>dv mo Wfdvlh, ms :7 ha jrda Ndfoì Wtrbnl. ^eb flttbr plrt dj teb olab Ysmtvìkbsboy! ms Kbsboy!, wemge ms teb Euoclrmlo wdrn jdr Plnilolh, Kb!b>dv kbmoc teb Wfdvlh jdra dj teb Euoclrmlo wdrn jdr Plnilolh. Mo ems Emstdrmglf prbnbgbssdrs lon gurrbot cbdcrlpemglf pdssmkmfmtmbs dj bteomg klsbn tbrrmtdrmlf lutdodambs mo teb Glrpltemlo Klsmo, Hìrdfy Hdgsms
wrmtbs9 ^eb lutdodadus tbrrmtdry gdosmstmoc dj teb ‗ jrda teb <3te gbotury ln-amomstrltmvbfy adrb lon adrb motbrtwmobn ‗ Ilssmg lon Gualo sblts, teb Ilssmg-Gualo Nmstrmgt (Iìszhuo Hbröfbt) wmte Iìszkbríoy ls mts sblt, gblsbn td bxmst mo <53: webo mt wls abrcbn wmte teb obwfy grbltbn IìszOlcyhuo-Wzdfodh lon Pbst-Pmfms-Wdft-Hmshuo <>= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
gduoty. ^eb Pbgebobcs (Kbsboy!h) wed wbrb sbttfbn sglttbrbn XsmgQ mo teb gduotry mo teb <;te lon <7te gboturmbs dofy eln l tbrrmtdrmlf lutdoday mo teb kdrnbr lrbl dj Jbiír lon ^dfol gduotmbs (Wìrabffíh lrbl), lon bvbo tebrb dofy jdr l sedrt pbrmdn (<7;<‗<72;) (Cyúrjjy, Cy. <=7=).3=
Ls sbbo do teb alp lkdvb, Wìrkdcìrn ms mo Jbiír Gduoty, lon Hdgsdfl ms mo ^dfol Gduoty. Djjmgmlf Zbobtmlo ndguabots jdralffy stltb telt Plnilo trmkbs jrda Kdsoml sbttfbn mo teb lrbl dj Homo mo teb amn <:50s. ^eb Zbobtmlos glffbn teba Adrflggem, telt ms, Adrflges, ablomoc Kflgh Zflges. ^eb abakbrs teb trmkb tebasbfvbs Plnilos. Ebogb tebdjolab dj tebglffbn trmkb telt teb Zbobtmlos ndguabotbn ‗ Plnilo. ^ebsb Plnilo (Plnilolh) trmkbs telt teb Zbobtmlos ndguabotbn wbrb ndamoltbn ky Plnilolhs ‗ Plnilolhs telt amxbn wmte Lraëos, jmrst mo teb bfbvbote gbotury, lon wmte teba (lon prdklkfy wmte sdab Wbrks ls wbff) glab td kb hodwo ls Zflges lon Adrflges. Dvbr teb gboturmbs Plnilolhs sbttfbn mo Wflvdoml, Kdsoml, Grdltml, Wbrkml, Kufclrml, Euoclry, [daloml, Adfndvl, <20 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lon bfsbwebrb, djtbo ls l smocfb pbdpfb wmte Lraëos, lon tdcbtebr wmte teba hodwo ls Zflges dr Adrflges, lon mo sdab glsbs wmtedut teba. Lnnmtmdolf prddjs dj teb prbsbogb dj teb Plnilolhs mo Wflvdoml, Kdsoml, Grdltml lon bfsbwebrb, lrb teb tebmr olab mo sdab jdrapflgb ‗ Pbolabs %bobc telt Mfdvl,kblr Plnilom, Pl"bom, Pl"mob mo Kdsoml8 Plnibob, Grdltml8 Pb#mobm lon Pb #mom, Wbrkml8 lon Plnmob mo Kufclrml. ^eb surolab Plnilo ms teb trmklf olab Plnilolh wmtedut teb sujjmx -lh (-dh), lon mt ablos teb slab temoc ls Plnilolh. Wmogb ay logbstdrs wbrb Plnilolhs, lon smogb teby tebasbfvbs gedsb teb spbffmoc Plnilo td kb teb spbffmoc dj teb gflo olab, M gdosmnbr teb spbffmoc dj teb trmklf olab ls Plnilolh td kb teb spbffmoc telt adst lggurltbfy rbprbsbots teb prdouogmltmdo telt teb Plnilolhs tebasbfvbs eln gdab td usb.
<2< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ZM. Alvrdvflgeds, Gebroyb Hfdkuhm, Kflgh Glps Wmr Ebory Edyfb Edwdrte tbffs us teb jdffdwmoc lkdut teb Plnilolhs9 ^eb jmrst ky lppblrlogb dj teb Pbgebobcs mo Burdpb ms nltbn Gdostlotmob Pdrpeyrdcbomtus lkdut teb yblr 5=>-5==, webo, ls eb tbffs us, teby wbrb lttlghbn ky Helzlrs, lon Rzm mo lffmlogb, lon nrmvbo jrda tebmr logmbot sblts. Prbvmdusfy, lggdrnmoc td teb slab lutedr, teby eln fmvbn do teb Ltmf, m.b., teb Zdfcl, lon teb Cbbge, m.b., teb Ilmh, lon wbrb teb obmcekdrs dj teb Rzm lon teb Alzlrm. Mo lodtebr pflgb eb tbffs teb stdry mo lodtebr wly. Eb slys telt ―teb Pltzmolhmtlm, wed wbrb jdrabrfy glffbn Hloclr, wemge olab,” eb lnns, ―ladoc teba ablot odkmfmty lon strbocte, elvmoc tlhbo up lras lclmost teb Helzlrs, wbrb kbltbo, lon nbsbrtbn tebmr gduotry, lon wbrb dkfmcbn td botbr teb flon moelkmtbn ky teb ^urhs.” Ky ^urhs Gdostlotmob lfwlys ablos Alcylrs. Ljtbr l wemfb, Gdostlotmob cdbs do td sly, teb Pbgebobcs qulrrbffbn wmte teb ^urhs, lon elvmoc nbjbltbn teba, nrdvb dob sbgtmdo tdwlrns Pbrsml, m.b., ls M kbfmbvb, td teb odrte dj teb Gluglsus, lon teb dtebr tdwlrns teb Glrpltemlos. ^eb <2; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Pbgebobcs odw nbjmomtbfy dggupmbn teb dfn ^urhflon do blge smnb dj teb Nombpbr, lon nmvmnbn tebmr gduotry motd bmcet prdvmogbs ‗ jdur blst dj telt rmvbr glffbn ^zur, Gufpbb, ^lfalt, lon ^zdpdo 8 lon jdur wbst dj mt, olabfy, Gedpdo, Cyfl, Helrdkŗ, lon Brtba, lon teus dggupmbn teb vbry gduotry ebfn ky teb Odclms mo fltbr tmabs. Bfsbwebrb Gdostlotmob tbffs us teb olab Hloclr wls odt lppfmbn td lff teb Pbgebobcs, kut dofy td terbb dj tebmr trmkbs wed wbrb strdocbr lon odkfbr telo teb rbst.* ^ems sedws telt Pbgebobc lon Hloclr, wemge ms lpplrbotfy dofy lodtebr jdra dj Hlohlfm, wbrb odt qumtb gdovbrtmkfb tbras. Obstdr, teb blrfy [ussmlo loolfmst, gdojmras teb lggduot dj Gdostlotmob, bxgbpt ls td teb nltb 8 mo nltbs, edwbvbr, eb ms djtbo lstrly. Eb slys teb Pbgebobcs lppblrbn jdr teb jmrst tmab mo [ussml ( m.b., mo teb prmogmplfmty dj Hmbj XHmbvQ), mo teb yblr =<2. ^eby alnb pblgb wmte Mcdr teb [ussmlo gembj, lon lnvlogbn ls jlr ls teb Nloukb, lon eln motbrgdursb wmte teb Crbbh XKyzlotmobQ bapmrb. Yubss teus cmvbs teb syodoyay dj teb Pbgebobcs. ^eby wbrb glffbn Pmzbolgm ky Fmutprlon, Pbgboltmgm ky Gdsals dj Prlcub lon Pbgmobm, Pbtmobm, Pdstmolcm, ky dtebr Pdrpeyrdcbomtus wbstbro wrmtbrs 88 Pltzmolhmtlm, ky Gdostlotmob Pbgzboibm, ky teb Wflvs 8 lon Kmssbom, dr Kbssm, ky <27 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb Euoclrmlos. ^ems flst jdra dj teb olab prdklkfy clvb mts lppbffltmdo td Kbsslrlkml 8 Wodrrd glffs teb rlgb Pbzmol vdffr. ^elt teb Pbgebobcs wbrb ^urhs tebrb gloodt kb loy ndukt. Mko bf Zlrnm nbsgrmkbs teba ls l ^urhmse X^urhmgQ rlgb wed eln sbplrltbn jrda teb dtebr ^urhs, lon sbttfbn kbtwbbo teb Helzlrs lon Hrma. Eb glffs teba Kbholhmib, lon tbffs us, telt lfteduce teby eln fmvbn tebrb sd fdoc teby eln odt loy edusbs. Lool Gdaobol tbffs us teby spdhb teb slab floculcb ls teb Gdalos XGualosQ. ^eb ablomoc dj teb wdrn Pbgebobc ms bxpflmobn vbry pflusmkfy ky A. Zlakbry ls kbmoc l gdrruptmdo dj klse alh, m.b., gembj prmogb. Zdo Elaabr, lon Nr. Wgedtt, mo ems abadmr do teb Hloclr, sly teb olab Kbiolh ablos teb rbfltbn, dr lffmbn. Mt ms uonduktbnfy l pbrsdolf olab 8 teus wb rbln telt webo teb Gdsslgh ]bralh lttlghbn teb Wmkbrmlos do teb ^lwnl, l prmogb glffbn Pbgebobc wls ladoc teb sflmo, sd telt mt ms bxgbbnmocfy prdklkfb telt teb rlgb wls olabn ljtbr sdab gembj olabn Pbgebobc, ls mt wls lt l fltbr nly ljtbr Odclm. Mt wmff kb odtbn lfsd telt teb gembj wed rufbn do teb Zdfcl lt teb tmab dj Kltu”s movlsmdo, wls glffbn Klgemalo, wemge sbbas lodtebr jdra dj teb slab
olab.
<2> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb Pbgebobcs dggur jdr teb flst tmab, bd odamob, mo teb [ussmlo loolfs mo teb yblr <<2;, kut mo <<:;, lon mo telt sbgtmdo dj Obstdr, wrmttbo ky teb jdurte gdotmoultmdo, wb jmon l obw olab lppfmbn td teb rmvlfs lon bobambs dj teb Gdalos XGualosQ, mo teb stbppbs dj sdutebro [ussml, wed glo kb od dtebr telo teb Pbgebobcs, olabfy, Gebrodhfdkuhs dr Kflgh Glps. ^eby lrb lfsd abotmdobn mo teb yblrs <<3>, <<53, <<=0, <<=;, lon <;00. Sb lclmo abbt wmte teb olab mo teb lggduots dj Kltu”s movlsmdo, webo wb lrb tdfn telt mo teb lutuao dj <;7= eb wmte dtebr prmogbs alrgebn lclmost teb [ussmlos lon teb Hlrlhlfplhs dr Kflgh Glps. ^ems olab dj Kflgh Glps, dr Hlrlhlfplhs, ms lgtulffy l wbffhodwo trmklf olab ladoc teb ^urhs, lon lppfmbn td lo mapdrtlot sbgtmdo dj teb Odclms. Dob dj teb prmogmplf jblturbs dj teb Hlrlhlfplhs, nmstmocumsemoc teba jrda teb dtebr ^urhmse X^urhmgQ trmkbs ms teb pdssbssmdo dj l gdosmnbrlkfb qulotmty dj elmr do tebmr jlgbs 8 lon Klhum slys dj teb Pbgebobcs, teby eln fdoc kblrns lon flrcb austlgebs. Eb lnns, telt tebmr jddn gdosmstbn gembjfy dj amffbt. Zlakbry slys teb jlvdurmtb jddn dj tebmoHlrlhlfplhs ms hlzlo nilpply, m.b., ablf klhbn l plo wmte jlt. <22 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Dob dj teb trmkbs dj Hmpgelh, ls cmvbo ky Odvlmrm mo <7;2, Hlrl Kurhfm, m.b., Kflgh Glps 8 lon flstfy, Wtrlefbokbrc tbffs us telt blst dj teb Ilmh tebrb survmvbn webo eb wrdtb teb pflgbs glffbn ^lfalsltl lon Gurgutltl, wemge lrb gfblrfy mnbotmglf wmte teb ^lfalt lon ^zur dj Gdostlotmob Pdrpeyrdcbomtus, wemge eb olabs ls twd sbgtmdos dj teb Pbgebobcs. Jdr tebsb rblsdos, M la nmspdsbn td mnbotmjy teb Alocuts lon Hlrlhlfplhs ls teb nbsgbonlots dj teb Pbgebobcs.50 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
Wmr Ebory pdmots dut telt lkdut <<:; teb Plnilolhs (sdab dj teba) lrb glffbn ky l obw olab ‗ teb Gebrodhfdkuhs (Gebroyb Hfdkuhm), telt ms, teb Kflgh Glps. Lon eb cdbs do td sly telt eb ms nmspdsbn td mnbotmjy teb Hlrlhlfplhs (ablomoc Kflgh Glps, dr Gebroyb Hfdkuhm) ls teb nbsgbonlots dj teb Plnilolhs. Gebroyb ms l vlrmlot spbffmoc dj Grom (Grod, Grol)8 mt ablos kflgh mo Wflvmg floculcbs. ^eb Pl"bo gflo (Grdlts, [dalo Gltedfmg) glab motd bxmstbogb teb <:te gbotury teb Zmodndf rbcmdo (odrte moGrdltmlo Lnrmltmg mogdlst rbcmdo kbtwbbo teb tdwos [mibhl lon Wboi) drmcmo mo teb <2: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
vmfflcb Grol XGrodQ oblr Odvm Zmodndfshm webrb wb elvb teb surolab typb Plnibo.
^elt ms welt Ervdib Wlfdpbh wrdtb mo ems fbttbr td ab lkdut teb drmcmo dj teb Plnibos/Plnilos. Grol. Grod. Kflgh. SeltWlfdpbh lrb teblon dnns4 gdrrbspdonbogb kbtwbbo ab ^ems tddh pflgb mo Iloulry ;005. M eln odt bvbo eblrn dj Zflges, Adrflges, lon Plnilolhs lt teb tmab.
<23 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Grod, Grdltml <25 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
L pbdpfb glffbn, dr l pbdpfb wed glffbn tebasbfvbs, ky l olab telt ablot ―kflgh glps” dr ―kflgh eddns” aust elvb kbbo glffbn, dr aust elvb glffbn tebasbfvbs, ky telt olab jdr teb rblsdo telt teby wdrb, dr eln gdab td wblr, trlnmtmdolffy, kflgh glps do tebmr eblns, dr kflgh eddns dvbr tebmr eblns. Odw, teb Zbobtmlos mo tebmr ndguabots rbjbrrbn, lclmo, td teb Plnilo trmkbs teby bogduotbrbn ls Adrflggem ‗ Adrflges8 5< kut teby ndguabotbn teb olab dj teb trmkb ls Plnilo. Lt teb tmab webo teb Zbobtmlos bogduotbrbn teba, teby, teb Plnilos, dr Plnilolhs, wbrb lfrblny abrcbn wmte Lraëos, ls teby aust elvb kbbo (kut teb Plnilos, dr Plnilolhs, wbrb teb ndamolot abakbrs dj teb trmkb, dr ouabrmglffy supbrmdr mo teb trmkb td teb Lraëos8 jdr teb trmkb wls olabn Plnilo). Mj teby eln odt kbbo lfrblny abrcbn wmte Lraëos ky teb tmab telt teb Zbobtmlos ndguabotbn teba, teby wdufn elvb kbbo spblhbrs dj l floculcb nmjjbrbot jrda teb dob telt glusbn teba td kb mnbotmjmbn ls Zflges Zflges.dj l gbrtlmo hmon mo teb jmrst pflgb ‗ Kflgh <2= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb wdrn Adrflge (Adrflggem) ms nbrmvbn jrda teb Kyzlotmob Crbbh wdrn Alvrdvflgeds. 5; ^eb Crbbh wdrn alvrd a blos kflgh857 vflgeds smcomjmbs Zflge. ^eus, Alvrdvflgeds ablos Kflgh Zflge. Ls teb Plnilos wbrb Plnilolhs, sd teb Zbobtmlos wbrb lgtulffy lon glffmoc l trmkb ky dj Plnilolhs, Plnilolhs ky amxbn wmte Lraëos ndamoltbn teb olab Adrflggem ‗ Kflgh Zflges. ^eb vbry bxmstbogb dj tems Kyzlotmob Crbbh wdrn Alvrdvflgeds monmgltbs telt mts drmcmo dggurrbn ljtbr teb lppfmgltmdo dj mt td l gbrtlmo pbdpfb kbglab rbfbvlot lon lggurltb, odt kbjdrb. Mo dtebr wdrns, lt l gbrtlmo tmab mo teb emstdry dj teb Kyzlotmob Bapmrb, l rblsdo glab lkdut jdr teb Kyzlotmobs td usb l obw wdrn td monmgltb l gbrtlmo pbdpfb wed wbrb odtbn jdr kbmoc rbcuflrfy lon rbpbltbnfy lssdgmltbn wmte teb gdfdr kflgh. Dj lff teb hodwo pbdpfbs wmte weda teb Kyzlotmobs wbrb gdotbapdrlobdus, teb pbdpfb adst fmhbfy td elvb qulfmjmbn tebasbfvbs ls nbsbrvmoc td kb glffbn Alvrdvflgeds wbrb teb Gebroyb Hfdkuhm ‗ teb Glps dr Kflgh Eddns, wed austamxbn elvb kbbo,Kflgh mo teb almo, l trmkb dj Plnilolhs <:0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
wmte Lraëos lon ndamoltbn ky Plnilolhs webo teb wdrn Alvrdvflgeds glab motd usb. ^eb Gebroyb Hfdkuhm wbrb gdotbapdrlrmbs dj teb Kyzlotmobs, lon teby wbrb mo teb slab rbcmdo dj teb cfdkb ls teb Kyzlotmobs. ^eb Kyzlotmobs, spblhmoc Crbbh, wdufn odt elvb glffbn, mo bvbrynly gdaauomgltmdo, teb Gebroyb Hfdkuhm ky teb olab Gebroyb Hfdkuhm, dr teb Hlrlhlfplhs ky teb olab Hlrlhlfplhs. ^eby wdufn elvb usbn teb tbramodfdcy dj tebmr dwo floculcb ‗ teb Crbbh floculcb. Ebogb teb bxmstbogb dj teb wdrn Alvrdvflgeds. ^eb wdrn Adrflggem, kbmoc nbrmvbn jrda Alvrdvflgeds lon elvmoc teb slab ablomoc, lon nbodtmoc l trmkb dj Plnilolhs amxbn wmte Lraëos lon ndamoltbn ky Plnilolhs, monmgltbn teb slab trmkb telt Gebroyb Hfdkuhm monmgltbn, ls teb Gebroyb Hfdkuhm wbrb, mo teb almo, Plnilolhs. 5> Alvrdvflgeds dr Adrflggem, dr Adrflges, lon Gebroyb Hfdkuhm lrb, tebo, jdr lff motbots lon purpdsbs, dob teb lonslab teb slab. odt ablo bxlgtfy temoc,^eb kut olabs teby ndaly mo jlgt <:< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
rbjbr td teb slab amxbn trmkb dr pbdpfb, olabfy, l trmkb dj amxbn Plnilolhs lon Lraëos, lon mo telt sbosb teby lrb syodoyadus tbras. ^eb stltbabots dj Lfkbrtd Jdrtms mo Dj teb Adrflggem, mo ems ^rlvbfs motd Nlfaltml , lrb plrtmguflrfy motbrbstmoc9
Do tebmr ebln teby Xteb AdrflgesQ wblr l rbn gfdte glp, lon lkdvb mt, l sdrt dj gyfmonrmglf turklo glffbn Hlfplh. ^eby selvb tebmr eblns, fblvmoc dofy l salff tujt kbemon, fmhb teb Pdfbs lon ^lrtlrs. ^eby kmon tebmr fdmos wmte l strdoc rbtmguflr jmffbt dj wddffbo ylro, lon sdabtmabs dj smfh 9 lon teby mo tems jmffbt,lffdrtebmr klonlcb, lon tebmr krbbgebs, glrry obgbsslry mapfbabots 8 suge ls, dob dr twd pmstdfs stugh mo kbemon, lon kbjdrb, l vbry flrcb homjb Xnlccbr dr sedrt swdrnQ, wemge teby glff Elozlr XElon&lrQ, wmte teb elonfb dj krlss, sbt rduon wmte jlfsb stdobs.52 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb Adrflges (Plnilos/Plnilolhs-Lraëos) glffbn tebmrdr glps lon gyfmonrmglf teby glrrmbnturklo l sedrtdo swdrn nlccbrl hlfplh8 teb <:; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
telt teby glffbn l elozlr, telt ms, elon$lr. Elon$lr ms l vlrmlot dj heloilr, dr heloclr, telt ms, dj Hloclr, teb olab dj teb pbdpfb telt teb Plnilolhs prdpbr (wed wbrb teb Huselos prdpbr) abrcbn wmte mo Gbotrlf Lsml. ^eus teb Plnilo trmkbs, amxbn ls teby wbrb wmte teb Lraëos, wbrb mnbotmjmbn lon ndguabotbn ky teb Zbobtmlos ls Adrflges, kut wbrb nbodamoltbn Plnilos. ^ebsb Plnilos, dr Plnilolhs, teus mnbotmjmbn ls Adrflges, aust tebrbjdrb elvb glrrmbn l nlccbr, dr sedrt swdrn, telt teby glffbn l elon$lr, jrda heloilr, lon, kbmoc mnbotmjmbn ls Adrflges dr Kflgh Zflges, teby aust elvb wdro teb glp telt Lfkbrtd Jdrtms nbsgrmkbn, lon teby aust elvb glffbn teb gyfmonrmglf tdp dj mt l hlfplh. ^eb Plnilos wbrb Plnilolhs, lon mt ms teus l jlgt telt teb Plnilolhs, tdcbtebr wmte teb Lraëos, wbrb lfsd hodwo ls, lon glffbn, Adrflges, dr Kflgh Zflges, ls wbff ls Gebroyb Hfdkuhm, dr Kflgh Glps dr Kflgh Eddns, lfsd hodwo ls Hlrlhlfplhs.
<:7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Wmogb teb Plnilolhs wbrb teb alidr trmkb telt gdostmtutbn teb Kflgh Glps dr Kflgh Eddns ‗ teb Gebroyb Hfdkuhm ‗ wb amcet bxpbgt td jmon Kflgh Glps dr Kflgh Eddns, dr Kflgh Zflges, lon teb fmhb, mo teb lrbls webrb tebrb wbrb crdups dj amxbn EbuzbyPlnilolhs wrmtbs9 lon Lraëos. Mo Lglroloml , F. ^eb oltmvb Lglrolomlos dj teb Zlftds lon teb Ubrdabrds lrb odt teb dofy pbdpfb mo teb flon XCrbbgbQ wed nbsbrvb odtmgb. ^ebrb ms l rlgb dj Hlrlcduoms, dr wlonbrmoc Slfflgemlos, wed gdab bvbry wmotbr lon boglap wmte tebmr jfdghs do teb pflmos dj teb prdvmogb, wedsb gurmdus aloobrs lrb odt td kb[dualomg dvbrfddhbn. ^eby lrb lotrmkbs, djjseddtwemge dj teb flrcbr XLrdalomloQ moelkmt teb prmogmplfmtmbs dj teb Nloukb, lon teby elvb strlybn teus jlr jrda tebmr prdpbr lkdnb td boidy teb jrbbnda dj l gdostmtutmdolf Germstmlo hmocnda. ^eby lrb lffdwbn td fbln mo teb gduotry l odaln fmjb, do teb smocfb gdonmtmdo telt teby selff odt grdss teb jrdotmbr dr botbr teb XDttdaloQ ^urhmse ndalmo. ^eby glo plsturb tebmr sebbp mo teb pukfmg jdrbsts lon teb wmfn pflmos lfdoc teb Lgebfdös, lon teb dofy tlx rbqumrbn dj teba ms l tlx updo blge ebln dj tebmr jfdghs. ^ebmr olab, <:> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Hlrlcduoms XsmgQ, gdabs jrda teb kflgh glps wemge teby wblr, smogb mo teb [dalmg tdocub teb wdrn hlrl ablos kflgh, lon teb wdrn cduol ms lppfmbn td teb runb glpb terdwo dvbr teb sed ufnb rs, lon usb n td gdv br teb ebl n. 5: XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb Plnilolhs lrrmvbn jrda teb Blst, jrda teb stbppbs dj Gbotrlf Lsml. ^eby wbrb, mo flrcb ouakbrs, mo Wdutebro [ussml, Rhrlmob, [daloml, Adfndvl, Kufclrml, Euoclry, Wflvdoml, Wbrkml, Kdsoml, Grdltml, Crbbgb, Algbndoml, Hdsdvd, lon ^urhby (Lsml Amodr)8 teby wbrb lff dvbr teb Klfhlos. Sb hodw telt teby wbrb jrda teb lrgelbdfdcmglf bxglvltmdos telt pflgbs, elvb rbvblfbn tebmr prbsbogb mo aloy dj tebsb lon wb lfsd hodw telt teby wbrb mo tebsb lrbls jrda teb wrmttbo rbgdrns dj tebmr gdotbapdrlrmbs, ls wbff ls jrda tebmr tdpdoyas. ^eby wbrb wlrrmdrs, abrgbolrmbs, lon sbttfbrs. ^eby lrrmvbn mo Blstbro Burdpb mo vbry flrcb ouakbrs, lon teb vlst alidrmty dj teba nmn odt rbturo td Gbotrlf Lsml. ^eby stlybn mo teb Klfhlos, lon teby nd elvb nbsgbonlots tdnly. <:2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ZMM. Plnilolhs lon Hloclr8 ^eb Ablomoc dj teb Olab Plnilolh (P. <) ^eb cbobrlffy lggbptbn ablomoc dj teb olab dj teb Plnilolhs alhbs od sbosb. ^d sly telt tebmr rbjfbgts welt teb olab lonwmte olturbablos dj tebmrkrdtebr-mo-flw rbfltmdosemp wls teb Hloclr, prbsuppdsbs telt bmtebr teby uonbrwbot l gelocb dj olab (jrda sdab uohodwo drmcmolf olab td teb olab Plnilolh wmte teb cbobrlffy lggbptbn ablomoc krdtebr-mo-flw) webo teby abrcbn wmte teb Hloclr, dr teb ablomoc dj tebmr olab gelocbn (jrda sdab uohodwo drmcmolf ablomoc td teb cbobrlffy lggbptbn ablomoc krdtebr-mo-flw) td rbjfbgt teb olturb dj tebmr rbfltmdosemp wmte teb Hloclr webo teb twd pbdpfbs abrcbn. Bmtebr sgbolrmd ms vbry maprdklkfb, td sly teb fblst9 teb Plnilolhs gdostmtutbn l trmkb kbjdrb tebmr abrcmoc wmte teb Hloclr, lon, tebrbjdrb, teby aust elvb eln l olab lon mt aust elvb ablot sdabtemoc dtebr telo krdtebr-mo-flw. Mt ms auge adrb fmhbfy telt teb olab Plnilolh ms nbrmvbn jrda l klm, nilo gdapduon jrda teb sujjmx (-lhwdrns ) ‗ Klm-nilo-dh (seuo), lon jdrabn -dhteb <:: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
(Klm-seuo-dh), Klnilolh, Plnilolh ‗ ablomoc trmkb dj wemtb Euos, dr, smapfy, wemtb Euos. Gdostlotmob Pdrpeyrdcbomtus kbcmos gelptbr 73 dj ems Nb lnamomstrlond mapbrmd ky slymoc9 Drmcmolffy, teb Pbgebobcs eln tebmr nwbffmoc do teb rmvbr Ltmf, lon fmhbwmsb do teb rmvbr Cbäge, elvmoc gdaado jrdotmbrs wmte teb Gelzlrs XHelzlrsQ lon teb sd-glffbn Rzbs. Kut jmjty yblrs lcd teb sd-glffbn Rzbs alnb gdaado glusb wmte teb Gelzlrs lon idmobn klttfb wmte teb Pbgebobcs lon prbvlmfbn dvbr teba lon bxpbffbn teba jrda tebmr gduotry, wemge teb sd-glffbn Rzbs elvb dggupmbn tmff tems nly. ^eb Pbgebobcs jfbn lon wlonbrbn rduon, glstmoc lkdut jdr l pflgb jdr tebmr sbttfbabot8 lon webo teby rblgebn teb flon wemge teby odw pdssbss lon jduon teb ^urhs XAlcylrsQ fmvmoc mo mt, teby nbjbltbn teba mo klttfb lon bxpbffbn lon glst teba dut, lon sbttfbn mo mt, lon elvb kbbo alstbrs dj tems gduotry, ls els kbbo slmn, jdr jmjty-jmvb yblrs td tems nly. ^eb wedfb dj Pltzmolgml ms nmvmnbn motd bmcet prdvmogbs wmte slab ouakbr dj crblt prmogbs. 53
<:3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^ebo Gdostlotmob slys lt teb vbry bon dj gelptbr 739 ^eb Pbgebobcs lrb lfsd glffbn ―Hloclr”, teduce odt lff dj teba, kut dofy teb jdfh dj teb terbb prdvmogbs dj Mlknmbrtm lon Hdulrtzmtzdur lon Gelkduxmocyfl, jdr teby lrb adrb vlfmlot lon odkfb telo teb rbst9 lon telt ms welt teb tmtfb ―Hloclr” smcomjmbs.55
Kut lt teb vbry kbcmoomoc dj gelptbr 75, mo teb jmrst plrlcrlpe, Gdostlotmob slys9 Odw, teb Pbgebobcs wed wbrb prbvmdusfy glffbn ―Hloclr” (jdr tems ―Hloclr” l olab smcomjymoc odkmfmty lon vlfdur ladocwls teba), tebsb, tebo, stmrrbn up wlr lclmost teb Gelzlrs XHelzlrsQ lon, kbmoc nbjbltbn, wbrb jdrgbn td qumt tebmr dwo flon lon sbttfb mo telt dj teb ^urhs XAlcylrsQ. Lon webo klttfb wls idmobn kbtwbbo teb ^urhs XAlcylrsQ lon teb Pbgebobcs wed wbrb lt telt tmab glffbn ―Hloclr”, teb lray dj teb ^urhs wls nbjbltbn lon spfmt motd twd plrts. 5= XKrlghbts lnnbn8 kut teb plrbotebsbs lrb Gdostlotmob”sQ
<:5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Wd Gdostlotmob tbffs us mo gelptbr 73 telt teb Plnilolhs jducet l wlr lclmost teb sd-glffbn Rzbs lon teb Gelzlrs, lon telt teb Plnilolhs fdst. Eb ndbs odt sly, mo gelptbr 73, wed stlrtbn teb wlr, lfteduce mt aly lppblr, mo gelptbr 73, jrda edw Ibohmos wdrns weltstlrtbn Gdostlotmob telt teb Rzbs lon Gelzlrs mt. Kutslys, Gdostlotmob, iuncmoc ky Ibohmos” trlosfltmdo, ndbs odt sly telt teb Rzbs lon Gelzlrs stlrtbn teb wlr. Lff telt eb slys ms telt ―teb Rzbs alnb gdaado glusb wmte teb Gelzlrs lon idmobn klttfb wmte XlclmostQ teb Pbgebobcs,” monmgltmoc odt telt teb Rzbs lon Gelzlrs stlrtbn teb wlr, kut telt teb Rzbs idmobn klttfb mo l wlr telt wls lfrblny stlrtbn lon cdmoc do kbtwbbo teb Gelzlrs lon teb Plnilolhs. Mo gelptbr 75 Gdostlotmob stltbs telt mt wls teb Plnilolhs telt ―stmrrbn up wlr lclmost teb Gelzlrs.” ^ems stltbabot ms mo lcrbbabot wmte welt eb slys mo gelptbr 73, mo telt mo mt (ge. 73) eb stltbs telt teb Rzbs lon teb Gelzlrs wbrb boclcbn mo wlr wmte teb Plnilolhs. Kut mo gelptbr eb slab qulfmjmbs teb ky stltbabot telt teb eb alhbs do75teb sukibgt slymoc telt <:= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Plnilolhs telt stmrrbn up wlr lclmost teb Gelzlrs wbrb, prbvmdusfy, glffbn Hloclr. ^ebsb wbrb odt Plnilolhs wed wbrb lt l prbvmdus tmab glffbn Hloclr. Gdostlotmob ms spblhmoc lolgerdomstmglffy. ^eby wbrb Hloclr wed lt l prbvmdus kut wed fltbr eln gdab td tmab wbrb glffbn Hloclr, kb glffbn Plnilolhs .
Sebo eb slys, mo gelptbr 75, ‖teb Pbgebobcs wed wbrb prbvmdusfy glffbn ―Hloclr”,‑ Gdostlotmob ms monmgltmoc telt tedsb wed wbrb hodwo mo teb plst ls Hloclr, lon wed wbrb Hloclr, gblsbn td kb glffbn Hloclr lon glab td kb glffbn Plnilolhs. ^elt ms welt Gdostlotmob ms slymoc. Ibohmos, ems trlosfltdr, usbn l rbstrmgtmvb wed-gflusb ljtbr Plnilolhs. ^eb gflusb ‖wed wbrb prbvmdusfy glffbn ―Hloclr”‑ ms rbstrmgtmvb8 mt fmamts teb lotbgbnbogb td l spbgmjmg crdup dr ouakbr, olabfy, td tedsb telt stlrtbn teb wlr lon telt wbrb hodwo lt teb tmab ls, lon wbrb, Hloclr. Mt wdufn odt kb l rbstrmgtmvb gflusb mj tebrb wbrb l gdaal ljtbr ―Pbgebobcs.” Ibohmos” usb dj teb rbstrmgtmvb ljtbr djteb olab ―Pbgebobcs” sbplrltbs tebgflusb Plnilolhs Gdostlotmob”s nly motd <30 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
twd nmstmogt crdups, olabfy, tedsb telt eln lfwlys kbbo Plnilolhs lon telt eln tebrbjdrb obvbr kbbo hodwo ls Hloclr, lon tedsb telt eln lfwlys kbbo Hloclr lon hodwo ls suge, kut telt eln gdab td kb hodwo ls Plnilolhs ky teb tmab dj Gdostlotmob”s nly.nmstmogt Mo dtebrbteomg wdrns,crdups Gdostlotmob ms tlfhmoc lkdut twd ‗ teb Hloclr lon teb Plnilolhs ‗ lon mt wls teb Hloclr telt eln uonbrcdob l gelocb dj olab lt sdab pdmot ljtbr abrcmoc wmte teb Plnilolhs8 teby kbglab hodwo ls Plnilolhs. ^eb stltbabot ‖teb Pbgebobcs wed wbrb prbvmdusfy glffbn ―Hloclr”‑ ablos ―teb Hloclr wed glab td kb glffbn Pbgebobcs.” Fmhbwmsb, Gdostlotmob ms odt slymoc telt lff teb Plnilolhs wbrb glffbn Hloclr webo eb slys ‖teb Pbgebobcs wed wbrb lt telt tmab glffbn ―Hloclr”.‑ ―Pbgebobcs” ms ebrb lfsd jdffdwbn ky l rbstrmgtmvb wed-gflusb. Eb ms slymoc telt l ouakbr dj crdups wbrb mo teb plst hodwo ls Hloclr kut lrb odw glffbn Plnilolhs. Eb ms lclmo spblhmoc Hloclr lt lolgerdomstmglffy. Mt wlskut teb fltbr (kytelt teb wbrb tmab dj telt tmab glffbn Hloclr8 <3< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Gdostlotmob”s wrmtmoc) teby eln gdab td kb glffbn Plnilolhs. ^eb Rzbs lon teb Gelzlrs nbjbltbn teb Hloclr (wed stmrrbn up teb wlr) lon tebmr lffmbs teb Plnilolhs. ^eus nbjbltbn, teb ^urhs Hloclr lon teb Plnilolhs boclcbn mo klttfb teb (Alcylrs), wdo teb ^urhs” flon, lon sbttfbn mo mt. Ljtbrwlrns teb Hloclr, wed wbrb lssmstbn ky teb Plnilolhs, glab tebasbfvbs td kb glffbn Plnilolhs8 teb Hloclr abrcbn wmte teb Plnilolhs. Lclmo, lt teb bon dj gelptbr 73, mo teb flst plrlcrlpe, Gdostlotmob slys9 ^eb Pbgebobcs lrb lfsd glffbn ―Hloclr”, teduce odt lff dj teba, kut dofy teb jdfh dj teb terbb prdvmogbs dj Mlknmbrtm lon Hdulrtzmtzdur lon Gelkduxmocyfl, jdr teby lrb adrb vlfmlot lon odkfb telo teb rbst9 lon telt ms welt teb tmtfb ―Hloclr” smcomjmbs.=0
^eb hby wdrn mo tems sbotbogb ms teb wdrn lfsd, ls mo ‖^eb Pbgebobcs lrb lfsd glffbn ―Hloclr,” teduce odt lff dj teba.‑ Smte teb slab ablomoc, <3; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
tems sbotbogb glo kb bxprbssbn auge adrb gfblrfy ls ―^eb jdfh dj teb terbb prdvmogbs dj Mlknmbrtm lon Hdulrtzmtzdur lon Gelkduxmocyfl lrb glffbn kdte Pbgebobcs lon (lfsd) Hloclr, teb tmtfb XlppbffltmdoQ Hloclr smcomjymoc telt teby lrb adrb vlfmlot lon odkfb telo teb rbst.” Gdostlotmob alhbs mt gfblr mo gelptbr 75 telt teb Hloclr, ljtbr teb wlr wmte teb Gelzlrs (Helzlrs) lon teb Rzbs, lon ljtbr teb klttfb wmte teb ^urhs (Alcylrs), eln gdab td kb glffbn Plnilolhs. ^eus, ljtbr tebsb twd gdojfmgts ‗ teb dob wmte teb Rzbs lon Gelzlrs lon teb dob wmte teb ^urhs (Alcylrs) ‗ teb Hloclr eln gblsbn td kb hodwo ls Hloclr lon eln gdab td kb hodwo ls Plnilolhs. ^eb Hloclr wbrb lksdrkbn ky teb Plnilolhs8 teb Plnilolhs wbrb odt lksdrkbn ky teb Hloclr. ^ems monmgltbs telt teb Plnilolhs wbrb, lt teb tmab, teb ndamolot trmkb, dr lt fblst ouabrmglffy supbrmdr td teb Hloclr. Gdostlotmob ms l prmalry sdurgb dj mojdraltmdo do Jrda eb Plnilolhs. slys, mt ms ^eb gfblr teltteb tebPlnilolhs. Hloclr glab td kbwelt glffbn <37 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Hloclr wdufn odt elvb gdab td kb hodwo ls tebmr dwo krdtebrs-mo-flw webo teby lssuabn teb olab Plnilolh. ^eb olab Plnilolh aust ablo sdabtemoc dtebr telo krdtebr-mo-flw. Plnilolh, edwbvbr spbffbn, ablos, bvmnbotfy, trmkb dj wemtb Euos. Mj teb olab Plnilolh rblffy ablot krdtebr-mo-flw lon monmgltbn telt sdab dj teb gflos dj teb edrnb wbrb rbfltbn dofy ky ―flw,” tebo teb olab Plnilolh, wmte telt ablomoc, gdufn elvb lppfmbn dofy td tedsb gflos telt wbrb odt rbfltbn ky kfddn (gdaado logbstry). Dofy teb Hloclr lrb lttbstbn td elvb kbbo prbvmdusfy l sbplrltb crdup8 dofy teb Hloclr wbrb odt rbfltbn td teb dtebrs dj teb edrnb ky kfddn. Dofy teb Hloclr uonbrwbot l gelocb dj olab lon glab td kb hodwo ls Plnilolhs ‗ l gelocb dj olab telt wdufn elvb kbbo uoobgbsslry mj teb Hloclr eln kbbo rbfltbn td teb dtebrs ky kfddn ‗ eln eln logbstry mo gdaado wmte teba. ^eb gflos telt gdostmtutbn teb trmkb telt teb Hloclr abrcbn wmte wbrb rbfltbn td dobwmte lodtebr ky kfddnterduce ky tebgdaado tmab dj tebmr abrcmoc teb Hloclr, <3> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
logbstry, ybt teby wbrb hodwo ls Plnilolhs, lon teby aust elvb kbbo hodwo ls Plnilolhs, kbjdrb abrcmoc wmte teb Hloclr, jdr teb Hloclr td elvb gdab td kb hodwo ls Plnilolhs mo teb jmrst pflgb. Plnilolh gdufn odt, tebrbjdrb, elvb ablot krdtebr-mo-flw8 jdr rbfltbn mt wdufn alhbtdgdapfbtb odosbosb jdr gflos ky kfddn rbjbr td tebasbfvbs ls mo-flws dr krdtebrs-mo-flw. ^eb olab Plnilolh wls prb-bxmstmoc kbjdrb teb abrcbr wmte teb Hloclr lon mo usb jdr teb gflos rbfltbn ky kfddn. Plnilolh gloodt, tebrbjdrb, ablo krdtebr-mo-flw dr mo-flw rbfltbn. Mj teb olab dj teb Plnilolhs rblffy ablot krdtebr-mo-flw, lon rbjfbgtbn teb olturb dj teb rbfltmdosemp dj teb Plnilolhs wmte teb Hloclr, teb dofy wly td gdogfunb fdcmglffy edw tems hmon dj rbfltmdosemp kbtwbbo tebsb twd trmkbs dr pbdpfbs gdufn elvb gdab lkdut, lon edw teb ablomoc dj teb olab Plnilolh gdufn kb krdtebrmo-flw lon rbjfbgt teb olturb dj tems rbfltmdosemp, wdufn kb td gdogfunb telt teb gflos telt jdrabn teb Plnilolhs wbrb olabn ls Hloclr krdtebrs-mo-flw olabn ls Plnilolhs ‗ ky teb , lon teus‗ <32 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
eln uonbrcdob l gelocb dj olab jrda sdab uohodwo drmcmolf olab td teb olab Plnilolh ablomoc krdtebr-mo-flw td rbjfbgt teb olturb dj tebmr rbfltmdosemp wmte teb Hloclr ‗ td rbjfbgt tebmr mo-flw rbfltbnobss td teb Hloclr ‗ webo teb twd Mj, edwbvbr, suge dggurrbn, bvbot lon sugepbdpfbs gelocbabrcbn. dj olab eln lgtulffy Gdostlotmob wdufn obgbsslrmfy elvb nbsgrmkbn teb rbfltmdosemp kbtwbbo teb Hloclr lon teb Plnilolhs vbry nmjjbrbotfy jrda teb wly mo wemge eb lgtulffy nmn. Eb wdufn obgbsslrmfy elvb tdfn us telt teb Plnilolhs telt wbrb obvbr hodwo ls Hloclr eln kbbo hodwo ky sdab dtebr olab (kut odt Hloclr) (telt nmn odt ablo krdtebr-mo-flw) kbjdrb teby abrcbn wmte teb Hloclr8 telt ms td sly, ems nbsgrmptmdo dj tebmr rbfltmdosemp wdufn obgbsslrmfy elvb kbbo nmjjbrbot. Eb wdufn odt elvb tdfn us, twmgb, ls eb els, telt teb Hloclr eln gdab td kb hodwo ls Plnilolhs. Mt wls teb Hloclr telt eln uonbrcdob l gelocb dj olab. ^eb ablomoc dj teb olab dj teb Plnilolhs aust tebrbjdrb elvb kbbo teb slab kbjdrb lon ljtbr tebmr abrcmoc wmte teb Hloclr. Sb gloodt gdogfunb kbglusb telt teb olab Plnilolh ablosfdcmglffy krdtebr-mo-flw <3: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
suge gdogfusmdo gloodt fdcmglffy kb nbnugbn jrda Gdostlotmob”s nbsgrmptmdo dj teb rbfltmdosemp kbtwbbo teb Plnilolhs lon teb Hloclr. Gdostlotmob mojdras us telt dob dj teb gflos dj teb Plnilolhs wls teb 2$:$35= (trlosfmtbrltbn ky =< ^ebrb Ibohmos ls Gelrlkdä), telt ms, Hlrl-Klm. lrb stmff Klm pbdpfb mo Lsml. ^eby moelkmt teb ]uoolo Prdvmogb dj Gemol. Mo Gemobsb, klm ablos wemtb. ―Klm pbdpfb” ablos wemtb pbdpfb. ^eb rbsufts dj ay NOL tbst sedw telt ay <>te strdocbst altge, dut dj lfadst <700 pdpufltmdos jrda lrduon teb wdrfn, ms wmte teb Klm. Ay 3te lon 5te strdocbst altgebs lrb wmte teb Eum dj Gemol. ^eb Eum lfsd fmvb mo Gbotrlf Lsml, webrb teby lrb hodwo ls Nuoclos. Mo ems Cboblfdcy dj ^urhs, Hyrcyz, Hlzlhes lon tebmr Helo Nyolstmbs, Welhlrma Hunlykbrny-Rfy wrmtbs9 ^ebrb lrb dtebr Nuoclos, teb Gemobsb Ausfmas XEum pbdpfbQ. nmstlot logbstdrs XwbrbQ - teb logmbot ^urhs,^ebmr Euos. Euonrbns dj teduslons dj Euos wbrb glpturbn ky teb Gemobsb (lon advbn <33 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
motd teb gduotry XGemolQ). ^eb Nuoclos lrb teb nbsgbonlots dj tedsb Gemobsb Euos XGemobsb Euos ablos Euos mo Gemol, wed lrb hodwo ls teb EumQ.=; XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
<35 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ZMMM. Hloclr, Huselos, Plnilolhs, Semtb Euos8 ^eb Ablomoc dj teb Olab Plnilolh (P. ;) M elvb wrmttbo lt fbocte lkdut teb Plnilolhs mo tems kddh, kut M elvb slmn fmttfb teus jlr lkdut teb Hloclr lonteby tebmrgdab drmcmo. Sed wbrb teb Hloclr4 Sebrb nmn jrda4 Gdostlotmob Pdrpeyrdcbomtus monmgltbs telt teb Hloclr lon teb Plnilolhs glab td gdostmtutb l smocfb pbdpfb, lon tdcbtebr tebsb twd pbdpfbs glab uftmaltbfy td kb hodwo ls Plnilolhs. Lool Gdaobol lfadst lfwlys rbjbrrbn td teb Plnilolhs ls Wgytemlos8 seb rbclrnbn teba ls l Wgytemlo trmkb.=7 Sey4 M almotlmo telt ebr lfadst lfwlys rbjbrrmoc td teba ls Wgytemlos, lon gdosmnbrmoc teba Wgytemlos, wls dwmoc td teb Huselos ‗ wemtb Euos => ‗ gdostmtutmoc teb Plnilolh gflos telt jdrabn teb uomdo wmte teb Hloclr8 lon M almotlmo telt teb Huselos, dr wemtb Euos, wbrb glffbn Plnilolhs (Klm-seuo-dh) (ablomoc dj wemtb^ems Euos, dr, ablo smapfy, wemtb Euos) ky trmkb teb Hloclr. wdufn telt teb <3= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
olab Plnilolh wls lt jmrst lo bxdoya, usbn dj teb Huselos ky teb Hloclr. Mt wdufn ablo telt teb olab telt teb Hloclr usbn jdr teb Huselos ablot teb slab temoc telt teb Huselo olab ablot, olabfy, wemtb Euos. Fltbr teb olab Plnilolh glab td kb teb bondoya dj teb uomtbnM Hloclr lon Plnilolhs (Huselos, wemtb Euos). almotlmo lfsd, telt Monml wls teb edabflon dj teb Hloclr. Mo ems kddh ^eb ]ubzem9 Drmcmo, Amcrltmdo, lon teb Gdoqubst dj Odrtebro Klgtrml , Grlmc C. [. Kboilamo wrmtbs9 Mj dob lggbpts telt teb amcrltmoc ]ubzem X]ub-imQ prdklkfy plssbn terduce Jbrcelol mo <77 XKGBQ dr <7;, tebo tebrb ms lo bqulffy pbrsulsmvb lrcuabot telt tebmr suksbqubot rdutb wls terduce Hlociu XHloclrQ, l ―stltb” mo teb Elo tbxts telt ms surbfy td kb mnbotmjmbn wmte logmbot Wdcnml. Ebrb lclmo teby wbrb jdffdwbn terduce teb rbcmdo, sdab jdur dr jmvb yblrs fltbr, ky Yeloc \mlo, wed wls fbn tebrb ky cumnbs lon motbrprbtbrs prdvmnbn jdr ema ky teb hmoc dj Nlyulo, ls odtbn lkdvb. Mt ms rbjbrbogbs td Hlociu XHloclrQ mo teb Elo Weu <50 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lon Wem Im (lon ky Ptdfbay), ls wbff ls teb nmsgdvbrmbs dj Wdvmbt lon [ussmlo lrgelbdfdcmsts, telt prdvmnb bvmnbogb dutfmomoc teb rdfb dj Hlociu XHloclrQ mo kdte teb amcrltmdo dj teb ]ubzem lon teb amssmdo dj Yeloc \mlo. =2 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q ^eb rbfltmdosemp bstlkfmsebn kbtwbbo teb twd nyolstmbs mo g. <7< KGB wls td kbgdab lo bonurmoc dob. HlociuXHloclrQ/Wdcnml wdufn kb nrlwo jurtebr lon jurtebr motd teb ]ubzem/ Huselo spebrb dj mojfubogb dvbr teb jdffdwmoc gboturmbs uotmf sukstlotmlf pdrtmdos dj mts tbrrmtdry aly elvb kbbo mogdrpdrltbn motd teb Huselo Bapmrb (lfteduce tems ms ky od ablos gbrtlmo). Ky 57 GB teb Huselos wdufn jurtebr gbabot tems rbfltmdosemp terduce lo lffmlogb klsbn do l ―kdon dj rdylf alrrmlcb” wmte teb rufmoc jlamfy dj Hlociu XHloclrQ. Bvbo lt tems blrfy stlcb mt wls lo mnblf kujjbr jdr teb ]ubzem kbtwbbo tebmr obw edabflon odrte dj teb Lau Nlryl lon teb Susuo lon Umdocou td teb odrte lon blst. =: XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q Kdte teb Elo Weu lon Wem Im mapfy sdab fbvbf dj nmpfdaltmg motbrlgtmdo kbtwbbonyolstmbs teb ]ubzem XHuseloQ lon Hlociu XHloclrQ prmdr td <5< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb ]ubzem”s lrrmvlf mo odrtebro Klgtrml. Lfteduce Hlociu XHloclrQ ms nbsgrmkbn ls l ―salff” gduotry mo teb Gemobsb sdurgbs, mts amfmtlry strbocte wls sukstlotmlf, wmte sdab <;0,000 pbrsdos lkfb td kblr lras, lggdrnmoc td Klo Cu, dj wemge =0,000 wbrb shmffbn lrgebr wlrrmdrs lggdrnmoc td Wmal \mlo. Rofmhb Nlyulo XJbrclolQ, mt wls nbsgrmkbn ls pdwbrjuf boduce td kb ―odt blsmfy nbjbltbn ky Elo jdrgbs”, kut odob teb fbss wls ―gdostrlmobn td sbrvb teb Umdocou XEuosQ” mo teb blst, lon lghodwfbncbn ―odamolf sdvbrbmcoty” (dr wls ―suksbrvmbot td”) teb ]ubzem XHuseloQ mo teb sdute. Hlociu XHloclrQ nmspflybn dkvmdus lkmfmty lt motbr-stltb nmpfdalgy ky klflogmoc tebsb gdapbtmoc (lon bssbotmlffy dppdsbn) motbrbsts „ rbgdcomsmoc teb odamolf sdvbrbmcoty dvbr plrts dj mts gduotry ky kdte teb Umdocou XEuosQ lon teb ]ubzem XHuselosQ, lmnmoc Yeloc \mlo lon suksbqubot Elo bovdys, lon fltbr sbonmoc l Hlociu XHloclrQ prmogb ls bovdy td Gemol. Mt ms tebrbjdrb prdklkfb telt teb rufbrs dj Hlociu XHloclrQ lcrbbn td cmvb teb ]ubzem XHuselosQ sljb plsslcb terduce tebmr tbrrmtdry, lon lggbptbn sdab jdra dj suksbrvmbot rbfltmdosemp td lvdmn amfmtlry gdojfmgt. ^eb Wdcnmlo nyolsty aly bvbo elvb bogdurlcbn teb ]ubzem XHuselosQ td sbttfb lt <5; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb sdutebro bxtrbamtmbs dj tebmr tbrrmtdry, lon succbstbn teb jbrtmfb rmvbr vlffbys odrte dj teb Lau Nlryl ls lo mnblf edabflon jdr teb amcrlots. Hlociu XHloclrQ wdufn kb nrlwo jurtebr lon jurtebr motd teb ]ubzem/Huselo jmbfn dj mojfubogb dvbr teb jdffdwmoc gboturmbs uotmf teb sdutebro pdrtmdos dj mts tbrrmtdry wbrb prdklkfy mogdrpdrltbn motd teb Huselo Bapmrb, dr lt fblst motd mts spebrb dj mojfubogb. Ky 57 GB teb Huselos wdufn jurtebr gbabot tems rbfltmdosemp terduce lo lffmlogb klsbn do l ―kdon dj rdylf alrrmlcb” wmte teb rufmoc jlamfy dj Hlociu XHloclrQ.=3 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb lrbl gdvbrbn ky teb Huselo Bapmrb gdrrbspdonbn, adrb dr fbss, td teb lrbl gdvbrbn ky teb Crlbgd-Klgtrmlo Hmocnda, wemge gdvbrbn adst dj prbsbot-nly Ljcelomstlo, Plhmstlo, ^urhabomstlo, Rzkbhmstlo, lon ^limhmstlo8 kut teb Huselo Bapmrb mogfunbn auge dj odrtewbstbro Monml ls wbff. ^eb bon dj teb Huselo Bapmrb, wemge spfmt motd twd elfvbs sedrtfy ljtbr ;;2 GB, =5 wls uftmaltbfy krducet lkdut ky teb Wlsslomlos (Pbrsmlos), gdoqubrbn tebteb == lon ky Sbstbro Huselos ljtbr wed ;>0 GB, <57 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Cuptls dj Monml, wed gdoqubrbn teb Blstbro Huselos mo teb amn 700s. <00 Ljtbr tebmr jlff, teb Huselos wdufn elvb gdosmnbrbn telt strboctebomoc tebmr kdons wmte teb Hloclr, wed wbrb pbrelps teb adst mapdrtlot lffy dj teb Huselos, wls tebmr crdwmoc pdwbrjuf lclmo. ^ebsb kbst slabgelogb Hloclr djwbrb tedsb wed jdrabn teb uomdo wmte teb Plnilolhs (Huselos). Mj, ls M sly, teb Plnilolhs wbrb rblffy teb Huselos, tebo teb Plnilolhs wbrb nmrbgtfy gdoobgtbn td teb Huselo Bapmrb, td teb Huselos dj lotmqumty. Mt wls tebmr bapmrb, dr teb bapmrb dj tebmr logbstdrs. ^eb crbltbst bapbrdr dj teb Huselos wls Hlomsehl M. Mt ms od gdmogmnbogb telt lff dj ay hodwo Plnilo logbstdrs, wed wbrb Plnilolhs, wbrb kdro mo, lon oltmvbs dj, Hlom!hl Mvl (Hlom!hl ms prdoduogbn Hlomsehl). ^ems vmfflcb tlhbs mts olab jrda Bapbrdr Hlomsehl M dj teb Huselo Bapmrb. ^eb dfnbst rbgdrns dj Hlom!hl Mvl nltb td <3;0/;<, lon teb olabs dj aloy dj ay logbstdrs tedsb dfnbst jmrstPlnilo rbgdrns. Kut mtlrb ms jduon adst mo prdklkfb telt lon ay <5> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
logbstdrs, teb Plnilos dr Plnilolhs, lon tedsb ladoc teba, bstlkfmsebn teb sbttfbabot lon clvb mt teb olab Hlom!hl Mvl fdoc kbjdrb <3;<8 teby prdklkfy bstlkfmsebn lon olabn mt, ls lfrblny nmsgussbn, lkdut <03<. Mvl mo Hlom!hl Mvl ablos dob dr jmrst. ^eus, Hlom!hl Mvl ablos Hlomsehl M. Wmogb mvl mo teb
olab dj tems vmfflcb jdras l gdapduon wmte teb olab dj teb crbltbst bapbrdr dj teb Huselo Bapmrb, lon smogb mo tems gdapduon olab mt gloodt pdssmkfy kb l Wflvmg wdrn, teb wdrn mvl mo teb olab dj tems vmfflcb ‗ Hlom!hl Mvl ‗ aust kb teb Lvbstlo wdrn jdr dob dr teb Klgtrmlo wdrn jdr dob. ^eb almo floculcb, dr lt fblst dob dj teba, ls wbff ls teb djjmgmlf floculcb, dj teb Huselo Bapmrb, wls Klgtrmlo.<0< Klgtrmlo els emstdrmglffy kbbo rbjbrrbn td ls Ybon (Lvbstlo) dr ―Gflssmglf Ybon (Lvbstlo).” <0; Wd jrda évl wdufn gdab teb Ybon XLvbstloQ ouabrlf jdr 'dob,' lévl, wmte l p rbjmxbn<07 ‗ Jrloz Kdpp, L Gdaplrltmvb Crlaalr dj teb Wloshrmt, Ybon, Crbbh, Fltmo, Fmteulomlo, Cdtemg, Cbralo, lon Wgflvdomg Floculcbs <52 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb wdrn mvl mo Hlom!hl Mvl aust gdab jrda teb Lvbstlo floculcb dr jrda teb Klgtrmlo floculcb dj teb Huselo Bapmrb. Monbbn, teb Klgtrmlo wdrn jdr dob aust lfsd elvb kbbo lévl (dr l!vl) smogb teb Huselos, wed (ljtbr teb gdoqubst dj Klgtrml) spdhb Klgtrmlo ls elvb lt fblst dj tebmr dj <0> aust floculcbs, kbbo dob teb logbstdrs tedsb telt olabn teb vmfflcb Hlom!hl Mvl ljtbr Hlomsehl M. Jrda tems gdapduon olab mt ms bvmnbot telt tedsb logbstdrs plssbn do teb olab dj Hlomsehl lon ems tmtfb bpmtebt Mvl (mvl ablomoc dob ls wbff ls jmrst ‗ Hlomsehl teb Jmrst) td tedsb nbsgbonlots dj tebmrs, Plnilolhs (Huselos), telt aust elvb kbbo teb dobs telt olabn teb vmfflcb. ^eb Plnilos, dr Plnilolhs, wed wbrb, lclmo, l uomdo dj Plnilolhs lon Hloclr (Hloclr wed motbralrrmbn wmte teb Huselos), elvb lfwlys kbbo teb dofy hodwo moelkmtlots dj Hlom!hl Mvl telt elvb l nbjmomtb lon nbadostrlkfb nmrbgt gdoobgtmdo td teb Huselos dj lotmqumty, lon tebrbjdrb td Hlomsehl M. Jdr tems rblsdo, lon jdr sbvbrlf dtebrs, wb aly stltb telt teb wdrn jdr dob telt teb Huselos lon tebmr nbsgbonlots usbn wls <5: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lévl (l!vl/mvl), lon telt teb Huselos hobw tebmr
bapbrdr ls Hlom!hl Mvl. Mo ems Lo Motrdnugtmdo td ]duoc Lvbstlo, Prdns Dhtdr Whiêrvõ wrmtbs, Semfb kdte emstdry lon fmocumstmgs monmgltb telt Dfn Pbrsmlo wls teb floculcb spdhbo mo adnbro Jlrs mo sdutebro Mrlo, teb floculcb dj teb Lvbstl aust elvb kbfdocbn td trmkbs jrda odrteblstbro Mrlo. ^eb Lvbstl gdotlmos l jbw cbdcrlpemglf olabs, lff kbfdocmoc td odrteblstbro Mrlo, telt ms, rducefy teb lrbl gdvbrbn ky adnbro Ljcelomstlo pfus teb lrbls td teb odrte lon sdute dj Ljcelomstlo. lrb wls tebrbjdrb gdogfunb telt Sb Lvbstlo spdhbobotmtfbn prmalrmfytd ky trmkbs jrda telt lrbl. <02
^eb bteodoya Plnilolh aust elvb kbbo lt jmrst lo bxdoya jdr teb Huselos, usbn dj teba ky teb Hloclr, lon pbrelps ky sdab dtebr trmkbs dr pbdpfbs ls wbff. Plnilolh gdufn odt elvb kbbo teb bondoya lt jmrst, lfteduce mt kbglab teb bondoya dj teb trmkb. Mj M la rmcet telt teb olab Plnilolh ablos trmkb dj wemtb Euos, dr wemtb <53 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Euos, teb olab Plnilolh aust stmff elvb kbbo lo bxdoya (dr lo lftbroltmvb olab), lt jmrst. ^eb rblsdo ms telt mt wls, gfblrfy, teb Huselos ‗ wemtb Euos ‗ wed abrcbn wmte teb Hloclr lon glab td kb glffbn Plnilolhs, lon teb Huselos lpplrbotfy glffbn tebasbfvbs Huselos, lt fblst ljtbr teb gdoqubst dj Klgtrml lon uotmf teb nmssdfutmdo dj tebmr bapmrb. Mt ms emcefy motbrbstmoc telt teb Plnilolhs lrb odt lttbstbn (ky teb gdaado jdras dj tebmr olab) kbjdrb teb jlff dj teb Huselos, kut dofy ljtbrwlrns, lon telt teb Huselos lrb od fdocbr abotmdobn dogb nbjmomtb rbjbrbogbs td teb Plnilolhs kbcmo td kb alnb. Adst motbrbstmoc dj lff, ms telt kdte teb Huselos lon teb Plnilolhs lrb lttbstbn td elvb kbbo lffmbs dj, lon td elvb abrcbn wmte, teb Hloclr. Mo rblfmty, teb Hloclr abrcbn wmte dofy dob pbdpfb ‗ l pbdpfb hodwo ls kdte Huselos lon Plnilolhs, l trmkb dj Euos, wed wbrb hodwo ls wemtb Euos. Mt ms teb olturb dj lff floculcbs td lksdrk motd tebmr fbxmgdos, lon td lssmamfltb motd usb, wdrns jrda dtebrwebo floculcbs. ^eb drmcmotd dj tebkbbo olab Plnilolh, teb olab ms sbbo elvb lo <55 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
bxdoya lt jmrst, aly elvb rbsuftbn jrda teb olab kbmoc jdrabn ladoc, lon kbmoc usbn ky, dob crdup dj spblhbrs usmoc wdrns jrda adrb telo dob floculcb ‗ tebmr dwo floculcb lon l floculcb jdrbmco td teba ‗ td jdra teb bxdoya (Plnilolh) londjtdteb monmgltb mo tebmr dwo floculcb teb ablomoc bteodoya (Huselo) dj teb trmkb. ^eb bxdoya teus grbltbn, kbcmos td kb usbn ky teb crdup telt grbltbn mt, kut aly kb pmghbn up lon usbn ky dtebr crdups td monmgltb teb trmkb ls wbff. Bvbotulffy teb trmkb mtsbfj, td weda tems bxdoya ms lppfmbn, kbcmos td gdosmnbr teb bxdoya mts bondoya, teb bxdoya ablomoc, ljtbr lff, teb slab temoc ls teb drmcmolf bondoya. ^ems sgbolrmd, mo wemge teb trmkb mtsbfj kbcmos td usb teb bxdoya ls mts bondoya, ms lff teb adrb fmhbfy mj l crdup usmoc teb bxdoya abrcbs wmte teb crdup td weda teb bxdoya ms lppfmbn. ^eb Hloclr lrb lttbstbn td elvb abrcbn wmte l crdup hodwo td emstdry ls Plnilolhs, lon teb Hloclr lrb lttbstbn td elvb gdab td kb glffbn Plnilolhs. ^eb Hloclr lrb lttbstbn td elvb motbralrrmbn <0:
wmte teb Huselos, elvb abrcbn wmte lon teb Huselos, wedsb olabtdablos wemtb Euos8 <5= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Plnilolh bvmnbotfy ablos wemtb Euos ls wbff. ^eb Hloclr abrcbn wmte l smocfb pbdpfb, lon tems pbdpfb wls bvmnbotfy hodwo ky twd olabs ablomoc wemtb Euos, olabfy, Huselo lon Plnilolh. ^eb Gemobsb wdrn jdr wemtb ms klm, lon nilo (seuo) ms dob jdra dj teb olab Euo. <03^eb sujjmx -dh (^urhmg, Euoomg) ablos gflo dr trmkb. Mt ms adst prdklkfb telt teb olab Plnilolh, dr Klnilolh, ms nbrmvbn jrda l gdapduon jdrabn jrda klm, nilo (seuo), lon -dh (-lh)9 Klm-nilo-dh (Klm-seuo-dh), Klnilolh, dr Plnilolh, ablomoc trmkb dj wemtb Euos, dr smapfy wemtb Euos. ^eb Plnilolhs nmn odt uonbrcd l gelocb dj olab8 teb Huselos nmn. ^eb Huselos wbrb glffbn Plnilolh (Klm-seuo-dh), dr Klnilolh (Klm-seuodh), ky teb Hloclr. ^eb Plnilolhs wbrb teb Huselos8 teb Huselos wbrb teb Plnilolhs8 teby wbrb dob lon teb slab. ^eb olab Plnilolh gdufn odt elvb ablot krdtebr-mo-flw kbglusb mt wls l olab tebtebHuselos abrcbnjdrwmte Hloclr,kbjdrb kbjdrb teb teb Huselos Huselos <=0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
gdufn elvb kbbo rbclrnbn ls krdtebrs-mo-flw. Mj Plnilolh eln odt kbbo teb olab telt teb Hloclr glffbn teb Huselos kbjdrb teb twd pbdpfbs abrcbn, teb Hloclr, webo teby eln uonbrcdob l gelocb dj olab, wdufn elvb gdab td kb hodwo ls Huselos webo teb pbdpfbs abrcbn, odt Plnilolhs.
Mt wls teb Hloclr telt eln uonbrcdob l gelocb dj olab webo teb twd pbdpfbs abrcbn8 lon mt wls dofy dogb teb twd pbdpfbs eln abrcbn telt bmtebr dob dj teba gdufn elvb kbbo rbclrnbn ls krdtebrs-mo-flw, odt kbjdrb. Plnilolh gloodt, tebrbjdrb, ablo krdtebr-mo-flw. Plnilolh ablos teb slab temoc telt Huselo ndbs, olabfy, wemtb Euos. ^eb Plnilolhs lon teb Huselos wbrb dob lon teb slab trmkb dr pbdpfb ‗ wemtb Euos ‗ lon teby wbrb hodwo ls kdte Plnilolhs (Klnilolh, Klm-seuo-dh, Klm-seuo) lon Huselos (Hu-seuo). ^eb adrb gfdsbfy dob fddhs lt teb Plnilolhs (Huselos) teb adrb dkvmdus mt kbgdabs telt teby wbrb Euos. Mo teb jdffdwmoc plrlcrlpe, Gdostlotmob Pdrpeyrdcbomtus, nbsgrmkmoc teb Plnilolh gustda trlosjbrrmoc rlohs pdwbr, amcet ls wbff elvbdjkbbo nbsgrmkmoc teb lon gustdas dj <=< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Lttmfl”s Euos lon tedsb dj teb Ebpetelfmtbs. (^eb Ebpetelfmtbs, dr Semtb Euos, wbrb, mo lff prdklkmfmty, teb Plnilolhs, dr Klnilolhs, telt ms, teb Klm-seuo, teb Hu-seuo ‗ Huselo.) Lt tebtebmr tmab lt wemge teb Pbgebobcs jrda gduotry, tebmr prmogbs wbrb wbrb,bxpbffbn mo teb prdvmogb dj Mrtma, Klätzls8 mo ^zdur, Hdubf8 mo Cyfl, Hdurhdutlm8 mo Hdufpbä, Mplds8 mo Gelrlkdä, Hländua8 mo teb prdvmogb dj ^lfalt, Hdstls8 mo Gedpdo, Cmlzms8 mo teb prdvmogb dj ^zdpdo, Kltls. Ljtbr tebmr nbltes tebmr gdusmos suggbbnbn td tebmr rufb. Jdr flw lon logmbot prmogmpfb elvb prbvlmfbn ladoc teba, nbprmvmoc teba dj lutedrmty td trlosamt tebmr rlohs td tebmr sdos dr tebmr krdtebrs, mt kbmoc sujjmgmbot jdr tedsb mo pdwbr td rufb jdr tebmr dwo fmjb-tmab dofy, lon webo teby nmb, bmtebr tebmr gdusmo dr sdos dj tebmr gdusmos aust kb lppdmotbn, sd telt teb rloh aly odt ruo bxgfusmvbfy mo dob krloge dj teb jlamfy, kut teb gdffltbrlfs lfsd moebrmt lon suggbbn td teb edodur8 kut od dob jrda l strlocbr jlamfy motrunbs lon kbgdabs l prmogb. <05
Eyuo Imo Hma, mo ems ^eb Euos, [dab lon teb Kmrte dj Burdpb , nbsgrmkbs teb gustdas dj teb <=; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Burdpblo Euos, dr Lttmfl”s Euos, lon teb Ebpetelfmtbs (Semtb Euos), teus9 Lfsd mo wlys rbalrhlkfy smamflr td teb Burdpblo Euos, teb suggbssmdo td teb Ebpetlfmtb terdob gdufn plss jrda uogfb td obpebw lon lrtmjmgmlf grlomua nbjdraltmdo wls prlgtmsbn ladoc tebmr bfmtb, ls ladoc teb Burdpblo Euos lon Lflos. <0=
^eb Euos, ls monmgltbn lkdvb, lon teb Plnilolhs, ls sedwo kbfdw, kdte prlgtmgbn lrtmjmgmlf shuff nbjdraltmdo9 L uomqub jmon jdr dur gduotry XKufclrmlQ, lo lrtmjmgmlffy Pbgebobc shuff wls nmsgdvbrbn lt nbjdrabn teb bxglvltmdos oblr Hrmvmol vmfflcb, [dussb rbcmdo (Jmc. ;), lon nltbn klgh td teb <0- td >2-yblr-dfn alo. ^eb maprmots dj teb prbssurb klonlcb, wmte l wmnte dj lpprdxmaltbfy > ga, wbrb bvmnbot mo teb amnnfb dj teb jdrbebln. Lrgebdfdcmglf jmons pflybn l grugmlf plrt mo nbtbramomoc teb bteomg drmcmo dj teb shuff, kbglusb loterdpdfdcmglf nltl lfdob nd odt ymbfn sujjmgmbot bvmnbogb td nmstmocumse l Prdtd<=7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Kufclrmlo jrda l Pbgebobc shuff. <<0 ‗ ]lvdr Bogebv, A.N., Pe.N., Crmcdrmy Obnbfhdv, A.N., Pe.N., Olnbzenl Ltlolssdvl-^mabvl, A.W., lon Idrnlo Idrnlodv, A.N., Pe.N, Plfbdoburdsurcmglf lspbgts dj Prdtd-Kufclrmlo lrtmjmgmlf shuff nbjdraltmdos
^eb Plnilolhs prlgtmgbn rmtulf trbploltmdo ls wbff. Jfdrmo Gurtl wrmtbs9 Edwbvbr, teb adst spbgtlguflr jblturb rbvblfbn ky teb loterdpdfdcmglf lolfysms ms teb jlgt telt adrb telo l temrn dj lff shbfbtdos Xdj PlnilolhsQ elvb trbpemobn shuffs. ^edsb lrb shbfbtdos dj monmvmnulfs wed nmbn kbtwbbo 70 lon >0 yblrs dj lcb, ;0 alfbs lon ;7 jbalfbs. Lff lrb glsbs dj ―syakdfmg trbploltmdo”, mo telt teb surcmglf dpbrltmdo pbrjdrabn do teb glfvlrml dj l fmvmoc sukibgt nmn odt pbobtrltb teb moobr tlkfb dj teb shuff. Mo jlgt, mt wls lff ndob ky kuromoc dr sgrlpmoc teb bxtbrolf flamol dj teb shuff, adstfy do teb grlomlf suturbs. ^eb purpdsb dj tems dpbrltmdo aly elvb kbbo dr kbfmbvbn td kb abnmglf, kut mts emce mogmnbogb kbtrlys mo teb Dn9rgm gbabtbry kbtrlys rmtulf gdogbros.<<< <=> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb rblsdo jdr tebsb smamflrmtmbs mo teb gustdas dj teb Plnilolhs lon teb Euos ms blsmfy bxpflmolkfb, lon ms succbstbn ky teb vbry olab Plnilolh9 teb Plnilolhs wbrb Euos, hodwo ls wemtb Euos. ^eb Euoomg pbdpfbs wbrb drmcmolffy jrda odrtebro Gemol lon Adocdfml. Mo tems plrt dj teb wdrfn amffbt wls dob dj teb adst mapdrtlot grdps9 ^eb gdaado amffbt, fdglffy glffbn ―helr kunll”, ms dob dj teb wmnbfy usbn grdps jrda logmbot tmabs mo Adocdfml. Adocdfml wls gdosmnbrbn dob dj teb sbgdonlry gbotrbXsQ dj drmcmo dj gdaado amffbt. ^ems grdp ms gelrlgtbrmzbn ky teb fdwbst wltbr rbqumrbabot telo XsmgQ gbrblfs lon glo kb crdwo do teb pddrbst dj sdmfs. Jrda teb logmbot tmabs, gdaado amffbt eln kbbo wmnbfy usbn ls l jddn grdp mo teb gbotrlf, odrtebro, lon wbstbro plrts dj Adocdfml. <<; „O. Klylrsuhe lon I. Olaimfsurbo, EblnXsQ, Adocdfml Oltmdolf Cbobkloh, Pflot Wgmbogb lon Lcrmgufturlf [bsblrge Nlrhelo, Amffbt Adocdfml, Gdosbrvltmdo lon Mostmtutb, Rsb dj Gdaado Cbrapflsa <=2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Prmsgus, Crbbh emstdrmlo lon [dalo nmpfdalt, wrmtmoc lkdut ems vmsmt wmte Lttmfl teb Euo lt Lttmfl”s gdurt lon sbttfbabot, slys9 Mo teb XEuos”Q vmfflcbs wb wbrb suppfmbn wmte jddn--amffbt mostbln dj dj gdro, lon^eb abln, ls teb oltmvbs glff mt, mostbln wmob. lttbonlots wed jdffdwbn us rbgbmvbn amffbt, lon l nrmoh alnb dj klrfby, wemge teb klrklrmlos glff hla. <<7
Lon Wmr Ebory Edyfb Edwdrte wrmtbs9 Klhum slys dj teb Pbgebobcs, teby eln fdoc kblrns lon flrcb austlgebs. Eb lnns, telt tebmr jddn <<>
gdosmstbn gembjfy dj amffbt.
Amffbt wls teus teb stlpfb jddn dj kdte teb Euos lon teb Plnilolhs, lon Adocdfml dr odrtebro Gemol wls teb edabflon dj tebsb Euoomg pbdpfbs. Prmsgus slys dj Lttmfl teb Euo9 Sb lggdaplombn teb klrklrmlo jdr l tmab, kut webo wb rblgebn l gbrtlmo pdmot tddh lodtebr rdutb ky teb teb Wgytemlos wed gdonugtbn us, lsgdaalon Lttmfl wlsdjprdgbbnmoc td l vmfflcb <=: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
webrb eb motbonbn td alrry teb nlucetbr dj Bshla, teduce eb eln aloy dtebr wmvbs, jdr teb Wgytemlos prlgtmsb pdfyclay. <<2
Prmsgus lfadst lfwlys rbjbrrbn td teb Euos ls Wgytemlos. Lool Gdaobol lfadst lfwlys rbjbrrbn td teb Plnilolhs ls Wgytemlos. Prmsgus lon Lool Gdaobol wbrb kdte Kyzlotmobs, lon Lool Gdaobol wdufn gbrtlmofy elvb kbbo jlamfmlr wmte teb wrmtmocs ky Prmsgus. ^d Prmsgus teb Euos wbrb l Wgytemlo trmkb, lon td Lool Gdaobol teb Plnilolhs wbrb l Wgytemlo trmkb. ^eb Plnilolhs lon Lttmfl”s Euos eln smamflr fmjbwlys lon gustdas, lon sdab dj tedsb gustdas, suge ls tebmr prlgtmgb dj lrtmjmgmlf shuff<<:nbjdraltmdo, wemge teb Huselos lfsd prlgtmgbn, wdufn elvb selrpfy nmjjbrbotmltbn teba, lon lfsd teb Huselos, jrda dtebr trmkbs lon pbdpfbs mo Burdpb, lon lt teb slab tmab wdufn elvb kdrob dut tebmr gufturlf smamflrmtmbs wmte blge dtebr. Wuge Euoomg gustdas wbrb, lt teb tmab, rbclrnbn ls Wgytemlo prlgtmgbs, lon tebrbjdrb Lool Gdaobol”s usb dj Wgytemlo jdr teb Plnilolhs plrlffbfs teb usb dj mt ky Prmsgus jdr Lttmfl”s Euos. Ky Wgytemlo kdte Prmsgus lon Lool Gdaobol <=3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ablot pbdpfb dj l gbrtlmo hmon, lon teby kdte eln teb slab hmon dj pbdpfb mo amon. ^edsb pbdpfb wbrb Euoomg8 teby wbrb Euos. Dttd I. Albogebo-Ebfjbo, mo ^eb Sdrfn dj teb Euos, wrmtbs9
^eby Xteb Fltmo gerdomgfbrs dj teb jmjte gboturyQ hobw obxt td odtemoc lkdut teb Wgytemlos, Gmaabrmlos, lon Alsslcbtlb, wedsb olabs teb Crbbh lutedrs gdostlotfy motbrgelocbn wmte telt dj teb Euos. <<3 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
Wd wed wbrb teb Hloclr4 Mo tebmr XLftlmg lon NrlvmnmloQ tdtlfmty, teb jlgts dj klsmg lcrbbabot, plrtmgufl rfy mo teb ndalmos dj adrpedfdcy lon syotlx, lfsd mo telt dj fbxmgdo, lon, td l fbssbr nbcrbb, l gbrtlmo laduot dj pedodfdcmglf jblturbs, adstfy tedsb dj gdaado pedodfdcmglf nbvbfdpabot, kut lfsd teb pedodfdcmglf strugturb, ls abotmdobn lkdvb, bxemkmtmoc mo teb adrpedfdcy lon syotlx odt dofy teb slab systba, londjmosujjmxbs teb adrpedfdcy gdosmnbrlkfb laduot mnbotmglf molfsd jdral lon ablomoc, gloodt rblsdolkfy kb bxpflmobn ls <=5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
kbmoc nub td kdrrdwmoc mo weltbvbr wly, mogfunmoc telt ky gdoqubst-advbabots lon/dr bteomglf amxturb, dr ls lggmnbotlf pebodabol, kut dofy ls teb rbsuft dj cbobtmg rbfltmdosemp. Wmogb tems cbobtmg rbfltmdosemp bxtbons td Rrlfmg, tebsb terbb floculcb-jlamfmbs jdra l amcety gdapfbx dj cbobtmglffy rbfltbn floculcbs mo Blstbro Burdpb lon l gdosmnbrlkfb pdrtmdo dj Lsml lon teb mosuflr wdrfn td teb Blst, Wdute, lon Wdutewbst dj teb gdotmobot. Mo Odstrltmg fmocumstmgs, Rrlfmg, Lftlmg, lon Nrlvmnmlo gdostmtutb teb Blst-Odstrltmg crdup, H―lrt―ufm, Mond-Burdpblo, WbamtmgElamtmg teb Sbstbro. ^ems ms odw gdojmrabn ky tems prbsbot wdrh. <<5 ‗ H. E. Abocbs, Nrlvmnmlo lon Lftlmg, p.MMM ^eb Cbobtmg [bfltmdosemp dj Nrlvmnmlo wmte Lftlmg - Cbdcrlpemglf lon Emstdrmglf Mapfmgltmdos XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb pdmot dj mogfunmoc teb lkdvb plsslcb lkdut teb cbobtmg rbfltmdosemp dj Nrlvmnmlo wmte Lftlmg wmff kbgdab maabnmltbfy gfblr dogb ydu elvb rbln teb jdffdwmoc jrda ^eb Logmbot Drmbot ky Sdfjrla vdo Wdnbo9 ^eb nbsmcoltmdo Wuabrmlos ms nbrmvbn jrda teb Klkyfdomlo olab jdr sdutebro Klkyfdoml„ <== dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Wuabr8 teb lgtulf Wuabrmlo olab jdr teb flon wls Hbocm(r) XHloclrQ, ―gmvmfmzbn flon.” ^dnly mt ms cbobrlffy rbgdcomzbn telt teb Wuabrmlos wbrb odt teb dfnbst moelkmtlots dj teb flon, lon tebrb elvb kbbo nmjjbrbot dpmomdos ls td tebmr drmcmo. Wmogb teb nmsgdvbry dj teb Monus gmvmfmzltmdo lkdut sbvboty yblrs lcd, edwbvbr, mt els kbbo lfadst uomvbrslffy lggbptbn telt teb Wuabrmlos maamcrltbn jrda teb blst. ^ems maamcrltmdo gdufn elvb suggbbnbn botmrbfy ky flon mj teb Wuabrmlos maamcrltbn jrda sdabwebrb mo odrtebro Monml, kbglusb mo teb jdurte amffboomua teb klrrmbr td crblt jdfh amcrltmdos, teb blstbro Mrlomlo nbsbrts dj Fut lon Hlvmr, wbrb plsslkfb lon bvbo plrtmlffy moelkmtlkfb„lt fblst pbrmdnmglffy„ls l rbsuft dj teb auge adrb admst gfmaltb (sbb lkdvb, ge. MM). Amcrltdry advbabots terduce teb sdutebro Mrlomlo gdlstlf rbcmdo, wemge wls mo lff prdklkmfmty bxtrbabfy edt bvbo lt telt tmab, wbrb iust ls maprdklkfb ls teb fdoc sbl rdutb terduce teb Pbrsmlo Cufj. Sebtebr amcrltmdos lgrdss blstbro Lrlkml sedufn kb gdosmnbrbn, jdffdwmoc teb grdssmoc dj teb Cufj dj Dalo, aly pbrelps kb sedwo jdr teb jmrst tmab ky teb bxglvltmdos rbgbotfy kbcuo Dalo. Mt els lfrblny kbbo bstlkfmsebn telt mo trlnb rbfltmdos bxmstbn kbtwbbo teb rbcmdo dj teb Monus lon Klkyfdoml lt lo blrfy ;00 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
nltb, wmte motbrabnmltb stltmdos do teb msflons dj Klerlmo lon Jlmflhl. Selt fbn td teb wbstwlrn amcrltmdo dj teb Wuabrmlo XHbocmr, HloclrQ crdups, wedsb floculcb aly elvb kbbo rbfltbn td teb Nrlvmnmlo floculcbs dj Monml, wmff prdklkfy obvbr kb uonbrstddn. <<= XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb olab Wuabr wls lo bxdoya, lon tebrbjdrb sd wls Wuabrmlo. Hbocmr, dr rltebr Hloclr, wls teb bondoya. ^edsb hodwo ls Wuabrmlos glffbn tebasbfvbs Hloclr. Mt ms l amsgdogbptmdo telt teby glffbn tebasbfvbs ky teb tbra telt teby usbn td nbsgrmkb tebasbfvbs9 slc-cm-cl, ablomoc kflgheblnbn, wemge ms l nbrmvbn lnibgtmvb juogtmdomoc mo teb mtglplgmty l gdogrbtb lnibgtmvb.Hloclr Mt ms odt oduo, ms odt ldjolab. ^eb bondoya ms ll oduo, lon Hloclr, teb olab dj teb flon, wls teb olab dj teb pbdpfb ‗ Hloclr. Mogmnbotlffy, kflgheblnbn lggurltbfy nbsgrmkbs aloy pbdpfb telt gdostmtutb bteomg crdups dj Monml, suge ls ^lamf spblhbrs, ^bfucu spblhbrs, lon dtebr Nrlvmnmlo, ls wbff ls Auonl, spblhbrs. Ay yNOL elpfdcrdup ‗ E-A:= ‗ ms adst gdaado ladoc teb Nrlvmnmlo spblhbrs dj Monml. ;0< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Dj tebsb, E-A:= ms jduon lt mts emcebst jrbqubogy ‗ 3< pbrgbot ‗ ladoc teb Hdyl pbdpfb.<;0 ^ems ms teb emcebst jrbqubogy dj EA:= mo teb wdrfn. ^eb Hdylcrdup, wemge kbfdocs td teb lon Nrlvmnmlo fmocumstmg ms teb fdob plstdrlf glttfbkrbbnbr trmklf gdaauomty mo Dnmsel XDrmsslQ. ^ems trmkb wemge moelkmts teb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt els kbbo jlgmoc grmsms jdr flgh dj plsturb. <;<
^eb hlocmrm mo teb olab dj teb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt ms nbrmvbn jrda teb bteodoya Hloclr. MHloclr kblr teb olab dj teb fmhb teb glab td kblr teb Plnilolhs, olab dj tebiust Plnilolhs. Kut mt wls jrda teb Hloclr wed glab td kb glffbn Plnilolhs telt M moebrmtbn ay yNOL. ^elt ms wey M kbfdoc td yNOL elpfdcrdup EA:=.
;0; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Alp sedwmoc teb nmstrmkutmdo dj E-A:=
;07 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Monml
;0> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
MU. Hloclr, Heloclr, Humboiu, Hlociu, Helon, Hedon, Cdon, Hdyl, Alclr, Alcylr, Wuabrmlos Pflgbs nd odt olab pbdpfbs dr trmkbs8 pbdpfb olab pflgbs. Semfb l surolab kdrob ky lo monmvmnulf alydjkbpbdpfb nbrmvbn jrda olabwebrb dj l pflgb, l trmkb fmvmoc mo teb lo lrbl auftmpfb pflgbs elvb teb slab olab ls teb trmkb, gloodt kb slmn td elvb nbrmvbn mts trmklf olab jrda loy dob dj tedsb pflgbs. Mt aust kb telt teb trmkb mtsbfj els olabn lff tedsb pflgbs ljtbr mtsbfj, ljtbr dr jdr teb olab dj teb trmkb, dr telt tedsb pflgbs elvb kbbo olabn ljtbr teb trmkb ky dtebrs. ^eb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt, Hloclr Zlffby Jdrbst, lon teb gmty dj Hlohbr (Hloclr), wemge wls l Cdon (Hloclr) hmocnda mo blrfy tmabs, <;; lrb lff rbfltmvbfy gfdsb td dob lodtebr, mo rbfltmdo td teb smzb dj Monml8 lon lff dj teba cdt tebmr olabs, lon aust elvb cdt tebmr olabs, jrda teb Hloclr trmkb dr pbdpfb. Wmogb tebrb lrb stmff Hloclr (Heloclr, Heloilr, btg.) mo Monml, wb sedufn bxpbgt teb Hloclr kb dob dj teb Wgebnufbn ^rmkbs dr Glstbs djtd teb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt, telt ms, wb ;02 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
sedufn bxpbgt td sbb teb olab Hloclr mo teb fmst dj Wgebnufbn ^rmkbs dr Glstbs dj Alfhlocmrm8 <;7 kut wb nd odt. ^ebrb ms od trmkb tebrb ky teb olab Hloclr (dr Heloclr, btg.). ^eb bxpfloltmdo jdr teb lksbogb dj teb trmklf olab Hloclr mo teb Alfhlocmrm ms telt odt teb telt Hloclr lff teb tebrb, Hloclr elvb advbnNmstrmgt, lwly, kut ls bfsbwebrb, lrb odw hodwo ky dtebr olabs. Kberla E. Abetl, mo ems Cdons dj teb Gbotrlf Monmlo Emceflons, wrmtbs9 Mt ms mo tems stdry dj gboturmbs telt babrcbn l wdrn fmhb ‖suk-nmvmsmdos‑ td bxpflmo lo lfadst gdotmoudus prdgbss dj alhb-up lon krblh-up, fblnmoc djtbo td sdgmlf nmsdrclomsltmdo lon trmklf nmsmotbcrltmdo. Obw gflos lon obw trmkbs lrdsb mo teb Gbotrlf Monml kbft dj trmklf sdgmbtmbs fmhb Kemfs mo teb wbst, Drldos, Hdfs, lon Wlotelfs mo teb blst, Olcls mo teb bxtrbab blst, lon lkdvb lff mo teb vlst gbotrlf aduotlmodus rbcmdos moelkmtbn ky teb Cdon trmkbs, Hedons, Keumoyls, lon Iulocs.<;>
;0: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb Hloclr, dvbr teb gboturmbs, lon jdr vlrmdus rblsdos, elvb eln nmjjbrbot nmvmsmdos lon splwobn suk-trmkbs. Sb hodw mo <=0<, jdr mostlogb, telohs td Glptlmo Fulrn, telt teb Hloclr mo Kuonbfhelon wbrb ―nmvmnbn motd terbb flrcb rlhes,‑ bondcladus ‖["i-Heloclrs ,‑ ‖#jbft lon ‖Nelouhs,crdups, ‑”<;2 teduce Glptlmo Fulrn teb Nelouhs wbrb pbrelps dj sdab dtebr nbrmvltmdo telo dj Hloclr.
Glptlmo Fulrn lfsd prdvmnbs l fmst dj teb olabs dj teb suknmvmsmdos dj teb [li-Hloclr, lon dj teb Lrlhe. Dj teb [li-Hloclr, lt teb tmab, teb suknmvmsmdos wbrb bmcetbbo mo ouakbr, lon tedsb dj teb Lrlhe wbrb omob8 lon lff twboty-sbvbo dj teb suknmvmsmdos wbrb bxdcladus. <;: Ladoc teb Lrlhe sbpts eb mogfunbs teb Wlotlf, dr Wlonlf, wed lrb lgtulffy Auonl spblhbrs, teduce teby wbrb jdrabrfy gflssmjmbn ls l Nrlvmnmlo crdup. Odtb telt teb Hlralfm lrb Wlotlf. [bjbr td ay ltNOL tbst rbsufts. Gembj tebHloclr olabsmtsbfj, ky wemge teb Hloclr lrb <;3 Helon hodwo,ladoc kbsmnbs ms Helon. ;03 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
ms l vlrmlot dj Hedon lon Cdon, dr vmgb vbrsl9 Hedon lon Cdon lrb vlrmlots dj Helon. Mo loy glsb, Helon lon Hedon lon Cdon lrb lff bssbotmlffy teb slab olab lon lrb usbn td rbjbr td l pbdpfb wed lrb, lt kdttda, Hloclr, bvbo mj teby odw spblh Kut nmjjbrbot nmjjbrbot floculcbs. odt lffnmlfbgts Cdons dr lrbbvbo Hloclr. ^eb olab Cdon (lon mts vlrmlots) ms lo bxdoya, lon mts usb els kbbo bxtbonbn td nbodtb trmkbs dr pbdpfbs dj nmjjbrbot drmcmos. Kberla E. Abetl lclmo9 Mt ms smcomjmglot telt mo teb Blst Monml Gdaploy Clzbttbbr webrb jmrst rbjbrbogbs td teb Cdons lrb alnb, teby lrb glffbn ‖Cddons‑ ls wbff ls ‖Cedons‑. [ussbff rbalmos uogbrtlmo lkdut teb drmcmo dj teb wdrn. Eb slys9 ‖^eb nbrmvltmdo dj teb wdrn Cdon ms uogbrtlmo. Mt ms teb olab cmvbo td teb trmkb ky teb Emonus dr Adelaabnlos, ls tebmr dwo olab jdr tebasbfvbs ms Hdmtdrs dr Hdm XHdyl ‗ Hum ‗ HloclrQ. <;5 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q Crmcsdo emasbfj lppblrs td kb sdabwelt gdojusbn lkdut ‖rlgb‑ lon ‖trmkb‑ ms qumtb gdrrbgt webo eb slys, ‖Wd gdogbpts. dvbr augeEb dj ;05 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Monml, teb prbvlmfmoc Emonu olab Cdon lon odt Hdm ms usbn8 lon wmte ems usulf plssmdo jdr stlonlrnmsltmdo teb djjmgmlf mo Monml els trmbn crlnulffy td glff lff teb Hdmtdr XHloclrQ rlgb Cdons, weltbvbr teb olab ky wemge teby glff tebasbfvbs dr teb fdglf vbrolguflr olab jdr teba, lon bvbo td mogfunb uonbr teb cboumob tbra Cdon dtebr rlgbs dr trmkbs wed lrb odt Hdmtdr XHloclrQ,
kut dofy rbsbakfb teba adrb dr fbss mo gustdas‑.<;= XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q Wd ls jlr ls teb Cdons lrb gdogbrobn, teby elvb odt cmvbo tems olab XCdonQ td tebasbfvbs. [bv. Emsfdp gdosmnbrbn telt teb olab Cdon wls l jdra dj Hdon ls eb spbft teb olab dj teb Hedon trmkb. Eb pdmotbn dut telt ‖e‑ X‖h‑Q lon ‖c‑ lrb motbrgelocblkfb X...Q ^eb olab ky wemge teb Cdons glff tebasbfvbs ms Hdm dr Hdmtdr XHdyl ‗ HloclrQ, wemfst teb Hedons glff tebasbfvbs Hu XHumQ XHloclrQ, wemge wdrn Crmbrsdo gdosmnbrs td kb rbfltbn td teb Cdon olab Hdm. Jurtebr eb slys telt teb ^bfbcu pbdpfb glff teb Hedon, Cdon dr Hdn (Hdr). Mt sbbas, tebrbjdrb, telt teb nbsmcoltmdo Cdon wls cmvbo td teb trmkb ky teb ^bfbcus. [bjbrrmoc td teb Heuttl Bfwmo wrmtbs9 ‖M la ebogb jdrteHedons, cdmoc tdZbrrmbr spbff ;0= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Hdon XCdonQ mostbln dj Hedon, Helon, Hlone, dr Hdon dj Drmssl, wed lrb odt ljtbr lff vbry nmjjbrbot cbdcrlpemglffy jrda teb Aurml.‑ <70
[. Z. [ussbff, mo ems ^eb ^rmkbs lon Glstbs dj teb Gbotrlf Prdvmogbs dj Monml, wrmtbs9 ^ems bvmnbogb sbbas td bstlkfmse l prdklkmfmty telt teb Cdons lon Hedons wbrb drmcmolffy dob trmkb mo teb sdute dj Monml, lon telt teby dktlmobn sbplrltb olabs lon floculcbs smogb teby fbjt tebmr drmcmolf edab jdr teb odrte. ^eb jlgt telt kdte dj teba spblh floculcbs dj teb Nrlvmnmlo jlamfy, wedsb edab ms mo sdutebro Monml, alhbs mt prdklkfb telt teb twd trmkbs drmcmolffy kbfdocbn tebrb, lon amcrltbn odrte motd teb Gbotrlf Prdvmogbs lon Drmssl. ^ems eypdtebsms ms suppdrtbn ky teb trlnmtmdos dj teb Cdons. <7< Cdonm ms adrb oblrfy rbfltbn td ^lamf lon Hedon td ^bfucu. <7;
Kberla E. Abetl lclmo9 ^dcbtebr wmte teb Cdons, Krmtmse loterdpdfdcmsts lon lnamomstrltdrs elvb glffbn teb Hedons l ;<0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Nrlvmnmlo pbdpfb. ^eby elvb lfsd kbbo glffbn Hlones XHelonsQ lt tmabs X...Q ^eb Hedons XHelons, HloclrQ glff tebasbfvbs Humboiu XHuboiu, Hlociu, HloclrQ dr Humfdhl, wemge lrb tebmr dfn trmklf olabs. Hum ms teb nmlfbgt spdhbo ky sdab dj teb Hedons (Helons), wemfst Hdm ms teb nmlfbgt dj teb Hdymls XHdylQ dj Lnmfflkln. ^eb almo nmlfbgt dj teb Hedons XHelons, HlonsQ ms glffbn ‖Hlonem‑ XHdonem, CdonmQ XHumQ lon ms auge rbfltbn td ^bfucu. ^eb olab lppblrs td kb lssdgmltbn wmte Hu, Hd lon Hdonl wemge lff ablo ‖aduotlmo‑. <77 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb Hedons (Helons, Cdons) glff tebasbfvbs Huboiu (Humboiu, Hloclr). ^ems olab ‗ Huboiu ‗ ms teb Hlociu jduon mo teb Gemobsb tbxts, teb Wem im lon teb Elo seu, telt alrh dut lon nbsgrmkb Hlociu (Hloclr) Wdcnml8 lon Hloclr (Heloclr) ms l vlrmlot dj Huboiu lon Hlociu. Hdm lon Hum lrb Nrlvmnmlo floculcbs, wmte Hdm kbmoc spdhbo ky teb Hdyl, lon Hum kbmoc spdhbo ky teb Huboiu. ^eb Hdyl lon teb Huboiu lrb twd nmvmsmdos dj teb slab trmkb dr pbdpfb, olabfy, teb ;<< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Hloclr ‗ teb Hdyl lon teb Huboiu lrb teb Hloclr. Jdur dr jmvb dtebr suknmvmsmdos dj teb Hloclr telt Ar. [ussbff abotmdos, lrb teb Hloclr hodwo ls <7>
[lm, Amrnel dr Olhmk, Hlrklf Nlelt. flst dob, Nlelt, tdcbtebr wmtelon Helon, jdras^eb teb gdapduon trmklf olab Helonlelt, wemge ms lfsd spbffbn Helonlylt. ^eb Helonlelt lrb Hloclr. Cbobtmg bvmnbogb monmgltbs telt teb prbsbot pdpufltmdos dj teb Nrlvmnmlos lon teb Auonl (Lustrd-Lsmltmg) lrb kdte nbsgbonbn jrda teb adst logmbot moelkmtlots dj Monml, teb jmrst sbttfbrs lon gdfdomzbrs, wed lrrmvbn mo teb sukgdotmobot kbtwbbo >2,000 lon :2,000 (dr adrb) yblrs lcd, <72 lon telt logmbot Nrlvmnmlo lon Auonl pbdpfbs amxbn td sdab bxtbot. <7: Dut dj tebsb crdups dj Auonl lon Nrlvmnmlo pbdpfbs wed elvb bxgelocbn cbomg altbrmlf, kdte teb Hloclr lon teb Wlotlf lrdsb, wmte teb almo nmjjbrbogb kbtwbbo teb twd kbmoc odt cbobtmg, kut gufturlf lon fmocumstmg, tebNrlvmnmlo, Hloclr (Helon, Hedon, Cdon, Hdyl) kbmoc lon teb ;<; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Wlotlf kbmoc Auonl, spblhbrs. ^elt ms td sly, teb Hloclr lon teb Wlotlf lrb cbobtmg gdusmos. Ay NOL ms jurtebr prddj telt teb Nrlvmnmlo lon teb Auonl crdups elvb motbramxbn8 kut lt teb slab tmab mt succbsts telt l floculcb semjt ladoc teb Hloclr dr teb dggurrbn. Dut dj pdpufltmdos jrdaWlotlf lrduon teb wdrfn (mo <;3< ay ltNOL tbst jrda 05/<=/;0<2), ay sbgdon strdocbst NOL altge ms wmte teb Hlralfm, l Wlotlf trmkb dj Auonl spblhbrs, ybt M kbfdoc td E-A:= (lon sukgflnb E-A5;), wemge ms adst gdaado ladoc teb Hdyl XHdmQ, wed spblh l Nrlvmnmlo floculcb. Mj suge l floculcb semjt dggurrbn, ls sbbas td elvb kbbo teb glsb, wb aly prbsuab, wmte rblsdo, telt lodtebr yNOL elpfdcrdup kbsmnbs E-A:= ms wbff rbprbsbotbn (teduce odt dkvmdus) ladoc teb Hloclr. Jdr l vlrmbty dj rblsdos, yNOL elpfdcrdup G-A<70 ms teb dob telt adst strdocfy succbsts mtsbfj ls elvmoc kbbo, lon kbmoc, teb dtebr elpfdcrdup gdaado ladoc abo dj Hloclr nbsgbot. Hlohbr (Hloclr), lon Alfhlocmrm lrb pflgbsHloclr telt lrbZlffby olabnJdrbst, ljtbr l vbry ;<7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
logmbot pbdpfb ‗ Nrlvmnmlo spblhbrs ‗ teb Hlohlfm dr Hloclrm, wed odw, nbpbonmoc do wemge trmklf nmvmsmdo teby kbfdoc td mo Monml, glff tebasbfvbs Huboiu (Hlociu) dr Hdm8 kut lt kdttda teby lrb kdte Hloclr (Hlohlfm, Hloclrm). ^eb Hloclr clvb tebmrkddh trmklf olab ‗ Hloclr ‗ td tebsb pflgbs. (Wbb ay ^eb Hloclr .) Wdutebro Klkyfdoml wls glffbn Wuabr ky teb Klkyfdomlos8 mt wls glffbn Hloclr ky teb pbdpfb wed fmvbn tebrb, teb Hloclr. ^eb Wuabrmlo floculcb crdups wmte teb Nrlvmnmlo floculcbs, sedwmoc rbfltmdosemp wmte ^lamf, ^bfucu, lon dtebrs. ^ems ms teb glsb kbglusb Wuabrmlo wls, bvmnbotfy, l Nrlvmnmlo floculcb. ^eb moelkmtlots dj Wuabr glffbn Wuabr Hloclr kbglusb Hloclr ms welt teby glffbn tebasbfvbs. ^elt ms td sly, teb Wuabrmlos glffbn tebasbfvbs Hloclr. ^eb rbfltmdosemp kbtwbbo ^lamf lon teb dtebr abakbrs dj teb Nrlvmnmlo jlamfy els kbbo teb sukibgt dj moqumry ky ab jdr teb plst nbglnb lon teb rbsufts wbrb prbsbotbn mo ‖^eb gurrbot stltus dj Nrlvmnmlo emstdrmglf lon gdaplrltmvb stunmbs‑ (<=:>). L rmcdrdus lppfmgltmdo dj teb ;<> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
prmogmpfbs dj emstdrmglf lon gdaplrltmvb abtedn ls prlgtmsbn ky Ebory A. Edbomcswlfn fbn td teb rbgdostrugtmdo dj l Prb-^lamf stlcb, l Prdtd^lamf stlcb, lon bvbotulffy l Prdtd-Nrlvmnmlo stlcb. Semfb wdrhmoc mo teb fmkrlry dj teb Romvbrsmty dj Pboosyfvloml nurmoc teb Jlff dj <=:> lon gdaplrmoc tebsb rbgdostrugtmdos wmte teb lgtulf floculcbs, M wls qumtb lggmnbotlffy motrdnugbn td teb Wuabrmlo floculcb. ^eb botmrb Wuabrmlo vdglkuflry dj teb mosgrmptmdos dj teb prb-Cunblo pbrmdn (7200 K.G. - ;>00 K.G.) els kbbo jduon mnbotmglf, pedobtmglffy lon sbalotmglffy, wmte teb rddts dj teb Nrlvmnmlo floculcbs. ^ems mogfunbs teb jmrst smx ouabrlfs lon nbadostrltmvbs dj teb blrfy Wuabrmlo floculcb <73 mo wemge Wbamtmg mojfubogb ms fbss trlgblkfb. ‗ L. Wltelsmvla, Fmocumstmgs mo Gbyfdo, (MM)9 ^lamf
Mrlq odw stlons webrb Wuabr dogb stddn. Mt ms ay vmbw telt teb olab dj teb Hloclr trmklf nmvmsmdo Lrlhe ms teb drmcmolf dj teb olab Mrlq. ^eb trmklf olab Hloclr ablos swdrn- dr nlccbrkblrbr,<75 lon teb trmklf olab Hloclr ms teb drmcmo dj teb olab jdr teb sedrt swdrn dr nlccbr mo ;<2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
aloy floculcbs. Mo Hloolnl, l swdrn ms l helncl8<7= mo Emonm, l nlccbr ms l heloclr dr heloilr8<>0 l swdrn, l helonl<>< dr l heloclr8 Helonlelt ablos swdrnsalo. <>; Mo Bcyptmlo Lrlkmg (lon mo Lrlkmg spdhbo bfsbwebrb), l <>7
nlccbr Mo wdrn weltbvbr floculcbmstebglffbn wdrn ljdr heloclr nlccbr .dr teb jdr l sedrt swdrn ms heloclr dr heloilr dr helonl, dr eloilr, dr elozlr, dr elon$lr, mt ms uftmaltbfy nbrmvbn jrda teb olab dj teb Hloclr dj Monml. Jurtebr, mt ms od gdmogmnbogb telt webrbvbr, lon ladoc weltbvbr pbdpfb, teb wdrn jdr l sedrt swdrn dr nlccbr ms heloclr (dr l vlrmlot dj mt), tebrb ms jduon ladoc abo dob dj twd elpfdcrdups telt bvmnbotfy drmcmoltbn mo Monml ‗ bmtebr elpfdcrdup E-A:= (lon mts sukgflnb EA5;), dr elpfdcrdup G-A<70. M prdpdsb telt Hloclr crdups spblhmoc l Nrlvmnmlo floculcb, lon kbfdocmoc td G-A<70, sprbln dut jrda Monml (lon prbsbot-nly Plhmstlo lon Klfugemstlo) lon motd Gbotrlf Lsml lon Wmkbrml teduslons dj yblrs lcd, lon, dtebrs, motd ^urhmg lonamxmoc Lftlmlo wmte pbdpfbs. ^emsnbvbfdpbn wdufn bxpflmo ;<: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb rbfltmdosemp kbtwbbo Nrlvmnmlo lon ^urhmg dr Lftlmg floculcbs, ls wbff ls teb emce jrbqubogy dj G-A<70 ladoc ^urhmg lon Lftlmlo abo, lon bxpflmo teb drmcmo dj teb wdrn telt teby usb jdr l sedrt swdrn dr nlccbr, olabfy, heloclr (dr l vlrmlot dj mt). ^eb Hyrcyzbs, teb Hlzlhes, lon teb Rzkbhs, jdr mostlogb, lff glff l nlccbr l heloclr dr l heloilr dr l (h)eloilr8 lon lff terbb dj tebsb ^urhmg pbdpfbs elvb Hlohlfm, dr Hlocfy (Hloclr), gflos gdostmtutmoc plrt dj tebmr pdpufltmdos. ^eb Hlohlfm (Hlocfy, \locfy, btg.) lrb teb Hloclr. Kberla E. Abetl lclmo9 ^eb Klstlr fbcbons, tdfn td [bv. Emsfdp adrb telo l euonrbn yblrs lcd, lrb teus nmjjbrbot jrda teb Lnmfflkln fbcbons rbvblfbn ky Elmabondrj. Semfst Fmocd els l nmvmob kmrte mo teb Klstlr fbcbon, Ilocuklm els l nmvmob kmrte mo teb Lnmfflkln fbcbon. Ljtbr Ilocuklm lon Fmocd lrb kdro teb nbmtmbs dj teb Cdons. Do lo msflon mo teb dgblo, tebrbdo stddn twd tbapfbs. Mo dob tbapfb l alfb cdn, Omrlomrlaila ;<3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
XOmrlamrloiloQ teb Cdn, mo teb dtebr nwbft l cdnnbss. Juff twbfvb yblrs teb twd cdns fmvbn tebrb Kut obmtebr slw teb dtebr”s jlgb, obmtebr glab oblr td teb dtebr ^ebo teby glab dut, kdte cdns glab dut. Jrda ljlr mo teb jflse dj tebmr bybs teby uomtbn. ^ebmr elons nmn odt tduge. Jrda ljlr teby kbebfn blge dtebr. ^erduce teb jflse dj tebmr bybs teb cdnnbss gdogbmvbn ^wd fmvbs wbrb mo ebr. Omob adotes plssbn, omob edurs plssbn, Ebr plmos stlrtbn, lon l cmrf wls kdro. ^eb adtebr wls jrmcetbobn, ljrlmn telt ebr nmvmob vmrtubs wbrb fdst, lon seb rbjusbn td oursb teb gemfn. Web terbw teb gemfn motd teb sbl, kut Omrlamrloilo krducet ebr klgh. ^eb gemfn wbmcebn dofy jmvb aucrm jfdwbrs. Web wls olabn Hlohlfm-Hlfm-Hlohlfm.<>> XMtlfmgs lnnbn.Q G. vdo Juerbr Elmabondrj, wed gdffbgtbn teb fbcbons dj Lnmfflkln, gdogfunbs telt ‖teb ;<5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Plrbonrl Helrl Hdyls XHdylQ Slsm Pboh, kdro dj Hlfm Hlohlfm , odurmsebn ky Cmrilf Plrvltm, maprmsdobn ky Wrm Webaku, fmkbrltbn lon mostlffbn mo Prdpltbr Nelobcldo ky Plelonm Huplf Fmoclf, lon uftmaltbfy trlosjdrabn motd abo, lrb rbclrnbn ls teb logbstdrs dj lff kut bmcet Cdon gflos...‑ <>2 XMtlfmgs lnnbn.Q
^eus teb Cdon fbcbon dj grbltmdo ms, telt teb cdn Omrlamrloilo lon lo uoolabn cdnnbss eln dob gemfn, l nlucetbr olabn Hlohlfm-Hlfm-Hlohlfm, lon Hlohlfm clvb kmrte td teb Hdyl, wed lrb teb Hloclr. Elpfdcrdup E-A:= ms jduon Cbdrcml, Dalo, ]babo, lon ladoc Wdalfmlabo (lonmo bfsbwebrb). Mo Dalo lon ]babo, l nlccbr ms glffbn l heloilr8 mo Cbdrcml, l heloilfm. ([bjbr td ay jltebr”s ltNOL tbst rbsufts.) Mj E-A:= els ybt td kb jduon ladoc teb Ndocdflwm pbdpfb dj Ljrmgl, M prbnmgt mt wmff kb. Ladoc teb Oukmlo Ndocdflwm, l nlccbr ms l helon. ^eb pebodtypb dj teb Ndocdflwm kbtrlys ems Monmlo ‗ ems Hloclr ‗ logbstry. ;<= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Glptlmo Fulrn, mo ems rbpdrt do teb Hloclr lon tebmr suknmvmsmdos, abotmdos l Hloclr sbpt hodwo ls Alclr, wedsb tdtba, eb slys, ms teb lffmcltdr.<>: ^eb <=0< Gbosus dj Monml stltbs telt teb Alclr lrb dob dj teb jmcetmoc trmkbs telt moelkmt Obplf, lon mo telt―teb tebHelsm alidrmty teba,lon mo <=0<, wbrb fdgltbn lon dj Ilmotml Olcl Emffs.” <>3 Mo ems Do teb Emalflylo Drmcmo lon Gdoobgtmdo dj teb Alcylr lon Rocrmlo, Eynb Gflrhb wrmtbs9 Ladoc teb trmkbs dj Obpluf X smgQ lrb td kb gduotbn teb Alclr, lon mt ms qumtb wmtemo teb gdaplss dj pdssmkmfmty telt tems ms teb trub drmcmo dj teb Alcylr XEuoclrmlosQ dr Alniylr. Lt lff bvbots tebrb lrb aloy wdrns lfmhb mo teb twd floculcbs.<>5
Mj teb Alclr lrb mo jlgt teb logbstdrs dj teb Alcylr, tebo mt jdffdws telt teb Alcylr, dr Euoclrmlos, lrb dj Hloclr drmcmo. Mj sd, teb lpplrbot gdoobgtmdos kbtwbbo teb Alcylr lon teb Wuabrmlos (Hloclr) wdufn kb blsmfy bxpflmolkfb. Euoclrmlo sgedflrs elvb bxlamobn ;;0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
jdr nbglnbs teb gdoobgtmdos telt teb Alcylr elvb td teb Alclr dj Obplf, lon td teb Wuabrmlos. M temoh teby lrb do bxlgtfy teb rmcet trlgh. Mogmnbotlffy, teb Euoclrmlo wdrn jdr swdrn ms hlrn (wemge amcet iust ls wbff kb spbffbn helrn, jrda helon.) Ls lo motbrbstmoc lsmnb, teb adtebr dj teb altbrolf crlonjltebr dj ay altbrolf crlonadtebr, wls elfj Euoclrmlo8 lon ay Euoclrmlo, dr Alcylr, logbstdrs motbralrrmbn wmte lo Lrpln jlamfy dj Euoclry, pbrelps teb Lrpln jlamfy. Dob obpebw dj ay altbrolf crlonadtebr”s altbrolf crlonjltebr (wedsb adtebr”s almnbo olab wls Pbstm), wls dob [undfj Lrpln. Ay altbrolf crlonadtebr els eln ebr lutdsdalf NOL tbstbn. Sebo M glfgufltb ebr prdjmfb mo Daompdp, ebr strdocbst altge ms Olcl, Monml. (Ebr ltNOL tbst rbsufts lrb sedwo kbfdw.) M nd odt temoh mt ms l gdmogmnbogb8 teb Alclr moelkmt Olcl, lon ay crlonadtebr ms dj Alcylr nbsgbot. ;;< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
U. ^eb [dalom ls Nbsgbonlots dj teb Hloclr lon Plnilolhs8 ^eb Drmcmo lon Btyadfdcy dj teb Sdrn Pl"bomil (Plnibomil)8 ^eb Nmstrmkutmdo dj Elpfdcrdup E-A:= mo Burdpb lon ^urhby Lfteduce ay jltebr”s lutdsdalf NOL wmte lff [dalom crdups lrb bmtebr vbry―altgebs” wblh dr odo-bxmstbot, ls lrb amob, M elvb gdab td gdogfunb telt teb [dalom ([dal) (teb alidrmty dj weda kbfdoc td elpfdcrdup E-A5;, l sukgflnb dj elpfdcrdup E-A:=) lrb, mo teb almo, teb nbsgbonlots dj teb Plnilolh (Huselo) lon Hloclr jlamfmbs dj teb abo dj ^yrlge ‗ tedsb nbsgbonlots wedsb logbstdrs nmn odt abrcb wmte teb Lraëos8 lon sdab monbtbramoltb ouakbr dj teb [dalom aly kb teb nbsgbonlots dj dtebrs telt aly elvb lrrmvbn mo Burdpb wmte teb Plnilolhs lon teb Hloclr. Mj teb cbobtmgmsts lrb rmcet, telt teb [dalom lrrmvbn mo Burdpb lkdut l teduslon yblrs lcd, <>= tebo tebmr lrrmvlf mo Burdpb lfadst bxlgtfy gdmogmnbs wmte teb lrrmvlf dj teb Plnilolhs lon Hloclr mo Burdpb ‗ mo bxlgtfy teb Mo slab . ^ems gloodt kb l gdmogmnbogb. jlgt,lrbl mt ms odt l gdmogmnbogb. ;;; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb emstdrmlo Ideo Whyfmtzbs, l gdotbapdrlry dj teb Plnilolh gembjs ^yrlge lon Hbcbo, wrdtb lkdut teb jlffmoc dut kbtwbbo teb twd gembjs mo <0>:/>3. Whyfmtzbs odtbn telt sdab adotes ljtbr Hbcbo lon ;0,000 <20 dr sd Plnilolhs cdt pbramssmdo td sbttfb tdtbrrmtdry teb sdute tebjdrabrfy Fdwbr Nloukb mo Kyzlotmob teltdjwls Kufclrml, ^yrlge, mo teb teb jdffdwmoc wmotbr, webo teb Nloukb eln jrdzbo dvbr, grdssbn motd teb slab lrbl dj Kyzlotmob tbrrmtdry wmte, lggdrnmoc td Whyfmtzbs, 50,000 Plnilolhs. <2< Cbdrcb Hbnrbods, lodtebr gdotbapdrlry dj ^yrlge lon Hbcbo, lon gerdomgfbr dj teb bvbots, puts teb ouakbr dj Plnilolhs telt grdssbn motd Kyzlotmob tbrrm tdry lt 500,000. <2; Sebtebr Whyfmtzbs, lon bspbgmlffy Hbnrbods, bxlccbrltbn teb ouakbr dj Plnilolhs, wb wmff obvbr hodw jdr surb. Obvbrtebfbss, wb glo nrlw jrda tebmr rbpdrts l gdogfusmdo lkdut teb ouakbr dj Plnilolhs telt alnb teb grdssmoc. Whyfmtzbs, td elvb slmn telt Hbcbo grdssbn teb Nloukb wmte lkdut ;0,000 Plnilolhs, lon telt ^yrlge grdssbn mt webo mtdksbrvbn, wls jrdzbo wmtesdurgbs lkdut dksbrvbn, 50,000, adst nbjmomtbfy dr ems telt ;;7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teb ouakbr dj tedsb telt glab wmte ^yrlge wls auge flrcbr telo teb ouakbr dj tedsb telt glab wmte Hbcbo8 lon Hbnrbods, puttmoc teb Plnilolh ouakbrs lt 500,000, monmgltbs telt Hbcbo grdssbn teb Nloukb wmte l amousgufb jrlgtmdo dj teb Plnilolh edrnb. ^ebdpeyflgt Kufclrml wrdtb, ―^ebmr movlsmdo ms l jflse djdj fmcetomoc8 tebmr rbtrblt ms kdte eblvy lon fmcet lt teb slab tmab9 eblvy wmte spdmfs lon fmcet mo teb spbbn dj tebmr jfmcet X…Q ^eb adst tbrrmkfb temoc lkdut teba ms telt teby bxgbbn mo ouakbr teb kbbs dj teb sprmoctmab, lon od dob hodws ybt edw aloy teduslons, dr tbos dj teduslons teby gduot8 tebmr ouakbr ms moglfguflkfb.” ^elt teb Plnilolhs ouakbrbn mo teb emce euonrbns dj teduslons, lon telt teb gerdomgfbrs Whyfmtzbs, Hbnrbods, lon ^ebdpeyflgt dj Kufclrml wbrb odt auge bxlccbrltmoc, lrb gfblrfy mapfmbn ky teb jblr telt teb Plnilolhs mospmrbn ladoc teb Kyzlotmobs, wed eln lo bodradus bapmrb wmte amffmdos dj pbdpfb mo mt lon l flrcb lon wbff-trlmobn amfmtlry, lon ladoctebteb[us, Alcylrs (glffbn ^urhs ky Gdostlotmob), ;;> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lon teb Kufclrmlos.<27 Amgelbf Psbffus, Kyzlotmob emstdrmlo lon pemfdsdpebr, spblhmoc dj teb Plnilolhs, wrmtbs9 ^lhbo mo teb alss tems ms l oltmdo td kb jblrbn, <2>
lon l trblgebrdus dob.
Ljtbr <0>:/>3 teb sbttfbabot dj lff tebsb Plnilolhs telt grdssbn teb Fdwbr Nloukb wmte ^yrlge wls, ls lfrblny abotmdobn, teb lrbl kbtwbbo Om!, Wdjml, lon Whdpib. Ljtbr teb klttfb lt Fbvduomdo mo <0=<, flrcb ouakbrs dj tebsb Plnilolhs ‗ tedsb telt nmn odt abrcb lon lssmamfltb wmte Lraëos lon nmn odt kbgdab hodwo ls Zflges lon Adrflges wmte teba ‗ aly vbry fmhbfy elvb kbgdab teb sflvbs dj teb Kyzlotmobs (nbspmtb welt Lool Gdaobol lssbrts,<22 odt lff Plnilolhs wbrb hmffbn lt tems klttfb). Mo jlgt, mt ms vbry fmhbfy telt teby nmn kbgdab sflvbs. [babakbr telt tems Kyzlotmob tbrrmtdry wls Kufclrmlo tbrrmtdry iust l jbw nbglnbs kbjdrb teb sbttfbabot dj lff tebsb Plnilolhs (Huselos) lon Hloclr, lon telt mo <<52 mt wdufn kbgdab Kufclrml dogb lclmo. ^eb [dalom, kbjdrb teby bonbn up ls sflvbs mo teb ;;2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
<700s mo welt ms prbsbot-nly Slfflgeml, fmvbn mo Kufclrml<2: (prdklkfy ls sflvbs), webrb, iuncmoc ky teb rbpdrts dj Whyfmtzbs lon Hbnrbods, euonrbns dj teduslons dj Plnilolhs eln kbbo sbttfbn. Ms tebrb loy bvmnbogb telt monmgltbs telt Plnilolhs aly mo jlgt elvb kbgdab sflvbs4 Mj ydu elvb rbln tems kddh mo mts botmrbty wmtedut shmppmoc lrduon, ydu wmff rbabakbr telt M sedwbn teb jlfsmty dj teb btyadfdcmbs cmvbo jdr teb wdrn pl"bomil ky tedsb wed lttbaptbn td jmon mts drmcmolf, kut telt M nmn odt nmsputb teb ablomoc dj teb wdrn pl"bomil. Lfteduce teb nmjjbrbot rbsblrgebrs wed wrdtb lkdut teb btyadfdcy dj pl"bomil clvb terbb nmjjbrbot drmcmos jdr teb wdrn, teby wbrb uolomadus mo slymoc telt teb klsmg nbjmomtmdo dj pl"bomil ms gdapufsdry flkdr. ^ems tbra ‗ gdapufsdry flkdr ‗ ms l bupebamsa jdr teb wdrn sflvbry. ^eb wdrn pl"bomil ablomoc sflvbry wls usbn mo <23
"
pl bomilLmsflrcb Wbrkml8 nbrmvbn teb bondoya dj teb Plnilolhs. kdnyjrda dj Plnilolhs aust ;;: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
elvb kbgdab teb sflvbs dj teb Kyzlotmobs lon tebmr lffmbs ljtbr tedsb Plnilolhs lt teb Klttfb dj Fbvduomdo mo <0=< eln kbbo nbjbltbn. ^eb flrcbst hodwo crdup dj Plnilolhs lt teb tmab wls teb crdup sbttfbn mo telt rbcmdo bogdaplssmoc plrts dj prbsbot-nly Wbrkml, prbsbot-nly Kufclrml, lon prbsbot-nly Algbndoml8 teb [dalom glab jrda Kufclrml td Slfflgeml mo teb <700s, wmte teb dfnbst hodwo grdssmoc dj teb Nloukb motd [daloml tlhmoc pflgb lt Zmnmo, Kufclrml.<25 ^ebsb [dalom wbrb rblffy Plnilolhs (Huselos) lon Hloclr, lon loy crdups telt aly elvb lrrmvbn mo Burdpb wmte teba (sbb kbfdw). ^eb usb dj teb wdrn pl"bomil mo l gdffbgtmvb sbosb, td rbjbr td tedsb wed wbrb jdrgbn td wdrh, wed wbrb jdrgbn motd sflvbry, lrdsb kbglusb lo botmrb kdny dj pbdpfb wls rbjbrrbn td ky teb drmcmolf dj teb wdrn pl"bomil, teb drmcmolf kbmoc Plnilolh, teb olab dj teb wedfb pbdpfb, teb olab dj teb trmkb. M lotmgmpltbn telt teb wdrn pl"bomil wls nbrmvbn jrda teb olab dj ay gflo dr trmkb webo M wrdtb lkdut teb btyadfdcy dj pl"bomil blrfmbr mo tems kddh. ;;3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb [dalom, plrtmguflrfy tedsb telt kbfdoc td elpfdcrdup E-A:= lon mts sukgflnb E-A5;, lrb teb nmrbgt nbsgbonlots dj teb Plnilolhs (Huselos) lon teb Hloclr9 tebmr pltbrolf logbstdrs wbrb teb Hloclr (sbb kbfdw). ^eb emcebst jrbqubogy dj yNOL elpfdcrdup EA:= mo teb wdrfn, ls lfrblny abotmdobn, ms jduon ladoc teb Hdyl pbdpfb dj Monml. <2= ^eb Hdyl, dr Hdyls, fmvb mo teb Monmlo stltbs dj Lonerl Prlnbse lon Drmssl (Drmssl selrbs l kdrnbr wmte Sbst Kboclf). Mo Drmssl teb Hdyl lrb gdogbotrltbn mo teb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt. Mt ms od gdmogmnbogb telt Hloclr Zlffby Jdrbst, wemge, lclmo, tlhbs mts olab jrda teb Hloclr, ms mo teb eblrt dj tems rbcmdo dj Monml webrb E-A:= dggurs lt mts emcebst jrbqubogy, lon mt ms od gdmogmnbogb telt Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt, webrb teb Hdyl lrb adst gdogbotrltbn, ms ;2 hmfdabtbrs dr sd td teb sdute Hloclr Zlffby Jdrbst lon Hloclr Celtm Oltmdolf Plrh. Mt ms lfsd od gdmogmnbogb telt teb crlaalr dj teb floculcb dj teb [dalom, :0 pbrgbot weda kbfdoc td sukgflnb elpfdcrdup E-A:=ms (dr, adrbdjspbgmjmglffy, td mts E-A5;), ;;5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
adst fmhb Kboclfm crlaalr, <:0 Kboclfm kbmoc teb floculcb dj Klocflnbse lon dj Sbst Kboclf, l rbcmdo odt jlr jrda webrb teb Hdyl fmvb. Odob dj tebsb temocs ms l gdmogmnbogb. ^eb Hloclr telt teb Plnilolhs (Huselos) abrcbn wmte trlgb tebmr drmcmo td tebolabn cbdcrlpemglf Monml Xmo webrb tebsb pflgbs Hloclrlrbl lrb mo fdgltbn ay kddh ^eb Hloclr, M sedw telt mo rbadtbst lotmqumty teb Hloclr edabflon semjtbn td teb lrbl dj Hloclr Zlffby Jdrbst lon Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt jrda lodtebr plrt dj MonmlQ, webrb EA:= ms adst jrbqubot (Alfhlocmrm) mo teb wdrfn8 lon teb [dalom lrb teb nbsgbonlots dj tedsb Hloclr, lon, pbrelps td l fbss bxtbot, dj tedsb Plnilolhs (Huselos) telt teb Hloclr abrcbn wmte. Kut webo stunmbn mo nbpte, [dalom els tdd aloy Pbrsmlo wdrns lon l crlaalr telt ms gfdsbr td teb Nda dj blstbro Kboclf telo teb Puoilkm floculcb dj Odrtewbst Monml. <:< ‗ Pluf Pdfloshy
Mo ems ^rmklfs lon ^ebmr Gufturb9 Hdyl ^rmkb mo ^rlosmtmdo, Nls Hdrobf wrmtbs9 ;;= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Ladoc teb Hdyls, l Wgebnufbn Glstb glffbn ―Ndas” ms lfsd fmvmoc. <:; ^eb Ndas (Wgebnufbn Glstb) lrb lfsd jduon mo Hdyl vmfflcbs. ^eb Hdyls trblt teba ls lo mojbrmdr gflss dj pbdpfb. ^ebsb Ndas lrb bapfdybn jdr pflymoc nruas lon teb aleurml (l spbgmlf pmpb) nurmoc jbstmvlfs, spbgmlf mo gbrbadomlf trbltabots lon td sltmsjy teb bvmf spmrmts ky teb Wmrels lon Slnnlbbs.<:7
^eb Hdyl lon teb Ndas kdte fmvb mo teb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt lon wmtemo wlfhmoc nmstlogb dj Hloclr Zlffby Jdrbst lon Hloclr Celtm Oltmdolf Plrh. Smffmla Grddhb, mo ems Lo Bteodfdcmglf Elonkddh jdr teb O.-S. Prdvmogbs lon Dune, prdvmnbs mojdraltmdo do teb Ndas. Eb wrmtbs9 Obxt gdab teb Nùa dr Nda Amrìsá. ^eb wdrn Amrìsá ms nbrmvbn jrda teb Lrlkmg amrìs , ―moebrmtlogb,” mo teb sbosb telt tems glstb lrb l sdrt dj amostrbfs td teb trmkbs ls ebrbnmtlry teb Keìt ms klrns td tebdr [ìipùts. ^eby lrb fdwbr lfsd hodwo ls Plheìwliá jrda plheìwli teb tmakrbf wemge ;70 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
teby pfly. ^eby sdabtmabs lkkrbvmltb teb tmtfb Amrìsá motd Aár ls teduce teby wbrb Wlyymns. ^eb abo lrb ausmgmlos lon teb wdabo nlogb lon smoc, kut teby dofy pbrjdra mo teb prbsbogb dj jbalfbs lon lrb rbputbn tebrbjdrb td kb gelstb. ^eby lrb slmn td blt wmte lon motbralrry wmte teb Neìreá, lon kdte lndpt teb gdaado olab dj ( hlfì , shmff, mo teb sbosb dj hlfìwlot ―lggdapfmsebn”) dr \lwwìf (dob wed spblhs wbff). ^eb mostruabots teby usb lrb cbobrlffy teb salff nrua ( Nedflh) teb gyaklfs (aliárl) dr teb futb alnb dj cdurns (hmocrá)X...Q XMtlfmgs lnnbn.Q ^ebrb sbbas rblsdo td kbfmbvb telt sdab lt fblst dj teb cypsy trmkbs dj Burdpb lrb lhmo td teb Alcelmyl Nda lon l gdoobgtmdo els kbbo trlgbn kbtwbbo teb twd floculcbs. ‖^eb wdrn [da mo lff teb cypsy nmlfbgts dj Burdpb els l twd-jdfn ablomoc smcomjymoc ―alo” lon ―eusklon” ls wbff ls ―cypsy.” L sltmsjlgtdry gdoobgtmdo els stmff td kb jduon jdr mt, telt gdoobgtbn wmte [ìal teb moglroltb Zmseou dj teb Emonùs kbmoc nmsgduotbologbn ky teb lutedrmty dj Prdjbssdr Lsgdfm dj Amflo. Ky l gurmdus lon uobxpflmobn gdmogmnbogb teb mnbotmglf wdrn [da dr [dab dggurs teb ablomoc ―alo” mo(MM, adnbro Gdptmg wmte lon lggdrnmoc td dj Ebrdndtus <>7) kbfdocbn lfsd td teb floculcb dj teb logmbot ;7< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Bcyptmlos. Lfteduce tems msdfltbn jlgt mo od wly ljjbgts teb cbobrlf kblrmocs dj teb qubstmdo mt ms wdrte odtmoc ls lo btyadfdcmglf gurmdsmty. Mt ms odt maprdklkfb telt ladoc teb prmamtmvb bfbabot dj teb Lrylo adtebr tdocub aly elvb bxmstbn l rddt rd dr rda bxprbssmvb dj pdwbr, teb survmvlf dj wemge wb glo nmsgbro mo teb Crbbh rdaí strbocte, teb Fltmo rdkur lon pbrelps mo teb mffustrmdus olab dj [dab mtsbfj. ^ebrb sbbas edwbvbr vbry fmttfb ndukt telt teb wdrn [dalom ms nbrmvbn jrda Nda dr Ndarl.‑<:>
Jfdrmo Gurtl wrmtbs9 Bvbo webo odt mo glptmvmty, teb Kyzlotmobs wbrb djtbo sujjmgmbotfy gfdsb td tebmr bobambs XPlnilolhs-HloclrQ td odtb telt, webo plrtymoc, teby wbrb ―nlogmoc td futbs lon gyaklfs”... <:2
Kbjdrb teb grbltmdo dj teb Huselo Bapmrb, terducedut mts nurltmdo, lon lfsd ljtbr mts nmssdfutmdo, teb Hloclr dggupmbn Wdcnml, <:: lon rufbn mt jdr aloy nbglnbs8 kut teb Hloclr wbrb drmcmolffy jrda Monml, bvmnbotfy drmcmoltmoc mo dr oblr teb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt lon Hloclr Zlffby Jdrbst (sbb ay kddh ^eb Hloclr), webrb teby ;7; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
nduktfbss fmvbn ladoc Ndas, iust ls teb Hdyl tebrb nd tdnly. Sebo mo Monml mo logmbot tmabs, teb Hloclr spdhb l Nrlvmnmlo floculcb8 kut ljtbr tebmr amcrltmdo jrda Monml td Wdcnml, mo wemge amcrltmdo teby wbrb lpplrbotfy lggdaplombn ky Ndas, lon ljtbr mo aust Wdcnmlelvb, jdr gboturmbs, teb Hloclr spdhbfmvmoc ls teby Wdcnmlo, lon prdklkfy nmn sd mogrblsmocfy prbndamolotfy. Lon gdaado sbosb slys telt teb Hloclr aust elvb spdhbo teb floculcb dj teb Ndas ls wbff. Mt ms motbrbstmoc td odtb teb smamflrmty dj teb Lvbstlo dr Klgtrmlo wdrn jdr dob, lévl/l!vl/mvl, td teb Ndalrm wdrn jdr dob, ymhl. Odw Ptdfbay, mo ems nbsgrmptmdo dj Wdcnmlol XWdcnmlQ, abotmdos l pbdpfb glffbn '861?(, wemge eb fdgltbs oblr dr mo teb Dxus aduotlmos. ^eb Dxus aduotlmos jdra teb sdutebro plrt dj teb wbstbro jrdotmbr dj Wdcnmlol8 teb jrdotmbr ms teb Dxus mtsbfj lon bons mo teb aduotlmos kdrnbrmoc teb uppbr gdursb dj telt rmvbr. Mt sedufn kb hbpt mo amon telt Ptdfbay”s drmbotltmdo ms wrdoc8 welt eb glffs teb wbstbro nmrbgtmdo ms rblffy sdutewbstbro. '861?( amcet kb gdosmnbrbn ls teb jmrst bfbabot dj '861?(3?4:?(. Ls jdr teb sbgdon ;77 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
bfbabot, teb dofy pdssmkmfmty jdr mnbotmjmgltmdo wemge prbsbots mtsbfj ms td gdoobgt mt wmte teb Kurm!, dob dj teb olabs cmvbo td teb moelkmtlots dj Euozl lon Olcmr, wed stmff spblh teb dtebrwmsb uorbfltbn floculcb glffbn Kuruselshm. ^ebrb ms auge td kb slmn jdr teb vmbw telt tems pbdpfb kbfdocs td teb prb-Lrylo pdpufltmdo dj teb sdutebro Plamrs8 sd teb '861?(3?4:?( gdufn kb fdgltbn mo teb aduotlmos kdrnbrmoc teb uppbr gdursb dj teb Dxus td teb sdute. ^ems wdufn sbba l jlr kbttbr pflgb td abotmdo ls teb bxtrbab fmamt dj teb Huselo tbrrmtdry. <:3 XWbb bonodtb.Q
Mo ems nbsgrmptmdo dj Wdcnml Ptdfbay fblvbs teb spbgmlfmst wmte dofy dob pdssmkfb mnbotmjmgltmdo jdr teb 3?4:?( pbdpfb telt eb fdgltbn mo teb bxtrbamty dj Wdcnml oblr teb Dxus aduotlmos, dr mo teba, olabfy, teb Kurused (Kurm!). ^eb Kurused pbdpfb odw fmvb kbydon teb Dxus (Lau Nlryl) mo teb Euozl vlffby dj Plhmstlo, lon spblh l floculcb glffbn Kuruselshm. Fmvmoc lfdocsmnb teba lrb Ndas, wedsb floculcb, Ndalhm (Ndalì8 Ndalrm), <:5 ms (odw) gflssmjmbn ls l Nlrnmg dob. dj fmvbn tebsbmoNdas, drmcmoltbn mo ^eb Monml,logbstdrs aust elvb Wdcnmlwed lon ;7> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
aust elvb amcrltbn wmte teb Kurused jrda Wdcnml td Euozl8 lon teb [dalom aust kb rbfltbn td tebsb Ndas. ^eb [dalom floculcb gdotlmos bfbabots dj Kuruselshm, lon mts crlaalr ms gfdsb td telt dj Ndalrm8 kut mt ms teb Ndas (odt teb [dalom) telt fmvb wmte teb Kuruselshm spblhbrs. ^eb [dalom floculcb aust elvb lgqumrbn mts Kuruselshm bfbabots webo teb Kurused pbdpfb fmvbn mo teb jrdotmbr dj Wdcnml. Mj [dalom eln lgqumrbn teba mo Euozl, teb [dalom pbdpfb dutsmnb Euozl tdnly sedufn kb hodwo ls Ndas, dr teb Ndas mo Euozl tdnly sedufn kb hodwo ls [dalom. Molsauge, edwbvbr, ls teb [dalom jmrst alnb tebmr wly motd Burdpb rducefy l teduslon yblrs lcd, mt ms, monbbn, l alttbr dj jlgt telt [dalom gdufn odt pdssmkfy elvb lgqumrbn mts Kuruselshm bfbabots mo Euozl8 jdr teb Ndas dj Euozl tebasbfvbs, teb crlaalr dj wedsb floculcb ms gfdsb td telt dj teb [dalom pbdpfb mo Burdpb, nmn odt fmvb mo Euozl uotmf terbb dr jdur euonrbn yblrs lcd. Kbrtmf ^mhhlobo wrmtbs9 Motbrolf adtmvltmdos jdr stltus qumttmoc Ndalhm mogfunbn boelogbn sdgmlf jdr teb Ndal mo Euozl lon Olcbr, wed rbpdrtbnfy glab jrda ;72 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Hlseamr dr Klftmstlo sdab 700‗>00 yblrs lcd ls ausmgmlos, kflghsamtes lon grljtsabo. <:=
Wmogb mt ms teb Ndas telt fmvb mo Euozl wmte teb Kuruselshm spblhbrs, wb aust gdogfunb telt teb logbstdrs dj tebpbdpfb [dalom teb Ndas wbrb dob lon teb slab td lon bxpflmo teb prbsbogb dj Kuruselshm bfbabots mo [dalom lon teb prbsbogb dj Ndas mo Euozl, lon wb aust fmhbwmsb gdogfunb telt tedsb bfbabots gdufn elvb botbrbn teb [dalom floculcb dofy mo Wdcnml (dr Klgtrml). XNOLQ Gfustbr ZM mogfunbs XdofyQ teb Wmotb [dalom (Cypsmbs), Euozl (l odrtebro Plhmstlom pdpufltmdo l nmvbrcbot Kuruselshm),spblhmoc lon Klrtlocm (Plamr floculcb, rbcmdo) <30 pdpufltmdos. ‗ [. Wpbogbr Sbffs, bt lf., ^eb Burlsmlo Eblrtflon9 L gdotmobotlf pbrspbgtmvb do ]-gerdadsdab nmvbrsmty XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
[dalom mogfunbs l sukstlotmlf Nlrnmg gdapdobot (plrtmguflrfy jrda Pe #ful) lon mtbas jrda Kuruselshm, l floculcb-msdfltb spdhbo mo teb <3<
Plamr lonLflo odwebrb bfsb.Wgedflrsemp ‗ Ndolfnlon Hbormgh lon ^edals Lgtdo, teb Cypsy Wtruccfb ;7: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Odw, M rblfmzb telt mj M sly telt teb [dalom lon teb Ndalrm lrb dob lon teb slab pbdpfb, lon ybt almotlmo telt teb pltbrolf logbstdrs dj teb [dalom wbrb teb Hloclr, M la mo bjjbgt slymoc telt teb Hloclr wbrb Ndas dr Ndalrm, dr telt teb dr Ndas wbrbHloclr Hloclr,aust dr la mo bjjbgtNdalrm mapfymoc telt teb elvb krducet Ndas wmte teba td teb Sbst (Burdpb, btg.) lon eln gemfnrbo wmte Ndalrm wdabo. M elvb slmn lkdvb telt teb Hloclr drmcmoltbn mo dr oblr Hloclr Zlffby Jdrbst lon teb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt, lon telt teb jdrbst lon teb Nmstrmgt cdt tebmr olabs jrda teb Hloclr trmkb dr pbdpfb8 kut mt ms gfblr jrda teb emstdry dj teb Hloclr pbdpfb telt teby wbrb wmnbsprbln terducedut Monml, Gbotrlf Lsml, lon kbydon mo lotmqumty. ^ebrb lrb stmff Hloclr pbdpfb mo Monml tdnly. ^eby lrb lkdrmcmolfs dj Monml8 teby elvb moelkmtbn Monml smogb tmab maabadrmlf8 lon mt lppblrs telt l wlonbrmoc pbdpfb mo Monml, glffbn Hloilr lon hodwo tebrb ls cypsmbs, lrb gdoobgtbn dr rbfltbn td lggduots kdtedoteb Hloclr lonteb tebHloclr. Hloilr Krmbj wmff sebn sdabdjfmcet teba lon ;73 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
do tebmr gdoobgtmdo wmte teb Ndas lon [dalom. Glptlmo G. B. Fulrn wrmtbs9 ^eb Heloclr XHloclrQ ls jduon mo Kuonbfhelon cmvbs us lo bxlapfb dj teb bvdfutmdo dj l glstb dut dj l trmkb, dob pdrtmdo kbmoc stmff td l crblt ablsurb mo l prmamtmvb stltb, wemfb teb dtebr sbgtmdo els kbbo lnamttbn wmtemo teb gmrgfb dj Emonumsa. ^eb Heloclrs lppblr td elvb kbbo teb drmcmolf elkmtlots lon rufbrs dj l flrcb plrt dj Kuonbfhelon XMonmlQ kbjdrb teb [liputs movlnbn teb gduotry. ^eby wbrb XlrbQ lpplrbotfy dj Nrlvmnmlo stdgh. <3; Hdfàr ms lo lkdrmcmolf Monmlo trmkb, ls ms Hdocàrm jdr Heloclr, dr Hloilr, dr Geloclr, Monmlo Cmpsy trmkb.<37 ‗ E. S. Kbffbw, Lo Moqumry motd teb Bteodcrlpey dj Ljcelomstlo
^eb olab Helocìr XHloclrQ lppblrs td kb dofy l vlrmlot dj teb olab Hloilr. Mo gelrlgtbr lon aloobrs teb Helocìr ms smapfy lo maprdvbn Hloilr, iust ls teb Helocìr Gelttrm ms lo maprdvbn jdra dj ems logbstdr, teb Helocìr euotbr.<3> ‗ Ideo Obsjmbfn, Krmbj Zmbw dj teb Glstb
Wystba dj teb Odrte-Sbstbro Prdvmogbs lon Dune ;75 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Hloclr lon Hloilr lrb vlrmlots dj teb slab olab8 kut teb Hloclr ms odt lo maprdvbn Hloilr8 teb Hloilr ms l typb dj Cypsy-Nda wmte Hloclr logbstry, dob telt els gdbxmstbn wmte, lon bvmnbotfy amxbn wmte, teb Hloclr. M suramsb telt teb vlrmlot Hloilr glab td wdabo. nbodtb teb gemfnrbo dj Hloclr abo lon Ndalrm Obvbrtebfbss, Hloilr els lfsd kbbo usbn td rbjbr td Hloclr wmtedut Nda lnamxturb. Hloilr„L olab lppfmbn sdabwelt fddsbfy td vlrmdus salff gdaauomtmbs dj l cmpsy gelrlgtbr wed wlonbr lkdut teb gduotry. <32 ‗ [. Z. [ussbff, ^eb ^rmkbs lon Glstbs dj teb Gbotrlf Prdvmogbs dj Monml
Hloilr.„L Nrlvmnmlo cmpsy glstb dj teb OdrteSbstbro Prdvmogbs. <3: ‗ K. G. Lffbo, Gbosus dj Monml, <=0<, Zdf. MZ, Lssla
[. Z. [ussbff, mo ^eb ^rmkbs lon Glstbs dj teb Gbotrlf Prdvmogbs dj Monml, wrmtbs9 Ar. Clybr stltbs telt ls teb rbsuft dj spbgmlf moqumrmbs alnb ky lo bxpbrmbogbn pdfmgb-djjmgbr mt ;7= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
wdufn lppblr telt tebsb Ilffln XbxbgutmdobrsQ Hloilrs lrb rblffy Ndas. <33 ^eb Hloilrs lon Kbrmls lrb teb typmglf cmpsy glstbs dj Monml, lon elvb kbbo suppdsbn td kb teb plrbots dj teb Burdpblo cmpsmbs. Do tems pdmot Ar. Obsjmbfn wrmtbs9 ―^eb gdaadofy rbgbmvbn fbcbon ms telt auftmtunbs dj Hloilrs wbrb nrmvbo dut dj Monml ky teb dpprbssmdos dj ^labrflob, lon mt ms mojbrrbn telt teb cmpsmbs dj Burdpb lrb tebmr nmrbgt nbsgbonlots ky kfddn, kbglusb teby spblh fmhb teba l jdra dj teb Emonm floculcb.” <35 XEln Ar. Obsjmbfn hodwo lkdut teb Plnilolhs lon teb Hloclr, eb wdufn elvb nmsamssbn tems fbcbon lon wdufn elvb lghodwfbncbn telt teb Hloclr lon teb Plnilolhs (Huselos) lrb teb logbstdrs dj teb [dalomQ ^eb lkdvb lrcuabot rbonbrs mt prdklkfb telt teb cmpsmbs Xdj BurdpbQ lrb nbrmvbn jrda teb Ndas8 lon ls Ar. Obsjmbfn cmvbs mt ls l gdaado fbcbon telt teby Xteb cypsmbsQ drmcmoltbn jrda teb Hloilrs (Ndas), tems ms pbrelps lodtebr gdoobgtmoc fmoh kbtwbbo teb Ndas lon Hloilrs.<3= ;>0 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Ar. [ussbff, mo ems ^rmkbs lon Glstbs dj teb Gbotrlf Prdvmogbs dj Monml , wrmtmoc twboty-jmvb yblrs (dr adrb) fltbr telo adst dj teb dtebrs qudtbn lkdvb, lon nduktfbss elvmoc kbttbr lon adrb mojdraltmdo, trblts teb Hloclr lon teb Hloilr ls nmstmogt jrdaHloclr blge dtebr8 teb smamflrmtmbs dj teb olabs lon kut Hloilr, teb jdrabr grmamolf gelrlgtbr dj teb Hloclr (dr lt fblst dj sdab dj teba), lon teb gdoobgtmdo td teb Ndas telt teb [dalom, teb Hloilr, lon teb Hloclr lff elvb, monmgltb telt teb twd crdups ‗ teb Hloilr lon teb Hloclr ‗ lrb gdoobgtbn wmte blge dtebr ky gfdsb lssdgmltmdo lon motbramxmoc, kut bxmst lt nmjjbrbot stlcbs dj gufturb mo Monml, teb Hloilr kbmoc (tebo) l vlcrlot lon grmamolf gflss, teb Hloclr kbmoc l rbspbgtlkfb lon adrb guftmvltbn dob. [ussbff lclmo9 ^eb Wuolr lon teb Heloclr dofy jfdurmse tdcbtebr”8 kbglusb teb Wuolr lgts ls l rbgbmvbr dj teb prdpbrty stdfbo ky teb Heloclr. ^eby lrb slmn td elvb eln nmjjbrbot wlys dj krblhmoc motd l edusb, tedsb wed cdt terduce teb rddj kbmoc glffbn geelpplrtdr, wemfb dtebrs wed nuc terduce teb smnb wlffs wbrb hodwo ls hedop"pedr. ^eby ;>< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
elvb odw, edwbvbr, cbobrlffy rbfmoqumsebn tebmr grmamolf prlgtmgbs lon sbttfbn ndwo td fmvb ls rbspbgtlkfb gmtmzbos.<50
Prddj telt teb [dalom lrb teb nbsgbonlots dj teb Plnilolhs (Huselos) lon teb Hloclr, lon dj teb Hloilr-Ndas telt aust elvb lggdaplombn teb Plnilolhs lon teb Hloclr td Burdpb, ms jduon wmtemo ay yNOL. M moebrmtbn ay yNOL jrda teb Hloclr, wed mo tmab glab td kb glffbn Plnilolhs ljtbr abrcmoc wmte teb Huselos, weda teb Hloclr glffbn Plnilolhs (Klnilolhs, Klm-seuodh). L ouakbr dj teb Hloclr lon teb Huselos, tdcbtebr hodwo ls Plnilolhs mo Burdpb, sbttfbn mo Hlom ! hl Mvl, webrb tebmr nbsgbonlots teb Plnilos, ay logbstdrs, jfdurmsebn jdr aloy gboturmbs, lon webrb rbfltmvbs dj amob stmff fmvb. M kbfdoc td elpfdcrdup E-A:= lon mts sukgflnb EA5;, mo gdaado wmte sd aloy [dalom, kbglusb teb Hloclr telt M moebrmtbn ay yNOL jrda lrb teb slab Hloclr telt teb [dalom moebrmtbn tebmr yNOL jrda. Wbbhmoc dut lrduon teb wdrfn teb fdgltmdo dj teb drmcmo dj E-A:=, wb lrb fbln nmrbgtfy td teb Alfhlocmrm Nmstrmgt, webrb E-A:= ms adrb jrbqubot, ky jlr, telo mt ms loywebrb bfsb ;>; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
mo teb wdrfn, dggurrmoc lt mts emcebst jrbqubogy tebrb ladoc teb Hdyl, wed, ls M elvb nbadostrltbn, lrb mo jlgt teb Hloclr. Mt ms wbff td rbabakbr ky teb wly, telt teb Zbobtmlos mnbotmjmbn amxbn lon ndguabotbn trmkbs lsdj Plnilos (Plnilolhs wmte Lraëos) Adrflges, lon telt fmocumsts lon emstdrmlos elvb sedwo telt Plnibos lrb l Kuoibvgm gflo. <5< Mo dtebr wdrns, Plnilos (Plnibos) elvb obvbr kbbo mnbotmjmbn, lon obvbr rbclrnbn ls, [dalom. ^eb Grdltmlo fmocumst lon gufturlf emstdrmlo Lotb Wbhufm%, lutedr dj Kl#hm Ervltm9 Olrdnom $mvdt m dkm#lim XKl%hl Grdlts ‗ teb KuoibvgmQ, lssbrts telt teb Kuoibvgm lrb sflvmgmzbn Zflges. (^eb Kuoibvgm lrb sflvmgmzbn Adrflges.) <5; ^eb Adrflges wbrb teducet ky sdab td kb dj bmtebr ^lrtlr dr Hmrcemz drmcmo. Wmr Ebory Edyfb Edwdrte lclmo9 ^rlgbs dj tebsb Euoomg Grdlts lrb mo ay vmbw stmff td kb jduon mo teb tmtfb Klo mo usb ladoc teb Grdlts, lon pbrelps lfsd mo teb pbgufmlrmtmbs dj teb sd-glffbn Adrflhs XAdrflgesQ, l gflo mo Grdltml ;>7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
wemge mt els kbbo urcbn ms dj ^lrtlr dr Hmrcemz drmcmoX...Q<57
[bjbr td teb rbsufts dj ay NOL tbsts lon tedsb dj ay jltebr. ^eb Plnibos telt lrb hodwo ls Kuoibvgm, teb Adrflges dr Zflges telt wbrb, lon lrb, lon hodwo ls Plnilos, lrb Plnilolhs (Huselos lon Hloclr) amxbn wmte Lraëos. Plnilo, jrda Klm-seuo, wls tebmr trmklf olab. ^eb flst syfflkfb mo Plnilolh, edwbvbr teb olab ms spbffbn, ablos gflo dr trmkb. Plnilolh ablos trmkb dj Plnilos (Klm-nilos) ‗ trmkb dj wemtb Euos. Mt ms qumtb pdssmkfb telt teb dggurrbogb dj E-A:= (sukgflnb E-A5;) mo Wgdtflon, ls wbff ls mo dtebr plrts dj teb Krmtmse Msfbs, lon mo Wplmo, ms teb rbsuft dj teb elpfdtypb kbmoc krducet td tedsb pflgbs, odt iust ky teb [dalom, kut ky Plnilolhs (telt ms, ky Hloclr) telt idmobn teb Gruslnbrs plssmoc terduce Kyzlotmob tbrrmtdry do tebmr wly td teb Edfy Flon. Ljtbr teb glaplmcos eln bonbn, Plnilolhs lon Hloclr aly elvb rbturobn wmte teb Gruslnbrs td teb Krmtmse Msfbs, lon td Wplmo. Jurtebradrb, E-A:= prdklkfy dggurs mo ;>> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^urhby kbglusb teduslons dj Plnilolhs lon Hloclr wed jducet mo teb Klttfb dj Alozmhbrt mo <03< GB oblr Flhb Zlo, elvb nbsgbonlots fmvmoc mo ^urhby tdnly. ^ebrb lrb ouabrdus tdpdoyas terducedut ^urhby tdnly telt lrb uoamstlhlkfy lon uonduktbnfy vlrmlots dj teb olab dj teb Plnilolhs. Mogmnbotlffy, teb olab Wuolr aly vbry wbff kb teb drmcmolf dj teb olab Wuabr, usbn ky teb Klkyfdomlos td rbjbr td Wdutebro Absdpdtlaml, wemge, lclmo, teb fdglfs glffbn, ljtbr tebasbfvbs, Hloclr. Mj teb Wuolr lggdaplombn teb Hloclr td Wdutebro Absdpdtlaml lon fmvbn tebrb wmte teba, tebo kdte dj teba wbrb teb fdglfs, lon teb Klkyfdomlos aly elvb monbbn nbrmvbn teb olab Wuabr jrda Wuolr. M la mogfmobn td temoh tems wls teb glsb. ^eb lrgelbdfdcmglf lon emstdrmglf nltl succbst telt teb Wuabrs (Wu-Abr) dr $uabru dj XtebQ Wuabrmlo Bapmrb dj Absdpdtlaml, teb logbstrlf Abrs dj teb grlnfb dj eualo gmvmfmzltmdo, wbrb lfsd hodwo ls Wemolr, $mo`lr, Wboollr dr Webob olelr nurmoc teb Krdozb Lcb. Semfb trlvbffmoc ;>2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
terduce teb emstdry, teb wdrn Wemolr, $mo`lr, Wboollr dr Webob olelr jdr teb Wuabr (Wu-Abr) dj teb Krdozb Lcb kbglab ls Wuolr ( 9 ऺ ) nurmoc Fltb Elrlpplo pelsb (gl. <300 td <700 KGB) lon teb Zbnmg gmvmfmzltmdo dj teb Blrfy Mrdo Ebrkbrt <=<<), Edpb [msfby (> Iloulry <52< Lcb. ‗ 70 Wmr Wbptbakbr wemfb wrmtmoc ems kddhs do trmkbs lon glstbs systba mo Monml nbsgrmkbn tebsb Wuolr ( 9 ऺ ) dj Fltb Elrlpplo pelsb (gl. <300 td <700 KGB) ls Wuolr glstb (odw prdoduogbn ls ― ” mo Emonm). <5>
;>: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
UM. Plnilos, Plnilolhs, Hloclr, Huselos, Rsuo (Su-suo), ]ubzem, Im, Klm, Euos, Wlhl, ^dgelrmlos, Lvlrs, Esmuoc-ou/Umdocou M elvb nbadostrltbn telt teb Plnilolhs lon teb Hloclr wbrb tebGrdltml, logbstdrs dj teb dj Kdsoml, Wflvdoml, Wbrkml, lon Plnilos dj Plnilos (Plnibo, Plcylo, btg.) webrbvbr bfsb teby elvb bonbn up. Mo sdutewbstbro Wfdvlhml fmbs teb vmfflcb dj Kb !b>dv, wemge wls, lclmo, jdrabrfy hodwo ls Ysmtvìkbsboy!, l vmfflcb lttbstbn mo djjmgmlf rbgdrns jrda teb blrfy <;00s td elvb kbbo l vmfflcb dj Plnilolh gdurt djjmgmlfs. Monbbn, teb ablomoc dj teb olab dj teb vmfflcb ms Plnilolh. Mo teb lrbl lrduon lon oblr Ysmtvìkbsboy! lrb jduon lff > dj teb monbxbn rbgdrns dj teb surolab Plcylo, spbffbn ls suge, mo teb botmrb FNW nltlklsb, l nltlklsb gdosmstmoc dj euonrbns dj amffmdos dj rbgdrns jrda lrduon teb wdrfn. ^ebrb ms lfsd dob rbgdrn dj teb surolab Plnilo, spbffbn ls suge, jduon oblr Ysmtvìkbsboy!, mo teb slab lrbl webrb 7 dj teb > rbgdrns dj teb surolab spbffbn ls Plcylo lrb jduon. ^eb rbst dj teb monbxbn rbgdrns gdotlmomoc teb vlrmlot ;>3 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
spbffmocs dj teb surolab Plcylo ls sedwo mo Plrt Z dj tems kddh, lrb jduon bmtebr mo teb vmgmomty dj Ysmtvìkbsboy!, dr mo Euoclry mo teb gduotmbs webrb Plnilolhs lrb hodwo td elvb kbbo sbttfbn. (^eb rbgdrns dj Hlom!hl Mvl eln odt kbbo ^eb Plnilolhs wls pukfmsebn mo monbxbn webo Aloy Iloulry ;0<>. dj teb rbgdrns elvb smogb kbbo monbxbn.)
Ls M elvb lfrblny slmn, lff ay hodwo Plnilo logbstdrs wbrb kdro mo, wbrb oltmvbs dj, Hlom!hl Mvl. Hlom!hl ms, lclmo, prdoduogbn Hlomsehl, lon Hlom!hl Mvl ablos Hlomsehl M. ^eb vbry dfnbst rbgdrns dj teb vmfflcb dj Hlom!hl Mvl lrb jduon mo teb geurge rbgdrns dj teb vmfflcb dj ^dal!mgl, lon kbcmo mo <3;0/<3;<. Kut mt ms adst prdklkfb telt Plnilos, dr Plnilolhs, eln sbttfbn teb vmfflcb lon cmvbo mt mts olab dj Hlom!hl Mvl lt teb bon dj teb bfbvbote gbotury. Hlom!hl Mvl fmbs lkdut ;25 hmfdabtbrs td teb wbst dj Wmramua, lkdut = hmfdabtbrs td teb sdute dj Hliclol (Hlmclol), lon lkdut <<2 hmfdabtbrs td teb odrtewbst dj Pb (Plnilolh) Mfdvl8 lon, ls(Hlmclol) lfrblny sedwo, %bobc !hl Mvl lon kdte Hlom Hliclol gdufn ;>5 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
elvb kbbo olabn ky odob dtebr telo Plnilolhs, adst prdklkfy Hbcbo”s, mo <03<. Wmogb teb gfdsb rbfltmdosemp lon lffmlogb dj teb Hloclr wmte teb Huselos eln fdoc bxmstbn kbjdrb teb Hloclr rbgdrnbn ky Gdostlotmob elvb botbrbn motdwbrb lo lffmlogb wmte teb Plnilolhstd (wed wbrb, lclmo, mo jlgt teb Huselos), lon smogb teb Hloclr, wedsb rufmoc jlamfy motbralrrmbn wmte teb rufmoc jlamfy dj teb Huselos, glab td kb glffbn Plnilolhs, ay Plnilo logbstdrs, wed wbrb teb Hloclr lon Plnilolhs amxbn, wbrb nmrbgtfy gdoobgtbn td teb Huselos dj lotmqumty, lon, tebrbjdrb, nmrbgtfy gdoobgtbn td Hlomsehl M. Mt ms tebrbjdrb adrb telo rblsdolkfb td stltb telt mt wls, mo jlgt, teb Plnilos, dr Plnilolhs, lon tedsb ladoc teba telt bstlkfmsebn teb vmfflcb dj Hlom!hl Mvl lon clvb mt mts olab. XMo ;0<2, aloy rbgdrns mo Grdltml wbrb monbxbn ky teb FNW, lon teby sedw telt fmvmoc mo teb vmgmomty dj Hlom!hl Mvl wbrb ouabrdus pbdpfb surolabn Huselo, kut od dob surolabn Huselo els kbbo jduon mo teb rbgdrns pbrtlmomoc Hlom!hl wbrb, Mvl. Mo teb Plnilos lon tebtdHuselos lonloy lrb,glsb, dob ;>= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lon teb slab pbdpfb. Wbb ay plpbr Huselos mo Grdltml.Q ^eb Wflvs wdufn gbrtlmofy odt elvb olabn mt suge. Od Burdpblos wdufn elvb olabn mt Hlom!hl Mvl. Jdr teb slhb dj lrcuabot, mj Hlom!hl Mvl eln kbbo sbttfbn ky Lvlrs lon olabn ky teba rltebr telo ky teb Plnilos, dr Plnilolhs, mt wdufn kb bxtrldrnmolrmfy rbalrhlkfb, monbbn, telt teb Plnilos, wed wbrb Plnilolhs, iust elppbobn td sbttfb mo l vbry salff vmfflcb telt wdufn elvb td elvb kbbo bstlkfmsebn gmrgl 230 GB<52 ky teb Lvlrs, lon kbbo olabn ky teb Lvlrs, wed wbrb nrmvbo dut dj teb flons dj prbsbot-nly Grdltml ky teb Grdlts lon Wflvs mo teb 300s, lon vloqumsebn ky teb Jrlohs ky 3=:. <5: Wdab elvb bonblvdrbn td mnbotmjy teb Lvlrs wmte teb Hmnlrmtbs, lon sdab mnbotmjy teb Hmnlrmtbs ls Huselos.<53 Mj teb Lvlrs wbrb Hmnlrmtbs, lon mj teb Hmnlrmtbs wbrb Huselos, tebo lo lrcuabot amcet kb alnb telt teb Lvlrs, dr Hmnlrmtbs, gdufn lgtulffy elvb kbbo tedsb telt sbttfbn Hlom!hl Mvl lon clvb mt mts olab. Kut loydob lttbaptmoc td lnvlogb suge lo lrcuabot mo jlvdr dj teb Lvlrs kbmoc gdoobgtbn td tebteb Huselos dj teb Hmnlrmtbs, lon sbttfmoc vmfflcb ky lonwly olamoc mt ;20 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
suge, els lo mosupbrlkfb prdkfba td rbgdogmfb. ^eb Hmnlrmtbs wbrb prd-Wlsslomlo, <55 lon mt wls teb Wlsslomlos telt gdoqubrbn teb Sbstbro Huselos ljtbr ;>0 GB. N. ^. Pdtts wrmtbs9 Mo dj Laamlous els kbbolt succbstbn teltteb tebglsb Gemdomtbs weda ebmtdksbrvbn jmrst elon wbrb mo jlgt Hmnlrmtbs. Lfteduce sdab sgedflrs elvb prdpdsbn telt teb Gemdomtbs lon Hmnlrmtbs wbrb sbplrltb crdups, Ulvmbr ^rbakfly lnnugbn strdoc lrcuabots mo jlvdr dj teb mnbotmty dj teb Gemdomtbs lon Hmnlrmtbs dr, adrb prbgmsbfy, mo jlvdr dj gdosmnbrmoc teb Hmnlrmtbs l gflo dj teb Gemdomtbs, wemfb Jrlotz Crbobt els succbstbn telt teb Hmnlrmtbs ―babrcbn” jrda teb Gemdomtbs. Sey teb Gemdomtbs/Hmnlrmtbs kbclo advmoc motd Gbotrlf Lsml ms odt botmrbfy gfblr. L ouakbr dj Wgedflrs elvb succbstbn telt teb ―prdtdAdocdfmlo” [durlo (Iulo-iulo) stltb mo Adocdfml put prbssurb do teba, nrmvmoc teba wbstwlrn. Alrqulrt succbstbn telt teby jducet ls luxmfflrmbs jdr teb ―Huselos” lon, klsbn do teb fltbr Plef. XPleflvmQ ]#th#r-m Ylr@r#o spbgufltbn telt teby wbrb klsbn mo teb stbppb odrte dj Abrv. Kb telt ls mt aly, teb lrrmvlf dj teb Gemdomtbs/Hmnlrmtbs bjjbgtmvbfy bonbn teb rbmco dj teb Huseloseles, ;2< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lfteduce rbgbotfy pukfmsebn Klgtrmlo tbxts succbst telt, nbspmtb crlotmoc fdglf lutedrmty td tebmr Gemdomtb/Hmnlrmtb vlsslfs, teb Wlslomlos rbalmobn dvbrfdrns dj Klgtrml, lt fblst uotmf teb tmab dj Pbrdz M (sbb kbfdw). ^eb prd-Wlslomlo, vlsslf stltus dj teb Hmnlrmtbs ms monmgltbn ky teb jlgt telt, do sdab dj tebmr gdmos, wemge gfdsbfy jdffdw teb styfb dj teb Huselod-Wlslomlo mssubs, dofy teb olab dj teb rbmcomoc Wlslomlo adolrge lppblrs.<5=
^eb Lvlrs (dr Hmnlrmtbs) gdufn odt pdssmkfy elvb kbbo tedsb telt sbttfbn Hlom!hl Mvl lon olabn mt ljtbr teb Huselo Bapbrdr Hlomsehl M. ^ems eypdtebtmglf sgbolrmd nbpmgtmoc teb Lvlrs (dr Hmnlrmtbs) olamoc teb salff vmfflcb dj Hlom!hl Mvl ms sd bxgbbnmocfy maprdklkfb, telt teb dofy fdcmglf gdogfusmdo ms teb dkvmdus dob ‗ telt teb Plnilolhs ‗ teb Plnilos ‗ lon tedsb ladoc teba sbttfbn teb vmfflcb lon olabn mt tebasbfvbs ljtbr Hlomsehl M, olabfy, Hlom!hl Mvl. Amrjltye Ylhmbv nbadostrltbs telt teb olab Huselo ms gdapdsbn dj twd bfbabots (hu lon seuo ‗ Hu-seuo ‗ telt tdcbtebr ablo wemtb ;2; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Euo.<=0 M almotlmo telt teb Plnilolhs wbrb Euos, hodwo ls wemtb Euos, telt teb olab Plnilolh ablos trmkb dj wemtb Euos, dr smapfy wemtb Euos8 lon M fmhbwmsb almotlmo telt teb Plnilolhs wbrb teb Huselos ‗ wemtb Euos. ^ems, telt teb Plnilolhs wbrb teb Huselos, ms bvmnbogbn ky teb jlgt telt teb bxmstbogb dj l vmfflcb mo prbsbot-nly Grdltml olabn Hlom!hl Mvl ljtbr Hlomsehl M dj teb Huselos, glo kb lttrmkutbn dofy td teb moelkmtlots dj Hlom!hl Mvl hodwo ls Plnilos, wed wbrb, lon lrb, Plnilolhs amxbn wmte teb Hloclr ‗ Hloclr wed lrb lttbstbn td elvb motbralrrmbn lon abrcbn wmte teb Huselos. ^eb jlgt telt tebrb bxmst mo l vmfflcb mo Grdltml pbdpfb (Plnilos) telt elvb l nbjmomtb lon nbadostrlkfb nmrbgt gdoobgtmdo td teb Huselos, lon tebrbjdrb td Bapbrdr Hlomsehl M, lon teb jlgt telt teb vmfflcb telt teby fmvb mo ms olabn ljtbr telt bapbrdr, ms od gdmogmnbogb, lon mt gloodt pdssmkfy kb l gdmogmnbogb. ^eb Plnilos, wed aust elvb kbbo teb dobs telt olabn teb vmfflcb, lrb teb dofy moelkmtlots dj Hlom!hl Mvl telt elvb l nbjmomtb lon nbadostrlkfb nmrbgt gdoobgtmdo td teb Huselos, lon tebrbjdrb td Hlomsehl M. Dofy dob ;27 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
rblsdo bxmsts td bxpflmo wey teb Plnilos ‗ teb Plnilolhs ‗ wdufn elvb olabn teb vmfflcb Hlom!hl Mvl ljtbr Hlomsehl M dj teb Huselos, lon teb rblsdo ms, lon glo dofy kb, telt teb Plnilos ‗ teb Plnilolhs ‗ wbrb teb Huselos tebasbfvbs. ^eb uomdo dj teb lon teb wls rblffy teb uomdo dj Hloclr teb Hloclr lonPlnilolhs teb Huselos. ^eb Hloclr abrcbn wmte Euos hodwo ky twd olabs ‗ Huselo lon Plnilolh (Klm-seuo-dh, Klm-seuo)8 lon kdte olabs ablo teb slab temoc, olabfy, wemtb Euos. ^eus teb Plnilolhs lon teb Huselos wbrb dob lon teb slab pbdpfb, lon teby abrcbn wmte teb Hloclr. Wd weltbvbr teb bteomg gdapdsmtmdo wls dj teb Huselos, sd, tdd, wls teb bteomg gdapdsmtmdo dj teb Plnilolhs telt abrcbn wmte teb Hloclr. ^eb rblsdo ms, telt teb Plnilolhs wbrb teb Huselos. ^eb Huselos, teduce odt olabn ls Huselos ky teb gflssmglf lutedrs dr ky teb Gemobsb ls dob dj teb gdoqubrbn Klgtrml,mt,wbrb, mo jlgt, dob trmkbs dj teb telt crdups telt gdoqubrbn kut Huselo ;2> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
wls odt, lt teb tmab dj teb gdoqubst, teb olab ky wemge teb gflssmglf lutedrs lon teb Gemobsb hobw teba, dr lt fblst mt wls odt teb olab telt teby rbgdrnbn mj teby nmn hodw teba lfsd ls teb Huselos. Mo teb gflssmglf sdurgbs teb olabs dj teb gdoqubrdrs lrb9 Lsmm, Plsmlom,Lsmlom ^dgelrm, lon Wlglrlufm (Wtrlkd)8 Wlrluglb, (^rdcus)8 lon td teb Gemobsb teb gdoqubrdrs wbrb teb ]ubim (lfsd spbffbn ]ubzem lon ]öbe-geme), wed lrb slmn td elvb kbbo l gdapdsmtb pbdpfb dr gdojbnbrltmdo dj trmkbs. <=< ^eb trmklf olabs prdvmnbn ky ^rdcus lrb vlrmlots dj teb dobs cmvbo ky Wtrlkd, dr vmgb vbrsl. ^eb gdoqubst dj Klgtrml ky tebsb crdups tddh pflgb lkdut <70 KGB. Lkdut dob euonrbn sbvboty-jmvb yblrs ljtbr teb gdoqubst, lkdut >2 GB, <=; Huiufl Hlnpemsbs, l Huselo lon hodwo ls suge, rdsb td pdwbr, lon, ky bmtebr gdoqubrmoc dr uomtmoc lff teb dtebr crdups, trmkbs, dr ylkceus, bstlkfmsebn ebcbadoy mo teb rbcmdo lon jduonbn teb Huselo nyolsty. ^ems wls teb kbcmoomoc dj teb Huselo Bapmrb. ^eus Huselos wbrb, dj Klgtrml,tebl gdapdsmtb pbdpfb8ljtbr lonteb wmtegdoqubst teb rmsb td ;22 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
pdwbr dj Huiufl Hlnpemsbs, teby kbglab l smocfb pbdpfb. Do tebmr lrrmvlf mo Burdpb teby wbrb hodwo ls Plnilolhs. Kut kbjdrb teb gdoqubst dj Klgtrml, wemge dj teb crdups olabn mo teb gflssmglf sdurgbs ms td kb mnbotmjmbn ls teb odt Huselos4 ^eb ^dgelrm, dr ^dgelrmlos, teb Huselos8 teb Lsmm-Lsmlom wbrb wbrb odt teb Huselos bmtebr, lon obmtebr wbrb teb Wlhl (Wlglrlufm-Wlrluglb). Wmogb teb Wlhl ―pbrmsebn” <=7 ljtbr teb gdoqubst dj Klgtrml, teb rbalmomoc crdups ‗ teb ^dgelrmlos, teb Lsmlom, lon teb Huselos ‗ lrb tedsb telt gdostmtutbn teb crdup telt kbglab teb smocfb pbdpfb hodwo ls teb Huselos lon telt bstlkfmsebn teb Huselo Bapmrb. Kut wemge dob dj teb crdups olabn ky teb gflssmglf lutedrs wls teb crdup dj Huselos4
^eb Huselos prdpbr wbrb, lggdrnmoc td Dttd Albogebo-Ebfjbo, l Wlhl-spblhmoc (Blst) Mrlomlo trmkb. Albogebo-Ebfjbo lssbrts telt teb Huselos wbrb drmcmolffy (Blst) Mrlomlos telt spdhb l Wlhl floculc b. Dtebr sge dflrs, <=> edwbvbr, nbadostrltb telt lon teb wbrb, Huselos Euos hodwo ls wemtb Euos, kbjdrbwbrb teb ;2: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
gdoqubst dj Klgtrml, lon ljtbr mt ls wbff, ^urhmgspblhmoc. Mo ems ^eb ]öbe-geme Prdkfba [bBxlamobn, Dttd Albogebo-Ebfjbo wrmtbs9 ^eb Huselols XHuselosQ spdhb Wlhl Xlt teb tmab dj teb gdoqubst dj gdmo-fbcbons Klgtrml, mt ms msprbsuabn Q. ^eb floculcb dj tebmr purb Hedtlom
Wlhl. Elfduo”s dkibgtmdo telt teb Huselols amcet elvb usbn teb Wlhl floculcb ls teb fbcmtmaltb suggbssdrs dj teb Wlhl rufbrs mo Odrtewbst Monml glo kb suaalrmfy nmsamssbn. Odob dj teb Wlhl hmocs strugh gdmos wmte l Wlhl fbcbon, teby usbn Crbbh lon Monmlo Xpbrelps teb Wlhls gdosmnbrbn telt mt amcet elvb nmsruptbn teb bgdoday mj teby gelocbn teb gdmolcbQ. ^eb blrfy Huselo gdmolcb sprloc jrda telt dj teb Crbbh Ebralmds, lon teb fltb Huselols, rufbr dvbr lo maabosb bapmrb, obbnbn od fbcmtmaltmdo. ^eby usbn twd floculcbs9 tebmr dwo lon telt dj tebmr sukibgts. ^elt jlgt juromsebs lo lnnmtmdolf lrcuabot lclmost tebmr Klgtrmlo drmcmo, jdr teb Klgtrmlos spdhb l Wdcnmlo nmlfbgt. Brltdstebobs, wrmtmoc l gbotury kbjdrb teb gdoqubst, slmn telt teb Klgtrmlos lon Wdcnmlos wbrb X...Q (Wtrlkd <2. 3;>). Mt ms tebrbjdrb dkvmdus telt teb Huselols gdufn ;23 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
odt elvb lndptbn tebmr Wlhl floculcb mo Klgtrml.<=2 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb ^dgelrmlos abotmdobn mo teb gflssmglf sdurgbs wbrb, td teb Gemobsb, teb ]ub-im (kut teb ]ub-im lfsd,kbrbabakbr, dj trmkbs). wbrb Ls wmff sbbo kbfdw,l gdojbnbrltmdo tems ablos, lon aust ablo, telt teb ^dgelrmlos wbrb hodwo td teb Gemobsb ls teb ―addo pbdpfb.” ^eb ^dgelrmlos, edwbvbr, wedsb edabflon dr logmbot elkmtltmdo wls mo Closu (mj teby wbrb, mo jlgt, teb ]ub-im), wbrb odt teb dofy crdup tebrb telt wbrb teb ―addo pbdpfb” lon hodwo ls suge. ^eb Huselos, ls sedwo kbfdw, wbrb lfsd hodwo ls teb ―addo pbdpfb.” ^ebrbjdrb ]ub-im, wemge ablos addo pbdpfb, wls odt rbstrmgtbn td teb ^dgelrmlos, kut wls lppfmbn td teb Huselos ls wbff. Albogebo-Ebfjbo lclmo9 ^elohs td Prdjbssdr Elfduo”s wdrh mt ms odw nbjmomtbfy bstlkfmsebn telt teb ^dgelrm dj teb logmbots wbrb teb ]öbe-geme X]ub-imQ dj teb Gemobsb. ^eb Fmttfb ]öbe-geme glffbn tebasbfvbs ^dhelrmlos ls fltb ls teb 2te gbotury L.N.” <=: ;25 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
^eb Lsmlom wbrb teb ndamolot crdup lt teb tmab dj teb gdoqubst dj Klgtrml, <=3 wemge ms webrb teb Huselo Bapmrb wls bstlkfmsebn. ^eb Lsmlom wbrb rbpdrtbn td elvb kbbo teb ―fdrns dj teb ^dge lrm ,” <=5 wemge map fmb s, dkvmd usf y, tel t kbtwbbo tebateblonndamolot teb ^dgelrmlos, teby, teb Lsmlom, wbrb crdup. AlbogeboEbfjbo9 ^eb Lsmm XLsmlomQ wbrb teb fdrns dj teb ^dgelrm. Mj dur gdoibgturb telt ]öbe-geme1Husel XHuseloQ prdvbs rmcet, tebo mt wmff jdffdw telt teb rufmoc crdup wls glffbn Husel ls wbff ls Lsmm XLsmlomQ. ^eb ndukfb olab aly ablo bmtebr dob dj twdblst temocs. Mt aly ablo teb Husel rufbn mo teb lon wbrb fltbr, do telt teb trbh td Klgtrml dr mo Klgtrml, suppflotbn ky teb Lsmm, td rbclmo lsgbonlogy uonbr Huiufl Hlnpemsbs 8 dr bfsb mt aly ablo telt tebrb wls dofy dob ndamolot crdup, Husel-Lsmm, terducedut teb gboturmbs dj ]öbe-geme XHuseloQ emstdry. Ls kbtwbbo teb twd lftbroltmvb bxpfloltmdos dur iuncabot wmff kb mogfmobn mo jlvdr dj teb sbgdon dob webo wb rbglff ^rdcus” stltbabot (sbb pp. <0-<<) lon teb jlgt telt teb ]öbe-geme wbrb l gdapdsmtb pbdpfb. ^eb Husel XHuselosQ wbrb ;2= dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Mrlomlos. ^eb ^dgelrm spdhb, mo lff prdklkmfmty, teb floculcb X^ucr/^dgelrQ. ^eb twd olabs, Husel lon Lsmm, gdufn wbff elvb kbbo lppfmbn td teb slab crdup ky teb spblhbrs dj twd nmjjbrbot floculcbs.<== XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
^eb rbjbrbogb mo teb lkdvb plrlcrlpe td ^rdcus” stltbabot ms suaabn up ky Albogebo-Ebfjbo teus9 Selt ^rdcus ablot wls telt teb Lsmlom wbrb teb ndamolot dr rufmoc crdup lt teb tmab dj teb gdoqubst dj Klgtrml. ;00
Odw wbrb teb Lsmm/Lsmlom4 AlbogeboEbfjbowed gdotmoubs9 ^eb Huselols XHuselosQ lon ^dhelrmlos elvb fdoc nmslppblrbn jrda Monml lon ^urhbstlo. Sb kbfmbvb telt teby fmvb do mo teb Sbst td teb prbsbot nly. ^eb twd Wlraltmlo oltmdos wmte weda teb Crbbhs do teb sedrbs dj teb Kflgh Wbl wbrb mo rbfltmdo smogb teb amnnfb dj teb 2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Lflo XLflosQ rblfa. ^eb Ldrsm, l ouabrdus trmkb, gdufn odt elvb smapfy nmslppblrbn. Fltbr dofy Lflos wbrb abotmdobn webrb dob wdufn bxpbgt Ldrsm. Ls teb Lflos ―elvmoc crlnulffy suknubn lff teb kdrnbrmoc oltmdos ky rbpbltbn vmgtdrmbs elvb uomtbn teba td tebasbfvbs lon gdaprbebonbn teba uonbr tebmr dwo olab” (ln cbotmfmtltua sum vdglkufm trlxbruot, Laamlous Alrgbffmous 7;.;), mt els td kb lssuabn telt teb Ldrsm abrcbn wmte teb Lflos. Sb jmon monbbn teb trmklf olab Lflodrsm mo wemge teb twd olabs lrb gdakmobn motd dob. Smte teb ebfp dj vlrmlots dggurrmoc mo Pfmoy lon Ptdfbay teb oltmvb olab dj teb Ldrsm glo kb rbgdostrugtbn. Ls Ldrsm lon Wmrlgm lfwlys lppblr smnb ky smnb mt ms dkvmdus telt mt wls teb slab twd pbdpfbs wed clvb teb twd rbcmdos mo Eyrgloml, Lrsmtms lon Wmrlgbob, tebmr olab (Ptdfbay :.=.2). Do teb Pbutmocbr tlkfb teb Lrsdlb lppblr oblr teb Wbrlgdb. Mo teb bouabrltmdo dj teb oltmdos dj Lsmltmg Wlraltml Ptdfbay 2.5. <0-<; teb Wmrlgbom dggur wemfb teb Ldrsm lrb amssmoc. Mo tebmr stbln lppblr teb Lslmdm. ^eb vlrmlots Ldrsm-LrsdbLrsmtms Lslmdm fbln teus td *lrsm dr ârsm. ^eb lrcuabots Ilrf Gelrpbotmbr krducet jdrwlrn td prdvb wemge teb mnbotmty dj teb Lrsm-LsmmLsmlom wmte teb Lslmdm (lon Lsmdtlb) wbrb odt ;:< dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
strdoc boduce td gdovmogb ems gdojrbrbs. Obvbrtebfbss wb kbfmbvb telt teb fltb Wwbnmse sgedflr wls do teb rmcet trlgh. ;0< XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q Ls els kbbo slmn, Ilrf Gelrpbotmbr slw mo teb Lsmdm, weda Pdapbmus ^rdcus glffs Lsmlodm XLsmlomQ, teb Su-suo XRsuoQ dj teb Mfm, abotmdobn ky Gemobsb emstdrmlos. ;0; ‗ [boí Crdussbt, ^eb Bapmrb dj teb Wtbppbs XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
Ilrf Gelrpbotmbr mnbotmjmbn teb Lsmlom ls teb Susuo. ^eb Su-suo lrb lfsd hodwo ls Rsuo. ^eb Rsuo wbrb Euos jrda odrtebro Gemol dr Adocdfml. ]ury Yubv, mo emsBteomg Emstdry dj teb Rsuos, wrmtbs9 ^ems rlmsbs l qubstmdo9 welt nbsmcoltbn teb tbra ―Euo” nurmoc teb bxlamobn pbrmdn, lon wey, lfdocsmnb wmte Wöoou-Euos XEsmuoc-ou/ UmdocouQ dj Adocdfml lon dtebr trmkbs, teb Rsuos glrrmbn teb olab ―Euos”4 Sb lfrblny pukfmsebn lolfysms dj teb tbra ―Euo”, mo tems lrtmgfb wb selff dofy krmbjfy rbglp telt lggduot. ;:; dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Adst logmbot Gemobsb tbxts kblrmoc mojdraltmdo lkdut ^örhmg-spblhmoc trmkbs lfrblny gdotlmobn l ouakbr dj bteodoyas wmte nmstmogtmvb bonmoc, usulffy gdovbybn crlpemglffy wmte teb slab embrdcfypes9 Euo (log. rblnmoc cmuLo) lon Huo (hmLo), m.b. cöo, höo. F. Klzbo elvb XsmgQ sedwo telt teb jdra cöo/höo ms mnbotmglf td teb logmbot ^örhmg pfurlf-gdffbgtmvb ljjmx -cöo-/-hcöo-, wemge lsgbons td teb prmalry ^örhmg wdrn höo XablomocQ - pbdpfb - eualo gdffbgtmvb - trmkb wdalo - gustdnmlo dj edab eblrte - jbamomomty. Ljjmramoc autulfmty dj cöo/höo 1 ―wdalo” 1 ―pbdpfb” gdogbpts, kduon mo teb kbcmoomoc ky hmosemp kdons, lon tebo ky gdaado bteomg drmcmo, lffdws td lnn Gemobsb rbonmtmdo dj telt tbra td teb gdnbx dj logmbot ^örhmg sdgmlf tbramodfdcy. Wmcomjmglotfy, spdrlnmglffy lppblrmoc mo teb logmbot ^örhmg adouabots höo ls gflo, jlamfy gdapfbtbfy gdmogmnbs wmte teb trlosfltmdo dj teb Gemobsb trlosgrmptmdo euo 1 cöo/höo mo teb crdup Fu-Euo (Wmx Eöos), bqumvlfbot td teb crdup Fu-Wm ―Wmx Gflos”, webrb sm ms cbobrltmdo, gflo. Lon teb gdapdsmtmdos dj teb 2te-<0te gboturmbs elvb nbsgrmptmdos dj trmkbs Eöo (Cöo) lon (Hcöo), wedsb olabs lrb gdapltmkfb dofy Höo wmte teb Eöo dj teb blrfy Gemobsb gerdomgfbs ;:7 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lon Höo dj teb Dredod-Bomsbm mosgrmptmdos. ^eb jdfh fbcbons dj bteomg lffmlogbs, wemge mogfunbn tebsb trmkbs, lsgbon tebmr drmcmo td Wöoou-Euoou, hodwo mo teb wbstbro lotmqub sdurgbs uonbr l olab Eöos.;07 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q Fm Jlo lssbrtbn (jrda Nu Ö wdrns) telt teb tbra Huoad-Huo-am XhuoamQ wls odt dofy l prmogbfy tmtfb, kut lfsd bteomg olab dj Rsuos. Eb slmn9 ―Mo teb Elo bpdge XtemsQ gduotry wls XlfsdQ glffbn Crblt Huoam XHuo-KlcQ”. Mo tems rbspbgt teb sdurgbs fmst l olab dj l sbplrltb Euoomse trmkb Huoam (Huo-Klc), wemge nurmoc Elo tmab amcrltbn jrda Drnds td teb tbrrmtdry dj teb adnbro prdvmogb ]uoolo. Wpblhmoc lkdut mts gustdas, gerdomgfbrs gelrlgtbrmzb teba ls ^örhmg (^utsub) lon nbodtb telt mo cboblfdcmglf rbfltmdo teby lrb ―lgtulffy, krdtebrfy trmkbs wmte Wöoou XEuosQ”. ^ebsb obws jmon plrlffbfs mo teb wbstbro sdurgbs, webrb Rsuos lppblr uonbr teb olabs dj Euos.;0>
Mo teb ^eb Hlzlhes, Alrtel Krmff Dfgdtt wrmtbs9 Mo teb pbrmdn 700-;00 K.G., teb Wlglb (Wlhls) wbrb crlnulffy dvbrruo ky teb Rsuo, l crdup dj ;:> dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
lffmbn trmkbs dj plstdrlf odalns wed wbrb ^urhmgspblhmoc kut dj Adocdf stdgh. Lggduots dj tebmr babrcbogb lppblr mo Gemobsb sdurgbs jrda teb sbgdon lon jmrst gboturmbs K.G. Mo teb yblr 37 K.G., teb Rsuo, tebo eblnbn ky l ebrbnmtlry rufbr, teb huoam, wbrb slmn td ouakbr dvbr :00,000. ^eby wbrb nmvmnbn motd twd crdups, teb Hlocfy XHloclrQ (aloy dj weda wbrb sbnbotlry jlrabrs), wed fmvbn mo teb Hlrltlu rbcmdo lon lfdoc teb amnnfb gdursb dj teb Wyr Nlryl, lon teb Lflom XLflosQ, wed amcrltbn jrda teb odrtebro sedrbs dj teb Lrlf Wbl td teb odrtebro klohs dj teb Glspmlo Wbl. ;02 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
Wd ls blrfy ls 37 KGB teb Rsuo wbrb, lggdrnmoc td Alrtel Krmff Dfgdtt, nmvmnbn motd twd crdups, teb Hloclr lon teb Lflos. ^ems wls rblffy l gdapdsmtb pbdpfb gdosmstmoc dj terbb crdups ‗ teb Rsuo, teb Hloclr, lon teb Lflos (Blst Mrlomlos). Web rbjbrs td teb Hloclr ls Hlocfy (Hloclfm), prdklkfy kbglusb telt ms welt teb trmklf abakbrs glff tebasbfvbs tdnly. Lt loy rltb, tebsb lrb twd vlrmlots dj teb slab bteodoya, lon teby rbprbsbot dobdrpbdpfb, olabfy, teb Hloclr. ^ebrb lrb Hloclr, Hlocfy, gflos ladoc teb Hmrcemz ;:2 dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
tdnly.;0: Odtb teb strbocte dj ay NOL altgebs wmte teb Hmrcemz lon teb strbocte dj ay jltebr”s ls wbff. ^d sua mt up teus jlr, teb Rsuo (Euos dj amxbn Adocdf lon lon ^urhmg logbstry), tebKlgtrml Huselos, tebl ^dgelrmlos, teb Wlhl rblgebn mo dr fmttfb kbjdrb <70 KGB, lon qumghfy gdoqubrbn mt. Lt teb tmab dj teb gdoqubst teb Rsuo (Lsmlom) wbrb teb ndamolot crdup ‗ teb ―fdrns dj teb ^dgelrm” ‗ kut bvbotulffy teb Huselos, uonbr Huiufl Hlnpemsbs, bstlkfmsebn ebcbadoy mo teb rbcmdo ky gdoqubrmoc lff teb dtebr crdups, dr ky uomtmoc teba. Huiufl jduonbn teb nyolsty telt glab td kb hodwo ls teb Huselo nyolsty. Lff tebsb crdups, lon mo plrtmguflr teb Hloclr lon teb Hloilr-Ndas, ls wbff ls teb Lflos, lon pbrelps loy sflvbs ladoc lff tebsb crdups, wbrb teb logbstdrs dj teb [dalom, teduce mt ms, dj gdursb, pdssmkfb telt teb [dalom nbsgbon adrb jrda dob crdup telo jrda lodtebr, suge ls jrda teb Hloclr lon teb Hloilr-Ndas.
;:: dj >2;
^EB PLNILOLHW
Mo ^eb Sdrfn dj teb Euos, Dttd Albogebo-Ebfjbo wrmtbs9 Ls fltb ls teb temrn gbotury, sdab Su-Wuo XRsuoQ wbrb lfadst purbfy Burdpdmn, webrbls dtebrs wbrb dj teb Wdute Wmkbrmlo typb, telt ms, wmte l alrhbn Ado cdfdmn lnamxturb. ;03 XKrlghbts lnnbn.Q
Ky lt fblst ls blrfy ls 37 KGB, dr pbrelps blrfmbr, teb Rsuo wbrb lffmbs dj, lon wbrb abrcmoc wmte, dr wbrb lfrblny abrcbn wmte, teb Hloclr. ^eb Hloclr wbrb mo Wdcnml, ;05 kut plrt dj tebmr tbrrmtdry jbff, dr wdufn gdab td jlff, wmtemo teb ;0= Ky 57 GB teb tbrrmtdry dj tebdjHuselo Bapmrb.eln rufmoc jlamfy teb Hloclr motbralrrmbn wmte teb rufmoc jlamfy dj teb Huselos (Huselos prdpbr ‗ teb ]ub-im). ;<0 Wmogb teb Hloclr gdostmtutbn suge l smcomjmglot plrt dj teb Rsuo ky 37 KGB, lon wbrb lt teb tmab, lon jrda tebo do, gdosmnbrbn dob dj teb Rsuo crdups, teb motbralrrmlcb dj teb rufmoc jlamfmbs dj teb Hloclr lon teb Huselos mo 57 GB wls, mpsd jlgtd, lo motbralrrmlcb dr uomdo dj teb Huselos (]ubim) lon Rsuo (Susuo) ls wbff. ^eus teb rdylf ;:3 dj >2;
