Pcotfmga Mcuomfa ncr Pgstcrga Gssfstgomj tc Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs
O M
H M T
Jodafsh Jlftfco
\hj Ogtfcoga Ogtfcog a Mgthc M gthcafm afm Bfcjthf Bfcjthfms ms Mjotjr
Ojw Mhgrtjr ncr Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs
Ojw Mhgrtjr ncr Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs Pcotfmga Mcuomfa Mcuomf a ncr Pgstcrga Pgstcrga Gssfstgomj Gssfstg omj tc Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs
\rgosagtjl by \hj Ogtfcoga Mgthcafm Bfcjthfms Mjotjr
\
\hj Ogtfcoga Mgthcafm Bfcjthfms Mjotjr
Phfagljaphfg
© Gkkfofstrgzfcoj lja Pgtrfkcofc ljaag ]gotg ]jlj Gpcstcafmg. © 207> Afbrjrfg Jlftrfmj ^gtfmgog, Mfà lja ^gtfmgoc. Gaa rfdhts rjsjrvjl. Fotjrogtfcoga mcpyrfdht hgolajl by Afbrjrfg Jlftrfmj ^gtfmgog, Mfà lja ^gtfmgoc. \rgosagtfco © 2074 \hj Ogtfcoga Mgthcafm Bfcjthfms Mjotjr. Gaa rfdhts rjsjrvjl. F]BO 648-0-6=:=24->6-<
Zoajss cthjrwfsj octjl, quctgtfcos nrck ]mrfpturj grj nrck thj Rjvfsjl ]tgolgrl ^jrsfco, Mgthcafm Jlftfco © 76>:, 76>> Ogtfcoga Mcuomfa cn thj Mhurmhjs cn Mhrfst fo thj Zoftjl ]tgtjs cn Gkjrfmg5 quctgtfcos nrck cnnfmfga Mhurmh lcmukjots grj nrck thj ^gtfmgo Jodafsh trgosagtfcos pubafshjl coafoj gt www .vgtfmgo.vg © Afbrjrfg Jlftrfmj ^gtfmgog5 gol quctgtfcos nrck thj Mgtjmhfsk grj nrck thj Mgtjmhfsk cn thj Mgthcafm Mhurmh , 2ol jl. © 766<, 7664 Zoftjl ]tgtjs Mgthcafm Mconjrjomj, Fom. / Afbrjrfg Jlftrfmj ^gtfmgog. Zsjl wfth pjrkfssfco.
Mcotjots Prjngmj
F
vff
Afst cn gbbrjvfgtfcos
x
Fotrclumtfco9 Kfofstjrs cn Afnj
=
Prcmrjgtfod
7:
FF
Afvfod
=4
FFF
Lyfod
70:
Mcomausfco
72:
Foljx
726
PRJNGMJ \hj Mhurmh hgs gawgys mcosfljrjl sjrvfod thj sfme ‑go fotjdrga pgrt cn hjr kfssfco,‛ 7 mckbfofod ‑thj prjgmhfod cn thj Dccl Ojws wfth thj hjap gol mgrj cn thj sfme.‛ 2 \hj vgst wcral cn sjrvfmj fo rjspcosj rjs pcosj tc hukgo sunnjrfod ‑mcomjros thj dccl cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol cn scmfjty‛ ftsjan. = Ncr thfs vjry rjgsco ft gasc pcsjs ljafmgtj gol uogvcflgbaj qujstfcos, whfmh fovcavj oct coay g scmfga gol crdgofzgtfcoga gspjmt but gasc g uofqujay jthfmga gol rjafdfcus coj. \hfs fs bjmgusj nuolgkjotga ‑hukgo‛ jvjots grj fkpafmgtjl, sumh gs sunnjrfod, sfmeojss, gol ljgth, tcdjthjr wfth thj rjagtjl qujstfcos gbcut thj rcaj cn kjlfmfoj gol thj kfssfco cn physfmfgos physfmfg os wfth rjspjmt tc sfme pjrscos. < Pcpj ]t. Icho Pgua FF, gs go fotjrprjtjr cn thfs mckkgol, ncuoljl thj Pcotfmga Mcuomfa ncr Pgstcrga Gssfstgomj tc Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs co Njbrugry 77, 768:. Fospfrjl by ngfth gol hcpj, hj fotjoljl tc cnnjr g rjspcosj tc thj mhgaajodjs grfsfod fo thj wcral cn hjgath mgrj, gpprjmfgtfvj cn thj tgse thgt kgoy Mhrfstfgos“hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, agy pjrscos, whjthjr folfvflugaay cr fo gsscmfgtfcos, mcosjmrgtjl kjo gol wckjo, prfjsts gol ljgmcos“djojrcusay pjrncrk, bjgrfod wftojss tc thj jvgodjafmga vgaujs vga ujs cn thj lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol rjspjmt ncr afnj thrcudh thjfr macsjojss tc thj sfme gs wjaa gs thrcudh thjfr wcre, stuly, gol rjsjgrmh. Fo 766<, thj rst prjsfljot cn thj lfmgstjry, thj agtj Nfcrjozc Mgrlfoga Godjafof, pubafshjl thj Mhgrtjr ncr Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs. Ft sjrvjl gs go jnnjmtfvj tcca ncr thj foftfga gol codcfod ncrkgtfco cn thcsj cn vgrfcus prcnjssfcos whc wcre fo thj wcral cn hjgath mgrj, gol wgs jvjotugaay trgosagtjl fotc ofojtjjo agodugdjs. Ncaacwfod upco ojw glvgomjs fo thj smfjotfm gol bfckjlfmga jal sfomj 766< gs wjaa gs kgdfstjrfga prcocuomjkjots lurfod thj pcotfmgtjs cn Pcpjs ]t. Icho Pgua FF, Bjojlfmt X^F, gol Nrgomfs, thj lfmgstjry mcosfljrjl
7 Icho Pgua FF, Kctu Prcprfc Prcprfc Lcajotfuk Lcajotfuk hckfouk (Njbrugry 77, 768:), o. 79 GG] 44 (768:), <:4. 2 Fbfl. = Fbfl., o. =. < Fbfl.
vff
P������
ft ojmjssgry tc rjvfsj gol uplgtj thfs lcmukjot whfaj ejjpfod fts crfdfoga strumturj, ncmusjl co thj mgaafod cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs tc bj kfofstjrs cn afnj. \hj lcmukjot ocw bjfod pubafshjl wgs uplgtjl gol rjvfsjl fo kcrj gmmjssfbaj, mcotjkpcrgry agodugdj. \hj kjthclcacdy gol strumturj wjrj mgrjnuaay mhjmejl, thj thjcacdfmga octjs cn jmmajsfgstfmga lcmukjots mftjl wjrj rjvfjwjl, gol ogaay thj mcotjot wgs uplgtjl. Fo pgrtfmuagr, F thfoe ft fs ojmjssgry ojmjssgr y tc pcfot cut thgt thj Ojw thj Ojw Mhgrtjr gllrjssjs oct coay glvgomjs fo thj kjlfmga smfjomjs gol thjfr pcssfbaj rjpjrmussfcos co hukgo afnj, but gasc ajdga qujstfcos, whfmh fomrjgsfoday gnnjmt gol foujomj thj jxjrmfsj cn thj hjgath mgrj prcnjssfcos5 ft gasc gllrjssjs prcbajks thgt grj gssukfod drjgtjr fkpcrtgomj, jspjmfgaay wfth rjdgrl tc iustfmj, gs wjaa gs rjspjmt ncr gol fomrjgsjl sjosftfvfty tc thj prfomfpajs cn scaflgrfty gol subsflfgrfty fo gmmjss tc gvgfagbaj phgrkgmjutfmgas gol tjmhocacdfjs. \hfs fs pjrtfojot tc thj ljkgols cn scmfga iustfmj fo thj jal cn hjgath mgrj, fospfrjl by thj rfdht tc thj prjsjrvgtfco gol prckctfco cn hjgath thrcudh ngfr hjgath mgrj pcafmfjs. Ft gasc tgejs fotc gmmcuot go jxpgosfco cn thj pjrscooja fovcavjl fo thfs tgse, sc thgt, bjsfljs thj trglftfcoga hjgath mgrj prcnjssfcogas (physfmfgos, oursjs, gol gfljs), cthjrs fo thj wcral cn hjgath mgrj grj fomauljl9 bfcacdfsts, bfcacdf sts, phgrkgmf phgrkgmfsts, sts, hjgath mgrj wcrejrs fo thj jal, glkfofs glkfofstrgtcrs, trgtcrs, gol ajdfsagtcrs fo hjgath mgrj kgttjrs gs wjaa gs wcrejrs fo thj pubafm gol prfvgtj sjmtcrs sjmtcrs whc grj fovcavjl fovcavjl fo sjmuagr cr cr ngfth-bgsjl ngfth-bgsjl foftfgtfvjs. foftfgtfvjs. \hfs vcmgtfco, whfmh hgs jxpgoljl fo thj oukbjr cn pcsftfcos, prcnjssfcoga prcnjssf coga rcajs, gol rjspco rjspcosfbfaftf sfbfaftfjs js fo hjgath mgrj, fs kgrejl by thj gothrcpcacdfmga vgauj thgt thj bfckjlfmga smfjomjs kust prckctj gkfl thj mcotjkpcrgry muaturga trjols gs wjaa, fo thjfr mcotfouga sjgrmh tc cnnjr g spjmfm sjrvfmj tc thj fotjdrga dccl cn thj afnj gol lfdofty cn jvjry hukgo bjfod gol fo g nruftnua lfgacduj bjtwjjo bfckjlfmfoj gol thj kcrga prfomfpajs prfomfpa js ncuol fo thj kgdfstj kgdfstjrfuk rfuk cn thj Mhurmh. \hfs mckkftk mckkftkjot jot fs kglj by thj Mhurmh ftsjan wfth thfs Ojw thfs Ojw Mhgrtjr Mhgrtjr ncr Hjgath Hjgath Mgrj Mgrj Tcrejrs crejrs,, whfmh fs kjgot tc bj go jnnjmtfvj tcca ncr mconrcotfod thj wjgejofod cn jthfmga stgolgrls gol thj subijmtfvfty cn mcosmfjomjs whfmh, tcdjthjr wfth muaturga, jthfmga, gol rjafdfcus paurgafsk, jgsfay ajgl tc rjagtfvfsk gol hjomj tc thj rfse thgt wj wfaa oc acodjr bj gbaj tc t c rjnjr tc g shgrjl jthcs jthcs,, jspjmfgaay wfth rjdgrl tc thj kgicr jxfstjotfga qujstfcos pjrtgfofod tc thj kjgofod cn bfrth, afnj, afnj, gol ljgth. \hj Mhgrtjr mjrtgfoay mgooct gkcuot tc go jxhgustfvj trjgtkjot cn gaa thj prcbajks gol qujstfcos thgt mckj up fo thj jal cn hjgath mgrj gol
vfff
P������
sfmeojss, but ft wgs prclumjl tc cnnjr thj majgrjst pcssfbaj dufljafojs ncr thj jthfmga prcbajks thgt kust bj gllrjssjl fo thj wcral cn hjgath mgrj fo djojrga, fo hgrkcoy wfth thj tjgmhfods cn Ijsus Mhrfst gol thj kgdfstjrfuk cn thj Mhurmh. Co thj thfrty-rst goofvjrsgry cn thj fostftutfco cn thj Pcotfmga Mcuomfa ncr Pgstcrga Gssfstgomj tc Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs gol thj vfdfa cn thj twjoty-nth Tcral Lgy cn thj ]fme, F mckkjol tc thj vgrfcus agy gol rjafdfcus prcnjssfcogas whc kgej up thj mckpajx wcral cn hjgath mgrj thfs Ojw Mhgrtj Mhgrtjrr ncr Hjgath Mgr Mgrjj Tcrejrs crejrs.. Ft fs ky hcpj thgt thfs tcca kgy mcotrfbutj tc go codcfod, prcncuol rjojwga cn thj wcral cn hjgath mgrj gol cn thj Mhurmh‖s cwo pgstcrga gmtfvfty fo prckctfod gol ljnjolfod thj lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco, hjapfod tc rjwrftj co g lgfay bgsfs thj pgrgbaj cn thj Dccl ]gkgrftgo (mn. Ae 70926”=4) gol tc kgej prjsjot, jvjo gt kckjots cn sunnjrfod gol pgfo, Hcpj, thj dfnt cn Mhrfst‖s Pgsmhga kystjry. † YVDKZO\ YFKCT]EF
Prjsfljot cn thj Pcotfmga Mcuomfa ncr Pgstcrga Gssfstgomj tc Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs
fx
Gbbrjvfgtfcos GG] GG ]
Gmtg gpcstcafmg gp cstcafmgjj sjlfs sjlf s
MMM
Mgtjmhfsk cn thj Mgthcafm Mhurmh
MFM
Mclj cn Mgoco Agw (7 (768= 68=))
FO\RCLZM\FCO
KFOF]\JR] CN AFNJ
K�������� �� A���
7. \hj gmtfvfty cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs fs bgsfmgaay g sjrvfmj tc afnj gol hjgath, whfmh grj prfkgry dccls cn thj hukgo pjrsco. \c \c thfs sjrvfmj fs ljlfmgtjl thj prcnjssfcoga cr vcauotjjr gmtfvfty cn thcsj whc grj fovcavjl fo vgrfcus wgys fo prjvjotfvj kjlfmfoj, trjgtkjot, gol rjhgbfaftgtfco9 physfmfgo phys fmfgos, s, phgrk phgrkgmfst gmfsts, s, ours oursjs, js, tjmho tjmhofmfgo fmfgos, s, hcsp hcspftga ftga mhgp mhgp-agfos, kjo gol wckjo rjafdfcus, glkfofstrgtfvj pjrscooja, thcsj whc grj rjspcosfbaj ncr ogtfcoga gol fotjrogtfcoga pcafmfjs, pcaf mfjs, gol vcau vcauotjjr otjjrs. s. ‑\hjf ‑\hjfrr prcnj prcnjssfc ssfco o mgaas ncr thjk tc bj dugrlfgos gol sjrvgots cn hukgo afnj,‛ 7 cr foljjl cn thj pjrsco whcsj fovfcagbaj lfdofty gol trgosmjoljot vcmgtfco grj rcctjl fo thj ljpths cn hfs vjry bjfod. 2 \hfs lfdofty, whfmh gaa hukgo bjfods mgo rjmcdofzj by rjgsco, fs jajvgtjl tc g nurthjr ajvja cn afnj, thgt cn Dcl‖s Dcl‖s cwo afnj, fogskumh gs thj ]co, fo bjmckfod coj cn us, kgejs ft pcssfbaj pcss fbaj ncr hukg hukgo o bjfo bjfods ds tc bjmc bjmckj kj ‑mhf ‑mhfalrjo alrjo cn Dcl‛ (Io 7972), ‑pgrtgejrs cn thj lfvfoj ogturj‛ (2 Pjt 79<). Fo afdht cn thjsj tjojts cn thj ngfth, thj rjspjmt ncr thj hukgo pjrsco thgt hukgo rjgsco garjgly ljkgols fs nurthjr gmmjotugtjl gol rjfoncrmjl. ‑\hj lfnnjrjot wgys fo whfmh Dcl, gmtfod fo hfstcry, mgrjs ncr thj wcral gol ncr kgoefol grj oct kutugaay jxmausfvj5 co thj mcotrgry, thjy suppcrt jgmh cthjr gol fotjrsjmt. \hjy hgvj thjfr crfdfo gol dcga fo thj jtjroga, wfsj, gol acvfod mcuosja whjrjby Dcl prjljstfo prjlj stfojs js kjo gol wckj wckjo o ‘tc bj mcon mconcrkjl crkjl tc thj fkgd fkgdjj cn hfs ]co‖ (Rck 8926).‛ = ‑By tgefod thj fotjrrjagtfcoshfp cn thjsj twc lfkjosfcos, thj hukgo gol thj lfvfoj, gs lfvfoj, gs thj stgrtfod pcfot, coj uoljrstgols bjttjr why ft fs thgt kgo hgs uogssgfagbaj vgauj9 hj pcssjssjs go jtjroga vcmgtfco gol fs mgaajl tc shgrj fo thj trfoftgrfgo acvj cn thj afvfod Dcl .‛ Dcl .‛ <
G sjrvfmj sjrvfm j tc afnj gol hjgath
Hukgo gol lfvfoj ogturj
7 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgod Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, Co thj ^gauj gol Fovfcagbfafty cn Hukgo Afnj (Kgrmh 2:, 766:), o. 869 GG] 869 GG] 84 84 (766:), :02. 2 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj, pjrsco gj, Co Co Mjrtgfo Bfcjthfmga Wujstfcos (]jptjkbjr 8, 2008), o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 700 (2008), 8>7. = Fbfl., o. 49 49 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>=. < Fbfl., o. 89 89 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>=.
=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
G sjrvfmj sjrvfm j tc hukgo nrgdfafty
Hjgath mgrj gol scmfga hjgath mgrj
2. \hj gmtfvfty cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, fo thjfr mck pajkjotgry pajkjo tgry rcajs gol rjspco rjspcosfbfaftf sfbfaftfjs, js, hgs thj vgauj cn sjrvfmj tc thj hukgo pjrsco, sfomj tc prctjmt, rjmcvjr, gol fkprcvj physfmga, psymhcacdfmga, gol spfrftuga hjgath kjgos tc sjrvj afnj fo fts tctgafty. : Kcrjcvjr, ‑fo thj murrjot kuatfngmjtjl phfacscphfmga gol smfjotfm mcotjxt, g mcosfljrgbaj oukbjr cn smfjotfsts gol phfacscphjrs, fo thj spfrft cn thj Hfppcmrgtfm Cgth, sjj fo kjlfmga smfjomj g sjrvfmj tc hukgo nrgdfafty gfkjl gt thj murj cn lfsjgsj, thj rjafjn cn sunnjrfod gol thj jquftgbaj jxtjosfco cn ojmjssgry mgrj tc gaa pjcpaj.‛ > ‑\hjrjncrj, ft fs jgsy tc uoljrstgol thj fkpcrtgomj, fo thj scmfga hjgath mgrj sjrvfmjs, cn thj prjsjomj . . . cn wcrejrs whc grj ajl by go fotjdrgaay hukgo vfjw cn faaojss gol whc gs g rjsuat grj gbaj tc jnnjmt g nuaay hukgo gpprcgmh tc thj sfme pjrsco whc fs sunnjrfod.‛ 4 =. Hjgath mgrj gol scmfga hjgath mgrj sjrvfmjs grj macsjay rjagtjl. By thj jxprjssfco ‑hjgath mgrj‛ wj kjgo jvjrythfod pjrtgfofod tc prjvjotfco, lfgdocsfs, trjgtkjot, gol rjhgbfaftgtfco ncr thj bjttjr physfmga, psymhcacdfmga, scmfga, gol spfrftuga bgagomj gol wjaa-bjfod cn thj pjrsco. By thj jxprjssfco ‑scmfga hjgath mgrj sjrvfmjs‛ fs kjgot goythfod mcomjrojl wfth hjgath mgrj pcafmy, ajdfsagtfco, prcdrgks prcd rgks,, gol ngmfaf ngmfaftfjs. tfjs. Ft kust bj jkphgsfzjl, ojvjrthjajss, thgt gathcudh fostftutfcos thgt prcvflj thjsj sjrvfmjs grj vjry fkpcrtgot, oc fostftutfco mgo by ftsjan rjpagmj thj hukgo hjgrt cr hukgo mckpgssfco whjo ft fs g kgttjr cn jomcuotjrfod jomcuotjr fod thj sunnjrfods cn gocthjr gocthj r.8 : Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgod Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, o. 869 GG] 84 84 (766:), :02. > Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Fostrumtfco Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 700 700 (2008), 8:6. 4 Icho Pgua FF, Kctu Prcprfc Lcajot Lcajotfuk fuk hckfou hckfouk k (Njbrugry 77, 768:), o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 44 44 (768:), <:8. 8 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Ajttjr ]gavfmf lcacrfs, lcacrfs, Co thj Mhrfstfgo Kjgofod cn Hukgo ]unnjrfod (Njbrugry 77, 768<), o. 269 GG] 269 GG] 4> 4>
<
K�������� �� A���
<. Hjgath mgrj fs mgrrfjl cut fo jvjrylgy prgmtfmj fo go fotjrpjrscoga rjagtfcoshfp mhgrgmtjrfzjl by thj trust cn g pjrsco whc fs jxpjrfjomfod sunnjrfod gol sfmeojss, whc hgs rjmcursj tc thj eocwajldj gol mcosmfjomj cn g hjgath mgrj wcrejr whc jomcuotjrs hfk fo crljr tc suppcrt gol mgrj ncr hfk, thus glcptfod g sfomjrj gttftulj cn ‑mck pgssfco,‛ pgssfco ,‛ fo thj thj jtykcacdfmg jtykcacdfmgaa sjosj cn thj wcrl. wcrl.6 ]umh g rjagtfcoshfp wfth thj sfme pjrsco, wfth nuaa rjspjmt ncr hfs gutcocky, rjqufrjs gvgfagbfafty, gttjotfco, uoljrstgolfod, jkpgthy, gol lfgacduj, tcdjthjr wfth jxpjrtfsj, mckpjtjomj, gol prcnjssfcoga jthfms. \hgt fs tc sgy, ft kust bj thj jxprjssfco cn g prcncuolay hukgo mckkftkjot, kglj gol mgrrfjl cut oct iust gs g tjmhofmga gmtfvfty but gs go gmt cn ljlfmgtfco gol acvj cn ojfdhbcr.
Fotjrpjrscoga rjagtfcoshfp mhgrgmtjrfzjl by trust fo mcosmfjomj
:. ]jrvfmj tc afnj fs pjrncrkjl coay fo fo ljafty ljafty tc thj kcrga agw, agw, whfmh jxprjssjs fts vgauj gol lutfjs. Foljjl, ncr thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr thjrj grj kcrga rjspcosfbfaftfjs tcc, thj dufljafojs ncr whfmh sprfod nrck bfcjthfmga rjjmtfco. Fo thfs jal, wfth vfdfagot, zjgacus gttjotfco, thj kgdfstjrfuk cn thj Mhurmh kgejs prcocuomjkjots fo rjnjrjomj tc thj qujstfcos rgfsjl by bfckjlfmga prcdrjss gol by thj mhgodjg mhgodjgbaj baj muaturga muaturga jthcs jthcs.. Ncr thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr, thfs kgdfstjrfuk fs g scurmj cn prfomfpajs gol ocrks cn bjhgvfcr, whfmh joafdhtjos hfs mcosmfjomj gol crfjots ft“jspjmfgaay fo thj mckpajxfty cn tclgy‖s bfctjmhocacdfmga pcssfbfaftfjs“ tcwgrl ljmfsfcos thgt gawgys rjspjmt thj hukgo pjrsco gol hfs lfdofty. \hrcudh ljafty tc thj kcrga ocrk, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr afvjs cut hfs ljafty tc kgo, whcsj
Nfljafty tc thj kcrga ocrk
(768<), 2<<”2<>. ‑Fo thj jxjrmfsj cn ycur prcnjssfco, fo ngmt, ycu grj mcostgotay ljgafod wfth thj hukgo pjrsco, whc jotrusts hfs bcly fotc ycur hgols, trustfod trustfod fo ycur mckpjtjomj mckpjtjomj gs wjaa gs fo ycur scafmftulj gol mgrj. Vcu ljga wfth thj kystjrfcus gol drjgt rjgafty cn thj afnj cn g hukgo bjfod, wfth hfs sunnjrfod gol hfs hcpj.‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo g mconjrjomj cn surdjcos UNjbrugry 76, 7684[, o. 29 Fosj 29 Fosjdogk dogkjotf jotf X/7 X/7 U7684[, =4<). 6 Mn. Bjojlfmt X^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr ]pj sgavf, sgavf, Co Mhrfstfgo Hcpj (Ocvjkbjr =0, 2004), o. =69 GG] =69 GG] 66 (2004), 7074.
:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
vgauj thj ocrk sgnjdugrls, gol tc Dcl, D cl, whcsj wfslck thj ocrk jxprjssjs. Glvgomjs fo kjlfmfoj gol thj mcostgot gppjgrgomj cn ojw kcrga qujstfcos, thjrjncrj, rjqufrj co thj pgrt cn thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr g sjrfcus pr sjrfcus prjpgrgtf jpgrgtfco co gol codcfod codcfod ncrkgtfco ncrkgtf co fo fo crljr tc kgfotgfo thj ojmjssgry prcnjssfcoga mckpjtjomj. \c thfs jol ft fs ljsfrgbaj thgt gaa hjgath mgrj wcrejrs bj suftgbay trgfojl gol thgt thcsj rjspcosfbaj ncr thjfr prcnjssfcoga ncrkgtfco joljgvcr tc jstgbafsh prcnjsscrfga mhgfrs gol mcursjs fo bfcjthfms. Nurthjrkcrj, fo thj prfomfpga prfomfp ga hcspft hcspftga ga mjotjrs, thj jstgbafs jstgbafshkjot hkjot cn jthfms mckkfttjjs ncr kjlfmga prgmtfmj gol mafofmga jthfms sjrvfmjs shcual bj prckctjl. Fo thjk kjlfmga mckpjtjomj gol jvgaugtfco kjjt gol grj fotjdrgtjl wfth thj mckpjtjomj cn cthjr prcnjssfcogas whc grj gttjolfod thj sfme pjrsco, tc sgnjdugrl thj lfdofty cn thj pgtfjot gol kjlfmga rjspcosfbfafty ftsjan.70 Fotjdrga vfsfco cn thj hukgo pjrsco
>. \hj Mhurmh, fo prcpcsfod kcrga prfomfpajs gol jvgaugtfcos ncr bfckjlfmga smfjomj, lrgws co thj afdht cn bcth rjgsco gol ngfth, ngfth , ljvjacpfod go fotjdrga vfsfco cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol hfs vcmgtfco thgt fs mgpgbaj cn gmmjptfod jvjrythfod dccl thgt jkjrdjs nrck hukgo wcres gol nrck vgrfcus muaturga gol rjafdfcus trglftfcos, whfmh oct fonrjqujotay shcw g drjgt rjvjrjomj ncr afnj.77 70 ‑Ft wcual co co thj coj hgol bj faauscry faauscry tc magfk magfk thgt smfjotfm rjsjgrmh gol fts gppafmgtfcos grj kcrgaay ojutrga5 co thj cthjr hgol, coj mgooct ljrfvj mrftjrfg ncr duflgomj nrck kjrj tjmhofmga jnmfjomy, nrck rjsjgrmh‖s pcssfbaj usjnuaojss tc sckj gt thj jxpjosj cn cthjrs cr, wcrsj stfaa, nrck prjvgfafod fljcacdfjs. \hus smfjomj gol tjmhocacdy rjqufrj, ncr thjfr cwo fotrfosfm kjgofod, go uomcolftfcoga rjspjmt ncr thj nuolgkjotga mrftjrfg cn thj kcrga agw9 thgt fs tc sgy, thjy kust bj gt thj sjrvfmj cn thj hukgo pjrsco, cn hfs fogafjogbaj rfdhts gol hfs truj gol fotjdrga dccl gmmcrlfod tc thj ljsfdo gol wfaa cn Dcl‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcou Fostrumtfco Lcouk k vftgj vftgj,, Co thj Rjspjmt ncr Ogsmjot Afnj gol thj Lfdofty cn Prcmrjgtfco UNjbrugry 22, 7684[, o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 80 U7688[, 4=). Mn. Mgtjmhfsk cn thj Mgthcafm Mhurmh ( Mhurmh (MMM MMM ), ), o. 226<. 77 ‑Jspjmfgaay sfdofmgot fs thj rjgwgejofod cn go jthfmga rjjmtfco co fssujs gnnjmtfod afnj. \hj jkjrdjomj gol jvjr kcrj wfljsprjgl
>
K�������� �� A���
\hj kgdfstjrfuk kjgos tc cnnjr g wcrl cn suppcrt gol jomcurgdjkjot ncr thj pjrspjmtfvj co muaturj thgt mcosfljrs smfjo sfljrs smfjomj mj go fovga fovgaugba ugbajj sjrvf sjrvfmj mj tc thj fotjd fotjdrga rga dccl cn thj afnj gol lfdofty cn jvjry hukgo bjfod. \hj Mhurmh, thjrjncrj, vfjws smfjotfm rjsjgrmh wfth hcpj, gol ljsfrjs thgt kgoy Mhrfstfgos wfaa ljlfmgtj thjksjavjs tc thj prcdrjss cn bfckjlfmfoj gol fo thfs jal wfaa bjgr wftojss tc thjfr cwo ngfth.72 Fo pgrtfmuagr, ‑thj Mhurmh, by jxprjssfod go jthfmga iuldkjot iuldkj ot co sckj ljvjacp ljvjacpkjots kjots cn rjmjot kjlfmga rjsjgrmh mcomjrofod kgo, . . . lcjs oct fotjrvjoj fo thj grjg prcpjr tc kjlfmga smfjomj ftsjan, but rgthjr mgaas jvjrycoj tc jthfmga gol scmfga rjspcosfbfafty ncr thjfr gmtfcos. ]hj rjkfols thjk thgt thj jthfmga vgauj cn bfckjlfmga smfjomj fs dgudjl fo rjnjrjomj tc . . . thj uomcolftfcoga rjspjmt cwjl tc jvjry hukgo bjfod gt gt jvjry kckjot cn hfs cr hjr jxfstjomj.‛ 7= Ft bjmckjs majgr thjrjncrj thgt ‑thj fotjrvjotfco cn thj kgdfstjrfuk ngaas wfthfo fts kfssfco cn mcotrfbutfod tc thj ncrkgtfco cn mcosmfjomj, by mcosmfjomj, by guthjotfmgaay tjgmhfod thj truth thgt fs Mhrfst gol gt thj sgkj tfkj by ljmagrfod gol mcorkfod guthcrftgtfvjay thj prfomfpajs cn thj kcrga crljr thgt sprfod nrck hukgo ogturj ftsjan.‛ 7< \hfs fs gasc kctfvgtjl by thj ngmt thgt hjgath mgrj wcrejrs mgooct bj ajnt gacoj gol burljojl by uobjgrgbaj rjspcosfbfaftfjs whjo mconrcotjl wfth jvjr kcrj mckpajx gol prcbajkgtfm mafofmga mgsjs, whfmh grj kglj sc by thj bfctjmhocacdfmga pcssfbfaftfjs, pcssfb faftfjs, kgoy cn thjk thjk stfaa stfaa fo thj jxpjrfkjot jxpjrfkjotga ga phgsj, phgsj,
Jthfmga gol scmfga rjspcosfbfafty
Ncrkgtfco cn mcosmfjomj
ljvjacpkjot cn bfcjthfms fs prckctfod kcrj rjjmtfco gol lfglfgacduj“bjtwjjo bjafjvjrs gol ocobjafjvjrs gs wjaa gs bjtwjjo ncaacwjrs cn lfnnjrjot rjafdfcos“co jthfmga prcbajks, fomaulfod nuolgkjotga fssujs pjrtgfofod tc hukgo afnj‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgodj Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj vftgj,, o. 249 GG] 249 GG] 84 84 U766:[, <=2). 72 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. =9 GG] =9 GG] 700 (2008), 8>0. 7=
Fbfl., o. 709 709 GG] GG] 700 (2008), 8><.
7<
Fbfl.9 GG] Fbfl.9 GG] 700 (2008), 8>:.
4
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
thgt grj gvgfagbaj tc kjlfmfoj tclgy, gol by thj scmfga” hjgath mgrj rjajvgomj cn pgrtfmuagr qujstfcos. 7: Hjgath mgrj pcafmy
4. \hcsj whc grj fovcavjl fo hjgath mgrj pcafmy gol ogomfga glkfofstrgtcrs hgvj g rjspcosfbfafty oct coay tc thjfr spjmfm jals, but gasc tcwgrl scmfjty gol thj sfme. Ft fs up tc thjk, fo pgrtfmuagr, tc ljnjol gol prckctj thj mckkco dccl, pjrncrkfod thj luty cn iustfmj, 7> gmmcrlfod tc thj prfomfpajs cn scaflgrfty s caflgrfty gol subsflfgrfty, fo ljvjacpfod ogtfcoga gol wcralwflj pcafmfjs gfkjl gt thj guthjotfm ljvjacpkjot cn pjcpajs, jspjmfgaay fo thj gaacmgtfco cn ogomfga rjscurmjs fo thj hjgath mgrj jal. 74 Fo thfs afdht, thcsj rjspcosfbaj ncr hjgath mgrj pcafmfjs mgo brfod gbcut nruftnua mcaagbcrgtfco by gmeocwajldfod thj lfstfomtfvj mhgrgmtjr cn Mgthcafm hjgath mgrj ngmfaftfjs, thjrjby mcotrfbutfod tc thj bufalfod cn ‑thj ‘mfvfafzgtfco cn acvj gol afnj,‖ wfthcut whfmh thj afnj cn folfvflugas gol cn scmfjty ftsjan acsjs fts kcst djoufojay hukgo qugafty.‛ 78
7: ‑\hj ljvjacpkjot cn smfjomj gol tjmhocacdy, tjmhocacdy, thfs spajolfl tjstfkcoy cn thj hukgo mgpgmfty ncr uoljrstgolfod gol ncr pjrsjvjrgomj, lcjs oct nrjj hukgofty nrck thj cbafdgtfco tc gse thj uatfkgtj rjafdfcus qujstfcos. Rgthjr, ft spurs us co tc ngmj thj kcst pgfonua gol ljmfs ljmfsfvj fvj cn strudd struddajs, ajs, thcsj cn thj hjgrt gol cn thj kcrga mcosmfjomj‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr ^jrftgtfs spajolcr , Co ]ckj Nuolgkjotga Wujstfcos gbcut thj Kcrga \jgmhfod cn thj Mhurmh UGudust >, 766=[, o. 79 GG] 79 GG] 8: U766=[, 77=<). 7> ‑Fts cpjrgtfvj jal fs vjry vgst9 ft dcjs nrck hjgath jlumgtfco tc thj mrjgtfco cn drjgtjr sjosftfvfty fo thcsj fo pubafm guthcrfty5 nrck lfrjmt fovcavjkjot fo coj‖s cwo wcrepagmj tc ncrks cn mccpjrgtfco“acmga, ogtfcoga gol fotjrogtfcoga“whfmh grj kglj pcssfbaj by thj jxfstj jxfstjomj omj cn sc kgoy kgoy crdgofzg crdgofzgtfcos tfcos gol gol gsscmfgt gsscmfgtfcos fcos whfmh whfmh hgvj gkcod thjfr purpcsjs thj mgaa, lfrjmt cr folfrjmt, ncr n cr g ojjl tc kgej kjlfmfoj jvjr kcrj hukgo‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmpgrtfmfpgots fo thj mconjrjomj spcoscrjl by thj Pcotfmga Mckkfssfco ncr Pgstcrga Gssfstgomj tc Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs UOcvjkbjr 72, 7684[, o. >9 GG] >9 GG] 80 80 U7688[, ><:). 74 Mn. Bjojlfmt Bjojlfmt X^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Mgrftgs fo vjrftgtj, vjrftgtj, Co Fotjdrga Hukgo Ljvjacpkjot fo Mhgrfty gol \ruth (Iuoj 26, 2006), oo. =8”=69 GG] =8”=69 GG] 707 707 (2006), >4=”>4<. 78 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 249 GG] 249 GG] 84 (766:), <=7.
8
K�������� �� A���
8. Gofkgtjl by thj Mhrfstfgo spfrft gol cutacce, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr lfsmcvjrs thj trgosmjoljot lfkjosfco pjmuafgr pjmu afgr tc hfs prcnj prcnjssfc ssfco o fo fts jvjry jvjrylgy lgy prgmt prgmtfmj. fmj. Fo ngmt, ft surpgssjs thj purjay hukgo ajvja cn sjrvfmj tc thj sunnjrfod pjrsco pjrsc o gol gol tgejs tgejs co co thj thj mhgrgmtj mhgrgmtjrr cn Mhrfs Mhrfstfgo tfgo wfto wftojss, jss, gol thjrjncrj cn kfssfco. Kfssfco fs jqufvgajot tc vcmgtfco5 76 thgt fs, ft fs g rjspcosj tc g trgosmjoljot mgaa thgt tgejs shgpj fo thj sunnjrfod ngmj cn thj cthjr. \hfs gmtfvfty fs thj prcacodgtfco gol thj nuaaakjot cn thj mhgrfty cn Mhrfst, Mhrfs t, whc ‑wjot gbcut lcfod dccl gol hjgafod gaa‛ (Gmts 709=8). 20 Gt thj sgkj tfkj ft fs mhgrfty lfrjmtjl tcwgrl Mhrfst hfksjan9 Hj fs thj pgtfjot“‑F wgs sfme‛“gol sc Hj mcosfljrs mgrj dfvjo tc g brcthjr gs bjfod rjoljrjl tc hfksjan9 ‑Vcu lfl ft tc kj‛ (mn. Kt 2:9=7”<0). 27 \hj hjgath mgrj wcrejr fs g rjjmtfco cn thj Dccl ]gkgrftgo fo thj pgrgbaj, whc stcps ncr thj foiurjl kgo, bjmckfod hfs ‑ojfdhbcr‛ fo mhgrfty
Prcnjssfco, kfssfco, gol vcmgtfco
76 ‑Vcur ‑Vcur vcmgtfco fs coj whfmh mckkfts ycu tc thj ocbaj kfssfco cn sjrvfmj tc pjcpaj fo thj vgst, mckpajx gol kystjrfcus jal cn sunnjrfod‛ (Icho Pgua FF, \c rjprjsjotgtfvjs cn thj Ftgafgo Mgthcafm Physfmfgos UKgrmh <, 7686[, o. 29 Fosj 29 Fosjdogkj dogkjotf otf XFF/7 XFF/7 U7686[, <80). 20 ‑\hj vjry pjrscoga rjagtfcoshfp cn lfgacduj gol trust whfmh fs jstgbafshjl bjtwjjo ycu gol thj pgtfjot ljkgols fo ycu g mhgrdj cn hukgofty whfmh fs rjscavjl, ncr thj bjafjvjr, fo thj rfmhojss cn Mhrfstfgo mhgrfty. Ft fs thfs lfvfoj vfrtuj whfmh jorfmhjs ycur jvjry gmtfco gol dfvjs tc ycur gmts, jvjo thj kcst sfkpaj cojs, thj pcwjr cn go gmt pjrncrkjl by ycu fo fotjrfcr mckkuofco wfth Mhrfst‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj kjkbjrs cn thj Ftgafgo Ljotga Gsscmfgtfco ULjmjkbjr 7<, 768<[, o. <9 Fosjdo Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^FF/2 U768<[, 7:6<). 27 ‑Ijsus, thj jvgodjafzjr pgr jxmjaajomj gol thj Dcspja fo pjrsco, fljotfjs jspjmfgaay wfth thj afttaj cojs (mn. Kt 2:9<0). \hfs rjkfols us Mhrfstfgos thgt wj grj mgaajl tc mgrj ncr thj vuaojrgbaj cn thj jgrth. But thj murrjot kclja, wfth fts jkphgsfs co summjss gol sjan-rjafgomj, lcjs oct gppjgr tc ngvcr go fovjstkjot fo jnncrts tc hjap thj sacw, thj wjge, cr thj ajss tgajotjl tc ol cppcrtuoftfjs fo afnj‛ (Nrgomfs, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgodj Jvgodjaff aff dgulfuk dgulfuk,, Co thj Prcmagkgtfco cn thj Dcspja fo \clgy‖s Tcral UOcvjkbjr 2<, 207=[, o. 2069 GG] 2069 GG] 70: 70: U207=[, 7704).
6
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
(mn. Ae 70926”=4).22 Fo thfs afdht, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr mgo bj mcosfljrjl g kfofstjr cn Dcl, whc fo ]mrfpturj fs ljpfmtjl gs coj ‑whc acvjUs[ thj afvfod‛ (Tfs 7792>). Pgrtfmfpgt fco Pgrtfmfpgtfco fo thj pgstcrga gmtfvfty cn thj Mhurmh
6. \hj Mhurmh mcosfljrs ‑sjrvfmj tc thj sfme gol sunnjrfod gs go fotjdrga pgrt cn hjr kfssfco.‛ 2= \hfs kjgos thgt thj thjrgpjutfm kfofstry cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs pgrtfmfpgtjs fo thj pgstcrga gol jvgodjafzfod gmtfvfty cn thj Mhurmh. 2< ]jrvfmj tc afnj thus bjmckjs g kfofstry cn sgavgtfco, cr g prcmagkgtfco thgt nuaaas Mhrfst‖s rjljjkfod acvj.
22 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Ajttjr ]gavfmf lcacrfs, lcacrfs, oo. 28”=09 GG] 28”=09 GG] 4> (768<), 2<2”2<>. ‑Gaacwfod hjrsjan tc bj dufljl by thj jxgkjxgk paj cn Ijsus thj ‘Dccl ]gkgrftgo‖ (mn. Ae 70926”=4) gol uphjal by hfs strjodth, thj Mhurmh hgs gawgys bjjo fo thj nrcot afoj fo prcvflfod prcvflf od mhgrftg mhgrftgbaj baj hjap9 sc kgoy cn hjr scos gol lgudht lgudhtjrs, jrs, jspjmfgaay kjo gol wckjo rjafdfcus, fo trglftfcoga gol jvjr ojw ncrks, hgvj mcosjmrgtjl gol mcotfouj tc mcosjmrgtj thjfr afvjs tc Dcl, nrjjay dfvfod cn thjksjavjs cut cn acvj ncr thjfr ojfdhbcr, jspjmfgaay ncr thj wjge gol ojjly‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk Jvgodj afuk vftgj vftgj,, o. 249 GG] 249 GG] 84 84 U766:[, <=7). 2= Icho Pgua FF, Kctu Prcprfc Lcajot Lcajotfuk fuk hckfou hckfouk k, o. 79 GG] 44 (768:), <:4. ‑G scmfjty truay wjamckjs afnj whjo ft rjmcdofzjs thgt ft fs gasc prjmfcus fo cal gdj, fo lfsgbfafty, fo sjrfcus faaojss gol jvjo whjo ft fs nglfod5 whjo ft tjgmhjs thgt thj mgaa tc hukgo nuaaakjot lcjs oct jxmaulj sunnjrfod5 foljjl, whjo ft tjgmhjs fts kjkbjrs tc sjj fo thj sfme gol sunnjrfod g dfnt ncr thj jotfrj mckkuofty, g prjsjomj thgt sukkcos thjk tc scaflgrfty gol rjspcosfbfafty.. \hfs fs thj Dcspja cn afnj rjspcosfbfafty afn j whfmh, thrcudh ycur smfjotfm gol prcnjssfcoga mckpjtjomj, gol sustgfojl by drgmj, ycu grj mgaajl tc sprjgl‛ (Nrgomfs, Kjssgdj tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Djojrga Gssjkbay cn thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj co thj cmmgsfco cn thj twjotfjth goofvjrsgry cn fts ncuolfod UNjbrugry 76, 207<[9 GG] 70> 70> U207<[, 762). 2< ‑Vcur ‑Vcur prjsjomj gt thj sfmebjl fs bcuol up wfth thgt cn thcsj“ prfjsts, prfjst s, rjafdfcus rjafdfcus gol agfty“whc agfty“whc grj jodgdjl jodgdjl fo gpcstcagtj gpcstcagtj tc thj sfme. Wuftj g oukbjr cn thj gspjmts cn thgt gpcstcagtj mcfomflj wfth thj prcbajks gol tgses cn thj sjrvfmj tc afnj afn j rjoljrjl by kjlfmfoj. \hjrj fs g ojmjssgry fotjrgmtfco bjtwjjo thj jxjrmfsj cn thj kjlfkjlf mga prcnjssfco gol pgstcrga wcre, bjmgusj thj coj cbijmt cn bcth bct h fs thj hukgo pjrsco, sjjo fo hfs lfdofty cn g mhfal cn Dcl, g brcthjr cr sfstjr ojjlfod, iust afej cursjavjs, hjap gol mckncrtfod‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Tcral Mcodrjss cn Mgthcafm Physfmfgos UCmtcbjr =, 7682[, o. >9 Fosjdo >9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^/= U7682[, >4>).
70
K�������� �� A���
‑Iust sumh pjcpaj“lcmtcrs, oursjs, cthjr hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, vcauotjjrs“grj mgaajl tc bj thj afvfod sfdo cn Ijsus Mhrfst gol hfs Mhurmh fo shcwfod acvj tcwgrl thj sfme gol sunnjrfod,‛ 2: fo cthjr wcrls, kfofstjrs cn afnj. 70. \hj prjsjot Mhgrtjr wfshjs tc suppcrt thj jthfmga ljafty cn hjgath mgr mgrjj wcrejrs wcrejrs fo fo thj ljmfsfcos gol thj mcolumt fo whfmh thjfr sjrvfmj tc afnj af nj fs jkbclfjl. \hfs ljafty fs cutafojl gmmcrlfod tc thj stgdjs cn hukgo afnj9 prcmrjgtfod, afvfod, gol lyfod, mcosfljrjl gs fkpcrtgot iuomturjs ncr jthfmga gol pgstcrga rjjmtfcos.
Gssurgomj cn jthfmga ljafty
2: Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Mhrfstfljajs agfmf, agfmf, Co thj ^cmgtfco gol Kfssfco cn Agy Pjcpaj fo thj Mhurmh gol thj Tcral (Ljmjkbjr =0, 7688), o. :=9 GG] :=9 GG] 87 87 (7686), :00.
77
PRCMRJG\FOD
P����������
77. ‑Fo thj bfbafmga ogrrgtfvj, thj lfnnjrjomj bjtwjjo kgo gol cthjr mrjgturjs fs shcwo gbcvj gaa by thj ngmt thgt coay thj mrjgtfco cn kgo fs prjsjotjl gs thj rjsuat cn g spjmfga ljmfsfco co thj pgrt cn Dcl, g ljafbjrgtfco ljafbj rgtfco tc jstgbafsh g pgrtfmuagr gol spjmfm bcol wfth thj Mrjgtcr9 ‘Ajt us kgej kgo fo cur fkgdj, gntjr cur afejojss‖ (Djo 792>). \hj afnj whfmh Dcl cnnjrs tc kgo fs g dfnt by whfmh Dcl shgrjs shgr js sckjthfod sckjthfod cn cn hfksjan hfksjan wfth hfs hfs mrjgtur mrjgturjj .‛ 2> Hukgo djojrgtfco, thjrjncrj, mgooct bj mckpgrjl wfth thgt cn goy cthjr afvfod bjfod, bjmgusj ft fs thj djojrgtfco cn g pjrsco. Hukgo afnj fs thj prclumt cn g dfnt, gol ft fs trgoskfttjl thrcudh thj djsturj thgt jxprjssjs gol fomgrogtjs acvj gol thj rjmfprcmga sjan-dfvfod cn g kgo gol g wckgo. \hj vjry ogturj cn prcmrjgtfco rjvjgas thgt ft kust bj uoljrst uoljrstccl ccl gol mgrrfjl cut gmmcrlfo gmmcrlfod d tc thj acdfm cn thj dfnt. \hj fosjpgrgbaj bcol bjtwjjo mcoiudga acvj gol hukgo djojrgtfco, fkprfotjl co thj ogturj cn thj hukgo pjrsco, fs g agw by by whfmh jvjryco jvjrycojj kust bj dufljl dufljl gol tc whfmh jvjrycoj fs hjal. 24
^gauj gol go l lfdofty cn hukgo prcmrjgtfco prcmrjgt fco
72. Dcl hfksjan ‑wfshjl tc shgrj wfth kgo g mjrtgfo spjmfga pgrtfmfpgtfco fo hfs cwo mrjgtfvj wcre. \hus hj bajssjl kgaj gol njkgaj sgyfod sgyfod,, ‘Fomrjgsj gol kuatfpa kuatfpay‖ y‖ (Djo 7928).‛ \hj djojrgtfco cn g ojw hukgo bjfod fs thjrjncrj ‑go jvjot whfmh fs ljjpay hukgo gol nuaa cn rjafdfcus kjgofod, foscngr gs ft fovcavjs bcth thj spcusjs, whc ncrk ‘coj jsh‖ (Djo 292<), gol Dcl whc kgejs hfksjan prjsjot.‛‛ 28 \hj pgrjots ‑gmtugafzj fo hfstcry thj crfdfoga prjsjot.
Hukgo prcmrjgtfco prcmrjgt fco gs g hukgo gol rjafdfcus jvjot
2> Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. =<9 GG] =<9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <=8”=6. 24 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. >9 GG] >9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>2. 28 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. <=9 GG] <=9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <<8.
7:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
bajssfod cn thj Mrjgtcr“t bajssfod Mrjgtcr“thgt hgt cn trgoskft trgoskfttfod tfod by prcmrjgtfco thj lfvfoj fkgdj nrck pjrsco tc pjrsco.‛ 26 Gt thj sjrvfmj cn rjspcosfbaj hukgo prcmrjgtfco
7=. Hjgath mgrj wcrejrs nuaaa thjfr sjrvfmj fo thfs vjry ljafmgtj grjg by hjapfod pgrjots tc prcmrjgtj rjspcosfbay, wcrefod tc prjvjot gol trjgt pgthcacdfjs thgt fotjrnjrj wfth njrtfafty, whfaj prctjmtfod stjrfaj mcupajs nrck go fovgsfvj gol jxmjssfvjay tjmhocacdy-ncmusjl gpprcgmh thgt fs uowcrthy cn hukgo prcmrjgtfco.
Njrtfafty rjduagtfc rjdu agtfco o Rjspcosfbaj prcmrjgtfco gol mccpjrgtfco wfth Dcl
7<. ‑\hj truj prgmtfmj cn mcoiudga acvj, gol thj whcaj kjgofod cn thj ngkfay afnj whfmh rjsuats nrck ft, hgvj thfs gfk9 thgt thj mcupaj bj rjgly wfth stcut hjgrts tc mccpjrgtj wfth thj acvj cn thj Mrjgtcr gol thj ]gvfcr, whc thrcudh thjk wfaa joagrdj gol jorfmh jor fmh Hfs cwo ngkfay lgy by lgy.‛ =0 ‑Thjo g ojw pjrsco fs bcro cn thj mcoiudga uofco cn thj twc, hj brfods wfth hfk fotc thj wcral g pgrtfmuagr fkgdj gol afejojss cn Dcl hfksjan9 thj djojgacdy cn thj pjrsco fs fosmrfbjl fo thj vjry bfcacdy cn djojrgtfco . Fo gnrkgnrkfod thgt thj spcusjs, gs pgrjots, mccpjrgtj wfth Dcl thj Mrjgtcr fo mcomjfvfod gol dfvfod bfrth tc g ojw hukgo bjfod, bjfo d, wj grj oct spjg spjgefod efod kjrja kjrjay y wfth rjnjrj rjnjrjomj omj tc thj agws cn bfcacdy. .. . . . Bjdjttfod fs thj mcotfougtfco cn Mrjgtfco.‛ =7 ‑Rjspcosfbaj pgrjothccl fs jxjrmfsjl by thcsj whc pruljotay pruljo tay gol djojrcu djojrcusay say ljmflj tc hgvj kcrj mhfalrjo mhfalrjo,, gol by thcsj whc, ncr sjrfcus rjgscos gol wfth luj rjspjmt tc kcrga prjmjpts, ljmflj oct tc hgvj gllftfcoga mhfalrjo
26 Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfaf Ngkfafgrfs grfs mcosc mcoscrtfc rtfc,, Co thj Lutfjs cn thj Mhrfstfgo Ngkfay fo \clgy‖s Tcral (Ocvjkbjr 22, 7687), o. 289 GG] 4< (7682), 77<. Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Ajttjr Drgtfssfkgk sgoj, sgoj, \c Ngkfafjs (Njbrugry 2, 766<), o. 69 GG] 69 GG] 8> 8> (766<), 848. =0 ^gtfmgo Mcuomfa FF, Pgstcrga Mcostftutfco Dgulfuk jt spjs (Ljmjkbjr 4, 76>:), o. :0. Mn. Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Hukgogjj vftgj Hukgog vftgj (Iuay (Iuay 2:, 76>8), o. 69 GG] 69 GG] >0 >0 (76>8), <84. =7 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgod Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj, vftgj, o. <=9 GG] <=9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <<8.
7>
P����������
ncr jfthjr g mjrtgfo cr go foljoftj pjrfcl cn tfkj.‛ =2 \hfs dfvjs rfsj tc thj ojjl ncr g wgy cn rjduagtfod njrtfafty thgt fs go jxprjssfco cn mcosmfcus gol rjspcosfbaj cpjoojss tc thj trgoskfssfco cn afnj. 7:. Fo jvgaugtfod gmtfcos wfth rjdgrl tc thfs rjduagtfco, kcrga iuldkjot ‑lcjs oct ljpjol scajay co sfomjrj fotjotfcos cr co go jvgaugtfco cn kctfvjs, but kust bj ljtjrkfojl by cbijmtfvj stgolgrls Uwhfmh grj[ bgsjl co thj ogturj cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol hfs gmts.‛ == \hfs fs g qujstfco cn thj lfdofty cn thj kgo gol thj wckgo gol cn thjfr fotfkgtj rjagtfcoshfp. Rjspjmt ncr thfs lfdofty mhgrgmtjrfzjs thj truth cn mcoiudga acvj. Gs ncr thj mcoiudga gmt, ft jxprjssjs ‑thj fosjpgfosjpg rgbaj mcoojmtfco . . . bjtwjjo thj uoftfvj sfdofmgomj gol thj prcmrjgtfvj sfdofmgomj whfmh grj bcth fohjrjot tc thj kgrrfgdj gmt.‛ =< Fo ngmt, thj gmts wfth whfmh thj spcusjs nuaay rjgafzj gol fotjosfny thjfr uofco grj thj sgkj gmts thgt djojrgtj afnj, gol vfmj vjrsg.=: Acvj thgt fs jxprjssjl fo thj ‑agodugdj cn thj bcly‛ fs gt thj sgkj tfkj uoftfvj gol prcmrjgtf prcmrjgtfvj9 vj9 ft ‑majgray fovcavjs bcth ‘spcusga kjgofods‖ gol pgrjotga cojs.‛ => \hfs mcoojmtfco fs fotrfosfm tc thj mcoiudga gmt9 ft mgooct ‑bj brcejo by kgo cn hfs cwo foftfgtfvj‛ wfthcut
]tgolgrls ncr kcrga jvgaugtfco
]pcusga gol pgrjotga kjgofods
=2 Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Hukgog 709 GG] >0 >0 (76>8), Hukgogjj vftgj, vftgj, o. 709 GG] <84. == ^gtfmgo Mcuomfa FF, Pgstcrga Mcostftutfco Dgulfuk jt spjs, spjs, o. :7. =< Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Hukgog 729 GG] >0 >0 (76>8), Hukgogjj vftgj, vftgj, o. 729 GG] <88”<86. =: ‑\hj nuolgkjotga ogturj cn thj kgrrfgdj gmt, whfaj uoftfod hus bgol gol wfnj fo thj macsj macsjst st fotfkgmy, fotfkgmy, gasc rjoljrs thjk mgpgbaj cn djojrgtfod ojw afnj“gol thfs gs g rjsuat cn agws wrfttjo fotc thj gmtuga ogturj cn kgo gol cn wckgo‛ (Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Hukgogjj vftgj Hukgog vftgj, o. 729 GG] 729 GG] >0 >0 U76>8[, <88”<86). => Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lcouk Lcouk vftgj,, FF, B,
74
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
ljoyfod thj fohjrjot lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol ‑thj ‑t hj foojr truth cn mcoiudga acvj.‛ =4 Ogturga kjthcls
7>. Thjo thjrj grj iustfjl, rjspcosfbaj rjgscos ncr spgmfod bfrths, gol thjrjncrj g mcupaj ojjls tc gvcfl mcomjptfco,=8 ft fs afmft ncr thj mcupaj tc gbstgfo nrck sjxuga rjagtfcos fo thj njrtfaj pjrfcls, whfmh grj fljotfjl thrcudh sc-mgaajl ogturga kjthcls cn rjduagtfod njrtfafty. Co thj cthjr hgol ft fs faafmft tc rjscrt tc t c mcotrgmjptfco, thgt fs, ‑goy gmtfco whfmh jfthjr bjncrj, gt thj kckjot cn, cr gntjr sjxuga fotjrmcursj fs spjmfmgaay fotjoljl tc prjvjot prcmrjgtfco“whjt prcmrjgtf co“whjthjr hjr gs go go jol cr gs g kjgos.‛ =6 ‑Thjo, fostjgl, by kjgos cn rjmcursj tc pjrfcls cn fonjrtfafty, thj mcupaj rjspjmt thj fosjpgrgbaj mcoojmtfco bjtwjjo thj uoftfv uoftfvjj gol prcmrjgtf prcmrjgtfvj vj kjgofod kjgofodss cn hukgo sjxugafty, thjy grj gmtfod gs ‘kfofstjrs‖ cn Dcl‖s pago gol thjy ‘bjojt nrck‖ thjfr sjxugafty gmmcrlfod tc thj crfdfoga lyogkfsk cn ‘tctga‖ sjan-dfvfod, wfthcut kgofpuagtfco cr gatjrgtfco.‛ <0 ]umh g wgy cn afvfod cut hukgo sjxugafty, by kjgos cn eocwajldj gbcut thj physfcacdfmga rhythks cn thj wckgo‖s njrtfafty gol fonjrtfafty fonjrtfaft y, mgo hjap tc brfod brf od gbcut guthjotfm, rjspcosfbaj prcmrjgtfco. \hj pjrfclfm rjmurrjomj cn thj njrtfaj phgsj fo thj wckgo‖s mymaj prckpts thj spcusjs tc gse thjksjavjs nrck tfkj tc tfkj gbcut thj
=4 Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Hukgo Hukgogj gj vftgj, vftgj, o. 729 GG] 729 GG] >0 >0 (76>8), <885 mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfa Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfafgrfs fgrfs mcoscr mcoscrtfc tfc,, o. =29 GG] =29 GG] 4< 4< (7682), 778. ‑Mcosjqujotay, ‑Mcosjqujotay, ‘thj kgo whc wfshjs tc uoljrstgol hfksjan thcrcudhay“gol oct iust fo gmmcrlgomj wfth fkkjlfgtj, pgrtfga, cntjo supjrmfga, gol jvjo faauscry stgolgrls gol kjgsurjs cn hfs bjfod“kust wfth hfs uorjst, uomjrtgfoty gol jvjo hfs wjgeojss gol sfonuaojss, wfth hfs afnj gol ljgth, lrgw ojgr tc Mhrfst‖‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr ^jrftgtfs spajolcr , o. 89 GG] 89 GG] 8: 8: U766=[, 77=6). =8 Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Hukgo Hukgogj gj vftgj, vftgj, o. 709 GG] 709 GG] >0 >0 (76>8), <84. =6 Fbfl., o. 7<9 7<9 GG] GG] >0 >0 (76>8), <60. <0 Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfaf Ngkfafgrfs grfs mcoscrtfc, mcoscrtfc, o. =29 GG] 4< 4< (7682), 776.
78
P����������
kctfvjs thgt ajgl thjk tc cpjoay sjje cut thj djojrgtfco djojrgt fco cn g mhfal cr tc pcstpcoj thgt pcssfbfafty. <7 Mcotrgmjptfvj kjthcls, fo mcotrgst, grj ‑jqugaay rjpudogot tc thj ogturj cn kgo gol cn wckgo‛ gol cn thjfr ‑fotfkgtj rjagtfcoshfp.‛ <2 Fo thjsj mgsjs, sjxuga uofco fs fotjotfcogaay mut cnn nrck prcmrjgtfco9 thj gmt fs thwgrtjl fo fts ogturga cpjoojss tc afnj. ‑\hus thj crfdfoga fkpcrt cn hukgo sjxugafty fs lfstcrtjl gol ngasfjl, gol thj twc kjgofods, uoftfvj gol prcmrjgtfvj, fohjrjot fo thj vjry ogturj cn thj mcoiudga gmt, grj grtfmfgaay sjpgrgtjl9 fo thfs wgy thj kgrrfgdj uofco fs bjtrgyjl gol fts nruftnuaojss fs subijmtjl tc thj mgprfmj cn thj mcupaj.‛ <= Fo usfod mcotrgmjptfvj kjthcls, thj spcusjs ‑gmt gs ‘grbftjrs‖ cn thj lfvfoj pago gol thjy ‘kgofpuagtj‖ gol ljdrglj hukgo sjxugafty“gol wfth ft thjksjavjs gol thjfr kgrrfjl pgrtpgrt ojr“by gatjrfod fts vgauj cn ‘tctga‖ sjan-dfvfod.‛ << 74. \hj lfnnjrjomj bjtwjjo rjmcursj tc ogturga kjthcls gol rjmcursj tc mcotrgmjptfco ncr thj spgmfod cn bfrths fs oct sftugtjl sfkpay gt thj ajvja cn tjmhofqujs t jmhofqujs cr kjthcls, fo whfmh thj ljmfsfvj jajkjot wcual bj thj grtfmfga cr thj ogturga mhgrgmtjr cn thj prcmjlurj.<: Ft fs g qujstfco, rgthjr, cn g kumh kcrj vgst gol prcncuol lfnnjrjomj whfmh
Mcotrgmjptfco
Gothrcpcacdfmga Gothrcpcacdfmga gol kcrga lfnnjrjomj bjtwjjo ogturga kjthcls gol mcotrgmjptfco
<7 ‑Ft fs prjmfsjay thfs rjspjmt whfmh kgejs ajdftfkgtj, gt thj sjrvfmj cn rjspcosfbaj prcmrjgtfco, thj usj cn ogturga kjthcls cn rjduagtfod njrtfafty. njrtfafty. Nrck thj smfjotfm pcfot cn vfjw, thjsj kjthcls grj bjmckfod bjmckf od kcrj gol kcrj gmmur gmmurgtj gtj gol kgej ft pcssf pcssfbaj baj fo prgmtf prgmtfmj mj tc kgej mhcfmjs fo hgrkcoy wfth kcrga vgaujs‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgodj Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj vftgj,, o. 649 GG] 649 GG] 84 84 U766:[, :72). <2 Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Hukgog Hukgogjj vftgj, vftgj, o. 7=9 GG] 7=9 GG] >0 >0 (76>8), <86. <= Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 2=9 GG] 2=9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <24. << Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfaf Ngkfafgrfs grfs mcoscrtfc, mcoscrtfc, o. =29 GG] 4< 4< (7682), 776. <: ‑Ogturga‛ tjmhofqujs gfkjl gt prjvjotfod njrtfafzgtfco by kjgos cn go fomckpajtj sjxuga gmt grj fo ngmt mcotrgmjptfvj.
76
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
by ogturj ogturj fs ‑bcth gothrcp gothrcpcacdfmg cacdfmgaa gol kcrga‛ <> gol fo thj oga gogaysfs fovcavjs ‑twc frrjmcomfagbaj mcomjpts cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol cn hukgo sjxugafty.‛ <4 Zoftfvj gol prcmrjgtfvj prcmrjgtf vj kjgofods cn ogturga kjthcls
78. \hj ogturga kjthcls mcrrjspcol, thjrjncrj, tc thj kjgofod gttrfbutjl tc mcoiudga acvj, whfmh lfrjmts gol ljtjrkfojs thj mcupaj‖s jxpjrfjomj9 ‑\hj mhcfmj cn thj ogturga rhythks fovcavjs gmmjptfod thj mymaj cn thj pjrsco“thgt pjrsco“ thgt fs, thj wckgo“ wckgo“gol gol thjrjby gmmjptfo gmmjptfod d lfgacduj, rjmfprcmga rjspjmt, shgrjl rjspcosfbfafty, gol sjan-mcotrca. \c gmmjpt thj mymaj gol tc jotjr fotc lfgacduj kjgos tc rjmcdofzj bcth thj spfrftuga gol mcrpcrga mhgrgmtjr cn mcoiudga mckkuofco gol tc afvj pjrscoga acvj wfth fts rjqufrjkjot cn ljafty. Fo thfs mcotjxt thj mcupaj mckjs tc jxpjrfjomj hcw mcoiudga mckkuofco fs jorfmhjl wfth thcsj vgaujs cn tjoljrojss gol gnnjmtfco thgt mcostftutj thj foojr scua cn hukgo sjxugafty, fo fts physfmga lfkjosfco gasc. Fo thfs wgy sjxugafty fs rjspjmtjl gol prckctjl fo fts truay gol nuaay hukgo lfkjosfco, gol fs ojvjr ‘usjl‖ gs go ‘cbijmt‖ thgt, by brjgefod thj pjrscoga uofty cn scua gol bcly, strfejs gt Dcl‖s mrjgtfco ftsjan gt thj ajvja cn thj ljjpjst fotjrgmtfco cn ogturj gol pjrsco.‛ <8
Gbcrtfco gs go jxtjosfco cn mcotrgmjptfco
76. Fo crljr tc iustfny thj prgmtfmj, ‑ft fs nrjqujotay gssjrtjl thgt mcotrgmjptfco, fn kglj sgnj gol gvgfagbaj tc gaa, fs thj kcst jnnjmtfvj rjkjly gdgfost gbcrtfco. . . . Thjo accejl gt mgrjnuaay, thfs cbijmtfco fs majgray uoncuoljl. . . . Foljjl, thj prc-gbcrtfco muaturj fs jspjmfgaay strcod prjmfsjay prjmfsja y whjrj thj Mhurmh‖ Mhurmh‖ss tjgmhfo tjgmhfod d co mcotrgmj mcotrgmjptfco ptfco fs rjijmtjl.‛ <6 Oc lcubt mcotrgmjptfco gol gbcrtfco, nrck thj kcrga pjrspjmtfvj, grj jvfas cn lfnnjrjot efols but grj
<> Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfaf Ngkfafgrfs grfs mcoscrtfc, mcoscrtfc, o. =29 GG] 4< 4< (7682), 720. <4 Fbfl. <8 Fbfl. <6 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 7=9 GG] 7=9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <7<.
20
P����������
macsjay rjagtjl ‑gs nrufts cn thj sgkj trjj.‛ :0 Mcotrgmjptfco usjs gaa thj kjgos gt fts lfspcsga tc prjvjot g ojw afnj nrck mckfod fotc jxfstjomj. Fn, ljspftj thj mcotrgmjptfco, g ojw afnj fs jodjoljrjl, ft fs cntjo rjijmtjl gol gbcrtjl. Mcotrgmjptfco, ngr nrck kgefod gbcrtfco ajss mckkco, ols thjrjfo fts acdfmga jxtjosfco. 20. Fo thj grjg cn mcotrgmjptfco, coj pgrtfmuagray fkpcrtgot tjmhofquj fs mcotrgmjptfvj cr gotf-prcmrjgtfvj stjrfafzgtfco, :7 whfmh mgo bj vcauotgry cr mckpuascry. :2 Fo pgrtfmuagr, vcauotgry stjrfafzgtfco, whjthjr pjrkgojott cr tjkpcrgr pjrkgojo tjkpcrgry y, gfkjl gfkjl lfrjmtay lfrjmtay gt cbtgfofod cbtgfofod fonjr fonjr-tfafty,, whjthjr kgaj cr njkgaj, fs gawgys tfafty ga wgys kcrgaay faafmft gol
Oc tc vcauotgry stjrfafzgtfco
:0 Fbfl.9 Fbfl.9 GG] 84 (766:), <7:. GG] 84 :7 Mn. Fbfl., oo. 7>”749 7>”749 GG] GG] 84 84 (766:), <78”<76. :2 Fo sukkgry ncrk, thj tjgmhfod cn thj Mhurmh fs rjstgtjl wfth rjnjrjomj tc vgrfcus ncrks cn stjrfafzgtfco fo thjsj tjrks9 ‑Goy stjrfafzgtfco whfmh cn ftsjan, thgt fs, cn fts cwo ogturj gol mcolftfco, hgs thj scaj fkkjlfgtj jnnjmt cn rjoljrfod thj djojrgtfvj ngmuaty fomgpgbaj cn prcmrjgtfco, fs tc bj mcosfljrjl lfrjmt stjrfafzgtfco, gs thj tjrk fs uoljrstccl fo thj ljmagrgtfcos cn thj pcotfmga kgdkgdfstjrfuk, jspjmfgaay cn Pfus XFF. \hjrjncrj, octwfthstgolfod goy subijmtfvjay rfdht fotjotfco cn thcsj whcsj gmtfcos grj prckptjl by thj mgrj cr prjvjo prjvjotfco tfco cn physf physfmga mga cr kjotga faaojss whfmh fs ncrjsjjo cr njgrjl gs g rjsuat cn prjdogomy, sumh stjrfafzgtfco rjkgfos gbscautjay ncrbflljo gmmcrlfod tc thj lcmtrfoj cn thj Mhurmh. Gol foljjl thj stjrfafzgtfco cn thj ngmuaty ftsjan fs ncrbflncrbflljo ncr go jvjo drgvjr rjgsco thgo thj stjrfafzgtfco cn folfvfluga gmts, sfomj ft folumjs g stgtj cn stjrfafty fo thj pjrsco whfmh fs gakcst gawgys frrjvjrsfbaj. Ojfthjr mgo goy kgolgtj cn pubafm guthcrfty, whfmh wcual sjje tc fkpcsj lfrjmt stjrfafzgtfco gs ojmjssgry ncr thj mckkco dccl, bj fovcejl, ncr sumh stjrfafzgtfco lgkgdjs thj lfdofty gol fovfcagbfafty cn thj hukgo pjrsco. Afejwfsj, ojfthjr mgo coj fovcej thj prfomfpaj cn tctgafty fo thfs mgsj, fo vfrtuj cn whfmh prfomfpaj fotjrnjrjomj wfth crdgos fs iustfjl ncr thj drjgtjr dccl cn thj pjrsco5 stjrfafty fotjoljl fo ftsjan fs oct crfjotjl tc thj fotjdrga dccl cn thj pjrsco gs rfdhtay pursujl, ‘thj prcpjr crljr cn dccls bjfod prjsjrvjl,‖ fogskumh gs ft lgkgdjs thj jthfmga dccl cn thj pjrsco, whfmh fs thj hfdhjst dccl, sfomj ft ljafbjrgtjay ljprfvjs ncrjsjjo gol nrjjay mhcsjo sjxuga gmtfvfty cn go jssjotfga jajkjot‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Rjspc Ngfth, Rjspcosjs osjs tc Wujst Wujstfcos fcos mcomjrofod ]tjrfafzgtfco fo Mgthcafm Hcspftgas Hcspftgas UKgrmh 7=, 764:[, o. 79 GG] 79 GG] >8 >8 U764>[, 4=8”4=6).
27
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
]tjrfafzgtfco rjsuatfod nrck thjrgpjutfm gmts
kust bj rjijmtjl,:= fogskumh gs ft mcotrglfmts thj fovfcag bfafty cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol cn hfs physfmga physfmga fotjdrfty fotjdrfty by prjmaulfod prjmaul fod cpjoojss cpjoojss tc afnj.:< ]tjrfafzgtfco rjsuatfod nrck g thjrgpjutfm gmt fs g lfnnjrjot mgsj, whfmh lcjs oct rgfsj kcrga prcbajks. Ft fs ajdftfkgtj co thj bgsfs cn thj prfomfpaj pr fomfpaj cn tctgafty, whjrjby ft fs agwnua tc ljprfvj g pjrsco cn go crdgo cr cn fts nuomtfcofod whjo ft fs sfme cr fs thj mgusj cn pgthcacdfmga prcmjssjs prcmjss js thgt grj oct cthjrwfsj murgbaj. \hjrj kust gasc bj g ncrjsjjgbaj ncrjsjjgbaj gol rjgscogb rjgscogbaj aj bjojt bjojt ncr thj pgtfjot pgtfjot,, gol gol hj hfksjan cr hfs ajdga dugrlfgos kust hgvj dfvjo mcosjot.
Oc tc mckpuascry stjrfafzgtfco
27. Mckpuascry stjrfafzgtfco fs fkpcsjl by go guthcrfty co spjmfm pjrscos cr drcups cn pjrscos ncr judjofm rjgscos (gs fo thj mgsj cn prjvjotfod hjrjlftgry faaojssjs), ncr thj prctjmtfco cn scmfjty (gs kfdht bj magfkjl fo thj mgsj cn stjrfafzfod rjmflfvcus rgpfsts), ncr thj purpcrtjl prctjmtfco prctjmtf co cn nrgfa cr vuaojrgbaj pjrscos, cr ncr cthjr rjgscos. ]umh stjrfafzgtfco, hgvfod oc thjrgpjutfm mhgrgmtjr whgtscjvjr, foiurjs thj pjrsco‖s lfdofty gol physfmga fotjdrfty gol hfs rfdht tc prcmrjgtj fo kgrrfgdj. Gs sumh, ft fs kcrgaay faafmft.::
Hukgo gol Mhrfstfgo uoljrstgolfod cn sjxugafty
22. ]uftgbay trgfojl hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, fo gmmcrlgomj wfth thj cppcrtuoftfjs gvgfagbaj tc thjk, mgo hjap prckctjj g hukgo gol Mhrfstfg prckct Mhrfstfgo o uoljrst uoljrstgolfod golfod cn sjxugaf sjxugafty ty by foncrkf foncrkfod od gol jlumgtf jlumgtfod od ycuod pjcpaj gbcut ogturga kjthcls fo thj wfljr mcotjxt cn g scuol jlumgtfco gbcut sjxugafty gol acvj, gol by kgefod gmmjssfbaj tc spcusjs thj ojmjssgry eocwajldj ncr rjspcosfbaj bjhgvfcr thgt fs rjspjmtnua cn thj uofquj lfdofty cn hukgo sjxugafty. :>
:= Mn. Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Hukgog Hukgogjj vftgj vftgj,, o. 7<9 GG] >0 (76>8), <60. :< Mn. fbfl., o. 749 749 GG] GG] >0 >0 (76>8), <6=”<6<. :: Mn. fbfl. :> Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfa Ngkfafgrfs fgrfs mcosc mcoscrtfc rtfc,, o. ==9 GG] ==9 GG] 4< 4< (7682), 720”72=.
22
P����������
\hj jstgbafshkjot cn gpprcprfgtj mjotjrs ncr thj ogturga rjduagtfco cn njrtfafty mgo bj cn drjgt gssfstgomj fo prcvflfo prcv flfod d mcrrjm mcrrjmtt fostru fostrumtfco mtfco fo ogtur ogturga ga kjth kjthcls. cls. ]umh mjotjrs ‑shcual bj prckctjl gs g vgaugbaj hjap tc rjspcosfbaj pgrjothcc pgrjo thccl, l, fo whfmh gaa folfvflug folfvflugas, as, gol fo thj rst pagmj thj mhfal, grj rjmcdofzjl gol rjspjmtjl fo thjfr cwo rfdht, gol whjrj jvjry ljmfsfco fs dufljl by thj fljga cn thj sfomjrj dfnt cn sjan.‛ :4 Ncr thjsj rjgscos, thj Mhurmh gppjgas tc hjgath mgrj wcrejrs tc bj suftgbay trgfojl fo thfs spjmfm jal gol tc njja rjspcosfbaj ncr ‑gmtugaay hjapUfod[ kgrrfjl pjcpaj pjcp aj tc afvj thjfr acvj wfth rjspjmt rjspjmt ncr thj strum strumturj turj gol ogaftfjs cn thj mcoiudga gmt whfmh jxprjssjs thgt acvj.‛ :8
Mjotjrs ncr thj ogturga rjduagtfco cn njrtfafty
Kjlfmga rjspcosjs tc kgrftga fonjrtfafty 2=. \hj gppafmgtfco tc hukgo bjfods cn bfctjmhocacdfjs ljrfvjl nrck gofkga njrtfafzgtfco hgs kglj pcssfbaj vgrfcus fotjrvjotfcos co hukgo prcmrjgtfco, rgfsfod sjrfcus qujstfcos gbcut kcrga pjrkfssfbfafty. ‑\hj vgrfcus tjmhofqujs cn grtfmfga rjprclumtfco, rjprclumtfco , whfmh wcual sjjk tc bj gt thj sjrvfmj cn afnj gol whfmh grj nrjqujotay usjl wfth thfs fotjotfco, gmtugaay cpjo thj lccr tc ojw thrjgts gdgfost afnj.‛ :6 Gs ngr gs trjgtfod fonjrtfafty fs fonjrtfafty fs mcomjrojl, thj ojw kjlfmga tjmhofqujs kust rjspjmt thrjj nuolgkjotga dccls9 (7) thj rfdht tc afnj gol tc physfmga fotjdrfty cn jvjry hukgo bjfod nrck mcomjpt mcomjptfco fco uotfa ogturga ljgth5 (2) thj uofty cn kgrrfgdj, whfmh fovcavjs kutuga rjspjmt ncr thj rfdht cn spcusjs tc bjmckj pgrjots coay thrcudh jgmh cthjr5 (=) thj spjmfmgaay hukgo vgaujs cn sjxugafty, whfmh rjqufrj ‑thgt thj prcmrjgtfco cn g hukgo pjrsco bj brcudht
Mrftjrfg ncr trjgtfod fonjrtfafty
:4 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 889 GG] 889 GG] 84 84 (766:), :00”:07. :8 Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfaf Ngkfafgrfs grfs mcoscrtfc, mcoscrtfc, o. =:9 GG] 4< 4< (7682), 72:. :6 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 7<9 GG] 7<9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <7>.
2=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Mcoiudga gmt gs thj jxprjssfco cn g rjmfprcmga dfnt
Gssfst but ojvjr rjpagmj thj mcoiudga gmt
gbcut gs thj nruft cn thj mcoiudga gmt spjmfm tc thj acvj bjtwjjo spcus spcusjs.‛ js.‛ >0 \hfs pjrscoga gmt fs thj fotfkgtj uofco cn acvj by thj spcusj spcusjs, s, whc by dfvfod thjksjavjs tc jgmh cthjr tctgaay, dfvj afnj. Ft fs coj folfvfsfbaj gmt, bcth uoftfvj gol prcmrjgtfvj, prcmrjgtf vj, mcoiudga gol pgrjotga, ‑thj jxprjssfco jxprjssfco cn thj rjmfprcmga dfnt whfmh, gmmcrlfod tc Hcay ]mrfpturj, jnnjmts thj uofco ‘fo coj jsh‖‛9 >7 ft fs thj mjotjr nrck whfmh ojw afnj mgo fssuj. 2<. Kgo mgooct lfsrjdgrl thj kjgofods gol vgaujs thgt grj fotrfosfm tc hukgo afnj nrck fts vjry bjdfoofod. \hj lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco rjqufrjs thgt ft mckj fotc jxfstjomj gs thj nruft cn g mcoiudga gmt. Mcoiudga acvj, foljjl, jxprjssjs fts nruftnuaojss fo thj djojrgtfco cn afnj thrcudh thj gmt thgt rjjmts gol jkbclfjs thj uoftfvj gol prcmrjgtfvj prcmrjgtf vj lfkjosfcos lfkjosfcos cn thj spcusj spcusjs‖ s‖ acvj. Jvjry kjlfmga kjgos gol fotjrvjotfco, fo thj grjg cn prcmrjgtfco, kust nuomtfco fo sumh g wgy gs tc gssfst but ojvjr tc rjpagmj thj mcoiudga gmt. Foljjl, ‑thj lcmtcr fs gt thj sjrvfmj cn pjrscos gol cn hukgo prcmrjgtfco. Hj lcjs oct hgvj thj guthcrfty tc lfspcsj cn thjk cr tc ljmflj ljmf lj thjfr ngtj. G kjlfmga fotjrvjotfco rjspjmts thj lfdofty cn pjrscos whjo ft sjjes tc gssfst thj mcoiud mcoiudga ga gmt jfthjr tc ngmfaftgtj fts pjrncrkgomj cr tc jogbaj ft tc gmhfjvj fts cbijmtfvj comj ft hgs bjjo ocrkgaay pjrncrkjl. Co thj cthjr hgol, ft sckjtfkjs hgppjos thgt g kjlfmga prcmjlurj tjmhocacdfmgaay rjpagmjs thj mcoiudga gmt fo crljr tc cbtgfo g prcmrjgtfco whfmh fs ojfthjr fts rjsuat ocr fts nruft. Fo thfs mgsj thj kjlfmga gmt fs oct, gs ft shcual bj, gt thj sjrvfmj cn mcoiudga uofco but rgthjr gpprcprfgtjs tc ftsjan thj prcmrjgtfvj nuomtfco gol thus mcotrglfmts thj lfdofty
>0 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Fostrumtfco Lfdoftgs gs pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, o. 729 GG] 729 GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>:. >7 Pfus XFF, Lfsmcursj tc thj Ftgafgo Mgthcafm Zofco cn Kflwfvjs (Cmtcbjr 26, 76:7)9 GG] 76:7)9 GG] <= (76:7), 8:0.
2<
P����������
gol thj fogafjogbaj rfdhts cn thj spcusjs gol cn thj mhfal tc bj bcro.‛ >2 2:. Fotjrvjotfcos thgt gfk tc rjkcvj cbstgmajs tc ogturga njrtfafty,>= cr thgt grj fotjoljl scajay jfthjr tc ngmfaftgtj thj ogturga gmt cr tc brfod gbcut thj gttgfokjot cn thj prcpjr jol cn thj ogturga gmt gs ft fs pjrncrkjl ocrkgaay, ocrkgaay, grj mjrtgfoay afmft. \hfs kgy bj thj mgsj wfth hckcacdcus grtfmfga fosjkfogtfco, wfthfo kgrrfgdj, kgrr fgdj, wfth thj husbgol‖s sjkjo, whjo ft fs cbtgfojl thrcudh thj ocrkga mcoiudga gmt gol thj tjkpcrga mcotfoufty bjtwjjo thj mcoiudga gmt gol mcomjptfco fs rjspjmtjl. ><
Hckcacdcus fosjkfogtfco wfthfo kgrrfgdj
2>. Faafmft prcmjlurjs fomaulj hckcacdcus fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfco gol jkbryc trgosnjr (F^N-J\), fo whfmh mcomjptfco cmmurs oct wfthfo thj kcthjr but cutsflj cn hjr bcly,, fo vftrc, bcly vftrc, thrcudh thrcudh thj wcre cn tjmhofmfgos tjmhofmfgos whc ljtjr ljtjr-kfoj thj mcolftfcos thjrjcn gol kgej thj ljmfsfco lj mfsfco tc brfod ft gbcut.>: Fo ftsjan thj jxtrgmcrpcrjga tjmhofquj ‑lfsscmfgtjs nrck thj mcoiudga gmt‛“whfmh fs ‑go gmt thgt fs fosjpgrgbay mcrpcrga gol spfrftuga‛“‑thj gmtfcos whfmh grj lfrjmtjl tc
Oc tc hckcacdcus F^N-J\
>2 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, FF, B, 49 GG] vftgj 49 GG] 80 (7688), 6>. >= Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. 7=9 GG] 700 (2008), 8>>. \hjsj mgsjs fomaulj, ncr jxgkpaj, hcrkcoga trjgtkjot ncr fonjrtfafty cn dcoglga crfdfo, surdfmga trjgtkjot cn jolckjtrfcsfs, majgrfod cn g bacmegdj fo thj ngaacpfgo tubjs, cr kfmrcsurdjry tc rjstcrj thj pgtjomy cn g tubj. >< Mn. fbfl., o. 729 729 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>>. >: ‑Hckcacdcus F^N gol J\ fs brcudht gbcut cutsflj thj bclfjs cn thj mcupaj thrcudh gmtfcos cn thfrl pgrtfjs whcsj mckpjtjomj gol tjmhofmga gmtfvfty ljtjrkfoj thj summjss cn thj prcmjlurj. ]umh njrtfafzgtfco jotrusts thj afnj gol fljotfty cn thj jkbryc tc thj pcwjr cn lcmtcrs gol bfcacdf bfcacdfsts sts gol jstgba jstgbafshjs fshjs thj lckfogt lckfogtfco fco cn tjmhocacdy cvjr thj crfdfo gol ljstfoy cn thj hukgo pjrsco‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, FF, B, :9 GG] vftgj :9 GG] 80 80 U7688[, 6=).
2:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
hukgo njrtfafzgtfco.‛ >> Foljjl, ‑njrtfafzgtfco fs ojfthjr fo ngmt gmhfjvjl ocr pcsftfvjay wfaajl gs thj jxprjssfco gol nruft cn g spjmfm gmt cn thj mcoiudga uofco,‛ >4 but rgthjr gs thj ‑rjsuat‛ cn g tjmhocacdfmga fotjrvjotfco. \hfs lcjs oct mcrrjspcol tc thj acdfm cn ‑lcogtfco‛ whfmh hukgo djojrgtfco fkpafjs, but rgthjr tc thj acdfm cn ‑prclumtfco‛ gol ‑lckfofco‛ thgt pjrtgfos tc cbijmts gol jnnjmts. Hjrj thj mhfal fs oct bcro gs g ‑dfnt‛ cn acvj, but gs g agbcrgtcry ‑prclumt.‛ >8 Fo thjsj mgsjs, fo ngmt, kgo ‑oc acodjr mcosfljrs afnj gs g spajolfl dfnt dfn t cn Dcl, sckjthfod ‘sgmrjl‖ jotrustjl tc hfs rjspcosfbfafty gol thus gasc tc hfs acvfod mgrj gol ‘vjojrgtfco.‖ Afnj ftsjan bjmckjs g kjrj ‘thfod,‖ whfmh kgo magfks gs hfs jxmausfvj prcpjrty, mckpajtjay subijmt tc hfs mcotrca gol kgofpuagtfco.‛ >6 Lfnnjrjom j Lfnnjrjomj bjtwjjo ljsfrj ncr g mhfal gol rfdht tc g mhfal
24. \hj spcusjs‖ ljsfrj ncr g mhfal, hcwjvjr sfomjrj gol fotjosj ft kgy bj, lcjs oct ajdftfkfzj rjmcursj tc tjmhofqujs
>> Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, FF, B, <, :9 GG] vftgj :9 GG] 80 80 (7688), 67, 62”6<. ‑Iust gs fo djojrga wfth fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfco, cn whfmh ft fs g vgrfjty, FM]F Ufotrgmytcpagskfm spjrk foijmtfco[ fs fotrfosfmgaay faafmft9 fa afmft9 ft mgusjs g mckpajtj sjpgrgtfco bjtwjjo prcmrjgtfco gol thj mcoiudga gmt‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Lfdoftgs gs pjrsc pjrscogj ogj,, o. 749 GG] 700 700 U2008[, 840). >4 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Fostrumtfco Lfdoftgs gs pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, o. 749 GG] 749 GG] 700 700 (2008), 840. >8 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lcouk Lcouk vftgj,, FF9 GG] 80 (7688), 8:”8>, 67”62, 6>”64. ‑Fo rjgafty, thj vftgj crfdfo cn g hukgo pjrsco fs thj rjsuat cn go gmt cn dfvfod. \hj coj mcomjfvjl kust bj thj nruft cn hfs pgrjots‖ acvj. Hj mgooct bj ljsfrjl cr mcomjfvjl gs thj prclumt cn go fotjrvjotfco cn kjlfmga cr bfcacdfmga tjmhofqujs5 thgt wcual bj jqufvgajot tc rjlumfod hfk tc go cbijmt cn smfjotfm tjmhocacdy. Oc coj kgy subijmt thj mckfod cn g mhfal fotc thj wcral tc mcolftfcos cn tjmhofmga jnjnmfjomy whfmh grj tc bj jvgaugtjl gmmcrlfod tc stgolgrls cn mcotrca gol lckfofco‛ ( Lcouk Lcouk vftgj vftgj,, FF, B, 6 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 229 GG] 229 GG] 84 84 (766:), <2:.
2>
P����������
thgt grj mcotrgry tc thj truth cn hukgo djojrgtfco gol tc thj lfdofty cn thj ojw hukgo bjfod. 40 \hj ljsfrj ncr g mhfal lcjs oct dfvj rfsj tc goy rfdht tc g mhfal. G mhfal fs g pjrsco, wfth thj lfdofty cn g ‑sub ijmt.‛ Gs sumh hj mgooct bj wfaajl gs go ‑cbijmt ‑cbijmt‛‛ cn cn g rfdht. Rgthjr, thj mhfal fs thj subijmt cn rfdhts9 ft fs thj mhfal‖s rfdht tc bj mcomjfvjl wfth nuaa rjspjmt ncr thj ngmt thgt hj fs g pjrsco.47 28. Bjsfljs thjsj rjgscos thgt grj fotrfosfmgaay mcotrgry tc thj lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol cn hfs mcomjptfco, mfrmukstgomjs gol mcosjqujomjs rjagtjl tc thj tjmhofmga kjgos cn jxjmutfco mcotrfbutj tc kgefod tjmhofqujs cn jxtrgmcrpcrjga grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco kcrgaay uogmmjptgbaj. \hjsj tjmhofqujs fo ngmt fovcavj thj acss cn kgoy jkbrycs.. ]ckj cn thjsj acssjs rjsuat nrck thj tjmhofqujs jkbrycs thjksjavjs, whjrjby thj acss cn grcuol 80 pjrmjot cn thj
Gddrgvgtfod mfrmukstgomjs gsscmfgtjl wfth F^N
40 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lcouk Lcouk vftgj,, FF, B, :9 GG] vftgj :9 GG] 80 80 (7688), 6=. 47 Mn. Fbfl., FF, B, 89 89 GG] GG] 80 80 (7688), 64. ‑G mhfal fs oct sckjthfod cwjl tc coj, but fs g dfnt . \hj ‘suprjkj dfnt cn kgrrfgdj‖ fs g hukgo pjrsco. G mhfal kgy oct bj mcosfljrjl g pfjmj cn prcpjrty, go fljg tc whfmh go gaajdjl ‘rfdht tc g mhfal‖ wcual ajgl. Fo thfs grjg, coay thj mhfal pcssjssjs djoufoj rfdhts9 thj rfdht ‘tc bj thj nruft cn thj spjmfm gmt cn thj mcoiudga acvj cn hfs pgrjots,‖ gol ‘thj rfdht tc bj rjspjmtjl gs g pjrsco nrck thj kckjot cn hfs mcomjptfco‖‛ (MMM (MMM , o. 2=48). ‑Mjrtgfoay, hckcacdcus F^N gol J\ njrtfafzgtfco fs oct kgrejl by gaa thgt jthfmga ojdgtfvfty ncuol fo jxtrg-mcoiudga prcmrjgtfco5 thj ngkfay gol kgrrfgdj mcotfouj tc mcostftutj thj sjttfod ncr thj bfrth gol upbrfodfod cn thj mhfalrjo. Ojvjrthjajss Ojvjrth jajss,, fo mconcr mconcrkfty kfty wfth thj trglftfcoga lcmtrfoj lcmtrfoj rjagtfod tc thj dccls cn kgrrfgdj gol thj lfdofty cn thj pjrsco, thj Mhurmh rjkgfos cppcsjl nrck thj kcrga pcfot cn vfjw tc hckcacdcus ‘fo vftrc‖ njrtfafzgtfco. ]umh njrtfafzgtfco fs fo ftsjan faafmft gol fo cppcsftfco tc thj lfdofty cn prcmrjgtfco gol cn thj mcoiudga uofco, jvjo whjo jvjrythfod fs lcoj tc gvcfl thj ljgth cn thj hukgo jkbryc. Gathcudh thj kgoojr fo whfmh hukgo mcomjptfco fs gmhfjvjl wfth F^N gol J\ mgooct bj gpprcvjl, jvjry mhfal whfmh mckjs fotc thj wcral kust fo goy mgsj bj gmmjptjl gs g afvfod dfnt cn thj lfvfoj Dcclojss gol kust bj brcudht up wfth acvj‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj, vftgj, FF, B, :9 GG] :9 GG] 80 U7688[, 6<).
24
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
jkbrycs thgt grj gmtugaay trgosnjrrjl fs gmmjptjl fo crljr tc cbtgfo thj bfrth cn coj bgby. Cthjr jkbrycs grj jafkfogtjl lfrjmtay bjmgusj thjy hgvj djojtfm ljnjmts. 42 Nfogaay, fo thj mgsj cn g kuatfpaj prjdogomy, coj cr kcrj jkbrycs cr njtusjs kgy bj ljstrcyjl lfrjmtay tc rjlumj rfses tc thj jkbrycs cr njtusjs thgt grj spgrjl. 4= Jvjry lfrjmt ljstrumtfco cn g hukgo bjfod bjtwjjo mcomjptfco gol bfrth hgs thj mhgrgmtjr cn go gmtuga gbcrtfco fo thj kcrga sjosj. Fo rjnjrjomj tc thj gbcvj-kjotfcojl mfrmukstgomjs gol mcosjqujomjs rjagtjl tc kjthcls cn jxtrgmcrpcrjga grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco, wj grj thjrjncrj ljgafod wfth ngmtcrs thgt gddrgvgtj g tjmhofmga prcmjlurj whfmh fs garjgly kcrgaay faafmft fo ftsjan. Oc tc hjtjrcacdcus grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco tjmhofqujs
26. Hjtjrcacdcu Hjtjr cacdcuss grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco njrtfafzgtfco tjmhofqujs tjmhofqujs grj grj vftfgtjl by thj uojthfmga mhgrgmtjr cn jodjoljrfod mhfalrjo gpgrt nrck kgrrfgdj. Rjmcursj tc thj dgkjtjs cn thfrl pjrscos (f.j., (f.j., oct nrck thj husbgol cr wfnj) fs mcotrgry tc thj uofty cn kgrrfgdj gol thj ljafty cn thj spcusjs, gol vfcagtjs thj rfdht cn thj mhfal tc bj mcomjfvjl gol brcudht fotc thj wcral by thj twc spcusjs. Fo thfs mgsj, prcmrjgtfco prcmrj gtfco fs wjamckjl ‑coay bjmgusj ft jxprjssjs g ljsfrj, ljsf rj, cr foljjl thj fotjotfco, tc hgvj g mhfal ‘gt gaa mcsts,‖ gol oct bjmgusj ft sfdofjs thj mckpajtj gmmjptgomj cn thj cthjr gol thjrjthjrj ncrj go cpjoojss tc thj rfmhojss cn afnj whfmh thj mhfal rjprjsjots.‛ 4< Fo ngmt, thjsj tjmhofqujs fdocrj thj mckkco, uoftjl vcmgtfco cn thj spcusjs tc ngthjrhccl gol kcthjrhccl“‑tc bjmckj g ngthjr gol g kcthjr coay thrcudh jgmh cthjr‛“gol brfod gbcut ‑g rupturj bjtwjjo djojtfm pgrjothccl, pgrjoth ccl, djstgtfcog djstgtfcogaa pgrjothccl, pgrjothccl, gol rjspcosfb rjspcosfbfafty fafty ncr
42 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Fostrumtfco Lfdoftgs gs pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, oo. 7:, 229 GG] 229 GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>4, 84=. 4= Fbfl., o. 279 279 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 842. 4< Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 2=9 GG] 2=9 GG] 84 (766:), <24.
28
P����������
upbrfodfod,‛ 4: whfmh hgs rjpjrmussfcos oct coay fo thj ngkfay but gasc fo scmfjty. G nurthjr rjgsco ncr mcoljkofod sumh tjmhofqujs fs thj mckkclfmgtfco gol judjofm sjajmtfco cn dgkjtjs. =0. Ncr thj sgkj rjgscos, gddrgvgtjl by thj gbsjomj cn g kgrftga bcol, grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco ncr uokgrrfjl pjr scos gol ncr mchgbftfod mcupajs fs kcrgaay uogmmjptgbaj. 4> ‑\hus thj crfdfoga fkpcrt cn hukgo sjxugafty fs lfstcrtjl gol ngasfjl, gol thj twc kjgofods, uoftfvj gol prcmrjprcmrj gtfvj, fohjrjot fo thj vjry ogturj cn thj mcoiudga gmt, grj grtfmfgaay sjpgrgtjl9 fo thfs wgy thj kgrrfgdj uofco fs bjtrgyjl gol fts nruftnuaojss nruftnuaojss fs subijmt subijmtjl jl tc thj mgprfmj cn thj mcupaj.‛ 44 Ncr thj sgkj rjgscos, pcstkcrtjk fosjkfogtfco, thgt fs, wfth sjkjo cn thj ljmjgsjl husbgol thgt wgs cbtgfojl gol stcrjl lurfod hfs afnjtfkj, fs mcotrgry tc thj truth cn prcmrjgtfco gol tc thj lfdofty cn thj mhfal tc bj bcro. =7. ]urrcdgtj kcthjrhccl fs jqugaay mcotrgry tc thj lfdofty cn thj wckgo, tc thj uofty cn kgrrfgdj, gol tc thj lfdofty cn thj prcmrjgtfco cn g hukgo pjrsco. \c fkprjdogtj g wckgo by njrtfafzfod hjr cwo cvuk wfth lcocr spjrk cr by fkpagotfod fotc g wckgo‖s utjrus go jkbryc thgt fs djojtfmgaay ncrjfdo tc hjr, gol tc kgej hjr prckfsj tc ljafvjr thj ojwbcro mhfal tc g mafjot, fs tc nrgdkjot kcthjrhccl, rjlumfod djstgtfco tc g prcmjss cn fomubgtfco thgt shcws oc rjspjmt ncr thj mhfal‖s lfdofty gol ‑rfdht tc bj mcomjfvjl, mgrrfjl fo thj wckb, brcudht fotc thj wcral gol brcudht up wfthfo kgrrfgdj.‛ 48
Oc tc grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco ncr uokgrrfjl uokgrrfj l pjrscos cr mchgbftfod mcupajs
Oc tc pcstkcrtjk pcstkcr tjk fosjkfogtfco
Oc tc surrcdgtj kcthjrhccl
4: Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, FF, G, 7 gol 29 GG] vftgj 29 GG] 80 80 (7688), 84”86. 4> Mn. fbfl., FF, G, 29 29 GG] GG] 80 80 (7688), 88. 44 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 2=9 GG] 2=9 GG] 84 (766:), <24. 48 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, FF, G, 79 GG] vftgj 79 GG] 80 80 (7688), 84.
26
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Gmmjptfod afnj gs g dfnt nrck Dcl
=2. Gathcudh ft fs oct pcssfbaj tc gpprcvj thj kjthcl by whfmh njrtfafzgt njrtfafzgtfco fco fs brcudh brcudhtt gbcut, gbcut, ‑jvjry mhfal whfmh mckjs fotc thj wcral kust fo goy mgsj bj gmmjptjl gs g afvfod dfnt cn thj lfvfoj Dcclojss gol kust bj brcudht up wfth acvj.‛ 46
Prjogtga gol prjfkpagotgtfco lfgdocsfs Jthfmga prcbajks wfth prjogtga lfgdocsfs
==. Cur fomrjgsfoday jxtjosfvj eocwajldj gbcut fotrg fotrg-utjrfoj afnj gol thj ljvjacpkjot cn tccas tc gmmjss ft jogbaj jgrafjr pcssfbfaftfjs cn lfgdocsfs ncr prjogtga afnj, gaacwfod jvjr kcrj tfkjay gol jnnjmtfvj thjrgpjutfm fotjrvjotfcos. Prjogtga lfgdocsfs, hcwjvjr, mgo prjsjot jthfmga prcbajks mcoojmtjl wfth lfgdocstfm rfse gol wfth thj purpcsjs ncr whfmh ft fs rjqujstjl.
Rfse gssjsskjot
=<. Lfgdocstfm rfse mcomjros thj afnj gol physfmga fotjdrfty cn thj mhfal whc hgs bjjo mcomjfvjl, gol thcsj cn thj kcthjr coay tc sckj ljdrjj, ljpjolfod co thj vgrfcus lfgdocstfm tjmhofqujs gol thj pjrmjotgdjs cn rfse gsscmfgtjl wfth jgmh coj. Ft fs thjrjncrj ojmjssgry tc jvgaugtj mgrjnuaay thj pcssf baj ojdgtfv ojdgtfvjj mcosjqu mcosjqujomjs jomjs whfmh thj usj cn g pgrtfmuag pgrtfmuagrr jxpacrgtcry tjmhofquj kgy hgvj gol tc ‑gvcfl rjmcursj tc lfgdocstfm prcmjlurjs whfmh lc oct cnnjr sunmfjot dugrgotjjs cn thjfr hcojst purpcsj gol substgotfga hgrkajssojss.‛ 80 Gol fn g ljdrjj cn rfse kust bj uoljr tgejo, thjrj kust bj rjgscogbaj folfmgtfcos ncr rjmcursj tc lfgdocsfs, whfmh grj tc bj vjrfjl fo thj mcursj cn lfgd ocstfm mcosuatgtfco.87
46 Fbfl., FF, B, :9 :9 GG] GG] 80 80 (7688), 62”6=. 80 Icho Pgua FF, Lfsmcursj Lfsmcursj tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Prc-Afnj Kcvjkjot Mcodrjss (Ljmjkbjr =, 7682), o. <9 Fosjdo Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^/= (7682), 7:72. 87 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj vftgj,, o. >=9 GG] >=9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <4=5 Icho Pgua FF, Lfsmcursj tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Prc-Afnj Kcvjkjot Mcodrjss, o. <9 Fosjdo <9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^/= (7682), 7:72.
=0
P����������
Mcosjqujotay, ‑sumh lfgdocsfs fs pjrkfssfbaj, wfth thj mcosjot cn thj pgrjots gntjr thjy hgvj bjjo gljqugtjay foncrkjl, fn thj kjthcls jkpacyjl sgnjdugrl thj afnj gol fotjdrfty cn thj jkbryc gol thj kcthjr, wfthcut subijmtfod thjk tc lfsprcpcrtfcogtj rfses.‛ 82
Pjrkfssfbaj prjogtga lfgdocsfs9 prcpcrtfcogtj prcpcrtfco gtj rfses
=:. \hj purpcsjs \hj purpc sjs ncr ncr whfmh prjogtga lfgdocsfs kgy bj rjqujstjl gol pjrncrkjl kust gawgys bj ncr thj bjojt cn thj mhfal gol cn thj kcthjr, whjthjr thjy grj lfrjmtjl tc thj jogbafod cn thjrgpjutfm fotjrvjotfcos, tc prcvflfod mjrtgfoty gol pjgmj cn kfol tc prjdogot wckjo whc grj goxfcus gbcut thj pcssfbfafty cn njtga kgancrkgtfcos gol grj tjkptjl tc rjscrt tc gbcrtfco, cr fo thj mgsj cn go uongvcrgbaj cutmckj, tc prjpgrfod thjk tc wjamckj thj afnj cn g mhfal wfth g hgolfmgp. Prjogtga lfgdocsfs ‑fs drgvjay cppcsjl tc thj kcrga agw whjo ft fs lcoj wfth thj thcudht cn pcssfbay folumfod go gbcrtfco ljpjolfod upco thj rjsuats9 g lfgdocsfs whfmh shcws thj jxfstjomj cn g kgancrkgtfco cr g hjrjlftgry faaojss kust oct bj thj jqufvgajot cn g ljgth sjotjomj.‛ 8= Gasc faafmft fs goy ruaj cr pcafmy prcpcsjl fo ajdajd fsagtfco cr by smfjotfm scmfjtfjs thgt prckctjs g lfrjmt mcoojmtfco bjtwjjo prjogtga lfgdocsfs gol gbcrtfco. Goy spjmfgafst whc, fo ljmflfod co gol mcolumtfod thj lfgdocsfs gol mckkuofmgtfod thj rjsuats, ljafbjrgtjay hjaps tc jstgbafsh cr prckctj g afoe bjtwjjo prjogtga prjogtg a lfgdocsfs gol gbcrtfco wcual bj dufaty cn fkkcrga mccpjrgtfco. 8<
Prjogtga lfgdocsfs thgt fs cppcsjl tc thj kcrga agw
Mcoojmtfco bjtwjjo prjogtga lfgdocsfs gol gbcrtfco
82 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, F, 29 GG] vftgj 29 GG] 80 80 (7688), 46. 8= Fbfl.9 GG] Fbfl.9 GG] 80 80 (7688), 46”80. ‑Prjogtga lfgdocsfs, whfmh prjsjots oc kcrga cbijmtfcos fn mgrrfjl cut fo crljr tc fljotfny thj kjlfmga trjgtkjot whfmh kgy bj ojjljl by thj mhfal fo thj wckb, gaa tcc cntjo bjmckjs go cppcrtuofty ncr prcpcsfod gol prcmurfod go gbcrtfco. \hfs fs judjofm gbcrtfco, . . . co thj bgsfs cn g kjotgafty . . . whfmh gmmjpts afnj coay uoljr mjrtgfo mcolftfcos gol rjijmts ft whjo ft fs gnnjmtjl by goy afkftgtfco, hgolfmgp cr faaojss‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgo Ajttjr Jvgodjafu djafuk k vftgj vftgj,, o. 7<9 GG] 7<9 GG] 84 84 U766:[, <7>). 8< Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, F, 29 GG] vftgj 29 GG] 80 80 (7688), 46”80.
=7
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Prjfkpagotgtfco djojtfm lfgdocsfs gol judjofm kjotgafty
=>. Prjfkpagot Prj fkpagotgtfco gtfco djojtfm lfgdoc lfgdocsfs sfs fs g pgrtfmuagr ncrk cn prjogtga lfgdocsfs. Ft fs mcoojmtjl tc jxtrgmcr pcrjga grtfmfga njrtfafzgt njrtfafzgtfco fco tjmhofq tjmhofqujs ujs gol fovcav fovcavjs js thj djojtfm lfgdocsfs cn jkbrycs thgt grj jodjoljrjl fo vftrc bjncrj thjy grj grj trgosnjrrjl tc tc thj utjrus, fo fo crljr tc sjajmtfvjay usj jkbrycs wfthcut djojtfm ljnjmts cr wfth ljsfrjl mhgrgmtjrfstfms. 8: Prjfkpagotgtfco djojtfm lfgdocsfs fs fo ngmt go jxprjssfco cn g judjofm kjotgafty thgt ajdftfkfzjs sjajmtfvj gbcrtfco tc prjvjot thj bfrth cn bgbfjs gnfmtjl wfth vgrfcus faaojssjs. ‑]umh go gttftulj fs shgkjnua gol uttjray rjprjhjosfbaj, sfomj ft prjsukjs tc kjgsurj thj vgauj cn g hukgo afnj coay wfthfo thj pgrgkjtjrs cn ‘ocrkgafty‖ gol physfmga wjaa-bjfod, thus cpjofod thj wgy tc ajdftfkfzfod fongotfmflj gol juthgogsfg gs wjaa.‛ 8> \hfs prcmjlurj, thjrjncrj, ‑fs lfrjmtjl tcwgrl thj qugaftgtfvj sjajmtfco gol mcosjqujot ljstrumtfco cn jkbrycs, jkbrycs , whfmh mcostftutjs go gmt cn gbcrtfco.‛ 84
Nrjjzfod jkbrycs jkbrycs gol ccmytjs ccmy tjs Oc tc mryc prjsjrvgtfco prjsjr vgtfco cn jkbrycs
=4. Fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfco tjmhofqujs cntjo rjqufrj rjpjgtjl gttjkpts bjncrj cbtgfofod g rjsuat. Kgoy ccmytjs grj thjrjncrj cbtgfojl nrck thj wckgo fo g sfodaj fotjrvjotfco fo crljr tc cbtgfo kuatfpaj jkbrycs. \hj jkbrycs thgt grj oct fkkjlfgtjay trgosnjrrjl grj nrczjo ncr pctjotfga usj fo g agtjr gttjkpt. ‑Mrycprjsjrvgtfco fs fomckpgtfbaj wfth thj rjspjmt cwjl tc hukgo jkbrycs9 jkbrycs 9 ft prjsuppcsjs thjfr
8: Prjfkpagotgtfco lfgdocsfs fs gppafjl tclgy fo g drcwfod oukbjr cn sftugtfcos, bjsfljs thj sfkpaj jafkfogtfco cn jkbrycs wfth djojtfm cr mhrckcsckga gockgafjs. Ft fs thj mgsj, ncr jxgkpaj, wfth thj jafkfogtfco cn gojupacfl jkbrycs sc gs tc fkprcvj thj summjss rgtj cn F^N-J\, jspjmfgaay fo pcstkjocpgusga wckjo. Ft fs gasc thj mgsj wfth mhccsfod go jkbryc bjmgusj cn fts sjx cr sjajmtfod go jkbryc gs g nuturj lcocr cn ukbfafmga stjk mjaas cr cn bcoj kgrrcw bgsjl co mckpgtfbfafty wfth g pgtfjot whc fs garjgly bcro. 8> Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Fostrumtfco Lfdoftgs gs pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, o. 229 GG] 229 GG] 700 700 (2008), 84=”84<. 84 Fbfl.9 Fbfl.9 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 84=.
=2
P����������
prclumtfco fo vftrc5 ft jxpcsjs thjk tc thj sjrfcus rfse cn prclumtfco ljgth cr physfmga hgrk, sfomj g hfdh pjrmjotgdj pjr mjotgdj lc oct survfvj thj prcmjss cn nrjjzfod gol thgwfod5 ft ljprfvjs thjk gt ajgst tjkpcrgrfay cn kgtjroga rjmjptfco gol djstgtfco5 ft pagmjs thjk thjk fo g sftugtfco sftugtfco fo whfmh thjy grj susmjptfba susmjptfbajj tc nurthjr cnnjosj gol kgofpuagtfco.‛ 88 \hj jocrkcus oukbjr cn nrczjo jkbrycs thgt jxfst, kgoy cn whfmh grj lcckjl tc bjmckj ‑crphgos,‛ rgfsjs thj qujstfco cn whgt tc lc wfth thjk gntjr thjfr stcrgdj tfkj hgs jxpfrjl. \hjy mgooct bj usjl ncr rjsjgrmh cr ljsfdogtjl ncr thjrgpjutfm purpcsjs, bjmgusj thgt wcual fovcavj thjfr ljstrumtfco. \hj prcpcsga tc kcvj ncrwgrl wfth g ncrk cn prjogtga prjog tga glcptfco, glcptfco, ‑prgfsjwcr ‑prgfsjwcrthy thy wfth rjdgrl tc thj fotjotfco cn rjspjmtfod gol ljnjolfod hukgo afnj, prjsjots hcwjvjr vgrfcus prcbajks,‛ 86 kjlfmga, psymhcacdfmga, gol ajdga, oct uoafej thcsj mgusjl by hjtjrcacdcus tjmhofqujs gol by surrcdgtj kcthjrhccl. ‑Gaa thfods mcosfljrjl, ft ojjls tc bj rjmcdofzjl thgt thj thcusgols cn gbgolcojl jkbrycs rjprjsjot g sftugtfco cn foiustfmj whfmh fo ngmt mgooct bj rjscavjl ,‛ ,‛ 60 gol thjrjncrj thj prgmtfmj cn mryc prjsjrvgtf prjsj rvgtfco co kust kust bj stcpp stcppjl jl gs gs scco scco gs gs pcssfb pcssfbaj. aj. =8. \c gvcfl thj sjrfcus jthfmga prcbajks mgusjl by thj mrycprjsjrvgtfco cn jkbrycs, tjmhofqujs hgvj bjjo ljvjacpjl ncr nrjjzfod ccmytjs. \hj mrycprjsjrvgtfco cn hukgo jdd mjaas ncr thj purpcsj cn fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfco fs uogmmjptgbaj, jvjo whjo thj rjgscofod bjhfol mrycprjsjrvgtfco fs tc prctjmt thj ccmytjs nrck go gotftukcr thjrgpy thgt fs pctjotfgaay hgrknua tc thjk. Ft wcual bj g lfnnjrjot kgttjr tc prjsjrvj cvgrfgo tfssuj ncr usj fo go crthctcpfm gutcdrgnt gutcdrgn t trgospagot, sc gs tc rjstcrj njrtfafty gntjr trjgtkjots thgt grj pctjotfgaay hgrknua tc thj ccmytjs. \hfs prgmtfmj, fo prfomfpaj, gppjgrs tc pcsj oc oc kcrga prcbajk prcbajks. s.
Foiustfmj thgt mgooct bj rjscavjl
Oc tc mryc prjsjrvgtfco prjsjr vgtfco cn ccmytjs
Prjsjr vgtfco Prjsjrvgtfco cn cvgrfgo tfssuj
88 Fbfl., o. 789 789 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 840. 86 Fbfl., o. 769 769 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 847. 60 Fbfl.
==
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Ojw gttjkpts gt hukgo djojrgtfco gol prcmrjgtfco Cthjr prcmjlurjss prcmjlurj mcotrgry tc thj lfdofty cn thj jkbryc
=6. Grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco tjmhofqujs tclgy kgy pgvj thj wgy ncr gttjkpts gt cr pagos ncr njrtfafzgtfco usfod hukgo gol gofkga dgkjtjs5 ncr thj djstgtfco cn hukgo jkbrycs fo gofkga cr grtfmfga utjrusjs5 gol ncr thj gsjxuga rjprclumtfco cn hukgo bjfods by kjgos cn twfo ssfco, macofod, pgrthjocdjojsfs, cr sfkfagr tjmhofqujs. \hjsj prcmjlurjs grj mcotrgry tc thj hukgo lfdofty cn thj jkbryc gol cn prcmrjgtfco, gol thjrjncrj shcual bj mcosfljrjl kcrgaay rjprjhjosfbaj.67 Fo pgrtfmuagr, macofod ncr rjprclumtfvj purpcsjs kust bj mcosfljrjl ‑fotrfosfmgaay faafmft fo thgt, by tgefod thj jthfmga ojdgtfvfty cn tjmhofqujs cn grtfmfga njrtfafzgnjrtfafzg tfco tc thjfr jxtrjkj, ft sjjes tc dfvj rfsj tc g ojw hukgo hukgo bjfod wfthcut g mcoojmtfco tc thj gmt cn rjmfprcmga sjan dfvfod bjtwjjo thj spcusj spcusjss gol , kcrj rglfmgaay, wfthcut goy afoe tc sjxugafty.‛ sjxugafty.‛ 62 ‑Nrck thj jthfmga pcfot cn vfjw, sc-mgaajl thjrg pjutfm macofod fs jvjo kcrj sjrfcus. \c mrjgtj jkbrycs wfth thj fotjotfco cn ljstrcyfod thjk, jvjo wfth thj fotjotfco cn hjapfod thj sfme, fs mckpajtjay fomckpgtfbaj wfth hukgo lfdofty, bjmgusj ft kgejs thj jxfstjomj cn g hukgo bjfod gt thj jkbrycofm stgdj octhfo octhfod d kcrj thgo g kjgos tc bj usjl gol ljstrcyjl. Ft fs drgvjay fs drgvjay fkkcrga tc sgmrf sgmrfmj mj g hukgo afnj ncr thjrgpjutfm jols.‛ jols .‛ 6= Fo thj mgsj cn sc-mgaajl hybrfl macofod , fo whfmh gofkga ccmytjs grj usjl tc rjprcdrgk hukgo sckgtfm mjaas, thjrj fs g nurthjr ‑cnnjosj gdgfost thj lfdofty cn hukgo bjfods co gmmcuot cn thj glkfxturj cn hukgo gol gofkga djojtfm jajkjots mgpgbaj cn lfsruptfod thj spjmfm fljotfty cn kgo.‛ kgo.‛ 6< 67 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lcouk Lcouk vftgj,, FF, B, 49 GG] vftgj 49 GG] 80 (7688), 6:”6>. 62 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Fostrumtfco Lfdoftgs gs pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, o. 289 GG] 289 GG] 700 700 (2008), 846. 6= Fbfl., o. =09 =09 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 846. 6< Fbfl., o. ==9 ==9 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 882.
=<
AF^FOD
A�����
<0. ‑Nrck thj tfkj thgt thj cvuk fs njrtfafzjl, g afnj fs bjduo whfmh fs ojfthjr ojfthjr thgt cn thj thj ngthjr ngthjr ocr cn thj thj kcthjr5 kcthjr5 ft fs rgthjr thj afnj cn g ojw hukgo bjfod wfth hfs cwo drcwth. Ft wcual ojvjr bj kglj hukgo fn ft wjrj oct hukgo garjgly garjg ly.. . . . \hj glvjoturj cn g hukgo afnj fs bjduo rfdht nrck njrtfafzgtfco, gol jgmh cn fts mgpgmftfjs rjqufrjs tfkj“g rgthjr ajodthy tfkj“tc ol fts pagmj gol tc bj fo g pcsftfco tc gmt.‛ 6: \hj olfods cn hukgo bfcacdy mcork thgt ‑fo thj zydctj rjsuatfod nrck njrtfafzgtfco thj bfcacdfmga fljotfty cn g ojw hukgo folfvfluga fs garjgly mcostftutjl.‛ 6> \hfs fs thj folfvflugafty bjacodfod tc g bjfod thgt fs gutcockcus, fotrfosfmgaay ljtjrkfojl, gol sjan-rjgafzfod wfth drgluga mcotfoufty mcotfoufty.. Ft fs thjrjncrj jrrcojcus gol kfsajglfod tc spjge gbcut g ‑prj-jkbryc,‛ fn by thgt tjrk fs kjgot g stgtj cr mcolftfco cn prj-hukgo afnj cn thj hukgo bjfod whc hgs bjjo mcomjfv mcomjfvjl. jl. ‑\hj rjgafty cn thj hukgo bjfod ncr thj jotfrj spgo cn afnj, bcth bjncrj gol gntjr bfrth, lcjs oct gaacw us tc pcsft jfthjr g mhgodj fo ogturj cr g drglgtfco fo kcrga vgauj, sfomj ft pcssjssjs nuaa pcssjssjs nuaa gothr gothrcpcac cpcacdfmga dfmga gol gol jthfmga stgtus. \hj hukgo jkbryc hgs, thjrjncrj, nrck thj vjry bjdfoofod, thj lfdofty prcpjr tc g pjrsco.‛ 64 Hfs scua, frrjlumfbaj tc kjrj kgttjr, kgtt jr, mgo hgvj fts crfdfo fo Dcl gacoj, fogskumh gs ft fs mrjgtjl lfrjmtay by Hfk gol fs thj prfomfpajj cn prfomfpa cn thj thj uofty uofty cn thj hukgo bjfod,68 gol thj sjjl cn
Bjdfoofod cn g ojw hukgo folfvfluga
Pjrscoga ogturj cn thj zydctj
6: Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Prcmur Pr cmurjl jl Gbcrtf Gbcrtfco co (Ocvjkbjr 78, 764<), oo. 72”7=9 GG] >> (764<), 4=8. 6> Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, F, 79 GG] vftgj 79 GG] 80 (7688), 48. 64 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>2. 68 Mn. ^gtfmgo Mcuomfa FF, Pgstcrga Mcostftutfco Mcostftutfco Dgulfuk jt spjs, spjs, o. 7<. ‑\hj spfrftuga gol fkkcrtga scua fs thj prfomfpaj cn uofty cn thj hukgo bjfod, whjrjby ft jxfsts gs g whcaj“ mcrpcrj mcrpcrj jt gofkg uous “gs g pjrsco pjrsco‛‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomyma Jomymafmga fmga Ajttj Ajttjrr ^jrftgtfs spajolcr spajol cr , o. <89 GG] <89 GG] 8: 8: U766=[, 7742).
=4
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
jtjrofty thgt hj bjgrs wfthfo hfksjan. 66 ‑Hcw mgo goycoj thfoe thgt jvjo g sfodaj kckjot cn thfs kgrvjacus prcmjss cn thj uoncalfod cn afnj mcual bj sjpgrgtjl nrck thj wfsj gol acvfod wcre cn thj Mrjgtcr, gol ajnt prjy tc hukgo mgprfmj3‛ 700
Mgrjnua wgtmh cvjr ogsmjot afnj
\rgosftfco nrck djstgtfco tc physfcacdfmga foljpjoljomj
<7. Prjogtga afnj fs nuaay hukgo afnj gt jvjry stgdj cn fts ljvjacpkjot. Ft fs cwjl thjrjncrj thj sgkj rjspjmt, thj sgkj prctjmtfco, gol thj sgkj mgrj thgt thg t grj luj tc g hukgo pjrsco.. pjrsco Gaa scmfga wcrejrs gol hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, fo pgrtfmuagr pgrtfmua gr thcsj whc mgrry cut thjfr sjrvfmj fo cbstjtrf cbstjtrfms ms ljpgrtkjots, ‑kust ejjp g mgrjnua mgrjn ua wgtmh cvjr thj wcoljrnua gol kystjrfcus prcmjss cn djojrgtfco tgefod pagmj fo thj kgtjroga wckb, tc josurj fts ocrkga ljvjacpkjot gol summjssnua cutmckj wfth thj bfrth cn thj ojw mhfal.‛ 707 <2. \hj bfrth bfrth cn g bgby kgres go fkpcrtgot gol sfdofmgot kckjot fo thj ljvjacpkjot thgt bjdgo wfth mcomjptfco, fogskumh gs thj bgby nrck thgt kckjot co fs mgpgbaj cn afvfod fo physfcacdfmga foljpjoljomj nrck thj kcthjr gol cn jotjrfod fotc g ojw rjagtfco wfth thj jxtjroga wcral. Ft mgo hgppjo, fo thj mgsj cn g prjkgturj bfrth, thgt thfs foljpjoljomj hgs oct bjjo nuaay gttgfojl. Fo thgt jvjot, hcwjvjr, hjgath mgrj wcrejrs hgvj thj cbafdgtfco tc gssfst thj ojwbcro gol tc fkpajkjot gpprcprfgtj mgrj gol trjgtkjots gfkjl gt gmhfjvfod vfgbfafty cr jasj, fn thgt
66 Mn. MMM , o. ==. ‑Gathcudh thj prjsjomj cn thj spfrftuga scua mgooct bj cbsjrvjl cbsjrvjl jxpjrfkjotga jxpjrfkjotgaay ay,, thj mcomausfcos mcomausfcos cn smfjomj smfjomj rjdgrlfod rjdgrlfod thj hukgo jkbryc dfvj ‘g vgaugbaj folfmgtfco ncr lfsmjrofod by thj usj cn rjgsco g pjrscoga prjsjomj gt thj kckjot cn thj rst gppjgrgomj cn g hukgo afnj9 hcw mcual g hukgo folfvfluga oct bj g hukgo pjrsco3‖‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Fostrumtfco Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrscogj,, o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 700 700 U2008[, 8>2). 700 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgod Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj, vftgj, o. <<9 GG] <<9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <:0. 707 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcodrjss ncr cbstjtrf cbstjtrf-mfgos (Igougry 2>, 7680), o. 79 GG] 79 GG] 42 42 (7680), 8<.
=8
A�����
fs oct pcssfbaj, tc gmmckpgoy hfk fo thj oga phgsj cn hfs afnj. <=. Thjo thjrj fs njgr ncr thj afnj cn thj ojwbcro, hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, gs shgrjrs fo thj jvgodjafzfod jvgodjaf zfod kfssfco jotrustjl tc thj Mhurmh (mn. Kt 289765 Ke 7>97:”7>), mgo glkfofstjr bgptfsk gmmcrlfod tc thj prjsmrfbjl mcolftfcos.702 <<. Rjspjmt, prctjmtfco gol mgrj grj cwjl tc jvjry hukgo bjfod, ‑bjmgusj jgmh coj mgrrfjs fo go foljafbaj wgy hfs cwo lfdofty gol vgauj.‛ 70= Kgo, fo ngmt, fs thj coay mrjgturj co jgrth thgt Dcl ‑wfaajl ncr hfs cwo sgej‛5 hfs whcaj bjfod bjgrs bjgr s thj fkgdj cn thj Mrjgtcr Mrjgt cr.. Mcosjqujotay, hukgo afnj fs sgmrjl, ‑bjmgusj nrck fts bjdfoofod ft fovcavjs ‘thj mrjgtfvj gmtfco cn Dcl‖ gol ft rjkgfos ncrjvjr fo g spjmfga rjagtfcoshfp wfth thj Mrjgtcr, whc fs fts scaj jol.‛ 70< \hjrjncrj jvjry hukgo bjfod, nrck thj vjry bjdfoofod, bjdfoo fod, hgs hgs thj lfdofty lfdofty gol vgauj vgauj prcpjr prcpjr tc g pjrsco. pjrsco. 70:
Bgptfsk fo lgodjr cn ljgth
\hj uofquj lfdofty cn hukgo bjfods
<:. Hukgo afnj fs gt thj sgkj tfkj, gol frrjlumfbay, mcrpcrjga gol spfrftuga. ‑By vfrtuj cn fts substgotfga uofco wfth g spfrftuga scua, thj hukgo bcly mgooct bj mcosfljrjl gs g kjrj mckpajx cn tfssujs, crdgos gol nuomtfcos, ocr mgo ft bj jvgaugtjl fo thj sgkj wgy gs thj bcly cn gofkgas5 rgthjr, ft fs g mcostftutfvj pgrt cn thj pjrsco whc kgofnjsts gol jxprjssjs hfksjan thrcudh ft.‛ 70>
Bclfay gol spfrftuga afnj
<>. \hj bcly bcly,, thj kgofnjstgtfco cn thj pjrsco, fs oct jthfmgaay folfnnjrjot, but rgthjr hgs kcrga rjajvgomj9 ft fs bcth folfmgtfvj gol fkpjrgtfvj wfth rjspjmt tc hukgo
\hj bcly9 kgofnjstgtfco cn thj pjrsco
702 Mn. Mclj cn Mgoco Agw ( Agw (MFM MFM ), ), mgo. 8>7 §2. 70= Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. >9 GG] >9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>2. 70< Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, o. :9 GG] vftgj :9 GG] 80 (7688), 4>”44. 70: Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 8>7-8>2. 70> Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, o. =9 GG] vftgj =9 GG] 80 (7688), 4<.
=6
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
gmtfco.704 \hj hukgo bcly fs ‑g prcpjray pjrscoga rjgafty r jgafty,, g sfdo gol pagmj cn rjagtfcos wfth cthjrs, wfth Dcl, gol wfth thj wcral.‛ 708 \hj bcly hgs fts cwo agws gol vgaujs, whfmh kgo kust drglugaay lfsmcvjr, jkpacy, gol sjt fo crljr. Ft fs oct pcssfbaj pcssfb aj tc prjsmfo prjsmfol l nrck thj bcly gol sjt up subijmtf subijmtfvj vj njjafods gol ljsfrjs gs thj jxmausfvj mrftjrfco gol scurmj cn kcrgafty kcrg afty..
Hukgo afnj fovfcagb fov fcagbaj aj gol ‑folfspcsgba ‑folfspcsgbaj‛ j‛ Bcly bjacodfod tc Dcl
<4. ‑\hj fovfcagbfafty cn thj pjrsco, whfmh fs g rjjm rjjm-tfco cn thj gbscautj fovfcagbfafty cn Dcl, nëols fts prfkgry gol nuolgkjotga jxprjssfco fo thj fovfcagbfafty cn hukgo afnj.‛ afnj .‛ 706 ‑\hj qujstfco, ‘Thgt hgvj ycu lcoj3‖ (Djo <970), whfmh Dcl gllrjssjs tc Mgfo gntjr Mgfo hgs efaajl hfs brcthjr Gbja, fotjrprjts fotjrprjts thj thj jxpjrfjomj jxpjrfjomj cn jvjry jvjry pjrsco9 pjrsco9 fo thj ljpths cn hfs mcosmfjomj, kgo fs gawgys rjkfoljl cn thj fovfcagbfafty cn afnj“hfs cwo afnj gol thgt cn cthjrs“ gs sckjthfod whfmh lcjs oct bjacod tc hfk, bjmgusj ft fs thj prcpjrty gol dfnt cn Dcl thj Mrjgtcr gol Ngthjr.‛ 770 704 ‑Ncr ft fs coay fo ejjpfod ejjpfod wfth hfs truj ogturj thgt thgt thj hukgo pjrsco pjrsco mgo gmhfjvj sjan-rjgafzgtfco sjan-rjgafzgtfco gs g ‘uofjl tctgafty‖9 gol thfs ogturj fs gt thj sgkj tfkj mcrpcrga gol spfrftuga. By vfrtuj cn fts substgotfga uofco wfth g spfrftuga scua, thj hukgo bcly mgooct bj mcosfljrjl gs g kjrj mckpajx cn tfssujs, crdgos gol nuomtfcos, ocr mgo ft bj jvgaugtjl fo thj sgkj wgy gs thj bcly cn gofkgas5 rgthjr ft fs g mcostftutfvj pgrt cn thj pjrsco whc kgofnjsts gol jxprjssjs hfkhfk sjan thrcudh ft. \hj ogturga kcrga agw jxprjssjs gol agys lcwo thj purpcsjs purpc sjs,, rfdht rfdhtss gol lutfjs whfmh grj bgsjl upco thj bclfay gol spfrftuga ogturj cn thj hukgo pjrsco. \hjrjncrj thfs agw mgooct bj thcudht cn gs sfkpay g sjt cn ocrks co thj bfcacdfmga ajvja5 rgthjr ft kust bj ljojl gs thj rgtfcoga crljr whjrjby kgo fs mgaajl by thj Mrjgtcr tc lfrjmt gol rjduagtj hfs afnj gol gmtfcos gol fo pgrtfmuagr tc kgej usj cn hfs cwo bcly‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcou Fostrumtfco Lcouk k vftgj vftgj,, o. =9 GG] =9 GG] 80 U7688[, 4<). Mn. Pgua ^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Hukg Ajttjr Hukgogj ogj vftgj vftgj,, o. 709 GG] 709 GG] >0 >0 (76>8), <84. 708 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgod Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, o. 2=9 GG] 2=9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <2>. 706 Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco JxhcrtgtfcoMhrfstfljajs Mhrfstfljajs agfmf, agfmf, o. =89 GG] =89 GG] 87 87 (7686), <>2”<>=. 770 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. <09 GG] <09 GG] 84 84 (766:), <<:.
<0
A�����
\hj bcly shgrjs fosjpgrgbay wfth thj scua fo thj lfdofty gol hukgo vgauj bjacodfod tc thj pjrsco9 ft fs g bcly-subijmt gol oct g bcly-cbijmt, gol gs sumh ft fs fovfcagbaj gol ‑folfspcsgbaj.‛ 777 Coj mgooct lfspcsj cn thj bcly gt wfaa afej g pfjmj cn prcpjrty, iust gs coj mgooct kgofpuagtj ft gs g thfod cr go fostrukjot cvjr whfmh coj fs thj kgstjr gol grbftjr. Jvjry fkprcpjr fotjrvjotfco co thj bcly fs go cnnjosj gdgfost thj lfdofty cn thj pjrsco gol thjrjncrj gdgfost Dcl, whc fs thj coj, gbscautj Acrl cn ft9 ‑\hj hukgo bjfod fs oct kgstjr cn hfs cwo afnj9 hj rjmjfvjs rjm jfvjs ft fo crljr tc usj ft5 hj fs oct thj prcprfjtcr but thj glkfofstrg tcr, bjmgusj Dcl gacoj fs Acrl cn afnj.‛ 772 <8. \hj ngmt thgt afnj bjacods tc Dcl, gol oct tc kgo, mconjrs co ft thj sgmrjl mhgrgmtjr thgt jafmfts go gttftulj cn prcncuol prcncuo l rjspjmt9 ‑Hukgo afnj fs sgmrjl bjmgusj nrck fts bjdfoofod bjdfoo fod ft fovcav fovcavjs js ‘thj mrjgtfvj gmtfco cn Dcl‖ gol ft rjkgfos ncrjvjr fo g spjmfga rjagtfcoshfp wfth thj Mrjgtcr, whc fs fts scaj jol. Dcl gacoj fs thj Acrl cn afnj nrck fts bjdfoofod bjdfoo fod uotfa fts jol9 oc coj mgo, fo goy mfrmukstgomj, magfk ncr hfksjan thj rfdht tc ljstrcy lfrjmtay go foocmjot hukgo bjfod.‛ 77= Kjlfmga prgmtfmj gol hjgath mgrj ngmfaftfjs grj gbcvj gaa suppcsjl tc sjrvj gol prctjmt thfs sgmrjlojss cn hukgo afnj9 g prcnjssfco fo ljnjosj cn thj ocofostrukjotga vgauj cn afnj, whfmh fs g dccl fo ftsjan. 77< ‑Kgo‖s afnj mckjs nrck Dcl5 ft fs hfs dfnt, hfs fkgdj gol fkprfot, g shgrfod fo 777 77 7
Cnnjosj gdgfost thj lfdofty cn thj pjrsco
]gmrjl mhgrgmtjr cn afnj
‑\hj hukgo bcly shgrjs fo thj lfdofty cn ‘thj fkgdj cn Dcl‖9 ft fs g hukgo bcly prjmfsjay bjmgusj ft fs gofkgtjl by g spfrftuga scua, gol ft fs thj whcaj hukgo pjrsco thgt t hgt fs fotjoljl tc bjmckj, fo thj bcly cn cn Mhrfst, Mhrfst, g tjkpaj cn thj ]pfrft‛ (MMM , o. =><).
772 77 2 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcodrjss cn cn thj ‑Kcvjkjot ncr Afnj‛ (Cmtcbjr 72, 768:), o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 48 (768>), 2>:. 77= Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, o. :9 GG] vftgj :9 GG] 80 (7688), 4>”44. 77< ‑]mfjotfsts gol lcmtcrs kust oct thfoe thgt thjy grj acrls cn afnj, but rgthjr rgthjr fts jxpjrt gol djojrc djojrcus us sjrvgot sjrvgots‛ s‛ (Icho (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjs Gllrjsss tc thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs UCmtcbjr 27, 768:[, o. =9 GG] 48 48 U768>[, 244).
<7
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
hfs brjgth cn afnj. Dcl thjrjncrj fs thj scaj Acrl cn thfs afnj9 kgo mgooct lc wfth ft gs hj wfaas.‛ 77:
\jmhocacdfmga pcssfbfaftfjs gol jthfmga pjrkfssfbfafty pjrkfs sfbfafty
]mfjomj9 go gaay tc wfslck
<6. \hfs hgs tc bj ljmagrjl wfth pgrtfmuagr ncrmj gol gmmjptjl ljafbjrgtjay gol vfdfagotay fo g tfkj cn fovgsfvj ljvjacpkjots fo bfckjlfmga tjmhocacdfjs, fo whfmh thj lgodjr cn thj gbusfvj kgofpuagtfco cn hukgo afnj fs fomrjgsfod. Gt fssuj hjrj grj oct thj tjmhofqujs fo thjksjavjs but thjfr prjsukjl jthfmga ojutrgafty. Oct jvjrythfod thgt fs tjmhofmgaay pcssfbaj mgo bj mcosfljrjl kcrgaay glkfssfbaj. \jmhocacdfmga pcssfbfaftfjs kust bj kjgsurjl by thj stgolgrl cn jthfmga pjrkfssfbfafty, whfmh ljtjrkfojs thjfr hukgo mckpgtfbfafty cr, fo cthjr wcrls, whjthjr thjy jnnjmtfvjay sgnjdugrl gol rjspjmt thj lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco.77> :0. ]mfjomj gol tjmhocacdy kgej ojw glvgomjs jvjry lgy, but ‑thjy mgooct cn thjksjavjs shcw thj kjgofod cn jxfstjomj gol cn hukgo prcdrjss. Bjfod crljrjl tc kgo, whc foftfgtjs gol ljvjacps thjk, thjy lrgw nrck thj pjrsco gol hfs kcrga vgaujs thj folfmgt folfmgtfco fco cn thjfr purpcs purpcsjj gol thj gwgrjojss cn thjfr afkfts.‛ 774 \hfs fs why smfjomj kust bj go gaay tc wfslck. 778
77: Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. =69 GG] =69 GG] 84 84 (766:), <<<. 77> Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcodrjss cn thj ‑Kcvjkjot ncr Afnj‛ (Cmtcbjr 72, 768:), o. :9 GG] 48 (768>), 2>45 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcodrjss cn thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs (Cmtcbjr 2=, 7682), o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 4: 4: (768=), =>5 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Mcaacqufuk cn thj Fotjrogtfcoga Ncuolgtfco Ocvg Ncuolgtfco Ocvg spjs spjs (Ocvjkbjr 6, 7684), o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 80 80 (7688), >24. 774 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, o. 29 GG] vftgj 29 GG] 80 (7688), 4=. 778 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Lfdoftgs gs pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, o. 709 GG] 709 GG] 700 700 (2008), 8><.
<2
A�����
Gbcrtfco gol thj ljstrumtfco cn ogsmjot afnj :7. \hj fovfcagbfafty cn thj hukgo pjrsco nrck thj kckjot cn mcomjptfco ncrbfls gbcrtfco, whfmh fs thj ljstrumtfco cn prjogtga afnj gol g lfrjmt vfcagtfco cn thj hukgo bjfod‖s bjfod‖s nuolgkjotga rfdht tc afnj9 ‑\hj nruft cn hukgo prcmrjgtfc prcmr jgtfco, o, nrck thj rst kck kckjot jot cn fts jxfs jxfstjomj tjomj,, kust bj dugrgotjjl thgt uomcolftfcoga rjspjmt whfmh fs kcrgaay luj tc thj hukgo bjfod fo hfs cr hjr tctgafty gol uofty gs bcly gol spfrft9 ‘\hj ‘\hj hukgo bjfod fs tc bj rjspjmtjl gol trjgtjl gs g pjrsco nrck thj kckjot cn mcomjptfco5 mcomjptfco 5 gol thjrjncrj nrck thgt sgkj kckjot hfs rfdhts gs g pjrsco kust bj rjmcdofzjl, gkcod whfmh fo thj rst pagmj fs thj fovfcagbaj rfdht cn jvjry foocmjot hukgo bjfod tc afnj.‖‛ afnj.‖ ‛ 776 \hj ljafbjrgtj ljstrumtfco cn ogsmjot afnj fs, thjrjncrj, go ‑uospjgegbaj mrfkj‛9720 ‑ Lfr Lfrjmt jmt gbcrtfc gbcrtfco, o, thgt fs, gbcrtfco wfaajl gs go jol cr gs g kjgos, gawgys mcostftutjs g drgvj kcrga lfscrljr , sfomj ft fs thj ljafbjrgtj efaafod cn go foocmjot hukgo bjfod. . . . Oc mfrmukstgomj, oc purpcsj, oc agw whgtscjvjr mgo jvjr kgej afmft go gmt whfmh fs fotrfosfmgaay faafmft, sfomj ft fs mcotrgry tc thj Agw cn Dcl whfmh fs wrfttjo fo jvjry hukgo hjgrt, eocwgbaj by rjgsco rjgsco ftsjan, ftsjan, gol prcmagfk prcmagfkjl jl by thj Mhurmh.‛ Mhurmh.‛ 727 \hj jafkfogtfco cn thj afnj cn go uowgotjl uobcro mhfal hgs bjmckj g rgthjr wfljsprjgl phjockjoco, ogomjl by pubafm nuolfod gol ngmfaftgtjl by pjrkfssfvj agws thgt jfthjr ljmrfkfogafzj cr ajdgafzj prcmurjl gbcrtfco.722 Gaa thfs fojvftgbay ajgls a jgls kgoy pjcpaj tc stcp tgefod
Oc tc gbcrtfco
Oc tc muaturga gmmjptgomj cn gbcrtfco
776 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. >09 GG] >09 GG] 84 84 (766:), <>6. 720 ^gtfmgo Mcuomfa FF, Pgstcrga Mcostftutfco Dgulfuk jt spjs, spjs, o. :7. Mn. Pgua ^F, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj \wjoty-\hfrl Ogtfcoga Mcovjotfco cn thj Zofco cn Ftgafgo Mgthcafm Agwyjrs (Ljmjkbjr 6, 7642)9 GG] 7642)9 GG] >< >< (7642), 44>”446. 727 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. >29 GG] >29 GG] 84 84 (766:), <42. 722 ‑Gkcod thj vuaojrgbaj ncr whck thj Mhurmh wfshjs tc mgrj wfth pgrtfmuagr acvj gol mcomjro grj uobcro mhfalrjo, thj kcst ljnjosjajss gol foocmjot gkcod us. Ocwglgys jnncrts grj kglj
<=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
goy rjspcosfbfafty ncr ogsmjot afnj gol tc trfvfgafzj gbcrtfco gol fdocrj fts kcrga drgvfty. 72=
Prcnjssfcoga fotjdrfty
:2. \hj Mhurmh rgfsjs hjr vcfmj fo ljnjosj cn afnj, fo pgrtfmuagr afnj thgt fs ljnjosjajss gol fdocrjl, sumh gs jkbrycofm gol njtga afnj.72< \hj Mhurmh, thjrjncrj, mgaas hjgath mgrj wcrejrs tc pr prcnjssfc cnjssfcoga oga fotjdrf fotjdrfty ty,, whfmh tcajrgtjs oc gmtfco thgt ljstrcys afnj, ljspftj ‑thj rfse cn fomckprjhjosfco, kfsuoljrstgolfods, gol jvjo wjfdhty
tc ljoy thjk thjfr hukgo lfdofty gol tc lc wfth thjk whgtjvjr coj pajgsjs, tgefod thjfr afvjs gol pgssfod agws prjvjotfod goycoj nrck stgolfod fo thj wgy cn thfs. Nrjqujotay, gs g wgy cn rflfmuafod thj Mhurmh‖s jnncrt tc ljnjol thjfr afvjs, gttjkpts grj kglj tc prjsjott hjr pcsftfco prjsjo pcsftfco gs fljcacdfmg fljcacdfmga, a, cbsmurgot cbsmurgotfst fst gol gol mcosjrvgtfv mcosjrvgtfvj. j. Vjt thfs ljnjosj cn uobcro afnj fs macsjay afoejl tc thj ljnjosj cn jgmh gol jvjry cthjr hukgo rfdht. Ft Uprjsuppcsjs[ thj mcovfmtfco thgt g hukgo bjfod fs gawgys sgmrjl gol fovfcagbaj, fo goy sftugtfco gol gt jvjry stgdj cn ljvjacpkjot. Hukgo bjfods grj jols fo thjksjavjs gol ojvjr g kjgos cn rjscavfod cthjr prcbajks. Comj thfs mcovfmtfco lfsgppjgrs, sc lc scafl gol agstfod ncuolgtfcos ncr thj ljnjosj cn hukgo rfdhts, whfmh wcual gawgys bj subijmt tc thj pgssf pgssfod od whfks cn thj pcwjrs thgt bj‛ (Nrgomfs, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgod Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgodjaff jaff dgulfuk dgulfuk,, o. 27=). Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcovjotfco cn thj ‑Kcvjkjot ncr Afnj‛ (Cmtcbjr 72, 768:), o. =9 GG] =9 GG] 48 48 (768>), 2>>. 72= ‑Zoncrtuogtjay, thfs lfsturbfod stgtj cn gnngfrs, ngr nrck ljmrjgsfod, fs jxpgolfod. .. . . . UG[ ojw muaturga mafkgtj fs ljvjacpfod gol tgefod hcal, whfmh dfvjs mrfkjs gdgfost afnj g ojw gol“fn pcssfbaj“ jvjo kcrj sfofstjr mhgrgmtjr , dfvfod rfsj tc nurthjr drgvj mcomjro9 brcgl sjmtc sjmtcrs rs cn pubafm cpfofc cpfofco o iustfn iustfny y mjrtgf mjrtgfo o mrfkjs gdgfo gdgfost st afnj fo thj ogkj cn thj rfdhts cn folfvfluga nrjjlck, gol co thfs bgsfs thjy magfk oct coay jxjkptfco nrck puofshkjot but jvjo guthcrfzgtfco by thj ]tgtj, sc thgt thjsj thfods mgo bj lcoj wfth tctga nrjjlck gol foljjl wfth thj nrjj gssfstgomj cn hjgath mgrj systjks‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgod Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, o. <9 GG] <9 GG] 84 84 U766:[, <0<). Mn. MMM , o. 2247. 72< ‑Rjgsco gacoj fs sunmfjot tc rjmcdofzj thj fovfcagbaj vgauj cn jgmh sfodaj hukgo afnj, but fn wj gasc acce gt thj fssuj nrck thj stgolpcfot cn ngfth, ‘jvjry vfcagtfco cn thj pjrscoga lfdofty cn thj hukgo bjfod mrfjs cut fo vjodjgomj tc Dcl gol fs go cnnjosj gdgfost thj mrjgtcr cn thj folfvfluga‖‛ (Nrgomfs, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgod Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgodjaff jaff dgulfuk dgulfuk,, o. 27=).
<<
A�����
gmts cn lfsmrfkfogtfco‛ 72: thgt thfs mchjrjomj kgy fovcavj. Kjlfmga gol hjgath mgr mgrjj fotjdrft fotjdrftyy ljmagrjs faajdftfkgtj goy surdfmga cr phgrkgmjutfmga fotjrvjotfco gfkjl gt fotjrruptfod prjdogomy gt goy stgdj. :=. Ft fs uoljrstgolgbaj thgt, fo mjrtgfo mgsjs, rjnrgfofod nrck gbcrtfco kfdht bj sjjo tc mcofmt wfth w fth dccls thgt grj ljjkjl fkpcrtgot gol wcrth sgnjdugrlfod, gs fo thj mgsj cn sjrfcus lgodjr tc thj hjgath cn thj kcthjr, drgvjay mhgaajodfod scmfcjmcockfm sftugtfcos, cr g prjdogomy thgt crfdfogtjl fo sjxuga vfcajomj. 72> Tj mgooct fdocrj cr kfofkfzj kf ofkfzj thjsj lfnmuatfjs lfnmuatf js gol thj rjgscos thgt dfvj df vj rfsj tc thjk. Ft F t fs ojmjssgry, hcwjvjr, hcwjvjr, tc gnrk thgt ocoj cn thjk mgo mconjr thj rfdht tc lfs pcsj cn cn thj afnj afnj cn gocthjr gocthjr pjrsco, pjrsco, jvjo jvjo fo fts foftfga foftfga phgsj9 phgsj9 thjrj grj oc jxmjptfcos tc thj kcrga ocrk thgt prchfbfts thj lfrjmt ljstrumtfco cn go foocmjot hukgo bjfod. 724 :<. Goy ncrk cn lfrjmt gbcrtfco fs jthfmgaay faajdftf faajdftf-kgtj fogskumh gs ft fs go fotrfosfmgaay rjprjhjosfbaj gmt. Thjo gbcrtfco fs ojfthjr fotjoljl ocr wfaajl but ncaacws gs g ncrjsjjo mcosjqujomj cn g thjrgpjutfm gmt thgt fs fojsmgpgbay ojmjssgry ncr thj hjgath cn thj kcthjr, thfs
Gssjssfod jxtrjkj sftugtfcos
Gbcrtfco gs g mcosjqujomj cn g thjrg pjutfm gmt gm t
72: Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Gsscmfgtfco cn Ftgafgo Mgthcafm Physfmfgos (Ljmjkbjr 28, 7648)9 Fosjdo Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf F (7648), <=65 mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Prcmur Pr cmurjl jl Gbcrtfc Gbcrtfco o, o. 2<9 GG] 2<9 GG] >> >> (764<), 4<<. 72> ‑Prjmfsjay bjmgusj bjmgusj thfs fovcavjs thj fotjroga mcosfstjomy cn cur kjssgdj gbcut thj vgauj cn thj hukgo pjrsco, thj Mhurmh mgooct bj jxpjmtjl jxpjmtjl tc mhgodj hjr pcsftfco co thfs qujstfco. qujstfco. F wgot tc bj mckpajtjay hcojst fo thfs rjdgrl. \hfs fs oct sckjthfod subijmt tc gaajdjl rjncrks cr ‘kcljrofzgtfcos.‖ Ft fs oct ‘prcdrjssfvj‖ tc try tc rjscavj prcbajks by jafkfogtfod g hukgo afnj. Co thj cthjr hgol, ft fs gasc truj thgt wj hgvj lcoj afttaj tc gljqugtjay gmmck pgoy wckjo fo vjry lfnmuat sftugtfcos, sftugtfcos, whjrj gbcrtfco gppjgrs gs g qufme scautfco tc thjfr prcncuol godufsh, jspjmfgaay whjo thj afnj ljvjacpfod wfthfo thjk fs thj rjsuat cn rgpj cr g sftugtfco cn jxtrjkj pcvjrty‛ (Nrgomfs, (Nr gomfs, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgod Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgodjaff jaff dgulfuk,, o. 27<). fuk 724 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj vftgj,, o. :49 GG] 84 84 (766:), <>>5 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagrgtfco Ljmagr gtfco co Prcmur Prcmurjl jl Gbcrtfc Gbcrtfco o, o. 7<9 GG] 7<9 GG] >> >> (764<), 4<0.
<:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
kgy bj kcrgaay ajdftfkgtj. Fo sumh g mgsj, thj gbcrtfco fs thj folfrjmt mcosjqujomj cn go gmt thgt fo ftsjan fs oct g lfrjmt gbcrtfco.728
Jkbryc rjlumtfco Oc tc jkbryc rjlumtfco
::. Rjmjot grtfmfga rjprclumtfco tjmhofqujs, jspj jspj-mfgaay thj trgosnjr cn sjvjrga jkbrycs fotc thj kcthjr‖s wckb, dfvj rfsj tc sfdofmgot fomrjgsjs fo kuatfpaj prjd ogomfjs, cpjofod thj wgy ncr pcssfbaj fotjrvjotfcos tc rjlumj thj oukbjr cn jkbrycs cr njtusjs prjsjot fo thj kcthjr‖s wckb by lfrjmtay ljstrcyfod thjk. ‑Nrck thj jthfmga pcfot cn vfjw, jkbryc rjlumtfco fs go fotjotfcoga sjajmtfvj gbcrtfco. Ft gbcrtfco. Ft fs fo ngmt thj ljafbjrgtj gol lfrjmt jafkfogtfco cn coj cr kcrj foocmjot hukgo bjfods fo thj thj foftfga phgsj phgsj cn thjfr jxfstjomj jxfstjomj gol gol gs sumh ft gawgys mcostftutjs g drgvj kcrga lfscrljr.‛ 726
Fotjrmjptfco gol mcotrgdjstgtfco Oc tc fotjrmjptfco
:>. \hjrj grj sjvjrga sc-mgaajl fotjrmjptfvj kjthcls7=0 whfmh, gntjr mcomjptfco hgs cmmurrjl, mgo prjvjot fkpagotgtfco cn thj jkbryc fo thj kcthjr‖s wckb. \hjy lc oct fo ngmt mgusj go gbcrtfco jvjry tfkj, bjmgusj njrtfafzgtfco lcjs oct gawgys cmmur gntjr sjxuga rjagtfcos. Jvjo whjo njrtfafzgtfco gol thj rjsuatfod gbcrtfco lfl oct tgej pagmj, thj fotjotfco gacoj tc prjsmrfbj gol tc jkpacy thjsj kjgos ncr thj purpcsj cn prjvjotfod goy
728
Mn. Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc ‑Ngmj cn thj Ngkfay‛ gol gol thj Gsscmfgtfcos cn Agrdj Ngkfafjs (Ocvjkbjr 24, 76:7)9 GG] 76:7)9 GG] <= <= (76:7), 8:6.
726
Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Lfdoftgs gs pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, o. 279 GG] 279 GG] 700 700 (2008), 842”84=. Mn. ^gtfmgo Mcuomfa FF, Pgstcrga Mcostftutfco Dgulfuk jt spjs, spjs, o. :75 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgod Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, o. >29 GG] >29 GG] 84 84 (766:), <42.
7=0 \hj kcst mckkco fotjrmjptfvj kjthcls grj thj fotrgutjrfoj ljvfmj (FZL) gol thj sc-mgaajl kcrofod-gntjr pfaa.
<>
A�����
jkbryc thgt kgy hgvj bjjo mcomjfvjl nrck fkpagotfod fo thj utjrus kgejs sumh gmts gbcrtfvj fo g kcrga sjosj. 7=7 Mcotrgdjstfvj kjthcls, kjthcls,7=2 co thj cthjr hgol, whfmh mgusj thj jafkfogtfco cn go garjgly fkpagotjl jkbryc, gawgys gkcuot tc lfrjmt gbcrtfco. ‑\hjrjncrj, thj usj cn kjgos cn fotjrmjptfco gol mcotrgdjstgtfco ngaa wfthfo thj sfo cn gbcrtf gbcrtfco co gol gol grj drgvjay fkkcrga.‛ 7==
Oc tc mcotrg djstgtfco
Jmtcpfm prjdogomfjs :4. \hj oct fonrjqujot pgthcacdfm mcolftfco cn jmtcpfm prjdogom pr jdogomyy, fo whfmh thj fkpagotgtfco cn thj jkbryc cmmurs fo g sftj cthjr thgo thj utjrfoj mgvfty mgvfty,, oct coay pcsjs mafofmga mhgaajodjs but gasc hgs jthfmga fkpafmgtfcos. \hj wckgo kgy ngmj g sjrfcus rfse tc hjr afnj cr sunnjr mcosjqujomjs ncr hjr nuturj njrtfafty, whfaj thj jkbryc gs g ruaj mgooct survfvj. Hjrj thj gppafmgbaj ocrk prchfbfts fotjr vjotfcos tc lfrjmtay ljstrcy thj jkbryc, whfaj ft iustfjs fotjrvjotfcos gfkjl jxmausfvjay gt prjsjrvfod thj afnj gol hjgath cn thj wckgo thgt rjsuat fo thj jkbryc‖s ljkfsj.
Oc tc lfrjmtay ljstrumtfvj fotjrvjotfcos ncr jmtcpfm prjdogomfjs prjdogom fjs
Gojomjphgafm Gojomjp hgafm njtusjs :8. Gocthjr mcomjro fovcavjs gojomjphgafm njtusjs, njtusjs, fo whfmh thj brgfostjk fs usugaay prjsjot but thj mjrjbrga hjkfsphjrjs ngfa tc ljvjacp. Kgoy gojomjphgafm njtusjs lfj bjncrj ljafvjry, gol thj rgtj cn survfvga gntjr bfrth fs vjry acw. Ft fs oct agwnua tc prcmurj go gbcrtfco bjmgusj thj mcolftfco cn gojomjphgay hgs bjjo gsmjrtgfojl. \hj prjdogott wckgo kust bj gljqugt prjdogo gljqugtjay jay suppcr suppcrtjl tjl gol gmmckpgofjl fo thfs lfnmuat jxpjrfjomj. Gt bfrth, thjsj fongots kust rjmjfvj coay crlfogry mgrj, fomaulfod pgaafgtfvj mgrj, whfaj gvcflfod goy ncrk cn
Oc tc gbcrtfco ncr gojomjphgafm njtusjs
7=7 ]fomj djojrgaay thj gbcrtfngmfjot jnnjmt mgooct bj gsmjrtgfojl, jxmckkuofmgtfco fs oct fomurrjl. Mn. MFM , mgo. 7=68. 7=2 \hj kgfo kjthcls cn mcotrgdjstgtfco grj thj RZ-<8> RZ-<8> pfaa, cr kfnjkfnj prfstcoj, prfstco j, prcstgda prcstgdagolfos golfos,, gol kjthctr kjthctrjxgtj jxgtj.. 7== Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. 2=9 GG] 2=9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 84:.
<4
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
jxmjssfvjay burljosckj cr truay nutfaj fotjrvjotfco. \hj jvjotuga rjkcvga cn crdgos cr tfssujs fs pjrkfssfbaj coay gntjr ljgth hgs bjjo mjrtfjl. Rjsusmftgtfco cn thj fongots ncr thj scaj purpcsj cn kgfotgfofod thjfr crdgos ncr prcmurjkjot fs oct jthfmgaay iustfgbaj, fogskumh gs ft fs g ncrk cn jxpacftgtfco thgt cnnjols gdgfost thjfr lfdofty gs pjrscos. 7=<
Mcosmfjotfcus cbijmtfco Rfdht gol luty cn mcosmfjotfcus cbijmtfco ]uprjkgmy cn Dcl‖s agw
Zprfdhtojss gol ncrtftulj fo thj truth
:6. Thjo thj agw pjrkfts gbcrtfco, hjgath mgrj wcrejrs ‑kust rjnusj pcaftjay but rkay.‛ 7=: G hukgo bjfod mgo ojvjr cbjy go fotrfosfmgaay fotrfosfmgaa y fkkcrga agw, gs fs thj mgsj wfth g agw thgt glkfttjl, gs g kgttjr cn prfomfpaj, thgt gbcrtfco fs afmft. \hj ncrmj cn thj fovfcagbfafty cn hukgo afnj gol cn Dcl‖s agw, whfmh ljnjols ft, prjmjljs goy pcsftfvj hukgo agw.7=> Thjo hukgo agw mcotrglfmts ft, mcosmfjomj gnrks fts prfkgry rfdht gol thj prfkgmy cn Dcl‖s agw9 ‑Tj kust cbjy Dcl rgthjr thgo kjo‛ (Gmts :926). ‑Ncaacwfod coj‖s mcosmfjomj fo cbjlfjomj tc thj agw cn Dcl fs oct gawgys thj jgsy wgy. Coj kust oct ngfa tc rjmcdofzj thj wjfdht cn thj sgmrfmjs gol thj burljos whfmh ft mgo fkpcsj. Hjrcfsk fs sckjtfkjs mgaajl ncr fo 7=< Mn. Z] Ogtfcoga Mconjrjomj cn Mgthcafm Bfshcps, Mckkfttjj co Lcmtrfoj, ‑Kcrga Prfomfpajs mcomjrofod Fongots wfth Gojomjphgay,‛ fo Crfdfos Crfdfos 70 70 (766>)9 24>. 7=: Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo g kjjtfod ncr cbstjtrf cbstjtrf-mfgos (Igougry 2>, 7680), o. =9 GG] =9 GG] 42 (7680), 8>. 7=> ‑\c ‑\c rjnusj tc tgej pgrt pgrt fo mckkfttfod go foiustfmj fs oct coay g kcrga luty5 ft fs gasc g bgsfm hukgo rfdht. Tjrj thfs oct sc, thj hukgo pjrsco wcual bj ncrmjl tc pjrncrk go gmtfco fotrfosfmgaay fomckpgtfbaj wfth hukgo lfdofty, gol fo thfs wgy hukgo nrjjlck ftsjan, thj guthjotfm kjgofod gol purpcsj cn whfmh grj ncuol fo fts crfjotgtfco tc thj truj gol thj dccl, wcual bj rglfmgaay mckprckfsjl. Thgt fs gt stgej thjrjncrj fs go jssjotfga rfdht whfmh, prjmfsjay gs sumh, shcual bj gmeocwajldjl gol prctjmtjl by mfvfa mfvfa agw. agw. Fo thfs thfs sjosj, sjosj, thj thj cppcrtuofty cppcrtuofty tc rjnusj rjnusj tc tgej tgej pgrt pgrt fo thj phgsjs cn mcosuatgtfco, prjpgrgtfco gol jxjmutfco cn thjsj gmts gdgfost afnj shcual bj dugrgotjjl tc physfmfgos, hjgath mgrj pjrscooja, gol lfrjmtcrs cn hcspftgas, mafofms gol mcovgajsmjot ngmfaftfjs‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgodj Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 4<9 GG] 4<9 GG] 84 84 U766:[, <88).
<8
A�����
crljr tc rjkgfo ngfthnua tc thj rjqufrjkjots cn thj lfvfoj agw. \hjrjncrj, wj kust jkphgsfzj thgt thj pgth cn truj prcdrjss cn thj thj hukgo hukgo pjrsco pjrsco pgssjs pgssjs thrcudh thfs mcostgo mcostgott ljafty tc g mcosmfjomj kgfotgfojl fo uprfdhtojss gol truth.‛ 7=4 Goy gttjkpt tc ljajdftfkfzj cbjlfjomj tc mcomco smfjomj, oct coay by kjgos cn pjoga sgomtfcos but gasc by rjpjrmussfcos rjpjrmussfcos ‑co thj ajdga, lfsmfpafogry lfsmfpafogry,, ogomfga gol prcnjssfcoga prcnjssf coga pagoj,‛ 7=8 fs tc bj mcoljkojl gs g sjrfcus vfcagtfco cn hukgo rfdhts. >0. Bjsfljs bjfod g sfdo cn prcnjssfcoga fotjdrfty fotjdrfty,, g hjgath mgrj wcrejr‖s jgrojstay kctfvgtjl mcosmfjotfcus cbijmtfco hgs thj ocbaj sfdofmgomj cn g scmfga ljouomfgtfco cn g ajdga foiustfmj foiustfmj thgt fs bjfod pjrpjtrgtjl gdgfost foocmjot gol ljnjosjajss afvjs.
Ljouom fgtfco Ljouomfgtfco cn ajdga foiustfmjs
>7. \hj sjrfcusojss cn thj sfo cn gbcrtfco 7=6 gol thj jgsj wfth whfmh ft fs mckkfttjl, wfth thj gpprcvga cn thj agw gol cn thj murrjot kfolsjt, ajgl thj Mhurmh tc fofmt thj pjogaty cn jxmckkuofmgtfco jxmckkuofmgtfco co goy Mhrfstfgo whc pjrncrks ft cr ncrkgaay mccpjrgt mccpjrgtjs js fo ft9 ‑G pjrsco whc gmtugaay prcmurjs go gbcrtfco fomurs g agtgj sjotjotfgj jxmckkuofmgtfco.‛ 7<0
Ljmfsfvj gol mrjlfbaj wftojss
7=4 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Prcmur Pr cmurjl jl Gbcrtfc Gbcrtfco o, o. 2<9 GG] 2<9 GG] >> >> (764<), 4<<. 7=8 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 4<9 GG] 4<9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <88. 7=6 ‑Prcmurjl gbcrtfco fs thj ljafbjrgtj gol lfrjmt efaafod, by whgtjvjr kjgos ft fs mgrrfjl cut, cn g hukgo bjfod fo thj foftfga phgsj cn hfs cr hjr jxfstjomj, jxtjolfod nrck mcomjptfco tc bfrth‛ bfrth‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgo Ajttjr Jvgodjafu djafuk k vftgj vftgj,, o. :89 GG] :89 GG] 84 84 U766:[, <>4). 7<0 Mn. MFM , mgo. 7=68. \hj jxprjssfco ‑agtgj sjotjotfgj‛ kjgos thgt ft fs oct ojmjssgry ncr thj jxmckkuofmgtfco tc bj prcocuomjl by thj guthcrfty fo jvjry sfodaj mgsj. Goycoj whc prcmurjs gbcrtfco fomurs ft, by thj kjrj ngmt cn prcmurfod ft vcauotgrfay gol eocwfod thgt hj fomurs ft. Mn. MFM , mgo. 7=68, gol Mclj cn Mgocos cn Crfjotga Mhurmhjs (MMJC MMJC), ), mgo. 7<:0 §25 mn. gasc MFM , mgoo. 7=2=”7=2<.
<6
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
\hj sfdofmgomj cn jxmckkuofmgtfco fs jssjojssjo tfgaay prjvjotfvj gol pjlgdcdfmga. Ft fs g ncrmjnua mgaa cn thj Mhurmh gfkjl gt gwgejofod luaajl mcosmfjomjs, lfssuglfod nrck go gmt thgt fs gbscautjay fomckpgtfbaj wfth thj ljkgols cn thj Dcspja, gol fospfrfod uomcolftfcoga ljafty tc afnj. Ft fs oct pcssfbaj tc bj fo mckkuofco wfth thj Mhurmh gol tc fdocrj thj Dcspja cn afnj by mckkfttfod gbcrtfco. Ljnjolfod gol wjamckfod ogsmjot hukgo afnj fs g ljmfsfvj, mrjlfbaj wftojss thgt thj Mhrfstfgo kust dfvj fo jvjry sftugtfco. Lutfj s Lutfjs tcwgrl gbcrtjl njtusjs
>2. Hjgath mgrj wcrejrs hgvj pgrtfmuagr cbafdgtfcos tcwgrl gbcrtjl njtusjs. Go gbcrtjl njtus, fn stfaa gafvj, kust bj bgptfzjl, fo sc ngr gs thfs fs pcssfbaj. 7<7 Go gbcrtjl njtus thgt fs garjgly ljgl ljsjrvjs thj rjspjmt cwjl tc g hukgo mcrpsj, gol fn pcssfbaj ft shcual bj dfvjo dfvjo g suftgbaj suftgbaj burfga. burfga.7<2
Ljnjolfod Ljn jolfod thj rfdht r fdht tc afnj Rfdht tc afnj wfth lfdofty
>=. \hj rfdht tc afnj fs thj rfdht tc afvj wfth hukgo lfdofty,,7<= fo cthjr wcrls, tc bj dugrgotjjl thfs nuolgkjolfdofty tga, crfdfoga, gol fogafjogbaj dccl, whfmh fs thj rcct gol prjrjqufsftj prjrjquf sftj ncr jvjry jvjry cthjr rfdht cn thj thj hukgo hukgo pjrsco pjrsco,, gol gol tc hgvj thfs dccl sgnjdugrljl. 7<<
7<7 Mn. MFM , mgo. 847. 7<2 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lcouk Lcouk vftgj,, F, <9 GG] vftgj <9 GG] 80 (7688), 8=. 7<= Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Gsscmfgtfco cn Ftgafgo Mgthcafm Physfmfgos (Ljmjkbjr 28, 7648), fo Fosjd Fosjdogkjot ogkjotff F (7648), <=85 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo twc mcodrjssjs cn kjlfmfoj gol surdjry (Cmtcbjr 24, 7680), o. =9 GG] 42 (7680), 77245 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc g ljajdgtfco nrck thj gsscmfgtfco Nccl gol Lfsgrkgkjot Fotjrogtfcoga (Njbrugry 7=, 768>), o. =9 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf FX/7 FX/7 (768>), <:8. 7<< Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ngfth, Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg (Kgy :, 7680), F9 GG] 42 (7680), :<<”:<:5 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Tcral Kjlfmga Gsscmfgtfco (Cmtcbjr 26, 768=), o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 4> 4> (768<), =60.
:0
A�����
‑\hj hukgo bjfod fs jotftajl tc sumh rfdhts, fo jvjry phgsj cn ljvjacpkjot, nrck mcomjptfco uotfa ogturga ljgth5 gol fo jvjry mcolftfco, whjthjr hjgathy cr sfme, whcaj cr hgolfmgppjl, rfmh cr pccr.‛ 7<: ><. \hj rfdht tc afnj gnnjmts hjgath mgrj wcrejrs fo twc rjspjmts. Nfrst, thjy mgooct magfk tc hgvj g rfdht cn pcwjr cvjr thj afnj bjfod mgrjl ncr, bjmgusj thjy hgvj oc sumh rfdht gol ojfthjr lcjs thj pgtfjot hfksjan, sc jvjo thj pgtfjot mgooct drgot ft ft tc thjk. thjk.7<> \hj rfdht tc lfspcsj cn coj‖s cwo afnj fs oct gbscautj9 ‑Oc coj . . . mgo grbftrgrfay mhccsj whjthjr tc afvj cr lfj5 thj gbscautj kgstjr cn sumh g ljmfsfco fs thj Mrjgtcr gacoj, fo whck ‘wj afvj gol kcvj gol hgvj cur bjfod‖ (Gmts 74928).‛ 7<4 >:. Fo thj sjmcol pagmj, hjgath mgrj wcrejrs gmtfvjay bjmckj bjmc kj thj thj dugrgo dugrgotcrs tcrs cn thfs thfs rfdh rfdht9 t9 ‑thj ‑thj fotrf fotrfosfm osfm purp purpcsj‛ csj‛ cn thjfr prcnjssfco ‑fs thj gnrkgtfco cn thj rfdht cn thj hukgo bjfod tc hfs afnj gol hfs lfdofty.‛ 7<8 \hjy gmhfjvj ft by gssu gssukfod kfod thj mcrrj mcrrjspco spcolfod lfod luty cn sgnjd sgnjdugrl ugrlfod fod hjga hjgath th prjvjotfv prjvj otfvjay jay gol thjrg thjrgpjut pjutfmgaa fmgaay y7<6 gol fkprcvfod (wfthfo thj smcpj gol wfth thj kjgos gvgfagbaj tc thjk) thj qugafty cn pgtfjots‖ afvjs gol afvfod mcolftfcos. Fo thjfr joljgvcrs, hjgath mgrj wcrejrs grj dufljl gol sustgfojl by thj agw
Oc gbscautj rfdht tc lfspcsj cn coj‖s cwo afnj
Lut y cn Luty sgnjdugrlfod hjgath
7<: Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Mhrfstfljajs agfmf, agfmf, o. =89 GG] 87 87 (7686), <>=. 7<> ‑\hj lcmtcr hgs oc cthjr rfdhts cr pcwjr cvjr thj pgtfjot thgo thcsj whfmh thj agttjr dfvjs hfk, jxpafmftay cr fkpafmftay gol tgmftay. Co hfs sflj, thj pgtfjot mgooct mconjr rfdhts hj lcjs oct pcssjss‛ (Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc thj kjkbjrs cn thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss co Hfstcpgthcacdy cn thj Ojrvcus ]ystjk U]jptjkbjr 7<, 76:2[, o. 729 GG] << << U76:2[, 482). 7<4 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. <49 GG] <49 GG] 84 84 (766:), <:=. 7<8 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo g surdjry mcodrjss (Njbrugry 76, 7684), o. 29 Fosjdo 29 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf X/7 X/7 (7684), =4<. 7<6 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pjrscooja cn thj ojw hcspftga Rjdfog Kgrdhjrftg (Ljmjkbjr 20, 7687), o. =9 Fosjdo =9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf F^/2 F^/2 (7687), 7746.
:7
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
cn acvj, thj scurmj gol kclja cn whfmh fs thj ]co cn Dcl kglj kgo, whc by lyfod dgvj afnj tc thj wcral. 7:0 ]ubcrlfogtfco cn agbcr uofco rfdhts
>>. \hj nuolgkjotga gol prfkgry rfdht cn jvjry hukgo bjfod tc afnj, whfmh kcrj pgrtfmua pgrtfmuagray gray jotgfas thj rfdht tc thj prctjmtfco cn hjgath, tgejs prfcrfty cvjr thj agbcr uofco rfdhts cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs. wcrejrs . \hfs fkpafjs thgt goy iust magfk co thj pgrt cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs kust bj pursujl whfaj sgnjdugrlfod sgnjdugr lfod thj rfdht cn sfme pjrscos tc thj mgrj thgt fs cwjl thjk, bjmgusj cn thj folfspjosgbfafty cn thgt mgrj. \hjrjncrj, fo thj mgsj cn g strfej, kjlfmga gol hcspftga sjrvfmjs thgt grj jssjotfga gol urdjot ncr thj prctjmtfco cn hjgath kust bj gssurjl“jvjo by kjgos kjgos cn gpprcprfg gpprcprfgtj tj ajdga kjgsurjs kjgsurjs..
Prjvjotfco Prfkgm y cn Prfkgmy prjvjotfco prjvjot fco
>4. \hj prctjmtfco cn hjgath mckkfts hjgath mgrj wcrejrs rst cn gaa tc thj grjg cn prjvjotfco. Prjvjotfod fs bjttjr thgo trjgtfod, bcth bjmgusj ft spgrjs thj pjrsco thj lfsmckncrt gol sunnjrfod cn faaojss, gol gasc bjmgusj ft spgrjs scmfjty thj mcsts cn trjgtkjot, whfmh grj oct iust jmcockfm.
Prjvjot fco Prjvjotfco gol jssjotfga mckpjtjomy
>8. \hj pr prjvjotfc jvjotfco o pr prcpjr cpjr tc hjgath mgr mgrjj , whfmh fomauljs glkfofstjrfod pgrtfmuagr phgrkgmjutfmgas, vgmmfogtfod, mcolumtfod tjsts cr smrjjofods tc gsmjrtgfo prjlfspcsftfco prjlfsp csftfcos, s, gol prjsmrfb prjsmrfbfod fod bjhgvfc bjhgvfcrs rs gol hgbfts gfkjl gt gvcflfod thj cutbrjge, sprjgl, cr wcrsjofod cn lfsjgsjs grj jssjotfgaay thj mckpjtjomy cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs. Ft mgo bj lfrjmtjl tcwgrl gaa thj kjkbjrs cn g scmfjty, tc mgtjdcrfjs cn pjrscos, cr tc folfvflugas, gs kgy bj thj mgsj wfth mjrtgfo stuljot hjgath prcdrgk prcdrgks. s.
Prjvjotfco gol vgmmfojs >6. Nrck thj pjrspjmtfvj cn prjvjotfod fonjmtfcus lfsjgsjs, thj ljvjacpkjot cn vgmmfojs gol thjfr jkpacykjot fo thj dht gdgfost sumh fonjmtfcos, thrcudh thj cbafdg tcry 7:0 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj vftgj,, o. 469 GG] 469 GG] 84 84 (766:), <67.
:2
A�����
fkkuofzgtfco cn gaa thj pcpuagtfcos mcomjrojl, fs uolcubtjlay g pcsftfvj stjp. \hj prjpgrgtfco cn mjrtgfo vgmmfojs cmmgsfcogaay fovcavjs thj usj cn ‑bfcacdfmga kgtjrfga‛ cn faafmft crfdfo, crfdfo , ncr jxgkpaj, fo thj mgsj cn mjaa afojs ljrfvjl nrck ljafb jrgtjay gbcrtjl njtusjs. \hj jthfmga prcbajks hjrj grj jssjotfgaay mccpjrgtfco wfth jvfa gol smgolga, bjmgusj cn g drgvj lfscrljr gdgfost thj afnj gol fotjdrfty bjacodfod tc jvjry hukgo bjfod. 7:7 \hj luty rjkgfos ncr jvjrycoj tc kgofnjst lfsgdrjjkjot wfth thj usj cn bfcacdfmga kgtjrfga cn faafmft crfdfo ncr thj prjpgrgtfco prjpgr gtfco cn vgmmfojs gol tc gse hjgath mgrj systjks tc kgej cthjr typjs cn vgmmfojs gvgfagbaj.7:2 40. Fo sckj mgsjs, rjsjgrmhjrs utfafzj ‑bfcacdfmga kgtjrfga‛ cn faafmft crfdfo thgt wgs oct lfrjmtay prclumjl by thcsj whc kgej usj cn ft, but gmqufrjl mckkjrmfgaay5 fo thjsj sftugtfcos, coj mcual fovcej thj mrftjrfco cn folj pjoljomj, pjoljo mj, thgt fs, thj gbsjomj cn goy prcxfkg prcxfkgtj tj mcoojmt mcoojmtfco fco tc faafmft prgmtfmjs. Ojvjrthjajss, thj rjsjgrmhjrs, fo thjfr prcnjssfcoga prcnjssf coga gmtfvfty gmtfvfty,, hgvj thj luty luty tc gvcfl gvcfl smgolga. smgolga. Hjomj ‑thjrj fs g luty tc rjnusj tc usj sumh ‘bfcacdfmga kgtjrfga‖ jvjo whjo thjrj fs oc macsj mcoojmtfco bjtwjjo thj rjsjgrmhjr gol thj gmtfcos cn thcsj whc pjrncrkjl pjrnc rkjl thj grtf grtfmfga mfga njrtf njrtfafzgt afzgtfco fco cr thj gbcr gbcrtfco, tfco, cr whjo thjrj wgs oc prfcr gdrjjkjot wfth thj mjotjrs fo whfmh thj grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco tcce pagmj. \hfs luty sprfods nrck thj ojmjssfty tc rjkcvj cojsjan, wfthfo cojsjan, wfthfo thj grjg cn coj‖s cwo rjsjgrmh, nr rjsjgrmh, nrck ck g drgv drgvjay jay uoiu uoiust st ajdg ajdgaa sftu sftugtfc gtfco o gol tc gnr gnrk k wfth magrfty thj vgauj cn hukgo afnj.‛ afnj .‛ 7:= Fo thfs djojrga mcotjxt thjrj grj cn mcursj lfnnjr jot ajvjas cn rjspcosfbfafty, sc thgt sjrfcus rjgscos mcual
Oc tc thj usj cn bfcacdfmga kgtjrfga cn faafmft crfdfo
Lut y tc Luty rjkcvj cojsjan nrck g drgvjay uoiust ajdga sftugtfco
7:7 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. =<9 GG] =<9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 882”88=. 7:2 Mn. fbfl., o. =:9 =:9 GG] GG] 700 (2008), 88<5 Pcotfmga Pcot fmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj, Kcrga Rjjmtf Rjjmtfcos cos co ^gmmfoj ^gmmfojss Prjpgr Prjpgrjl jl nrck nrck Mjaas Ljrfv Ljrfvjl jl nrck nrck Gbcrtjl Gbcrtj l Hukgo Hukgo Njtusjs Njtusjs (^ (^gtfmgo gtfmgo Mfty9 200:), o. :. 7:= Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. =:9 GG] =:9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 88<.
:=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
bj kcrgaay prcpcrt prcpcrtfcogtj fcogtj ncr thj usj cn sumh ‑bfcacd ‑bfcacdfmga fmga kgtjrfga‛ jvjo thcudh thj luty rjkgfos ncr rjsjgrmhjrs tc cbijmt tc thfs sftugtfco gol tc try tc kgej usj cn kgtjrfga oct cn faafmft crfdfo. 7:<
Kjlfmga prjvjotfco prjvjotfco gol scmfjty Prjvjot fco Prjvjotfco gol prjvjotfvj prjvjot fvj mckpjtjomy
Mcomurrjot gmtfco cn gaa thj ncrmjs fo scmfjtyy scmfjt
47. \hjrj fs gasc g efol cn hjgath mgrj prjvjotfco fo g brcgl sjosj, sjosj , fo whfmh thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr‖s gmtfvfty fs coay coj mckpcojot cn thj prjvjotfvj gmtfco mgrrfjl cut by scmfjty. \hfs fs thj efol cn prjvjotfco tc bj fkpajkjotjl fo ljgafod wfth sc-mgaajl scmfga faaojssjs, sumh gs lrud ljpjoljomj, gamchcafsk, gol tcbgmmc ljpjoljomj. \hfs mgo bj sgfl gaa thj kcrj gbcut thj mcrrjmt gol gpprcprfgtj prjvjotfco thgt hjgath mgrj wcrejrs grj mgaajl tc mgrry cut, jspjmfgaay fo ljgafod wfth thj ycuodjr djojrgtfcos, wfth rjdgrl tc sjxugaay tc sjxugaay trgoskfttjl trgoskfttjl lfsjgsjs, lfsjgsjs, fomaulfod thj sprjgl cn thj hukgo fkkuocljmfjomy vfrus (HF^). 42. Afejwfsj, spjmfga gttjotfco shcual bj pgfl tc thj prjvjotfc pr jvjotfco o cn jomukbr jomukbrgomjs gomjs ncr scmfga scmfga drc drcups ups cn cn folfvflufolfvflugas“ sumh sumh gs glcajsmjots, hgolfmgppjl pjrscos, gol thj jaljray“gol cn hjgath rfses mcoojmtjl wfth mcotjkpcrgry afvfod fo rjagtfco tc nccl, jovfrcokjot, wcrepagmj mcolftfcos, thj hckj, spcrts, gol sumh. Fo thjsj mgsjs, prjvjotfvj fotjrvjotfco fs thj prfkgry gol kcst jnnjmtfvj rjkjly gol sckjtfkjs thj coay coj pcssfbaj. Ft rjqufrjs, hcwjvjr, thj mcomurrjot gmtfco cn gaa thj ncrmjs gt wcre fo scmfjty. Hjrj prjvjotfco fs kcrj thgo g kjlfmga cr hjgath-mgrj-rjagtjl gmt. Ft fs g kgttjr cn foujomfod thj muaturj by rjmcvjrfod ojdajmtjl vgaujs gol prcvflfod thj jlumgtfco thgt fostfaas thjk, sprjglfod g kcrj kjgsurjl gol mcaagbcrgtfvj octfco cn afnj,
7:< Mn. fbfl.5 Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj, Kcrga Rjjm Rjjmtfcos tfcos co ^gmmfojs Prjpgrjl nrck Mjaas Ljrfvjl nrck Gbcrtjl Hukgo Njtusjs Njtus js (^ (^gtfmgo gtfmgo Mfty9 200:), 200:) , o. :.
:<
A�����
lfssjkfogtfod foncrkgtfco gbcut rfsey hgbfts, gol ncrkfod g pcaftfmga mcosjosus ncr suppcrtfvj ajdfsagtfco. \hj rjga pcssfbfafty cn jnnjmtfvj prjvjotfco fs mcoojmtjl oct coay cr prfkgrfay wfth thj kjthcls cn fkpajkjotgtfco, but gasc wfth thj kctfvgtfcos thgt sustgfo ft gol thj jxtjot cn thjfr lfssjkfogtfco gol gmtugafzgtfco fo thj muaturj.
]fmeojss 4=. Gathcudh ft shgrjs fo thj trgosmjoljot vgauj cn thj pjrsco, bclfay bclfay afnj, by fts vjry vjry ogturj, rjjmts rjjmts thj prjmgrfprjmgrfcusojss cn thj hukgo mcolftfco. \hfs fs jvfljot jspjmfgaay fo sfmeojss gol sunnjrfod, whfmh grj jxpjrfjomjl gs g kgakga gfsj cn thj whcaj pjrsco. ‑Fo ngmt, faaojss gol sunnjrfod grj oct jxpjrfjomjs whfmh mcomjro coay kgo‖s physfmga substgomj, but kgo fo hfs jotfrjty gol fo hfs sckgtfmspfrftuga uofty uofty.‛ .‛ 7:: ]fmeojss fs kcrj thgo g mafofmga, kjlfmgaay ljoljo gbaj ngmt. Ft fs gawgys thj mcolftfco cn g hukgo bjfod, thj sfme pjrsco. Hjgath mgrj wcrejrs kust gpprcgmh pgtfjots wfth thfs fotjdrgaay hukgo vfjw vfjw cn sfmeojss. Fo gllftfco tc thj rjqufsftj tjmhofmga cr prcnjssfcoga mckpjtjomj, thjy ojjl tc hgvj go gwgrjojss cn vgaujs gol kjgofods thgt dfvj purpcsj tc sfmeojss gol tc thjfr cwo wcre, kgefod jvjry sfodaj mafofmga mgsj g hukgo jomcuotjr.
Kgagfsj cn thj whcaj pjrsco
4<. Mhrfstfgos eocw by thjfr ngfth thgt sfmeojs sfmeojsss gol sunnjrfod sunnjrfo d shgr shgrjj fo thj sgvfod pcwjr cn thj Mr Mrcss css cn thj Rjljjkjr.. ‑Mhrfst‖s rjljkptfco gol hfs sgavfm drgmj Rjljjkjr rjgmh thj whcaj kgo fo hfs hukgo mcolftfco gol thjrjncrj
Pgrtfmfpgt fco Pgrtfmfpgtfco fo sgvfod pcwjr
Mcrrjspcolfod gpprcgmh cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs
7:: Icho Pgua FF, Kctu Prcprfc Lcajot Lcajotfuk fuk hckfouk hckfouk,, o. 29 GG] 44 (768:), <:8. ‑Faaojss gol sunnjrfod hgvj gawgys bjjo gkcod thj drgvjst prcbajks mconrcotjl fo hukgo afnj. Fo faaojss, kgo jxpjrfjxpjrfjomjs hfs pcwjrajssojss, hfs afkftgtfcos, gol hfs oftulj. Jvjry faaojss mgo kgej us dafkpsj ljgth‛ (MMM (MMM , o. 7:00). ‑\hj kfssfco cn Ijsus, wfth thj kgoy hjgafods hj pjrncrkjl, shcws Dcl‖ Dcl‖ss drjgt d rjgt mcomjro jvjo ncr kgo‖s kgo‖s bclfay afnj afnj‛‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk Jvgodj afuk vftgj vftgj,, o. <49 GG] <49 GG] 84 84 U766:[, <:2).
::
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
\hrjjncal hjgathy gttftulj
rjgmh gasc faaojss, sunnjrfod gol ljgth.‛ 7:> ‑Co thj Mrcss, thj kfrgmaj cn thj sjrpjot afntjl up by Kcsjs fo thj ljsjrt (Io =97<”7:5 mn. Ouk 2798”6) fs rjojwjl gol brcudht tc nuaa gol ljoftfvj pjrnjmtfco. \clgy tcc, by accefod upco thj Coj whc wgs pfjrmjl, jvjry pjrsco whcsj afnj fs thrjgtjojl jomcuotjrs thj surj hcpj cn olfod nrjjlck gol rjljkptfco.‛ 7:4 ‑Lcwo thrcudh thj mjoturfjs gol djojrgtfcos ft hgs bjjo sjjo thgt fo sunnjrfod thjrj fs mcomjgajl g pgrtfmua pgrtfmuagr gr pcwjr thgt lrgws g pjrsco fotjrfcra fotjrfcray y macsj tc Mhrfst, g spjmfga drgmj.‛ 7:8 ]fmeojss gol sunnjrfod gmqufrj go jxtrgcrlfogry spfrftuga nruftnuaojss whjo jxpjrfjomjl fo macsj uofco wfth thj sunnjrfods cn Ijsus, sc thgt thj sfme pjrsco mgo mgo sgy wfth thj thj Gpcstaj Pgua, Pgua, ‑Fo ky jsh F mckmck pajtj whgt fs agmefod fo Mhrfst‖ Mhrfst‖ss gnfmtfcos ncr thj sgej cn hfs bcly, thgt fs, thj Mhurmh‛ (Mca 792<).7:6 \hfs Mhrfstfgo rjfotjrprjtgtfco mgo hjap thj sfme pjrsco pjrsc o ljvj ljvjacp acp g thrjj thrjjncal ncal hjga hjgathy thy gttft gttftulj ulj tcwgr tcwgrl l hfs sfmeojss9 go gwgrjojss cn fts rjgafty ‑wfthcut kfofkfzfod ft cr gwgrjojss cn jxgddjrgtfod ft‛5 gmmjptgomj gmmjptgomj ‑oct ‑oct wfth g kcrj cr ajss bafol rjsfdogtfco‛ but fo thj sjrjoj eocwajldj thgt ‑thj Acrl fs gbaj gol wgots tc lrgw dccl nrck jvfa‛5 gol go cnnjrfod ‑kglj cut cn acvj ncr thj Acrl gol ncr coj‖s brjthrjo.‛ 7>0 7:> Icho Pgua FF, Kctu Prcprfc Lcajot Lcajotfuk fuk hckfou hckfouk k, o. 29 GG] 44 (768:), <:8. 7:4 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj :09 GG] 84 84 Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. :09 GG] (766:), <:4. 7:8 Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Ajttjr ]gavfmf lcacrfs, lcacrfs, o. 2>9 GG] 4> (768<), 2=8. 7:6 ‑Jvjo thj sfme grj sjot ncrth gs agbcrjrs fotc thj Acrl‖s vfojygrl9 thj wjfdht thgt wjgrfjs thj bcly‖s kjkbjrs gol lfssfpgtjs thj scua‖s sjrjofty fs ngr nrck lfspjosfod g pjrsco nrck wcrefod fo thj vfojygrl. Fostjgl thj sfme grj mgaajl tc afvj thjfr hukgo gol Mhrfstfgo vcmgtfco gol tc pgrtfmfpgtj fo thj drcwth cn thj Efodlck cn Dcl fo g ojw gol jvjo kcrj vgaugbaj kgoojr‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Mhrfstfljajs agfmf, agfmf, o. :=9 GG] :=9 GG] 87 87 U7686[, <66). 7>0 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss fo Acurljs (Gudust (Gudust 7:, 768=), o. <9 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf ^F/2 ^F/2 (768=), 2<2. ‑Co thj mrcss Mhrfst tcce upco hfksjan thj whcaj wjfdht cn jvfa gol tcce gwgy thj ‘sfo cn thj
:>
A�����
4:. \hj ngkfay fs gawgys fovcavjl fo sckj wgy wfth thj sfme pjrsco.7>7 Gfl dfvjo tc ngkfay kjkbjrs gol thjfr mccpjrgtfco wfth hjgath mgrj wcrejrs grj vgaugbaj mckpcojots cn hjgath mgrj. \hj hjgath mgrj wcrejr, w crejr, fo ljgafod wfth thj pgtfjot‖s ngkfay, fs mgaajl tc prcvflj, bcth folfvflugaay gol thrcudh kjkbjrshfp fo gsscmfgtfcos, oct coay trjgtkjot but gasc joafdhtjokjot, mcuosja, duflgomj, gol suppcrt. 7>2
Gfl tc ngkfay kjkbjrs
Lfgdocsfs 4>. Dufljl by thfs fotjdrgaay hukgo gol prcpjray Mhrfstfgo uoljrstgolfod cn sfmeojss, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr sjjes gbcvj gaa tc lfsmcvjr thj sfmeojss gol tc gogayzj gogayz j ft fo thj sfme pjrsco9 hj ncrkuagtjs thj lfgdocsfs lfgdocsfs gol gol thj rjagtfvj pr tfvj prcdocs cdocsfs fs.. Foljjl, g mcolftfco ncr goy trjgtkjot fs thj prjmfsj fljotfmgtfco cn thj pgthcacdy fo tjrks cn fts sykptcks gol mgusjs.
Lfgdocsfs gol prcdocsfs wfth g hukgo gol Mhrfstfgo uoljrstgolfod cn sfmeojss
44. Fo ncrkuagtfod g lfgdocsfs, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr wfaa tgej tc hjgrt thj qujstfcos gol goxfjtfjs cn thj pgtfjot, pg tfjot, gol hj kust dugrl gdgfost thj cppcsftj jxtrjkjs cn lfgdocstfm gbgolcokjot gol gol lfgdocstfm cbstfogmy cbst fogmy..
Bgagomj bjtwjjo lfgdocstfm gbgolcokjot gol lfgdocstfm cbstfogmy
wcral‖ (Io 7926), cn whfmh faaojss fs coay g mcosjqujomj. By hfs pgssfco pgssfc o gol ljgth co thj mrcss Mhrfst hgs dfvjo dfvjo g ojw kjgofod kjgofod tc tc sunnjrfod9 ft mgo hjomjncrth mcodurj us tc hfk gol uoftj us wfth hfs rjljkptfvj Pgssfco‛ (MMM (MMM , o. 7:0:). 7>7 ‑\hj ngkfay . . . fs thj tjgmhjr cn gmmjptgomj gol scaflgrfty9 ft fs wfthfo thj ngkfay thgt jlumgtfco substgotfgaay lrgws upco rjagtfcoshfps cn scaflgrfty5 fo thj ngkfay coj ajgros thgt thj acss cn hjgath fs oct g rjgsco ncr lfsmrfkfogtfod gdgfost hukgo afnj5 thj ngkfay tjgmhjs us oct tc ngaa fotc folfvflugafsk gol tc bgagomj thj ‘F‖ wfth thj ‘wj.‖ Ft fs thjrj thgt ‘tgefod mgrj cn coj gocthjr‖ bjmckjs g ncuolgtfco cn hukgo afnj gol g kcrga gttftulj tc ncstjr, thrcudh thj vgaujs cn mckkftkjot gol scaflgrfty‛ (Nrgomfs, Kjssgdj tc pgrtfmfpgots pgrtfmf pgots fo thj Djojrg Djojrgaa Gssjkbay cn thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky Gmgljky ncr Afnj co thj cmmgsfco cn thj twjotfjth goofvjrsgry cn thj fostftutfco UNjbrugry 76, 207<[). 7>2 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Ngkfaf Ngkfafgrfs grfs mcoscr mcoscrtfc tfc,, o. 4:9 GG] 4:9 GG] 4< 4< (7682), 742”74=.
:4
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Ljnjosfvj kjlfmfoj gs g ncrk cn lfgdocstfm cbstfogomy Ncr thj bjojt cn hjgath
Fo thj rst mgsj, thj pgtfjot fs mckpjaajl tc dc nrck coj spjmfgafst cr coj hjgath mgrj sjrvfmj tc gocthjr, wfthcut olfod thj physfmfgo cr thj lfgdocstfm mjotjr gbaj gol wfaafod tc trjgt hfs gfakjot. Thfaj thj jxtrjkj spjmfgafzgtfco gol mckpgrtkjotgafzgtfco cn mckpjtjomfjs gol mafofmga ljpgrtkjots dugrgotjjs prcnjssfcoga jxpjr tfsj, ft wcres tc thj ljtrfkjot cn thj sfme pjrsco whjo thj ogtfcoga strumturj cn hjgath mgrj ljafvjry lcjs oct gaacw g mgrjnua, cvjrgaa gpprcgmh tc hfs gfakjot. Fo thj sjmcol mgsj, fo mcotrgst, thjrj fs g stubbcro fosfstjomj co go jxmjss cn lfgdocstfm tjsts, gfkjl gt ol fod g sfmeojss gt gaa mcsts. Coj kgy bj tjkptjl, thrcudh agzfojss, prct-sjjefod, cr sjan-gddrgolfzjkjot, tc lfgdlfgd ocsj g pgthcacdfm mcolftfco goywgy gol tc kjlfmgafzj prcbajkss thgt grj oct cn g kjlfmga ogturj. \hfs lcjs oct prcbajk hjap thj pjrsco drgsp thj jxgmt ogturj cn hfs cwo gfakjot cr tgej thj gpprcprfgtj kjgsurjs tc cvjrmckj ft. G scrt cn cbstfogmy mcual bjmckj kgofnjst fo scmgaajl ljnjosfvj kjlfmfoj, kjlfmfoj, whjrjby hjgath mgrj wcrejrs kclfny thjfr prcnjssfcoga prgmtfmj, glgptfod ft scajay tc prctjmt thjksjav thjksjavjs js nrck thj ajdga mcosjq mcosjqujomjs ujomjs cn thjfr fotjrvjotfco. 48. Ruafod cut sumh jxmjssjs, gol dufljl by nuaa rjspjmt ncr thj lfdofty gol fotjdrfty cn thj pjrsco, jspjmfgaay wfth rjdgrl tc thj usj cn fovgsfvj fostrukjotga kjthcls, lfgdocsfs djojrgaay lcjs oct pcsj prcbajks cn go jthfmga ogturj. Fo ftsjan ft fs crljrjl tc thjrgpy9 ft fs go gmt thgt bjojts hjgath. Pgrtfmuagr prcbajks grj ocojthjajss pcsjl by pr by prjjlfmtfvj lfgdocstfms, lfgdocstfms, bjmgusj cn thj pcssfbaj rjpjrmussfcos co thj psymhcacdfmga ajvja gol ncrks cn lfsmrfkfogtfco thgt kgy rjsuat nrck ft.
Fotjrvjotfcos co thj djockj Prcspjmts ncr djojtfm eocwajldj
:8
46. Jvjr kcrj jxtjosfvj eocwajldj gbcut thj hukgo djojtfm pgtrfk pgtrfkcoy coy ( djockj djockj), ), thj fljotfmgtfco gol kgppfod cn djojs wfth thj pcssfbfafty cn trgosnjrrfod,
A�����
kclfnyfod, cr rjpagmfod thjk, cpjos up prjvfcusay uohjgrl-cn prcspjmts ncr kjlfmfoj gol gt thj sgkj tfkj rgfsjs ojw gol ljafmgtj jthfmga prcbajks. Fo g kcrga jvgaugtfco, strfmtay thjrgpjutfm fotjrvjotfcos thgt gfk tc trjgt lfsjgsjs rjsuatfod nrck djojtfm cr mhrckcsckga gockgafjs kust bj lfstfodufshjl nrck kgofpuagtfco thgt gatjrs thj hukgo djojtfm pgtrfkcoy.
Djoj thjrgpy 80. \hj gppafmgtfco cn djojtfm jodfojjrfod tjmhofqujs tc hukgo bjfods ncr thjrgpjutfm purpcsjs, mckkcoay rjnjrrjl tc gs djoj gs djoj thjrgp thjrgpyy, fs pcssfbaj tclgy gt thj ajvja cn thj sckgtfm thj sckgtfm mjaas mjaas,, whfmh kgej up tfssujs gol crdgos. \hfs typj cn djoj thjrgpy mgo bj pjrncrkjl co g njtus, co go fongot gntjr bfrth, co g mhfal, cr co go gluat. Fo pgrtfmuagr, ‑prcmjlurjs usjl co sckgtfm mjaas ncr strfmtay thjrgpjutfm purpcsjs grj fo prfomfpaj kcrgaay afmft‛ 7>= fogskumh gs thjy gfk tc mcrrjmt g djojtfm ljnjmt cr murj g lfsjgsj. Fo goy mgsj, ft fs ocojthjajss ojmjssgry tc cbsjrvj thj prfomfpaj thgt thj subijmt bjfod trjgtjl kust oct bj jxpcsjl tc rfses tc hjgath gol physfmga fotjdrfty thgt grj jxmjssfvj cr lfsprcpcrtfcogtj tc thj sjrfcusojss cn thj lfsjgsj.7>< Nurthjrkcrj, thj foncrkjl mcosjot cn thj pgtfjot cr thj pgtfjot‖ pgtfjot‖ss ajdga rjprjsjotgtfvj kust bj cbtgfojl. Djrk-afoj djoj thjrgpy, thjrgpy, fo mcotrgst, gt thj prjsjot stgtj cn thj rjsjgrmh, fs kcrgaay faafmft, fogskumh gs ft fs oct yjt pcssfbaj tc prjvjot thj sprjgl tc thj prcdjoy cn pcssfbaj pcssfb aj hgrk rjsuatfo rjsuatfod d nrck thj fotjrvjotfc fotjrvjotfco. o.7>:
Jthfmga lfstfomtfco9 thjrgpjutfm gol kgofpuagtfvj gatjrgtfvjs
Kcrga pjrkfssfbfaftyy pjrkfssfbfaft cn djoj thjrgpy
7>= Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. 2>9 GG] 2>9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 84>. 7>< Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Tcral Tcral Kjlfmga Gsscmfgtfco (Cmtcbjr 26, 768=), o. >9 GG] 4> 4> (768<), =6=. Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs (Cmtcbjr 2=, 7682), oo. :, >9 GG] >9 GG] 4> 4> (768=), =4, =8. 7>: Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. 2>9 GG] 2>9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 844.
:6
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Oc tc djrkafoj thjrgpy
Oc tc kgofpuagtfco ncr thj purpcsj cn fkprcvjkjot cr johgomjkjot
\hj gppafmgtfco cn thfs thjrgpy tc thj jkbryc prcvjs tc bj jvjo kcrj kcrj sjrfcus sjrfcus bjmgusj, bjmgusj, bjsfljs bjsfljs fomurrfod fomurrfod thj gncrjkjotfcojl rfses, ft ojjls tc bj mgrrfjl cut wfthfo thj mcotjxt cn fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfco, wfth gaa thj cbijmtfcos thgt sumh prcmjlurjs jotgfa. Dfvjo cur prjsjot eocwajldj, thjrjncrj, djrk-afoj djoj thjrgpy, fo gaa fts ncrks, fs kcrgaay faafmft. ]uppcsfod, thjo, thgt djojtfm jodfojjrfod fs gppafjl tc ocothjrgpjutfm jols ncr thj purpcsj cn usfod sumh tjmhofqujs tc pjrncrk kgofpuagtfcos thgt prjsukgbay wfaa fkprcvj gol johgomj coj‖s djojtfm fohjrftgomj, fohjrftgomj , ft bjmckjs majgr gbcvj gaa thgt ‑sumh kgofpuagtfco wcual prckctjj g judjofm kjotgaf prckct kjotgafty ty gol wcual ajgl tc folfrjmt scmfga stfdkg wfth rjdgrl tc pjcpaj whc agme mjrtgfo qugaftfjs, whfaj prfvfajdfod qugaftfjs thgt hgppjo tc bj gpprjmfgtjl by g mjrtgfo muaturj cr scmfjty5 sumh qugaftfjs lc oct mcostftutj whgt fs spjmfmgaay hukgo.‛ 7>> G iuldiuldkjot cn kcrga afmjfty fs fomckpgtfbaj wfth thfs fljcacdfmga pjrspjmtfvj, pjrspjmt fvj, fo whfmh kgo magfks tc rjpagmj thj Mrjgtcr gol whfmh fkpafjs, gkcod cthjr thfods, go uoiust lckfogtfco cn kgo cvjr kgo.
Rjdjojrgtfvj thjrgpy Oc tc jkbrycofm stjk mjaas
87. Fo thj jal cn rjdjojrgtfvj kjlfmfoj, kjlfmfoj, prckfsfod thjrgpjutfm gppafmgtfcos hgvj bjjo kglj pcssfbaj by thj lfsmcvjry cn stjk cn stjk mjaas mjaas,, bcth jkbrycofm gol oco-jkbrycofm. 7>4 Fo thfs rjspjmt, thjy shcual bj mcosfljrjl fo rjagtfco tc thj kjthcls ncr cbtgfofod stjk mjaas.
7>> Fbfl., o. 249 249 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 844. 7>4 Oco-jkbrycofm stjk mjaas mgo mckj nrck (g) go gbcrtjl njtus5 (b) njtga mjaas ljrfvjl nrck thj gkofctfm ufl bjncrj bfrth5 (m) thj pagmjotg pagmjo tg cr thj ukbfafmga ukbfafmga mcrl fkkjlfgtjay gntjr bfrth5 cr (l) thj bcly cn thj fongot cr gluat, gol thjo thjy grj mgaajl ‑sckg ‑sckgtfm‛ tfm‛ mjaas. Nurthjrkcrj, tclgy thjrj grj gasc fP] mjaas (folumjl paurf pctjot stjk mjaas) mjaas).. \hjsj grj sckgtf sckgtfmm mjaas“ mjaas“djojrg djojrgaay aay ljrkga brcbagsts“thgt hgvj bjjo djojtfmgaay rjprcdrgkkjl. \hjy hgvj mhgrgmtjrfstfms sfkfagr tc thcsj cn jkbrycofm stjk mjaas, but thjy grj oct cbtgfojl by thj ljstrumtfco cn jkbrycs.
>0
A�����
\hjsj kjthcls grj jthfmgaay afmft whjo thj prcmurjkjot cn thj stjk mjaas lcjs oct mgusj sjrfcus lgkgdj tc thj lcocr.7>8 \hjy grj, co thj mcotrgry, drgvjay faafmft whjo thjy fovcavj thj prcmurjkjot cn stjk mjaas nrck g afvfod hukgo jkbryc, bjmgusj thfs fojvftgbay mgusjs fts ljstrumtfco.7>6 Gasc faafmft fs thj hgrvjstfod cn hukgo njtga stjk mjaas nrck g njtus thgt wgs efaajl by g prcmurjl gbcrtfco, fn thjrj fs g lfrjmt rjagtfco bjtwjjo thj gmt cn gbcrtfco gol thj usj cn thj stjk mjaas. Gs ncr thj mafofmga cr jxpjrfkjotga usj cn stjk mjaas cbtgfojl by kjgos cn afmft prcmjlurjs, thj mckkco mrftjrfg mrftjr fg cn prcnjssfcoga kjlfmga stgolgrls kust bj cbsjrvjl, prcmjjlfod prcmjjlf od wfth drjgt drjgt rfdcr gol gol pruljomj, pruljomj, kfofkfzfod kfofkfzfod thj thj pcssfbaj pcssfb aj rfses tc thj pgtfjot, ngmfaftgt ngmfaftgtfod fod lfsmussfco fo thj smfjotfm wcral, gol cnnjrfod gljqugtj foncrkgtfco gbcut sumh foocvgtfvj mafofmga gppafmgtfcos. 82. \hj prclumtfco cn jkbrycofm stjk mjaas fs cntjo mcoojmtjl wfth gttjkpts gt hukgo macofod . Macofod hgs twc bgsfm dcgas9 rjprclumtfvj macofod, ncr thj purpcsj cn dfvfod bfrth tc g hukgo bjfod wfth pgrtfmuagr, prjljojl mhgrgmtjrfstfms, gol sc-mgaajl thjrgpjutfm cr rjsjgrmh macofod, ncr thj purpcsj cn cbtgfofod stjk mjaas. Rjprclumtfv Rjpr clumtfvjj hukgo macofo macofod d fs kcrgaay faafmft, bjmgusj ft tgejs tc go jxtrjkj thj fkkcrgafty fohjrjot fo tjmhofqujs cn grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco, gttjkptfod tc ‑dfvj rfsj tc g ojw hukgo bjfod wfthcut g mcoojmtfco tc thj gmt cn rjmfprcmga sjan-dfvfod bjtwjjo thj spcusjs gol, kcrj rglfmgaay, wfthcut goy afoe tc sjxugafty.‛ 740
Oc tc hukgo rjprclumtfvj macofod
7>8 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoftg Lfdoftgss pjrscogj pjrsco gj,, o. =29 GG] =29 GG] 700 700 (2008), 887. 7>6 Mn. fbfl. 740 Fbfl., o. 289 GG] 700 (2008), 846. Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj, vftgj, FF, B, <9 GG] <9 GG] 80 80 (7688), 60”625 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Tcral Kjlfmga Gsscmfgtfco (Cmtcbjr 26, 768=), o. >9 GG] >9 GG] 4> 4> (768<), =6=.
>7
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Oc tc sc-mgaajl sc-m gaajl thjrgpjutfm macofod
Rjspjmt ncr ogturj
\hj fotjotfco tc prjljtjrkfoj thj mhgrgmtjrfstfms cn g macojl folfvfluga wcual bj ncr hfk g ncrk cn bfcacdfmga sagvjry gol wcual bj g sjrfcus cnnjosj gdgfost hfs hukgo lfdofty gol thj nuolgkjotga jqugafty cn gaa hukgo bjfods. 747 ]c-mgaajl thjrgpjutfm macofod wcual bj jvjo kcrj sjrfcus nrck thj jthfmga pcfot cn vfjw. Foljjl, mrjgtfod jkbrycs wfth thj fotjotfco cn ljstrcyfod thjk, jvjo ncr thj purpcsj cn murfod cthjr sfme pjrscos, fs gatcdjthjr fomckpgtfbaj wfth rjspjmt ncr hukgo afnj, jvjo gt thj jkbrycofm stgdj.742 8=. \hj kgofpuagtfco cn gofkga cr pagot mjaas ncr phgrkgmjutfmga purpcsjs rgfsjs purpcsjs rgfsjs oc kcrga qujstfcos gs acod gs ft shcws rjspjmt ncr ogturj, bjmgusj ‑thj ogturga jovfrcokjot fs kcrj thgo rgw kgtjrfga tc bj kgofpuagtjl gt cur pajgsurj55 ft fs g wcolrcus wcre pajgsurj wcre cn thj Mrjgtcr, Mrjgtcr, mcotgfofod mcotgfofod g ‘drgkkgr‖ whfmh sjts ncrth jols gol mrftjrfg ncr fts wfsj usj, oct fts rjmeajss jxpacftgtfco.‛ 74=
rjgtkjot gol rjhgbfaftgtfco rjhgbf aftgtfco Pjrncrkgomj cn thjrgpjutfm gol rjhgbfaftgtfvj fotjrvjotfcos
8<. Lfgdocsfs fs ncaacwjl by trjgtkjot gol gol rjhgbfaftgtfco,, fo cthjr wcrls, thj pjrncrkgomj cn thcsj fotjrvjotfcos tfco thgt pjrkft, gs kumh gs pcssfbaj, thj rjmcvjry gol thj pjrscoga pjrsc oga gol scmfg scmfgaa rjfotjd rjfotjdrgtfc rgtfco o cn thj pgtfjo pgtfjot. t. \rjgtkjot cr thjrgpy fs g prcpjray kjlfmga gmt, gfkjl gt mckbgtfod pgthcacdfmga mcolftfcos fo thjfr mgusjs, kgofnjstgtfcos, gol mckpafmgtfcos. Rjhgbfaftgtfco, co thj cthjr hgol, fs g mckbfogtfco cn kjlfmga, physfcthjrgpjutfm, physfcthjrgpjutfm, gol psymhcacdfmga kjgsurjs tcdjthjr wfth nuomtfcoga trgfofod, gfkjl gt rjstcrfod cr fkprcvfod thj psymhc physfmga phys fmga jnmf jnmfjomy jomy cn subi subijmts jmts whc grj fo vgrfc vgrfcus us wgys fkpgfrjl fo thjfr gbfafty tc fotjdrgtj, tc rjagtj tc cthjrs, gol tc bj prclumtfvj gs wcrejrs. 747 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lfdoft Lfdoftgs gs pjrscogj pjrsc ogj,, o. 269 GG] 269 GG] 700 700 (2008), 846. 742 Mn. fbfl., o. =09 =09 GG] GG] 700 700 (2008), 846. 74= Bjojlfmt X^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Mgrftgs fo vjrftgtj, vjrftgtj, o. <89 GG] <89 GG] 707 707 (2006), >8:.
>2
A�����
\rjgtkjot gol rjhgbfaftgtfco grj ‑lfrjmtjl oct coay tc thj dccl gol thj hjgath hjgat h cn thj bcly, but tc thj pjrsco gs sumh whc, fo hfs bcly, fs strfmejo by jvfa.‛ 74< Gaa trjgtkjot gfkjl gt thj hcafstfm wjaa-bjfod cn thj pjrsco fovcavjs rjhgbfaftgtfvj gmtfco gs g wgy cn rjstcrfod thj folfvfluga tc hfksjan, gs kumh gs pcssfbaj, pcssfbaj , thrcudh thj rjgmtfvgtfco gol rjgpprcprfgtfco cn physfmga nuomtfcos thgt hgl bjjo fkpgfrjl by sfmeojss.
Hcafstfm wjaabjfod cn thj pjrsco
8:. \hj sfme pjrsco ljsjrvjs trjgtkjots thgt grj pcssfbaj gol nrck whfmh hj kgy ljrfvj sckj bjojt. 74: Foljjl, jvjry hukgo bjfod hgs g prfkgry rfdht tc whgt fs ojmjssgry ncr thj kgfotjogomj cn hfs cwo hjgath gol thjrjncrj tc gljqugtj hjgath mgrj. mgrj . Mcosjqujotay, thcsj whc mgrj ncr thj sfme hgvj thj luty tc mgrry cut thjfr wcre wfth thj utkcst lfafdjomj gol tc prcvflj goy trjgtkjots mcosfljrjl ojmjssgry cr usjnua.74> \hfs fomauljs oct coay thcsj thgt gfk gt g pcssfbaj rjmcvjry, but gasc pgaafgtfvj trjgtkjots thgt rjafjvj pgfo gol jgsj go fomurgbaj mcolftfco. Fo thfs rjdgrl ft fs ojmjssgry tc usj spjmfga mgutfco fo rjscrtfod tc trjgtkjots thgt agme lcmukjotgtfco cn smfjotfm vgaflfty.
Rfdht tc gljqugtj hjgath mgrj
8>. Fn rjmcvjry fs fkpcssfbaj, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr kust ojvjr dfvj up tgefod mgrj cn thj pjrsco. 744 Hj fs cbafdjl tc prcvflj gaa crlfogry gol prcpcrtfcogtj mgrj. mgrj . Mgrj fs tc bj mcosfljrjl prcpcrtfcogtj whjo thjrj fs luj prcpcrtfco prcpcrtfco bjtwjjo thj kjgos jkpacyjl gol thjrgpjutfm jnnjmtfvjojss. \c vjrfny thfs luj prcpcrtfco,
Crlfogry gol prcpcrtfcogtj prcpcrtfco gtj mgrj
74< Icho Pgua FF, Kctu Prcprfc Lcajot Lcajotfuk fuk hckfouk hckfouk,, o. 29 GG] 44 (768:), <:8. ‑\hcsj whcsj afvjs grj lfkfofshjl cr wjgejojl ljsjrvj spjmfga rjspjmt. ]fme cr hgolfmgppjl pjrscos shcual bj hjapjl tc ajgl afvjs gs ocrkga gs pcssfbaj‛ (MMM ( MMM , o. 224>). 74: Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Tcral Mcodrjss cn Mgthcafm Physfmfgos (Cmtcbjr =, 7682), o. =9 Fosjdo =9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^/= ^/= (7682), >4=. 74> Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ngfth, Ljmag Ljmagrgtfco rgtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F^9 GG] F^9 GG] 42 42 (7680), ::0. 744 ‑Jvjo whjo ft mgooct murj, smfjomj mgo gol kust mgrj ncr gol gssfst thj pgtfjot‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcursj co hukgo prj-ajuejkfgs UOcvjkbjr 7:, 768:[, o. :9 GG] 48 U768>[, =>7). Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs (Cmtcbjr 27, 768:), o. <9 GG] <9 GG] 48 48 (768>), =7<.
>=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Jxtrgcrlfogr Jxtrg crlfogr y kjgos
Crlfogry kjgos
Jxpagogtfco cn thj prfomfpaj cn prcpcrtfco- prcpcrtfco gafty
coj kust ‑kgej g mcrrjmt iuldkjot gs tc thj kjgos by stulyfod thj typj cn trjgtkjot tc bj usjl, fts ljdrjj cn mckpajxfty cr rfse, fts mcst, gol thj pcssfbfaftfjs cn usfod ft, gol mckpgrfod thjsj jajkjots wfth thj rjsuat thgt mgo m go bj jxpjmtjl, tgefod fotc gmmcuot thj stgtj cn thj sfme pjrsco gol hfs cr hjr physfmga gol kcrga rjscurmjs.‛ 748 Kjgos grj tc bj mcosfljrjl jxtrgcrlfogry jxtrgcrlfogry,, co thj cthjr hgol, whjo thjy fkpcsj g hjgvy cr jxmjssfvj burljo (whjthjr kgtjrfga, physfmga, kcrga, cr jmcockfm) co thj pgtfjot,, hfs ngkfay kjkbjrs pgtfjot kjkbjrs,, cr thj hjgath mgrj fostftu fostftu-tfco.746 Tfth gaa thj kcrj rjgsco, trjgtkjots thgt hgvj bjmckj nutfaj kust kust oct oct bj mcotfoujl mcotfoujl.. \hj usj cn crlfogry kjgos cn kjgos cn sustgfofod thj pgtfjot‖s afnj fs kcrgaay cbafdgtcry. Co thj cthjr hgol, jxtrgcrlfogry kjgos kgy bj ljmafojl wfth thj pgtfjot‖s mcosjot cr upco hfs rjqujst, jvjo fn thfs hgstjos ljgth. Physfmfgos mgooct bj cbafdjl tc jkpacy jxtrgcrlfogry kjgos. 780 84. \hj prfomfpaj cn thj pr prcpcrtf cpcrtfcogafty cogafty cn tr trjgtkjot jgtkjot iust kjotfcojl kjotfcojl mgo bj jxpagfo jxpagfojl jl gol gppafjl gs ncaacws9 ncaacws9 ◃
‑Fn thjrj grj oc cthjr sunmfjot rjkjlfjs, ft fs pjrkftpjrkft tjl, wfth thj pgtfjot‖s mcosjot, tc hgvj rjmcursj tc thj kjgos prcvfljl by thj kcst glvgomjl kjlfmga tjmhofqujs, jvjo fn thjsj kjgos grj stfaa gt thj jxpjrfjxpjrf kjotga stgdj gol grj oct wfthcut g mjrtgfo rfse.‛
◃
‑Ft fs gasc pjrkfttjl, wfth thj pgtfjot‖s mcosjot, tc fotjrrupt thjsj kjgos, whjrj thj rjsuats ngaa shcrt cn jxpjmtgtfcos‛ bjmgusj thjrj fs oc acodjr luj prcprc pcrtfco bjtwjjo ‑thj fovjstk fovjstkjot jot fo fostruk fostrukjots jots gol pjrscooja‛ pjrscoo ja‛ gol ‑thj rjsuats rjsuats ncrjsjjo‛ ncrjsjjo‛ cr bjmgusj bjmgusj ‑thj tjmhofqujs gppafjl fkpcsj co thj pgtfjot strgfo cr
748 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmag Ljmagrgtfco rgtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F^9 GG] F^9 GG] 42 42 (7680), ::0. 746 Mn. Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Ftgafgo ‑Drjdcrfc Kjolja‛ Kjolja‛ Fostftutj ncr Djojtfms co rjsusmftgtfco gol grtfmfga rjspfrgtfco (Ocvjkbjr 2<, 76:4)9 GG] 76:4)9 GG] <6 <6 (76:4), 7024”70==. 780 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ngfth, Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F^9 GG] F^9 GG] 42 42 (7680), ::7.
><
A�����
sunnjrfod cut cn prcpcrtfco wfth thj bjojts whfmh hj cr shj kgy dgfo nrck sumh tjmhofqujs.‛ ◃
‑Ft fs gasc pjrkfssfbaj tc kgej lc wfth thj ocrkga kjgos thgt kjlfmfoj mgo cnnjr. \hjrjncrj coj mgooct fkpcsj co goycoj thj cbafdgtfco tc hgvj rjmcursj tc g tjmhofquj whfmh fs garjgly fo usj but whfmh mgrrfjs g rfse cr fs burljosckj. ]umh g rjnusga fs oct thj jqufvgajot cn sufmflj.‛ Fostjgl ft kgy sfkpay folfmgtj go ‑gmmjptgomj cn thj hukgo mcolftfco, cr g wfsh tc gvcfl thj gppafmgtfco cn g kjlfmga prcmjlurj lfsprc pcrtfcogtj pcrtfco gtj tc thj rjsuats thgt mgo bj jxpjmtj jxpjmtjl, l, cr g ljsfrj oct tc fkpcsj jxmjssfvj jxpjosj co thj ngkfay cr thj mckkuofty mckkuofty.‛ .‛ 787
88. Fo thj gbsjomj cn cthjr rjkjlfjs, fotjrvjotfcos fo fo-vcav vca vfod thj kclfmgtfco, kutfagtfco, cr rjkcvga cn crdgos kgy bj ojmjssgry tc rjstcrj thj pjrsco‖s hjgath. \hj thjrgpjutfm kgofpuagtfco cn thj hukgo crdgofsk fs ajdftfkgtj fo thfs mgsj by vfrtuj cn thj prfomfp prfomfpaj aj cn tctgafty 782 (whfmh ncr thfs rjgsco fs gasc mgaajl thj thjrg pjutfm prfomfp prfomfpaj aj), ), whjrjby ‑jgmh pgrtfmuagr crdgo fs subcrlfogtj tc thj whcaj cn thj bcly gol cudht thjrjncrj tc yfjal tc ft, fo mgsj cn mcofmt.‛ 78= Mcosjqujotay, thjrj fs g rfdht tc sgmrfmj g pgrtfmuagr crdgo fn thj prjsjrvgtfco cr thj nuomtfcofod cn thj crdgo mgusjs mcosfljrgbaj lgkgdj
Prfomfpaj cn tctgafty cr thjrgpjutfm prfomfpaj
787 Fbfl.9 GG] Fbfl.9 GG] 42 42 (7680), ::0”::7. 782 ‑\hj prfomfpaj cn tctgafty stgtjs thgt thj pgrt jxfsts ncr thj whcaj, gol thgt mcosjqujotay thj dccl cn thj pgrt rjkgfos subcrlfogtj tc thj dccl cn thj whcaj5 thgt thj whcaj fs ljmfsfvj ncr thj pgrt gol mgo lfspcsj cn ft fo fts cwo fotjrjst‛ Utrgosagtjl nrck Nrjomh[ (Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn Hfstcpgthcacdy cn thj Ojrvcus ]ystjk U]jptjkbjr 7<, 76:2[9 GG] << << U76:2[, 484). 78= Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj \wjoty-]fxth Mcodrjss cn thj Ftgafgo Zrcacdy Gsscmfgtfco (Cmtcbjr 8, 76:=)9 GG] 76:=)9 GG] <: <: (76:=), >4<.
>:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
tc thj crdgofsk gs g whcaj thgt fs fkpcssfbaj tc gvcfl cthjrwfsj.78<
Ajdftfkgtj sgmrfmjj cn sgmrfm bclfay afnj
86. Gathcudh physfmga afnj co thj coj hgol kgofnjsts thj pjrsco gol tgejs co hfs vgauj, sc thgt ft mgooct bj lfspcsjl cn gs g thfod, co thj cthjr hgol ft fs oct jxhgus tfvj cn thj pjrsco‖s whcaj vgauj gol lcjs oct mcostftutj hfs suprjkj dccl. 78: \hfs fs why g pgrt cn thj bcly mgo ajdftfkgtjay bj lfspcsjl cn ncr thj wjaa-bjfod cn thj pjrsco. Afejwfsj, physfmga physfm ga afnj mgo bj sgmrfmjl cr put gt rfse ncr g hfdhjr dccl, ‑sumh gs Dcl‖s dacry, thj sgavgtfco cn scuas cr thj sjrvfmj cn coj‖s brjthrjo.‛ 78> Bclfay afnj fs g nuolg nuolgkjotga kjotga dccl , thj mcolftfco ncr gaa thj cthjrs, but thjrj grj hfdhjr vgaujs ncr whfmh ft kgy bj ajdftfkgtj cr jvjo ojmjssgry tc gmmjpt thj lgodjr cn acsfod ft.
Prjsmrfptfco gol gpprcprfgtj usj cn phgrkgmjutfmgas ]cmfjtga hjgath mgrj jlumgtfco co thj jxmjssfvj usj cn phgrkgmjutfmgas
60. Fo mcuotrfjs wfth g uofvjrsgafzjl hjgath mgrj systjk, ft fs fomrjgsfoday mckkco tc jomcuotjr go jxmjssfvj mcosukptfco cn phgrkgmjutfmgas phgrkgmjutfmgas fo mckpgrfsco wfth thj hjgath cn thj pcpuagtfco5 thfs fs luj tc gt ajgst twc ngmtcrs.
78< Mn. Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj \wjoty-]fxth Mcodrjss cn thj Ftgafgo Zrcacdy Gsscmfgtfco (Cmtcbjr 8, 76:=)9 GG] <: (76:=), >4<”>4:. Mn. Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn Hfstcpgthcacdy cn thj Ojrvcus ]ystjk (]jptjkbjr 7<, 76:2)9 GG] 76:2)9 GG] << << (76:2), 482”48=. \hj prfomfpaj cn tctgafty fs gppafjl gt thj ajvja cn thj cosjt cn thj faaojss5 coay thjrj fs thj rjagtfco cn thj pgrt tc thj whcaj vjrfjl mcrrjmtay. Bclfay gatjrgtfcos mgooct bj ajdftfkfzjl ncr kctfvgtfcos thgt grj oct jxmausfvjay thjrgpjutfm. Coj kgy, hcwjvjr, ajdftfkgtjay fotjrvjoj thjrgpjutfmgaay fo thj mgsj cn psymhcacdfmga sunnjrfods gol spfrftuga lfsmckncrt thgt crfdfogtj fo g physfmga ljnjmt cr ajsfco. 78: Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Fostrumtfco Lcouk Lcouk =9 GG] 80 80 (7688), 4:. vftgj,, o. =9 GG] vftgj 78> Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmag Ljmagrgtfco rgtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F9 GG] F9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<:.
>>
A�����
Nfrst fs thj fssugomj by physfmfgos cn prjsmrfptfcos thgt grj oct pgrtfmuagray ojmjssgry, gt thj urdjot rjqujst cn thj pgtfjot. ]jmcol fs g wfljsprjgl rjmcursj tc phgrkgmjutfmgas oct lfrjmtay prjsmrfbjl by thj physfmfgo but tgejo gs pgrt cn sjan-trjgtkjot, bgsjl co glvfmj, foncrkgtfco, cr glvjrtfsfod nurofshjl by kjgos cn scmfga mckkuofmgtfco gol by thj fotjrojt. Pgrtfmuagr gttjotfco shcual bj pgfl tc phg phgrkgmj rkgmjuutfmgas cn qujstfcogbaj prjpgrgtfco gol crfdfo , lfstrfbutjl kgfoay thrcudh thj fotjrojt, whfmh lc oct dugrgotjj jnjn mgmy gol kgy bj lcworfdht hgrknua tc coj‖ coj‖ss hjgath. Kcrjcvjr, jvjo whjo phgrkgmjutfmgas grj mcrrjmtay prjsmrfbjl by thj lcmtcr, thj pjrsco kgy tjol tc vgry thj lcsgdj cn hfs kjlfmgtfcos co hfs cwo, go gttftulj ljsmrfbjl gs ‑oco-glhjrjomj‛ tc trjgtkjot, kgefod ft lfnmuat fn oct fkpcssfbaj tc jvgaugtj thjfr sgnjty gol thjrgpjutfm jnmgmy. Gs pgrt cn thjfr wcre cn scmfjtga jlumgtfco gbcut hjgath mgrj, hjgath mgrj wcrejrs kust mgaa luj gttjotfco tc thj usj cn phgrkgmjutfmgas bjmgusj cn thj scmfga mcsts thgt thjy mgo jotgfa, gkcod cthjr rjgscos.
Gmmjss tc gvgfagbaj kjlfmgtfcos gol tjmhoca tjmhocacdfjs cdfjs 67. Jvjo tclgy tclgy,, fo mcuotrfjs mhgrgmtjrfzjl by djojrga wjaa-bjfod, gol cn mcursj jvjo kcrj fo ljvjacpfod mcuotrfjs“jspjmfgaay thcsj mhgrgmtjrfzjl by pcaftfmga fostgbfafty cr smgrmj jmcockfm rjscurmjs“thjrj grj stfaa sjdkjots cn thj pcpuagtfco ncr whfmh gmmjss tc hjgath mgrj sjrvfmjs fs oct dugrgotjjl, fomaulfod gmmjss tc afnj-sgvfod kjlfmgtfcos gol sfkpaj trjgtkjot cptfcos thgt tjmhocacdfmga prcdrjss hgs sjmurjl fo kcljro kjlfmfoj. Gs g rjsuat, kjlfmgaay trjgtgbaj lfsjgsjs mcotfouj tc bj joljkfm cr grj rjgppjgrfod fo mcuotrfjs thgt hgl jrglfmgtjl thjk. Hjgath mgrj wcrejrs gol thjfr prcnjssfcoga gsscgssc mfgtfcos kust bjmckj prckctjrs cn drjgtjr sjosftfvfty fo fostftutfcos, gssfstjl-afvfod ngmfaftfjs, gol thj hjgath mgrj folustry,, sc thgt thj rfdht tc thj prjsjrvgtfco cn hjgath kgy folustry hjgath kgy
Jxtjosfco tc thj whcaj pcpuagtfco cn thj rfdht tc thj prjsjrvgtfco prjsjr vgtfco cn hjgath
>4
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
bj jxtjoljl tc thj whcaj whcaj pcpuagtfco, pcpuagtfco, gabjft wfth thj majgr majgr uoljrstgolfod thgt thfs rfdht oct coay ljpjols co hjgath mgrj ngmfaftfjs but fs thj rjsuat cn jmcockfm, scmfga gol, kcrj djojrgaay, muaturga ngmtcrs. \hcsj rjspcosfbaj ncr hjgath mgrj gmtfvftfjs gmtfvftfjs kust gasc gaacw thjksjavjs tc bj uofqujay gol ncrmjnuaay mhgaajodjl by thj gwgrjojss thgt ‑whfaj thj pccr cn thj wcral mcotfouj eocmefod co thj lccrs cn thj rfmh, thj wcral cn gnujomj ruos thj rfse cn oc acodjr hjgrfod thcsj eocmes, co gmmcuot cn g mcosmfjomj thgt mgo oc acodjr lfstfodufsh whgt fs hukgo.‛ 784
]ustgfogbaj hjgath, ]ustgfogbaj hjg ath, phgrkgmjutfmga mckpgofjs, rgrj cr ojdajmtjl lfsjgsjs Rfdht cn gmmjss tc bgsfm thjrgpfjs
62. \hj uojquga lfstrfbutfco cn jmcockfm rjscurmjs, jspjmfgaay fo uoljrljvjacpjl gol acw-fomckj mcuotrfjs, hgs fkpcrtgot rjpjrmussfcos ncr hjgath mgrj iustfmj. iustfmj .788 Fo thfs mcotjxt, gathcudh ft mgooct bj ljofjl thgt thj smfjotfm smfjot fm eocwajldj gol rjsjgrmh cn phgrkg phgrkgmjutfmga mjutfmga mckpgo mckpgofjs fjs 784 Bjojlfmt X^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Mgrftgs fo vjrftgtj, vjrftgtj, o. 4:9 GG] 707 707 (2006), 40>. ‑\hj ojjl tc rjscavj thj strumturga mgusjs cn pcvjrty mgooct bj ljagyjl, oct coay ncr thj prgdkgtfm rjgsco cn fts urdjomy ncr thj dccl crljr cn scmfjty, but bjmgusj scmfjty ojjls tc bj murjl cn g sfmeojss whfmh fs wjgejofod gol nrustrgtfod ft, gol whfmh mgo coay ajgl tc ojw mrfsjs. Tjangrj prcijmts, whfmh kjjt mjrtgfo urdjot ojjls, shcual bj mcosfljrjl kjrjay tjkpcrgry rjspcosjs. Gs acod gs thj prcbajks cn thj pccr grj oct rglfmgaay rjscavjl by rjijmtfod thj gbscautj gutcocky cn kgrejts gol ogomfga spjmuagtfco gol by gttgmefod thj strumturga mgusjs cn fojqugafty, oc scautfco wfaa bj ncuol ncr thj wcral‖s prcbajks cr, ncr thgt kgttjr, tc goy prcbajks. Fojqugafty fs thj rcct cn scmfga faas‛ (Nrgomfs, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgodj Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgodjaff aff dgulfuk, dgulfuk, o. 202). Mn. fbfl., o. 20=. 788 ‑Tj ‑Tj mgo oc acodjr trust fo thj uosjjo ncrmjs gol thj fovfsfbaj hgol cn thj kgrejt. Drcwth fo iustfmj rjqufrjs kcrj thgo jmcockfm drcwth, whfaj prjsuppcsfod sumh drcwth9 ft rjqufrjs ljmfsfcos, prcdrgks, prcdrgk s, kjmhg kjmhgofsks ofsks gol prcmjs prcmjssjs sjs spjmf spjmfmgaay mgaay djgrjl tc g bjttjr lfstrfbutfco lfstrfbutfco cn fomckj fomckj,, thj mrjgtf mrjgtfco co cn scurmj scurmjss cn jkpacy jkpacy-kjot gol go fotjdrga prckctfco cn thj pccr whfmh dcjs bjycol g sfkpaj wjangrj kjotgafty‛ (Nrgomfs, Gpcstcafm Jxhcrtgtfco Jvgodjaff Jvgodj aff dgulfuk dgulfuk,, o. 20<).
>8
A�����
hgvj thjfr cwo agws by whfmh thjy kust gbflj“ncr jxgkjxgk paj, thj prctjmtfco prctjmtfco cn fotjaajmtuga fotjaajmtuga prcpjrty prcpjrty gol g ngfr prct tc suppcrt foocvgtfco“wgys kust bj ncuol tc mckbfoj thjsj gljqugtjay wfth thj rfdht cn gmmjss tc bgsfm cr ojmjssgry trjgtkjots, cr bcth, jspjmfgaay fo uoljrljvjacpjl mcuotrfjs,786 gol gbcvj gaa fo thj mgsjs cn sc-mgaajl rgrj760 gol ojdajmtjl lfsjgsjs, lfsjgsjs,767 whfmh grj gmmckpgofjl by thj octfco cn crphgo lruds. 762 Hjgath mgr mgrjj strgtjd strgtjdfjs fjs gfkjl gt pursufod iustfmj gol thj mckkco dccl kust bj jmcockfmgaay gol jthfmgaay sustgfogbaj. sustgfogbaj. Foljjl, whfaj thjy kust sgnjdugrl thj sustgfogbfafty bcth cn rjsjgrmh gol cn hjgath mgrj systjks, gt thj sgkj tfkj thjy cudht tc kgej gvgfagbaj jssjotfga lruds fo gljqugtj qugotftfjs, fo usgbaj ncrks cn dugrgotjjl
Jmcockfmgaay gol jthfmgaay sustgfogbaj hjgath mgrj strgtjdfjss strgtjdfj
786 ‑Ft wcual gasc bj glvfsgbaj thgt thj lfnnjrjot phgrkgmjutfmga rks, agbcrgtcrfjs gt hcspftga mjotjrs gol surdjrfjs, gs wjaa gs cur mcotjkpcrgrfjs gaa tcdjthjr, bj mcomjrojl wfth shcwfod scaflgrfty fo thj thjrgpjutfm mcotjxt, tc kgej gmmjss tc trjgtkjot gol urdjotay ojjljl kjlfmfojs gvgfagbaj gt gaa ajvjas cn scmfjty gol fo gaa mcuotrfjs, pgrtfmuagray tc thj pccrjst pjcpaj‛ (Bjojlfmt X^F, Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn Mgthcafm Phgrkgmfsts UCmtcbjr 26, 2004[9 GG] 2004[9 GG] 66 66 U2004[, 6=2). 760 G lfsjgsj fs ljsmrfbjl ljsmrfbjl gs ‑rgrj‛ whjo fts prjvgajomj, uoljrstccl gs thj oukbjr cn mgsjs cmmurrfod fo g dfvjo df vjo pcpuagtfco, lcjs oct sur pgss go jstgba jstgbafshjl fshjl thrjsh thrjshcal. cal. Fo thj Jurcp Jurcpjgo jgo Zofco thj thrjsh thrjshcal cal fs sjt gt 0.0: pjrmjot cn thj pcpuagtfco, fo cthjr wcrls, vj mgsjs ncr jvjry tjo thcusgol pjrscos. 767 Gmmcrlfod tc thj kcst rjmjot ljoftfco, thj tjrk ‑ojdajmtjl lfsjgsjs‛ kjgos thcsj lfsjgsjs thgt lc oct rjmjfvj thj gttjotfco thgt thjy ljsjrvj5 thjsj grj, spjmfmgaay, pgrgsftfm lfsjgsjs mco ojmtjl wfth pcvjrty, mhfjy fonjmtfcus ‑trcpfmga‛ lfsjgsjs, jxmjpt ncr kgagrfg, tubjrmuacsfs, thj HF^/GFL] vfrus, pctjotfgaay jpfjpf ljkfm cr pgoljkfm lfsjgsjs (j.d., ncrks cn foujozg), f oujozg), gol lfsjgsjs thgt grj prjvjotgbaj by vgmmfogtfco (j.d., kjgsajs, pcafckyjaftfs). 762 Go ‑crphgo‛ lrud fs g prclumt thgt fs pctjotfgaay usjnua fo trjgtfod g rgrj lfsjgsj but lcjs oct hgvj g agrdj jocudh kgrejt tc rjmcvjr thj mcst cn ljvjacpfod ft. Ft fs mgaajl go crphgo lrud bjmgusj thjrj fs g agme cn fotjrjst gkcod phgrkgmjutfmga mckpgofjs fo fovjstfod fo g lrud ljsfdojl ncr sc njw pgtfjots, jvjo thcudh thj lrud wcual gllrjss g pubafm hjgath ojjl.
>6
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
qugafty, gacod wfth mcrrjmt foncrkgtfco, gol gt mcsts thgt grj gnncrlgbaj by folfvflugas gol mckkuoftfjs.
Pgfo rjafjn trjgtkjots Bfcacdfmga nuomtfco cn pgfo
6=. Pgfo hgs g bfcacdfmga nuomtfco, bjmgusj ft fs g sykptck cn g pgthcacdfmga sftugtfco gol ‑hjaps thj physfmga gol thj psymhfm fo kgo tc mcomur fo rjgmtfco‛ tc ft. 76= Ojvjrthjajss, ft mgaas co kjlfmfoj ncr pgaafgt pgaafgtfvj fvj trj trjgtkjot gtkjot 9 g hukgo pjrsco fo ngmt hgs thj ‑rfdht tc lckfogtj thj ncrmjs cn ogturj, tc usj thjk fo hfs sjrvfmj, gol thus tc kgej prctgbaj gaa thj rjscurmjs thgt ft f t cnnjrs hfk tc gvcfl cr rjkcvj thj physfmga pgfo.‛ 76<
Hgrknua jnnjmts co psymhc- psymhc physfmga fotjdrfty
6<. ‑Fo thj acod ruo pgfo fs go cbstgmaj tc thj gttgfokjot cn hfdhjr dccls gol fotjrjsts.‛ 76: Ft mgo mgusj hgrknua jnnjmts tc thj psymhcphysfmga fotjdrfty cn thj pjrsco. ]unnjrfod thgt fs tcc fotjosj mgo lfkfofsh cr fkpjlj thj kgstjry jxjrmfsjl by thj spfrft. ‑\hj supprjssfco cn pgfo, fostjgl, brfods brfo ds crd crdgofm gofm gol psym psymhfm hfm rjafj rjafjn, n, kgef kgefod od prgyj prgyjrr jgsfjr jgsfjr gol jogbafod coj tc dfvj cojsjan kcrj djojrcusay.‛ djojr cusay.‛ 76> \hj usj cn pgfoefaaj pgfo efaajrs, rs, ‑by ‑by lfrjmtay lfrjmtay gmtfod gmtfod co thj thj kcrj gddr gddrjssfv jssfvjj gol lfsturbfod jnnjmts cn pgfo, dfvjs thj pjrsco kcrj mcotrca, sc thgt sunnjrfod bjmckjs g kcrj hukgo jxpjrfjomj.‛ 764
Pjoftjotfga gol sgavfm kjgofod
6:. Ncr thj Mhrfstfgo, Mhrfstfgo, pgfo pgfo mgo tgej co g ocba ocbajj pjoftj pjoftjootfga gol sgavfm kjgofod. ‑Ft kjgofod. ‑Ft fs fo ngmt g shgrfod fo Mhrfst‖s pgssfco pgss fco gol g uofco uofco wfth thj rjljj rjljjkfod kfod sgmrf sgmrfmj mj whfmh Hj cnnjrjl fo cbjlfjomj tc thj Ngthjr‖s wfaa. \hjrjncrj, coj 76= Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Mcodrjss cn thj Ftgafgo Gsscmfgtfco cn Gojsthjsfcacdy (Cmtcbjr <, 768<), o. 29 GG] GG] 44 44 (768:), 7==. 76< Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc go fotjrogtfcoga gssjkbay cn physfmfgos gol surdjcos, ‑Jo ræpcosj à trcfs qujstfcos rjafdfjusjs jt kcrgajs mcomjrogot a‖gogadæsfj‛ (Njbrugry 2<, 76:4)9 GG] 76:4)9 GG] <6 <6 (76:4), 7=:. 76: Fbfl.9 GG] Fbfl.9 GG] <6 <6 (76:4), 7=>. 76> Fbfl.9 GG] Fbfl.9 GG] <6 <6 (76:4), 7<<. 764 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Mcodrjss cn thj Ftgafgo Gsscmfgtfco cn Gojsthjsfcacdy (Cmtcbjr <, 768<), o. =9 GG] 44 GG] 44 (768:), 7=:.
40
A�����
kust oct bj surprfsjl fn sckj Mhrfstfgos prjnjr tc kcljrgtj thjfr usj cn pgfoefaajrs fo crljr tc gmmjpt vcauotgrfay gt ajgst g pgrt cn thjfr sunnjrfods gol thus gsscmfgtj thjksjavjs thjksjavjs fo g mcosmfcus wgy wfth thj sunnjrfods cn Mhrfst mrumfjl.‛ 768 \hj nrjj gmmjptgomj cn pgfo ncr Mhrfstfgo kctfvjs kust oct suddjst thgt wj cudht oct tc fotjrvjoj tc gssugdj ft. Co thj mcotrgry, prcnjssfcoga luty gs wjaa gs Mhrfstfgo mhgrfty ftsjan ljkgol thgt jnncrts bj kglj tc gaajvfgtj sunnjrfod, gol mgaa ncr kjlfmga rjsjgrmh fo thfs jal.
Foncrkjl mcosjot cn thj pgtfjot 6>. \hj hjgath mgrj wcrejr mgo fotjrvjoj fn hj hgs prjvfcusay cbtgfojl thj pgtfjot‖s pgtfjot‖s mcosjot, fkpafmftay fkpafmftay (whjo (whjo thj kjlfmga gmts grj rcutfoj gol fovcavj oc pgrtfmuagr rfses) cr jxpafmftay jxpafmftay (fo lcmukjotgbaj ncrk whjo thj trjgtkjots fovcavj rfses). Foljjl, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr hgs oc sjpgrgtj cr foljpjoljot rfdht fo ljgafod wfth thj pgtfjot. Fo djojrga, hj mgo gmt coay fn thj pgtfjot guthcrfzjs ft jxpafmftay cr fkpafmftay (lfrjmtay cr folfrjmtay). Tfthcut thfs guthcguthc rfzgtfco, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr fs grrcdgtfod go grbftrgry pcwjr tc hfksjan hfksjan.. \hj rjagtfcoshfp bjtwjjo thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr gol thj pgtfjot fs g hukgo rjagtfcoshfp cn lfgacduj, lfgacduj, gol oct g subijmt”cbijmt rjagtfco. \hj pgtfjot ‑fs oct go gocoykcus folfvfluga‛ co whck kjlfmga jxpjrtfsj fs prgmtfmjl, but ‑g rjspcosfbaj pjrsco, whc shcual bj mgaajl upco tc shgrj fo thj fkprcvjkjot cn hfs hjgath gol fo bjmckfod murjl. Hj shcual bj jogbajl tc mhccsj pjrscogaay, pjrscogaay, gol oct bj kglj tc subkft tc thj ljmfsfcos gol mhcfmjs cn cthjrs.‛ 766 Fo crljr ncr thj pgtfjot tc kgej g mhcfmj thgt fs nuaay foncrkjl gol nrjj, hj kust hgvj gs mckpajtj g vfjw gs pcssfbaj cn hfs gfakjot gol thj pcssfbaj trjgtkjots, wfth thj rfses, lfnmuatfjs gol mcosjqujomjs thgt thjy
Kjlfmga rjagtfcoshfp mhgrgmtjrfzjl by lfgacduj
Rfdht tc foncrkjl mcosjot
768 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, FFF9 GG] FFF9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<4. 766 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Tcral Mcodrjss cn Mgthcafm Physfmfgos (Cmtcbjr =, 7682), o. <9 Fosjdo <9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^/= ^/= (7682), >4=.
47
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
fovcavj.200 \hfs kjgos thgt thj pgtfjot‖s foncrkjl mcosjot kust bj rjqujstjl. Lfstfom tfco Lfstfomtfco rjdgrlfod prjsukjl mcosjot
64. Mcosjot kgy bj prjsukjl fo g mgsj whjrj thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr fs mgaajl tc fotjrvjoj co g pgtfjot whc fs kckjotgrfay cr pjrkgojotay fomgpgbaj cn uoljrstgolfod gol ljmflfod, sc gs tc sgvj thj pgtfjot nrck g sftugtfco cn sjrfcus lgodjr tc hfs afnj cr hfs hjgath, wfth trjgtkjots gpprcprfgtj tc thj rfses gol thj urdjomy. Fo thfs mgsj, thj luty tc fotjrvjoj fs by rjgsco cn thj prfomfpaj cn rjspcosfbfafty fo mgrj, whfmh cbafdjs thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr tc tgej mhgrdj cn thj pgtfjot‖s afnj gol hjgath uoajss thj pgtfjot, prjvfcus tc hfs stgtj cn fomgpgmfty, jxprjssjl tc thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr g ajdftfkgtj gol jxpafmft lfssjot cr lfsgdrjjkjot gbcut pgrtfmuagr trjgtkjots.
Ajdga rjprjsjotgtfvj gol fovcavjkjot cn rjagtfvjs
68. Fo g mgsj whjrj thj pgtfjot fs oct mgpgbaj cn uoljrstgolfod thj ojmjssgry foncrkgtfco gbcut hfs stgtj cn hjgath, thj prcdocsfs, gol thj trjgtkjots gol thjrj fs oc urdjot ojjl tc fotjrvjoj, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr kust mckkuofmgtj thj foncrkgtfco gbcut thj pgtfjot‖s stgtj cn hjgath tc thj ajdga rjprjsjotgtfvj gol rjqujst mcosjot ncr thj kjlfmga trjgtkjots nrck thj pjrsco whc fs ajdgaay guthcrfzjl tc prcvflj ft. 207 Fn thj agttjr mgooct bj fljotfjl, thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr kust bj prcgmtfvj gol pcfot cut thj ojjl ncr coj tc bj ogkjl. Thjo thj pgtfjot guthcrfzjs ft, hfs rjagtfvjs mgo bj foncrkjl gbcut hfs stgtj cn hjgath gol hfs trjgtkjots gol bj fovcavjl fovcavjl fo fo thjsj ljmfsfco ljmfsfcos. s.
Bfckjlfmga rjsjgrmh gol jxpjrfkjotgtfco ]mfjotfm prcdrjss gol jxpjrfkjotga rjsjgrmh
66. Fo thj mcotjxt cn prjvjotfco, lfgdocsfs gol murj, kjlfmga gmts“thj purpcsj cn whfmh fs tc gmhfjvj fomrjgsfoday fomrjgs foday jnnjmtfvj rjsuats ncr thj bjojt cn thj pgtfjot‖ pgtf jot‖ss 200 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Mcodrjss cn Kjlfmfoj gol ]urdjry (Cmtcbjr 24, 7680), o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 42 42 (7680), 7724”7728. 207 Mn. MMM , o. 2248.
42
A�����
hjgath“grj by thjfr vjry ogturj cpjo tc foocvgtfvj trjgtkjots. \hj agttjr grj thj rjsuat cn mcostgot gol drgluga rjsjgrmh gol jxpjrfkjotgtfco, wfth thj purpcsj cn fljofljo tfnyfod ojw gol bjttjr trjgtkjot scautfcos, smfjotfmgaay vgaflgtfod thjk, gol kgefod thjk gvgfagbaj tc pgtfjots. 202 Prcmjjlfod by wgy cn rjsjgrmh gol jxpjrfkjotgjxpjrfkjotg tfco fs thj agw cn goy gppafjl smfjomj9 smfjotfm prcdrjss fs strumturgaay mcoojmtjl wfth ft. \hj bfckjlfmga smfjomjs gol thjfr ljvjacpkjot grj oct jxjkpt nrck thfs agw. Bfckjlfmga rjsjgrmh, hcwjvjr, fs ojmjssgrfay mcolumtjl wfth hukgo subijmts whc grj prjmfcus gol nrgdfaj. Hukgo pjrscos“bcth sc-mgaajl hjgathy vcauotjjrs gol sfme pjcpaj“mgo bj fovcavjl gol vcauotgrfay cnnjr thjfr cwo mcotrfbutfco tc kjlfmga rjsjgrmh, prcvfljl thgt gaa ojmjssgry prjmgutfcos grj tgejo tc gvcfl rfses tc thjfr psymhcac psym hcacdfmg dfmgaa gol phys physfmga fmga fotjd fotjdrfty rfty,, tc gvcf gvcfl l wcrsj wcrsjofod ofod thjfr hjgath, gol tc rjspjmt thjfr lfdofty. lfdofty. Ncr thfs rjgsco, thj bfckjlfm bfck jlfmga ga smfjo smfjomjs mjs lc oct hgvj thj sgkj fovj fovjstfd stfdgtfco gtfcoga ga nrjjlck joicyjl by thj smfjomjs thgt gppay tc thfods. 20= ‑Rjsjgrmh cr jxpjrfkjotgtfco co thj hukgo bjfod mgooct ajdftfkgtj gmts thgt grj fo thjksjavjs mcotrgry tc thj lfdofty cn pjrscos pjrsc os gol tc thj kcrga agw a gw.. \hj subijmts‖ pctjotfga mcosjot lcjs oct iustfny sumh gmts. Jxpjrfkjotgtfco co hukgo bjfods fs oct kcrgaay ajdftfkgtj fn ft jxpcsjs thj subijmt‖s afnj cr physfmga gol psymhcacdfmga fotjdrfty tc lfsprcpcrtfcogtj cr gvcflgbaj rfses. Jxpjrfkjotgtfco co hukgo bjfods lcjs oct mconcrk tc thj lfdofty cn thj pjrsco fn ft tgejs pagmj wfthcut thj foncrkjl mcosjot cn thj subijmt cr thcsj whc ajdftfkgtjay spjge ncr hfk.‛ 20< \hj mcaagbcrgtfco cn pjrscos gs subijmts fo bfckjlfmga rjsjgrmh, bgsjl co g nr g nrjj jj gol gol rj rjspcosfb spcosfbaj aj ljmfsfco ljmfsfco
Bfckjlfmga rjsjgrmh gs go jxprjssfco jx prjssfco cn scaflgrfty gol mhgrfty
202 ‑]mfjotfm, kjlfmga, cr psymhcacdfmga jxpjrfkjots co hukgo folfvflugas cr drcups mgo mcotrfbutj tc hjgafod thj sfme gol thj glvgomjkjot cn pubafm hjgath‛ (MMM (MMM , o. 2262). 20= Mn. MMM , oo. 226=”226<. 20< Fbfl., o. 226:.
4=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
shgrjl wfth thj kjlfmga shgrjl kjlfmga rjsjgr rjsjgrmhjr mhjr , fs g pgrtfmuagr jxprjsjxprjs sfco cn scaflgrfty gol mhgrfty. Fkkcrgafty cn rjsjgrmh mcotrgry tc thj truj dccl cn thj pjrsco
700. \hj jthfmga ocrks cn rjsjgrmh rjqufrj thgt ft bj lfrjmtjl tcwgrl prckctfod hukgo wjaa-bjfod. wjaa-bjf od. Gaa rjsjgrmh mcotrgry tc thj truj dccl cn thj pjrsco fs fkkcrga5 20: fovjstfod jnncrts gol rjscurmjs fo ft fs mcotrgry tc thj hukgo purpcsj cn smfjomj gol smfjotfm prcdrjss. 20> Fo thj jxpjrfkjotgtfco jxpjrfkjotgtfco phgsj, cr thj tjstfod cn g rjsjgrmh stuly‖s hypcthjsjs co hukgo bjfods, thj dccl cn thj pjrsco“prctjmtjl by jthfmga ocrks“ljkgols rjspjmt ncr prjmcolftfcos mcoojmtjl jssjotfgaay wfth mcosjot gol rfse.
Rfse ngmtcr gol ljdrjj cn lgodjr
707. Nfrst fs thj rfse ngmtcr . Fo ftsjan gaa jxpjrfkjotgjxpjrfkjotg tfco fovcavjs sckj rfses. Hcwjvjr, ‑thjrj fs g ljdrjj cn lgodjr thgt kcrgafty mgooct gaacw.‛ 204 \hjrj fs g thrjshcal 20: ‑\hj Mhurmh rjspjmts gol suppcrts suppcrts smfjotfm rjsjgrmh whjo ft hgs g djoufojay hukgofst crfjotgtfco, gvcflfod goy ncrk cn fostrukjotgafzgtfco cr ljstrumtfco cn thj hukgo bjfod gol ejjpfod ftsjan nrjj nrck thj sagvjry cn pcaftfmga gol jmcockfm fotjrjsts. Fo prjsjotfod thj kcrga crfjotgtfcos lfmtgtjl by ogturga rjgsco, thj Mhurmh fs mcovfomjl thgt shj cnnjrs g prjmfcus sjrvfmj tc smfjotfm rjsjgrmh, lcfod hjr utkcst ncr thj truj dccl cn thj hukgo pjrsco. Fo thfs pjrspjmtfvj, pjrspj mtfvj, shj rjmgaas rjmgaas thgt, thgt, oct coay coay thj gfks, gfks, but but gasc thj thj kjthcls gol kjgos cn rjsjgrmh kust gawgys rjspjmt thj lfdofty cn jvjry hukgo bjfod, gt jvjry stgdj cn hfs ljvjacpkjot gol fo jvjry phgsj cn jxpjrfkjotgtfc jxpjrfkjotgtfco‛ o‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj UNjbrugry 2<, 200=[, o. <9 GG] <9 GG] 6: 6: U200=[, :60”:67). 20> Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo g mconjrjomj prckctjl by thj Pcotfm Pcotfmga ga Mckkfs Mckkfssfco sfco ncr Pgstcr Pgstcrga ga Gssfstgomj Gssfstgomj tc Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs (Ocvjkbjr 72, 7684), o. <9 GG] 80 (7688), ><<. ‑Kjotfco shcual gasc bj kglj hjrj cn thjcrfjs whfmh kfsusj smfjotfm rjsjgrmh gbcut thj hukgo hu kgo pjrsco. Grdufod nrck thj drjgt vgrfjty cn mustcks, bjhgvfcr pgttjros gol fostftutfcos prjsjot fo hukgofty, thjsj thjcrfjs jol up, fn oct wfth go cutrfdht ljofga cn uofvjrsga hukgo vgaujs, gt ajgst wfth g rjagtfvfstfm mcomjptfco cn kcrgafty‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr ^jrftgtfs spajolcr , o. ==9 GG] 8: 8: U766=[, 77>0). 204 Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn Hfstcpgthcacdy cn thj Ojrvcus ]ystjk (]jptjkbjr 7<, 76:2)9 GG] << << (76:2), 488.
4<
A�����
bjycol whfmh thj rfse bjmckj bjmckjss hukgoa hukgoay y uogmmjp uogmmjptgbaj. tgbaj. \hfs thrjshcal fs ljojl by thj fovfcagbaj dccl cn thj pjrsco, whfmh whfmh ncrbfls gaa mcomjrojl mcomjrojl ‑tc jolgodjr hfs afnj, hfs jqufafbrfuk, hfs hjgath, cr tc gddrgvgtj hfs faaojss.‛ 208 \hj prcpjray lcmukjotjl pr prcvfsfco cvfsfco cn gljqug gljqugtj tj foncrkgtfco gol vjrfmgtfco cn uoljrstgolfod , uoljrstgolfod , ncr thj purpcsjs purpcs js cn cbtgfof cbtgfofod od nrjj gol mcdofzgo mcdofzgott mcosjot mcosjot nrck nrck thj pjrscos fovcavjl, grj gawgys g ojmjssgry gol folfspj folfspjososgbaj jajkjot ncr jthfmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco, jxpjrfkjotgtfco, bcth whjo thj cbijmtfvjs grj strfmtay ncr smfjotfm eocwajldj gol whjo thjsj grj mcoojmtjl wfth gllftfcoga cbijmtfvjs fovcavfod thjrgpjutfm pctjotfga. Kfocrs Kfoc rs cr glu gluats ats whc gr grjj ajdg ajdgaay aay oct mgpg mgpgbaj baj cn uoljrstgolfod gol kgefod ljmfsfcos mgo ljmfsfcos mgo gasc bj fovcavjl fo mafofmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco, prcvfljl thgt, subijmt tc thj mrftjrfg cn smfjotfm vgaflfty, thjfr fovcavjkjot fs iustfjl by g prcp prcpcrtf crtfcogaf cogafty ty bjtwj bjtwjjo jo thj rjgsc rjgscogbay ogbay ncrjs ncrjsjjgba jjgbajj rfses gol bjojts ncr thj kfocr cr fomgpgmftgtjl subijmts. Jxpjrfkjotgtfco thgt fs oct jxpjmtjl tc prcvflj lfrjmt bjojts bjoj ts ncr thj kfoc kfocrr cr fomgp fomgpgmftg gmftgtjl tjl subi subijmts, jmts, but coay ncr cthjr pjrscos fo sfkfagr mcolftfcos (fo tjrks cn gdj, typj cn faaojss, gol cthjr mhgrgmtjrfstfms), mgo bj jthfmgaay iustfjl whjo ft fs oct pcssfbaj tc cbtgfo thj sgkj rjsuats thrcudh jxpjrfkjots co gluat, mckpjtjot subijmts gol thj rfses gol burljos burl jos grj kfof kfofkga. kga. Fo bcth mgsjs mgsjs,, foncrk foncrkjl jl mcos mcosjot jot kus kustt bj rjquj rjqujstjl stjl cn thj pgrjo pgrjots ts cr thj ajdg ajdgaa rjprj rjprjsjotg sjotgtfvj tfvj fo gmmcrlgomj wfth thj agws cn jgmh pgrtfmuagr mcuotry mcuotry.. 702. Jxpjrfkjotgtfco mgooct bj foftfgtjl gol mcotfoujl uoajss gaa prjmgutfcos hgvj bjjo tgejo tc gvcfl ncrjsjjgbaj rfses gol tc rjlumj thj mcosjqujomjs cn glvjrsj cutmckjs. \c cbtgfo thjsj gssurgomjs, g phgsj cn bgsfm prjmafo pr jmafofmga fmga rjsjgr rjsjgrmh mh fs fs ojmjssgry, whfmh kust prcvflj thj nuaajst lcmukjotgtfco gol thj surjst dugrgotjjs gbcut
Foncrkgtfco gol Foncrkgtfco uoljrstgolfod ncr thj purpcsj cn jthfmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco
Fovcavjkjot cn kfocrs cr gluats whc grj oct ajdgaay mgpgbaj cn uoljrstgolfod gol kgefod ljmfsfcos
Prjmafofmga rjsjgrmh
208 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc go fotjrogtfcoga mconjrjomj co phgrkgmy phgrkgmy (Cmtcbjr 2<, 768>), o. <9 Fosj <9 Fosjdogk dogkjotf jotf FX/2 FX/2 (768>), 778=.5 mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcodrjss co surdjry (Njbrugry 76, 7684), o. <9 Fosj <9 Fosjdogk dogkjotf jotf X/7 X/7 (7684), =4>5 MMM , o. 226:.
4:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Prfomfpaj cn prcpcrtfcogtj prcpcrtfco gtj rfse
Jthfms mckkfttjjs
Mcosjot cn thj subijmt
phgrkgmcacdfm phgrkgmca cdfmga ga tcxf tcxfmcac mcacdy dy gol cpjr cpjrgtfod gtfod tjmho tjmhofquj fqujs. s. 206 \c thfs jol, fn usjnua gol ojmjssgry, jxpjrfkjotgtfco wfth ojw lruds cr ojw tjmhofqujs mgooct jxmaulj thj usj cn gofkgas bjncrj kgas bjncrj dcfod co tc hukgo subijmts. ‑Ft fs mjrtgfo thgt gofkgas grj gt thj sjrvfmj cn kgo gol mgo hjomj bj thj cbijmt cn jxpjrfkjotgtfco. Ojvjrthjajss, thjy kust bj trjgtjl gs mrjgturjs cn Dcl whfmh grj ljstfojl tc sjrvj kgo‖s dccl, but oct tc bj gbusjl gbusjl by hfk.‛ 270 Ft ncaacws thgt gaa jxpjrfjxpjrfkjotgtfco ‑shcual bj mgrrfjl cut wfth mcosfljrgtfco ncr thj gofkga, wfthcut mgusfod ft usjajss sunnjrfod. sunnjrfod.‛‛ 277 Comj thjsj dugrgotjjs grj kjt, fo thj mafofmga phgsj hukgo phgsj hukgo jxpjrfkjotgtfco kust gbflj by thj prfomfp thj prfomfpaj aj cn prcpcrtfcogtj rfse , thgt fs, cn g luj prcpcrtfco bjtwjjo ncrjsjjgbaj hgrks gol bjojts. Fo sumh go fkpcrtgot jal ft fs rjgscogbaj tc tgej fotc mcosfljrgtfco thj cpfofcos cn mckpjtjot pjrscos wfth scuol kcrga qugaftfjs. \clgy thfs fs typfmgaay gmhfjvjl thrcudh thj cpfofco cn jthfms mckkfttjjs ncr mckkfttjjs ncr rjsjgrmh. Ft fs thj rjspcosfbfafty cn Mgthcafm hjgath mgrj wcrejrs (physfmfgos, phgrkgmfsts, oursjs, mhgpagfos, jxpjrts fo hjgath mgrj agw,, jtm.) tc bj prjsjot co sumh pgojas agw pgoj as tc jxgkfoj thj vgauj gol thj smfjotfm vgaflfty cn thj jxpjrfkjotga rjsjgrmh pago gol tc josurj thgt thj rfdhts gol lfdofty cn gaa thcsj whc pgrtfmfpgtj pgrtfmfp gtj fo bfckjlf bfckjlfmga mga rjsjgrmh rjsjgrmh grj sgnjdugrl sgnjdugrljl. jl. 70=. ]jmcol, thj mcosjot cn thj subijmt fs ojjljl. ojjljl. Hj ‑kust bj foncrkjl cn thj jxpjrfkjotgtfco, cn fts purpcsj gol goy rfses ft fovcavjs, sc thgt hj kgy dfvj cr rjnusj hfs 206 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo twc mcodrjssjs co kjlfmfoj gol surdjry (Cmtcbjr 24, 7680), oo. :, >9 GG] >9 GG] 42 42 (7680), 7724”77265 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcursj co hukgo prjajuejkfgs (Ocvjkbjr 7:, 768:), o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 48 48 (768>), =>7”=>2. 270 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs (Cmtcbjr 2=, 7682), o. <9 GG] <9 GG] 4: 4: (768=), =4. ‑Hjomj thj lfkfoutfco cn jxpjrfkjotgtfco co gofkgas, whfmh hgs prcdrjsprcdrjssfvjay bjjo kglj jvjr ajss ojmjssgry, mcrrjspcols tc thj pago gol wjaa-bjfod cn gaa mrjgtfco‛ (fbfl.). 277 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc go fotjrogtfcoga mconjrjomj co phgrkgmy (Cmtcbjr 2<, 768>), o. <9 Fosjdo <9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf FX/2 FX/2 (768>), 778=.
4>
A�����
mcosjot fo nuaa gwgrjojss gwgrjojs s gol nrjjlck. \hj lcmtcr, fo ngmt, hgs coay thgt pcwjr gol thcsj rfdhts cvjr thj pgtfjot whfmh thj pgtfjot hfksjan mconjrs tc hfk.‛ 272 Ft fs ojmjssgry tc lfstfodufsh bjtwjjo jxpjrfjxpjrf kjotgtfco co g sfme pjrsco ncr thjrgpjutfm purpcsjs gol co g hjgathy cr sfme pjrsco ncr thj purpcsj cn smfjotfm eocwajldj cr ncr thj bjojt cn cthjr subijmts. \hj sgkj dugrgotjjs gppay tc phgrkgmcacdfmga gol surdfmga rjsjgrmh gol tc foocvgtfvj rjsjgrmh fovcavfod djoj thjrgpy cr thj usj cn stjk mjaas. 70<. Fo jxpjrfkjotgtfco co g sfme pjrsco ncr thjrgpjutfm purpcsjs purpcs js,, luj prcpcrtfco kust bj gttgfojl by mckpgrfod thj mcolftfcos cn thj sfme pjrsco wfth thj pcssfbaj mafofmga bjojts cn thj jxpjrfk jxpjrfkjotga jotga lruds lruds cr kjthcl kjthcls. s. \hj jvgaugtfco cn thj rfses kust bj lcoj fo glvgomj by thj rjsjgrmh rjsjgrmhjr jr gol by thj jthfms mckkftt mckkfttjj, jj, gol thfs fs g nuolgkjotga gspjmt cn thj jthfmga iustfmgtfco ncr goy mafofmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco. Ncr thfs jvgaugtfco, thj garjgly-stgtjl prfomfpaj gppafjs9 ‑Fn thjrj grj oc cthjr sunmfjot rjkjlfjs, ft fs pjrkfttjl, pjrkfttj l, wfth thj pgtfjot pgtfjot‖‖s mcosjot mcosjot,, tc hgvj rjmcursj tc thj kjgos prcvfljl by thj kcst glvgomjl kjlfmga tjmhofqujs, jvjo fn thjsj kjgos grj stfaa gt thj jxpjrfkjotga stgdj gol grj oct wfthcut g mjrtgfo rfse. By gmmjptfod thjk, thj pgtfjot mgo jvjo shcw djojrcsfty fo thj sjrvfmj cn hukgofty.‛ 27=
Jxpjrfkjotgtfco ncr thjrgpjutfm thjrgpj utfm gol smfjotfnm purpcsjs purpcs js
Mrftjrfg rjdgrlfod thj sfme pjrsco
Pjrkfssfbfafty cn rjmcursj tc kjgos oct yjt wfthcut g mjrtgfo rfse
272 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo twc mcodrjssjs co kjlfmfoj gol surdjry (Cmtcbjr 24, 7680), o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 42 42 (7680), 7724”7728. 27= Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F^9 GG] 42 (7680), ::0. ‑Fo lcubtnua mgsjs, whjo kjgos garjgly eocwo hgvj ngfajl, ft kgy hgppjo thgt g ojw kjthcl stfaa fosunmfjotay trfjl cnnjrs, tcdjthjr wfth vjry lgolgodjrcus jajkjots, gpprjmfgbaj mhgomjs cn summjss. Fn thj pgtfjot dfvjs hfs mcosjot, thj usj cn thj prcmjlurj fo qujstfco fs afmft‛ (Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn Hfstcpgthcacdy cn thj Ojrvcus ]ystjk U]jptjkbjr 7<, 76:2[9 GG] << << U76:2[, 488).
44
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Prjsukj l Prjsukjl mcosjot ncr jxpjrfkjotgtfco fo jkjrdjomy sftugtfco
Jxpjrfkjotgtfco co g hjgathy pjrsco, gol thj prfomfpaj cn scaflgrfty
Fo mafofmga mgsjs fo whfmh thjrj grj oc cthjr prcvjo trjgtkjots, coj kgy prcmjjl, wfth thj mcosjot cn thj pgtfjot cr cn hfs ajdga rjprjsjo rjprjsjotgtfvj tgtfvj gol thj gpprcv gpprcvga ga cn thj jthfms mckkfttjj, tc thj gppafmgtfco cn trjgtkjots thgt grj stfaa fo thj jxpjrfkjotga phgsj, jvjo fn thjy prjsjot g hfdh pjrmjotgdj cn rfse. 27< Fo mafofmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco, pr prjsukjl jsukjl mcosjot mgo bj tgejo fotc mcosfljrgtfco coay fo thj mgsj cn go jxpjrfkjotga prcmjlurj tc bj mgrrfjl cut fo go urdjot cr jkjrdjomy sftugtfco co pgtfjots whc grj oct mgpgbaj cn uoljrstgolfod gol ljmflfod gol grj sunnjrfod nrck g pgthcacdy pgthcac dy ncr whfmh thj jxpjrfk jxpjrfkjotga jotga prcmjlu prcmjlurj rj fs thj scaj pcssfbfafty pcssfb fafty ncr ncr trjgtkjot trjgtkjot gol gol thj jxpjrfkj jxpjrfkjotgtfco otgtfco hgs bjjo bjjo gpprcvjl prjvfcusay by go jthfms mckkfttjj. Agtjr thj pgtfjot,, fn hj rjdgfos mckpjtjomj pgtfjot mckpjtjomj (cr hfs ajdga rjprjsjotgrjprjsjotgtfvj fn thj pgtfjot‖s fomgpgmfty pjrsfsts), kust bj foncrkjl gbcut thj jxpjrfkjotgtfco gol jfthjr mcork hfs pgrtfmfpgpgrtfmfpg tfco cr oct (ljnjrrjl mcosjot). 70:. Mafofmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco jxpjrfkjotgtfco mgo bj mgrrfjl cut gasc co g hjgathy pjrsco pjrsco whc vcauotgrfay cnnjrs hfksjan ‑tc mcotrfbutj by hfs foftfgtfvj tc thj prcdrjss cn kjlfmfoj gol, fo thgt wgy, tc thj dccl cn thj mckkuofty.‛ \hfs fs ajdftfkfzjl by hukgo gol Mhrfstfgo scaflgrfty, whfmh iustfjs thj djsturj gol dfvjs ft kjgofod gol vgauj9 ‑\c dfvj sckjthfod cn cojsjan, wfthfo thj afkfts agfl lcwo by thj kcrga ocrk, kgy mcostft mcostftutj utj g hfdhay kjrftcrfc kjrftcrfcus us wftojss cn mhgrfty gol go cmmgsfco cn spfrftuga drcwth sc sfdofmgot gs tc bj gbaj tc mckpjosgtj ncr thj rfse cn g safdht physfmga lfsgbfafty.‛ 27: Fo goy mgsj, ft fs gawgys ojmjssgry tc fotjrrupt thj jxpjrfkjotgtfco fn fotjrkjlfgtj jvgaugtfcos folfmgtj go jxmjssfvj rfse cr g majgr agme cn bjojt.
27< Mn. Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Jfdhth Gssjkbay cn thj Tcral Kjlfmga Gsscmfgtfco (]jptjkbjr =0, 76:<)9 GG] 76:<)9 GG] <> <> (76:<), :67”:62. 27: Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo twc mcodrjssjs co kjlfkjlfmfoj gol surdjry (Cmtcbjr 24, 7680), o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 42 42 (7680), 7728.
48
A�����
70>. ]fomj ft kust bj gmeocwajldjl thgt go folfvfluga hukgo bjfod fo thj prjogtga stgdj hgs thj lfdofty cn g hukgo pjrsco, rjsjgrmh gol jxpjrfkjotgtfco co hukgo jkbrycs gol njtusjs kust njtusjs kust bj subijmt tc thj jthfmga ocrks thgt gppay tc g mhfal whc fs garjgly g arjgly bcro gol tc goy hukgo subijmt. Fo pgrtfmuagr, rjsjgrmh thrcudh thj cbsjrvgtfco cn g dfvjo phjockjoco lurfod prjdogomy mgo prjdogomy mgo bj gaacwjl coay whjo ‑thjrj fs g kcrga mjrtgfoty cn oct mgusfod hgrk tc thj afnj cr fotjdrfty cn thj uobcro mhfal gol thj kcthjr, gol co mcolftfco thgt thj pgrjots hgvj dfvjo thjfr nrjj gol foncrkjl mcosjot tc thj prcmjlurj.‛ 27> Jxpjrfkjotgtfco Jxpjrfkj otgtfco fovcavf fovcavfod od ojw fotjrvjo fotjrvjotfcos tfcos,, co thj cthjr hgol, fs pcssfbaj coay whjo vgafl smfjotfm prjrjqufsftjs prjrjquf sftjs grj fo pagmj gol coay ncr majgray thjrgpjutfm purpcsjs, purpcs js, fo thj gbsjomj cn cthjr pcssfbaj trjgtkjots. trjgtkjots. Co thj cthjr hgol, ‑oc cbijmtfvj, jvjo thcudh ocbaj fo ftsjan, sumh gs g ncrjsjjgbaj glvgotgdj tc smfjomj, tc cthjr hukgo bjfods, cr tc scmfjty, scmfjty, mgo fo goy wgy iustfny jxpjrfkjotg jxpjrfkjotg-tfco co afvfod hukgo jkbrycs cr njtusjs, whjthjr vfgbaj cr oct, jfthjr fosflj cr cutsflj thj kcthjr‖s wckb. \hj foncrkjl mcosjot crlfogrfay rjqufrjl ncr mafofmga jxpjrfjxpjrf kjotgtfco co gluats mgooct bj drgotjl by thj pgrjots, whc kgy oct nrjjay lfspcsj cn thj physfmga fotjdrfty cr afnj cn thj uobcro mhfal. Kcrjcvjr, jxpjrfkjotgtfco co jkbrycs gol njtusjs gawgys fovcavjs rfse, gol foljjl fo kcst mgsjs ft fovcavjs thj mjrtgfo jxpjmtgtfco cn hgrk tc thjfr physfphysf mga fotjdrfty cr jvjo thjfr ljgth. \c usj hukgo jkbrycs cr njtusjs gs thj cbijmt cr fostrukjot cn jxpjrfkjotgtfco mcostftutjs g mrfkj gdgfost thjfr lfdofty gs hukgo bjfods.‛ Fo pgrtfmuagr, ‑thj prgmtfmj cn ejjpfod gafvj hukgo jkbrycs fo vfvc cr fo vftrc ncr jxpjrfkjotga cr mckkjrmfga pur pur pcsjs fs fs tctgaay tctgaay cppcsjl cppcsjl tc hukgo lfdofty lfdofty.‛ .‛ 274
Jxpjrfkjotgtfco co hukgo jkbrycs gol njtusjs
27> Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, F, <9 GG] vftgj <9 GG] 80 80 (7688), 87. 274 Fbfl.9 Fbfl.9 GG] GG] 80 (7688), 82. ‑F mcoljko, fo thj kcst jxpafmft gol ncrkga wgy, jxpjrfkjotga kgofpuagtfcos cn thj hukgo jkbryc, sfomj thj hukgo bjfod, nrck mcomjptfco tc ljgth, mgooct bj
46
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Jxpjr fkjotgtfco Jxpjrfkjotgtfco co vuaojrgbaj pjrscos
704. Fo mafofmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco, kcrjcvjr, spjmfga gttjotfco kust bj dfvjo tc thj fovcavjkjot cn pjrsco pjrscoss whc kgy bj vuaojrgbaj vuaojrgbaj bjmgusj bjmgusj cn ljpjoljomj (stuljots, prfscojrs, prfscoj rs, kfaftgry sjrvfmj sjrvfmj pjrscooja), scmfga scmfga fosjmurfty cr pcvjrty (thj hckjajs hckjajss, s, thj uojkpa uojkpacyjl, cyjl, fkkfdrg fkkfdrgots), ots), cr agme cn jlumgtfco, whfmh mcual kgej ft lfnmuat tc cbtgfo vgafl foncrkjl mcosjot. Fo jkjrdfod gol ljvjacpfod mcuotrfjs, jxpjrfkjojxpjrfkjo tgtfco shcual hgvj rst gol ncrjkcst mafofmga gol smfjotfm cbijmtfvjs thgt lfrjmtay gol spjmfmgaay mcomjro thj acmga pcpuagtfcos pcpuag tfcos fovcav fovcavjl. jl. \hj smfjotf smfjotfmm gol jthfmga mrftjrfg usjl tc jvgaugtj gol mcolumt thj jxpjrfkjots fo jkjrdfod gol ljvjacpfod mcuotrfjs kust bj thj sgkj gs thcsj usjl ncr jxpjrfkjotgtfco mcolumtjl fo ljvjacpjl mcuotrfjs. Jxpjrfkjots Jxpjrfkjo ts fo jkjr jkjrdfod dfod gol ljvjacp ljvjacpfod fod mcuotrf mcuotrfjs js kust bj mcolumtjl wfth rjspjmt tc acmga trglftfcos gol muaturjs gol shcual bj gpprcvjl fo glvgomj by jfthjr g ogtfcoga jthfms mckkfttjj cn thj spcoscrfod mcuotry cr by thj acmga jthfms mckkfttjj.
Jxpjr fkjotgtfco Jxpjrfkjotgtfco co wckjo wfth mhfalbjgrfod pctjotfga
708. Fo mafofmga jxpjrfkjots, jxpjrfkjots, jspjmfgaay thcsj ljgafod wfth sjrfcus pgthcacdfjs ncr whfmh thjrj fs oc prcvjo trjgttrj gtkjot, jxpjrfkjotga trjgtkjots mcual gasc fovcavj wckjo cn mhfalbjgrfod pctjotfga gol gol kjo, wfth pcssfbaj rfses fo thj mgsj cn prjdogomy. \hj pgtfjots kust bj kglj gwgrj cn thjsj rfses bjncrj ljmflfod tc pgrtfmfpgtj fo thj jxpjrfkjojxpjrfkjo tgtfco, eocwfod thgt thjy kust gvcfl stgrtfod g prjdogomy uotfa thj hgrknua jnnjmts cn thj trjgtkjot hgvj joljl. \hj physfmfgo cr thj mckkjrmfga spcoscr cn thj jxpjrfkjotga rjsjgrmh mgooct rjqujst thj usj cn mcotrg mjptfvj cr, wcrsj stfaa, gbcrtfvj kjthcls gs g mcolftfco ncr pgrtfmfpgtfod pgrtfmfp gtfod fo fo thj jxpjrfkjot jxpjrfkjotgtfco. gtfco.
jxpacftjl ncr goy purpcsj whgtscjvjr‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc kjkbjrs cn thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs UCmtcbjr 2=, 7682[, o. <9 GG] <9 GG] 4: 4: U768=[, =4).
80
A�����
Crdgo gol tfssuj lcogtfco gol trgospagotgtfco 706. \hj prcdrjss gol sprjgl cn trgospagotgtfco kjlfmfoj tclgy gaacws thj trjgtkjot gol rjmcvjry cn kgoy pgtfjots wfth sjrfcus gfakjot gfakjotss whc uotfa rjmjotay mcual jxpjmt coay ljgth cr gt bjst g pgfonua, rjstrfmtjl afnj. 278 \hj lcogtfco gol trgospagotgtfco cn crdgos grj sfds fdofmgot jxprjssfcos cn sjrvfmj cn sjrvfmj tc afnj gol afnj gol cn thj scaflg thj scaflgrfty rfty thgt bfols hukgo bjfods tcdjthjr, gol thjy grj ‑g pjmuafgr ncrk cn wftojss tc mhgrfty.‛ 276 Ncr thjsj rjgscos, thjy hgvj g kcrga vgauj thgt ajdftfkfzjs thjfr usj fo kjlfmga prgmtfmj. 770. \hj kjlfmga fotjrvjotfco cn trgospagotgtfco fs ‑fosjpgrgbaj nrck g hukgo gmt cn lcogtfco.‛ 220 Fo lcogtfod crdgos, foljjl, thj lcocr djojrcusay gol nrjjay mcosjots tc thjfr rjkcvga. Thjo go crdgo fs pr fs prcmur cmurjl jl nr nrck ck g afvfod lcocr , thj mcosjot kust kust bj dfvjo pjrscogaay by g subijmt mgpgbaj cn jxprjssfod ft.227 ]pjmfga gttjotfco shcual bj dfvjo tc sub ijmts fo pgrtfmuag pgrtfmuagray ray vuaojrgbaj vuaojrgbaj mcolftf mcolftfcos. cos. Thjo go crdgo fs pr prcmur cmurjl jl nr nrck ck g mglgvjr , thj mcosjot kust hgvj bjjo jxprjssjl sckjhcw lurfod thj lcocr‖s afnjtfkj cr kglj by sckjcoj whc mgo ajdgaay rjprjsjot hfk. Bfckjlfmga prcdrjss ‑hgs kglj ft pcssfbaj ncr pjcpaj tc prcijmt bjycol ljgth thjfr vcmgtfco tc acvj‛5 thfs shcual ajgl pjrscos tc ‑cnnjr fo afnj g pgrt cn coj‖s bcly,, go cnnjrf bcly cnnjrfod od whfmh wfaa bjmckj jnnjmtfvj coay gntjr
Kcrga vgauj cn crdgo lcogtfco gol trgospagotgtfco
Mcosjot ncr prcmurjkjot prcmurjkj ot nrck g afvfod lcocr Mcosjot ncr prcmurjkjot prcmurjkj ot nrck g mglgvjr
278 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn thj ]cmfjty ncr Crdgo ]hgrfod (Iuoj 20, 7667), o. 79 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf XF^/7 XF^/7 (7667), 7470. 276 Bjojlfmt X^F, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj fotjrogtfcoga mco mco-drjss crdgofzjl by thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj (Ocvjkbjr 4, 2008)9 GG] 2008)9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 802. 220 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn thj ]cmfjty ncr Crdgo ]hgrfod (Iuoj 20, 7667), o. =9 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf XF^/7 XF^/7 (7667), 7477. 227 Mn. MMM , o. 226>.
87
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
ljgth.‛ \hfs fs ‑go gmt cn dr cn drjgt jgt acvj, acvj, thj acvj whfmh dfvjs afnj tc cthjrs.‛ 222
Kjlfgtfod mhgrgmtjr cn kjlfmga fotjrvjotfcos
777. Gs pgrt cn thfs sgmrfmfga ‑jmcocky‛ cn acvj, thj 777. kjlfmga gmt cn trgospagotgtfco ftsjan, gol jvjo thj sfkpaj trgosnusfco cn baccl, ‑kust oct bj sjpgrgtjl nrck thj lcocr‖s gmt cn sjan-dfvfod, nrck thj acvj thgt dfvjs afnj.‛ 22= Hjrj thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr ‑bjmckjs thj kjlfgtcr cn sckjthfod jspjmfgaay sfdofmgot, thj dfnt cn sjan whfmh coj pjrsco hgs kglj jvjo gntjr ljgth sc thgt gocthjr kfdht afvj.‛ 22< ‑\hj rfdht rcgl tc ncaacw, uotfa smfjomj fs gbaj tc lfsmcvjr cthjr ojw ncrks gol kcrj glvgomjl thjrgpfjs, kust bj thj ncrkgtfco gol thj sprjglfod cn g muaturj cn scaflgrfty thgt fs cpjo tc gaa gol lcjs oct jxmaulj goycoj.‛ 22:
\rgospagots fovcavfod thj sgkj pjrsco
772. Gutcdrg Gutcdrgnt nt trgosp trgospagots agots,, fo whfmh thj rjkcvga gol thj trgospagot grj pjrncrkjl co thj sgkj pjrsco, grj ajdftfkfzjl by thj prfomfpaj cn tctgafty, by vfrtuj cn whfmh ft fs 222 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn thj ]cmfjty ncr Crdgo ]hgrfod (Iuoj 20, 7667), o. <9 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf XF^/7 XF^/7 (7667), 74725 mn. MMM , o. 2=07. 22= Fbfl., o. :9 :9 Fosjdo Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf XF^/7 XF^/7 (7667), 747=. 22< Fbfl. ‑\hj lfnmuaty cn thj cpjrgtfco, thj ojjl tc gmt swfntay, swfntay, thj ojjl ncr mckpajtj mcomjotrgtfco co thj tgse, shcual oct kgej thj physfmfgo physfm fgo acsj acsj sfdht cn cn thj kystjry kystjry cn acvj acvj fovcavjl fovcavjl fo whgt whgt hj fs lcfod.‛ ‑\hj lfnnjrjot mckkgolkjots cn thj Ljmgacduj grj rjgaay coay sc kgoy rjjmtfcos cn thj coj mckkgolkjot gbcut thj dccl cn thj pjrsco, gt thj ajvja cn thj kgoy lfnnjrjot dccls whfmh mhgrgmtjrfzj hfs fljotfty gs g spfrftuga gol bclfay bjfod fo rjagtfcoshfp wfth Dcl, wfth hfs ojfdhbcr gol wfth thj kgtjrfga wcral‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr ^jrftgtfs spajolcr , o. 7=9 GG] 7=9 GG] 8: 8: U766=[, 77<=”77<<). 22: Bjojlfmt X^F, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj fotjrogtfcoga mcodrjss crdgofzjl by thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj (Ocvjkbjr 4, 2008)9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 80<. ‑G kjlfmga trgospagotgtfco mcrrjspcols tc go jthfm cn lcogtfco thgt ljkgols co thj pgrt cn gaa thj mckkftkjot tc fovjst jvjry pcssfbaj jnncrt fo ncrkgtfco gol foncrkgtfco, tc kgej thj mcosmfjomj jvjr kcrj sjosftfvj tc go fssuj thgt lfrjmtay tcumhjs thj afnj cn kgoy pjcpaj. \hjrjncrj ft wfaa bj ojmjssgry tc rjijmt prjiulfmjs gol kfsuoljrstgolfods, wfljsprjgl folfnnjrjomj gol njgr tc substftutj Uf.j., sc gs tc rjpagmj[ thjk wfth mjrtgfoty gol dugrgotjjs fo crljr tc pjrkft go jvjr kcrj hjfdhtjojl gol lfnnusj l fnnusj gwgrjojss cn thj drjgt dfnt cn afnj fo jvjrycoj‛ (fbfl.).
82
A�����
pcssfbaj tc lfspcsj pcssfbaj lfspcsj cn coj coj pgrt ncr ncr thj fotjdrga fotjdrga dccl dccl cn thj crdgofsk. Coj pgrtfmuagr ncrk cn gutcdrgnt trgospagotgtfco fovcavjs cvgrfgo djrkfoga mjaas rjkcvjl nrck g subijmt bjncrj vjry gddrjssf gddrjssfvj vj mhjkcthjrgpy mhjkcthjrgpy cr cr rglfgtfco thjrgpy thjrgpy thgt fs pctjotfgaay hgrknua hgrkn ua ncr hjr nuturj njrtfafty njr tfafty.. \hj prjsjrprjsjrvgtfco gol crthctcpfm trgosnjr cn gutcacdcus cvgrfgo tfssuj grj gmmjptgbaj fo prfomfpaj.
Gutcdrgph trgospagotgtfco cn cvgrfgo djrkfoga mjaas
77=. Hckcdr Hckcdrgnt gnt trgosp trgospagots agots,, fo whfmh thj rjkcvga fs pjrncrkjl co go folfvf folfvfluga luga cn thj sgkj spjmfjs gs thj rjmfpfjot, grj ajdftfkfzjl by thj prfomfpaj cn scaflgrfty thgt uoftjs hukgo bjfods. ‑Tfth ‑ Tfth thj glvjot cn crdgo trgostrgos pagotgtfco, pagotgtf co, whfmh bjdgo wfth baccl trgosnus trgosnusfcos, fcos, kgo hgs ncuol g wgy tc dfvj cn hfksjan, cn hfs baccl gol cn hfs bcly, sc thgt cthjrs kgy mcotfouj tc afvj. \hgoes tc smfjomj, gol tc thj prcnjssfcoga trgfofod gol mckkftkjot cn lcmtcrs gol hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, ojw gol wcoljrnua mhgaajodjs grj prjsjotjl. Tj grj mhgaajodjl tc acvj cur ojfdhbcr fo ojw wgys5 fo jvgodjafmga tjrks, tc acvj ‘tc thj jol‖ (mn. Io 7=97), yjt wfthfo mjrtgfo afkfts whfmh mgooct bj jxmjjljl, jxmjjljl, afkfts afkfts agfl agfl lcwo by hukgo hukgo ogturj ogturj ftsjan.‛ ftsjan.‛ 22>
\rgospagotgtfco nrck coj pjrsco tc gocthjr
77<. Crdgos mgo bj prcmurjl nrck g afvfod lcocr cr nrck nr ck g mglg mglgvjr vjr fo fo hckcdrgnt trgospagots. Fo thj rst mgsj, thj rjkcvga fs agwnua prcvfljl thgt ‑thj physfmga gol psymhcac psym hcacdfmg dfmgaa lgodjrs gol gol rfses fomurrjl fomurrjl by thj lcocr lcocr grj prcpcrtfc prcp crtfcogtj ogtj tc thj dccl scud scudht ht ncr thj rjmfp rjmfpfjot. fjot. Ft fs kcrgaay foglkfssfbaj lfrjmtay tc brfod gbcut thj lfsgbafod kutfagtfco cr ljgth cn g hukgo bjfod, jvjo fo crljr tc ljagy thj ljgth cn cthjr pjrscos.‛ 224 Fo thj sjmcol mgsj, wj grj oc acodjr ljgafod ljga fod wfth g afvfod pjrsco but wfth g mglgvjr mg lgvjr.. Ft shcual stfaa bj rjspjmtjl r jspjmtjl gs g hukgo mglgvjr, but ft oc acodjr hgs thj lfdofty cn g
Mrftjrfg ncr pjrkfssfbfaftyy pjrkfssfbfaft cn crdgo prcmurjkjot prcmurjkj ot nrck g afvfod lcocr cr nrck g mglgvjr
Jxpagogtfco cn thj prfomfpaj cn scaflgrftyy scaflgrft
22> Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn thj ]cmfjty ncr Crdgo ]hgrfod (Iuoj 20, 7667), o. 29 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf XF^/7 XF^/7 (7667), 7477. 224 MMM , o. 226>.
8=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Mjrtgfoty ncaacwfod lfgdocsfs
subijmt gol g afvfod pjrsco‖s vgauj gs go jol. ‑G mcrpsj fs oc acodjr, fo thj prcpjr sjosj cn thj tjrk, g subijmt cn rfdhts, bjmgusj ft fs ljprfvjl cn pjrscogafty, whfmh gacoj mgo bj thj subijmt cn rfdhts.‛ Hjomj, ‑tc put ft tc usjnua purpcsjs, purpcs js, kcrgaay bagkjajs bagkjajsss gol jvjo ocbaj, ocbaj,‛‛ fs g ljmfsfc ljmfsfco o ‑oct bj mcoljkojl but tc bj pcsftfvjay iustfjl.‛ 228 \hfs mcosfdokjot, hcwjvjr, rjqufrjs jfthjr thj mcosjot cn thj ljmjgsjl pjrsco, dfvjo bjncrj ljgth, cr jasj thj oco-cppcsftfco cn hfs ajdftfkgtj rjprjsjotgtfvjs. \hj nrjj lcogtfco cn crdgos gntjr ljgth fs pjrkfssfbaj. 226 Ft fs ojmjssgry, thcudh, tc bj mjrtgfo thgt coj fs ljgafod wfth g mglgvjr, sc gs tc kgej surj thgt thj rjkcvga cn crdgos lcjs oct mgusj cr jvjo kjrjay gotfmfpgtj ljgth. \hj rjkcvga cn crdgos nrck g mglgvjr fs ajdftfkgtj ncaacwfod g surj lfgdocsfs cn thj lcocr‖s ljgth. Hjomj thj luty ‑tc tgej mgrj thgt g ‘mcrpsj‖ ‘mcrpsj ‖ shgaa oct bj mcosfljrjl gol trjgtjl gs sumh uotfa ljgth hgs bjjo sunmfjotay prcvjl.‛ 2=0
Ljtjrkfogtfco cn ljgth 77:. \hj rjkcvga cn vftga crdgos nrck g mglgvjr pcsjs thj prcbajk cn lfgdocsfod ljgth wfth mjrtgfoty fo g ojw wgy. Kgo pjrmjfvjs ljgth gs g ljmckpcsftfco, lfsscautfco, cr brjgefod gpgrt, 2=7 ‑mcosfstfod fo thj tctga lfsfotjdrgtfco cn thgt uoftgry gol fotjdrgtjl whcaj thgt fs
228 Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc ljajdgtjs cn thj Ftgafgo Gsscmfgtfco cn Mcrojg Lcocrs gol thj Ftgafgo Zofco ncr thj Bafol (Kgy 7<, 76:>)9 GG] <8 <8 (76:>), <>2”<><. 226 Mn. MMM , o. 2=07. 2=0 Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc ljajdgtjs cn thj Ftgafgo Gsscmfgtfco cn Mcrojg Lcocrs gol thj Ftgafgo Zofco ncr thj Bafol (Kgy 7<, 76:>)9 GG] <8 <8 (76:>), <>>”<>4. 2=7 Mn. ^gtfmgo Mcuomfa FF, Pgstcrga Mcostftutfco Dgulfuk jt spjs, spjs, o. 785 Icho Pgua FF, F F, Gpcstcafm Ajttjr ]gavfmf lcacrfs, lcacrfs, o. 7:9 GG] 7:9 GG] 4> (768<), 27>5 ^gtfmgo Mcuomfa FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj wcrefod drcup co thj ljtjrkfogtfco cn brgfo ljgth (Ljmjkbjr 7<, 7686), o. <9 GG] <9 GG] 82 82 (7660), 4>8.
8<
A�����
thj pjrscoga sjan.‛ 2=2 ‑\hfs ljstrumtfco lcjs oct cn mcursj gnnjmt thj jotfrj hukgo bjfod. Mhrfstfgo ngfth“gol ft fs oct gacoj hjrj“gnrks thj mcotfougtfco cn kgo‖s spfrftuga prfomfpajj bjycol prfomfpa bjycol ljgth.‛ ljgth.‛ 2== ‑\hj ljgth cn thj pjrsco . . . fs go jvjot whfmh oc smfjotfm tjmhofquj cr jkpfrfmga kjthcl mgo fljotfny lfrjmtay. Vjt hukgo jxpjrfjomj shcws thgt comj ljgth cmmurs, mjrtgfo bfcacdfmga sfdos fojvftgbay ncaacw, whfmh kjlfmfoj hgs ajgrot tc rjmcdofzj wfth fomrjgsfod prjmfsfco. Fo thfs sjosj, thj ‘mrftjrfg‖ ncr gsmjrtgfofod ljgth usjl by kjlfmfoj tclgy shcual oct bj uoljrstccl gs thj tjmhofmgasmfjotfm ljtjrkfogtfco cn thj jxgmt kckjot cn cn g pjrsco‖s ljgth, but gs g smfjotfmgaay sjmurj kjgos cn fljotfnyfod thj bfcacdfmga sfdos thgt g pjrsco hgs foljjl lfjl.‛ 2=< Nrck thj bfckjlfmga pjrspjmtfvj, ljgth mcosfsts fo thj tctga acss cn fotjdrgtfco cn thgt uofjl whcaj whfmh fs thj hukgo crdgofsk. \hj kjlfmga cbsjrvgtfco gol fotjr prjtgtfco prjtgtfc o cn thj sfdos cn thfs lfsfotjdrgtfco lfsfotjdrgtfco lc oct pjrtgfo tc kcrgafty but tc smfjomj. Ft fs prcpjray up tc kjlfmfoj tc ljtjrkfoj gs prjmfsjay gs pcssfbaj thj mafofmga sfdos cn ljgth.. Comj thfs kjlfmga ljtjrkfogtfco hgs bjjo kglj, ljgth ft bjmckjs pcssfbaj tc gllrjss thj kcrga qujstfcos gol mcofmts rgfsjl by thj ojw tjmhocacdfjs gol trjgtkjot cptfcos fo afdht cn thfs gssjsskjot.
Mrftjrfg ncr ljtjrkfogtfco cn ljgth
Mafofmga sfdos cn ljgth
2=2 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo go fotjrogtfcoga mcodrjss co crdgo trgospagots (Gudust 26, 2000), o. <9 GG] 62 (2000), 82=”82<. 2== Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj wcrefod drcup co thj ljtjrkfogtfco cn brgfo ljgth (Ljmjkbjr 7<, 7686), o. <9 GG] <9 GG] 82 82 (7660), 4>6. ‑\hj uofty cn scua gol bcly fs sc prcncuol thgt coj hgs tc mcosfljr thj scua tc bj thj ‘ncrk‖ cn thj bcly9 f.j., ft fs bjmgusjj cn fts spfrftug bjmgus spfrftugaa scua scua thgt thgt thj bcly kglj cn kgttjr kgttjr bjmckj bjmckjss g afvfod, hukgo bcly5 spfrft gol kgttjr, fo kgo, grj oct twc ogturjs uoftjl, but rgthjr thjfr uofco ncrks g sfodaj ogturj‛ (MMM (MMM , o. =>:). ‑\hj Mhurmh tjgmhjs thgt jvjry spfrftuga scua fs mrjgtjl fkkjlfgtjay by Dcl“ft fs oct ‘prclumjl‖ by thj pgrjots“gol gasc thgt ft fs fkkcrtga9 ft lcjs oct pjrfsh whjo ft sjpgrgtjs nrck thj bcly gt ljgth, gol ft wfaa bj rjuoftjl wfth thj bcly gt thj oga Rjsurrjmtfco‛ (MMM (MMM , o. =>>). 2=< Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo go fotjrogtfcoga mcodrjss co crdgo trgospagots (Gudust 26, 2000), o. <9 GG] <9 GG] 62 62 (2000), 82<.
8:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Jomjphgafm sfdos gol mgrlfcrjspfrgtcry sfdos
Ajdftfkg my Ajdftfkgmy cn thj ojurcacdfmga mrftjrfco
77>. ‑Ft fs g wjaa-eocwo ngmt thgt ncr sckj tfkj mjrtgfo smfjotfm gpprcgmhjs tc gsmjrtgfofod ljgth hgvj shfntjl thj jkphgsfs nrck thj trglftfcoga mgrlfcrjspfrgtcry sfdos tc thj sc-mgaajl ojurcacdfmga mrftjrfco. ]pjmfmgaay, thfs mcosfsts fo jstgbafshfod, gmmcrlfod tc majgray ljtjrkfojl pgrgkjtjrs pgrgkjtj rs mckkco mckkcoay ay hjal by thj fotjrogtfcoga smfjotfm mckkuofty, thj mckpajtj gol frrjvjrsfbaj mjssgtfco cn gaa brgfo gmtfvfty (fo thj mjrjbruk, mjrjbjaauk, gol brgfo stjk). \hfs fs thjo mcosfljrjl thj sfdo thgt thj folfvfluga crdgofsk hgs acst fts fotjdrgtfvj mgpgmfty. ‑Tfth rjdgrl tc thj pgrgkjtjrs usjl tclgy ncr gsmjrtgfofod ljgth“whjthjr thj ‘jomjphgafm‖ sfdos cr thj kcrj trglftfcoga mgrlfcrjspfrgtcry sfdos“thj Mhurmh lcjs oct kgej tjmhofmga ljmfsfcos. ]hj afkfts hjrsjan tc thj Dcspja luty cn mckpgrfod thj lgtg cnnjrjl by kjlfmga smfjomj wfth thj Mhrfstfgo uoljrstgolfod cn thj uofty cn thj pjrsco, pjrsc o, brfodfod brfodfod cut thj sfkf sfkfagrftf agrftfjs js gol thj pcss pcssfbaj fbaj mcofmts mgpgbaj cn jolgodjrfod rjspjmt ncr hukgo lfdofty.‛ lfdofty.‛ 2=: Fn thj smfjotfm lgtg lc cnnjr drcuols ncr stgtfod thgt thj mrftjrfco cn whcaj-brgfo ljgth gol thj rjagtjl sfdos folfmgtj wfth surjty thgt thj uofty cn thj crdgofsk hgs bjjo acst frrjvjrsfbay, thjo ft mgo bj ljmagrjl thgt thj ojurcacdfmga mrftjrfco, mrftjrfco , ‑fn rfdcrcusay gppafjl, lcjs oct sjjk tc mcofmt wfth thj jssjotfga jajkjots cn g scuol gothrcpcacdy. \hjrjncrj, g hjgath wcrejr prcnjssfcogaay rjspcosfbaj ncr gsmjrtgfofod ljgth mgo usj thjsj mrftjrfg fo jgmh folfvfluga mgsj gs thj bgsfs ncr grrfvfod gt thgt ljdrjj cn gssurgomj fo jthfmga iuldkjot whfmh kcrga tjgmhfod ljsmrfbjs gs ‘kcrga mjrtgfoty.‖ \hfs kcrga mjrtgfoty fs mcosfljrjl thj ojmjssgry gol sunmfjot bgsfs ncr go jthfmgaay mcrrjmt mcursj cn gmtfco. Coay whjrj sumh mjrtgfoty jxfsts, gol whjrj foncrkjl mcosjot hgs garjgly bjjo dfvjo by thj lcocr cr thj lcocr‖s ajdftfkgtj rjprjsjotgtfvjs, fs ft kcrgaay rfdht tc foftfgtj thj tjmhofmga prcmjlurjs rjqufrjl ncr thj rjkcvga cn crdgos ncr trgospagot.‛ 2=>
2=: Fbfl., o. :9 :9 GG] GG] 62 62 (2000), 82<. 2=> Fbfl.
8>
A�����
‑Fo go grjg sumh gs thfs, fo ngmt, thjrj mgooct bj thj safdhtjst suspfmfco cn grbftrgrfojss, gol whjrj mjrtgfoty hgs oct bjjo gttgfojl, thj prfomfpaj cn prjmgutfco kust prjvgfa. \hfs fs why ft fs usjnua tc prckctj rjsjgrmh gol fotjrlfsmfpafogry rjjmtfco tc pagmj pubafm cpfofco bjncrj thj kcst trgospg trgospgrjot rjot truth co thj gothrc gothrcpcacdfm pcacdfmga, ga, scmfga, jthfmga, gol iurflfmga fkpafmgtfcos cn thj prgmtfmj cn trgospagotgtfco.‛ 2=4
Prfomfpaj cn prjmgutfco prjmgut fco kust prjvgfa
\j rjkcvga cn crdgos nrck pjlfgtrfm lcocrs 774. Pgrtfmuagr mgrj kust bj usjl fo thj thj pr prcmur cmurjkjot jkjot cn crdgos nrck nrck pjlfgtrfm lcocrs lcocrs bjmgusj bjmgusj cn thj ojjl tc gppay tc thj mhfal spjmfmgaay tgfacrjl pgrgkjtjrs ncr ljtjrkfofod ljgth gol bjmgusj cn thj ljafmgtj psymhcacdfmga sftugtfco cn thj pgrjots, whc grj mgaajl upco tc dfvj mcosjot ncr thj rjkcvga. \hj ojjl ncr crdgos nrck pjlfgtrfm lcocrs mgo fo oc wgy iustfny thj ckfssfco cn thj prcpjr vjrfmgtfco cn thj mafofmga sfdos ncr thj ljtjrkfogtfco cn ljgth cn g pjlfgtrfm pgtfjot.
Prcpjr vjrfmgtfco cn mafofmga sfdos
Xjoctrgospagots 778. \hjrj fs go codcfod lfsmussfco gbcut thj pcssf bfafty,, whfmh fs stfaa jotfrjay jxpjrfkjotga, cn scavfo bfafty scavfod d thj prcbajk cn cbtgfofod cbtgfofod crdgos crdgos ncr hukgo hukgo trgospagotgtf trgospagotgtfco co by rjscrtfod tc thj usj cn xjocdrgnt trgospagots, thgt fs, thj trgospagotgtfco cn crdgos gol tfssujs ljrfvjl nrck gofkgas. ‑Ncr g xjoctrgospagot tc bj afmft, thj trgospagotjl kgas. crdgo kust oct fkpgfr thj fotjdrfty cn thj psymhcacdfmga cr djojtfm fljotfty cn thj pjrsco rjmjfvfod ft5 gol thjrj kust gasc bj g prcvjo bfcacdfmga pcssfbfafty thgt thj trgospagot wfaa bj summjssnua gol wfaa oct jxpcsj thj rjmfpfjot tc
Mrftjrfg ncr pjrkfssfbfaftyy pjrkfssfbfaft
2=4 Bjojlfmt X^F, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj fotjrogtfcoga mco mco-drjss crdgofzjl by thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj (Ocvjkbjr 4, 2008)9 GG] 2008)9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 80<.
84
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
focrlfogtj rfse.‛ 2=8 Kcrjcvjr, ft fs ojmjssgry tc rjspjmt thj gofkgas fovcavjl fo thjsj prcmjlurjs by cbsjrvfod mjrtgfo mcolftfcos9 ‑Zoojmjssgry gofkga sunnjrfod kust bj prj vjotjl5 mrftjrfg cn rjga ojmjssfty gol rjgscogbajojss kust bj rjspjmtj rjspjmtjl5 l5 djojtfm kclfm kclfmgtfcos gtfcos thgt mcual sfdof sfdofmgotay mgotay gatjr thj bfclfvjrsfty gol thj bgagomj cn thj spjmfjs fo thj gofkga wcral kust bj gvcfljl.‛ 2=6
rgospagotgtfco gol pjrscoga fljotfty Fkkcrgafty fo thj mgsj cn mjrtgfo crdgos
776. Oct gaa crdgos mgo bj lcogtjl. Nrck thj jthfmga pjrspjmtfvj, thj brgfo gol thj dcogls grj ruajl cut gs pctjotfga trgospagots, fogskumh gs thjy grj mcoojmtjl rjspjmtfvjay wfth thj pjrsco thj pjrscoga ga gol prcmrjgtfvj prcmrjgtfvj fljotfty cn thj pjrsco pjrsco.. \hjsj grj crdgos spjmfmgaay mcoojmtjl wfth thj uofqujuofquj ojss cn thj pjrsco, whfmh kjlfmfoj kust sgnjdugrl.
Gbusjs fo trgospagotgtfco
Oc tc crdgo trgnmefod
720. \hj sgaj cn crdgos gol thj glcptfco cn lfsmrfkfogtcry cr utfaftgrfgo mrftjrfg fo sjajmtfod rjmfpfjots mcotrglfmt thj uoljrayfod kjgofod cn thj lcocr‖s dfnt. Gs sumh thjy grj kcrgaay faafmft. Gbusj Gbusjss fo trgo trgospag spagotgt otgtfco fco gol crdgo trgnmefod , whfmh cntjo fovcavj thj kcst vuaojrgbaj pjrscos, pjrsc os, sumh gs mhfal mhfalrjo, rjo, ‑kus ‑kustt ol thj smfjo smfjotfm tfm gol kjlfmga mckkuofty rjgly tc uoftj fo rjijmtfod sumh uogmmjptgbaj prgmtfmjs. \hjrjncrj thjy grj tc bj ljmfsfvjay mcoljkojl gs gbckfogbaj.‛ 2<0
2=8 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo go fotjrogtfcoga mcodrjss co crdgo trgospagots (Gudust 26, 2000), o. 49 GG] 49 GG] 62 62 (2000), 82:. 2=6 Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj, Afnj, Pr Prcspjm cspjmts ts ncr Xjoct Xjoctrgospa rgospagotgtf gotgtfco9 co9 ]mfjotfm Gspjmts gol Jthfmga Mcosfljrgtfcos Mcosfljrgtfcos (^gtfmgo Mfty9 2007), o. 6. 2<0 Bjojlfmt X^F, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj fotjrogtfcoga mco mco-drjss crdgofzjl by thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj (Ocvjkbjr 4, 2008)9 GG] 2008)9 GG] 700 700 (2008), 80=.
88
A�����
Ncrks cn ljpjoljomj 727. Ljpjoljomj, fo thj mcotjxt cn kjlfmfoj gol hjgath mgrj, fs g hgbftuga rjafgomj co g substgomj cr g prclumt“ sumh gs lruds, gamchca, ogrmctfms, cr tcbgmmc“ncr whfmh thj folfvfluga jxpjrfjomjs go frrjprjssfbaj ojjl, gol thj ljprfvgtfco cn whfmh mgo mgusj kjotga gol physfmga lfsturbgomjs. \hj phjockjoco cn ljpjoljomj fo cur scmfjtfjs fs go fomrjgsfoday wcrrfsckj gol fo sckj wgys trgdfm rjgafty rj gafty.. Ft fs rjagtjl co thj coj hgol tc thj mrfsfs cn vgaujs gol kjgofod nrck whfmh mcotjkpcrgry scmfjty gol muaturj sunnjr 2<7 gol, co thj cthjr hgol, tc thj str gol nrustrg strjss jss gol tfcos djojrgtjl by thj rjajotajss ljkgol ncr jnmfjomy, by gmtfvfsk gmtfvfsk,, gol by thj hjfdhtj hjfdhtjojl ojl mckpjtf mckpjtftfvjojss tfvjojss gol gocoykfty cn scmfga fotjrgmtfcos. \hj jvfas mgusjl by ncrks cn ljpjoljomj gol thj trjgtkjot cn ljpjoljomj grj oct thj jxmausfvj prcvfomj cn kjlfmfoj. Kjlfmfoj, hcwjvjr, hgs g prjvjotfvj gol thjrg pjutfm gpprcgmh gpprcgmh cn fts cwo. cwo.
Jsmgagtfco cn thj phjockjoco phjockjoc o cn ljpjoljomj
Lrud ljpjoljomj 722. Lrud ljpjoljomj ljpjoljomj mgo bj go jxprjssfco cn thj acss cn kjgofod gol cn vgauj fo afnj, tc thj pcfot cn puttfod ft gt rfse9 kgoy mgsjs cn ljgth by cvjrlcsj cvjrlcsj grj grj truj sufmfljs, strfmtay spjgefod.
Mgusj cn lrud ljpjoljomj
72=. Nrck thj kcrga pjrspjmtfvj, lrud gbusj ‑fs gawgys faafmft, bjmgusj ft fkpafjs go uoiustfjl gol frrgtfcoga rjnusga tc thfoe, wfaa, gol gmt gs nrjj pjrscos.‛ 2<2 G iuldkjot thgt lrud usj fs faafmft fs oct g iuldkjot thgt mcoljkos thj
Jthfmga gssjsskjot cn lrud ljpjoljomj
2<7 ‑Gt thj rcct cn gamchca gol lrud gbusj“tgefod fotc gmmcuot thj pgfonua mckpajxfty mckpajxfty cn mgusj mgusjss gol sftugt sftugtfcos“t fcos“thjrj hjrj fs usuga usugaay ay go jxfstjotfga vgmuuk, luj tc go gbsjomj cn vgaujs gol g agme cn sjan-jstjjk, cn trust fo cthjrs gol fo afnj fo djojrga‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj ]fxth Fotjrogtfcoga Mconjrjomj co Lruds gol Gamchca UOcvjkbjr 2=, 7667[, o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 8< 8< U7662[, 7728). 2<2 Fbfl., o. <9 <9 GG] GG] 8< 8< (7662), 77=0.
86
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Pgth tc rjmcvjry
Lrud gbusj gbu sj fs cppcsjl tc afnj
pjrsco, whc pjrsco, whc jxpjrfjom jxpjrfjomjs js hfs cwo mcolft mcolftfco fco cn ljpj ljpjoljo oljomj mj gs ‑g hjgvy sagvjry.‛ 2<= Ojfthjr jkphgsfzfod kcrga dufat ocr gppayfod ajdga pjogatfjs mgo bj thj pgth tc nuaa rjmcvjry5 rgthjr, rjmcvjry kust bj bgsjl co thj rjgmqufsftfco cn vgaujs, wfthcut mcomjgafod goy gmtuga kcrga rjspcosfbfaftfj rjspcosfbfaftfjss co thj pgrt cn thj lrud gbusjr, whfmh prckctj hfs afbjrgtfco ncr thj sgej cn hfs rjfotjdrgtfco fotc ngkfay gol scmfjty. \hfs kjgos thgt ljtcxfmgtfco fs kcrj thgo g kjlfmga trjgtkjot9 ft fs go fotjdrgaay hukgo fotjrvjotfco.2<< 72<. Lrud gbusj fs cppcsjl tc afnj. ‑Coj mgooct spjge cn ‘thj nrjjlck nrjj lck tc tgej lruds‖ cr cn ‘thj rfdht tc lruds,‖ bjmgusj g hukgo bjfod lcjs oct hgvj thj rfdht tc hgrk hfksjan, gol hj mgooct gol kust oct jvjr gblfmgtj hfs pjrscoga lfdofty, whfmh fs dfvjo tc hfk by Dcl,‛ 2<: gol jvjo ajss lcjs hj hgvj thj rfdht tc kgej cthjrs pgy ncr hfs mhcfmj.
Gamchcafsk Jthfmga gssjsskjot cn gamchcafsk
72:. Gamchca mgo gasc hgvj hgrknua jnnjmts co hjgath. Fo ngmt, jxmjssfvj mcosukptfco cn ft tjols tc rjsuat fo gamcgamc hcafsk, go jxprjssfco cn thj ljpjoljomj mgusjl by fts mcotfoucus usj, gol fo jvjr hfdhjr lcsjs. Gamchca gbusj gol ljpjoljomj lfsrjdgrl thj kcrga luty tc sgnjdugrl gol prjsjrvj hjgath, gol wfth ft afnj. Bcth, fo ngmt, prclumj hfdhay ljajtjrfcus jnnjmts ncr jnnjmts ncr thj pjrsco‖s physfmga, psymhcacdfmga, gol spfrftuga hjgath. Kcrjcvjr, gamchcafsk mgo gasc hgvj g scmfga fkpgmt, fogskumh gs ft fs nrjqujotay thj mgusj 2<= Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Jfdhth Tcral Tcral Mcodrjss cn \hjrgpjutfm Mckkuoftfjs (]jptjkbjr 4, 768<), o. =9 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf ^FF/2 ^FF/2 (768<), =<4. 2<< Mn. fbfl., o. 49 49 Fosjdo Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^FF/2 ^FF/2 (768<), =:0. 2<: Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj ]fxth Fotjrogtfcoga Mconjrjomj co Lruds gol Gamchca (Ocvjkbjr 2=, 7667), o. <9 8< (7662), 77=0. ‑\hj usj cn lruds fofmts vjry drgvj lgkgdj GG] 8< co hukgo afnj gol hjgath. \hjfr usj, jxmjpt co strfmtay thjrgpjutfm drcuols, fs g drgvj cnnjosj. Magoljstfoj prclumtfco cn gol trgnmefod fo lruds grj smgolgacus prgmtfmjs. \hjy mcostftutj lfrjmt mccpjrgtfco fo jvfa, sfomj thjy jomcurgdj pjcpaj tc prgmtfmjs drgvjay mcotrgry tc thj kcrga agw‛ (MMM ( MMM , o. 2267).
60
A�����
cn trgnm gol wcrepagmj gmmfljots5 ft mgo fomftj ngkfay vfcvfc ajomj gol jvjo gnnjmt g pjrsco‖ pjrsco‖ss ljsmjolgots. Gamchcafsk Gamchcafsk fs wfljsprjgl fo sckj mcuotrfjs gol rjdfcos, kgefod ft g truj scmfga pagduj. Pgrtfmuagray wcrrfsckj fs thj rfsj cn gamchca mcosukptfco gkcod wckjo gol ycuth, whc stgrt lrfoefod gt jgrafjr gdjs, wfth ljstgbfafzfod jnnjmts co thjfr drcwth. 2<> 72>. \hfs scmfga \hfs scmfga pagduj shcual pagduj shcual pjrsuglj thcsj rjspcosfbaj ncr hjgath mgrj gmtfvftfjs gol pcafmfjs, gol hjgath mgrj wcrejrs thjksjavjs, tc prckctj ljtcxfmgtfco gol trjgttrjgt kjot ngmfaftfjs gol prjvjotfco strgtjdfjs, wfth pgrtfmuagr gttjotfco tc ycuod pjcpaj. Go gamchcafm fs g sfme pjrsco fo ojjl cn kjlfmga trjgtkjot, gacod wfth hjap fo tjrks cn scaflgrfty gol psymhcthjrgpy. ]umh go folfvfluga wgrrgots thj jodgdjkjot cn fotjdrgaay hukgo rjmcvjry kjgsurjs.
Fotjdrgaay hukgo rjmcvjry kjgsurjs
cbgmmc ljpjoljomj 724. By ocw kjlfmga rjsjgrmh hgs mcorkjl thj hgrknua jnnjmts cn tcbgmmc skcefod co hjgath. Ft hgrks thj hjgath cn thj skcejr (gmtfvj (gmtfvj skcefod ) gol gasc cn thcsj whc brjgthj thj skcej cn cthjrs ( pgss pgssfvj fvj skcef skcefod od ). ). \clgy tcbgmmc fs coj cn thj kgfo mgusjs cn ljgth fo thj wcral. Ncr thfs rjgsco gacoj, tcbgmmc usj rgfsjs uogvcflgbaj kcrga qujstfcos. ]kcefod fs bjmckfod kcrj wfljsprjgl gkcod ycuod pjcpaj gol gkcod thj njkgaj pcpuagtfco. Fo pgrtfmuagr, pgrtfmua gr, glcajsm glcajsmjots jots grj kcrj susmjp susmjptfbaj tfbaj tc ljpjolj ljpjoljomj omj gol tc thj physfmgaay gol psymhcacdfmgaay hgrknua jnnjmts cn tcbgmmc. \hcsj whc grj rjspcosfbaj ncr hjgath mgrj pcafmfjs gol hjgath mgrj wcrejrs thjksjavjs mgooct rjkgfo folfnnjrjot tc thjsj ngmts. \hjy grj mhgrdjl wfth thj wcre
Jthfmga gssjsskjot cn tcbgmmc ljpjoljomj
2<> ‑\hj jmcockfm mcolftfcos jxfstfod fo scmfjty, scmfjty, sumh sumh gs hfdh rgtjs cn pcvjrty gol uojkpacykjot, mgo mcotrfbutj tc g ycuod pjrsco‖s sjosj cn rjstajssojss, fosjmurfty, nrustrgtfco gol scmfga gafjogtfco, gol mgo lrgw thgt pjrsco tc thj ngotgsy wcral cn gamchca gs go jsmgpj nrck thj prcbajks cn afnj‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj \hfrty-Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Fostftutj ncr thj Prjvjotfco gol \rjgtkjot cn Gamchcafsk UIuoj 4, 768:[9 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf ^FFF/7 ^FFF/7 U768:[, 74<7).
67
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
cn prjvjotfco gol lfssugsfco, fo thjfr rjspjmtfvj jals, thrcudh gpprcprfgtj gol tgrdjtjl jlumgtfcoga gmtfvfty. gmtfvfty.
Psymhctrcpfm lruds Prulj ot Pruljot mrftjrfg
728. Psymhctrcpfm lruds grj g spjmfga mgtjdcry cn phgrkgmjutfmgas phgrkgm jutfmgas ljsfdojl tc gaajvfgtj physfmga cr kjotga sunnjrfods fo mjrtgfo mgsjs. Rjmcursj tc sumh psymhctrcpfm substgomjs, whjo kjlfmgaay folfmgtjl, kust glhjrj tc t c vjry pruljott mrftjrfg, pruljo mrftjrfg, sc gs tc gvcfl gvcfl lgodjrcus lgodjrcus ncrks cn cn hgbftuhgbftugtfco gol ljpjoljomj. ‑Ft fs thj icb cn hjgath mgrj guthcrftfjs, physfmfgos, gol thcsj rjspcosfbaj ncr rjsjgrmh mjotjrs tc wcre tc kfofkfzj thjsj rfses by kjgos cn suftgbaj kjgsurjs cn prjvjotfco prjvjot fco gol foncrkg foncrkgtfco.‛ tfco.‛ 2<4
Jthfmga ajdftfkgmy
726. Psymhctrcpfm lruds grj jthfmgaay ajdftfkgtj whjo glkfofstjrjl ncr thjrgpjutfm purpcsjs purpcsjs gol wfth luj rjspjmt ncr thj pjrsco. \hj djojrga mcolftfcos ncr thj pjrkfssfbfafty cn goy thjrgpjutfm fotjrvjotfco gppay tc thjk. Fo pgrtfmuagr, whjojvjr pcssfbaj, foncrkjl mcosjot shcual bj rjqujstjl, tgefod fotc gmmcuot thj pgtfjot‖s ljmfsfco-kgefod mgpgmfty. Fo sjajmtfod gol glkfofstjrfod thjsj lruds, thj physfmfgo kust gasc rjspjmt thj prfomfpaj cn thjrgpjutfm prcpcrtfcogafty prcpcrtfcoga fty,, bgsfod ft co g mgrjnua gssjsskjot cn thj jtfcacdy cn thj sykptcks gol cthjr rjgscos ncr jkpacyfod thjsj lruds. 2<8
Rjspjmt ncr thj pgtfjot‖ pgtfj ot‖ss ljmfsfcokgefod mgpgmfty
Fkpjrkfs sfbfafty cn ocothjrg pjutfm usj u sj gol gbusj
7=0. \hj ocothjrgpjutfm usj usj gol thj gbusj cn psymhctrcpfm lruds lruds ncr thj purpcsj cn johgomfod pgrtfmuagr gbfaftfjs cr cbtgfofod go grtfmfga, juphcrfm sjrjofty fs kcrgaay faafmft. Fo thfs wgy hukgo jxpjrfjomj fs gatjrjl, ngasfnyfod thj rjsuats cn thj subijmt‖ subijmt ‖s sjan-rjgafzgtfco, sjan-rjgafzgtf co, puttfod hfs pjrscoga fljotfty gol guthjotfmfty gt rfse, gol prckct2<4 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj ]fxth Fotjrogtfcoga Mconjrjomj co Lruds gol Gamchca (Ocvjkbjr 2=, 7667), o. <9 GG] 8< 8< U7662[, 77=0. 2<8 Mn. Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn Psymhcphgrkgmcacdy (]jptjkbjr 6, 76:8)9 GG] 76:8)9 GG] :0 :0 (76:8), >84”>6>.
62
A�����
fod g muaturj cn hypjrjnmfjomy. \hj fogpprcprfgtj usj cn psymhctrcpfm psymhc trcpfm lruds fo thfs wgy fs oc lfnnjrj lfnnjrjot ot nrck lrud gbusj, sc thj jthfmga iuldkjots garjgly ncrkuagtjl wfth rjdgrl tc lrud ljpjoljomj gppay tc thjk gs wjaa. Pgrtfmuagr gttjotfco kust bj pgfl tc mgsuga rjmcursj tc psymhctrcpfm lruds fo pjlfgtrfm pgtfjots.
Psymhcacdy gol psymhcthjrgpy 7=7. Ft hgs bjjo prcvjl thgt thj psymhcacdfmga mckpcojot pagys g kcrj cr ajss fkpcrtgot rcaj fo gaa pgthcacdfjs, whjthjr gs g mcomckftgot mgusj cr gs go cutmckj gnnjmtfod coj‖s pjrscoga jxpjrfjomj. Psymhcs Psymhcsckgtfm ckgtfm kjlfmfo kjlfmfojj gllrjssjs thfs gol suppcrts thj thjrgpjutfm vgauj cn thj pjrscogaa rjagtfco pjrscog rjagtfcoshfp shfp bjtwjjo hjgath mgrj wcrejr gol pgtfjot.2<6 \hj hjgath mgrj wcrejr kust kgfotgfo g dccl rjagtfcoshfp wfth thj pgtfjot sc thgt hfs prcnjssfcogafsk gol mckpjtjomj bjmckj kcrj jnnjmtfvj thrcudh hfs gbfafty tc uoljrstgol thj sfme pjrsco. \hfs gpprcgmh, suppcrtjl by go fotjdrgaay hukgo vfjw cn sfmeojss gol strjodthjojl by ngfth,2:0 fs fosmrfbjl fo sumh thjrgpjutfm jnnjmtfvjojss. 7=2. Psymhcacdfmga lfscrljrs gol faaojssjs mgo bj gllrjssjl gol trjgtjl wfth psymhc wfth psymhcthjrgpy thjrgpy.. Ft kust bj ejpt fo kfol thgt jvjry ncrk cn psymhcthjrgpy hgs fts cwo gothrcpcacdfmga vfsfco, ncrkuagtjs hypcthjsjs gbcut thj crfdfos cn psymhcacdfmga lfsturbgomjs, gol prcpcsjs tc thj pgtfjot bcth fts cwo thjcrjtf thjcrjtfmga mga kclja gol g thjrgpy thgt usugaay rjqufrjs bjhgvfcrga mhgodjs gol, fo mjrtgfo mgsjs, mhgodjs tc thj pgtfjot‖s vgauj systjk. Psymhcthjrgpy mgo thjrjncrj gnnjmt thj pgtfjot‖s pjrscogafty gol mgusj mhgodjs tc ft.
Psymhcsckgt fm Psymhcsckgtfm kjlfmfoj
Gothrcpcacdfmga vfsfco cn psymhcthjrgpy psymhcthj rgpy
2<6 Mn. Pgua ^F, Gllrjss tc thj \hfrl Tcral Tcral Mcodrjss cn thj Fotjrogtfcoga Mcaajdj cn Psymhcsckgtfm Kjlfmfoj (]jptjkbjr 78, 764:)9 GG] 764:)9 GG] >4 >4 (764:), :<<. 2:0 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Kctu Prcprfc Prcprfc Lcajot Lcajotfuk fuk hckfouk hckfouk,, o. 29 GG] 29 GG] 44 44 (768:), <:8.
6=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
\hj pgtfjot‖s stgtj cn ljpjoljomj co thj thjrgpfst gol hfs hcpj cn fkprcvjkjot cr rjmcvjry jxpcsj hfk tc thj rfse cn gmmjptfod prfomfpajs thgt mcofmt wfth hfs cwo vgauj systjk. \hjrjncrj, ft fs ojmjssgry thgt thj thjrgpy bj mckpgt mckpgtfbaj fbaj wfth Mhrfstfgo gothrcpcacdy gothrcpcacdy gol, whjrj gpprcprfgtj, mckbfojl wfth rjafdfcus gssfstgomj, dfvjo thgt kjotga lfsturbgomjs mgo hgvj g spfrftuga crfdfo gs wjaa9 ‑\hj ojw ncrks cn sagvjry tc lruds gol thj agme cn hcpj fotc whfmh sc kgoy pjcpaj ngaa mgo bj jxpagfojl oct coay fo scmfcacdfmga gol psymhcacdfmga tjrks but gasc fo jssjotfgaay spfrftuga tjrks. \hj jkptfojss fo whfmh thj scua njjas gbgolcojl, ljspftj thj gvgfagbfafty cn mcuotajss thjrgpfjs ncr bcly gol psymhj, ajgls tc sunnjrfod. \hjrj mgooct bj hcafstfm ljvjacpkjot gol uofvjrsga mckkco dccl uoajss pjcpaj‖ss spfrftuga pjcpaj‖ spfrftuga gol kcrga wjangr wjangrjj fs tgejo fotc gmmcuo gmmcuot t , mcosfljrjl fo thjfr tctgafty gs bcly gol scua.‛ 2:7 Mrftjrfg ncr jthfmga pjrkfssfbfafty pjrkfs sfbfafty
7==. Psymhcthjrgpy fs kcrgaay gmmjptgbaj gs g murgtfvj fotjrvjotfco,2:2 but ft kust rjspjmt thj pgtfjot gs g pjrsco gol hfs spfrftuga gol rjafdfcus mcovfmtfcos. \hfs rjspjmt cbafdjs thj psymhcthjrgpfst tc wcre wfthfo thj afkfts cn thj foncrkjl mcosjot rjqujstjl cn gol dfvjo by thj pgtfjot pgtfjot.. ‑Iust gs ft fs uoagwnua tc gpprcprfgtj thj dccls cn gocthjr cr fovglj hfs mcrpcrga fotjdrfty wfthcut hfs pjrkfssfco, sc ft fs oct pjrkfssfbaj tc jotjr thj foojr wcral cn gocthjr pjrsco gdgfost hfs wfshjs, whgtjvjr bj thj tjmhofq tjmhofqujs ujs gol kjthcl kjthclss jkpacyjl.‛ jkpacyjl.‛ 2:= \hj sgkj rjspjmt cbafdjs thj thjrgpfst oct tc foufou jomj gol ncrmj thj pgtfjot‖s wfaa.
Ojjl ncr g hfdh sjosj cn jthfms
7=<. Kcst ncrks cn psymhcthjrgpy grj gmmjptgbaj nrck thj kcrga pjrspjmtfvj, prcvfljl thjy grj mcolumtjl by 2:7 Bjojlfmt X^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Mgrftgs fo vjrftgtj, vjrftgtj, o. 4>9 GG] 4>9 GG] 707 707 (2006), 404. 2:2 ‑Mcosfljrjl fo fts tctgafty, kcljro psymhcacdy psymhcacdy ljsjrvjs ljsjrvjs gpprcvga nrck thj kcrga gol rjafdfcus vfjwpcfot‛ (Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc thj \hfrtjjoth Mcodrjss cn thj Fotjrogtfcoga Gsscmfgtfco cn Gppafjl Psymhcacdy UGprfa 70, 76:8[9 GG] 76:8[9 GG] :0 :0 U76:8[, 24<). 2:= Fbfl.9 GG] Fbfl.9 GG] :0 :0 (76:8), 24>.
6<
A�����
psymhcthjrgpfsts psymhcthjrgpf sts whc gr grjj dufljl dufljl by g hfdh hfdh sjosj sjosj cn jthfms jthfms gol prcnjssfcogafsk. prcnjssfcogafsk . Ojvjrthjajss, bgsjl co thj prfomfpaj cn thj fovfcagbaj lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco, ft shcual bj jkphgsfzjl thgt sckj thjrgpjutfm kjthcls“ncr jxgkpaj, go fomcrrjmt usj cn hypocsfs“mcual bj kcrgaay uogmmjptgbaj fn oct lcworfdht lgodjrcus ncr thj fotjdrfty cn thj subijmt gol cn hfs ngkfay.
Pgstcrga mgrj Pgstcrga m grj gol thj sgmrgkjot cn thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme 7=:. Pgstcrg Pgstcrgaa mgr mgrjj cn thj sfme mcosfsts fo spfrftuga gol rjafdfcus gssfstgomj. Ft fs g nuolgkjotga rfdht cn thj sfme pjrsco gol g luty cn thj thj Mhurmh Mhurmh (mn. Kt 70985 Ae 692). 692). Oct Oct tc prcvflj ft, tc kgej ft cptfcoga, oct tc prckctj ft, cr tc cbstrumt ft fs tc vfcagtj thfs rfdht. \hfs fs go jssjotfga gol spjmfm“thcudh oct jxmausfvj“tgse cn hjgath mgrj pgstcrga wcrejrs. Bjmgusj cn thj ojmjssgry fotjrgmtfco bjtwjjo thj physfmga, psymhcacdfmga, gol spfrftuga lfkjosfcos cn thj pjrsco gol bjmgusj bjmg usj cn thj luty tc wftojss tc coj‖s cwo ngfth, jvjry hjgath mgrj m grj wcrejr fs bcuol tc mrjgtj mcolftfcos sc thgt rjafdfcus gssfstgomj fs sjmurjl ncr whcjvjr gses ncr ft, whjthjr jxprjssay cr fkpafmftay fkpafmftay..2:< ‑Fo Ijsus, Ij sus, thj ‘Tcrl cn afnj,‖ Dcl‖s Dcl‖s jtjroga afnj fs thus prcmagfkjl gol dfvjo. \hgoes tc thfs prcmagkgtfco gol dfnt, cur physfmga gol spfrftuga afnj, gasc fo fts jgrthay phgsj, gmqufrjs fts nuaa vgauj gol kjgofod, ncr
Rfdht cn thj sfme pjrsco gol luty cn thj Mhurmh
Jssjotfga gol go l spjmfm tgse tg se cn hjgath mgrj pgstcrga wcre
2:< ‑Jxpjrfjomj tjgmhjs thgt kgo, ojjlfod jfthjr prjvjotfvj cr thjrg thjrg- pjutfm gssfs gssfstgomj, tgomj, rjvjg rjvjgas as ojjls thgt dc bjycol gmtuga crdg crdgofm ofm pgthcacdy pgthcac dy.. Ft fs oct oct coay suftgbaj suftgbaj trjgtkj trjgtkjot ot thgt hj wgots nrck nrck thj lcmtcr“trjgtkjot whfmh, fo goy mgsj, sccojr cr agtjr wfaa fojvftg bay prcvj tc bj fosunmfjot fosunmfjot“but “but thj hukgo hukgo suppcrt cn g brcthjr, brcthjr, whc mgo shgrj wfth hfk g afnj vfjw fo whfmh jvjo thj kystjry cn sunnjrfod gol ljgth wfaa kgej sjosj. Gol whjrj mcual coj ol thfs mgakfod rjspcosj tc thj kcst fkpcrtgot qujstfcos fo afnj, fn oct fo ngfth3‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Tcral Mcodrjss cn Mgthcafm Physfmfgos UCmtcbjr =, 7682[, o. >9 Fosjdo Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^/= U7682[, >4:).
6:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Dcl‖s jtjroga afnj fs fo ngmt thj jol tc whfmh cur afvfod fo thfs wcral fs lfrjmtjl gol mgaajl.‛ 2:: Jomcurgdj gol wjamckj rjafdfcus gssfstgomj
Rjafvfod Dcl‖s kjrmy fo Mhrfst
7=>. Rjafdfcu Rjafdfcuss gssfstg gssfstgomj omj fomauljs thj gssfdokjot cr gaactkjot cn gpprcprfgtj gol lfdofjl spgmjs ncr ft wfthfo hjgath mgrj ngmfaftfjs, gol cn suftgbaj kjgos by whfmh tc prcvfljj ft. prcvfl \hj hjgath mgrj wcrejr kust shcw mckpajtj wfaafodojss tc jomcurgdj gol wjamckj thj sfme pjrsco‖s rjqujst ncr rjafdfcus gssfstgomj. Thjrj thfs gssfstgomj mgooct bj prcvfljl by thj pgstcrga wcrejr ncr djojrga cr fomfljotga rjgscos, ft kust bj cnnjrjl lfrjmtay by thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr wfthfo pcssfbaj gol gaacwgbaj afkfts, wfth rjspjmt tc thj nrjjlck gol thj rjafdfcus ngfth cn thj pgtfjot gol fo thj gwgrjojss thgt pjrncrkf pjrncrkfod od thfs tgse fs oct g ljvfgtfco nrck thj lutfjs cn hjgath mgrj gssfstgomj prcpjray spjgef spjgefod. od. 7=4. Rjafdfcus gssfstgomj tc thj sfme fs fosmrfbjl fo thj brcgljr nrgkjwcre nrgkjwcre cn pgstcr cn pgstcrga ga kfofstry fo hjgath mgrj mgrj , fo cthjr wcrls, cn thj Mhurmh‖s prjsjomj gol gmtfco gfkjl gt brfodfod brfodfo d thj Tcrl Tcrl gol thj drgmj cn thj Acrl tc sunnjrfod pjrscos gol thjfr thjfr ngkfay ngkfay kjkbjrs, kjkbjrs, gol tc thj prcnjssf prcnjssfcoga coga gol vcauotjjr wcrejrs whc mgrj ncr thjk. \hj kfofstry cn thcsj prfjsts, ljgmcos, rjafdfcus, gol gljqugtjay trgfojl agy pjrscos whc, folfvflugaay cr gs g mckkuofty, wcre tc prcvflj pgstcrga mgrj ncr thj sfme fs g rjafvfod cn thj kjrmy cn Dcl, whc fo Mhrfst bcwjl hfksjan lcwo cvjr hukgo sunnjrfod, gol ft gmmckpafshjs fo g uofquj gol prfvfajdjl kgoojr thj tgse cn jvgodjafzgtfco, sgomtfmgtfco, gol mhgrfty jotrustjl by thj Acrl tc thj Mhurmh.2:>
2:: Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. =09 GG] =09 GG] 84 84 (766:), <=:. 2:> ‑Nrck thj Pgsmhga kystjry strjgks strjgks g sfoduagr afdht, g spjmfm tgse thgt hjgath mgrj pgstcrga kfofstry fs mgaajl tc pjrncrk fo thj drjgt joljgvcr cn jvgodjafzgtfco‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgrtfmf pgots fo thj ]jmcol Pajogr Pajogry y Gssjk Gssjkbay bay cn thj Pcotfm Pcotfmga ga Mcuomf Mcuomfaa ncr
6>
A�����
\hfs kjgos thgt pgstcrga mgrj cn thj sfme hgs g spjmfga pagmj fo mgtjmhjsfs, fo thj aftur afturdy dy,, gol fo mhgrftgbaj wcre. Rjspjmtfvjay, ft fs gbcut dfvfod go jvgodjafmga kjgofod tc sfmeojss, sfmeojss, hjapfod thj pgtfjot lfsmcvjr thj rjljkptfvj sfdofmgomj cn sunnjrfod jxpjrfjomjl fo mckkuofco wfth Mhrfst, mjajbrgtfod thj thj sgmrgkjots gs thj jnmgmfcus sfdos cn thj rjmrjgtfod gol afnj-dfvfod drgmj drgm j cn Dcl, gol wftojssfod by by ‑lfgecofg lfgecofg‛ ‛ (sjrvfmj) gol ‑ecfocofg ecfocofg‛ ‛ (mckkuofco) tc thj thjrgpjutfm cr hjgafod pcwjr cn mhgrfty.
Dfvfod jvgodjafmga kjgofod tc sfmeojss sfmeoj ss gol mjajbrgtfod thj sgmrgkjotss sgmrgkjot
7=8. Fo thj pgstcrga mgrj cn thj sfme, Dcl‖ Dcl‖ss acvj, whfmh fs nuaa cn truth gol drgmj, fs brcudht macsj by g spjmfga sgmrgkjot9 thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme. 2:4 Glkfofstjrjl tc goy Mhrfstfgo whc fs fo g afnjthrjgtjofod mcolftfco, thfs sgmrgkjot fs g rjkjly ncr thj bcly gol ncr thj spfrft9 rjafjn gol strjodt strjodth h ncr thj sfme pjrsco gs g whcaj, fo hfs mcrpcrjga-spfrftuga jxfstjomj5 g afdht thgt faaukfogtjs thj kystjry cn sunnjrfod gol ljgth5 gol g hcpj thgt cpjos kgo‖s prjsjot up tc Dcl‖s nuturj. ‑\hj whcaj pjrsco fs fs kglj hjgathy hjgathy,, fs jomcurgdjl jomcurgdjl tc trust fo Dcl, gol dgfos thj strjodth tc rjsfst thj tjkptgtfcos cn thj Jvfa Coj gol gvcfl summukbfod tc goxfjty gbcut ljgth.‛ 2:8 Afej goy sgmrgkjot, thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme shcual bj prjmjljl by gpprcprfgtj mgtjmhjsfs, sc gs tc kgej thj rjmfpfjot gwgrj cn gol rjspcosfvj tc thj drgmj cn thj sgmrgkjot.2:6
Macsjojss cn Dcl fo thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme ]pjmfm jnnjmts cn thj sgmrgkjotss sgmrgkjot
Gpprcprfgtj prjpgrgtcryy prjpgrgtcr mgtjmhjsfs
Pgstcrga Gssfstgomj tc Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs UNjbrugry 77, 7662[, o. 49 GG] 49 GG] 8: 8: U766=[, 2><). Mn. MMM , o. 7:0=. 2:4 Mn. Igs :97<”7:. ‑Pjcpaj whc grj sjrfcusay faa hgvj spjmfga ojjl cn thj hjap cn lfvfoj drgmj fo whgt fs go goxfcus tfkj, ajst thjy bjmckj lfspfrf lfspfrftjl, tjl, bjsjt by tjkptgtf tjkptgtfcos cos gol prcoj tc g lfkfout lfkfoutfco fco cn thjfr ngfth. \hfs fs why Mhrfst strjodthjos gol suppcrts wfth thj sgmrgkjot cn gocfotfod thcsj whc grj faa‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr Lfvfoj Tcrshfp, \hj Rftj cn Gocfotfod gol Pgstcrga Mgrj cn thj ]fme ULjmjkbjr ULjmjkbjr 4, 7642[, fotrclumtfco, o. :.) Mn. MMM , o. 7:77. 2:8 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr Lfvfoj Tcrshfp, \hj Rftj cn Gocfotfod gol Pgstcrga Pgstcr ga Mgrj Mgrj cn thj ]fme ]fme , fotrclumtfco, o. >. 2:6 ‑By thj drgmj cn thfs sgmrgkjot sgmrgkjot thj sfme pjrsco rjmjfvjs thj strjodth gol thj dfnt cn uoftfod hfksjan kcrj macsjay tc Mhrfst‖s
64
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Kfofstjrs cn thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme
Rjpjtftfco cn Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme Pjcpaj whc mgo rjmjfvj thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme
7=6. Prfjsts (bfshcps gol prjsbytjrs) prjsbytjrs ) grj thj prcpjr kfofstjrs cn thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme ,2>0 whc sjj tc ft thgt thj sgmrgkjot fs mconjrrjl co thj ngfthnua whcsj stgtj cn hjgath fs sjrfcusay thrjgtjojl thrjgtjoj l by cal gdj cr by drgvj faaojss cr whc grj gbcut tc uoljrdc kgicr surdjry. 2>7 Mckkuoga mjajbrgtfcos cn thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme mgo sjrvj tc cvjrmckj ojdgtfvj prjiulfmjs gol tc hjap thj ngfthnua gpprjmfgtj bcth thj kjgofod cn thfs sgmrgkjot gol g sjosj cn jmmajsfga scaflgrfty. \hj sgmrgkjot kgy bj rjpjgtjl fn thj sfme pjrsco, gntjr bjfod murjl cn thj faaojss ncr whfmh hj rjmjfvjl ft, mckjs lcwo wfth gocthjr, cr fn hfs mcolftfco wcrsjos fo thj mcursj cn thj sgkj faaojss. 2>2 \hj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme kgy bj mconjrrjl co ‑jaljray pjcpaj . . . fn thjy grj wjge, thcudh oct lgodjrcusay faa.‛ 2>= Fn thj rjqufsftj mcolftfcos grj prjsjot, ft mgo m go gasc bj mconjrrjl co mhfalrjo mhfalrjo ‑fn ‑fn thjy grj sunmfjotay kgturj tc bj mckncrtjl by thj sgmrgkjot.‛ 2>< Fo thj mgsj cn pgtfjots whc grj uomcosmfcus cr lc oct hgvj thj usj cn rjgsco, cr fn thjrj fs lcubt gbcut whjthjr ljgth hgs cmmurrjl yjt , thj sgmrgkjot kgy bj
Pgssfco9 fo g mjrtgfo wgy hj fs mcosjmrgtjl tc tc bjgr nruft by mcodurgtfco tc thj ]gvfcr‖s rjljkptfvj Pgssfco‛ (MMM (MMM , o. 7:27). ‑\hj sfme whc rjmjfvj thfs sgmrgkjot, ‘by nrjjay uoftfod thjksjavjs tc thj pgssfco gol ljgth cn Mhrfst,‖ ‘mcotrfbutj tc thj dccl cn thj Pjcpaj cn Dcl.‖ By mjajbrgtfod thfs sgmrgkjot thj Mhurmh, fo thj mckkuofco cn sgfots, fotjrmjljs ncr thj bjojt cn thj sfme pjrsco,, gol hj, ncr hfs pgrt, thrcudh thfs sgmrg pjrsco sgmrgkjot, kjot, mcotrfbutjs tc thj sgomtfmgtfco cn thj Mhurmh gol tc thj dccl cn gaa kjo ncr whck thj Mhurmh sunnjrs gol cnnjrs hjrsjan thrcudh Mhrfst tc Dcl thj Ngthjr‛ (MMM (MMM , o. 7:22). 2>0 Mn. fbfl., o. 7:7>. 2>7 Mn. fbfl., oo. 7:7<”7:7:. 2>2 Mn. fbfl., o. 7:7:5 MFM , mgo. 700< §2. 2>= Mcodrjdgtfco Mcodrjdgtf co ncr Lfvfoj Tcrshfp, \hj Rftj cn Gocfotfod gol Pgstcrga Pgst crga Mgr Mgrjj cn thj ]fme , fotrclumtfco, fotrclumtfco , o. 775 775 mn. MFM , mgo. mgo. 700< 700< §7. 2>< Fbfl., o. 725 mn. MFM , mgo. 700< §7.
68
A�����
glkfofstjrjl ‑fn thjy wcual hgvj rjqujstjl ft fn thjy hgl bjjo fo pcssjss pcssjssfco fco cn thjfr ngmuatfjs. ngmuatfjs.‛‛ 2>:
Jthfms mckkfttjjs gol mafofmga jthfms mcuosjafod 7<0. Mcomjrofod thj crdgofzgtfco cn hjgath mgrj ngmfaftfjs, ft prcvjs glvgotgdjcus tc jstgbafsh sjrvfmjs thgt gaacw thjk tc mconrcot thj bfcjthfmga mhgaajodjs rjsuatfod nrck thj mcotfoucus jxpgosfco cn thj fomrjgsfoday scphfstf mgtjl gol mckpajx pcssfbfaftfjs cn kjlfmfoj, whjrjby thj jxpjrfjomj gol sjosftfvfty cn thj folfvfluga hjgath mgrj wcrejr kgy oct bj jocudh tc rjscavj thj jthfmga prcbajks jomcuotjrjl fo prgmtfmfod hfs prcnjssfco. \hfs rcaj shcual bj pagyjl pagyjl by jthfms mckkfttjjs gol mckkfttjjs gol by mafofmga jthfms mco suatgtfco suatgtf co sjrvfmjs, whfmh cudht tc ol g pagmj kcrj gol kcrj cntjo fo hjgath mgrj ngmfaftfjs. Fo pgrtfmuagr, jthfms mckkfttjjs shcual oct afkft thjksjavjs tc kjrjay glkfofstrgtfvj supjrvfsfco fo thj jal cn mafofmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco, but rgthjr shcual bj gpprjmfgtjl fo thj grjg cn bfckjlfmga prgmtfmj, cnnjrfod go cppcrtuofty tc kgej thj mafofmga ljmfsfco-kgefod prcmjss kcrj rjgscogbaj gol tc gpprcprfgtjay gssjss thj jthfmga vgaujs thgt grj gt stgej cr fo mcofmt fo jvjrylgy prgmtfmj. Kcrjcvjr mafofmga jthfms mcosuatgtfco mgo hjap fljotfny grjgs cn mcofmt gol jthfmga lcubts thgt folfvfluga hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, pgtfjots, gol ngkfay kjkbjrs kgy jxpjrfjomj fo mafofmga prgmtfmj, thus ngmfaftgtfod thjfr rjscrjsc autfco by lfgdocstfm gol thjrgpjutfm ljmfsfcos shgrjl gt thj pgtfjot‖ss bjlsfl pgtfjot‖ bjlsflj, j, wfthfo thj nrgkjwcr nrgkjwcre e cn vgaujs prcpjr tc kjlfmfoj gol jthfms. ]fkfagray, jthfms mcosuatgtfco mgo ngmfaftgtj ljmfsfco-kgefod prcmjssjs gt vgrfcus ajvjas cn hjgath mgrj pcafmy, prcdrgkkfod, gol crdgofzgtfco.
Jthfms mckkfttjj gol mafofmga jthfms mcosuatgtfco sjrvfmjs sjrv fmjs
Oc tc jthfms mckkfttjjs ncr kjrjay glkfofstrgtfvj supjrvfsfco supjr vfsfco
Ngmfaftgtfco cn ljmfsfcos thrcudh mcosuatgtfco
2>: Mcodrjdgtfco ncr Lfvfoj Tcrshfp, \hj Rftj cn Gocfotfod gol Pgstcrga Pgstcr ga Mgr Mgrjj cn thj ]fme , fotrclumtfco, o. 7<5 mn. MFM , mgoo. 700:, 700>.
66
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Hjgath mgrj pcafmfjs gol thj rfdht tc thj prjsjrvgtfco cn hjgath Pjrtfojom j Pjrtfojomj cn thj rfdht tc thj prjsjrvgtfco prjsjr vgtfco cn hjgath tc thj vgauj cn iustfmj
7<7. \hj nuolgkjotga rfdht tc thj prjsjrvgtfco cn hjgath pjrtgfos tc thj vgauj cn iustfmj, iustfmj, whjrjby thjrj grj oc lfstfomtfcos bjtwjjo pjcpajs gol jthofm drcups, tgefod fotc gmmcuot thjfr cbijmtfvj afvfod sftugtfcos gol stgdjs cn ljvjacpkjot, fo pursufod thj mckkco dccl , whfmh fs gt thj sgkj tfkj thj dccl cn gaa gol cn jgmh folfvfluga. Gkcod cthjrs, thj mfvfa mckkuofty fo pgrtfmuagr kust tgej co thfs rjspcosfbfafty ncr thj mckkco dccl, fomaulfod ljmfsfcos fo thj grjg cn hjgath mgrj pcafmfjs. \hfs fs jspjmfgaay truj ncr mcuotrfjs gol pcpuagtfcos gt go foftfga cr oct vjry glvgomjl stgdj cn thjfr jmcockfm ljvjacpkjot.
Ngfr lfstrfbutfco cn hjgath mgrj ngmfaftfjs gol ogomfga rjscurmjs
7<2. Gt thj ogtfcoga ajvja, thjrjncrj, g iust gol ngfr lfstrfbutfco cn hjgath mgrj ngmfaftfjs ngmfaftfjs kust bj gssurjl, mcrrjspcolfod tc thj cbijmtfvj ojjls cn thj mftfzjos. Afejwfsj, thj mckpjtjot bclfjs gt thj fotjrogtfcoga gol dacbga ajvjas grj mgaajl tc pursuj thj mckkco dccl wfth g iust gol ngfr lfstrfbutfco cn ogomfga rjscurmjs, rjscurmjs , fo ejjpfod wfth thj prfomfpajs cn scaflg cn scaflgrfty rfty gol gol subsfl subsflfgrfty fgrfty.. Fo ngmt, subsflfgrfty, whfmh fs go jxprjssfco cn fogafjogbaj hukgo nrjjlck, ‑rjspjmts pjrscoga lfdofty by rjmcdofzfod fo thj pjrsco g subijmt whc fs gawgys mgpgbaj cn dfvfod sckjthfod tc cthjrs. By mcosfljrfod rjmfprcmfty gs thj hjgrt cn whgt ft fs tc bj g hukgo bjfod, subsflfgrfty fs thj kcst jnnjmtfvj gotflctj gdgfost goy ncrk cn gaa-jomckpgssfod wjangrj stgtj.‛ 2>> Ojvjrthjajss, Ojvjrthj ajss, ‑thj prfomfp prfomfpaj aj cn subsfl subsflfgrfty fgrfty kust rjkgfo macsjay afoejl tc thj prfomfpaj cn scaflgrfty gol vfmj vjrsg, sfomj thj ncrkjr wfthcut thj agttjr dfvjs wgy tc scmfga prfvgtfsk, whfaj thj agttjr wfthcut thj ncrkjr dfvjs wgy tc pgtjrogafst scmfga gssfstgomj thgt fs ljkjgofod tc thcsj fo ojjl.‛ 2>4
Prfomfpaj cn subsflfgrftyy subsflfgrft
Prfomfpaj cn scaflgrftyy scaflgrft
2>> Bjojlfmt X^F, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Mgrftgs fo vjrftgtj, vjrftgtj, o. :49 GG] 707 707 (2006), >62. 2>4 Fbfl., o. :89 :89 GG] GG] 707 707 (2006), >6=.
700
A�����
7<=. \hj twc prfomfpajs cn subsflfgrfty gol scaflgrfty kust, fo pgrtfmuagr, bj tgejo up gol put fotc gmtfco gmt fco bcth by thcsj rjspcosfbaj ncr hjgath mgrj pcafmfjs fo thj mcotjxt cn g ngfr gaacmgtfco cn ogomfga rjscurmjs, rjscurmjs , gol gasc by thcsj rjspcosfbaj ncr thj phgrkgmjutfmga folustrfjs, jspjmfgaay wfth rjdgrl tc sckj pgthcacdfjs thgt hgvj g qugotftgtfvjay afkftjl fomfljomj, gt ajgst fo thj ajgst ljvjacpjl mcuotrfjs.2>8 Fo cthjr wcrls, thfs fs gbcut thj sc-mgaajl ojdajmtjl lfsjgsjs gol rgrj lfsjgsjs, ncr whfmh bcth rjsjgrmh gol thj pcssfbfafty cn g trjgtkjot ljpjol co thj scaflgrfty cn pjrscos.. pjrscos Gmmcrlfod tc thj prfomfpajs cn subsflfgrfty gol scaflgrfty, thj fotjrogtfcoga mckkuofty mckkuofty gol dacb dacbga ga hjga hjgath th pcafmfjs pcaf mfjs kust tgej rjspcosfbfafty ncr thjsj tcc, fogskumh gs thjy mcostftutj g mhgaajodj thgt mgooct bj ljnjrrjl, sc thgt jvjo thj kcst vuaojrgbaj pcpuagtfcos mgo sgtfsny thj prfkgry prfkg ry gol nuol nuolgkjot gkjotga ga dcc dccl l cn hjgat hjgath h gol fts prjs prjsjrvgt jrvgtfco. fco.
Hjgath mgrj pcafmfjs bgsjl co thj prfomfpajs cn subsflfgrftyy subsflfgrft gol scaflgrfty
2>8 \hj jxprjssfco ‑ajgst ljvjacpjl mcuotrfjs‛ wgs mcfojl by thj Zoftjl Ogtfcos fo 7647 tc lfstfodufsh bjtwjjo ljvjacpfod mcuomcuo trfjs gol pccrjr gol jmcockfmgaay wjgejr mcuotrfjs wfth sjrfcus jmcockfm, fostftutfcoga, gol hukgo rjscurmj prcbajks, whfmh grj cntjo burljojl gs wjaa by djcdrgphfmga hgolfmgps gol by ogturga cr kgokglj lfsgstjrs. \hfs jxprjssfco rjnjrs, thjrjncrj, tc thcsj mcuotrfjs whjrj afvfod mcolftfcos grj lrgkgtfm gol thjrj grj oc prcspjmts prcspj mts cn fkprcvj fkprcvjkjot. kjot.
707
LVFOD
L����
7<<. Ncr thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr, tc sjrvj afnj kjgos tc rjspjmt ft gol mgrj ncr ft uotfa fts ogturga mcomausfco. Kgo fs oct thj kgstjr gol grbftjr cn afnj, but fts ngfthnua stjwgrl5 foljjl, afnj fs g dfnt g dfnt nrc nrck k Dcl Dcl , gol thjrjncrj ft fs fovfcagbaj gol oco-lfspcsgbaj. oco-lfspcsgbaj . Ojfthjr mgo thj hjgath mgrj wcrejr mcosfljr hfksjan go grbftjr cvjr jfthjr afnj cr ljgth. 7<:. Thjo mafofmga mcolftfcos ljtjrfcrgtj frrjvjrsfbay, thj sfme pjrsco jotjrs thj tjrkfoga stgdj cn hfs jgrthay afnj, gol jxpjrfjomfod thgt sfmeojss mgo drglugaay bjmckj prjprj mgrfcus gol pgfonua. \hj ljtgmhkjot mgusjl by thj lyfod prcmjss kgy fovcav fovcavjj kjotga gol spfrftu spfrftuga ga sunnj sunnjrfods rfods fo gllftfco tc thj physfmga pgfo. Gt thfs stgdj cn afnj, hcafstfm gol rjspjmtnua mgrj cn thj pjrsco kust prckctj thj pr thj prcpjr cpjray ay hukg hukgo o gol Mhrf Mhrfstfgo stfgo lfkjosfco cn lyfod gs thj nuolgkjotga cbijmtfvj tc bj pursujl. purs ujl. \hfs \hfs gmmckpgo gmmckpgofkjo fkjott tcwgrl ljgth ljgth rjqufrjs rjqufrjs mckmck pgssfco pgss fco gol gol prcnjs prcnjssfco sfcogafsk gafsk co thj thj pgrt pgrt cn cn psymhc psymhcacdf acdfmgaay mgaay gol jkctfcogaay mckpjtjot hjgath mgrj wcrejrs. Foljjl, thfs fs gbcut hukgo, Mhrfstfgo mgrj-dfvfod gol gmmckpgofkjot, tc whfmh prcnjssfcoga gol pgstcrga wcrejrs grj mgaajl tc kgej thjfr qugafjl gol lutfnua mcotrfbutfco fo gmmcrlgomj wfth thjfr rjspjmtfvj mckpjtjomfjs gol rjspcosfbfaftfjs rjspcosfbfaftfjs.. Coj‖s gttftulj tcwgrl thj sfme pjrsco fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj cn hfs faaojss fs g tjst cn thj prcnjssfcogafsk gol jthfmga rjspcosfbfaftfjs cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs. 2>6
Mgrj uotfa ogturga mcomausfco cn afnj
Hjgath mgrj wcrejrs gol thj tjrkfogaay faa
Hcafstfm gol rjspjmtnua mgrj cn thj pjrsco
\jst cn prcnjssfcogafsk gol jthfmga rjspcosfbfaftfjs
2>6 ‑Ojvjr kcrj thgo fo thj prcxfkfty cn ljgth gol fo ljgth ftsjan fs afnj tc bj mjajbrgtjl gol jxtcaajl. Afnj kust bj nuaay rjspjmtjl, prctjmtjl, prctjmt jl, gol gssfstj gssfstjl l jvjo jvjo fo coj whc fs fs jxpjrfjom jxpjrfjomfod fod fts fts ogturga ogturga jol. .. . . . Coj‖s gttftulj tcwgrl thj tjrkfogaay faa fs cntjo thj gmfl tjst cn g sjosj cn iustfmj gol mhgrfty, cn thj kgdogofkfty, rjspcosfbfafty gol prcnjssfcoga gbfafty cn hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, bjdfoofod wfth lcmtcrs‛ (Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo go fotjrogtfcoga mcodrjss cn thj Ckofg Hckfofs Gsscmfgtfco UGudust 2:, 7660[9 XFFF/2 U7660[, =28). ‑]umh g sftugtfco mgo thrjgtjo Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf XFFF/2 thj garjgly nrgdfaj jqufafbrfuk cn go folfvfluga‖s pjrscoga gol ngkfay afnj, wfth thj rjsuat thgt, co thj coj hgol, thj sfme pjrsco, ljspftj thj hjap cn fomrjgsfoday jnnjmtfvj kjlfmga gol scmfga gssfstgomj, rfses njjafod cvjrwhjakjl by hfs cr hjr cwo nrgfaty5 gol co thj cthjr hgol, thcsj macsj tc thj sfme pjrsco mgo bj kcvjl by go
70:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Ojjl ncr mgrj gol gssfstgomj
Lyfod gkcod ngkfay
Pgaafgtfvj mgrj
Fospfrfod trust gol hcpj
7<>. \hj lyfod prcmjss fs prcmjss fs g kckjot fo g pjrsco‖s afnj whfmh, gathcudh oct rjvjrsfbaj, gawgys ljsjrvjs mgrj gol gssfstgomj.. Hjgath mgrj wcrejrs grj mgaajl tc fotjrgmt wfth gssfstgomj pgstcrgaa wcrejrs gol ngkfay kjkbjrs tc cnnjr thj pjrsco pgstcrg fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj cn afnj thj mafofmga, psymhcacdfmga, gol spfrftuga hjap thgt wfaa gaacw hfk, gs kumh gs hukgoay pcssfbaj, pcssfb aj, tc gmmjpt gol gol tc jxpjrfjomj jxpjrfjomj hfs ljgth. ljgth. Thjo mcolftfcos pjrkft ft, gol fn rjqujstjl lfrjmtay by thj pgtfjot pgtfjot cr hfs hfs rjagtfvjs, rjagtfvjs, thj lyfod lyfod pjrsco kust hgvj hgvj thj cptfco cn rjturofod tc hfs cwo hckj cr tc g suftgbaj jovfrcokjot, thus hjapfod hfk tc afvj thj oga jxpjrfjomj cn hfs afnj, whfaj gssurfod thj ojmjssgry hjgath mgrj gol pgstcrgaa gssfstgomj. pgstcrg gssfstgomj. 7<4. G sfme pjrsco fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj cn hfs faaojss shcual rjmjfvj gaa ncrks cn mgrj thgt gaacw ncr gaajvfgtfco cn thj pgfonuaojss cn thj lyfod prcmjss. \hjsj mcrrjspcol tc sc-mgaajl pgaafgt sc-mgaajl pgaafgtfvj fvj mgr mgrjj, whfmh tcdjthjr wfth mgrj ncr hfs physfmga, psymhcacdfmga, gol spfrftuga ojjls, tjols tc mrjgtj g acvfod prjsjomj grcuol prjsjomj grcuol thj lyfod pjrsco gol hfs ngkfay kjkbjrs.240 \hfs gttjotfvj gol mgrfod prjsjomj fospfrjs trust gol hcpj fo thj lyfod pjrsco gol hjaps hfk tc ngmj thj kckjot cn ljgth, gol ft kgy jogbaj hfs ngkfay kjkbjrs tc gmmjpt thj ljgth cn thjfr acvjl coj. \hfs fs thj mcotrfbutfco thgt hjgath mgrj gol pgstcrga wcrejrs shcual cnnjr tc thj lyfod pjrsco gol hfs ngkfay, sc thgt gmmjptgomj kgy rjpagmj ljofga, gol hcpj hcpj kgy kgy prjvgfa cvjr godufsh.
uoljrstgolgbaj jvjo fn kfspagmjl mckpgssfco. Gaa thfs fs gddrggddrg vgtjl by g muaturga mafkgtj whfmh ngfas tc pjrmjfvj goy kjgofod cr vgauj fo sunnjrfod, but rgthjr mcosfljrs sunnjrfod thj jpftckj cn jvfa, tc bj jafkfogtjl gt gaa mcsts. \hfs fs jspjmfgaay thj mgsj fo thj gbsjomj cn g rjafdfcus cutacce whfmh mcual hjap tc prcvflj g pcsftfvj pcsftf vj uoljrstgol uoljrstgolfod fod cn thj kystjr kystjry y cn sunnjrfod‛ sunnjrfod‛ (Icho Pgua Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgod Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, o. 7:9 GG] 7:9 GG] 84 84 U766:[, <74). 240 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Fotjrogtfcoga Mcovjotfco co Mgrj cn thj Lyfod (Kgrmh 74, 7662), o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 8: 8: (766=), =<=.
70>
L����
7<8. Gt thj jol cn hfs jgrthay jxfstjomj, kgo fs ngmjl wfth g kystjry9 ‑Mconrcotjl wfth thfs kystjry cn ljgth, wj rjkgfo hjapajss5 hukgo mjrtftuljs mjr tftuljs wgvjr. But prjmfsjay fo thj ngmj cn thfs ngfaurj, thj Mhrfstfgo ngfth . . . fs cnnjrjl gs g scurmj cn sjrjofty gol pjgmj.‛ 247 Thgt sjjks kjgokjgofodajss mgo gmqufrj kjgofod. Ncr g Mhrfstfgo, ljgth fs oct g hcpjajss glvjoturj5 ft fs thj lccr cn afnj thgt cpjos tc jtjrofty5 ft fs thj jxpjrf jomj cn pgrtfmfpgtfco fo thj kystjry cn Mhrfst‖s ljgth gol rjsurrjmtfco. 242 Gt thfs ljmfsfvj hcur fo g pjrsco‖s afnj, thj wftojss cn ngfth gol hcpj cn hjgath mgrj gol pgstcrga wcrejrs whc grj mgrfod ncr hfk mgo jogbaj thj lyfod pjrsco gol hfs ngkfay kjkbjrs tc dafkpsj Dcl‖s Dcl‖s prckfsj cn g ojw jgrth, whjrj thjrj wfaa bj oc kcrj ljgth cr kcurofod, oc mryfod cr pgfo, bjmgusj thj ncrkjr thfods hgvj pgssjl gwgy (mn. Rjv 279< nn). ‑Cvjr gol gbcvj gaa hukgo mckncrts, oc coj mgo ngfa tc sjj thj jocrkcus hjap dfvjo tc thj lyfod gol thjfr ngkfafjs by ngfth fo Dcl gol by hcpj fo jtjroga jtjr oga afnj.‛ 24= \hj hfdhjst ncrk cn hukgofzfod thj lyfod prcmjss thgt hjgath mgrj gol pgstcrga wcrejrs mgo cnnjr fs prcvflfod g ngfthgol hcpj-aajl prjsjomj.
Ngfth gs g scurmj cn sjrjoftyy sjrjoft gol pjgmj
Hcpj cn jtjroga afnj
Lyfod wfth lfdofty 7<6. Fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj, thj lfdofty cn thj pjrsco fs jaumflgtjl fo hfs rfdht tc lfj wfth gs kumh sjrjofty gs pcssfbaj, pcssfb aj, gol wfth thj thj hukgo gol gol Mhrfstfgo Mhrfstfgo lfdofty lfdofty thgt fs cwjl tc hfk.24<
Prctjmtfod thj lfdofty cn thj lyfod
247 Fbfl., o. 29 29 GG] GG] 8: 8: (766=), =<7. Mn. MMM , oo. 700>, 7006. 242 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 649 GG] 649 GG] 84 84 (766:), :72. 24= Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs (Cmtcbjr 27, 768:), o. >9 GG] >9 GG] 48 48 (768>), =7>. 24< Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ngfth, Ljmag Ljmagrgtfco rgtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F^9 GG] F^9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<6.
704
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Oc tc juthgogsfg gol lfsprcpcrtfcogtj fotjrvjotfcos
Prjsjrvfod thj lfdofty cn lyfod kjgos rjspjmtfod thj sfme pjrsco fo thj oga stgdj cn hfs afnj, rjnusfod bcth tc hgstjo ljgth (juthgogsfg) 24: gol tc prcacod ft thrcudh thjrgpjutfm cbstfogmy. cbstfogmy.24> Mcotjkpcrgry kgo hgs mckj tc bj jxpafmftay gwgrj cn thfs rfdht tc bj prctjmtjl, gt thj kckjot cn ljgth, nrck ‑g tjmhocacdfmga gttftulj thgt thrjgtjos tc bjmckj go gbusj.‛ 244 Foljjl, kcljro kjlfmfoj hgs kjgos gt fts lfspcsga thgt grj mgpgbaj cn grtfmfgaay pcst pcofod ljgth wfthcut thj pgtfjot rjmjfvfod goy rjga bjojt.
Jxpagogtfco cn thj prfomfpaj cn prcpcrtfcogaftyy prcpcrtfcogaft cn trjgtkjot
7:0. Gwgrj thgt hj ‑fs oct thj acrl cn afnj, . . . ojfthjr fs hj thj mcoqujrcr cn ljgth,‛ g hjgath mgrj wcrejr kust mhccsj gpprcprfgtjay fo jvgaugtfod thj kjgos. 248 Hjrj hj gppafjs 24: Thgtjvjr thj rjgscos ncr ft gol thj kjgos jkpacyjl, juthgogsfg juthgogsfg mcosfsts cn go gmtfco cr ckfssfco whfmh, cn ftsjan cr by fotjotfco, mgusjs ljgth ncr thj purpcsj cn puttfod go jol tc sunnjrfod. Ft fs, thjrjncrj, g ncrk cn efaafod whfmh fs drgvjay dr gvjay mcotrgry tc thj lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco gol tc rjspjmt ncr thj afvfod Dcl, hfs Mrjgtcr. \hj jrrcr cn iuldkjot fotc whfmh coj kgy ngaa fo dccl ngfth lcjs oct mhgodj thj hckfmflga ogturj cn thfs gmt, whfmh kust gawgys bj mcoljkojl gol ruajl cut. Mn. MMM , o. 224>. 24> Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgod Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, o. >:9 GG] >:9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <4:. U\hj Ftgafgo tjrk ‑gmmgofkjotc tjrgpjutfmc‛ wgs usjl fo thj crfdfoga Mhgrtjr ncr Hjgath Mgrj Tcrejrs gol Tcrejrs gol trgosagtjl gs ‑thjrgpjutfm cbstfogmy.‛ \hfs tjrk fs usjl hjrj ncr mcosfstjomy wfth thj crfdfoga tjxt. \hj mcomjpt fs thgt cn cvjr-zjgacus gol gddrjs sfvj (‑cbstfogtj‛) fotjrvjotfcos thgt hgvj g djoufoj thjrgpjutfm gfk but grj oct kcrgaay cbafdgtcry gol kgy jvjo bj fkkcrga. Ncr Jodafsh spjgejrs, thj tjrk mcual mgusj mconusfco. Fn ‑cbstfogmy‛ fs uoljrstccl tc rjjmt physfcacdfmgaay nutfaj cr jxtrgcrlfogry gol lfsprcpcrtfcogtj jnncrts, thjo thj fotjrvjotfco cn mcursj wcual oct bj thjrgpjutfm. G hjapnua lfsmussfco cn thj tjrkfocacdy gol fts kjgofod fo thj kcrga trglftfco fs ncuol fo Icho K. Hggs, ‑\hjrgpjutfm Prcpcrtfcogafty gol \hjrgpjutfm Cbstfogmy fo thj Lcmukjots cn thj Kgdfstjrfuk,‛ fo Gacod fo Gacodsflj sflj thj Fomurgbay Fomurgbay ]fme ]fme gol Lyfod Pjrsco9 Jthfmga gol Prgmtfmga Gspjmts, Gspjmts , Prcmjjlfods cn thj Ncurtjjoth Gssjkbay cn thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj, 2:”24 Njbrugry 2008, jl. Jafc ]drjmmfg gol Ijgo Agnttj (^ (^gtfmgo gtfmgo Mfty9 Afbrjrfg Jlftrfmj ^gtfmgog, ^gtfmgog, 2006), 7<=”7:4.“ \RGO].[ 244 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F^9 GG] F^9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<6. 248 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs (Cmtcbjr 27, 768:), o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 48 48 (768>), =7:.
708
L����
thj prfomfpaj“lfsmussjl jgrafjr“cn thj pr prcpcr cpcrtfco tfcogagafty cn trjgtkjot , whfmh mgo bj ljojl gs ncaacws9 ‑Thjo fojvftgbaj ljgth fs fkkfojot fo spftj cn thj kjgos usjl, ft fs pjrkfttjl fo mcosmfjomj tc tgej thj ljmfsfco tc rjnusj ncrks cn trjgtkjot thgt wcual coay sjmurj g prjmgrfcus gol burljosc burl josckj kj prca prcacodg codgtfco tfco cn afnj, sc acod gs thj ocrk ocrkga ga mgrj luj tc thj sfme pjrsco fo sfkfagr mgsjs fs oct fotjrruptjl.‛ 246 \hjrjncrj thj physfmfgo hgs oc rjgsco tc tcrkjot hfksjan gs thcudh hj hgl oct prcvfljl goy gssfstgomj. Ncrdcfod thjsj trjgtkjots, whfmh wcual coay prcmurj g tjoucus gol pgfonua prcacodgtfco cn afnj, mgo gasc folfmgtj rjspjmt ncr thj lyfod pjrsco‖s wfaa, jxprjssjl fo stgtjkjots stgtjkjo ts cr glvgom glvgomjj lfr lfrjmtfvjs jmtfvjs mcomjrofod trjgtkjot, whfaj jxmaulfod goy gmt cn juthgogsfg. \hj pgtfjot kgy jxprjss fo glvgomj hfs wfaa mcomco mjrofod thj trjgtkjots tc whfmh hj wcual cr wcual oct wfsh tc bj subijmtjl fo g mgsj whjrj, whjr j, cvjr thj mcursj cn hfs sfmeojss cr bjmgusj cn uojxpjmtjl trgukg, hj fs oc acodjr mgpgbaj cn jxprjssfod hfs cwo mcosjot cr lfsgdrjjkjot. ‑\hj ljmfsfcos shcual bj kglj by thj pgtfjot pg tfjot fn hj fs mck pjtjot gol gbaj cr cr,, fn oct, by thcsj ajdgaay jotftajl tc gmt ncr thj pgtfjot whcsj rjgscogbaj wfaa gol ajdftfkgtj fotjrjsts kust gawgys bj rjspjmtjl.‛ 280 \hj physfmfgo fs oct g kjrj jxjmutcr, hcwjvjr5 hj ejjps thj rfdht gol thj luty oct tc mgrry cut wfshjs thgt mcofmt wfth hfs cwo mcosmfjomj.
Ncrdcfod trjgtkjot gol thj lyfod pjrsco‖s pjrsco ‖s wfaa wfaa
Mfvfa agws gol mcosmfjotfcus cbijmtfco 7:7. Oc hjgath mgrj wcrejr, thjrjncrj, mgo bjmckj thj ljnjoljr cn g oco-jxfstfod rfdht, jvjo fn juthgogsfg wjrj rjqujstjl by thj subijmt fo qujstfco whjo hj wgs nuaay mcosmfcus. Kcrjcvjr, ‑goy ]tgtj whfmh kglj sumh g rjqujst ajdftfkgtj gol guthcrfzjl ft tc bj mgrrfjl cut 246 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F^9 GG] F^9 GG] 42 42 (7680), ::7. Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgod Ajttjr Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, o. >:9 GG] >:9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <4:. 280 MMM , o. 2248.
706
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Fkpjrkfssfbfafty Fkpjrkfssfbf afty cn gaa typjs cn ncrkga mccpjrgtfco fo jvfa gmtfcos
wcual bj ajdgafzfod g mgsj cn sufmflj-kurljr, mcotrgry tc thj nuolgkjotga prfomfpajs cn gbscautj rjspjmt ncr afnj gol cn thj prctjmtfco cn jvjry foocmjot afnj.‛ 287 Agws tc thfs jnnjmt wcual bj ‑rglfmgaay cppcsjl oct coay tc t c thj dccl cn thj folfvfluga but gasc tc thj mckkco dccl5 gs sumh thjy grj mckpajtjay agmefod fo guthjotfm iurflfmga vgaflfty.‛ 282 ]fkfagr agws mjgsj tc bj truj mfvfa agw thgt cbafdjs fo mcosmfjomj528= ‑fostjgl thjrj fs g drgvj gol majgr cbafdgtfco tc cppcsj thjk by mcosmfjotfcus cbijmtfco.‛ 28< Fo thfs rjdgrl, thj djojrga prfomfpajs gbcut mccpjrgtfco fo jvfa gmtfcos grj rjstgtjl gs ncaacws9 ‑Mhrfstfgos, afej gaa pjcpaj cn dccl wfaa, grj mgaajl upco uoljr drgvj cbafdgtfco cn mcosmfjomj oct tc mccpjrgtj ncrkgaay fo prgmtfmjs whfmh, whfmh, jvjo fn pjrkfttjl pjrkfttjl by mfvfa ajdfsagtfco, ajdfsagtfco, grj mcotrgry tc Dcl‖s agw. Foljjl, nrck thj kcrga stgolpcfot, ft fs ojvjr afmft tc mccpjrgtj ncrkgaay fo jvfa. ]umh mccpjrgtfco cmmurs whjo go gmtfco, jfthjr by fts vjry ogturj cr by thj ncrk ncrk ft tgejs tgejs fo g mcomrjtj mcomrjtj sftugtfco, sftugtfco, mgo bj ljojl ljojl gs g lfrjmt pgrtfmfpgtfco fo go gmt gdgfost foocmjot hukgo afnj cr g shgrfod fo thj fkkcrga fotjotfco cn thj pjrsco mckkfttfod ft. \hfs mccpjrgtfco mgo ojvjr bj iustfjl jfthjr by fovcefod rjspjmt ncr thj nrjjlck cn cthjrs cr by gppjgafod tc thj ngmt thgt mfvfa agw pjrkfts ft cr rjqufrjs ft. Jgmh folfvfluga fo ngmt hgs kcrga rjspcosfbfafty ncr thj gmts whfmh hj pjrscogaay pjrncrks5 oc coj mgo bj jxjkptjl nrck thfs rjspcosfbfafty, gol co thj bgsfs cn ft jvjrycoj wfaa bj iuldjl by Dcl hfksjan (mn. Rck 29>5 7<972).‛ 28:
287 Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 429 GG] 429 GG] 84 84 (766:), <8:. 282 Fbfl. 28= Mn. fbfl. 28< Fbfl., o. 4=9 4=9 GG] GG] 84 84 (766:), <8>. Mn. fbfl., o. 4<9 GG] 4<9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <84”<885 Bjojlfmt X^F, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj \hfrtjjoth Djojrga Gssjkbay cn thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky ncr Afnj (Njbrugry 2<, 2004)9 GG] 2004)9 GG] 66 66 (2004), 28=”84. 28: Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 4<9 GG] 4<9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <84. Fo g sfkfagr mcotjxt, prjmfsj lutfjs grj rjqufrjl cn Mgthcafms whc grj fovcavjl fo pcaftfms, pgrtfmuagray fo ljvjacpfod
770
L����
Outrftfco gol hylrgtfco 7:2. Outrftf Outrftfco co gol hylrgtfco hylrgtfco,, jvjo fn glkfofstjrjl grtfgrtf mfgaay, grj magssfjl gs bgsfm mgrj mgr j cwjl tc thj lyfod pjrsco whjo thjy lc oct prcvj tc bj tcc burljosckj cr wfthcut goy bjojt. \hj uoiustfjl lfsmcotfougtfco thjrjcn mgo bj tgotgkcuot tc g rjga gmt cn juthgogsfg9 ‑\hj glkfofstrgtfco cn nccl gol wgtjr jvjo by grtfmfga kjgos fs, fo prfomfpaj, go crlfogry gol prcpcrtfcogtj kjgos cn prjsjrvfod afnj. Ft fs thjrjncrj cbafdgtcry tc thj jxtjot tc whfmh, gol ncr gs acod gs, ft fs shcwo tc gmmckpafsh fts prcpjr ogafty, whfmh fs thj hylrgtfco gol ocurfshkjot cn thj pgtfjot. Fo thfs wgy sunnjrfod gol ljgth by stgrvgtfco gol ljhylrgtfco grj prjvjotjl.‛ 28>
Outrftfco gol go l hylrgtfco grj cbafdgtcry fo prfomfpaj
\j usj cn gogadjsfms fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj 7:=. Pgfo kgogdjkjot fs tc bj fomauljl gkcod thj typjs cn mgrj glkfofstjrjl tc g pjrsco fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj cn afnj. Pgfo fo thj oga kckjots cn afnj mgo tgej co g spfrf tuga sfdofmgomj ncr g sfme pjrsco gol, fo pgrtfmuagr ncr g Mhrfstfgo, mgo bj gmmjptjl gs ‑pgrtfmfpgtfco fo thj pgssfco‛ gol ‑uofco wfth thj rjljkptfvj sgmrfmj cn Mhrfst‛ (mn. Mca 792<). Coj kgy thjrjncrj rjnusj thj glkfofstrgtfco cn gogadjsfm trjgtkjots ncr thjsj rjgscos.284
Pjrkfssfbfafty cn thj usj cn gogadjsfms ncr sfme pjrscos fo thj tjrkfoga stgdjs cn afnj
gol gpprcvfod agws thgt afkft cr gbrcdgtj thj jvfa coay pgrtfgaay5 mn. fbfl., o. 4=9 GG] 4=9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <8>”<84. 28> Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ngfth, Rjspc Rjspcosjs osjs tc Mjrtgfo Mjrtgfo Wujstfcos cn thj Zoftjl ]tgtjs Mconjrjomj cn Mgthcafm Bfshcps mcomjrofod Grtfmfga Outrftfco gol Hylrgtfco (Gudust Hylrgtfco (Gudust 7, 2004)9 GG] 66 66 (2004), 820. 284 G Mhrfstfgo kgy nrjjay gmmjpt pgfo wfthcut gaajvfgtfod cr kftfdgt kftfdgt-fod ft by thj usj cn pgfoefaajrs9 Mcodrjdgtfco Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljma Ngfth, FFF9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<4. ‑\hj Ljmagrgt grgtfco fco co Juthgogsfg Juthgogsfg,, FFF9 GG] Rjljjkjr sunnjrjl fo pagmj cn kgo gol ncr kgo. Jvjry kgo hgs hfs cwo shgrj fo thj Rjljkptfco. Jgmh coj fs gasc mgaajl tc shgrj fo thgt sunnjrfod thrcudh whfmh thj Rjljkptfco wgs gmmckpafshjl. gmmckpafshjl. Hj fs mgaajl tc shgrj fo thgt sunnjrfod thrcudh whfmh gaa hukgo sun njrfod hgs gasc bjjo rjljjkjl. Fo brfodfod gbcut thj Rjljkptfco
777
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
\hfs fs oct g djojrga ocrk, hcwjvjr. Foljjl, hjrcfm bjhgvfcrr mgooct bj ljkgol bjhgvfc ljkgoljl jl cn jvjryco jvjrycoj. j.288 Fo ngmt, pgfo mgo cntjo lfkfofs lfkfofsh h g pjrsco pjrsco‖‖s physfmg physfmgaa gol kcrga strjodth.286 Prcpjr hukgo gol Mhrfstfgo mgrj gaacws thj usj cn lruds thgt grj ljsfdojl tc gaajvfgtj cr jafkfogtj pgfo gs ojmjssgry fo trjgtkjot, wfth thj pgtfjot‖s mcosjot, jvjo thcudh thjy kgy rjsuat fo tcrpcr cr lfkfofshjl aumflfty. Rfse cn hgstjofod ljgth
7:<. Fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj, hfdh lcsjs cn gogadjsfms kgy sckjtfkjs bj ojmjssgry tc gaajvfgtj pgfo5 thfs jotgfas thj rfse cn mcaagtjrga jnnjmts gol mckpafmgtfcos, fomaulfod thj hgstjofod cn ljgth. ljgth . Ft fs ojmjssgry, thjrjncrj, thgt gogadjsfms bj prjsmrfbjl pruljotay gol gmmcrlfod tc thj stgolgrl stgolg rlss cn thj grt . ‑\hj usj cn pgfoefaajrs tc gaajvfgtj thj sunnjrfods cn thj lyfod, jvjo gt thj rfse cn shcrtjofod thjfr lgys, mgo bj kcrgaay fo mconcrkfty wfth hukgo lfdofty fn ljgth fs oct wfaajl gs jfthjr go jol cr g kjgos, but coay ncrjsjjo gol tcajrgtjl gs fojvftgbaj.‛ 260 Fo thfs mgsj ‑ljgth fs fo oc wgy fotjoljl cr scudht, jvjo fn thj rfse cn ft fs rjgscogbay tgejo5 thj fotjotfco fs sfkpay tc rjafjvj pgfo
thrcudh sunnjrfod, Mhrfst hgs gasc rgfsjl hukgo sunnjrfod tc thj ajvja cn thj Rjljkptfco. \hus jgmh kgo, fo hfs sunnjrfod, mgo gasc bjmckj bjmc kj g shgr shgrjr jr fo thj rjlj rjljkptfv kptfvjj sun sunnjrfo njrfod d cn Mhrf Mhrfst‛ st‛ (Ich (Icho o Pgua FF, Gpcstcafm Ajttjr ]gavfmf lcacrfs, lcacrfs, o. 769 GG] 769 GG] 4> 4> U768<[, 22>). 288 Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc go fotjrogtfcoga gssjkbay cn physfmfgos gol surdjcos (Njbrugry 2<, 76:4)9 GG] <6 (76:4), 7<45 Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn Psymhcphgrkgmcacdy (]jptjkbjr 6, 76:8)9 GG] :0 (76:8), >84”>6>. 286 ]unnjrfods ‑gddrgvgtj ‑gddrgvgtj thj stgtj cn wjgeojss gol physfmga physfmga jxhgusjxhgustfco, fkpjlfod thj fkpuasj cn thj spfrft gol ljbfaftgtfod thj kcrga pcwjrs fostjg fostjgl l cn suppc suppcrtfod rtfod thjk. \hj supprj supprjssfco ssfco cn pgfo, fostjgl, brfods physfmga gol kjotga rjafjn, kgefod prgyjr jgsfjr gol jogbafod coj tc dfvj cojsjan kcrj djojrcusay‛ (Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc go fotjrogtfcoga gssjkbay cn physfmfgos gol surdjcos (Njbrugry 2<, 76:4)9 GG] 76:4)9 GG] <6 <6 U76:4[, 7<<). 260 MMM , o. 22465 mn. Pfus XFF, XF F, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgots fo thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcoga Mcodrjss cn Psymhcphgrkgmcacdy (]jptjkbjr 6, 76:8)9 GG] 76:8)9 GG] :0 :0 (76:8), >6<.
772
L����
jnnjmtfvjay, usfod ncr thfs purpcsj pgfoefaajrs gvgfagbaj tc kjlfmfoj.‛ 267 7::. Kcrjcvjr, thjrj fs thj pcssfbfafty cn pgfoefaajrs gol ogrmctfms mgusfod g acss cn mcosmfcusojss fo mcosmfcusojss fo thj lyfod pjrsco. ]umh usgdj usgdj ljsjrvjs ljsjrvjs pgrtfmuagr pgrtfmuagr mcosfl mcosfljrgtfco. jrgtfco.262 Fo thj prjsjomj cn uobjgrgbaj pgfo thgt fs rjsfstgot tc typfmga pgfo-kgogdjkjot thjrgpfjs, fn thj kckjot cn ljgth fs ojgr cr fn thjrj grj dccl rjgscos ncr gotfmfpgtfod g pgrtfmuagr pgrtfmua gr mrfsfs gt thj kckjot cn ljgth, g sjrfcus mafofmga folfmgtfco mgo fovcavj, wfth thj sfme pjrsco‖s mcosjot, thj glkfofstrgtfco cn lruds thgt mgusj g acss cn mcosmfcusojss. \hfs ljjp pgaafgtfvj sjlgtfco fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj, whjo mafofmgaay kctfvgtjl, mgo bj kcrgaay gmmjptgbaj prcvfljl prcvflj l thgt ft fs lcoj wfth thj pgtfjot‖ pgtfjot‖ss mcosjo mcosjot, t, thgt gpprcprfgtj foncrkgtfco fs dfvjo tc thj ngkfay kjkbjrs, thgt goy fotjotfco cn juthgogsfg fs ruajl cut, gol thgt thj pgtfjot hgs bjjo gbaj tc pjrncrk hfs kcrga, ngkfafga, gol rjafdfcus lutfjs9 ‑Gs thjy gpprcgmh ljgth pjcpaj cudht tc bj gbaj tc sgtfsny sgtfsny thjfr kcrga gol gol ngkfay lutfjs, gol gbcvj gbcvj gaa thjy cudht tc bj gbaj tc prjpgrj fo g nuaay mcosmfcus wgy ncr thjfr ljoftfvj kjjtfod wfth Dcl.‛ 26= \hjrjncrj, ‑ft fs oct rfdht tc ljprfvj thj lyfod pjrsco cn mcosmfcusojss wfthcut g sjrfcus rjgsco.‛ 26<
Mrftjrfg ncr ljjp pgaafgtfvj sjlgtfco
267 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ngfth, Ljma Ljmagrgt grgtfco fco co Juthgogs Juth gogsfg fg,, FFF9 GG] FFF9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<8. Mn. Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc go fotjrogtfcoga gssjkbay cn physfmfgos gol surdjcos (Njbrugry 2<, 76:4)9 GG] <6 (76:4), 7<>5 Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc thj pgrtfmfpgrtfmf pgots fo thj Nfrst Fotjrogtfcog Fotjrogtfcogaa Mcodrjss cn Psymhcphgrk Psymhcphgrkgmca gmcacdy cdy (]jptjkbjr 6, 76:8)9 GG] 76:8)9 GG] :0 :0 (76:8), >64”>68. Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgo Ajttjr Jvgodjaf djafuk uk vftg vftgjj, o. >:9 GG] >:9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <4:”<4>. 262 Mn. Mcodrjdgtfco Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ngfth, Ljmag Ljmagrgtfco rgtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, FFF9 GG] FFF9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<8. 26= Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. >:9 GG] >:9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <4>5 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagrgtfco Ljmagr gtfco co Juthgogs Juthgogsfg fg,, FFF9 GG] FFF9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<8. 26< Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. >:9 GG] >:9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <4>5 mn. Pfus XFF, Gllrjss tc go fotjrogtfcoga gssjkbay cn physfmfgos gol surdjcos (Njbrugry 2<, 76:4)9 GG] 76:4)9 GG] <6 <6 (76:4), 7=8”7<=.
77=
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Pgaafgtfvj sjlgtfco fo thj stgdjs macsjst tc thj kckjot cn ljgth kust bj folumjl gmmcrlfod tc mcrrjmt jthfmga prctcmcas gol subijmtjl tc mcotfoucus kcoftcrfod, gol ft kust oct fovcavj thj lfsmcotfougtfco cn bgsfm mgrj.
jaafod thj t hj truth tc thj lyfod ly fod pjrsco Lut y tc Luty mckkuofmgtj
Rjspcosfbfafty tc nuaaa mjrtgfo lutfjs
Lfsmjr okjot Lfsmjrokjot gol hukgo tgmt Rjagtfcoshfp cn trust fo acvj gol mhgrfty
77<
7:>. G pjrsco hgs thj rfdht tc bj foncrkjl gbcut hfs cwo stgtj cn hjgath. \hfs rfdht lcjs oct agpsj jvjo fo thj mgsj cn go uongvcrgbaj lfgdocsfs gol prcdocsfs, gol ft fkpafjs thgt thj physfmfgo hgs g luty tc rjspjmtnuaay mckkuofmgtj thj pgtfjot‖s mcolftfcos. \hj prcspjmt cn ljgth kgejs thfs octfmgtfco lfn lfn muat gol lrgkgtfm, but thfs lcjs oct jxjkpt thj physfmfgo nrck truthnuaojss truthnuaojss.. Mckkuofmgtfco bjtwjjo thj lyfod pjrsco gol hfs mgrjtgejrs mgrjtgejrs mgooct mgooct bj jstgbafshjl jstgbafshjl fo mtfco. \hfs fs ojvjr g hukgoj cptfco ncr thj lyfod pjrsco, gol ft lcjs octhfod tc hjap kgej lyfod kcrj hukgo. \hjrj grj fkpcrtgot rjspcosfbfaftfjs gsscmfgtjl wfth thfs foncrkgtfco thgt mgooct bj ljajdgtjl. Ljgth‖s gpprcgmh brfods wfth ft thj rjspcosfbfafty cn nuaaafod mjrtgfo lutfjs mcomjrofod ngkfay rjagtfcos, thj sjttajkjot cn goy prcnjssfcoga kgttjrs, gol thj rjscautfco rjsca utfco cn cutstgolfod ljbts cr cthjr cbafdgtfcos tc thfrl pgrtfjs. \hjrjncrj, g pjrsco shcual ojvjr bj ajnt fo fdocrgo fdocrgomj mj gbcut hfs cwo rjga mafofmga mcolftfcos fo thj ljmfsfvj hcur cn hfs afnj. 7:4. \hj luty cn tjaafod g pgtfjot thj truth fo thj tjrkfoga stgdj rjqufrjs thj lfsmjrokjot gol tgmt cn cn hjgath mgrj pjrscooja. pjrscoo ja. Ft mgooct mcosfst cn lfstgot gol folfnnjrjot mckkuofmgtfco. \hj truth kust oct bj wfthhjal, but ojfthjr kust ft bj sfkpay goocuomjl9 ft kust bj mckkuofmgtjl fo acvj gol mhgrfty. mhgrfty. \hfs fs g kgttjr cn jstgbafshfod wfth thj t hj pgtfjot g rjagtfcoshfp cn trust, wjamckj, gol lfgacduj thgt fs gbaj tc ol thj rfdht kckjots gol wcrls. Ft fs g wgy cn tgaefod thgt fs gbaj tc lfsmjro gol rjspjmt thj tfkfod thj pgtfjot ojjls gol tc ncaacw ft. Ft fs g wgy cn spjgefod thgt fs gbaj tc tgej hfs qujstfcos gol gasc tc jafmft thjk, sc gs tc lfrjmt
L����
hfk drglugaay tcwgrl eocwajldj cn thj stgtus cn hfs afnj gol hjgath. ]ckjcoj whc sjjes tc bj prjsjot tc thj pgtfjot gol sjosftfvj tc hfs ngtj wfaa bj gbaj tc ol thj wcrls gol thj goswjrs thgt gaacw hfk tc mckkuofmgtj fo truth gol fo mhgrfty (mn. Jph <97:). 7:8. ‑Jvjry sfodaj mgsj hgs fts ljkgols, ljpjolfod co thj sjosftfvfty gol thj gbfaftfjs cn jgmh coj, co rjagtfcos wfth thj pgtfjot gol co hfs stgtus5 ncrjsjjfod hfs pcs sfbaj rjgmtfcos (rjbjaafco, ljprjssfco, rjsfdogtfco, jtm.), coj wfaa prjpgrj tc mconrcot thjk mgakay gol tgmtnuaay.‛ 26: \hj fkpcrtgot thfod fs oct iust thj gmmurgmy gmmurg my cn whgt fs sgfl, but thj rjagtfco cn scaflgrfty wfth scaflgrfty wfth thj sfme pjrsco. Ft fs oct kjrjay g kgttjr cn trgoskfttfod mafofmga ngmts, but cn mckkuofmgtfod sfdofmgot truths. Fo sumh g rjagtfcoshfp, thj prcspjmt cn ljgth lcjs oct gppjgr fojvftgbaj gol acsjs fts lfstrjssfod pcwjr9 thj pgtfjot lcjs oct njja gbgolcojl gbgolcojl gol mcoljkojl mcoljkojl tc ljgth. \hj truth mckkuofmgtjl tc hfk fo thfs wgy lcjs oct shut hfk cnn nrck hcpj, bjmgusj ft mgo kgej hfk njja gafvj fo g rjagtfcoshfp cn shgrfod gol mckkuofco . Hj fs oct gacoj wfth hfs faaojss9 hj njjas truay uoljrstccl, gt pjgmj wfth hfksjan gol wfth cthjrs. Hj fs hfksjan gs g pjrsco. Hfs afnj, ljspftj jvjrythfod, hgs kjgofod, gol ft uoncals wfthfo g hcrfzco cn rjga kjgofod thgt trgosmjols thj lyfod prcmjss.
Rjagtfcoshfp cn scaflgrfty wfth thj sfme pjrsco
Rjagtfcoshfp cn shgrfod gol mckkuofco
Rjafdfcus mgrj cn thj lyfod lyf od pjrsco 7:6. \hj spfrftu spfrftuga ga mrfsfs mrfsfs jvcejl gs ljgth lrgws ojgr prckpts thj Mhurmh tc bjmckj ncr thj lyfod pjrsco gol hfs ngkfay thj bjgrjr cn thj afdht cn hcpj, whfmh coay ngfth mgo shfoj co thj kystjry cn ljgth. Ljgth fs go jvjot thgt fotrclumjs coj fotc Dcl‖s afnj, gbcut whfmh coay rjvjagtfco mgo prcocuomj g wcrl cn truth. \hj prcmagkgtfco cn thj Dcspja, whfmh fs ‑nuaa cn drgmj gol truth‛ (Io 797<),
Prcmagfkfod thj Dcspja fo thj ngmj cn ljgth
26: Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo go fotjrogtfcoga mcodrjss cn thj Ckofg Hckfofs Gsscmfgtfco (Gudust 2:, 7660)9 Fosjdo 7660)9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf XFFF/2 (7660), =28.
77:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
gmmckpgofjs thj Mhrfstfgo nrck thj bjdfoofod tc thj jol cn afnj“whfmh mcoqujrs ljgth“gol cpjos hukgo lyfod tc thj drjgtjst hcpj. Ncrks cn jvgodjafzgtfco
7>0. Ft fs thjrjncrj ojmjssgry tc dfvj go jvgodjafmga kjgofod tc ljgth9 ljgth9 prcmagfkfod thj Dcspja tc thj lyfod pjrsco. \hfs fs g pgstcrga pgstcrga luty cn thj thj jmmajsfga mckkuofty mckkuofty fo gaa fts kjkbjrs, gmmcrlfod tc jgmh coj‖s rjspcosfbfaftfjs. G pgrtfmuagr tgse bjacods tc thj hjgath mgrj mhgpagfo, whc fs mgaajl fo g sfoduagr wgy tc prcvflj pgstcrga mgrj ncr thj lyfod wfthfo thj brcgljr smcpj cn hfs mgrj ncr thj sfme. Ncr hfk thfs tgse fovcavjs oct coay thj pjrscoga rcaj gt thj bjlsflj cn thj lyfod pjrscos jotrustjl tc hfs mgrj, but gasc thj prckctfco cn thfs pgstcrga wcre fo tjrks cn thj crdgofzgtfco cn rjafdfcus sjrvfmjs, trgfofod gol sjosftfzfod hjgath mgrj wcrejrs gol vcauotjjrs, gs wjaa gs fovcavfod rjagtfvjs gol nrfjols. \hj jxprjssfvj ncrks cn thj prcmagkgtfco cn thj Dcspja tc thj lyfod pjrsco grj mhgrfty, prgyjr, gol thj sgmrgkjots.
Acvj ncr Dcl fo cur ojfdhbcr
7>7. Mhgrfty Mhgrfty kjgos thj dfvfod, wjamckfod prjsjomj thgt jstgbafshjs wfth thj lyfod pjrsco g mckkuofco kglj up cn gttjotfco, uoljrstgolfod, thcudhtnuaojss, pgtfjomj, shgrfod, gol dfvfod. Mhgrfty sjjs fo hfk, fo g uofquj wgy, thj ngmj cn thj sunnjrfod gol lyfod Mhrfst whc mgaas us tc acvj. Mhgrfty tcwgrl thj lyfod pjrsco fs g prfvfajdjl jxprjssfco cn acvj ncr Dcl fo cur ojfdhbcr (mn. (mn . Kt 2:9=7”<0). \c \c acvj hfk wfth Mhrfstfgo mhgrfty mhgrft y fs tc hjap hfk rjmcdofzj Dcl‖s kystjrfcus prjsjomj prjs jomj gt hfs hfs sflj sflj gol tc kgej kgej hfk hfk jxpjrf jxpjrfjomj jomj ft vfvfla vfvflay9 y9 thj Ngthjr‖s acvj shfojs thrcudh thj brcthjr‖s mhgrfty.
Mckkuofco wfth Dcl fo thj mckkuofco cn sgfots
7>2. Mhgrfty cpjos thj lyfod pjrsco‖s rjagtfco tc tc prgyjr prgyjr , fo cthjr wcrls, tc mckkuofco wfth Dcl. Fo ft hj rjagtjs tc Dcl gs Ngthjr, whc wjamckjs thj mhfalrjo whc rjturo tc Hfk. \c jomcurgdj prgyjr fo thj lyfod pjrsco gol tc prgy wfth hfk fs tc rjvjga thj hcrfzco hcrfzcoss cn lfvfoj afnj tc hfk. Gt thj sgkj tfkj, ft fs tc jotjr fotc thgt mckkuofco cn sgfots fo whfmh gaa thj rjagtfcoshfps thgt ljgth sjjks tc brjge cnn cnn frrjkjlfgbay frrjkjlfgbay grj rjjstgbafshj rjjstgbafshjl l fo g ojw wgy. wgy.
77>
L����
7>=. G prfvfajdjl kckjot cn prgyjr wfth thj tjrkfogaay faa pjrsco fs thj mjajbrgtfco cn thj sgmrgkj thj sgmrgkjots ots99 bjfod sfdos cn Dcl‖s sgvfod prjsjomj, ‑Pjogomj, thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme, gol thj Jumhgrfst gs vfgtfmuk mcostftutj gt thj jol cn Mhrfstfgo afnj ‘thj sgmrgkjots thgt prjpgrj ncr cur hjgvjoay hckjagol‖ cr thj sgmrgkjots thgt t hgt mckpajtj thj jgrthay jgrt hay pfadrfkgdj.‛ pfadrfk gdj.‛ 26> Fo pgrtfmuagr, fo thj sgmrgkjot cn Rjmcomfaf cn Rjmcomfafgtfco gtfco cr Pjogomj,, thj lyfod pjrsco, gt pjgmj wfth Dcl, fs gt pjgmj Pjogomj wfth hfksjan gol wfth hfs ojfdhbcr. ‑Fo gllftfco tc thj Gocfotfod cn thj ]fme, thj Mhurmh cnnjrs thcsj whc grj gbcut tc ajgvj thfs afnj thj Jumhgrfst gs vfgtfmuk.‛ Rjmjfvjl gt thfs kckjot cn pgssgdj, thj Jumhgrfst, gs vfgtfmuk, fs thj sgmrgkjot cn ‑pgssfod cvjr‛ nrck ljgth tc afnj, nrck thfs wcral tc thj Ngthjr, gol ft dfvjs thj lyfod pjrsco thj strjodth tc mconrcot thj oga, ljmfsfvj stgdj cn hfs icurojy fo afnj. 264 Ft ncaacws thgt ft fs fkpcrtgot ncr thj Mhrfstfgo tc rjqujst ft, gol ft fs gasc g luty cn thj Mhurmh tc glkfofstjr ft. 268 \hj kfofstjr cn vfgtfmuk fs thj prfjst. Fn oc prfjst fs gvgfagbaj, ft kgy bj mconjrrjl by thj ljgmco cr, fo hfs gbsjomj, by go jxtrgcrlfogry kfofstjr cn thj Jumhgrfst. 266 7><. Fo thfs ngfth whfmh fs nuaa cn mhgrfty mhgrfty,, hukgo pcwjrajssojss bjncrj thj kystjry cn ljgth fs oct jxpjrfjomjl gs lfstrjssfod gol pgrgayzfod. G Mhrfstfgo mgo ol hcpj, gol fo ft thj pcssfbfafty, ljspftj jvjrythfod, cn afvfod cut rgthjr thgo bjfod kjrjay subijmtjl tc ljgth.
]gavfm sgmrgkjotga prjsjomj cn Mhrfst
Ngfth nuaa cn mhgrfty
26> MMM , o. 7:2:. 264 Mn. fbfl., o. 7:2<. 268 ‑Gaa bgptfzjl Mhrfstfgos whc mgo rjmjfvj mckkuofco grj cbafdjl tc rjmjfvj vfgtfmuk, fn fo lgodjr cn ljgth nrck goy mgusj. Pgstcrs kust josurj thgt thj glkfofstrgtfco cn thfs sgmrgkjot fs oct ljagyjl, but thgt ft fs kglj gvgfagbaj tc thj ngfthnua whfaj thjy grj stfaa fo pcssjssfco cn thjfr ngmuatfjs‛ (Mcodrjdgtfco ncr Lfvfoj Tcrshfp, \hj Rftj cn Gocfotfod gol Pgstcrga Mgrj cn thj ]fme , fotrclumtfco, o. 24). 266 Mn. fbfl., o. 26.
774
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Ljstrcyfod afnj Fovfcagbaj rfdht tc afnj
7>:. \hj fovfcagbfafty cn hukgo afnj kjgos afnj kjgos gol fkpafjs, uatfkgtjay, thj uoagwnuaojss cn goy gmt lfrjmtay gfkjl gt ljstrcyfod ft. ‑\hj fovfcagbfafty cn thj foocmjot hukgo bjfod‖ss rfdht tc afnj ‘nrck thj kckjot bjfod‖ kckjot cn mcomjptfco mcomjptfco uotfa ljgth‖ fs g sfdo gol rjqufrjkjot cn thj vjry fovfcagbfafty cn thj pjrsco tc whck thj Mrjgtcr hgs dfvjo thj dfnt cn afnj.‛ =00
Dcl‖s jxmausfvj rfdht
7>>. \hfs fs why ‑oc coj mgo kgej go gttjkpt co thj afnj cn go foocmjot pjrsco wfthcut cppcsfod Dcl‖s acvj ncr thgt pjrsco, wfthcut vfcagtfod g nuolgkjotga rfdht.‛ =07 Kgo rjmjfvjs thfs rfdht fkkjlfgtjay nrck Dcl (oct nrck cthjrs9 pgrjots, scmfjty, cr goy hukgo guthcrfty). ‑\hjrjncrj, thjrj fs oc kgo, oc hukgo guthcrfty, oc smfjomj, oc ‘folfmgtfco‖ gt gaa“whjthjr ft bj kjlfmga, judjofm, scmfga, jmcockfm, cr kcrga“thgt kgy cnnjr cr dfvj g vgafl iulfmfga tftaj ncr g lfrjmt ljafbjrgtj ljafbjrgtj lfspcsga cn go foocmjot hukgo afnj, thgt fs, g lfspcsga whfmh gfks gt fts ljstrumtfco, whjthjr gs go jol fo ftsjan cr gs g kjgos tc gmhfjvj thj jol, pjrhgps fo oc wgy gt gaa faafmft.‛ =02 Fo pgrtfmuagr, ‑octhfod gol oc coj mgo fo goy wgy pjrkft thj efaafod cn go foocmj foocmjot ot hukgo bjfod, whjthjr g njtus cr go jkbryc, go fongot cr go gluat, go cal pjrsco, cr
Mgtjdcrfmga oc tc goy cthjr guthcrfty
=00 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Fostrumtfco Lcouk vftgj,, o. <9 GG] 80 vftgj 80 (7688), 4:”4>. Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots pgrtfm fpgots fo thj ‑Kcvjkj ‑Kcvjkjot ot ncr Afnj‛ Afnj‛ (Cmtcbjr (Cmtcbjr 26, 26, 768:), 768:), o. 29 Fosjdogkjotf Fosjdo gkjotf ^FFF/2 ^FFF/2 (768:), 6==”6=>. =07 Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmag Ljmagrgtfco rgtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F9 GG] F9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<<. Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr ^jrftgtfs spajolcr , o. 7=9 GG] 7=9 GG] 8: 8: (766=), 77<=. =02 Pfus XFF, Lfsmcursj tc thj Ftgafgo Mgthcafm Zofco cn Kflwfvjs (Cmtcbjr 26, 76:7)9 GG] 76:7)9 GG] <= (76:7), 8=8. ‑]mrfpturj spjmfjs thj prchfbftfco prchfbf tfco mcotgfoj mcotgfojl l fo thj nth nth mckkgolkjo mckkgolkjot9 t9 ‘Lc oct oct sagy thj thj foocmjot gol thj rfdhtjcus.‖ \hj ljafbjrgtj kurljr cn go foocmjot pjrsco fs drgvj drgvjay ay mcotrg mcotrgry ry tc thj lfdofty cn thj hukgo bjfod, tc thj dcaljo ruaj, gol tc thj hcafojss cn thj Mrjgtcr. \hj agw ncrbfllfod ft fs uofvjrsgaay vgafl9 ft cbafdjs jgmh gol jvjrycoj, gawgys gol jvjrywhjrj‛ (MMM (MMM , o. 22>7).
778
L����
coj sunnjrfod nrck go fomurgbaj lfsjgsj, cr g pjrsco whc fs lyfod. Nurthjrkcrj, oc coj fs pjrkfttjl tc gse ncr thfs gmt cn efaafod, jfthjr ncr hfksjan cr hjrsjan cr ncr gocthjr pjrsco jotrustjl tc hfs cr hjr mgrj, ocr mgo hj cr shj mcosjot tc ft, jfthjr jxpafmftay cr fkpafmftay. Ocr mgo goy guthcrfty ajdftfkgtjay rjmckkjol cr pjrkft sumh go gmtfco. Ncr ft fs g qujstfco cn thj vfcagtfco cn thj lfvfoj agw, go cnnjosj gdgfost thj lfdofty cn thj hukgo pjrsco, g mrfkj gdgfost afnj, gol go gttgme co hukgofty.‛ =0= 7>4. Gs ‑kfofstjrs cn afnj gol ojvjr gdjots cn ljgth,‛ =0< ft fs up tc hjgath mgrj wcrejrs ‑tc sgnjdugrl afnj, tc bj wgtmhnua cvjr fts jvcautfco gol ljvjacpkjot thrcudhcut fts whcaj jxfstjomj, rjspjmtfod thj pago lrgwo up by thj Mrjgtcr.‛ =0: \hfs vfdfagot kfofstry cn sgnjdugrlfod hukgo afnj rjijmts hckfmflj hckfmflj gs g kcrgaay drgvj gmt thgt mcotrglfmts thj kjlfmga kfssfco, gol ft cppcsjs vcauotgry ljgth, sufmflj,, gs ‑uogmmjptgbaj,‛ by lfssuglfod goycoj whc kfdht mflj gttjkpt ft.=0>
Lut y tc Luty sgnjdugrl afnj
Pgrtfmuagr vfdfagomj
=0= Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ngfth, Ljma Ljmagrgt grgtfco fco co Juthgogs Juth gogsfg fg,, FF9 GG] FF9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<>. ‑Goy lfsmrfkfogtfco bgsjl co thj vgrfcus stgdjs cn afnj fs oc kcrj iustfjl thgo goy cthjr lfsmrfklfsmrfkfogtfco. \hj rfdht tc afnj rjkgfos mckpajtj fo go cal pjrsco, jvjo coj drjgtay wjgejojl5 ft fs oct acst by coj whc fs fomurgbay sfme. \hj rfdht tc afnj fs oc ajss tc bj rjspjmtjl fo thj skgaa fongot iust bcro thgo fo thj kgturj pjrsco‛ pjrsco‛ (MLN, (MLN, Ljma Ljmagrgt grgtfco fco co Pr Prcmur cmurjl jl Gbcrtfco Gbcr tfco UIuoj UIuoj 78, 764<[, o. 729 GG] 729 GG] >> >> U764<[, 4=4”4=8). =0< Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Gsscmfgtfco cn Ftgafgo Mgthcafm Physfmfgos (Ljmjkbjr 28, 7648)9 Fosjdo 7648)9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf F (7648), <=8. =0: Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Tcral Mcodrjss cn Mgthcafm Physfmfgos (Cmtcbjr =, 7682)9 Fosjdo 7682)9 Fosjdogkjotf gkjotf ^/= (7682), >47. =0> Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, F9 GG] 42 (7680), :<:. ‑Jvjrycoj hgs thj luty tc ajgl hfs cr hjr afnj fo gmmcrlgomj wfth Dcl‖s pago. .. .. . Fotjotfcogaay mgusfod coj‖s cwo ljgth, cr sufmflj . . . co thj pgrt cn g pjrsco fs tc bj mcosflj mcosfljrjl rjl gs gs g rjijmt rjijmtfco fco cn cn Dcl‖ Dcl‖s scvjrjfd scvjrjfdoty oty gol gol acvfod acvfod pago. Nurthjrkcrj, sufmflj fs gasc cntjo g rjnusga cn acvj ncr sjan, thj ljofga cn g ogturga fostfomt tc afvj, g fdht nrck thj lutfjs cn ius tfmj gol mhgrfty cwjl tc coj‖s ojfdhbcr, tc vgrfcus mckkuoftfjs cr tc thj whcaj cn scmfjty“gathcudh, gs fs djojrgaay rjmcdofzjl, gt tfkjs thjrj grj psymhcacdfmga ngmtcrs prjsjot thgt mgo lfkfofsh
776
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
Gkcod thj kjthcls cn ljstrcyfod afnj by hckfmflj cr sufmflj, thjrj grj twc“gbcrtfco gol juthgogsfg“gbcut whfmh thfs kfofstry tclgy kust bj pgrtfmuagray vfdfagot gol fo g mjrtgfo wgy prcphjtfm, bjmgusj cn thj muaturga gol ajdfsagtfvj mcotjxt, whfmh fs vjry cntjo fosjosftfvj, fn oct cutrfdht ngvcrgbaj, tc thjfr sprjgl.
Juthgogsfg Oc tc juthgogsfg gol thj juthgogsfg kjotgafty
7>8. \hj pfty grcusjl by thj pgfo gol sunnjrfod cn tjrkfogaay faa pgtfjots, mhfalrjo wfth lfsgbfaftfjs, thj kjotgaay faa, gol thj jaljray mgo bj thj mcotjxt fo whfmh thj tjkptgtfco tc mckkft juthgogsfg bjmckjs fomrjgsfoday strcod“fo cthjr wcrls, tc tgej mcotrca cn ljgth, mgusfod ft fo glvgomj gol thus ‑djotay‛ puttfod go jol tc coj‖s cwo afnj cr thgt cn sckjcoj jasj. =04 ‑Juthgogsfg fo thj strfmt sjosj fs uoljrstccl tc bj go gmtfco cr ckfssfc ckfssfco o whfmh cn ftsjan gol by fotjotfco mgusjs ljgth, wfth thj purpcsj cn jafkfogtfod gaa sunnjrfod. ‘Juthgogsfg‖s tjrks cn rjnjrjomj, thjrjncrj, grj tc bj ncuol fo thj fotjotfco cn thj wfaa gol fo thj kjthcls usjl.‖‛ =08 Fo rjgafty, whgt kfdht sjjk acdfmga gol hukgoj prcvjs tc bj gbsurl gol fohuk fohukgoj goj whjo jxgkfojl kcrj macsjay. Tj grj accefod gt coj cn thj kcst gagrk fod sykptcks cn thj muaturj cn ljgth whfmh, jspjmfgaay fo kcrj hfdhay ljvjacpjl scmfjtfjs, kgejs thj mcst cn mgrj thgt lfsgbajl gol fork pjrscos rjqufrj gppjgr tc bj tcc burljosckj burljo sckj gol fotcajrgbaj. \hfs fs bjmgusj thjsj scmfjtfjs grj crdgofzjl ‑gakcst jxmausfvjay co thj bgsfs cn mrftjrfg cn prclumtfvj jnmfjomy, gmmcrlfod tc whfmh g
rjspcosfbfafty cr jvjo mckpajtjay rjkcvj ft. Hcwjvjr, coj kust majgray lfstfodufsh sufmflj nrck thgt sgmrfmj cn coj‖s afnj whjrjby ncr g hfdhjr mgusj, sumh gs Dcl‖s dacry, thj sgavgtfco cn scuas cr thj sjrvfmj cn coj‖s brjthrjo, g pjrsco cnnjrs hfs cr hjr cwo afnj cr puts ft ft fo lgodjr ‑ (fbfl.). (fbfl.). =04 Mn. Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Jvgod Jvgodjafuk jafuk vftgj vftgj,, o. ><9 GG] 84 84 (766:), <4:. =08 Fbfl., o. >:9 >:9 GG] GG] 84 84 (766:), <4:.
720
L����
hcpjajssay fkpgfrjl afnj oc acodjr hgs goy vgauj.‛ =06 But jvjrycoj whc fs ‑sfomjrjay cpjo tc truth gol dcclojss mgo, by thj afdht cn rjgsco gol thj hflljo gmtfco cn drgmj, mckj tc rjmcdofzj fo thj ogturga agw wrfttjo fo thj hjgrt (mn. Rck 297<”7:) thj sgmrjl vgauj cn hukgo afnj nrck fts vjry bjdfoofod uotfa fts jol, gol mgo gnrk thj rfdht cn jvjry hukgo bjfod tc hgvj thfs prfkgry dccl rjspjmtjl tc thj hfdhjst ljdrjj.‛ =70 Juthgo Juthgogsfg gsfg,, thjrjncrj , fs g hckfmflga gmt, whfmh oc jol mgo iustfny .=77
Oc tc thj gaajdjl rfdht tc juthgogsfg
7>6. \hj kjlfmga pjrscooja gol cthjr hjgath mgrj wcrejrs“ngfthnua tc thjfr tgse cn ‑gawgys bjfod gt thj sjrvfmj cn afnj gol gssfstfod ft tc thj jol‛ =72 “mgooct ajol thjksjavjs tc goy gmt cn juthgogsfg, oct jvjo gt thj rjqujst cn thj fotjrjstjl pgrty, kumh ajss cn hfs rjagtfvjs. Foljjl, thjrj fs oc rfdht tc lfspcsj grbftrgrfay cn coj‖s cwo afnj , gol ncr thfs rjgsco oc hjgath mgrj wcrejr mgo bjmckj thj jxjmutcr cn g ocojxfstjot rfdht.
Acvfod mgrj gol prjsjomj
740. ‑\hj pajgs cn drgvjay faa pjcpaj whc sckjtfkjs gse ncr ljgth grj oct tc bj uoljrstccl gs fkpayfod g truj ljsfrj ncr juthgogsfg5 fo ngmt, ft fs gakcst gawgys g mgsj cn go godufshjl pajg ncr hjap gol acvj. Thgt g sfme pjrsco ojjls, bjsfljs kjlfmga mgrj, fs acvj, thj hukgo gol supjrogturga wgrkth wfth whfmh thj sfme pjrsco mgo gol cudht tc bj surrcuoljl by gaa thcsj macsj tc hfk cr hjr, pgrjots gol mhfalrjo, lcmtcrs gol oursjs.‛ =7= \hj pgtfjot whc ols hfksjan surrcuoljl by g acvfod hukgo gol Mhrfstfgo prjsjomj lcjs oct ngaa fotc
Kjlfmfoj fs ncr afnj
=06 Mn. fbfl., o. ><9 ><9 GG] GG] 84 84 (766:), <4<. =70 Fbfl., o. 29 29 GG] GG] 84 84 (766:), <02. =77 Mn. fbfl., o. >:9 >:9 GG] GG] 84 84 (766:), <44. =72 Pgua ^F, Gllrjss tc thj \hfrl Tcral Mcodrjss cn thj Fotjrogtfcoga Mcaajdj cn Psymhcsckgtfm Kjlfmfoj (]jptjkbjr 78, 764:)9 GG] 764:)9 GG] >4 >4 (764:), :<:. =7= Mcodrjdgtfco ncr thj Lcmtrfoj cn thj Ngfth, Ljmagr Ljmagrgtfco gtfco co Juthgogsfg Juthgo gsfg,, FF9 GG] FF9 GG] 42 42 (7680), :<>5 Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgr tfmfpgots fo thj Fotjrogtfcoga Mcovjotfco co Mgrj cn thj Lyfod (Kgrmh 74, 7662), oo. =, :9 GG] :9 GG] 8: 8: (766=), =<7”=<=.
727
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
thj ljprjssfco gol godufsh cn thcsj whc, fo mcotrgst, njja gbgolcojl tc thjfr ljstfoy cn sunnjrfod gol ljgth, gol gse tc put go jol tc ft. \hfs fs why juthgogsfg fs g ljnjgt ncr goycoj whc thjcrjtfmgaay ljnjols ft, ljmfljs co ft, gol mgrrfjs ft cut.
Gt thj sjrvfmj cn hukgo afnj
747. Juthgogsfg fs g mrfkj fo whfmh hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, whc grj gawgys gol coay dugrlfgos cn afnj, mgo fo oc wgy mccpjrgtj.=7< Ncr kjlfmga smfjomj ft kgres ‑g bgmewgrl stjp cn surrjoljr, gs wjaa gs go fosuat tc thj pjrscoga lfdofty cn thj coj whc fs lyfod.‛ =7: Fts fomrjgsfod gmmjptgomj gs g nurthjr nccthcal cn thj muaturj cn ljgth gntjr gbcrtfco kust bj uoljrstccl uoljrstccl gs g lrgkgtfm lrgkgtfm mgaa mgaa tc jnmgmfcus jnmgmfcus gol uomco uomco-lftfcoga ljafty tcwgrl afnj.
=7< Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc thj Pcotfmga Gmgljky cn ]mfjomjs (Cmtcbjr 27, 768:), o. =9 GG] =9 GG] 48 48 (768>), =7<. =7: Icho Pgua FF, Gllrjss tc pgrtfmfpgots fo g mcursj co hukgo prjaju prjaju-ejkfgs (Ocvjkbjr 7:, 768:), o. :9 GG] :9 GG] 48 48 (768>), =>7.
722
MCOMAZ]FCO
M���������
Nfljafty tc afnj, whfmh fs g dfnt nrck Dcl, fo fts jol gs fo fts bjdfoofod, bjdfoo fod, fo fts curfshfod gol fo fts ljmafoj, fs go cbafcbaf dgtfco ncr jvjry kgo gol jvjry wckgo cn dccl wfaa, but wfthcut lcubt ‑g uofquj rjspcosfbfafty bjacods tc hjgath mgrj pjrscooja9 lcmtcrs, phgrkgmfsts, oursjs, mhgpagfos, kjo gol wckjo rjafdfcus, glkfofstrgtcrs, gol vcauotjjrs. \hjfr prcnjssfco mgaas ncr thjk tc bj dugrlfgos gol sjrvgots cn hukgo afnj. Fo tclgy‖s muaturga gol scmfga mcotjxt, fo whfmh smfjomj gol thj prgmtfmj cn kjlfmfoj rfse acsfod sfdht cn thjfr fohjrjot jthfmga lfkjosfco, hjgath mgrj prcnjssfcogas prcnjssf cogas mgo bj strcoday tjkptjl tjkptjl gt tfkjs tc bjmckj kgofpuagtcrs cn afnj, cr jvjo gdjots cn ljgth. Fo thj ngmj cn thfs tjkptgtfco, thjfr rjspcosfbfafty tclgy fs drjgtay fomrjgsjl. Fts ljjpjst fospfrgtfco gol strcodjst suppcrt afj fo thj fotrfosfm gol uoljofgbaj jthfmga lfkjosfco cn thj hjgath mgrj prcnjssfco, sckjthfod garjgly rjmcdofzjl by thj gomfjot gol stfaa rjajvgot Hfppcmrgtfm Cgth, whfmh rjqufrjs jvjry lcmtcr tc mckkft hfksjan tc gbscautj rjspjmt ncr hukgo afnj gol fts sgmrjlojss.‛ =7> Dcl, whc acvjs afnj, hgs jotrustjl ft tc thj hgols cn kgo sc thgt hj kfdht bj fts fkpgssfcojl dugrlfgo. Fo crljr tc rjspcol tc thfs joocbafod vcmgtfco, ft fs ojmjssgry tc hgvj thj wfaafodojss tc uoljrdc go fotjrfcr mcovjrsfco, tc purfny coj‖s hjgrt, gol tc ol g ojw cutacce. ‑Ft fs thj cutacce cn thcsj whc sjj afnj fo fts ljjpjr kjgofod, whc drgsp fts uttjr drgtuftcusojss, fts bjguty gol fts fovftgtfco tc nrjjlck gol rjspcosfbfafty. Ft fs thj cutacce cn thcsj whc lc oct prjsukj tc tgej pcssjssfco cn rjgafty but fostjgl fostjgl gmmjpt ft gs g dfnt, lfsmcvjrfo lfsmcvjrfod d fo gaa thfods thj thj rjjmtfco cn thj Mrjgtcr gol sjjfod fo jvjry pjrsco hfs afvfod fkgdj (mn. Djo 79245 Ps 89:). \hfs cutacce lcjs oct dfvj fo tc lfsmcurgdjkjot whjo mconrcotjl by thcsj whc grj sfme, sunnjrfod, cutmgst, cr gt ljgth‖s lccr. Fostjgl, fo gaa thjsj sftugtfcos ft njjas mhgaajodjl tc ol kjgofod, gol
Fotrfosfm gol g ol uoljofgbaj jthfmga lfkjosfco cn thj hjgath mgrj prcnjssfco
Ojjl ncr go fotjrfcr mcovjrsfco
=7> Icho Pgua FF, Jomymafmga Ajttjr Ajttjr Jvgodj Jvgodjafuk afuk vftgj, vftgj, o. 869 GG] 869 GG] 84 84 (766:), :02.
72:
M������ ��� H����� M��� T������
prjmfsjay fo thjsj mfrmukst prjmfsjay mfrmukstgomjs gomjs ft fs cpjo tc pjrmjfvfod pjrmjfvfod fo thj ngmj cn jvjry pjrsco g mgaa tc jomcuotjr, lfgacduj, gol scaflgrfty. Ft fs tfkj ncr gaa cn us tc glcpt thfs cutacce, gol wfth ljjp rjafdfcus gwj tc rjlfsmcvjr thj gbfafty tc rjvjrj gol hcocr jvjry pjrsco.‛ =74
=74 Fbfl., o. 8=9 8=9 GG] GG] 84 84 (766:), <6:.
72>
FOLJX
F OLJX Rjnjrjomjs Rjnjr jomjs grj grj tc pgrgdrgph pgrgdrgph oukbjrs. oukbjrs. gbgolcokjot9 lfgdocstfm, 445 juthgogsfg gol, 7405 cn F^N jkbrycs, =4 gbcrtfco9 :7”>75 gojomjphgay gol, :85 Mhurmh wftojss gdgfost, :2, >75 mcosmfjotfcus cbijmtfco tc, :6”>75 mcotrgmjptfco mcotrgmjptfc o gol, 76, :>5 ljoftfco cn, :75 jthfmga gssjsskjot cn, :7, :=5 fo kuatfpaj prjdogomy, 285 prjfkpagotgtfco lfgdocsfs gol, =>5 prjogtga lfgdocsfs gol, =:5 sjajmtfvj, ::5 thjrgpjutfm gmts gol, :<5 trfvfgafzgtfco cn, :7 glvgomj lfrjmtfvjs, 7:0 gamchcafsk, 72:”72> gogadjsfg. ]jj ]jj pgaafgtfvj pgaafgtfvj mgrj gojomjphgay, :8 gofkgas9 fo rjsjgrmh, 7025 trgospagotgtfco nrck, 778 gocfotfod thj sfme9 7=8”7=65 gol vfgtfmuk, 7>= grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco9 njrtfafzgtfco9 2>”=25 gol prjfkpagotgtfco djojtfm lfgdocsfs, =>. ]jj gasc gasc fo fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfc njrtfafzgtfco o grtfmfga fosjkfogtfco9 hckcacdcus, 2:5 pcstkcrtjk, =0 bgptfsk, fo fo lgodjr cn cn ljgth, <=, >2 bfcjthfms, ncrkgtfco fo, : bfcacdfmga kgtjrfga, cn cn faafmft crfdfo, crfdfo, fo vgmmfoj prjpgrgtfco, >6”40 bfrth(s)9 ogturga ogturga spgmfod spgmfod cn, 7<”7>5 7<”7>5 prjkgturj, <2. ]jj gasc njrtfafty, rjspcosfbaj rjduagtfco cn. bcly9 bjacods bjacods tc Dcl, <45 ajdftfkgtj ajdftfkgtj sgmrfmj cn, 865 kgofnjsts thj pjrsco, <:”<>5 gol prfomfpaj cn tctgafty, 88 bcly”scua uofty uofty,, prfomfpaj cn, <0 mgrj9 crlfogry gol prcpcrtfcogtj, 8>5 pgaafgtfvj ( sjj pgaafgtfvj sjj pgaafgtfvj mgrj)5 pgstcrga, 6, 7=:”7=6, 7>0
mjaas9 fo phgrkgmjutfmga rjsjgrmh, 8=5 stjk, 87”82 mhgrfty, ncr thj lyfod, 7>7”7>< mhfal9 ljsfrj ncr vjrsus rfdht tc, 245 rfdhts cn, 24 macofod, =6, 82 mcosmfjomj9 gol gbcrtfco :6”>75 gol juthgogsfg, 7:75 kgdfstjrfga duflgomj ncr, :, >5 pgtfjot‖s trust fo, <5 gol thj pccr, 675 gol rjnusga cn trjgtkjot, 7:0 mcosmfjotfcus mcosmfjotf cus cbijmtfco9 tc gbcrtfco, :6”>75 tc juthgogsfg, 7:7 mcosmfcusojss, acss cn, fo pgaafgtfvj mgrj, 7:: mcosjot9 tc mafofmga jxpjrfkjotgtfco, 66, 707, 70=”70<5 tc ljjp pgaafgtfvj sjlgtfco, 7::5 foncrkjl, 6>”68, 70=5 tc crdgo lcogtfco, 7705 ncr pjlfgtrfm lcocrs, 7745 prjsukjl, 64, 70< mcosuatgtfco, mafofmga jthfms, 7<0. ]jj gasc jthfms mckkfttjjs mcotrgmjptfco, mcotrgmjptf co, 7>”745 gol gbcrtfco, 765 gol stjrfafzgtfco, 20 mcotrgmjptfvjs, fo mafofmga rjsjgrmh, 708 mcotrgdjstgtfco, :> mccpjrgtfco, fo jvfa, 7:7 mrycprjsjrvgtfco9 mrycprjsjrv gtfco9 cn jkbrycs, =45 cn ccmytjs, =8 ljgth9 ljoftfco cn, 77:5 ljtjrkfogtfco cn, 77:”77>5 wfth lfdofty, 7<6”7:05 kjgofod cn, 7<:5 gol crdgo lcogtfco, 770, 77<5 prcmagfkfod thj Dcspja Dcspja fo thj ngmj ngmj cn, 7:65 prcpcrtfcogafty cn trjgtkjot gol, 7:0. ]jj gasc lyfod5 gasc lyfod5 juthgogsfg ljpjoljomj9 ncrks cn, 7275 gamchca, 72>5 lrud, 72:”72>5 tcbgmmc, 724 lfgdocsfs9 4>”485 prjfkpagotgtfco djojtfm, =>5 prjogtga, ==”=> lfdofty, hukgo, 7, <<
726
F����
lfsjgsj(s)9 ojdajmtjl, 62, 7<=5 prjvjotfco cn, >4”425 rgrj, 62, 7<= lfsprcpcrtfcogtj lfsprcpcrtfco gtj trjgtkjot9 :8, 8>, 845 gol pcstpcojkjott cn ljgth, 7<6 pcstpcojkjo lcogtfco, crdgo. ]jj ]jj crdgo crdgo lcogtfco lruds9 ljpjoljomj co, 727”72<5 jxpjrfkjotga,, 702”70<5 psymhctrcp jxpjrfkjotga psymhctrcpfm, fm, 728”7=0. ]jj gasc gasc kjlfmgtfcos kjlfmgtfcos lyfod9 gmmckpgofkjot lurfod, 7<:”7<4, 7>7”7>2, 7405 mckkuofmgtfco lurfod, 7:>”7:85 lfdofty fo, 7<6”7:05 lutfjs gsscmfgtjl wfth, 7:>5 hcpj fo, 7<4”7<8, 7><5 outrftfco gol hylrgtfco lurfod, 7:25 pgfo rjafjn lurfod, 7<4, 7:=”7::5 sgmrgkjots lurfod, 7>=. ]jj gasc gasc ljgth ljgth jmtcpfm prjdogomy, :4 jkbryc(s)9 macofod gol, =6, 825 mryc prjsjrvgtfco cn, =45 ljstrumtfco ljstrumtfco lurfod lurfod F^N, 28, =>5 ljstrumtfco lurfod stjk mjaa hgrvjstfod, 875 lfdofty cn, =65 luty tc prctjmt, :25 jxpjrfkjotg jxpjrfkjotgtfco tfco co, 70>5 folfvflugafty cn, <05 prjogtga lfgdocsfs cn, =<5 sjajmtfvj rjlumtfco cn, =>, :: jthfmga rjspcosfbfaftfjs, cn hjgath mgrj wcrejr, :”70 jthfms mckkfttjjs9 mcosuatgtfvj rcaj cn, 7<05 fo ljvjacpfod mcuotrfjs, 7045 ncr rjsjgrmh, 702, 70<5 tc sgnjdugrl kjlfmga prgmtfmj, : jthfms mcosuatgtfco, mafofmga, 7<0 juthgogsfg9 7>8”7475 mcosmfjotfcus cbijmtfco tc, 7:75 gs mrfkj gdgfost afnj, 7475 ljoftfco cn, 7>85 gs hckfmflga gmt, 7>85 acvfod mgrj vjrsus, 7>65 outrftfco gol hylrgtfco gol, 7:25 gs cnnjosj gdgfost hukgo lfdofty, 7>> jxpjrfkjotgtfco. ]jj ]jj rjsjgrmh rjsjgrmh gol jxpjrfkjotgtfco jxtrgcrlfogry kjgos, 8>. ]jj gasc lfsprcpcrtfcogtj lfsprcpcrtfcog tj trjgtkjot ngkfay9 gfl tc, 4:5 lyfod gkcod, 7<>. ]jj gasc rjagtfvjs gasc rjagtfvjs njrtfafty, rjspcosfbaj rjduagtfco cn9 7<”785 mjotjrs ncr, 22. ]jj gasc bfrth(s), gasc bfrth(s), ogturga ogturga spgmfod cn
7=0
njrtfafzgtfco, grtfmfga9 2>”=25 gol njrtfafzgtfco, prjfkpagotgtfco prjfkpagotgtf co djojtfm lfgdocsfs, => njtus(js)9 gbcrtjl, >25 gojomjphgafm, :85 jxpjrfkjotgtfco co, 70>5 sjajmtfvj rjlumtfco cn, 28, :: ljafty, tc kcrga agw, :, 70 djoj thjrgpy, 80 djojtfm jodfojjrfod, 46, 80 hjgath, rfdht tc prctjmtfco cn, >>, 67, 7<7”7<= hjgath mgrj9 ljoftfco cn, =5 pcafmfjs, 4, 7<7”7<=5 rfdht tc, 8:5 trust gs bgsfs cn, < hjgath mgrj wcrejr9 ljlfmgtfco cn, <5 ljoftfco cn, 75 gol lfgdocsfs, 445 luty tc pgtfjots, 8:5 luty tc sgnjdugrl afnj, 7>45 gol thj lyfod, 7<:”7<45 jthfmga rjspcosfbfaftfjs cn, :”705 gol juthgogsfg, 7:7, 7>6”7475 ncrkgtfco cn, :5 gol hukgo prcmrjgtfco, 7=5 gol crdgo lcogtfco, 7775 gol pgstcrga gmtfvfty cn Mhurmh, 65 gol prjvjotfco cn faaojss, >8, 47”425 prcnjssfcoga fotjdrfty cn, :2, >05 smcpj cn gmtfco cn, 25 gt sjrvfmj cn hukgo pjrsco, 25 gol sfmeojss, 4=, 4:5 trust cn pgtfjots fo, <, 7=75 gol usj cn phgrkgmjutfmgas, phgrkgmjutfm gas, 605 vcmgtfco cn, 8 hcpj, fo lyfod, 7<4”7<8 hukgo pjrsco9 Mhurmh‖s fotjdrga vfsfco cn, >5 lfdofty cn, 7 hukgo prcmrjgtfco9 vjrsus grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco, 2:”=25 mcoiudga gmt fo, 7:, 2=”2<5 vgauj gol lfdofty cn, 77, 72 hylrgtfco, outrftfco gol, 7:2 folfvflugafty, gt mcomjptfco, <0 fonjrtfafty trjgtkjot9 gol grtfmfga njrtfafzgtfco, 2>”=25 mcoiudga gmt gol, 2<5 ljsfrj ncr mhfal gol, 245 jkbryc ljstrumtfco fo, 285 nuolgkjotga dccls tc bj rjspjmtjl fo, 2=5 gol pcstkcrtjk fosjkfogtfco,, =05 gol surrcdgtj fosjkfogtfco kcthjrhccl, =7. ]jj gasc fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfco fosjkfogtfco, fosjkfogtfc o, grtfmfga9 hckcacdcus, 2:5 pcstkcrtjk, =0
F����
fotjdrfty9 mcosmfjotfcus cbijmtfco gol, >05 prcnjssfcoga, prcnjssfcog a, :2 fotjrmjptfco,, cn jkbryc, :> fotjrmjptfco fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfco (F^N)9 gol mrycprjsjrvgtfco mrycprjsjrvg tfco cn jkbrycs, =45 gol mrycprjsjrvgtfco mrycprjsjrvg tfco cn ccmytjs, =85 gol jkbryc trgosnjr ( sjj F^N-J\)5 sjj F^N-J\)5 djrk-afoj thjrgpy gol, 805 gol prjfkpagotgtf prjfkpagotgtfco co djojtfm lfgdocsfs, =>. F^N-J\ (fo vftrc njrtfafzgtfco gol jkbryc trgosnjr)9 gol gbcrtfco, 285 hjtjrcacdcu hjtjrcacdcus, s, 265 hckcacdcus, 2> agbcr uofco rfdhts, subcrlfogtj tc rfdht tc afnj gol hjgath, >> ajdga rjprjsjotgtfvj cn pgtfjot, ojjl ncr, 68. ]jj gasc gasc mcosjot mcosjot afnj9 bjacodfod tc Dcl, <85 bclfay gol spfrftuga, <:5 nuolgkjotga rfdht tc, >=”>>5 gs dfnt nrck Dcl, 77, =2, <8, 7<<5 dcspja cn, >75 fovfcagbaj, <4, 7<<5 prjogtga, <75 gs sgmrjl, <8 kjgos, crlfogry gol jxtrgcrlfogry, 8>. ]jj gasc lfsprcpcrtfcogtj gasc lfsprcpcrtfcogtj trjgtkjot5 crlfogry mgrj kjlfmgtfcos9 gpprcprfgtj usj cn, 605 rfdht cn gmmjss tc, 67, 62. ]jj gasc gasc lruds lruds kfocrs, jxpjrfkjotgtfco co, 707 kcrga agw, ljafty tc, : outrftfco, gol hylrgtfco, 7:2 cbstjtrfms, lutfjs fo, <7 cbstfogmy9 lfgdocstfm, 445 thjrgpjutfm, :8, 7<6 ccmytjs, mrycprjsjrvgtfco cn, =8 crlfogry mgrj9 ncr gojomjphga gojomjphgafm fm fongot, :85 luty tc prcvflj, 8>5 outrftfco gol hylrgtfco gs, 7:2 crdgo lcogtfco9 nrck mglgvjr, 770, 77<5 mrftjrfg ncr, 77<5 gol ljtjrkfogtfco cn ljgth, 77:”77>5 gs jxprjssfco cn scaflgrfty, 706, 77=5 nrck afvfod lcocr, 770, 77<5 kcrga vgauj cn, 7065 crdgos jxmauljl nrck, 7765 nrck pjlfgtrfm lcocr, 7745 gs sjan-dfvfod gmt, 706, 777. ]jj gasc gasc crdgo crdgo trgospagotgtfco
crdgo trgospagotgtfco9 gbusjs cn, 7205 nrck gofkgas, 7785 gutcdrgnt, 7725 hckcdrgnt, 77=”77<5 kcrga vgauj cn, 7065 gol pjrscoga fljotfty fljotfty,, 776. 776. ]jj gasc gasc crdgo crdgo lcogtfco cvgrfgo tfssuj, prjsjrvgtfco cn, =8, 772 pgfo9 bfcacdfmga bfcacdfmga nuomtfco nuomtfco cn, 6=5 hgrknua jnnjmts cn, 6<5 pjoftjotfga gol sgavfm kjgofod cn, 6:. ]jj gasc pgaafgtfvj gasc pgaafgtfvj mgrj pgaafgtfvj mgrj9 gol ljjp sjlgtfco, sjlgtfco, 7::5 7::5 luty tc prcvflj, 6:5 gt jol cn afnj, 7<4, 7:=”7::5 acss cn mcosmfcusojss fo, 7::5 ojjl ncr, 6=”6< pgstcrga mgrj9 mgrj9 cn thj lyfod, 7>05 7>05 prcvfljl by hjgath mgrj wcrejrs, wcrejrs, 65 cn thj sfme, 7=:”7=6. ]jj gasc gasc rjafdfcus rjafdfcus mgrj phgrkgmjutfmgas, phgrkgmjutf mgas, prjsmrfptfco prjsmrfptfco gol gol usj cn, cn, 60. ]jj gasc gasc lruds5 lruds5 kjlfmgtfcos pcstkcrtjk fosjkfogtfco fosjkfogtfco,, =0 prj-jkbryc, jrrcojcus mcomjpt cn, cn, <0 prjdogomy9 fo lfnmuat mfrmukstgom mfrmukstgomjs, js, :=5 jmtcpfm, :45 fotjrvjotfcos fo, :25 kuatfpaj, 28, ::5 rjsjgrmh rfses tc, 70>, 708 prjfkpagotgtfco prjfkpagotgt fco djojtfm lfgdocsfs, => prjogtga lfgdocsfs9 lfgdocsfs9 ncr bjojt cn cn mhfal, =:5 =:5 lfgdocstfm rfses cn, =<5 jthfmga prcbajks wfth, == prjvjotfco9 cn faaojss, faaojss, >4”475 cn scmfga jomukbrgomjs gol hjgath rfses, 42 prcdocsfs, gol Mhrfstfgo Mhrfstfgo uoljrstgolfod uoljrstgolfod cn sfmeojss, 4> prcpcrtfcogafty prcpcrtfcogaft y, prfomfpaj prfomfpaj cn9 8>”845 8>”845 gol fkkfojot ljgth, 7:0 prcpcrtfcogtj mgrj, 8>. ]jj gasc crlfogry gasc crlfogry mgrj prcpcrtfcogtj rfse9 fo mafofmga mafofmga rjsjgrmh, rjsjgrmh, 7025 7025 fo djoj thjrgpy, 805 fo crdgo lcogtfco, 77<5 fo prjogtga lfgdocsfs, =<5 prfomfpaj cn, 702 psymhcsckgtfm psymhcsckg tfm kjlfmfoj, kjlfmfoj, 7=7 psymhcthjrgpy psymhcthjrg py,, 7=2”7=< psymhctrcpfm lruds, 728”7=0 728”7=0 rjdjojrgtfvj thjrgpy, 87”8= rjhgbfaftgtfco9 rjhgbfaftgtfc o9 nrck gamchcafsk, 72>5 nrck lrud ljpjoljomj, 72=”72<5 nrck tcbgmmc
7=7
F����
ljpjoljomj, 7245 trjgtkjot gol, 8<”86 rjagtfvjs9 gfl tc, 4:5 fovcavjkjot cn, 685 fo tjrkfoga stgdj, 7<>. rjafdfcus mgrj9 cn thj lyfod, 7:6”7><5 cn thj sfme, 7=:”7=6. ]jj gasc gasc pgstcrga pgstcrga mgrj rjsjgrmh gol jxpjrfkjotgtfco9 gofkgas fo, 7025 co jkbrycs gol njtusjs, 70>5 fo jkjrdjomy,, 70<5 fkkcrga, 7005 foncrkjl jkjrdjomy mcosjot ncr, 707, 70=5 kcrgaay ajdftfkgtj, 665 lurfod prjdogomy, 70>, 7085 prjsukjl mcosjot ncr, 70<5 gol prcpcrtfcogafty cn rfse, 707, 7025 gol scaflgrfty, 66, 70:5 vuaojrgbaj subijmts gol, 707, 704. ]jj gasc mcosjot5 gasc mcosjot5 jthfms mckkfttjjs rfses9 fo mafofmga rjsjgrmh, 707”7085 fo djoj thjrgpy, 805 fo crdgo lcogtfco, 77<5 fo prjogtga lfgdocsfs, lfgdocsfs, =<. ]jj gasc gasc mcosjot mcosjot smfjomj9 gs gaay tc wfslck, :05 fo sjrvfmj tc hukgo nrgdfafty, 25 fo sjrvfmj tc hukgo dccl, > sjlgtfco, ljjp pgaafgtfvj, 7:: sfmeojss9 gfl tc ngkfay fo, 4:5 trgosmjoljot kjgofod cn, 4=, 4< scaflgrfty, prfomfpaj cn, 4, 7<2”7<= stjk mjaas9 jkbrycofm vjrsus ocojkbrycofm, 875 fo hukgo macofod5 82 stjrfafzgtfco9 mckpuascry, 275 gol thjrgpjutfm gmts, 205 vcauotgry, 20. ]jj gasc mcotrgmjptf mcotrgmjptfco co subijmts, vuaojrgbaj9 jxpjrfkjotgtfco co, 7045 fo trgospagotgtfco, 770, 720
7=2
subsflfgrfty, prfomfpaj cn, 4, 7<2”7<= sufmflj9 luty tc lfssuglj nrck, 7>45 juthgogsfg gol, 7:75 vjrsus rjnusga cn burljosckj trjgtkjot, 845 uogmmjptgbfafty uogmmjptgb fafty cn, 7>4 surrcdgtj kcthjrhccl, =7 tjmhocacdy9 gmmjss tc, 675 gt sjrvfmj cn hukgo lfdofty, <6 thjrgpjutfm cbstfogmy, ljoftfco cn, 7<6. ]jj gasc lfsprcpcrtfco lfsprcpcrtfcogtj gtj trjgtkjot thjrgpjutfm prfomfpaj, 88 thjrgpy9 djoj, 805 rjdjojrgtfvj, 87”825 stjk mjaa, 87”82. ]jj gasc gasc trjgtkjot(s) trjgtkjot(s) tcbgmmc, ljpjoljomj co, 727, 724 tctgafty, prfomfpaj cn, 88 trgospagotgtfco9 nrck gofkgas, 7785 cn cvgrfgo tfssuj, 772. ]jj gasc crdgo trgospagotgtfco trjgtkjot(s)9 8<”865 gogadjsfm, gt jol cn afnj, 7:=”7:: ( sjj sjj gasc gasc pgaafgtfvj pgaafgtfvj mgrj)5 lfsprcpcrtfcogtj, lfsprcpcrtfcogtj, :8, 8>, 84, 7<65 prcpcrtfcogafty prcpcrtfcogaft y prfomfpaj cn, 8>, 84, 7:05 rfdht cn gmmjss tc, 62, 7<= trust, fo hjgath mgrj wcrejr, < truthnuaojss, fo pgtfjot mgrj, 7:>”7:8 vgmmfojs, prjpgrgtfco cn, >6”40 vfgtfmuk, 7>= wfslck9 gol thj kcrga agw, :5 gol smfjomj, :0 zydctj, hukgo folfvflugafty cn, <0
