The Muslim Brotherhood

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The Muslim Brotherhood Evolution: An Overview Rachel Ehrenfeld

Online publication date: 19 April 2011

To cite this Article Ehrenfeld, Rachel(2011) 'The Muslim Brotherhood Evolution: An Overview', American Foreign Policy Interests, 33: 2, 69 — 85 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/10803920.2011.571059 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803920.2011.571059

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 American Foreign Policy Interests , 33:69–85, 2011 Copyright # 2011 NCAFP ISSN: 1080-3920 print=1533-2128 1533-2128 online DOI: 10.1080/10803920.2011.571059

The Muslim Brotherhood Evolution:  An Overview Rachel Ehrenfeld

ABSTRACT

The The mass mass demo demons nstr trat atio ions ns that that brou brough ghtt down down the the Hosn Hosnii Mubarak regime might not have been started by the Muslim Brotherhood,  which successive Egyptian governments had banned since 1954, but that   well-funded and organized opposition group was quick to take advantage of the popular protests. Their endorsement of the demonstrations and their active participation in them provided the Brotherhood with a legitimate   voice voice in the emerging emerging political political leadership. leadership. The massive massive coverage of the uprising by the international media gave this Muslim fundamentalist global movement an excellent stage on which to enact its masquerade as a benign, freedo freedom-l m-lovi oving ng organi organizat zation ion.. Lookin Looking g for new new altern alternati ative vess to the old regime, the media and many political commentators have either ignored or deliberately misinformed the public about the real agenda of the group and the serious threat its rising influence poses to the West. Since its establishment in 1928, this secretive organization has frequently adopted new strategies strategies,, allowing allowing it to grow and become a global global organizati organization on with deep footholds in more than seventy countries. This article lays out the Brotherhood’s agenda and highlights key points in the organization’s evolution that has helped it to survive and pursue its mission to establish a global Islamic Caliphate.

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Egyp Egypt; t; Hass Hassan an al Bann Banna; a; Ikhw Ikhwan an;; Isla Islami micc bank bankin ing; g; Musl Muslim im Brotherhood; Political Islam; Sayyid Qutb; Shariah

KEYWORDS

[Muslims] crucially need to understand that the improvement and change that the nation seeks can only be attained through jihad and sacrifice and by raising a jihadi generation that pursues death just as the enemies pursue life. Rach Rachel el Ehre Ehrenf nfel eld, d, dire direct ctor or of the the New York–ba York–based sed Americ American an Center Center for  Democracy, Democracy, is the author of three books, the latest of which is Funding Evil: How Terrorism Terrorism Is Financed — and and How to Stop It (Bonus (Bonus Books) Books). Her initiative to fight  ‘‘libel tourism’’ led within two years to anti-libel tourism laws in seven states in the United United States States and the SPEECH SPEECH Act    sig signe ned d into into law in Augu Augusst 2010 2010.. Dr. Ehrenfeld acknowledges the invaluable assistance of Samuel Abady in the   preparation of this article.

Muslim Brotherhood Brotherhood  — Muslim

Supreme Supreme Guide, Muhammad Badi’ (September (September 2009)1

INTRODUCTION

The recent turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa gave the Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood od its long-a long-awa waite ited d opport opportuni unity ty to step step onto onto the world world stage stage and directly influence the political future of many Arab Muslim countries, accelerate its penetration of Western democracies, and spur far-reaching changes in the world balance of power. While declaring their yearning for 69

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freedom and democratic elections to replace dictatorshi torships, ps, member memberss of the chamel chameleon eonlik like e Islami Islamicc organization and its many offshoots and supporters are hoping hoping that that popula popularr voting voting will will increa increase se the political power of Islamic parties. Once in power, they will work to advance the establishment of shariah (law)–based regimes.  A quick survey of the region gives cause for concern. The Islamic parties in Tunisia and Egypt were quick quick to associate associate themselve themselvess with the revolutio revolution, n, demanding sweeping legal reform and the release of poli politi tica call pris prison oner ers. s. The The exil exiled ed Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d Tunisian branch leader Rashid Ghannoushi returned from London where he lived for 20 years immediately after Tunisian dictator Zine el Abidine Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia. The former director general of  the Intern Internati ationa onall Atomic Atomic Energy Energy Agency Agency (IAEA) (IAEA),, Mohamed ElBaradei, who claims not to be a Brotherhood member, arrived in Cairo a few days into the Egyptian revolt to serve as the organization’s spokesperson.2  A Nobel laureate with international prestige, ElBaradei praised the Muslim Brotherhood and issue public statements defending the organization. Inter  viewed by ABC’s Christiane Amanpour on January  30, 2011, ElBaradei dismissed the widely held opinion that the Brotherhood is an extremist organization and insisted that ‘‘any thought in that direction is totally bogus.’’ 3 On January 18, 2011, Muslim Brotherhood ‘‘spiritual leader’’ Yusuf Qaradawi arrived in Cairo after three decades of exile in Qatar. He addressed a huge crowed celebrating the first week since Mubarak’s ousting. After congratulating the Egyptians for starting the revolution, he urged them to continue their jihad until they reconquer al Aqsa (Jerusalem). 4 The Brotherhood was banned in Egypt for decades but but has been been unoffi unofficia cially lly tolera tolerated ted as a religi religious ous group group in recent years. In an effort to insert themselves into politics, members sought election as ‘‘independent’’ candidates and in 2005 won 88 seats in the People’s   Assembly (Majilis al-Sha’ab), amounting to about 20 percent of Egypt’s puppet parliament. 5 The Brotherhood hood refrai refrained ned from from partic participa ipatin ting g in the 2010 2010 electi election on,,  which they claimed would be corrupt. Taking advantage of the new junta’s promise of  elections that would represent all Egyptian parties, Muslim Muslim Brotherh Brotherhood ood Chairman Chairman Mohammed Mohammed Badie Badie announced on February 26, 2011, that ‘‘in a gesture of demo democr crat atic ic repr repres esen enta tati tion on,’ ,’’’ the the grou group p had had 70

establ establish ished ed ‘‘a politi political cal party party named named the Freedo Freedom m and Justice party.’’ He stated that ‘‘party membership  will be open to all Egyptians who accept the party’s program and policy direction.’’ 6 The Libyan Muslim Brotherhood, which was suppressed by Muamar Gadafi, has joined other opposition groups attempting to topple the dictator. As this article goes to print, Libya is still wracked by violence. On February 21, 2011, when Gadafi’s military  aircra aircraft ft bombed bombed demon demonstr strato ators rs in Tripol Tripoli, i, Yusuf  Yusuf  Qaradawi issued a fatwa calling for Gadafi’s assassinatio ation. n. He urge urged d the the Liby Libyan an mili milita tary ry to side side with with 7 protesters against the regime. In Jordan, where the Brotherhood’s Islamic Action Fron Frontt domi domina nate tess parl parlia iame ment nt,, the the move moveme ment nt is orchestrating mass protests calling on the king to surrender his authority to appoint the cabinet, dissolve parliament,8 lower food prices, and institute many  other other politi political cal change changes. s.9 Thou Thousa sand ndss of peop people le attended a ‘‘Day of Rage’’ demonstration convened on Februa February ry 25, 25, 2011. 2011.10 The Muslim Muslim Brotherh Brotherhood ood protest, the largest until then, was timed to coincide   with with ‘‘Day ‘‘Day of Rage’’ Rage’’ protes protests ts spanni spanning ng the Middle Middle East. It called on all Arabs to revolt against their ‘‘tyrannical annical rulers.’’ rulers.’’11 The demonstr demonstration ationss had already  already  prompted prompted political shifts in January, January, including including the appointment of a new prime minister charged with carrying out reform. 12 Meanwhil Meanwhile e Brother Brotherhoo hood d offshoo offshoots ts arefue are fueling lingvio violenc lence e throu througho ghout ut the region region.. Conf Confron ronta tatio tions ns contin continue ue in  Yemen, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Oman. The growing growing regional regional unrest unrest that BrotherhoodBrotherhoodaffiliated organizations were quick to join poses a severe threat to Western interests in the Middle East. The anti-American signs and slogans in many of the demonstrations could signal the decline of American and Western influence in the region and the rise of  Islamic influence. But the Western press and media praising the reforms offered by Muslim Brotherhood affilia affiliated ted politi politicia cians ns seem seem oblivi oblivious ous to the movemovement’s true agenda and well-honed methods of operatio ation. n. That That atti attitu tude de has has been been attr attrib ibut uted ed to the the growin growing g influen influence ce of the Muslim Muslim Broth Brotherh erhood ood in the United United States States,, Europ Europe, e, and elsewh elsewhere ere.. Armed Armed  with money from Saudi Arabia and the Gulf, Brotherhood hood affil affilia iate tess and and agen agents ts crea create ted d advo advoca cacy cy,, religious, religious, educatio educational, nal, charitabl charitable, e, and many other other organi organizat zation ionss to suppor supportt variou variouss cause cause ce´ le` bres, includ including ing that that of the Palest Palestini inians ans,, while while abusin abusing g American Foreign Policy Interests

humani humanitar tarian ian appeal appealss to enlis enlistt suppor supporter terss to their their fundamentalist cause.

‘‘Th ‘‘Thee rece recent nt turm turmoi oill in the the Midd Middle le East East and  and    North North Africa Africa gave gave the Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood od its  long-awaited opportunity to step onto the world   stage . . .’’  To understand the nature of the Muslim Brotherhood and the implications of its meteoric rise and growin growing g global global influen influence, ce, one needs needs to probe probe beyon beyond d its freshly made-up benevolent public image. BACKGROUND

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The Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood od was forme formed d in March March 1928, 1928, the brainc brainchil hild d of politi political cal Islam’ Islam’ss foundi founding ng father, Egyptian schoolteacher Hassan al Banna. The American Muslim (TAM) publication noted in its first issue in 1989 that the Muslim Brotherhood ‘‘be ‘‘beca came me the the first first mass mass-b -bas ased ed,, over overtl tly y poli politi tica call movement to oppose the ascendancy of secular and  Weste  Western rn idea ideass in the the Middl Middle e East.’ East.’’’ In those those ideas ideas it perperceived ‘‘the root of the decay of Islamic societies in the modern world’’ and advocated ‘‘a return to Islam as a solutionto solutionto theills the illsthat thathad hadbef befalle allen n Muslim Muslim societie societies.’’ s.’’13 The global global Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood od is a secret secretive ive organi organizat zation ion that that has many many affilia affiliates tes and variou variouss offsho offshoots ots worldw worldwide ide.. Althou Although gh the number number of its member memberss is unkno unknown, wn, the organi organizat zation ion is widely  widely  recognized as the world’s ‘‘most influential Islamist movement.’’14 The Brotherhood’s slogan is unambiguous: ‘‘Islam is the solution.’’ 15 Its core belief is that Allah decreed the ideal social and political organization for mankind, as descr describe ibed d in the Koran Koran and and its inter interpre pretat tation ionss ( sunnah). It is unabashedly supremacist and seeks to actualize Islam’ Islam’ss manife manifest st desti destiny ny starti starting ng by recla reclaimi iming ng the Islami Islamicc Caliph Caliphate ate that that once once spann spanned ed from from Spain Spain to 16 Indonesia. The movement movement’s ’s most influential influential ideologue ideologue was Sayyid Sayyid Qutb, Qutb, the author author of  Milestones  (Ma’alim (Ma’alim fil-Tari l-Tariq) q) and a 30-vol 30-volume ume commen commentar tary y on Islami Islamicc law and theolo theology, gy, In the the Shad Shadee of the the Quri’ uri’an an (Fi Zilal al-Qur’an). Together with Banna, Qutb set the agenda agenda for the Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood, od, a revolrevolutio utiona nary ry move moveme ment nt that that reje reject ctss West Wester ern n valu values es and and influ influen ence ce.. In the the word wordss of a form former er lead leader er Mohammad Mahdi Akef: Volume 33, Number 2, 2011

[T]he [T]he Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood od . . . [is] [is] an all-en all-encomp compass assing ing Islamic organization, calling [for] the adoption of the great religion that Allah gave in his mercy to humanity. We are in the global arena, and we preach for Allah according to the guidelines guidelines of the Muslim Brotherho Brotherhood. od. All the members of the Muslim Brotherhood in the international arena operate according to the written charter that states that Jihad is the only way to achieve these goals. Ours is the largest largest organi organizat zation ion in the world. world. A Muslim Muslim in the inte intern rnat atio iona nall arena arena,, who who belie believe vess in the the chart charter er of  the Muslim Brotherh Brotherhood ood,, is conside considered red part of us and  we are considered part of him.17

The funding for the group and its affiliated organization tionss come comess from from tith tithes es from from memb member ers’ s’ annu annual al income, income, complemen complemented ted by generous generous funding funding from Saudi Arabia, the Gulf States, and wealthy Muslim individua individuals ls worldwid worldwide. e. The Brotherh Brotherhood ood operates operates on doctrines of proselytization ( da’wa) and deception tion (taqiyyah), a virtue virtue ‘‘doct ‘‘doctrin rinall ally y ground grounded ed in Islam . . . often depicted as being equal — sometimes sometimes superior — to to other universal military virtues such as courage, fortitude, or self-sacrifice.’’ 18 LEADING ‘‘SPIRITUAL LEADER’’

Radi Radica call Egyp Egypti tian an theo theolo logi gian an Shei Sheikh kh Yusu Yusuf  f  al-Qaradawi is considered the Muslim Brotherhood’s spiritual leader. He heads the International Union of  Muslim scholars (IUMS) and the European Council for Fatwa and Research. In 2007 he was listed as the chairman of the board of trustees of the Islamic   Ame Ameri rica can n Univ Univer ersi sity ty,, spon sponso sore red d by the the Musl Muslim im 19  American Society (MAS).  A known advocate of suicide bombing as ‘‘martyrdom in the name of God,’’ 20 Qara Qarada dawi wi head headss Qata Qatarr Univ Univer ersi sity ty’s ’s Seer Seerah ah and and 21 Sunnah Centre and is regarded as one of the leading modern Islamic scholars in the world today. Qaradawi’s fatwas are published on his popular   Web sites, www.qaradawi.net and IslamOnline. His sermons and speeches are heard and seen on the Qatari Qatari state-spo state-sponsore nsored d al-Jazeera al-Jazeera network’s network’s prime time time tele televi visi sion on prog progra ram, m, ‘‘Sh ‘‘Shar aria iah h and and Life Life’’’’ (ash-Shariah wal-Hayat ). ). It is estimated that at least 60 million people regularly view the program. 22

‘‘The growing regional unrest that Brotherhoodaffiliated organizations were quick to join poses  a severe threat to Western interests in the Middle   East.’’  71

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In January 2004 Qaradawi used his program to call on to Musl Muslim imss worl worldw dwid ide e to kill kill Amer Americ ican an and and coalition forces in uniform as well as ‘‘civilians’’ in Iraq Iraq and and Afgh Afghan anis ista tan. n. He also also issu issued ed a fatw fatwaa forbidding Muslims from buying or even advertising  American or Israeli products.23 Doha-b Doha-base ased d al-Jaz al-Jazeer eeraa is a major major propag propagand andaa channel for the Muslim Brotherhood. Cables publis lished hed by Wikil ikile eaks aks con confirm firm that hat Qatar atar uses ses al-Jazeera as ‘‘a useful tool’’ to advance its political agenda.24   While While Qatar Qatar has ostensibl ostensibly y forged forged deep diplomatic and business ties with the United States and Europe, al-Jazeera has aired messages from bin Laden and other Al Qaeda leaders, Hamas, and even leaders of the Shi’ite Hezbollah terrorist group. The Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al-Muqwamat al-Islmiyyah), known by its acronym, ‘‘Hamas,’’ is a Damascus Damascus based offshoot offshoot of the Brotherhood Brotherhood and the ruling power in Gaza. The 85-year-old Qaradawi returned to Egypt with the the junt junta’ a’ss bles blessi sing ng a week week afte afterr Muba Mubara rak k was was ousted. On February 18, 2011, he delivered his first publ public ic pray prayer er in Cair Cairo o in 50 year yearss and and spok spoke e to massiv massive e crowds crowds gather gathered ed at Tahrir Tahrir Square Square.. While While blessing the Egyptians for overthrowing Mubarak’s corrupt government, he made the Palestinian issue a central theme of his sermon and demanded that the military military govern governmen mentt open the border border betwee between n Hamas-ruled Gaza and Egypt at the Rafah crossing. He furt furthe herr call called ed on all all Musl Muslim imss to reco reconq nque uerr  Jeru  Jerusa salem lem so that that they they could could pray pray at Al-Aq Al-Aqsa sa mosqu mosque. e. 25 In early January 2009, Qaradawi said on al-Jazeera, ‘‘Oh, Allah, take this oppressive, Jewish, Zionist band of people . . . do not spare a single one of them . . . kill them, down to the very last one.’’ 26 Later that month, in another al-Jazeera aired speech, Qaradawi declared, ‘‘Throughout history, Allah has imposed upon the [Jews] people who would punish them for their corruption. The last punishment was carried carried out by Hitler.’’ Hitler.’’27 Despite his vitriolic statements and repeated inciteme citements nts to violen violence, ce, Qarada Qaradawi wi enjoys enjoys a broad broad reputation for moderate thought. Some of Qarada  wi’s most prominent Western apologists include the Coun Counci cill on Amer Americ ican an-I -Isl slam amic ic Rela Relati tion onss (CAI (CAIR) R),, former London mayor Ken Livingstone, and Georgetown University Professor John Esposito, who heads the Saudi-funded Prince Alwaleed bin Talal Center for Muslim-Ch Muslim-Christi ristian an Understan Understanding. ding.28 Qaradawi’s 72

  Weste Western rn suppor supporter terss seem seem undis undistur turbed bed by the fact fact that he has been banned from entering the United States (1999) and Britain (2008). 29 MODERN METHODS TO PROMOTE MEDIEVAL IDEOLOGY

  Al-Jazeera is only one of many Muslim Brotherhood propaganda tools. Organization members have mastered the use of modern technologies to spread their Islamist message. message. The Brotherh Brotherhood ood promotes promotes its agenda in the print media and on radio, television, and the Internet. In addition to ikhwanonline.com, its official Web site, the Brotherhood sponsors many  other venues to reach all segments in society. For example, it sponsors a special Web site, awladnaa.net, to indoctrinate children with a jihadist message. Middle East funding helped the Muslim Brotherhood hood to penetr penetrate ate academ academic ic instit instituti utions ons throug through h   whi which ch it prop propag agat ates es its its reac reacti tion onar ary y ideo ideolo logy gy.. In 1995 Qatar’s emir established the Qatar Foundation, now headed by his wife, Shikha Mozah Bint Nasser  Al-Missned.30  American universities lured by massive financial financial incentive incentivess establish established ed branches branches in Qatar. Qatar. They include Carnegie Mellon, Northwestern, Texas   A&M, Georgetow Georgetown, n, Virginia Virginia Commonw Commonwealth ealth,, and Cornell. The Qatar Foundation covers the costs of   A&M at Education City and pledged $750 million to Cornell’s medical college branch there. 31  At that educati cation onal al comp comple lex x Amer Americ ican an stud studen ents ts may may gain gain expo exposu sure re to radi radica call figur figures es;; othe otherw rwis ise, e, they they are are billed. Education City also houses Qaradawi’s Center for Islamic Moderation and Renewal, an Islamic think tank designed to train imams, economists, and politicians and supposedly ‘‘help them promote moderation in their respective areas.’’ 32 In the 2009–2010 academic year, the Qatar Foundati dation on awar awarde ded d five five grad gradua uate te scho schola lars rshi hips ps in Qaradawi’s name for applicants focusing on Islamic studie studiess with with a specia specialty lty in Contem Contempor porary ary Islami Islamicc Law Law (fiqh (fiqh). ). In 2009 2009 Qara Qarada dawi wi join joined ed a rost roster er of  prominent Middle Eastern speakers who lectured to   American students participating in ‘‘Journalism Boot Camp,’’ a program affiliated with Columbia University, the University of Qatar, and the American Uni versity of Cairo.33 The Muslim Brotherhood is adept at public relations. Despite its bloody history and declared goals of imposing shariah across the globe, the organization American Foreign Policy Interests

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has a relatively unchallenged reputation as peaceful and prodemocratic. Why? Because it peppers its rhetoric with democratic catchphrases palatable to American and European ears.  A recent TIME Magazine  essay recounted in detail how the Brothe Brotherho rhood od downpl downplaye ayed d its role role in the recent Egyptian turmoil. TIME also took pains to note that interviewees ‘‘consistently spoke of their commitm mitmen entt to the the civi civil, l, nons nonsec ecta tari rian an natu nature re of the the 34 state.’’ In a February 11, 2011, article about Egypt, The New York Times  attributed Anwar Sadat’s murder to an ‘‘Islamist assassin’s bullets’’ but did not mention the Muslim Brotherhood, which claimed credit for the kill.35  A February 1, 2011, BBC interview featured former Brotherhood spokesman Kamal El-Helbawy. He discussed the prospect that the organization would win the forth forthcom coming ing parlia parliame menta ntary ry electi election on in Egypt. Egypt. Shariah will become the law ‘‘if the majority of the people and democratic practice allows it,’’ he said.  When asked what Egyptian society would look like under under the Brothe Brotherho rhood, od, Helbaw Helbawy y told told the BBC’s BBC’s  Western audience, ‘‘Freedom, consultation, equality, freedom of everything, belief, freedom of  .’’ When asked whether a woman withexpression. . . .’’ out out a veil veil coul could d gove govern rn Egyp Egypt, t, Helb Helbaw awy y wise wisely  ly  answer answered ed that that ‘‘if ‘‘if the people people accept accept her and vote 36 for her like that, yes.’’ FINANCING THE JIHAD

an Islamic  — an  Zakat , we have been told, is charity  —  obligation meant to help the needy. But as Janine  A. Clark’s excellent 2004 study shows, zakat  is collected and exploited by rulers in the Arab world in order to support the middle class, buying its loyalty  to the political class and its radical ideology. 37 Millard Burr and Robert Collins’s compelling study   Alms for Jihad  documents that when zakat , which is obligatory for all Muslims, is given ‘‘in the path of   Allah,’’ it may be given to fund jihad. There are seven broad categories of eligible recipients: the poor, con verts, wayfarers, those in bondage or in debt, those committed to Allah for the spread and triumph of  Islam, Islam, newcom newcomers ers whose whose faith faith is weak, weak, and new converts to Islam ‘‘whose hearts have been [recently] reconciled [to truth].’’ Moreover, zakat may be used to support those who administer it. 38 The definition Encyclopedia dia of Islam includes in of  zakat  in The Encyclope Volume 33, Number 2, 2011

‘‘ca ‘‘cate tego gory ry 7’’ 7’’ of elig eligib ible le reci recipi pien ents ts ‘‘vo ‘‘volu lunt ntee eers rs engaged in jihad,’’ for whom zakat  covers covers ‘‘living ‘‘living expenses and the expenses of their military service (animals, weapons).’’ 39

‘‘Some of the world’s expanding financial markets kets are inspi inspired red by the Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood  od  and and have have been been design designed ed to help help furthe furtherr their  their  agenda.’’  In the late 1950s and early 1960s Egyptian members of the Brotherhood who had fled from Egypt after violent clashes with the government found a  welcoming refuge in Saudi Arabia, where they soon occupied prominent positions. They were influential enough to convince the king to launch a global financial joint venture, which functioned as an engine to spread Wahhabi Islam worldwide. This venture created, among others, charitable foundations overseen by Brotherhood members and affiliates. The first of those organizations was the Muslim   World League (MWL), which united Islamic radicals from 22 nations, linking many other charities with hundreds of offices worldwide. In 1978 the kingdom backed backed anothe anotherr Brothe Brotherho rhood od initia initiativ tive, e, the InterInternational Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO), which, alon along g with with many many othe otherr Isla Islami micc ‘‘ch ‘‘char arit itie ies, s,’’’’ was was impl implic icat ated ed in fund fundin ing g majo majorr terr terror oris istt grou groups ps,, includ including ing Al Qaeda Qaeda and Hamas, Hamas, and terror terrorist ist acts acts such as 9= 9=11. -funded d charit charities ies are used used to advanc advance e the  Zakat -funde political agenda of the Muslim Brotherhood. ‘‘I don’t like this word donations ,’’ ,’’ said Qaradawi as quoted in the BBC Panorama of July 30, 2006, press release. He added, ‘‘I like to call it jihad with money, because God has ordered us to fight enemies with our lives and our money.’’ 40 On the the topi topicc of  zakat, Qaradawi Qaradawi proclaimed, proclaimed, ‘‘Declaring holy war . . . is an Islamic duty, and fighting . . . is the Way of Allah for which Zakat must be spent.’’ In his 1999 publication, publication, Fiqh az - Zakat , al Qaradawi wrote, ‘‘The most important form of jihad today  is serious, serious, purposef purposefully ully organiz organized ed work to rebuil rebuild d IslaIslamic mic socie society ty and state state and and to implem implemen entt the Islam Islamic ic way  way  of life in the political, cultural and economic domains. This This is certa certain inly ly most most dese deserv rvin ing g of Zaka Zakat.’ t.’’’ 41 As demondemonstrated time and again, Muslim jihadist terror terror organizations are indeed prominent zakat recipients. 73

The use of charities to fund jihad, however, is not limited to radical Sunnis. On Jerusalem Day, October 5, 2007, 2007, Al-Man Al-Manar ar TV broadc broadcast ast Hezbo Hezbolla llah h leader leader Hassan Nasrallah’s speech on religious, moral, and politi political cal justifi justificat cation ionss for ‘‘the ‘‘the armed armed Palest Palestini inian an resistance’’ and his call for giving financial support to the Palestinia Palestinian n terrorist terrorist organizatio organizations. ns. Nasrallah Nasrallah 42 ‘‘ga ‘‘gave ve Khom Khomei eini ni’s ’s fatw fatwaa . . . allo allowi wing ng char charit ity  y  43 funds . . . and the tax of 1= 1 =5 (khums) to be transferred to the Palestinian terrorist organizations . . . to pay for their campaign.’’ 44 ISLAMIC BANKING AND SHARIAH FINANCE

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The world’s world’s expanding expanding Islamic finance finance industry  industry  is insp inspir ired ed by the the Musl Muslim im Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d and and has has been designed to help further their agenda. Islamic bankin banking g is an outgro outgrowt wth h of politi political cal,, econom economic, ic, and financi financial al infras infrastru tructu ctures res design designed ed by Hassan Hassan al-B al-Ban anna na in orde orderr to enab enable le Musl Muslim imss to fulfi fulfill ll a key key form form of reli religi giou ousl sly y mand mandat ated ed jiha jihad. d. Amon Among g the several several forms forms of jihad jihad requir required ed by the Koran, Koran, finan financi cial al jiha jihad, d, or Al Jiha Jihad d bi-a bi-all-Ma Mal, l, is one one of  the most most import important ant:: ‘‘You ‘‘You . . . should should strive strive for the cause cause of Allah Allah with with your your wealt wealth h and your lives’ lives’’’ (61:10–11).  A All-Ba Bann nnaa view viewed ed finan finance ce as a weap weapon on whic which h could be used to undermine nonbelievers and ‘‘work toward establishing an Islamic rule on earth.’’ Creating ating uniquely uniquely Islamic financial financial institutions institutions is supposed to lead to the formation of a financial system to parallel and later supersede the Western economy. Following the 1973 oil embargo against the West, profits from rising oil revenues encouraged Brotherhood leaders to act to formalize al Banna’s vision. In 1977 and 1982, the group’s leadership convened in Lugano, Switzerland, to chart a master plan to co-opt   Weste Western rn econom economic ic ‘‘fou ‘‘founda ndatio tions, ns, capita capitalis lism m and demo democr crac acy. y.’’’’ The The plan plan is in a trea treati tise se enti entitl tled ed ‘‘Towards a Worldwide Strategy for Islamic Policy,’’ also also know known n as The The Proj Projec ect. t.45 The Brotherh Brotherhood’ ood’ss spiritual leader al Qaradawi wrote the explicit document dated December 1, 1982. 46 The 12-point strategy includ includes es diktat diktatss to establ establish ish the Islami Islamicc state state and gradua gradual, l, parall parallel el work work to contro controll local local power power centers . . . using institutional work as the means to that end. To achieve all of those objectives, fundamentalist Islam required ‘‘special Islamic economic, 74

social social and other other instit instituti utions ons’’’’ and ‘‘the ‘‘the neces necessar sary  y  economic institutions to provide financial support.’’

‘‘Europe is one of the Muslim Brotherhood’s most  lucrative bases of of operation operation today, today, housing housing established lished umbrella umbrella charitabl charitablee groups groups and coordina coordinatting councils with international reach.’’  Isla Islami micc bank bankin ing g is a nont nontra rans nspa pare rent nt finan financi cial al regime charged with complying with regulations set forth by foreign Islamic boards that are offshoots of  the Organizations of Islamic Conference (OIC). Contrary to popular belief, sharia finance is neither an ancient nor a traditional religious practice. According to Timur Kuran, professor of economics and political science and Gorter family professor of Islamic studies at Duke University: 47 Islamic economics itself exemplifies exemplifies what has been called an ‘‘invented tradition.’’ . . . Neither classical nor medieval Islamic civilization featured banks in the modern sense, let alone ‘‘Islamic’’ banks . . . Medieval Islamic civilization produced no organizations that could pool thousands of  peoples funds, administer them collectively, and then sur vive the death of their managers. The financial rules of  Islam remained frozen up to modern times, precluding the formation, except outside Islamic law, of durable partnerships involving large numbers of individuals. It was the Europeans who . . . developed a complex financial system centered on banks.48

Desp Despit ite e its its rapi rapid d spre spread ad toda today, y, Isla Islami micc bank bankin ing g flailed flailed for decad decades es after after the Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood od established their first Islamic banking institution in India in the early 1930s. Egyptian President Gamal   Abdul Nasser shut down the second attempt at a sharia-com sharia-complian pliantt institutio institution n in 1964 after only one   year. Nasser later arrested, executed, and expelled the Muslim Brothers for attempts to kill him. In 1969 1969 the Saudis Saudis conven convened ed Arab Arab and Muslim Muslim states in order to unify the ‘‘struggle for Islam’’ and have been the OIC’s major sponsor since then. The 57 OIC state members include Iran, Sudan, and Syria. Until it was changed in 2009, 49 the OIC charter stated that that the the orga organi niza zati tion on woul would d be base based d in Jedd Jeddah ah 50 ‘‘pending the liberation of Jerusalem.’’ The charter also also mandat mandates es and coordi coordinat nates es ‘‘supp ‘‘support ort [for] [for] the struggle of the Palestinian people . . . recovering their rights and liberating their occupied territories.’’ 51 The OIC charter includes all of the Brotherhood’s prioriti priorities. es. Its first intern internati ationa onall undert undertakin aking g in 1973 1973   was designed to establish the Islamic Development American Foreign Policy Interests

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Bank (IDB) ‘‘in accordance with the principles of the Shari’a.’’ The IDB, more a development than a commercia merciall bank, bank, was establis established hed largely largely ‘‘to promote promote 52 Islamic banking worldwide.’’ ‘‘[A]n Islamic organization must serve God . . . and ultimatel ultimately y sustain sustain . . . the growth growth and advanc advancem ement ent of the Islamic way of life,’’ writes Nasser M. Suleiman in ‘‘Corp ‘‘Corpora orate te Govern Governanc ance e in Islami Islamicc Bankin Banking.’ g.’’’ 53  And it has done so — as as noted in a 1991 U.S. Library  of Congress report on Sudan’s Faisal Islamic Bank established in 1977 by Saudi Prince Mohammed ibn Faisal Al Saud and initiated and managed by local Brotherhood members and their party, the National Islamic Front. Soon other political groups and parties formed their own Islamic banks. Together Sudanese Islamic banks then acquired 20 percent of the country’s deposits — providing providing the financial basis to turn Sudan into an Islamic state in 1983 and promoting Islamic governmental policies to date. 54 From 1975 to 2005, the IDB approved more than $50 billion in funding to Muslim countries 55 ostensibly sibly to develo develop p their their econom economic ic and educat education ional al infrastructures. Although this funding effected little regional regional economic economic improveme improvements, nts, the education educational al effo effort rtss it spon sponso sore red d paid paid huge huge divi divide dend ndss via via the the rapi rapid d and and sign signifi ifica cant nt spre spread ad of radi radica call Isla Islam m  worldwide. Moreover, in 2001 alone, the IDB transferred $538 million raised publicly by Saudi and Gulf  royal royal telethon telethonss to support support the Palestinian Palestinian Intifada Intifada and families of Palestinian suicide bombers. 56 The IDB has also channeled UN funds to Hamas, as documented mented by bank bank record recordss discov discovere ered d in the West West Bank and Gaza. Despite its sponsorship of terrorism, the IDB received UN observer status in 2007. 57 Today Islamic banking and the shariah-compliant financial market are worth about one trillion dollars globally,58 and and a 10–1 10–15 5 perc percen entt grow growth th rate rate is projected annually. Top American and international financial and banking institutions have incorporated sharia shariah h finance finance into into their their servic services. es. They They includ include e Dow Jones, Citicorp, AIG, GE, Lloyds TSB, Bank of   America, UBS, Merrill Lynch, Barclay’s, and Deutsche Bank. Multiple shariah banks under Islamic clerical cont contro roll also also oper operat ate e in the the Unit United ed Stat States es.. They  They  includ include e Devon Devon Bank Bank in Chica Chicago, go, Illino Illinois; is; SHAPE SHAPE Financ Financial ial Group Group in Falls Falls Church Church,, Virgin Virginia; ia; World World Relief Relief in Nashville Nashville,, Tennessee Tennessee;; Universit University y Bank in   Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Abrar Abrar Investme Investments, nts, Inc. in Stanford, California. Volume 33, Number 2, 2011

It is unknown how much money flows through the mandat mandatory ory,, unregu unregulat lated ed zakat  collec collected ted by  Islamic clerics in Islamic banks and financial institution. This money is then funneled to radical Muslim entit entities ies that that fund fund terror terrorism ism and other other subver subversiv sive e activities. SCOPE OF INFLUENCE

The influence of the Muslim Brotherhood exists througho throughout ut the Middle Middle East, East, crossing crossing borders borders and even sometimes religious lines. Its initial base was in Saud Saudii Arab Arabia ia,, whic which h has has welc welcom omed ed wave wavess of   well-educated professional Egyptian dissidents since the 1950s. 1950s. In 1961, 1961, dissid dissiden ents ts affilia affiliated ted with with the Brotherhood persuaded King Saud bin Abdul Aziz to establish an Islamic University in Medina to help to indoctrinate foreign students with Saudi Wahhabi Islamic ideology.59 Despite Despite religious religious differenc differences, es, the Brotherh Brotherhood, ood,  which is Sunni, has maintained close ties to Shiite Iran Iran,, wher where e it has has also also gain gained ed many many foll follow ower ers, s, especially attracted to Qutb’s advocacy of political Islam. Islam. Qutb Qutb was an acknow acknowled ledged ged influen influence ce on major Iranian Islamic revivalist figures such as the  Ayatollah Khomeini, who launched the 1979 Islamic Revolution, and the current Iranian leader, Ayatollah   Ali Khameini.60 Ties persist through Iran’s funding, training, and arming of several Palestinian terrorist groups such as the Palestinian Liberation Organization tion (PLO), (PLO),61 Isla Islami micc Jiha Jihad, d, and and the the Pale Palest stin inia ian n 62 branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas. In November and December 2010, Wikileaks published diplomatic cables that revealed that Arab dictato tators rs are are incr increa easi sing ngly ly alar alarme med d at the the Musl Muslim im Brotherh Brotherhood’ ood’ss rising rising influence influence and radical radical Islamic Islamic   wor world ldvi view ew.. A Marc March h 3, 2008 2008,, cabl cable e quot quoted ed now now deposed Tunisian dictator, Zine al Abidine Ben Ali,  who predicted that the Brotherhood would take over Egypt, Egypt, calling calling the enviro environme nment nt there there ‘‘explo ‘‘explosiv sive.’ e.’’’ 63 Ben Ben Ali Ali seize seized d cont contro roll of Tunisi Tunisiaa on Nove Novemb mber er 7, 1987, 1987, and ruthle ruthlessly ssly suppres suppressed sed that that organiz organizatio ation. n. Noneth Nonethele eless, ss, he undere underestim stimate ated d the Brothe Brotherho rhood’ od’ss power power to resist resist and instiga instigate te violen violentt demons demonstra tration tions. s. 64 forci forcing ng him him to flee flee to Saud Saudii Arab Arabia ia on Janua January ry 11, 11, 2011 2011.. Ben Ben Ali’ Ali’ss fear fearss were were echo echoed ed in a Febr Februa uary ry 23, 23, 2010, cable quoting Hamid bin Khalifa al Thani, the emir of Qatar, who told U.S. Senator John Kerry that everyone knows that ‘‘Egypt has a problem with the 75

Muslim Brotherhood.’’ 65  Another cable revealed that Syrian Syrian dictator, dictator, Bashar Assad, Assad, regards regards the terrorist terrorist group group Hamas Hamas as an ‘‘unin ‘‘uninvit vited ed guest, guest,’’’’ but but Assad Assad insists that he has to embrace it ‘‘to be effective.’’ ‘‘Hamas is [the] Muslim Brotherhood,’’ he said, ‘‘but  we have to deal with the reality of their presence.’’ 66

that draws on . . . central Islamic values .’’ .’’70 (emphasis added). When Mubarak resigned, thousands of members of the organization’s Palestinian branch, Hamas, in Gaza City rallied to celebrate ‘‘the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt for this victory.’’ 71 EUROPE’S PENETRATION

‘‘Brotherhood influence is also widespread in the  United States, which has provided it with vital, though inconstant, support.’’  The Wikileaks cables show that the Muslim Brotherhood’s long-advertised aspirations of global control are materializing, fueled by Saudi and Gulf petrodollars lars and influen influence ce and the tacit tacit compli complicit city y of of the West. West. PENETRATION BEYOND THE 1 1 0 2 l i  r  p  A 7 2 5 4  : 5 1  :  t  A ] l  e h  c  a  R  , d l  e f  n  e  r h  E [  :  y  B d  e d  a  o l  n  w  o  D

MIDDLE EAST

Saud Saudii-Gu Gulf lf fund fundin ing g has has enab enable led d the the Musl Muslim im Brotherhood to proliferate across the globe. Today  it spans more than 70 countries with branches and affiliates in Qatar, Sudan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Tunisia, Bosnia, Yemen, Syria,   Jorda Jordan, n, Chech Chechnya nya,, Algeri Algeria, a, Djibo Djibouti uti,, Om Oman, an, the Balkans,T Balkans,Turke urkey, y, Germany, Germany, England, England, Australia Australia,, and Malaysia, among others. Brotherh Brotherhood ood members members and supporters supporters founded founded and funded funded Al Qaeda, Qaeda, Hamas, Hamas, and other radica radicall Muslim terrorist groups. Its tentacles reach into academia via Muslim student organizations on six continents, including one ‘‘of the largest college student groups in the United States.’’ 67  After the Iranian revolution, the Muslim Brotherhood hood began began a caref carefull ully y orches orchestra trated ted campai campaign gn to spread ‘‘political Islam’’ to the West and to wrap itself  in the mantle of modernism. The success of its deception is evidenced by the words of James Clapper, director of U.S. National Intelligence, who foolishly  told Congress on February 12, 2011, that the Muslim Brotherh Brotherhood ood is ‘‘largely ‘‘largely secular’’ secular’’ in nature. nature. 68 That statement was remarkable given that the organization clearly sets forth its nonsecular beliefs on its Web site, Ikhanweb.69 It was especially remarkable given the statement by Essam el-Errian, a member of the Brotherhood’s Guidance Council, published in the February 12, 2011, New York Times : ‘‘Moving forward, we envision the establishment of a democratic, civil state 76

Europe is one of the Muslim Brotherhood’s most lucrative lucrative bases of operation operation today, housing housing estabestablished umbrella charitable groups and coordinating councils with international reach. In October 2000 it created the ‘‘Union of Good’’ 72 during during the Palest Palestini inian an Intifa Intifada da agains againstt Israel Israel.. The Union Union comprises comprises 59 Islamic Islamic ‘‘charitie ‘‘charities,’’ s,’’ including including Hama Hamass- and and Hezb Hezbol olla lahh-af affil filia iate ted d grou groups ps.. It was was established in Saudi Arabia in May 2001 during the seco second nd Inti Intifa fada da init initia iall lly y to rais raise e fund fundss for for the the Palestinians in a ‘‘101 Days Project.’’ It morphed into an umbrel umbrella la organi organizat zation ion for HamasHamas- and Muslim Muslim Brotherh Brotherhoodood-affili affiliated ated Islamic Islamic charity charity funds. funds. Today  it operates across Europe and Africa, as well as Saudi   Arabia, Arabia, Kuwait, Kuwait, Yemen, Yemen, and Qatar. Qatar. Qaradawi Qaradawi cur73 rently runs the Union of Good. The The Fede Federa rati tion on of Isla Islami micc Orga Organi niza zati tion onss in European (FIOE) is a Brotherhood umbrella group tasked tasked with integrati integrating ng Brotherh Brotherhood ood organizatio organizations ns dispersed dispersed througho throughout ut the continent continent.. The BrusselsBrusselsbased Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organizations includes Brotherhood groups in Sweden, den, France France,, Englan England, d, and German Germany. y. German Germany y is one of the Brotherhood’s most substantial European bases, bases, hosting hosting several several Saudi-fun Saudi-funded ded Brotherh Brotherhood ood fronts fronts,, includ including ing the Islami Islamicc Societ Society y of German Germany, y, 74 Milli Go¨ ru¨ s, and the Zentariat. ¸

‘‘The Muslim Brotherhood invested a lot of effort  in creating an identity that was marketable in the West. The strategy seems to have succeeded.’’  The Brotherhood in the United Kingdom is particularly ularly active active and posses possesses ses a wealt wealth h of resour resources ces.. The Palestinian Return Centre (PRC), a Brotherhood offsho offshoot ot operat operating ing throug throughou houtt Europ Europe, e, is a prime prime example. Israel banned the PRC on December 27, 2010, because of its involvement ‘‘in initiating and organizing radical and violent activity against Israel in Europe, Europe, while delegitimizin delegitimizing g Israel’s Israel’s status as a nation among the European community.’’ 75 American Foreign Policy Interests

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In 2009 the PRC hosted its sixth Palestinians in Europe conference in Denmark’s capital, Copenhagen. The event featured a video address by Hamas leader, Ismail Ismail Haniye Haniyeh, h, and appear appearanc ances es by Raid Raid Salah, Salah, head of the Islamic movement in Israel, and Mohammad Akram al-Adlouni, former head of the Muslim Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d in the the Unit United ed Stat States es.. 76 The The PRC cofounded the European Campaign to End the Siege on Gaza Gaza (ECESG (ECESG), ),77 an entity entity establ establish ished ed by the 78 FIOE. ECESG helped to coordinate the 2010 Gaza flotilla affair that ended with casualties and fatalities after another Brotherhood ‘‘humanitarian’’ organization, Turkish Humanitar Humanitarian ian Relief Relief (IHH), (IHH), attacked attacked Israeli marines who boarded the Turkish boat to pre  vent vent it from from breaki breaking ng the Gaza Gaza blocka blockade de..79 Israel bann banned ed the the IHH IHH in 2008 2008 beca becaus use e of its its link linkss to 80 Hamas and the Union of Good and recently asked the United States to follow suit. 81 So far the Obama administration has not taken any action. Dr. Dr. Araf Arafat at Madi Madi head headss both both the the PRC PRC and and the the ECESG, ECESG, which which share offices. offices. The PRC’s leadershi leadership p reads like a Who’s Who of Hamas and Brotherhood leaders. It includes Zaher Birawi, former chairman of the Brothe Brotherho rhood od linked linked Muslim Muslim Associ Associati ation on of  Brit Britai ain, n, a trus truste tee e of a Unio Union n of Good Good’s ’s daug daught hter er group, Education Aid for Palestine (EAP), and the curr curren entt spok spokes esma man n for for Geor George ge Gall Gallow oway ay’s ’s Viva Viva Pale Palest stin ina, a, amon among g othe others rs.. PRC PRC lead leader ersh ship ip also also includes includes Ghassan Ghassan Faour, Faour, associated associated with Interpal, Interpal, and Majdi Akeel, identified as a Hamas activist in the Justic Justice e Depart Departmen ment’s t’s prosec prosecuti ution on of the Holy  Holy  82 Land Foundation in Dallas. The list goes on. In spite of those radical associations, the ECESG   Web Web site site list listss nume numero rous us supp suppor orte ters rs amon among g the the Unit United ed King Kingdo dom m gove govern rnme ment nt.. In Janu Januar ary y 2010 2010,, ECESG arranged for a 50-person delegation of current rent and and form former er Brit Britis ish h memb member erss of Parl Parlia iame ment nt (MPs) and local politicians to visit Gaza. The delegation egation met with Hamas leader Haniyeh, Haniyeh, Director of Operations for UNRWA John Ging, and others. 83 Last year PRC and ECESG head, Madi, reportedly discussed Israel policy in Gaza with the president of the European Parliament. 84 U.S. U.S. PENETR PENETRATI ATION ON

Brotherhood influence is also widespread in the Unit United ed Stat States es,, whic which h has has prov provid ided ed it with with vita vital, l, though though inconstan inconstant, t, support. support. The U.S. relations relationship hip Volume 33, Number 2, 2011

date datess to the the 1950 1950ss and and 1960 1960ss when when Pres Presid iden entt Eisenhower and the CIA began to court Brotherhood lead leader er Said Said Rama Ramada dan n in hope hopess of fend fendin ing g off  off  commun communism ism in the Arab Arab world world.. That That relati relation onshi ship p  yielded few strategic benefits but lasted decades as the United States facilitated Ramadan’s Brotherhood based based Islami Islamist st activi activitie tiess in Europ Europe. e. Relati Relations ons with with the organi organizat zation ion cooled cooled during during the Vietna Vietnam m War, War, but the United States began to woo Islamist groups again after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Relations tions seemin seemingly gly stalle stalled d again again follow following ing 9 =11, 11, but starting in 2005, the George W. Bush State Department quietly undertook outreach operations again. 85 The The Obam Obamaa admi admini nist stra rati tion on has has cont contin inue ued d that that approa approach, ch, amplif amplifyin ying g cooper cooperati ation on and helpin helping g to turn a once floundering domestic movement into a highly highly effective effective organizatio organization n with grassroots grassroots influence in the United States. The The Musl Muslim im Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d first first esta establ blis ishe hed d an 86 official U.S. branch in 1935, but its influence was  weak until the late 1980s and early 1990s. Its influence grew much more rapidly after the implementation tation of an intric intricate ate plan plan to establ establish ish pro-Is pro-Islam lamic ic organizations meant to shape the cultural, historical, and religious discourse in the United States. A May  1991 memo drafted by a senior Brotherhood leader and Hamas Hamas membe member, r, Mohamm Mohammad ad Akram, Akram, sets sets out the plan to bring shariah to America (see endnote for excerpted portions). 87 The The Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood’ d’ss fron frontt orga organi niza zati tion onss enjo enjoy  y  broad broad politi political cal and public public suppor supportt in the United United Stat States es.. Radi Radica call Isla Islami micc grou groups ps,, incl includ udin ing g thos those e name named d in Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d plan planni ning ng docu docume ment ntss or by the the Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d lead leader ersh ship ip,, are are repe repeat ated edly  ly  repres represent ented ed in the media media as mainst mainstrea ream m Muslim Muslim 88 organizations. Such groups include the Muslim Students Association (MSA), the North American Islamic Trus Trustt (NAI (NAIT) T),, Isla Islami micc Soci Societ ety y of Nort North h Amer Americ icaa (ISNA), the International Institute of Islamic Thought (III (IIIT) T),, and and the the Musl Muslim im Yout Youth h of Nort North h Amer Americ icaa (MYNA). The CAIR, the Brotherhood’s primary front group,  was exposed during the Holy Land Foundation case,  which the Justice Department calls the largest terrorist financing case in history. 89  At trial the FBI identified fied CAIR CAIR as part part of the the Musl Muslim im Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood’ d’ss Palestinian Committee, which is tasked with funneling money to Hamas and with foiling any prospective Arab peace deal with Israel. 90 77

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The The FBI FBI also also list listed ed CAIR CAIR’s ’s cofo cofoun unde ders rs,, Om Omar ar  Ahmad and Nihad Awad, as Brotherhood Palestine Committee Committee leaders. leaders. Ahmad Ahmad and Awad headed headed the now defunct Brotherhood group, the Islamic Association for Palestine. It was closed down following a civil suit against it and other Hamas fundraising entities by the family of an American teenager murdered in Israel. Though he was given the title of chairman emeritus, Ahmad left CAIR leadership in 2005, and information about him has since been removed from the CAIR Web site. 91 Nihad Awad is still the executive director of CAIR. 92  At least 15 other CAIR officials have have been been identi identified fied in terror terrorist ist invest investiga igatio tions, ns, 93 includ including ing anothe anotherr CAIR CAIR board board member member,, Ghassa Ghassan n 94 Elashi. Despite criminal ties, copious connections to the Saudi Saudi ‘‘Wahh ‘‘Wahhabi abi lobby’ lobby’’’ in Americ America, a, 95 and blatant blatant Brotherh Brotherhood ood affiliatio affiliations, ns, CAIR boasts boasts of its reputa reputatio tion n as the pre-em pre-emine inent nt Muslim Muslim civil civil rights rights 96 group in the United States. CAIR CAIR has ties ties at the highes highestt level level of govern governmen ment. t. For instan instance, ce, Awad Awad partic participa ipated ted in Vice Vice Presid President ent Al Gore’s Civil Rights Advisory Panel to the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security. According to the CAIR Web site, Awad is also ‘‘a regular participant ticipant in the U.S. Departmen Departmentt of State’s State’s ‘‘Interna ‘‘Internationa tionall  Visitors Program which welcomes foreign dignitaries, journalists and academics who are currently visiting the President of the United States.’’ 97 U.S. blindness is not limited to CAIR. ISNA, another unindicted coconspirator in the HLF case, 98 has been  warml  warmly y embra embraced ced by the Obama Obama admini administr strati ation. on. ISNA  ISNA  President Ingrid Mattson has spoken at various White House functions, including the inauguration, and was invited to join the White House Council on Women and Girls. Girls.99 Eboo Eboo Pate Patel, l, an ISNA ISNA memb member er,, was was appoin appointed ted to the Presid President ent’s ’s Adviso Advisory ry Counci Councill on Faith-Based and Neighborhood partnerships. 100

‘‘The Brotherhood exploits those weaknesses and  uses Western democratic rules to gain inroads  into into all aspects aspects of life life in the West. West. Promo Promotin ting  g   political correctness and using Western legal systems, they methodically and successfully intimidate most of their critics into silence.’’   As recently documented by the Investigative Project on Terrorism, ISNA has hosted multiple conferences ces featu eaturi rin ng spea speak kers ers and pub publica licati tio ons 78

advocating jihad, terrorism, and radical Islam. 101 It has been described by Islam scholar Steven Schwartz as ‘‘one of the chief conduits through which the radical ical Saud Saudii form form of Isla Islam m pass passes es in the the Unit United ed 102 States.’’  Among its many functions, the powerful group reportedly holds the deeds to anywhere from 50 percent to 80 percent of the mosques in the United States through its affiliate organization, NAIT. 103 ISNA was the primary endorser of imams assigned to federal prisons until the federal Bureau of Prisons suspended it in 2003. 104 The suspension was meant to stop stop the the spre spread ad of Isla Islami micc radi radica cali liza zati tion on in  American prisons fueled by ISNA’s imams. As Donald   van van Duyn, Duyn, deputy deputy assist assistant ant direct director or of the FBI’s FBI’s Countert Counterterro errorism rism Division Division testified testified to Congress Congress in 2006: ‘‘Prison radicalization primarily occurs through anti-U.S. sermons provided by contract, volunteer, or staff imams, radicalized inmates who gain religious influence, and extremist media. Ideologies that radicalized inmates appear most often to . . . include the Salafi form of Sunni Islam (including revisionist versions commonly known as ‘‘prison Islam’’) and an extremist view of Shia Islam similar to that of the government of Iran and Lebanese Hizballah.’’ 105 ISNA ISNA’s ’s form former er chap chapla lain in-e -end ndor orsi sing ng agen agent, t, Dr. Dr. Louay Louay Safi, Safi, is affilia affiliated ted with with the terror terror-li -linke nked d IIIT, IIIT, an operation involving both Anwar and Qaradawi. 106 Safi was an unindicted coconspirator in the trial of  Professor Sami Al-Arian who was convicted of raising funds for the terrorist group, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). Safi was also ISNA’s man at the Fort Hood military base where he was an instructor to Army psychiatr chiatrist ist and assass assassin in107 Major Major Nidal Nidal Mali Mali Hassan Hassan   wh who o massac massacred red thirte thirteen en people people in 2009, 2009, shouti shouting ng the tellta telltale le jihadi jihadist st cry, cry, ‘‘Alla ‘‘Allahu hu Akhbar Akhbar’’’’ (God (God is 108 great).   As of December 2010, ISNA was still one of the two organizations that vet Muslim chaplains in the American military. 109  And there is more. ISNA is part of the Coordinating Council of Muslim Organizations (CCMO), another Brotherhood group in the United States. As of 2007, CCMO included terror-tied groups such as CAIR, IIT, and the Dar al Hijrah Mosque. 110 The Obama administration reportedly hosted a group from CCMO in 2010 to teach participant groups how to ‘‘cut through red tape’’ tape’’ to ‘‘rece ‘‘receive ive direct direct access access’’’’ to ‘‘fund ‘‘funding ing,, government assistance and resources.’’ News of the financial workshop was revealed after an ISNA e-mail  was leaked to the press.111 American Foreign Policy Interests

There are many other examples of organizations   with similarly dangerous dangerous ties successful successfully ly working working together with the American government and press. The Muslim Brotherhood invested a lot of effort in creating an identity that was marketable in the West. The strategy seems to have succeeded. THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS INVOLVING THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN EGYPT AND TUNISIA

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Shortl Shortly y afte afterr Tunisi Tunisia’s a’s Presi Preside dent nt Zine Zine El Abidi Abidine ne Ben Ben  Ali fled to Saudi Arabia on January 14, 2011, the exiled leader leader of the Islamic Islamic party, party, Rashid Rashid al-Ghan al-Ghannou nouchi, chi, returned returned to Tunisia. He returned from London, London, where he lived in exile for 20 years, to galvanize the Muslim affili affiliat ated ed Ennah Ennahda da and and claim claim powe powerr in the the new new gove governrn112 ment. Not Not all all Tuni Tunisi sian anss welc welcom omed ed his his retu return rn because Tunisian Tunisian Muslims are more secular than Muslims in most Arab countries. countries. Thousands Thousands demonstrated demonstrated alon along g Bour Bourgu guib ibaa Aven Avenue ue in the the capi capita tal, l, Tuni Tunis, s, dema demand ndin ing g a secul secular ar Tunis Tunisia ia,, afte afterr a manfromthe MusMuslim Brotherhood murdered a Polish Catholic priest. 113 Like those of Qaradawi, Ghannouchi’s ties to the global global Brothe Brotherho rhood od netwo network rk are ancho anchored red in the European European Council for Fatwa Fatwa Research Research (ECFR) and the International Union of Muslim Scholars (IUMS). He is also a founding member of the World Assembly  of Muslim Muslim Youth Youth (WAMY (WAMY), ), a Brothe Brotherho rhood od-Sa -Saudi udi-114   Wahhabi Wahhabi terror-li terror-linked nked charity. charity. Ghannouc Ghannouchi hi has known ties to Iran and Sudan and called for Muslim boycotts and violence against the United States for spearheading the 1992 Gulf War. 115  WAMY  WAMY has has spons sponsore ored d many many of the the inte interna rnatio tiona nall lealeaders of the Muslim Brotherhood and has been supported by Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan, a majo majorr suppo supporte rterr of Hamas, Hamas, and and Anwa Anwarr Ibrah Ibrahim im,, a close close friend of Qaradawi who heads Malaysia’s opposition party and is an important proponent proponent of ‘‘Islamic (shariah based) Democracy’’ and Islamic banking.   When When Hamas Hamas’s ’s prime prime minis ministe terr of Gaza, Gaza, Isma’i Isma’ill Haniya, praised Ghannouci after he returned to Tunisia, Ghannouci responded by saying, ‘‘Gaza and its stead steadfa fastn stnes esss were were the the source source of inspir inspirat atio ion n and and 116 salva salvatio tion n for for the the Tunis Tunisia ian n people people.’ .’’’ Still, Still, like like Qaradaw Qaradawi, i, Ghannou Ghannouci ci is portray portrayed ed as promoti promoting ng modmod117 erate Islam. In his recent statements on creating a Volume 33, Number 2, 2011

‘‘democ ‘‘democrati raticc society’ society’’’ modeled modeled on Turkey’s Turkey’s Justice Justice and Development party (AKP), he claims to share Ennahda’s ideology. 118 It is strange that most Western comm commen entat tator orss and and media media fail fail to notic notice e that that Ghann Ghannouc oucii and and Qara Qarada dawi wi,, like like othe otherr Musl Muslim im Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d affiliat affiliated ed leaders leaders,, are not calling calling for democra democracy cy and justice according to Western principles. principles. Instead, they call for democracy based ‘‘on the platform of Islam.’’119 The demonstrations that brought down Mubarak   were relatively calm, and this may be one of the strong strongest est indica indicator torss of the Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherho rhood’ od’ss power power and chameleon-lik chameleon-like e ability ability to exploit exploit crisis situat situation ions. s. The Egypti Egyptian an Revolu Revolutio tion n began began with with severe street clashes. However, things quieted down after the first few days once the Brotherhood became actively involved in organizing protests. First to arrive was Muslim Brotherhood groupie, Iran Iran sympat sympathiz hizer, er, forme formerr direct director or genera generall of the Intern Internati ation onal al Atomic Atomic Energy Energy Agency Agency (IAEA) (IAEA),, and Nobel Nobel laureate laureate Mohamed Mohamed ElBaradei. ElBaradei. He arrived arrived in Cairo two days after the uprising began and immediatel ately y ente entere red d into into nego negoti tiat atio ions ns with with Muba Mubara rak’ k’ss regime. In interviews with the media, ElBaradei confirmed that the MB agenda as set forth by Banna is ‘‘complet ‘‘completely ely political. political.’’’’ He stated stated repeatedl repeatedly y that it is ‘‘not a radical organization’’ and that ‘‘the group   wou would ld alwa always ys reje reject ct the the use use of arms arms and and woul would d 120 remain loyal to democracy.’’ The Western media has gulped down his false and empty rhetoric. In reality, the prospects for Western democracy in Egypt are not encouraging. A 2007 Pew poll revealed that ‘‘virtually all men (98 %) and women (99 %) say  religion plays an important role in their lives . . . [and] ] 64 percent of Egyptian men and women say Shari’a should be the only source of legislation.’’ More than half (54 percent) favor public separation of men and   women, and the vast majority (82 percent) believe person personss convic convicted ted of adulte adultery ry should should be stoned stoned,, while while 84 percent favor the death penalty for anyone Muslim  who converts from Islam to another religion. 121 Egypt, the most populous Arab nation, has held a historically influential position in the region. It controls the Suez Canal, a critical shipping line for 7.5 percent of global trade and an important source of  revenu revenue e for Egypt. Egypt.122 In 2009, 2009, ‘‘an ‘‘an estima estimated ted 1.0 million million bbl= bbl=d of crude crude oil and refine refined d petrol petroleu eum m products flowed northbound through the Suez Canal to the Mediterra Mediterranean nean.’’ .’’123 Egypt’ Egypt’ss 1956 1956 and 1967 1967 124 closures of the canal resulted in war. 79

On February 1, 2011, senior Egyptian Brotherhood leader Muhammad Ghannem stated on the Iranian  Arabic TV network Al-Alam that the Muslim Brotherhood would demand the closure of the Suez Canal as soon soon as the the orga organi niza zati tion on gets gets into into a posi positi tion on of  125 power. His statement alone spiked the oil price. His further declaration that Egypt should go to war  with Israel was unsettling as well. Even without the Muslim Brotherhood, the military junta that runs the show has already allowed Iranian warships to pass through the canal for the first time since 1979, further escalating the instability of  the region region and endang endangeri ering ng oil suppli supplies es and the  world economy. CONCLUSION

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It is too too early early to predic predictt wheth whether er the the Muslim Muslim Brot Brothe herrhood hood and its affili affiliat ates es will will emer emerge ge as the the leadi leading ng power power in the reshaping of the emerging governments in the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond. However, the Brotherhood’s tremendous power surge is hard to dismiss. The organization’s influence has grown exponenti nential ally ly in the the past past seve severa rall years years,, bolst bolstere ered d by  support support fromits internat internation ional al charity charity networ network, k, partner partnerss in the internat internation ional al nongove nongovernme rnmental ntal organiza organization tion community, and sympathetic Middle-Eastern regimes.  Americ  American an and Europea European n media, media, politicia politicians, ns, academi academics, cs, and celebri celebrities ties joined joined by a broad, broad, well-org well-organiz anized ed ‘‘grassroots’’ of mosque-inspired supporters help the Musli Muslim m Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d to promo promote te its falseimageas falseimageas a toltolerant, peace loving, progressive organization. The The Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood’ d’ss succ succes essf sful ul camp campai aign gn to deceive the West seems to incorporate time-tested techniques used by some of the world’s most success cessfu full tota totali lita tari rian an regi regime mes. s. Its Its fund fundam amen enta tali list st dogma, which elevates death as the foremost contribution to advance Islamic global rule, makes it difficult to defeat. Thus far the West has demonstrated mostly ignorance and naı¨ vete´ in its assessment of this insidi insidious ous global global organi organizat zation ion.. The Brothe Brotherho rhood od exploits those weaknesses and uses Western democratic rules to gain inroads into all aspects of life in the West. Promoting political correctness and using   Western legal systems, they methodically and successfully intimidate most of their critics into silence. But it’s not too late to expose the Muslim Brotherhood’ hood’ss agend agenda, a, its member memberss and suppor supporter ters, s, and their funding sources. Congress should hold hearings 80

immediately to unmask the group and identify their affilia affiliated ted organi organizat zation ionss that that have have been been operat operating ing here for decades to subvert the principles established by the founding fathers, most notably  —  those relat — those ing to freedom. Notes 1. ‘‘Muslim ‘‘Muslim Brotherhood Brotherhood Supreme Guide: ‘The U.S. Is Now Experiencing the Beginning of Its End’; ‘‘Improvement and Change in the Muslim World Can Only Be Attained Through Jihad and Sacrifice,’’ Middle East Media Research Institute [MEMRI] (October [MEMRI]  (October 6, 2010), at http://m.memri.org/14499/show/b0578470922d82611314454cfbff3c30& t=8f09022078ef t=8f09022078ef45b90ec57 45b90ec57a1326684e a1326684e6f 6f (accessed (accessed February February 23, 2011). 2. Marg Margar aret et Coker Coker and Summe Summerr Said, Said, ‘‘Mu ‘‘Musl slim im Group Group Backs Backs Secular Struggle,’’ The Wall Street Journal , January 31, 2011, at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870483270457611 4132934597622.html. 3. Jonathon Jonathon Seidl, ‘‘ElBaradei Tells ABC’s Amanpour: Muslim Muslim Brotherhood Are ‘In No Way’ Extremists,’’ The Blaze, Blaze, January 31, 2011, at http://www.theblaze.com/stories/elbaradei-tells-abcs-amanpourmuslim-brotherhood-are-in-no-way-extremists/. 4. Shei Sheik k Qara Qarada dawi wi,, ‘‘‘Vic ‘‘‘Victo tory ry Spee Speech ch’’ at Tahr Tahrir ir Squa Square re,’ ,’’’ at www.memri.org. 5. Dennis J. Sullivan and Kimberly Jones, ‘‘Countries at the Crossroads: Egypt,’’ Freedom www.freedomhouse.o house.org/upl rg/uploads/  oads/  Freedom House House, at www.freedom fiw11/Egypt_FIW_2011.pdf (accessed February 18, 2011). 6. ‘‘Ig ‘‘Ignor noring ing the the Snubs Snubs — The T he Brot Brothe herh rhoo ood d Moves Moves Forwa Forward rd,’ ,’’’ IkhwanWeb IkhwanWeb (February (February 26, 2011), at http://ww http://www.ikhw w.ikhwanweb. anweb.com/  com/  article.php?id=28106 7. Nitasha Nitasha Tiku, ‘‘Muslim Brotherhood Brotherhood Issues a Fatwa Against Qaddafi as Armed Armed Opposit Opposition ion Gains Gains Ground, Ground,’’ ’’ New York  York , Februar Februaryy 22, 2011, at http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/02/un_warns_qaddafi_ has_declared.html (accessed February 25, 2011). 8. Dale Gavlak, ‘‘Jordan’s ‘‘Jordan’s Muslim Opposition Opposition Say Protests Protests to Resume; Government Condemns Libya’s Crackdown,’’ Associated Press, Star  Tribune, Tribune, February 22, 2011, at http://www.startribune.com/world/  116661469.html 116661469.html (accessed February 25, 2011). 9. Jamal Jamal Halaby, Halaby, ‘‘Jord ‘‘Jordan an Opposit Opposition ion Calls Calls for Quick Quick Reforms Reforms,’’ ,’’ Associated Associated Press, February 25, 2011. 10. ANSAmed, Jordan, ‘‘Day of Rage, Opposition,’’ ANSAmed February 23, 2011, at http://ww http://www.ansa w.ansamed.i med.info/en/ nfo/en/news/ news/ME.XEF ME.XEF88268. 88268. html (accessed February 24, 2011). 11. ‘‘Mideast ‘‘Mideast Engulfed by ‘Day of Rage’ Protests: Protests: People Pour into the Street Streetss from from Yemen Yemen to Tunisia Tunisia to Iraq,’ Iraq,’’’ MSNBC  February February 25, 2011, at http://www.msnbc.m http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/ sn.com/id/41779547/ns/w 41779547/ns/world_newsorld_newsmideastn_africa/ (accessed February 25, 2011). 12. ‘‘Jordan ‘‘Jordan protests: King Abdullah names Marouf Bakhit PM,’’ BBC  News February February 1, 2011, at http://www http://www.bbc.co .bbc.co.uk/ne .uk/news/wo ws/worldrldmiddle-east-12336960 (accessed February 25, 2011). 13. Rachel Ehrenfeld Ehrenfeld and Alyssa Lappen, ‘‘Ban MB,’’ FrontPage FrontPage Maga zine December 27, 2005, at http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=614 (accessed February 18, 2011). 14. Fawa Fawazz Gerge Gerges, s, ‘‘Mu ‘‘Musl slim im Brot Brother herhoo hood’ d’ss Key Key Role Role in Egypt Egypt,’ ,’’’ February 14, 2011, at http://art http://articles icles.cnn.co .cnn.com/2011 m/2011-02-14/  -02-14/  CNN  February opinion/gerges.muslim.brotherhood_1_muslim-brotherhood-qaedaopposition?_ opposition?_s=PM: s=PM:OPINIO OPINION N (accessed (accessed February February 18, 2011); Evan Hill Hill,, ‘‘Th ‘‘The e Musl Muslim im Brot Brother herhoo hood d in Flux Flux,’ ,’’’ Aljazeera Aljazeera English English November November 21, 2010, at http://engl http://english.a ish.aljazee ljazeera.net ra.net/indep /indepth/201 th/2010/  0/  11/2010111681527837704.html (accessed February 22, 2011). 15. BBC News, News, February 9, 2011. 16. Lawrence Davidson, Davidson, Islamic (Westport, Conn.: Islamic Fundamentalis Fundamentalism m (Westport, Gree Greenw nwoo ood d Pres Press, s, 1993 1993), ), 97–9 97–98; 8; Rach Rachel el Ehre Ehrenf nfel eld d and and Alyssa Alyssa Lappen, Lappen, ‘‘The ‘‘The Truth Truth About About the Muslim Muslim Brotherh Brotherhood, ood,’’ ’’

American Foreign Policy Interests

17. 18.

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FrontPage FrontPage Magazine, Magazine, June 16-2006, at http://archi http://archive.fr ve.frontpageontpagemag.com/readA mag.com/readArticl rticle.aspx e.aspx?ARTID= ?ARTID=3996 3996 (accessed (accessed February February 20, 2011). Ehrenfeld and Lappen, ‘‘The Truth About the Muslim Brotherhood,’’ op. cit . Raymond Raymond Ibrahi Ibrahim, m, ‘‘How ‘‘How Taqqiya Taqqiya Alters Alters Islam’ Islam’ss Rules Rules of War: War: Defeating Defeating Jihadist Jihadist Terrorism,’ Terrorism,’’’ Middle Middle East East Quarter Quarterly  ly  (Winter 2010), at http://www http://www.raym .raymondibrah ondibrahim.co im.com/7377/ m/7377/taqiyy taqiyya-isl a-islamamrules-of-war#_ftnref5 (accessed February 20, 2011). ‘‘Department ‘‘Departmentss — University,’’ University,’’ Muslim American Society Web site, at http://www.masnet.org/university.asp (accessed August 17, 2007). ‘‘Muslim ‘‘Muslim Cleric Not Allowed into UK,’’ BBC  February 7, 2008, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7232398.stm (accessed February 23, 2011). ‘‘Biography ‘‘Biography — Shaykh S haykh Al-Qara Al-Qaradawi dawi,’’ ,’’ Muslim Muslim Judicia Judiciall Council Council,, at http://www.mjc.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&id=190:biography-shaykh-al-qaradawi&catid=51:the-worldof-islam&Itemid=75 (accessed February 23, 2011). Alexander Alexander Smoltczyk, ‘‘Islam’s ‘‘Islam’s Spiritual Spiritual ‘Dear Abby’: The Voice of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood,’’ Spiegel Online International  February 15, 2011, at http://w http://www.s ww.spieg piegel.d el.de/in e/intern ternatio ational/ nal/worl world/0, d/0,1518, 1518, 745526,00.html (accessed February 23, 2011). ‘‘Boycotting ‘‘Boycotting Israeli Israeli and American Goods — Islamonline.net Islamonline.net — Ask Ask the Scholar,’’ Scholar,’’ Islamonline.net Islamonline.net April 18, 2004, at http://www. http://www.islamon islamonline. line. net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/  FatwaE&cid=1 FatwaE&cid=1119503543 119503543874 874 (accessed (accessed February February 23, 2011). ‘‘WikiLeaks: ‘‘WikiLeaks: al-Jazeera al-Jazeera ‘used as bargaining tool by Qatar,‘’’ Qatar,‘’’ The Februaryy 24, 2011, 2011, at http:/ http://ww /www.t w.tele elegrap graph.c h.co.u o.uk/  k/  Telegraph, Telegraph, Februar news/worldnews/wikileaks/8183115/WikiLeaks-al-Jazeera-used-asbargaining-tool-by-Qatar.html. YusufAl-Qaradawi,‘‘Sheik YusufAl-Qaradawi,‘‘Sheik Al-Qaradaw Al-Qaradawhi hi at Al-Tahrir Al-Tahrir Square: Square: Pray for the Conquest of Al Aqsa,’’ Middle East Media Research Institute February 18, 2011, at http://www.thememriblog.org/blog_personal/en/  34665.htm (accessed February 22, 2011). Note that throughout history, Muslims built mosques on sacred ground to symbolize Islamic mic conque conquest st over over infide infidell Chris Christia tians ns and Jews. Jews. The al-Aqs al-Aqsa a mosque and al-Omar shrine sit on top of the Temple of Solomon ´ rdoba mosque in Jerusalem. The Great Co´ rdoba mosque in Spain was built on a Christian church. The Umayyad mosque in Damascus was built on top of the Church Church of St. John the the Baptis Baptist. t. The Hagia Sophia Sophia church in Turkey was turned into a mosque after Muslims conquered quered Constant Constantinopl inople. e. A dome covers the Tomb of the Patriarch archss in Hebr Hebron on,, and, and, more more rece recent ntly ly,, Rach Rachel el’s ’s Tomb Tomb in Bethlehem was transformed into a mosque. Incredibly, in 2010, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) denied Israel’s petition to list those old (thousands of years) and sacred Jewish sites on its National Heritage list. ‘‘Those ‘‘Those Who Die Fighti Fighting ng U.S. U.S. Occupat Occupation ion Forces Forces Are Martyr Martyrs: s: Qaradawi,’’ Qaradawi,’’ at http://ww http://www.isl w.islamfort amfortoday.co oday.com/qara m/qaradawi04. dawi04.htm htm (accessed (accessed February 23, 2011). ‘‘Sheikh ‘‘Sheikh Yousuf Al Qaradhawi: Qaradhawi: Allah Imposed Hitler on the Jews to Punish Them — ‘Allah ‘Allah Willing, the Next Time Will Be at the Hand of Believers,‘’’ The Middle East Media Research Institute February 3, 2009, at http://www http://www.memri .memri.org/r .org/report/ eport/en/0/0 en/0/0/0/0/0 /0/0/0/0/306 /0/3062.htm 2.htm (accessed (accessed February 23, 2011). ‘‘Qaradawi’ ‘‘Qaradawi’ss Extremism Extremism Laid Bare,’’ Bare,’’ IPT News, Investigati Investigative ve Project Project on Terror Terrorism ism Februar Februaryy 6, 2009, 2009, at http:/ http://ww /www.c w.campu ampus-w s-watc atch. h. org/article/id/6872 (accessed February 23, 2011); Jonathan Freedland, ‘‘Tread More Carefully,’ Carefully,’’’ The Guardi (July 27, 2005), 2005), Guardian an (July at http://www.guardian.co.uk/politi http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/jul/27/jul cs/2005/jul/27/july7.religion y7.religion (accessed (accessed February 23, 2011). ‘‘Sheikh ‘‘Sheikh Yusuf Yusuf al-Qar al-Qaradaw adawi: i: Theologi Theologian an of Terror: Terror: Biograp Biography, hy,’’ ’’ Anti-Defama Anti-Defamation tion League, February 2, 2009, at http://www http://www.adl. .adl. org/main_Arab_World/al_Qaradawi_report_20041110.htm?Multi_ page_sections=sHeading_2 (accessed February 23, 2011); Vikram Dodd, ‘‘Controversial cleric banned from Britain,’’ The Guardian (February 7, 2008), at http://www.guar http://www.guardian.co.uk dian.co.uk/uk/2008/ /uk/2008/feb/  feb/  07/religion.polit 07/religion.politics ics (accessed (accessed February 23, 2011).

Volume 33, Number 2, 2011

30. Qatar Qatar Foundat Foundation, ion, ‘‘Who ‘‘Who We Are,’’ Are,’’ at http:/ http://ww /www. w.qf. qf.org org.qa .qa/  /  output/page10.asp (accessed February 23, 2011). 31. Middle Middle East Media Media Resear Research ch Instit Institute ute (MEMRI (MEMRI), ), ‘‘Sheik ‘‘Sheikh h Yousef Yousef Al-Qaradawi and Qatar’s Education City — Hosting Hosting American University Students from Carnegie Mellon, Georgetown, Northwestern, Texas A&M, Virginia Commonwealth, Cornell & Others,’’ MEMRI, Report #589, February 19, 2010, at http://www.memri.org/report/  en/0/0/0/0/ en/0/0/0/0/0/0/398 0/0/3984.htm 4.htm (accessed (accessed February February 23, 2011); Cornell University University ‘‘Cornell University University to Establish Establish Medical School in Qatar: Private Foundation in Qatar Commits $750 Million to Establish the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar — Hailed H ailed as the First of Its Kind and ‘an Important Diplomatic Initiative,‘’’ press release, April 9, 2001, at http://ww http://www.news w.news.corn .cornell.ed ell.edu/rele u/releases/ ases/April0 April01/weil 1/weill. l. qatar.html qatar.html (accessed February 23, 2011). 32. The Investigati Investigative ve Project Project on Terrorism, Terrorism, ‘‘Al-Qaradaw ‘‘Al-Qaradawii Center for ‘‘Moderation,’’ IPT News News, Septemb September er 17, 2009, 2009, at http:/ http://ww /www. w. investigativeproject.org/1420/al-qaradawi-center-for-moderation (accessed (accessed February February 23, 2011). 33. MEMRI, ‘‘Sheikh ‘‘Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradawi Al-Qaradawi and Qatar’s Qatar’s Education City,’’ op. cit. 34. Andrew Lee Butters, Butters, ‘‘How the Egyptian Uprising Is Changing the Muslim Muslim Brotherhood,’ Brotherhood,’’’ TIME TIME Magazin Magazine, e, Febru Februar aryy 7, 2011, 2011, at http://www.time.com/ http://www.time.com/time/world/ time/world/article/0,8599,2046725, article/0,8599,2046725,00.html 00.html (accessed February 23, 2011). 35. Anthony Shadid, ‘‘Egypt’s Path After Uprising Does Not Have to Follow Iran’s,’’ The New York Times, February 12, 2011, at http://  www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/world/middleeast/13islam.html (accessed (accessed February 23, 2011). 36. ‘‘Shariah Law in Egypt If Majority ‘Allows It,‘’’ It,‘’’ Interview with Former Muslim Brotherhood Spokesman Kamal El-Helbawy, Hardtalk, BBC , February February 1, 2011, 2011, at http:/ http://ne /news. ws.bbc. bbc.co. co.uk/ uk/2/h 2/hi/p i/prog rogram rammes mes/  /  hardtalk/9384094.stm (accessed February 23, 2011). 37. Janine A. A. Clark, Islam, Charity, and Activism: Middle-Class Networks and Social Social Welfar Welfare e in Egypt, Egypt, Jordan, Jordan, and Yemen Yemen (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2004). 38. J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins, Alms for Jihad : Charity and  Terrorism in the Islamic World  (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 12–13. 39. Aron Zysow, Zysow, ‘‘ Zakat,’’  Zakat,’’ The Encyclopedia of Islam, Islam, new ed., vol. 11, 406–422, discussed in United States v Mubayyid , 476 F.Supp.2d F.Supp.2d 46, n17 (D. Mass. 2007), at www.slashl www.slashlegal.com egal.com/show /showthread thread.php? .php? t=133601. 40. ‘‘Panorama: ‘‘Panorama: Faith, Hate and Charity,’’ Charity,’’ BBC press releases, releases, July 30, 2006, at http://www. http://www.bbc.co. bbc.co.uk/pre uk/pressoffic ssoffice/pre e/pressrel ssreleases/ eases/stori stories/  es/  2006/07_july/30/panorama.shtml (accessed October 12, 2007). 41. Douglas Farah, ‘‘ Zakat   Zakat  and Jihad  from the Words of the Master,’’ posted November 1, 2006, at www.douglasf www.douglasfarah.co arah.com/art m/article/11 icle/119/  9/  zakat-and-jihad-from-the-words-of-the-master#comment (accessed Octo October ber 8, 2007) 2007);; Ahmed Ahmed Makhdo Makhdoom, om, Zakat  for Education, Education, Makhd Makhdoom oom’s ’s Quali Quality ty Quest Quest,, at pacho pachome me1. 1.pac pacifi ific. c.net net.s .sg g= makhdoom= zakat 2.html 2 .html (acces (accessed sed October October 8, 2007); 2007); Douglas Douglas Farah, ‘‘ Zakat  Master,’’ Thoughts  Zakat  and Jihad  from the Words of the Master,’’ of a Cons Conser ervat vativ ive e Chris Christi tian, an, poste posted d Novem Novembe berr 2, 2006, 2006, at bsimmons.wordpress.com =2006=11=02=zakat-and-jihad-from-thewords-of-themaster-2=. 42. Ayatollah Ayatollah Khomeini issued issued a fatwa ‘‘ for for transferring charity funds to support the armed Palestinian campaign against Israel. Israel. He thus paved the way for charitable societies operating in the Arab-Muslim world and the West to finance the activities activities of the Islamic terrorist terrorist organizations.’’ tions.’’ ‘‘Iranian-Sponsored ‘‘Iranian-Sponsored World Jerusalem Day Was Marked in Iran, Some Countries in the Arab-Muslim World, and Western Countries Such as Britain and Canada,’’ Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (IICC), at www.terrorism-info.org.il/eng/eng_n/jerusalem_d07e.htm. 43. Khums is another tax that every Muslim merchant has to pay once a year. The money ostensibly goes for public needs, and because jihad is on the march, Muslim religious leaders use the money for their own purposes. 

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44. ‘‘Iranian-Sponsored World Jerusalem Day Was Marked in in Iran, Some Countries in the Arab-Muslim World, and Western Countries Such as Britain Britain and Canada,’’ Canada,’’ Intelligence and Terrorism Terrorism Information Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (IIHCC), www.terrorism-info.org.il/eng/eng_n/jerusalem_d07e.htm (accessed April 5, 2010). 45. ‘‘TheMuslim Brotherhood’s Brotherhood’s Strategy,’’ Strategy,’’ AmericanThinker  AmericanThinker BlogFebruary Blog February 11, 2006, at http://www.am http://www.americanthi ericanthinker.com nker.com/blog/20 /blog/2006/02/th 06/02/the_ e_ muslim_brotherhoods_strate.html (accessed February 24, 2011). 46. Yousef Al-Qaradawi, Al-Qaradawi, Towards Towards a Worldw Worldwide ide Strateg Strategyy for Islami Islamic  c  ] , full full transl translati ation on obtaine obtained d from from Swiss Swiss Policy  [a.k.a. the Project ], authori authoritie tiess by the authors authors.. 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EyeontheUN, ‘‘Terror Bank Gets Observer Status at U.N.,’’ U.N.,’’ The Hill’s April 4, 2007, 2007, at http http:/ ://t /theh hehilill. l.co com/ m/blo blogs gs/  /  Congr Congres esss Blog Blog April congress-blog/politics/28643-terror-bank-gets-observer-status-at-un (accessed (accessed February 24, 2011). 58. Mark Mark Townsen Townsend, d, ‘‘Gulf ‘‘Gulf and Asian Asian Centers Centers Battle Battle Over Islami Islamicc Finance,’’ Institution Institutional al Investor  Investor  July July 13, 2010, 2010, at http:/ http://ww /www. w. institutionalinvestor.com/asset_management/A institutionalinvestor.com/asset_management/Articles/2629757/Gulfrticles/2629757/Gulfand-Asian-Centers and-Asian-Centers-Battle -Battle-Over-I -Over-Islamicslamic-Finance.ht Finance.html ml (accessed (accessed February 23, 2011). 59. Rachel Rachel Ehrenfe Ehrenfeld ld and Alyssa Alyssa A. Lappen, Lappen, ‘‘The ‘‘The Fifth Fifth Generat Generation ion Warfare,’’ FrontPageMagazine.com FrontPageMagazine.com,, June June 20, 20, 2008 2008,, at http http:/ ://  /  archive.frontpagemag.com/ archive.frontpagemag.com/readArtic readArticle.aspx?ARTID= le.aspx?ARTID=31374 31374 (accessed February 23, 2011). 60. Mehdi Khalaji, Khalaji, ‘‘Egypt’s ‘‘Egypt’s MuslimBrotherhood and Iran,’’ Iran,’’ PolicyWatch, PolicyWatch, The Washington Institute Institute for Near East Policy February 12, 2009, at http://www.washingtoninstitut http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05. e.org/templateC05.php?CID=3014 php?CID=3014 (accessed (accessed February February 20, 2011); Martin Martin Kramer, Kramer, ‘‘Fundamental ‘‘Fundamentalist ist Islam atLarge:The Drivefor Drivefor Power,’ Power,’’’ The MiddleEast Quarterly  Quarterly (June1996), (June1996), at http://www.meforum.org/304/fu http://www.meforum.org/304/fundamental ndamentalistist-islam-a islam-at-larg t-large-thee-thedrive-for-power (accessed February 20, 2011). 61. Jerusalem Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Affairs, ‘‘The PLO Weapons Ship from Iran,’’ Jerusalem Jerusalem Issue Brief  1, no. 15 (January 7, 2002), at http://  www.jcpa.org/art/brief1-15.htm (accessed February 24, 2011).

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62. Greg Bruno, ‘‘State Sponsors: Iran,’’ Backgrounder, Backgrounder, Council Council on http://www.cfr.or cfr.org/iran g/iran/  /  Foreign Relations Relations October 7, 2010, at http://www. state-sponsors-iran/p9362 (accessed February 19, 2011). 63. Herb Herb Keinon, Keinon, ‘‘Tunis ‘‘Tunisian ian premie premierr predic predicts ts Muslim Muslim Brothe Brotherhoo rhood d takeover,’’ The Jerusalem Post  December 8, 2010, at http://www.  jpost.com/MiddleEast/Arti  jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?ID=198534&R=R1 cle.aspx?ID=198534&R=R1 (accessed February February 19, 2011). 64. Angelique Angelique Chrisafis and Ian Black, ‘‘Zine ‘‘Zine al Abidine Ben Ali forced to flee Tunisia as protesters claim victory,’’ The Guardian (January 15, Guardian (January 2011), at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/14/tunisianpresident-flees-country-protests (accessed February 17, 2011). 65. ‘‘US embassy cables: Qatar urges Israel-Palestinian Israel-Palestinian peace effort,’’ The Guardian, November 28, 2010, a t http://www.guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/worl co.uk/world/  d/  us-embassy-cables-document us-embassy-cables-documents/250177 s/250177 (accessed February 17, 2011). 66. ‘‘US embassy cables: Qatar urges Israel-Palestinian Israel-Palestinian peace effort,’’ The Guardian (November 28, 2010), at http://www.guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/worl co.uk/world/  d/  us-embassy-cables-document us-embassy-cables-documents/250177 s/250177 (accessed February 18, 2011). 67. John Mintz and Douglas Farah, ‘‘In Search of Friends Among the Foes,’’ The Washing September er 11, 2004, 2004, at http:/ http://  /  Washington ton Post  Post  Septemb www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12823-2004Sep10.html (accessed February 22, 2011). 68. Andrew McCarthy, ‘‘The ‘Secular’ Muslim Brotherhood, Brotherhood,’’ ’’ National  Review Online February February 12, 2011, at http://www http://www.natio .nationalrevi nalreview. ew. com/articles/259614/islam-egypt-andrew com/articles/259614/islam-egypt-andrew-c-mccarthy -c-mccarthy (accessed February February 22, 2011). 69. Zhyntativ, Zhyntativ, ‘‘Hasan Al-Banna and [the] Political Thought of [the]Isla[the]Islamic Brotherhood,’ Brotherhood,’’’ Ikhwanweb: The Muslim Brotherhood Official  http://ikhwanweb.c anweb.com/ar om/article. ticle. English Website Website (May 13, 2008), at http://ikhw php?id=17065 php?id=17065 (accessed February 23, 2011). 70. Essam El-Arian, El-Arian, ‘‘What the Muslim Brothers Want,’’ Want,’’ The New York  Times (February 9, 2011), at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/  opinion/10erian.html (accessed February 20, 2011). 71. Emad Drimly Drimly and Saud Abu Ramadan Ramadan,, ‘‘Hama ‘‘Hamass hails hails Mubarak’ Mubarak’ss resign resignati ation on in Gaza Gaza Strip, Strip,’’ ’’ English.xinhuanet.com February February 11, 2011, at http://news. http://news.xinhuane xinhuanet.com/ t.com/english english2010/wo 2010/world/20 rld/2011-02/  11-02/  12/c_13728245.ht 12/c_13728245.htm m (accessed (accessed February February 19, 2011). 72. Rachel Ehrenfeld, Ehrenfeld, ‘‘The ‘Union ‘Union of Good’ and the Lost Peace,’’ Peace,’’ FrontPage Magazine, March 7, 2005, at www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/  Read.aspx?GUID={B01DD54B-AEA5-4A10-881E-649249DDBD42}. 73. Israel Israel Securit Securityy Agency, Agency, at http:/ http://ww /www.s w.shaba habak.go k.gov.i v.il/e l/engli nglish/  sh/  enterrordata/reviews/pages/coalition.en.aspx 74. Lorenzo Vidino, ‘‘The Muslim Brotherhood’ Brotherhood’ss Conquest of Europe,’’ Europe,’’ XII, no. 1 (Winter (Winter 2005), at http:/ http://ww /www. w. Middle East Quarterly  Quarterly  XII, meforum.org/687/the-muslim-brotherhoods-conquest-of-europe (accessed February 23, 2011). 75. Israel Defense Defense Forces, ‘‘European ‘‘European Hamas Affiliate Deemed Illegal by Minister of Defense,’’ IDF Web site December 27, 2010, at http://  dover.idf.il/IDF/English /News/today/10/12/2703 .htm (accessed February 23, 2011). 76. ‘‘Head of European Muslim Brotherhood Brotherhood Palestinian Group Meets EU Parliament President,’’ Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Report March 26, 2010, at http://globalmbreport.com/?p=2635 (accessed February February 23, 2011). 77. The European Campaign to End the Siege on Gaza, ‘‘PRC Condemns Israel Crimes against ‘Freedom Flotilla,‘’’ Flotilla,‘’’ press release (May 31, 2010), at http://savega http://savegaza.eu/e za.eu/eng/ind ng/index.php?i ex.php?id=423 d=423 (accessed (accessed February February 23, 2011). 78. Hadar Sela, ‘‘The Big British Left-Liberal Left-Liberal Blind Blind Spot,’’ The PropaganPropagandist October dist  October 21, 2010, at http://propagandistmag.com/2010/10/21/  big-british-left-liberal-blind-spot (accessed February 24, 2011). 79. ‘‘IDF Navy Navy Soldier Soldierss Who Were Were Attacke Attacked d Onboard Onboard the Marmar Marmara a Ship,’’ Ship,’’ Youtube Youtube May 31, 2010, 2010, at http:/ http://ww /www.y w.yout outube. ube.com com/  /  watch?v=0LulDJh4fWI (accessed February 24, 2011). 80. Jonathan Jonathan Schanzer, Schanzer, ‘‘The Terror Finance Flotilla,’’ Flotilla,’’ The Weekly Standard  May 31, 2010, at http://www. http://www.weeklys weeklystandar tandard.com/ d.com/blogs/  blogs/  terror-finance-flotilla (accessed February 24, 2011). 81. ‘‘Isra ‘‘Israel el asks U.S. to ban Turkish Turkish charity charity behind behind Gaza Flotil Flotilla, la,’’ ’’ Reuters, January 5, 2011, at http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/ 

American Foreign Policy Interests

82. 83.

84.

85. 86.

87.

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01/05/us-israel-usa-turkey-idUSTRE7045GO2 0110105 (accessed February February 24, 2011). Hadar Sela, ‘‘The Big British Left-Liberal Left-Liberal Blind Spot,’’ op. cit. The European Campaign to End the Siege on Gaza, ‘‘Eyewitness Report, ECESG Delegation, January 2010,’’ ECESG, at http://savegaza. eu/svar/image eu/svar/images/127108 s/1271081945.pdf 1945.pdf (accessed February 24, 2011). ‘‘Head of European Muslim Brotherhood Brotherhood Palestinian Group Meets EU President,’’ The Global Muslim Brotherhood Report March Report  March 16, 2010, at http://g http://globa lobalmbr lmbreport eport.com .com/?p= /?p=2635 2635 (accesse (accessed d February February 24, 2011). 2011). Ian Johnson, ‘‘Our Secret Connections Connections with the Muslim Brotherhood,’’ op. cit. Association Association of Religion Religion Data Archives, ‘‘American ‘‘American Moslem BrotherBrotherhood Association, Association,’’ ’’ at http://ww http://www.thea w.thearda.co rda.com/denom m/denoms/D_1 s/D_1145. 145. asp (accessed February 24, 2011). Moham Mohammad mad Akram, Akram, ‘‘An ‘‘An Explanat Explanatory ory Memoran Memorandum dum:: On the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America’’ (May 22, 1991), at http://babyl http://babylonscover onscovertwar twar.com/A .com/Analysi nalysis/Mus s/Muslim lim BrotherBrotherHood_Pla Hood_Plans_ ns_GOV GOV_Exh _Exh_003 _003_008 _0085.p 5.pdf df (access (accessed ed February February 24, 2011). What follows are relevant excerpts of the memo: ‘‘Also, we must summon and take along ‘elements’ of the general strategic goal of the Group in North America: . . .

[1- Establishing an effective and stable Islamic Movement led by the Muslim Brotherhood. 2- Adopting Muslims’ causes domestically and globally. 3- Expanding the observant Muslim base. 4- Unifying and directing Muslims’ efforts. 5- Presenting Islam as a civilization alternative . . . ‘‘In order for Islam and its Movement to become ‘a part of the homeland’ in which it lives, ‘stable’ in its land, ‘rooted’ in the spirits and minds of its people, people, ‘enabled ‘enabled in the live [sic] of its society’ society’ and has firmly established ‘organizations’ on which the Islamic structure is built and with which the testimony of civilization is achieved, the Movement must plan and struggle to obtain ‘the keys’ and the tools of this process in carry [sic] out this grand mission as ‘‘Civilization   Jihadist’’ Jihadist’’ responsibility responsibility which lies on the shoulders of Muslims Muslims and — on o n top of them — the the Muslim Brotherhood in this country.  Among these are . . . ‘‘4- Understanding the role of the Muslim Brother in North America: The process of settlement is a ‘‘Civilization-Jihadist Process’’ with all the word means. The Ikhwan must understand that their work in  America is a kind of grand Jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and ‘‘sabotaging’’ its miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers so that it is eliminated and God’s religion is made victorious over all other religions. Without this level of understanding, we are not up to this challenge and have not prepared ourselves for Jihad yet. It is a Muslim’s destiny to perform Jihad and work wherever he is and   wherever he lands until the final hour comes, and there is no escape escape from that that destin destiny y excep exceptt for those who chose chose to slack. slack. But, would the slackers and Mujahedeen be equal. 7- The conviction that the success of the settlement of Islam and its Movement in this country is a success to the global Islamic Islamic Movement Movement and a true support support for the sought-aft sought-after er state, God willing: There is a conviction —   with which this memorandum disagrees —  that our focus in attempting to settle Islam in this country will lead to negligence in our duty towards the global Islamic Movement in supporting its project to establish the state. We believe the reply is in two segments: One — The The success of the Movement in America in establishing an observant Islamic base with power and effectiveness  will be the best support and aid to the global Movement project. project. . . 17- Understanding the role and the nature of work of ‘‘The Islamic Center’’ in every city with what achieves the goal of the process of settlement: The center we seek is the one which constitutes the ‘‘axis’’ of our Movement, the ‘‘perimeter’’ of the circle of our work, our ‘‘balance center,’’ the ‘‘base’’ for our rise and out ‘‘Dar al-Arqam’’ to educate

Volume 33, Number 2, 2011

us, prepare us and supply our battalions in addition to being the ‘‘niche’’ of our prayers. This is in order for the Islamic center to turn — in in action not in words —  into a seed ‘‘for a small Islamic society’’ which is a reflection and a mirror to our central organizations. The center ought to turn into a ‘‘beehive’’ which produces sweet honey. Thus, the Islamic center would turn into a place for study, family, battalion, course, seminar, visit, sport, school, social club, women gathering, kindergarten for male and female youngsters, the office of the domestic political resolution, and the center for distributing our newspapers, magazines, books and our audio and visual tapes. In brief we say: we would like for the Islamic center to become ‘‘The House of Dawa’’’ and ‘‘the general center’’ in deeds first before name.  As much as we own and direct these centers at the continent level, we can say we are marching successfully towards the settlement of Dawa’ in this country. Meaning that the ‘‘center’s’’ role should [be] the same as the ‘‘mosque’s’’ role during the time of God’s prophet, God’s prayers and peace be upon him[.] [W]hen he marched to ‘‘settle’’ the Dawa’ in its first generation in Madina from the mosque, he drew [on] the Islamic life and provided the world [with] the most magnificent and fabulous civilization humanity knew. This mandates that, eventually, the region, the branch and the Usra turn into ‘‘operations rooms for planning, direction, monitoring and leadership for the Islamic center in order to be a role model to be followed. Understanding the importance of the ‘‘Organizational’’ shift in our Movement work and doing Jihad in order to achieve it in the real world world with with what what serves serves the proces process s of settle settlemen mentt and expedites its results. . . .’’ The reason this paragraph was delayed is to stress its utmost importance as it constitutes the heart and core of this memorandum. It also constitutes the practical aspect and the true measure of our success or failure in our march towards settlement. . . . The talk about the organizations and the ‘‘organizational’’ mentality or phenomenon does not require much [sic] details. . . . And this was done by the pioneer of contempora temporary ry Islamic Islamic Dawa’, Dawa’, Imam martyr Hasan Hasan al-Banna al-Banna.. . . leading him to establish establish organization organizationss [of all kinds]: kinds]: economic economic,, social, social, media, . . . professional and even the military ones. We must say we are in a country which understands no language other than the language of organizations, and one which does not respect or give weight to any groups without effective, functional and strong organizations.  And, in order for us to clarify what we mean with the comprehensive, specialized organization, we mention here the characteristics and traits of each organization of the ‘‘promising’’ organizations. 1- From the Dawa’ and educational aspect [The Dawa’ and Educational Organization] to include   – The Organi Organizat zation ion to spread spread the Dawa’ (Centra (Centrall and local local branches).   – An institute institute to to graduate graduate Callers Callers and and Educators. Educators.   – Scho Schola lars rs,, Call Caller ers, s, Educ Educat ator ors, s, Prea Preach cher erss and and Prog Progra ram m  Anchors.  – Art and communic communication ation technolog technology, y, Conveyance Conveyance and Dawa’ Dawa’ . . .   – A television television station. station.   – A specializ specialized ed Dawa’ Dawa’ magazine. magazine.   – A radio radio statio station. n.   – The Higher Higher Islamic Islamic Council Council for Callers Callers and and Educators. Educators.   – The Higher Higher Council Council for Mosques Mosques and and Islamic Islamic Centers. Centers. . and things   – Friendship Friendship Societi Societies es with the the other religio religions ns.. . .and like that. 2- Politically [The Political Organization] to include include   – A centra centrall politic political al party. party.   – Local Local poli politic tical al office officess. . .   – Relationsh Relationships ips and alliances. alliances.  – The American American Organizat Organization ion for Islamic Islamic Political Political Action. Action. . and things like that.   – Advances Advances Information Information Centers Centers.. . .and 3- Media [The Media and Art Organization] to include   – A daily daily newspa newspaper per.. 83

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Weekly, Weekly, monthl monthly y and seasona seasonall magazines magazines.. Radio Radio statio stations. ns. Television Television programs. programs. Audio Audio and and visual visual cent centers ers.. A magazin magazine e for the the Muslim Muslim child. child. A magazin magazine e for the the Muslim Muslim woman. woman. A print print and typesett typesetting ing machine machines. s. A prod product uction ion office. office. A photogr photography aphy and record recording ing studio. studio. Art banks banks for acting acting,, chanting chanting and theate theater. r. . and things like A marketi marketing ng and art product production ion office office.. . .and that. 4- Economically [The Economic Organization] to include   – An Islam Islamic ic Cent Central ral bank bank..   – Islamic Islamic endowment endowments. s.   – Investmen Investmentt projects. projects.   – An organizat organization ion for intere interestst-fre free e loans loans.. . .and things like like . and things that. 5- Scientifi Scientificall cally y and Profess Profession ionally ally [The Scientifi Scientific, c, EduEducational and Professional Organization] to include   – Scientific Scientific research research centers. centers.   – Technical Technical organizat organizations ions and vocation vocational al training. training.   – An Islam Islamic ic univ univers ersity ity..   – Islami Islamicc school schools. s.   – A council council or educatio education n and scientifi scientificc research. research.   – Centers Centers to train teachers. teachers.   – Scientific Scientific societies societies in schools. schools.   – An office office for academ academic ic guidance guidance.. . and things   – A body for author authorship ship and and Islamic Islamic curricu curricula la.. . .and like that. 6- Culturally and Intellectually [The Cultural and Intellectual Organization] to include   – A center center for studies studies and research research..   – Cultur Cultural al and intell intellect ectual ual foundati foundations ons such as [The [The Social Social Scientists Society  Scientists and Engineers Society . . .   – An organizat organization ion for Islamic Islamic thought thought and culture. culture.  – A publication publication,, translation translation and distribu distribution tion house house for Islamic Islamic books.   – An office office for archiving archiving,, history, history, and authenticat authentication. ion.   – The The proj projec ectt to tran transla slate te the the Nobl Noble e Qura Quran, n, the the Nobl Noble e Sayings . . . and things like that. 7- Socially [The Social-Charitable Organization] to include   – Social clubs clubs for the youths youths and the the community’ community’ss sons and daughters  – Local societie societiess for social welfare welfare and and the services services are tied tied to Islamic centers   – The Islamic Islamic Organizat Organization ion to to Combat Combat.. . .the . the Social Ills of the U.S. Society    – Islamic Islamic houses houses project project   – Matrimony Matrimony and family family cases office. office. . .and . and things like that. 8- Youths [The Youth Organization] to include   – Central Central and and local local youths youths foundat foundations. ions.   – Sports Sports teams teams and and clubs clubs . and things like that.   – Scouti Scouting ng teams teams.. . .and 9- Women [The Women Organization] to include   – Central Central and and local local women women societie societiess  – Organizatio Organizations ns of training, training, vocational vocational and housekee housekeeping ping   – An organizat organization ion to train train female female preache preachers. rs. . and things like that.   – Islamic Islamic kindergarte kindergartens ns.. . .and 10- Organizationally and Administratively [The Administrative and Organizational Organization] to include   – An institute institute for for training, training, growth, development development and and planning. planning.   – Prominent Prominent experts experts in in this this field. field.  – Work system systems, s, bylaws bylaws and charters charters fit for for running running the most most complicated bodies and organizations   – A periodic periodic magazine magazine in Islamic Islamic development development and administration. administration.   – Owning camps and halls for the various various activities. activities.  – A data, data, pollin polling g and cens census us bank. bank.

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  – An advance advanced d communic communication ation network. network.   – An adva advanc nced ed arch archiv ive e for for our our heri herita tage ge and and prod produc uc-. and things like that. tion . . .and 11- Security [The Security Organization] to include:  – Clubs for training training and learning learning self-def self-defense ense techniqu techniques. es.   – A center center which is concerned with security security issues [Technical, [Technical, intellectual, intellectual, technological and human]. human]. . . and things like that. 12- Legally [The Legal Organization] to include   – A Centra Centrall Jurispru Jurisprudence dence Council. Council.   – A Centr Central al Islam Islamic ic Court Court..   – Muslim Attorneys Attorneys Society. Society.   – The Islamic Islamic Foundation Foundation for for Defense Defense of Muslims’ Muslims’ Rights. Rights. . . and things like that. ‘‘A list of our organizations and the organizations of our friends [Imagine if they all march according to one plan!!!]. 1- ISNA  ISLAMIC SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA  2- MSA  MUSLIM STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION 3- MCA  THE MUSLIM COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATION 4- AMSS THE ASSOCIATION OF MUSLIM SOCIAL SCIENTISTS 5- AMSE AMSE THE ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTS SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 6- IMA  ISLAMIC MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 7- ITC ISLAMIC TEACHING CENTER  8- NAIT NORTH AMERICAN ISLAMIC TRUST 9- FID FOUNDATION FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 10- IHC ISLAMIC HOUSING COOPERATIVE 11- ICD ISLAMIC CENTERS DIVISION 12- ATP  AMERICAN TRUST PUBLICATIONS 13- AVC  AUDIO-VISUAL CENTER  14- IBS ISLAMIC BOOK SERVICE 15- Brotherhood MUSLIM BUSINESSMEN ASSOCAITION 16- MYNA  MUSLIM YOUTH OF NORTH AMERICA  17- IFA  ISNA FIQH COMMITTEE 18- IPAC ISNA POLITICAL AWARENESS COMMITTEE 19- IED ISLAMIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 20- MAYA  MUSLIM ARAB YOUTH ASSOCIATION 21- MISG MALASIAN [sic] ISLAMIC STUDY GROUP 22- IAP ISLAMIC ASSOCIATION FOR PALESTINE 23- UASR  UNITED ASSOCIATION FOR STUDIES AND RESEARCH 24- OLF OCCUPIED LAND FUND 25- MIA  MERCY INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION 26- ISNA  ISLAMIC CIRCLE OF NORTH AMERICA  27- BMI BAITUL MAL INC 28- IIIT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC THOUGHT 29- IIC ISLAMIC INFORMATION CENTER’’. ¼

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88. See, for example, Brooks Egerton, ‘‘U.S. torn over whether some Islamists offer insight or pose threat,’’ The Dallas Morning News February February 12, 2010, 2010, at http:/ http://ww /www.d w.dall allasn asnews ews.co .com/n m/news ews/s /stat tate/  e/  headlines/20 headlines/20100207100207-U-S-t U-S-torn-ov orn-over-wh er-whether ether-9160. -9160.ece ece (accessed (accessed February February 24, 2011). 89. Investi Investigat gative ive Project Project on Terror Terrorism ism,, ‘‘DOJ: ‘‘DOJ: CAIR’s CAIR’s Unindic Unindicted ted Co-conspirator Status Legit,’’ IPT News March 12, 2010, at http://  www.investigativeproject.org/ www.investigativeproject.org/1854/doj-cairs 1854/doj-cairs-unindicted-co-unindicted-coconspirator-status-legit (accessed February 24, 2011). 90. Investigati Investigative ve Project Project on Terrorism Terrorism,, ‘‘CAIR ‘‘CAIR Identifiedby Identifiedby the FBIas partof the Muslim Brotherhood’s Palestine Committee,’’ Counterterrrorism Blog, Blog, August 8, 2007, at http://www.investigativeproject.org/361/  cair-identified-by-the-fbi-as-partcair-identified-by-the-fbi-as-part-of-the-muslim of-the-muslim (accessed February 24, 2011); ‘‘Islamic Action for Palestine: An Internal Memo,’’ author unknown (October 1992), at http://www.investigativeproject http://www.investigativeproject.org/  .org/  InternalMemo.pdf (accessed February 24, 2011). 91. Joe Kaufman Kaufman,, ‘‘CAIR ‘‘CAIR’s ’s Hamas Hamas Co-Cons Co-Conspir pirato atorr Associ Associates ates,’’ ,’’ FrontPageMagazine.com (February (February 15, 2010), at http://front http://frontpage page

American Foreign Policy Interests

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mag.com/2010/02/15/cair%E2%80%99s-hamas-co-conspiratorassociates/ (accessed February 24, 2011). 92. Council on American-Isl American-Islamic amic Relations, ‘‘CAIR ‘‘CAIR National National Board and Staff,’’ Staff,’’ at http://www http://www.cair. .cair.com/Abo com/AboutUs/ utUs/CAIRNat CAIRNationalBo ionalBoardandardandStaff.aspx#Nihad_Awad (accessed February 24, 2011). 93. ‘‘Why ‘‘Why Does Fox News Promote Terror-tied Terror-tied,, FBI-shunn FBI-shunned ed Group?’’ Group?’’ WorldNet Daily, January 11, 2010, at http://www.wnd.com http://www.wnd.com/index. /index. php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=1 php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=121694 21694 (accessed February 2011). 94. Art Moore, ‘‘CAIR Leader Convicted Convicted on Terror Charges: Charges: Founding Board Member of Texas Chapter Funded Hamas,’’ WorldNetDaily , April 14, 2005, at http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=29850 (accessed February February 24, 2011). 95. Daniel Pipes, ‘‘CAIR’s ‘‘CAIR’s Inner Workings Workings Exposed,’’ Exposed,’’ WorldNetDaily  October October 15, 2009, 2009, at http:/ http://ww /www.w w.wnd. nd.com/ com/?pag ?pageId= eId=2985 29850 0 (accessed (accessed February 24, 2011). 96. Council Council on Americ Americanan-Isl Islami amicc Relati Relations ons,, ‘‘CAIR ‘‘CAIR at a Glance, Glance,’’ ’’ at http:/ http://ww /www.c w.cair air.co .com/A m/About boutUs/ Us/CAI CAIRat RataGla aGlance. nce.asp aspxx (access (accessed ed February February 24, 2011). 97. Council on American-Isl American-Islamic amic Relations, ‘‘CAIR ‘‘CAIR National National Board and Staff,’’ op. cit. 98. Andrew C. McCarthy, McCarthy, ‘‘International ‘‘International Institute Institute of Islamic Islamic Thought and the Muslim Brotherhood,’’ The Corner, National Review  (July 24, 2010), at http://ww http://www.nati w.nationalre onalreview.c view.com/cor om/corner/2335 ner/233574/  74/  international-institute-islamic-thought-and-muslim-brotherhoodandy-mccarthy andy-mccarthy (accessed February 24, 2011). 99. Aaron Klein, ‘‘Hamas-li ‘‘Hamas-linked nked group has deep ties to White House,’’ WorldNetDaily  (Februa (February ry 24, 2010), 2010), at http:/ http://ww /www.w w.wnd. nd.com/  com/  ?pageId=126139 ?pageId=126139 (accessed February 24, 2011). 100. 100. Aaro Aaron n Klein Klein,, ‘‘Oba ‘‘Obama ma reli religi gion on advis adviser er linke linked d to unindi unindict cted ed co-conspirator,’’ WorldNetDaily  July July 26, 2010, 2010, at http:/ http://ww /www. w. wnd.com/?pageId=184189 (accessed February 24, 2011). 101. 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Department Department of Justice, ‘‘A Review of the Bureau of Prisons’ Selection of Muslim Religious Religious Service Providers,’ Providers,’’’ Office of the Inspector Inspector General (April 2004), at http://www http://www.just .justice.gov ice.gov/oig/ /oig/special special/0404/  /0404/  (accessed (accessed February 24, 2011). 105. Federal Bureau of Investigation, ‘‘Testimony: Islamic Radicalization,’’ testimony testimony from Donald van Duyn, deputy assistant assistant director, Counterter terterror rorism ism Divisi Division, on, Federal Federal Bureau Bureau of Investi Investigat gation ion to House House Homeland Security Committee Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Terrorism Risk Assessment Assessment (September (September 20, 2006), at http://www.fbi.gov/news/test http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/islamic-radicalization imony/islamic-radicalization (accessed (accessed February 24, 2011). 106. Investigativ Investigative e Project on Terrorism, Terrorism, ‘‘Forgotten ‘‘Forgotten Investigation Investigation,, Emails Offer Offer Insigh Insightt into into IIIT IIIT Probe, Probe,’’ ’’ IPT News (Augustt 3, 2008), 2008), at News (Augus http://www.investigativeproject.org/737/forgotten-investigationemails-offer-insight-into-iiit-probe (accessed February 24, 2011). 107. Andrew C. McCarthy, McCarthy, ‘‘Somebody ‘‘Somebody at Fort Hood Should Be Walking the Plank,’’ The corner, National Review  (December 2, 2009), at http://www.nationalreview. http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/191177/ com/corner/191177/somebody-fortsomebody-forthood-should-be-walking-plank-andrew-chood-should-be-walking-plank-andrew-c-mccarthy mccarthy (accessed February 24, 2011). 108. Angela K. Brown, ‘‘Victims Remembered 1 Year After Fort Hood Massacre,’’ Fox (November er 5, 2010), 2010), at Fox 4 — Dallas-Fort Dallas-Fort Worth (Novemb http://www.myfoxdfw.com/ http://www.myfoxdfw.com/dpp/news/110510-vic dpp/news/110510-victims-remember tims-remembereded1-year-after-fort-hood-massacre (accessed February 24, 2011). 109. Jana Jana Winter Winter,, ‘‘EXCLU ‘‘EXCLUSIV SIVE: E: FormerDefens FormerDefense e IG Raises Raises Concern Concernss About About Military Chaplain Vetting,’’ Foxnews.com (December 2, 2010), at

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Ian Johnson, ‘‘Our Secret Connections with the Muslim Brotherhood,’’ The New York York Revie Review w of Books Books Marc March h 10, 10, 2011, 2011, at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/mar/10/our-secretconnections-muslim-brotherhood/ (accessed February 23, 2011). Jamel Jamel Arfaoui Arfaoui,, ‘‘Thous ‘‘Thousands ands march march for secular secularism ism in Tunisia Tunisia,’ ,’’’ Maghrebia, Maghrebia, February February 22, 2011, at http://www http://www.maghar .magharebia.c ebia.com/  om/  cocoo cocoon/ n/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/ awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2011/02/22/  2011/02/22/  feature-01 (accessed February 22, 2011). ‘‘Mideast ‘‘Mideast Crisis: Hamas Prime Minister congratulates congratulates Ghannouchi Ghannouchi on Return Return to Tunisia Tunisia,’’ ,’’ The Global Global Muslim Muslim Brotherh Brotherhood ood Report  Report  February 3, 2011, at http://globalmbreport.com/?p=3899 (accessed February February 23, 2011). 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Henry Kissinger, Kissinger, Diplomacy  (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 530;James 530;James Feyrer,‘‘Th Feyrer,‘‘The e 1967–75Suez 1967–75Suez Canal Canal Closure Closure:: LessonsforTrade LessonsforTrade and the Trade-Income Trade-Income Link’’ December 23, 2009, at http://www. http://www.voxvoxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4428 (accessed February 23, 2011). Yaakov Lappin, ‘‘Muslim Brotherhood: Brotherhood: ‘Prepare Egyptians for war with Israel,‘’’ Israel,‘’’ The Jerusa Jerusalem lem Post , February February 1, 2011, 2011, at http:/ http://  /  www.jp www.jpost ost.co .com/H m/Headl eadline ines/A s/Arti rticle cle.as .aspx? px?id= id=2061 206130 30 (access (accessed ed February February 23, 2011).

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