The list of stylistic devices 1. Epithet (Greek - "addition") is a stylistic device emphasizing some quality of a person, thing, idea or phenomenon. ts function is to reveal the evaluating su!ective attitude of the #riter to#ards the thing descri!ed.(examples: misterious woman,sleeping face) $. Evaluative - !ased on or relating to an assessment to form an idea or the value of something %. A rhetorical question - is a &gure of speech in the form of a question that is asked in order to make a point , for e'ect or to lay emphasis and no real ans#er is epected. Еxamples: “Who knows? “Wh! not? “"f !ou prick us, #o we not $lee#? . anaphora is the repetition of a #ord or #ords a the !eginning of t#o or more clauses, sentences or verses. example: it%s an new #awn , it%s a new #a!, it%s a new life *. &uotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from from a !ook, speech and the like used !y the #ay of illustration, proof proof or as a !asis for further speculation on the matter. matter. +y repeating the utterance in a ne# environment, #e attach to the utterance an importance. Example: '(on%t ever tell an!$o#! an!ting "f !ou #o, !ou start missing ever!$o#!'*+(alinger) ever!$o#!'*+(alinger) . -itotes is an understatement in #hich a positive statement is epressed epressed !y negating its opposite *.e is not unkin#/ not $a#) . 0un is a play on #ords in #hich a humorous e'ect is produced !y using a #ord that suggests t#o or more meanings !y eploiting similar sounding #ords having di'erent meanings. 1or example: At a pi22a shop: '3 #a!s without pi22a makes one weak' 'Wh! can a man starve in the 4reat (esert? 5 6ecause he can eat the san# which is there' . 7onnotation is a set of associations implied !y a #ord in addition to its literary meaning. t can !e positive or negative. Ex:'Wall treet' -iterar! means a street situate# in -ower 8anhattan,$ut 8anhattan,$ut connotativl! it refers to 'wealth' an# 'power') /. Enumeration is a stylistic device !y #hich separate things, o!ects, phenomena, properties, properties, actions are named one !y one so that they produce a chain, that displays homogeneity. Examples : 9"n competitive 9"n competitive swimming each contestant swims four #ierent strokes: the $reast stroke, $ack5stroke, $utter;! an# freest!le < ' $usinessmen who have live# =ve, ten, twent! !ears in America' metaphor - transference of names !ased on the associated 10. likeness !et#een t#o o!ects. example: the whole worl# is theatre an# people are the actors
Antithesis is a stylistic device in #hich t#o opposite ideas are 11. put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting e'ect Ex "t was the $est of times, it was the worst of times 1$. "ron! - is a &gure of speech in #hich #ords are used in such a #ay that their intended meaning is di'erent from the actual meaning of the #ords Example: >he $utter is as soft as a mar$le piece 1%. 1. (enotation is a translation of a sign to its literal meaning. $. (enotation is the direct meaning or set of meanings of a #ord or epression, distinguished from the ideas or meanings associated #ith it or suggested !y it. 1. 0ersoni=cation-is the attri!ution of personal nature or character to inanimate o!ects or a!stract notions 5>he cit! never sleeps 7lich is an epression, idea, or element of an artistic #ork 1*. #hich has !ecome overused to the point of losing its original meaning, e'ect or novelty *e g as $rave as a lion/ frightene# to #eath/ waking up on the wrong si#e of the $e#/ rea# $etween the lines) 1. 7.A"@ E0E>">"B@ presents several successive anadiploses (...a, a...!, !...c, c). he e'ect is that of the smoothly developing logical reasoning. ECA80-E: mile exten#e# into laugh, the laugh into roar, an# the roar $ecame general 7."A8D - $ syntactical constructions (sentences or phrases) 1. are parallel, !ut their mem!ers (#ords) change places, their syntactical positions. ECA80-E: All for one, an# one for all/ ou can take the $o! out of the countr!, $ut !ou can%t take the countr! out of the $o! 1. >autolog! is the repetitive use of #ords or phrases that more or less convey similar meaning #ith the purpose of emphasizing or adding literary !eauty. Ex " want to live while " am alive >here is nothing !ou can #o that can%t $e #one >rope- is a &gure of speech !ased on some kind of transfer of 1/. denomination ( .2.3namenskaya). rope is a #ord of phrase that is used in a #ay that is di'erent from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental image or e'ect. ( 4ford 2dvanced 5earner6s dictionary). here are many di'erent types of tropes depending on ho# the meaning is changed.(e.g. hyper!ole, irony, litotes, metaphor, metonymy,etc.) (etache# construction - is a syntactical stylistic device !ased $0. on singling out a secondary mem!er of the sentence #ith the help of punctuation and intonation. Ex: he was cra2! a$out !ou "n the $eginning Ex: he was lovel!: all of her 5 #elightful $1. s!nec#oche - is a literary device in #hich a part of something represents the #hole or it may use a #hole to represent a part. 1or example: the term 'suits' refers to $uisnessmen
the term '$oots' refers to sol#iers the term 'pentagon' refers to a few #ecision makers $$. 1igure of speech is a stylistic device of #hatever kind, including tropes and syntactical epressive means. 8eiosis, or un#erstatement - a device serving to underline $%. the insigni&cance of #hat #e speak a!out, lessening, #eakening, reducing the real characteristics of the o!ect of speech. his trope is the logical and psychological opposite of hyper!ole. A t!pical meiosis is, for instance, the current expression '"t will cost !ou a prett! penn!' which in realit! implies not %a penn!%, $ut certainl! a large sum of mone! Ex: "t%s a $it warm *when one is sweating in sauna or traveling through a #esert at mi##a!) "%m a little tire# *after completing a marathon) u s p e n s e is a compositional device #here a deli!erate $. postponement of the completion of the sentence takes place. Eg: " Fust want !ou to know that even if !ou leave me, if !ou $reak m! heart, if !ou spen# all m! mone! or if !ou eat m! #inner again, " will still love !ou $*. Br#inar! repetition- is a simple repeating of a #ord #ithin a sentence or a poetical line,#ith no particular placement of #ords,in order to provide emphasis,clarity,ampli&cation or emotional e'ect. Example:>o#a!,as never $efore,the fates of men are so intimatel! linke# to one another that a #isaster for one is a #isaster for ever!$o#! Alliteration - the repetion of consonants, usually in the $. !eginning of #ords. ((onal# (uck/ 7oca57ola/ 8icke! 8ouse) $. Antonomasia- is a leical stylistic device in #hich a proper name is used instead of a common noun or vice versa Example: "ron -a#!, (r 1resh Air,8r Bwl E!es a prover$ - a !rief #ell-kno#n phrase or sentence that gives $. advice a!out ho# people should live or that epresses a !elief that is generally rhought to !e true. a sa!ing - a short #ell-kno#n statement of a particular character that epresses something a!out life that most people !elieve is #ise and true $/. As!n#eton - is a deli!erate omission of conunctions #ithin the sentence or !et#een sentences. Example: >he #ark, the moon, the stars 5 all create# a romantic eect Ana#iplosis is the repetition of the end of one clause (sentence) %0. in the !eginning of the follo#ing one. Example: 'trength through purit!, purit! through faith' 1raming- stylistic device in #hich the !eginning of the sentence %1. is repeated in the end of the sentence. ex B$viousl! he is guilt!, o$viousl! %$. epresente# speech is a device #hich conveys the actual #ords or thoughts of a character not directly, !ut #ithin the author7s speech, retaining the peculiarities of the speaker7s manner of epression. Example: Bl# +ol!on was on the alert at once Wasn%t the 'man of propert!' going to live in his new house, then? *4alsworth!)
Anticlimax refers to a &gure of speech in #hich statements %%. gradually descend in order of importance. 8nlike clima, anticlima is the arrangement of a series of #ords, phrases, or clauses in order of decreasing importance. hese are some eamples of anticlima9 9 he is a great writer, a mother an# a goo# humorist < .e lost his famil!, his car an# his cell phone t!listic #evices are the use of any of a variety of techniques to %. give an auiliary meaning, idea, or feeling to the literal or #ritten. t can !e metaphor, simile, personi&cation and so on. Example:'>hat $o! is as fast as a fox' is a simile $ut '>hat $o! is a foxG' is a metaphor %*. Aposiopesis - is a &gure of speech #herein a sentence is deli!erately !roken o' and left un&nished, the ending to !e supplied !y the imagination, giving an impression of un#illingness or ina!ility to continue. An example woul# $e the threat '4et out, or elseHG' his device often portrays its users as overcome #ith passion (fear, anger, ecitement). >he expressive means of a language are those phonetic, %. morphological, #ord !uilding, leical, phraseological or syntactical forms #hich eist in language as-a-system for the purpose of logical and various dictionaries. %. 0eriphrasis- it is a stylistic device that can !e de&ned as the use of ecessive and longer #ords to convey a meaning #hich could have !een conveyed #ith a shorter epression or in a t#o #ords. t7s an indirect or round a!out #ay of #riting a!out things. Example: "Im going to instea# " will imile is a &gure of speech that makes a comparison, sho#ing %. similarities !et#een t#o di'erent things. 8nlike a metaphor, a simile dra#s resem!lance #ith the help of the #ords :like7 or :as7. herefore, it is a direct comparison. Example: J" woul# have given an!thing for the power to soothe her frail soul, tormenting itself in its invinci$le ignorance like a small $ir# $eating a$out the cruel wires of a cageI Emotive meaning has reference to the emotions of the speaker %/. to#ards the thing or phenomena de&ned. he !earers of emotive meaning are interections, eclamatory #ords, s#ear-#ords, a great num!er of qualifying #ords, intensi&ers. Eg a)Bh, 8! 4o#G $)" feel so #amne# lonel!G h!thm is a ;o#, movement, procedure, characterized !y 0. !asically regular recurrence of elements or features, as !eat, or accent, in alternation #ith opposite or di'erent elements or features uccessive repetition is a string of closely follo#ing each other 1. reiterated units. he most emphatic type of repetition #hich signi&es the peak of emotions of the speaker. Example: "tIs a ma#,ma#,ma# worl# $. 7onvergence is a com!ination or accumulation of stylistic devices promoting the same idea, emotion or motive. Example: J>he #oor opene# an# from the cushions within emerge# a tall !oung man in a 7linging tore5gra! coat After him, like the =rst $reath of spring in the champs5 El!sses came 8rs 6este5 chet
w!n#e5 two li2ar#5 skin feet, silk legs, chinchilla $o#!, a tight little $lack hat, pinne# with platinumKI %. >he #ecomposition of set phrase - a kind of violation a set phrase !y either changing of 1 or more components or prolongation. Example: >o $e $orn with a gol#en spoon * gol#en instea# of silver) Epiphora - is a stylistic device, #hich represents identical . elements at the end of the sentences, paragraphs, chapters, stanzas. Example: "%m a 0epper, .e%s a 0epper, he%s a 0epper, We%re a 0epper Woul#n%t !ou like to $e a 0epper too? (octor 0epperG E0"4A8 is a !rief, interesting, memora!le, and sometimes *. surprising or satirical statement. .ere lies m! wife: here let her lieG @ow she%s at rest L an# so am " H +ohn (r!#en . "mager! means to use &gurative language to represent o!ects, actions and ideas in such a #ay that it appeals to our physical senses. Examples: 9) >he chil#ren were screaming an# shouting in the =el#s *'screaming' an# 'shouting' appeal to our au#itor! sense) <) >he fresh an# Fuic! oranges are ver! col# an# sweet *%Fuic!' an# 'sweet' have an eect to our sense of taste) Ellipsis is the omission of a #ord necessary for the complete . syntactical construction of a sentence !ut not necessary for understanding. t is used to change the tempo of the sentence and to heighten the emotional tension of the narration. 'ou feel alright? An!thing wrong or what?' 'What is he #oing? Anno!ing father' 7limax - an arragement of sentences or homogeneous parts of . sentences #hich secures a gradual increase in signi&cance, importance or emotional tension Example: >he! looke# at hun#re#s of houses, the! clim$e# thousan#s of stairs, the! inspecte# innumera$le kitchens /. 8eton!m! - is a &gure of speech in #hich something is called !y a ne# name that is related in meaning to the original thing or concept. >he ankees have $een throwing the $all reall! well *the name of a sports team is use# in place of its in#ivi#ual mem$ers) &uestion in the narrative is asked and ans#ered !y one and *0. the same person, usually the author to sustain tension and keep the reader interested. Example: how long must it go on? .ow long must we suer? Where is the en#? " #on%t know *1. Bnomatopoeia *MNOPQRQSTUVUXY) - is a com!ination of speech sounds #hich aims at imitating sounds produced in nature (#ind, #ater, leaves), !y animals, !y people and !y things (machins or
tools) Example: Animals 5 miaow, roar, $ow5wow 0eople 5 $lah5 $lah, murmur @ature 5 $u22, splash, whistle *$. winkle, twinkle little star .ow " won#er what !ou are Assonance - the repetition of similar vo#els usually in stressed *%. sylla!les. '1leet feet sweep $! sleeping geese' pink clo!e# '>r! to light the =re' '.ear the mellow we##ing $ells' ea 0oe 4ap5sentence link is a #ay of connecting t#o sentences *. seemingly unconnected and leaving it to the reader7s. Example: he an# that fellow might to $e the su$$eres ,an# the! are in "tal! **. Zeugma-is a &gure of speech in #hich one single phrase or #ord oins di'erent parts of a sentence. Bx!moron is a &gure of speech that utaposes elements that *. appear to !e contradictory. 4ymorons appear in a variety of contets, including inadvertent errors *such as 'groun# pilot') and literary oymorons crafted to reveal a parado. *. euphemism is a generally innocuous #ord or epression used in place of one that may !e found o'ensive or suggest something unpleasant. pregnant[expecting,invali#[#isa$le# .!per$ole is the use of eaggeration as a rhetorical device or *. &gure of speech. n rhetoric, it is also sometimes kno#n as auesis (lit. "gro#th"). n poetry and oratory, it emphasizes, evokes strong feelings, and creates strong impressions. 2s a &gure of speech, it is usually not meant to !e taken literally. inversion is any of several grammatical constructions #here t#o */. epressions s#itch their canonical order of appearance, that is, they invert. a A unicorn will come into the room $ "nto the room will come a unicorn parallelism, also kno#n as parallel structure or parallel 0. construction, is a !alance #ithin one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure.he application of parallelism improves #riting style and reada!ility, and is thought to make sentences easier to process. =arallelism is often achieved using antithesis, anaphora, asyndeton, clima, epistrophe, and symploce.
-acking parallelism: '>he #og ran across the !ar#, Fumpe# over the fence, an# #own the alle! he sprinte#' 0arallel: '>he #og ran across the !ar#, Fumpe# over the fence, an# sprinte# #own the alle!' 4rammatical $ut not emplo!ing parallelism: '>he #og ran across the !ar# an# Fumpe# over the fence, an# #own the alle! he sprinte#'
0ol!s!n#eton is the use of several conunctions in close 1. succession, especially #here some could other#ise !e omitted *as in 'he ran an# Fumpe# an# laughe# for Fo!') $. Allusion is a &gure of speech, in #hich one refers covertly or indirectly to an o!ect or circumstance from an eternal contet. A so$riquet
