XMD EKJFKR
; ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
XMD EKJFKR @A\D^M KGSAX ^KH@KJ
2 ai ;66
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Xmd Ekjfkr Lapyrcfmt © 2>;9 by @asdpm Kgyat ^kh`kj Koo rcfmts rdsdrvdh. Ja pkrt ai tmcs baae gky bd usdh ar rdprahuldh cj kjy iarg ar by kjy gdkjs wctmaut pdrgcsscaj cj wrctcjf irag tmd pubocsmdr. Iar koo cjqucrcds0 `asdpmkgyatpkh`kj.lag
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XMD EKJFKR
^rdikld
Xmcs baae cs jat kbaut tmd hkffdr, ar smart swarh, lkoodh k emkjfkr, ar emkj`kr, k lmacld wdkpaj iar gkjy gdj tmraufmaut tmd kfds, but kbaut tmd kjlcdjt trcbd ar pdapod wmasd jkgd iar tmdgsdovds “ Ekjfkr “ gdkjs swarh- ar hkffdrbdkrdr, bdlkgd tmd jkgd iar hkffdr, tmd hkffdr ctsdoi. Xmkt cs kjh ta sky, tmd jkgd ai tmd wmdrdvdr tmd emkjfkr ar emkj`kr ar mkjh!kr cs usdh, wmdtmdr cj Crkq, Agkj, Sdgdj, Dfypt, tmd Bkoekjs, tmd Lkulksus, Ldjtrko Ksck, ar Cjhck, lagds irag tmd jkgd ai tmd pdapod “ tmd Ekjfkr. Xmd Ekjfkr wdrd, ar rktmdr krd, kbarcfcjds ai Cjhck, tmd laujtry ai tmdcr jktcvcty, kjh tmdy krd ajd ai tmd gast kjlcdjt pdapods cj tmd waroh, wctm k mcstary spkjjcjf gkjy tmauskjhs ai ydkrs kjh cjvaovcjf jugdraus laujtrcds. Ai koo tmd 8 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Ekjfkr, tmd gast wdoo ejawj ocvdh cj sautmdrj Gdsapatkgck cj kjtcqucty. Vd lkoo tmdg \ugdrckjs. Ct cs cgpartkjt ta gdjtcaj mdrd k pmdjagdjaj tmkt aitdj allurs kgajf pdapods okstcjf gcoodjjck, ar dvdj ldjturcds. Vmdj k pdapod ar k trcbd djhurds k vdry oajf tcgd, tmraufm wmktdvdr bajhs, jdw jkgds iar ct, ar vkrcktcajs aj cts arcfcjko kppdooktcaj, krd baujh ta krcsd, wmdtmdr irag dvaoutcaj, ar irag larruptcaj5 kjh ks jdw sdpts ar lokjs krd tmd jkturko autfrawtm ai k sulldssiuo kjh arfkjczdh pdapod, ks krd hcstcjlt subhcvcscajs, sa jdw jkgds krd koo tmd gard ocedoy ta krcsd kgajf tmdg. \a mks ct bddj wctm tmd Ekjfkr. Cj tmd laursd ai tmdcr oajf mcstary, k vkrcdty ai iargs ai tmdcr jkgd mkvd lagd cjta usd, kjh jdw lokjs, ks wdoo ks hcstcjlt subhcvcscajs, mkvd lrappdh up kfkcj kjh kfkcj, bdkrcjf dctmdr jdw jkgds kotafdtmdr, ar vkrckjt iargs hciidrcjf gard ar odss irag tmd arcfcjko jkgd, wmclm, cj tmd lksd ai tmd Ekjfkr, wks dctmdr Ekjekoc, ar Ekjfkrc. Xahky tmdy krd gast wchdoy ejawj by tmd dxajygs kjh Emajhs kjh Emkjhs, tmaufm tmdy lkoo Fajhs tmdgsdovds 4 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Eudj`u (Ekjf`u) ar Ekjfkr ar Ekjekoc ar Eac (Eayk) ar Eactars, dtl., hdpdjhcjf aj tmdcr trcbko hcvcscaj. Maw Ekjekoc lkgd ta bd Ekjfkrc, ar vcld vdrsk, kt odkst kgajf sagd hcvcscajs ai tmd pdapod, cs ja gystdry kt koo5 tmd ajd dvaovdh cjta tmd atmdr aj kllaujt ai tmd prdsdjld ai pmajdgds tmkt bdlkgd cjtdrlmkjfdh, jkgdoy, tmd e saujh iar tmd saujh ai f, ar vcld vdrsk5 kjh tmd o saujh iar tmkt ai r, ar vcld vdrsk5 kjh dvdjtukooy iar sagd hcvcscajs, tmd c aj tmd djh wks hrappdh, ar ct wks khhdh5 mdjld Ekjfkr, Ekjfkrc, Ekjfkoc, Ekjekoc, kjh sa iartm. Cj tmd pkfds tmkt iaooaw, C smkoo prdsdjt koo tmd ejawj vkrckjts ai tmd jkgd ai tmd Ekjfkr, ks wdoo ks koo tmd jkgds ai tmd ejawj Ekjfkr subhcvcscajs5 C smkoo trkld tmd mcstary ai tmd Ekjfkr ta tmd prdsdjt irag tmdcr dkrocdst kppdkrkjld cj saurlds, ks wdoo ks irag tmd dvchdjld ai HJK, kjh oalktd tmdg, ar djhdkvar ta oalktd tmdg, wmdrdvdr tmdy mkvd djhdh up. Xmus cj k stdw gastoy ai iklts, sdksajdh wctm spdluoktcajs kjh laj`dlturds ks jddhdh, k pclturd 9 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
ai tmd Ekjfkr, tmdcr arcfcj, kjh tmdcr mcstary, dgdrfds. Ct wcoo bd sddj tmkt cj k jugbdr ai pkrkfrkpms, kjh C mapd jat taa gkjy, C pasctcaj kppasctvdoy ta tmd jkgd Ekjfkr, ar ta k iarg ai ct, atmdr iargs ar vkrckjts ai ct, ta smaw vkrckjts ai tmd jkgd. C ha tmcs iar tmd sked ai lodkrjdss, ar iar tmd sked ai dgpmkscs. Xmcs baae cs, cj tmd gkcj, jat k mcstary prapdr, but kj krfugdjt, ar sdrcds ai krfugdjts, cjtdjhdh ta hdgajstrktd, cj sa ikr ks ct cs passcbod, tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd, cj iklt, tmd Ekjfkr.
@asdpm Kgyat ^kh`kj
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XMD EKJFKR
Lajtdjts ^rdikld
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CC. Xmd Jkgds ai tmd Ekjfkr
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CCC. Okpcs Okzuoc, Bkhkemsmkj, \ugdr/Ekjfkr, Hcoguj 9= CY. Xmd Okjfukfd ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr5 Cjhus Ykoody Lcvcoczktcaj5 Hcoguj ;>= Y. Gdkjcjf ai tmd Jkgd Ekjfkr5 Xmd HJK ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr ;<2 YC. Rklcko Lokssciclktcaj kjh Ocjfucstcl kiicocktcaj ai tmd Ekjfkr, \kjtkos, kjh \ugdrckjs ;83 YCC. Xmd Jkgds \ugdr, ar \mugdr, \ujkr, \kgkr
;49
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XMD EKJFKR
YCCC. Fahs kjh Fahhdssds
;43
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;92
]. Bcbocafrkpmy kjh Jatds
;98
3 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Hddpoy mdoh arcfcj gytms, mawdvdr rclmoy dgbrachdrdh, mkvd k mkbct ai bdcjf rcfmt. “ Brykj \yeds
C. Xmd Icrst Ekjfkr Aj kj csokjh cj tmd sdk kj kjajygaus fahhdss kjh tmd fah Jcrkgcrkj`kj oaaedh cjta dklm atmdr–s dyds, kjh tmdrdby lajldcvdh k lmcoh5 jcjd gajtms kjh jcjd maurs oktdr tmdcr hkufmtdr wks barj5 but tmd gatmdr fahhdss wks jat mkppy. Idkrcjf smd oast mdr hcvcjd vcrtuds by bdkrcjf k lmcoh, smd rdiusdh ta jursd mdr bkby, kjh tmrdw tmd cjikjt cjta tmd sdk. Jcrkgcrkj`kj tmd fah sddcjf tmd ktralcty, rdsludh mcs hkufmtdr kjh braufmt mdr magd. \md wks jkgdh Ekjekoc-EkocEkjekoc5 smd wks tmd icrst Ekjfkr. ; Ajd hky Ekjekoc wdjt ta tmd sdk ta swcg, jat ejawcjf tmkt k fraup ai fahs wdrd jdkr tmd smard. Vmdj smd rdgavdh mdr loatmds kjh stdppdh cjta tmd wktdr, tmdy skw mdr kjh bdfkj ta smaut kjh lokp kjh okufm. Ekjekoc wks hcsfrkldh. ;> ai ;66
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\md rdturjdh magd, wmdrd mdr iktmdr Jcrkgcrkj`kj, wma iar twdovd ydkrs mkh wdcfmdh mdr hkcoy, iaujh mdr jaw ta wdcfm gard tmkj icvd gufrc ioawdrs, kjh tmus hcslavdrdh mdr ta bd prdfjkjt. Ekjekoc wks jaw cgpurd, kjh smd wks ksedh ta odkvd. \md odit mdr magd, kjh wkoedh iar jcjd gajtms ujtco smd rdklmdh Euruvkhwddp Iardst.2 Xmdrd smd odkjt aj k sk` trdd, kjh fkvd bcrtm ta tmd Fajh fahs, wma trkjsiargdh cjta gdj kjh bdlkgd tmd prafdjctars ai, kgajf atmdrs, tmd Eayk (Eack),< ecj ta tmd Eudj`u (Eucdj`u), ar Ekjf`u. Xmus tmd Eayk, bdcjf barj ai tmd icrst Ekjfkr “ Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc “ krd, oced tmdcr ecj tmd Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, cj iklt Ekjfkr. Xmd pkrkfrkpms kbavd krd k suggkry ai tmd arcfcj gytm ai tmd Fajhs. Ct cs, cj iklt, tmd arcfcj gytm ai tmd Ekjfkr. Xmd gytm wks rdlarhdh cj Khcokbkh cj tmd gch-twdjtcdtm ldjtury by Kustrckj dtmjaoafcst Lmrcstapm vaj Iÿrdr8
Mkcgdjhari.
;; ai ;66
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Euruvkhwddp Iardst
Euruvkhwddp Iardst cj rdoktcaj ta Khcokbkh
;2 ai ;66
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Jaw, C wcoo bd tmd icrst ta pacjt aut maw dxtrkarhcjkry ct cs tmkt k pdapod ocvcjf irag tcgd cggdgarcko cj tmd vdry mdkrt ai Cjhck, sa hcstkjt irag tmd sdk cj dvdry hcrdltcaj, mkvd kj arcfcj gytm tmkt stktds tmkt tmd fahhdss wma bard tmdg “ Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc “ wks barj aj kj csokjh cj tmd sdk. Xmd iklt tmkt tmd sdk cs gdjtcajdh cj tmcs arcfcj gytm, kjh cj ct mks sa pragcjdjt kjh lajspcluaus k raod, hdgajstrktds tmkt tmd ecj-rdoktdh fraups “ tmd Eayk kjh tmd Eudj`u, wma krd batm ai tmdg tmd Ekjfkr “ lauoh jat mkvd arcfcjktdh wmdrd tmd gytm wks rdlarhdh. ^dapod lkjjat tkoe kbaut rdko tmcjfs tmkt tmdy ha jat ejaw ar mkvd kjy ejawodhfd ai5 kjh ci tmd Ekjfkr wdrd arcfcjkooy irag ldjtrko Cjhck, wmdrd tmdy ocvd jaw, gkjy mujhrdhs ai gcods irag tmd sdk cj koo hcrdltcajs, tmdcr kjldstars wauoh mkvd mkh ja ejawodhfd ai tmd sdk, kjh wauoh jat mkvd bddj kbod ta tkoe kbaut ct. Xmdrdiard tmd kjlcdjt Ekjfkr irag wmag tmd gytm icrst lkgd, ta tkoe kbaut tmd sdk cj gytm tmd ai tmdcr arcfcj, ejawj tmd sdk.tmd\cjld gytm stktdsgust tmktmkvd Ekjekoc-Ekoc;< ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Ekjekoc wks lajldcvdh kjh barj aj kj csokjh cj tmd sdk, wd krd rcfmt ta suppasd, kjh wd gky dvdj kiicrg, wctm rdksaj kjh kbujhkjt `ustciclktcaj, tmkt tmd kjlcdjt magdokjh ai tmd Ekjfkr wks, `ust ks tmd gytm rdoktds, kj csokjh cj tmd sdk. Cjhddh, tmd kjlcdjt Ekjfkr, bdiard gavcjf ta gkcjokjh Cjhck, gust mkvd bddj kj csokjh pdapod, kjh kj csokjh aii tmd lakst ai Cjhck gust mkvd bddj tmd pokld ai tmdcr arcfcj. Bdmrkg M. Gdmtk, kutmar ai Fajhs ai tmd Ldjtrko Cjhckj Mcfmokjhs, tmd hdicjctcvd ware aj tmd Fajhs (Eayks, Eactars, Eudj`u, Ekjf`u, Ekjfkr, Emkjfkr, Emkj`kr, Emajhs, Emkjhs, Ekjekoc‘koo krd tmd skgd pdapod, cj fdjdrko lkoodh Fajhs ar Emajhs), hch jat ikco ta rdkoczd tmkt kj dxpokjktcaj iar tmd dxcstdjld ai sulm k sdk arcfcj gytm kgajf tmcs pdapod gust bd kttdgptdh. Gdmtk skys, Xmd rdidrdjlds ta tmd sdk kjh aldkj gky bd ta tmd rcvdr Fahkvkrc5 ar ct lauoh bd tmd dkstdrj lakstocjd ai Cjhck jdkr Ycskemkpktjkg. 4
;8 ai ;66
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\cjld Gdmtk spdkes oajf kjh cj hdtkco aj dvdry atmdr kspdlt ai Fajh luoturd kjh salcdty cj mcs baae, kjh fads cjta Fajh prabodgs hddpoy, ct cs cjtdrdstcjf tmkt md hdvatdh k gdrd sdjtdjld ar twa ta tmcs rdgkrekbod kspdlt ai tmdcr arcfcj gytm. C kg cjlocjdh ta tmcje md skw ja dksy wky ta dxpokcj maw k pdapod ocvcjf cj ldjtrko Cjhck lauoh awd tmdcr arcfcj ta k fahhdss tmkt mkh bddj barj aj kj csokjh cj tmd sdk ar aldkj, kjh tmkt md lauoh aiidr ajoy k supdriclcko laj`dlturd kt wmkt tmd warh aldkj scfjcicds cj tmd gytm. Gdmtk kfkcj0 Xmd Fajhs mkvd jat gcfrktdh avdr sdk5 but ta k prcgctcvd salcdty, lrasscjf tmd bkjes ai frdkt rcvdrs cs oced lrasscjf aldkjs. 9
Bdoaw C mkvd rdwarhdh mcs sdjtdjld ta dxprdss tmd gdkjcjf ai ct ks lodkroy ks passcbod0 Xa k prcgctcvd salcdty tmkt mks jat lrassdh kj aldkj, lrasscjf k frdkt rcvdr cs oced lrasscjf kj aldkj.
;4 ai ;66
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Gdmtk–s laj`dlturd cs, tmkt tmd rdidrdjld ta tmd aldkj cj tmd gytm cs dxpokcjkbod by tmd pdrldptcaj k prcgctcvd salcdty wauoh mkvd ai tmd lrasscjf ai k frdkt rcvdr “ tmkt ci tmd rcvdr cs frdkt, ct cs oced kj aldkj ta tmkt salcdty. Gdmtk prdsugds tmkt tmkt prcgctcvd salcdty cj pkrtcluokr, tmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr, ocvcjf cj tmd mdkrt ai Cjhck, lauoh mkvd mkh ja dxpdrcdjld ai kj aldkj. Jaw, ta k prcgctcvd salcdty, ar ta kjy atmdr ecjh ai salcdty iar tmkt gkttdr, wctm ja dxpdrcdjld ai kj aldkj, k rcvdr, mawdvdr frdkt, lkj bd ta tmdg oced jatmcjf kt koo but k rcvdr. Cj atmdr warhs, k prcgctcvd salcdty wctm ja dxpdrcdjld ai kj aldkj lkjjat lajschdr k frdkt rcvdr ta bd oced kjy aldkj5 ct cs ajoy k salcdty tmkt mks dxpdrcdjld ai kj aldkj tmkt lkj lajschdr kjy atmdr bahy ai wktdr kt koo ta bd oced kj aldkj, ar jat ta bd oced ajd. Xmus, wctmaut dxpdrcdjld ai kj aldkj, lrasscjf k rcvdr ta kjy salcdty lkj bd ajoy oced lrasscjf k rcvdr5 kjh sulm salcdty wauoh mkvd ja warh iar aldkj. Ajoy k salcdty tmkt mks dxpdrcdjld ai kj aldkj lkj passcboy mkvd k warh ta scfjciy aldkj. Xmd Fajhs, ar tmdcr Ekjfkr, mkvd warh wmclm tmkt scfjcicds aldkj, kjh mkvcjf sulmk warh, cs jat k ;9 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
barrawdh ajd, cjhclktds dxpdrcdjld (tmdcr kjldstars– dxpdrcdjld) ai kj aldkj ar tmd sdk. Gdmtk–s dxpokjktcaj ai tmd rdidrdjld ta tmd aldkj cj tmd gytm cs tmdrdiard ujtdjkbod5 ct cs jat larrdlt. Gdmtk0 Frcfsaj, pdrmkps bkscjf mcs tmdary aj tmd Mcsoap hcslavdrdh Fajh odfdjh, suffdsts tmkt tmd kbarcfcjko Fajhs wdrd arcfcjkooy k rcvdrcjd pdapod aj tmd Fahkvkrc rcvdr. Md chdjtcicds tmd Eactar Fajhs Ukjldstars ai tmd Eayks, kjh tmus EkjfkrW, sa wdoo-ejawj ta tmd Fajhs ai Lmkjhk kjh Khcookbkh, ta bd tmd arcfcjko trcbd ai Fajhs. 6
Xmd Fajhs ai tmd rcvdr,bddj cjlouhcjf Eaycks UEayksW kjhFahkvkrc Rdhhys, mkvd stuhcdhtmd by L. vaj Iÿrdr-Mkcgdjhari. Xmd Eaycks krd aj tmd Fahkvkrc rcvdr, jartm kjh dkst ai Vkrrkjfko. =
Ct gust bd barjd cj gcjh tmkt k rcvdrcjd pdapod wmasd odxclaj cjlouhds k warh ta scfjciy aldkj lkjjat passcboy bd wctmaut k warh ta scfjciy rcvdr5 kjh iar batm warhs ta dxcst cj tmdcr odxclaj, tmdy gust mkvd dxpdrcdjld, ar tmdcr kjldstars gust mkvd mkh dxpdrcdjld, ai kj aldkj ar tmd sdk ;6 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
ks wdoo ks ai k rcvdr. Cj tmd gytm tmd warh ta scfjciy kj aldkj ar tmd sdk cs usdh5 tmd warh ta scfjciy k rcvdr cs jat usdh. Ci cj tmd gytm tmd bahy ai wktdr rdidrrdh ta wdrd k rcvdr, tmdj cj tmd gytm tmd warh ta scfjciy rcvdr wauoh mkvd bddj usdh. Iÿrdr-Mkcgdjhari rdlarhdh tmd gytm cj tmd Khcokbkh rdfcaj jdkr tmd rcvdr Fahkvkrc. 3 Ci by tmd warh aldkj tmasd wma rdoktdh tmd gytm ta mcg mkh gdkjt tmkt frdkt rcvdr, wmclm wks wctmcj wkoecjf hcstkjld irag tmdg kt tmkt tcgd, ar mkh ejawj tmkt tmdcr kjldstars wma taoh tmdg tmd gytm mkh gdkjt tmkt frdkt rcvdr, tmdy wauoh mkvd skch, cjhddh, tmkt Ekjekoc wks barj aj kj csokjh cj tmkt rcvdr5 tmdy wauoh mkvd spdlcicdh tmd rcvdr Fahkvkrc. Xmasd wma taoh Iÿrdr-Mkcgdjhari tmd gytm laggujclktdh ta mcg wmkt tmdy mkh mdkrh, ai laursd, irag tmdcr kjldstars, kjh sa aj kjh sa iartm, tmd gytm bdcjf pkssdh irag ajd fdjdrktcaj ta kjatmdr, facjf bkle laujtodss fdjdrktcajs. Ci wd wdrd ta klldpt tmkt tmd warh aldkj cj tmd gytm rdidrs ta tmd wma rcvdr laggujclktdh Fahkvkrc, wd gust tmkt tmd Ekjfkr tmd klldpt gytm, ;= ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
wma kt tmd tcgd wdrd k rcvdrcjd pdapod, ;> usdh k warh scfjciycjf aldkj bdlkusd tmdcr valkbuokry okledh k warh scfjciycjf rcvdr. Xa klldpt tmcs wauoh bd, ai laursd, tmd mdcfmt ai kbsurhcty. Ct cs cgpasscbod tmkt k rcvdrcjd pdapod wauoh mkvd ja warh cj tmdcr valkbuokry ta scfjciy rcvdr, but ajd cjstdkh ta scfjciy aldkj. Xmd warh aldkj cj tmd gytm gust scfjciy aldkj, tmkt cs, tmd sdk. Xmkt Gdmtk mcgsdoi mkh sdrcaus haubts kbaut tmd warh aldkj cj tmd gytm rdidrrcjf ta tmd rcvdr Fahkvkrc, ar ta kjy atmdr rcvdr, cs pokcjoy smawj by mcs subsdqudjt stktdgdjt “ tmkt tmd rdidrdjld ta tmd aldkj gky bd ta tmd dkstdrj lakstocjd ai Cjhck, tmkt cs, ta tmd aldkj aii tmd dkstdrj lakst ai Cjhck jdkr Ycskemkpktjkg “ tmd Cjhckj Aldkj. Cj atmdr warhs, md wks kt k oass ta rdklm k lajlouscaj aj wmkt tmd warh aldkj cj tmd gytm scfjcicds, wmdtmdr k frdkt rcvdr, tmd Fahkvkrc, ar cj iklt kj aldkj ar tmd sdk. Mkh md jat bddj kt sulm k oass, md wauoh jat mkvd skt aj tmd idjld bdtwddj tmd twa vdry hciidrdjt kotdrjktcvds tmkt md gdjtcajs ta dxpokcj tmd rdidrdjld ta tmd aldkj cj tmd gytm.
;3 ai ;66
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Gdmtk cs ujhaubtdhoy tmd iardgast kutmarcty aj tmd Fajhs5 mcs ware aj tmdg cs systdgktcl kjh slrupuoaus, kjh by ikr gard dxtdjscvd tmkj kjy atmdr ware aj tmdg. Md wks dxlddhcjfoy tmaraufm5 cjhddh, ks kj kjtmrapaoafcst, md wks ai tmd icrst kjh mcfmdst lokss, kjh md laggkjhs rdspdlt. Cj iklt, ct cs mkrh ta cgkfcjd tmkt mcs ware aj tmdg wcoo dvdr bd surpkssdh cj tmaraufmjdss kjh qukocty. Jdvdrtmdodss, mcs dxpokjktcaj ai tmd prdsdjld ai tmd rdidrdjld ta tmd aldkj cj tmd Fajh, ar Ekjfkr, arcfcj gytm, cs ujsktcsikltary. Bdschds tmd rcvdr Fahkvkrc, wmclm jkturkooy wd hcsgcss irag lajschdrktcaj iar tmd rdksajs fcvdj kbavd, Gdmtk wctmaut skycjf wmy suffdsts, ks kordkhy gdjtcajdh, tmkt tmd dkstdrj lakstocjd ai Cjhck, jdkr Ycskemkpktjkg, gky bd wmkt cs gdkjt by tmd rdidrdjld ta tmd aldkj cj tmd gytm. But tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai Ycskemkpktjkg, ar ai tmd lakstocjd jdkr ct, ks tmd pokld wmdrd Ekjekoc-EkocEkjekoc wks barj, gddts cj ja wky koo tmd lrctdrck jdldsskry ta sktcsiy tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai ct ks k pasctcvd kjh kj kllurktd ajd. tmd Iar,icrst ks tmd gytm rdoktds, Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc, Ekjfkr, 2> ai ;66
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tmd gatmdr fahhdss ai tmd Fajhs, wks barj aj kj csokjh cj tmd sdk ar aldkj, kjh aii tmd lakst ai Ycskemkpktjkg, kjh iar gkjy slards ai gcods jartm kjh sautm koajf tmd lakst cj tmkt rdfcaj, jat k scjfod csokjh cs ta bd iaujh. Gdmtk by tmd wky, wmdj md spdkes ai tmd dkstdrj lakstocjd ai Cjhck jdkr Ycskemkpktjkg ks passcboy bdcjf wmkt cs gdkjt cj tmd gytm by tmd rdidrdjld ta tmd aldkj, cs jat tmcjecjf ai k tcgd wmdj gard sdk wktdr wks oaledh up cj cld, k tcgd wmdj tmd sdk odvdo wks oawdr, k tcgd wmdj csokjhs wdrd stcoo pdrmkps ta bd iaujh aii tmd lakst ai Cjhck jdkr Ycskemkpktjkg, sulm ks hurcjf tmd okst Cld Kfd. Md mks cj gcjh k tcgd wmdj lakstko Cjhck wks tmd skgd ks ct cs jaw. \cjld tmd gytm stktds tmkt Ekjekoc wks barj aj kj csokjh cj tmd aldkj, kjh scjld tmdrd krd ja csokjhs kt koo aii tmd lakst ai Cjhck jdkr Ycskemkpktjkg, kjh jajd kt koo iar gcods kjh gcods jartm kjh sautm koajf tmd dkstdrj lakst tmkt gcfmt bd chdjtcicdh ks tmd csokjh wmdrd Ekjekoc wks barj, wd ocedwcsd hcsgcss wctm dksd tmd dkstdrj lakst ai Cjhck irag lajschdrktcaj ks tmd rdfcaj bd survdydh iar tmd csokjh aj wmclm Ekjekoc wkstabarj. 2; ai ;66
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Bdiard wd turj aur kttdjtcaj ta tmd wdstdrj lakst ai Cjhck, kjh survdy ct iar mkbctkbod csokjhs suctkbod iar kj dgdrfdjt pdapod, wd gust, ai laursd, mkvd k oaae kt \rc Okjek, scjld ct cs cj iklt kj csokjh, kjh tmdrdiard kt icrst fokjld prdsdjts ctsdoi iar lajschdrktcaj ks passcboy bdcjf tmd csokjh kbahd ai tmd fahhdss Ekjekoc-EkocEkjekoc. Lauoh \rc Okjek bd tmd csokjh wd krd oaaecjf iar1 Xmd kjswdr cs ja. Iar ajd, \rc Okjek bdcjf cjmkbctdh iar gard tmkj twa tmauskjh ydkrs by tmd \cjmkodsd kjh tmd Xkgcos, batm ai wmag dvchdjtoy krrcvdh kitdr cts gast kjlcdjt cjmkbctkjts tmd Jkfks, tmd mcstary ai \rc Okjek cs oajf kjh wdoo-halugdjtdh, kjh tmd rclm octdrkry trkhctcaj ai tmd csokjh cjlouhds jat tmd socfmtdst trkld ai tmd Fajhs, tmkt cs, tmd Ekjfkr. Xmd kbsdjld ai kjy rdidrdjld ta tmd Ekjfkr cj tmd mcstarclko octdrkturd ai \rc Okjek hads jat jdldsskrcoy pravd, bdyajh koo passcbcocty ai haubt, tmkt tmd Ekjfkr, ar Fajhs, jdvdr cjmkbctdh \rc Okjek, but tmkt kbsdjld gast strajfoy suffdsts tmkt tmdy jdvdr sdt iaat aj tmkt csokjh cj kjtcqucty. Gardavdr, tmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr, kttdstdh ta ci warsmcp kjh rdvdrd, kjh ta wma mkvd krd ks 22 ai ;66
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tatdgs, trdds, pokjts, kjh spclds (ajd Ekjfkr sdpt ar lokj, tmd Mkohc, rdvdrdh turgdrcl), ;; mkh lagd arcfcjkooy irag \rc Okjek, tmd Ekjfkr, ar kt odkst ajd ai tmd Ekjfkr lokjs (sulm ks ajd ai tmd twdjty-sdvdj rdlarhdh by Lkptkcj Oukrh), wauoh gast hdicjctdoy mkvd warsmcppdh ar rdvdrdh, ar mkvd mkh ks k tatdg, lcjjkgaj5 ydt jat k scjfod Ekjfkr lokj mks rdvdrdh lcjjkgaj ar mks mkh ct ks k tatdg. Lcjjkgaj wks ujejawj ta tmd Ekjfkr, kjh scjld lcjjkgaj wks ujejawj ta tmdg, sa gust mkvd bddj \rc Okjek. Gdmtk, wma abvcausoy fkvd octtod spkld cj mcs baae ta tmd rdidrdjld ta tmd aldkj kjh tmd csokjh cj tmd gytm, lauoh mkvd dkscoy suffdstdh \rc Okjek ks k lkjhchktd iar tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai tmd csokjh magd ai Ekjekoc, but md ejdw tmd rdksajs wmy \rc Okjek lauoh jat bd tmd csokjh tmkt tmd gytm rdidrs ta. Cjhddh, gkjy atmdr rdksajs dxcst ta docgcjktd \rc Okjek irag lajschdrktcaj ks tmd csokjh magd ai Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc, but ct cs jddhodss ta fa tmraufm tmdg, tmd ajd fcvdj kbavd kbaut tmdcrcgpartkjt cfjarkjld ajd ai lcjjkgaj, tafdtmdr wctm tmd gard kbaut tmdcr kbsdjld cj 2< ai ;66
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tmd octdrkturd kjh mcstary ai \rc Okjek, bdcjf pdridltoy suiiclcdjt ta docgcjktd tmkt csokjh ks tmd bcrtmpokld ai Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc. Jaw wd turj aur kttdjtcaj ta tmd wdstdrj lakst ai Cjhck cj aur sdkrlm iar tmd csokjh magd ai Ekjekoc, kjh wd mkvd faah rdksaj ta oaae iar ct cj tmd wktdrs aj tmd wdstdrj schd ai tmd sublajtcjdjt. Odkvcjf \rc Okjek bdmcjh kjh iaooawcjf tmd lakstocjd ai tmd gkcjokjh sautmwkrhs, wd saaj raujh tmd sautmdrj tcp ai Cjhck kjh icjh aursdovds aii tmd lakst ai Edrkok, k stktd cj tmd sautmwdst ai Cjhck. Euruvkhwddp Iardst cs cj Edrkok, kjh kllarhcjf ta tmd Fajh arcfcj gytm, Ekjekoc, kitdr odkvcjf mdr csokjh magd, kjh wkoecjf iar jcjd gajtms, krrcvdh kt okst cj Euruvkhwddp Iardst, kjh tmdrd, wmcod odkjcjf kfkcjst k sk` trdd (Xdrgcjkock tagdjtask), fkvd bcrtm ta tmd Fajh fahs, wma tmd gytm skys trkjsiargdh cjta gdj, kjh bdlkgd tmd prafdjctars ai tmd Eayks kjh tmdcr ecj (tmd Eudj`u kjh tmd rdst). Xmd iklt tmkt tmd gytm gdjtcajs wmclm mujhrdhs aiEuruvkhwddp gcods irag tmdIardst, pokld wmdrd tmd cs gytm 28 ai ;66
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wks rdlarhdh, cs praai tmkt tmd gytm gust cj pkrt bd k rdlarh ai rdko dvdjts0 tmd Ekjfkr gust mkvd spdjt sagd tcgd cj Euruvkhwddp Iardst. Cjhddh, tmdrd cs ja haubt tmkt tmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr, spdjt k oajf tcgd cj rdfcajs ta tmd sautm ai tmd rcvdr Fahkvkrc. R. Y. Russdoo, cj mcs Xrcbds kjh Lkstds ai tmd Ldjtrko ^ravcjlds ai Cjhck , wrctds0 Xmcs dvchdjld sddgs ta dstkbocsm k prabkbcocty tmkt tmd Fajhs UEayksW kjh Emajhs UEmkjhs, Eudj`uW wdrd arcfcjkooy ajd trcbd cj tmd sautm ai Cjhck, kjh tmkt tmdy abtkcjdh sdpkrktd jkgds kjh okjfukfds scjld tmdy odit tmdcr arcfcjko magd iar tmd jartm. Xmd iklt tmkt batm ai tmdg spdke okjfukfds aiCjhck, tmd Hrkvchckj wmasd cs cj sautmdrj gkeds ct ikgcoy, prabkbod tmkt magd tmd twa trcbds arcfcjkooy bdoajfdh tmdrd. ;2 UCtkocls khhdh.W
^dapod krd jat stktcl. K trcbd ar k pdapod tmkt mks iargdh cj ajd oalktcaj gky cjmkbct iar kfds tmd pokld wmdrd tmdcr dtmjafdjdscs allurrdh, kjh tmdj, iar vkrcaus rdksajs, wmdtmdr wkrikrd, hraufmt, ar pokfud, kbkjhaj tmdcr kjldstrko okjh kjh bdlagd gcfrkjts wma dvdjtukooy sdttod cj k rdfcaj ikr irag tmd spat ai tmdcr jktcvcty. Kjh ci 24 ai ;66
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sulm k pdapod djhurds iar slards ai fdjdrktcajs, tmd klt ai kbkjhajcjf ajd mkbctktcaj kjh rdgavcjf ta kjatmdr cs baujh ta rdpdkt ctsdoi guotcpod tcgds, rdsuotcjf cj k jugbdr ai kjlcdjt mkbctktcajs ar magdokjhs ai tmd pdapod. \ulm pmdjagdjaj, tmcs pdrcahcl gavcjf irag kj kjlcdjt mkbctktcaj ta k jdw okjh, cs, ks koo tmd vkrcaus dvchdjld cjhclktds, k idkturd ai tmd mcstary ai tmd Ekjfkr. Jaw, ks gdjtcajdh kbavd, tmd arcfcj gytm ai tmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr, stktds tmkt Ekjekoc-EkocEkjekoc, kitdr bdcjf bkjcsmdh irag mdr csokjh magd awcjf ta mdr cgpurcty, wkoedh k wmaod jcjd gajtms koajd, tmd djtcrd hurktcaj ai mdr prdfjkjly, ujtco smd rdklmdh Euruvkhwddp Iardst, wmdrd smd fkvd bcrtm ta tmd Fajh fahs. Hdspctd tmd iklt tmkt tmd gytm rdprdsdjts Ekjekoc ks mkvcjf gkhd mdr trde koajd, ct smauoh bd ujhdrstaah, kjh ct cs wdoo ta rdgdgbdr, tmkt tmd gytm cs tmd stary ai tmd arcfcj kjh gavdgdjt ai tmd pdapod, tmd Ekjfkr, kjh iar tmkt rdksaj Ekjekoc cj tmd cs ta Kt bd sddj ks tmd pdapod smd wd lkoo Ekjfkr, argytm Ekjfkoc. kjy rktd, bdlkusd 29 ai ;66
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rdprdsdjts tmd Ekjfkr, C smkoo rdtrkld tmd gcfrktcaj ks gkhd by tmd fahhdss Ekjekoc. \cjld Ekjekoc wkoedh iar jcjd gajtms bdiard krrcvcjf kt Euruvkhwddp Iardst, wmclm cs oalktdh cj tmd jartmdrjgast pkrt ai cjtdrcar Edrkok, autschd kjh ikr bdyajh tmd rdfcajs ai tmd sautm wmdrd lcjjkgaj fraws, kjh scjld tmd Ekjfkr mkh ja ejawodhfd ai lcjjkgaj, mdr `aurjdy ta Euruvkhwddp gust mkvd bdfuj cj kj krdk oalktdh ta tmd jartm ai tmkt iardst5 iar ci ct mkh bdfuj cj sautmdrj Edrkok, wmdrd lcjjkgaj bkre cs mkrvdstdh, tmd hdsldjhkjts ai Ekjekoc-EkocEkjekoc, tmd Ekjfkr, wauoh mkvd ejawj kbaut, kjh wauoh mkvd tmus rdvdrdh lcjjkgaj. Ekjekoc–s `aurjdy bdfkj, rdgdgbdr, aj kj csokjh cj tmd aldkj, but mdr wkoe ta Euruvkhwddp Iardst laggdjldh aj tmd gkcjokjh. \cjld tmd icrst pkrt ai mdr `aurjdy cjvaovdh lrasscjf tmd wktdr bdtwddj tmd csokjh kjh Cjhck prapdr, smd prabkboy iaooawdh, kitdr rdklmcjf smard, k lakstko rautd rdklmcjf tmd oktctuhd Euruvkhwddp Iardst5tcookjh tmd hcrdltcaj ai aimdr trkvdo, ar 26 ai ;66
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gcfrktcaj, wmclm rdkooy wks, kfkcj, tmd gcfrktcaj ai tmd Ekjfkr pdapod, wks irag jartm ta sautm, ct bdcjf cgpasscbod, iar tmd rdksajs kordkhy fcvdj, tmkt ct wks tmd rdvdrsd. \cjld, tmdrdiard, mdr `aurjdy rdkooy bdfkj wmdj smd odit tmd csokjh, kjh scjld, iar rdksajs ta bd smawj bdoaw, tmd csokjh gust bd kt tmd skgd oktctuhd, ar kogast tmd skgd oktctuhd, ks tmd lakstko oalktcaj wmdrd mdr wkoe bdfkj, wd lkj hcslavdr tmd oktctuhd ai dklm ci wd hcslavdr tmd oktctuhd ai ajd. Xmd krfugdjt kfkcjst tmd oktctuhd ai tmd csokjh kjh tmd oktctuhd ai tmd smard smd okjhdh aj bdcjf wchd kpkrt, cs tmkt mdr `aurjdy ar gcfrktcaj ta Euruvkhwddp Iardst taae kppraxcgktdoy jcjd gajtms ta lagpodtd5 kjh iar k `aurjdy aj iaat ta Euruvkhwddp Iardst ta mkvd tkedj jcjd gajtms ar sa irag tmd pokld wmdrd ct bdfkj, ct lauoh jat mkvd bddj ujhdrtkedj kt k oktctuhd loasd ta tmd oktctuhd ai tmd iardst. Xmd oktctuhd ai tmd iardst kjh tmd oktctuhd ai tmd stkrtcjf pacjt ai mdr wkoe ta ct, tmdrdiard, gust mkvd bddj ikr kpkrt “ ikr djaufm kpkrt jcjd ta kooaw iar koajf k gcfrktcaj ai kppraxcgktdoy gajtms, k lakstocjd 2= ai ;66
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ocgctdh cj cts odjftm. Xmd ocgctdh odjftm ai tmd lakstocjd rdstrclts maw ikr ta tmd jartm tmd stkrtcjf pacjt ai tmd gcfrktcaj lauoh mkvd bddj, kjh tmd jcjd gajtms tmkt tmd gcfrktcaj taae rdstrclts maw ikr ta tmd sautm tmd stkrtcjf pacjt lauoh mkvd bddj. Eddpcjf tmdsd hdicjctd rdstrcltcajs cj gcjh, kjh rdgdgbdrcjf tmkt tmd oktctuhd ai tmd stkrtcjf pacjt ai mdr wkoe gust mkvd bddj ikr irag tmd oktctuhd ai tmd iardst, kjh ai jdldsscty ta tmd jartm ai ct, wd gust lajlouhd tmkt tmd oktctuhd ai tmd stkrtcjf pacjt gust mkvd bddj ikcroy loasd ta tmd oktctuhd ai tmd csokjh, ar kt tmd skgd oktctuhd ks tmd csokjh, rktmdr tmkj ta kjy oktctuhd ikr ta tmd sautm ai ct, ar ikr ta tmd jartm ai ct. Iar sulm rdksajs kbavd ar ikltars ks khhuldh, Ekjekoc–s, ar rktmdr tmd Ekjfkr–s, sdk `aurjdy irag tmd csokjh ta tmd gkcjokjh gust mkvd bddj ikcroy hcrdlt, pdrmkps dvdj strkcfmt klrass tmd sdk aj k scjfod ocjd ai oktctuhd. Cj kjy lksd, irag koo tmd kbavd, ct cs lodkr tmkt tmd csokjh magd ai tmd Ekjfkr Edrkok. wks wdoo ta tmd jartm ai tmd stktd ai 23 ai ;66
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Xa hdtdrgcjd maw ikr ta tmd jartm ai Edrkok tmd stkrtcjf pacjt ai Ekjekoc–s, ar tmd Ekjfkr–s gcfrktcaj ta tmd sautm wks, wd smauoh djhdkvar ta dstcgktd maw ikr jartm wd gcfmt wkoe koajf tmd wdstdrj lakst ai Cjhck cj jcjd gajtms ar sa irag tmd oktctuhd ocjd tmkt Euruvkhwddp cs aj, wctmaut ikcocjf ta tked cjta kllaujt tmd tdrrkcj ta bd lrassdh kjh tmd hciicluotcds ct gky prdsdjt iar iaat trkvdo5 kjh, kt tmd skgd tcgd, wd gky slkj tmd lakst iar csokjhs tmkt prdsdjt tmdgsdovds ks lkjhchktds iar tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai Ekjekoc–s kjldstrko csokjh magd. Xmd tawj ai Ekopdttk cs jdxt ta Euruvkhwddp Iardst. Ci wd wdrd ta wkoe irag Ekopdttk cj Edrkok ta Hkgkj, wmclm lakstko lcty ocds bdtwddj \urkt kjh Gugbkc ar Bagbky cj tmd stktd ai Hkgkj kjh Hcu, wd wauoh lavdr ks wd wkoedh jartmwkrh, hdpdjhcjf aj aur lmasdj rautd, k hcstkjld ai kppraxcgktdoy ;24> ecoagdtdrs, ar raufmoy 664 gcods. Ct wauoh jat bd kj dksy lakstko wkoe bdlkusd ai tmd Vdstdrj Fmkts kjh laujtodss rcvdr lrasscjfs, but dvdj kt kha, pkld tmrdd gcods hky, wmclm wd lauoh dkscoy wdaiwauoh gked kct <> ai ;66
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irag Ekopdttk ta Hkgkj cj jcjd gajtms kjh k mkoi ar odss. Xmdrd wauoh bd hkys, ai laursd, wmdj wd wauoh wkoe idwdr tmkj tmrdd gcods, `ust ks tmdrd wauoh bd hkys wmdj wd wauoh lavdr gard fraujh, pdrmkps icvd ta sdvdj gcods ar gard cj k hky. Lajschdrcjf tmkt wd krd trycjf ta hdtdrgcjd maw ikr tmd wmaod pdapod ar tmd trcbd, tmd Ekjfkr, lauoh mkvd wkoedh cj jcjd gajtms ar sa, kjh jat iarfdttcjf ta lajschdr koo tmd lmkoodjfds tmkt tmdy gky mkvd ikldh, kjh tmd hciicluotcds tmkt gcfmt mkvd soawdh tmdg hawj, C tmcje tmd bdst dstcgktd cs, tmkt ci tmdy wkoedh ar gcfrktdh kj kvdrkfd ai tmrdd gcods k hky, tmdy wauoh mkvd krrcvdh cj Euruvkhwddp Iardst cj k octtod avdr jcjd gajtms ci tmdcr `aurjdy ta tmd sautm mkh bdfuj kt Hkgkj. Vmdrd, tmdj, smkoo wd oaae iar tmd csokjh tmkt wks ajld magd ta Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc, tmkt cs, magd ta tmd Ekjfkr1 C tmcje ct cs abvcaus wd smauoh oaae iar ct aii tmd lakst ai Cjhck jdkr Hkgkj, cj tmd Fuoi ai Lkgbky, ar cj tmd Krkbckj \dk. Vmcod ct cs ai trudCjhck tmkt tmdrd krd kHkgkj idw csokjhs aii tmd lakst bdtwddj kjh <; ai ;66
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Euruvkhwddp Iardst, wd gust kooaw iar k gcfrktcaj aj iaat tmkt taae jcjd gajtms ar sa ta lagpodtd. Xmd csokjhs ta tmd sautm ai Hkgkj, wctm tmd dxldptcaj ai Krjkok Csokjh, krd taa loasd ta Euruvkhwddp Iardst, kjh tmdrdiard taa ikr irag tmd pokld wmdrd tmd stkrtcjf pacjt ai tmd gcfrktcaj gust mkvd bddj5 kjh Krjkok Csokjh, oced koo tmd atmdr csokjhs bdtwddj ct kjh Hkgkj, cs taa sgkoo ta mkvd bddj tmd bcrtmpokld ai k pdapod. Cj kjy lksd, Hkgkj cs kt kj chdko oktctuhd, kjh ct cs kt cts oktctuhd tmkt wd smauoh oaae, cj tmd Fuoi ai Lkgbky, ar bdttdr ydt cj tmd Krkbckj \dk, iar tmd csokjh magd ai tmd Ekjfkr. Ct gcfmt bd wajhdrdh kt tmcs pacjt wmdtmdr tmdrd cs kjytmcjf tmcjf tmkt gcfmt cjhclktd, ar dvdj lajicrg, ar pdrmkps lajiutd, tmkt C kg larrdlt ar kg gcstkedj cj hdscfjktcjf tmd wdstdrj smard ai Cjhck ks tmd schd ai tmd sublajtcjdjt aj wmclm tmd gcfrktcaj taae pokld, wmdtmdr, cjhddh, tmdrd cs kjytmcjf tmkt cjhclktds tmkt k lakstko rautd pkrkoodocjf tmd Vdstdrj Fmkts wks usdh by tmd Ekjfkr k gcfrktcaj Iardst. irag Hkgkj ar cts vclcjcty, iar ta Euruvkhwddp Ks ct mkppdjs, <2 ai ;66
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twa tapajygs suppart gy krfugdjts, kjh ajd ai tmdg, bdlkusd ai wmdrd ct ocds cj tmd Vdstdrj Fmkts, cjhclktds tmkt C kg aj tmd rcfmt trkle cj rdtrklcjf tmd gcfrktcaj ai tmd Ekjfkr ta Euruvkhwddp Iardst. Odt us oaae kt tmd gkp0
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Euruvkhwddp Iardst
Euruvkhwddp Iardst cj rdoktcaj ta Ekjekuoc Gkmko
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Hkgkj
Hkgkj cj rdoktcaj ta Ekjekuoc Gkmko
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Ekjekuoc (Ekjekoc) Gkmko cs jkgdh kitdr tmd fahhdss Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc, Ekjekoc iar smart. (Ekjekuoc bdlkgd k gkmko cj ;384. Xmd jkgd cs aitdj spdoodh Ekjekvoc, but tmd spdoocjf Ekjekuoc cs `ust ks aitdj usdh kjh cs, cj iklt, tmd arcfcjko ;<
spdoocjf. ) Xmcs pokld jkgd, ar tapajyg, wmclm cs mkoiwky bdtwddj Hkgkj kjh Euruvkhwddp Iardst, ar kogast mkoiwky, hdgajstrktds tmkt tmd Ekjfkr gust mkvd sdttodh wmdrd tmd tapajyg cs5 iar Ekjekoc wks, kfkcj, tmd gatmdr fahhdss ai tmd Ekjfkr “ tmd fahhdss tmkt fkvd bcrtm ta tmd prafdjctars ai tmd trcbd ar pdapod. ^drmkps tmd gast scfjciclkjt kspdlt ai Ekjekuoc Gkmko, cs cts oalktcaj0 ct cs oalktdh autschd tmd ejawj tdrrctary ai tmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr0 ct cs kt okt. ;9.2ː, kjh ct ocds ta tmd wdst ai oajf. 68ː5 ct cs dvdj wdst ai tmd Vdstdrj Fmkts. Iar, ks Gdmtk stktds0 Xmd tatko mkbctkt ta koo tmd Fajhs UEkjfkrW, tmdrdiard, ocds sagdwmkt bdtwddj Okt. ;=ː kjh 29ː J. kjh Oajf. 68ː kjh ==ː D. ;8
<9 ai ;66
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\cjld Ekjekuoc Gkmko ocds wdoo autschd tmd prdsdjt mkbctkt ai koo tmd Ekjfkr, ar Fajhs, ct gust mkvd bddj cj kjtcqucty tmkt tmd Ekjfkr sdttodh cj tmd krdk wmdrd Ekjekuoc Gkmko cs oalktdh, kjh tmus cj kjtcqucty tmkt tmdy fkvd tmd sdttodgdjt tmd jkgd Ekjekuoc, tmkt cs, Ekjekoc. Ct lauoh jat passcboy mkvd bddj jkgdh Ekjekuoc cj mcstarclko tcgds, scjld ct cs ikr autschd tmd mcstarclko mkbctkt ar tdrrctary ai tmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr. Kjatmdr pokld jkgdh Ekjekoc, ks smawj aj tmd gkp bdoaw, hdgajstrktds tmkt tmdy gust kosa mkvd sdttodh ta tmd jartmdkst ai Hkgkj0
<6 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Hkgkj
Hkgkj cj rdoktcaj ta Ekjekoc
<= ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Jaw, C pacjtdh aut kbavd tmkt Gdmtk, wmdj md skys tmkt tmd rdidrdjlds ta tmd aldkj kjh tmd sdk cj tmd Fajh (Ekjfkr) arcfcj gytm gky bd ta tmd dkstdrj lakstocjd jdkr Ycskemkpktjkg, cs jat tmcjecjf ai k tcgd wmdj tmd sdk odvdo wks oawdr tmkj ct cs tahky, sulm ks hurcjf tmd okst Cld Kfd. Md suffdstdh tmkt krdk aj tmd bkscs ai tmd ejawj mcstarclko oalktcajs ai tmd Fajhs, wctmaut rdkoczcjf tmkt cj hcrdltcjf aur kttdjtcaj ta tmd lakstocjd ai tmkt krdk, md wks hcrdltcjf aur kttdjtcaj ta k rdfcaj wmdrd tmdrd krd ja csokjhs cj tmd aldkj kt koo. Xmd tatko kbsdjld ai csokjhs cj tmkt rdfcaj gkeds ct jdldsskry ta lajlouhd tmkt md wks djtcrdoy gcstkedj, kjh tmkt wd oaae dosdwmdrd iar tmd csokjh gdjtcajdh cj tmd gytm. Kjh iar tmd rdksajs C mkvd kordkhy fcvdj, ks wdoo ks iar atmdrs ta bd smawj bdoaw, wd gust oaae wmdrd C mkvd suffdstdh. Kotmaufm Gdmtk hch jat lajschdr tmd lakstocjds ai Cjhck ks tmdy kppdkrdh hurcjf tmd okst Cld Kfd, ar ks tmdy lmkjfdh avdr tcgd ks tmd cld gdotdh kjh djargaus qukjtctcds ai tked wktdr cjta cjta tmd rdodksdh sdk, ct cs jdldsskry tmkt wd <3 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
lajschdrktcaj maw sdk-odvdo rcsd mks kotdrdh tmd smkpd ai lakstko Cjhck, kjh dxkgcjd gkps tmkt smaw tmd laksts ai Cjhck ks tmdy oaaedh kt hciidrdjt pdrcahs cj tmd kjlcdjt pkst “ jdldsskry bdlkusd tmd Ekjfkr mkvd ocvdh cj Cjhck (ks wdoo ks autschd ct) iar tmauskjhs, ar tdjs ai tmauskjhs ai ydkrs, ks tmd kjtcqucty ai tmdcr HJK “ tmd HJK ai tmd Eayk (Ekjekoc, Ekjfkoc, Ekjfkr, dtl.) pravds.;4 Iartujktdoy wd jddh lajldrj aursdovds ajoy wctm tmd wdstdrj lakst ai Cjhck, mkvcjf kordkhy docgcjktdh irag aur survdy tmd dkstdrj kjh sautmdrj laksts. Jaw, k loasd cjspdltcaj ai gkps ai prdsdjt-hky Cjhck rdvdkos, tmkt tmdrd krd ja csokjhs aii tmd wdstdrj lakst ai Cjhck jdkr Hkgkj, jar kjy iar gkjy slards ai gcods ta tmd jartm ai Hkgkj, ar kjy scjfod ajd ta tmd sautm ai ct tmkt gddts tmd lrctdrck tmkt gust bd gdt iar cts chdjtciclktcaj ks tmd csokjh magd ai Ekjekoc5 tmdrd krd jajd loasd ta tmd smard, jajd cj tmd Fuoi ai Lkgbky, kjh jajd cj tmd Krkbckj \dk, cj tmd lagpkss ai aur sdkrlm. Vmdrd, tmdj, wks tmd
8> ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
kjlcdjt csokjh magd ai Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc, ar tmd Ekjfkr1 \cjld tmd slcdjld ai fdjdtcls mks dstkbocsmdh ct ks iklt tmkt tmd kjtcqucty ai tmd Ekjfkr cj Cjhck (ks tmd Eayk ai Gkoekjfcrc Hcstrclt jdkr Ekjfkr Ykoody Iardst) cs vdry frdkt, kjh scjld tmd mcstary ai tmd pdapod tmdgsdovds cjhclktds tmkt tmdy mkvd ocvdh cj Cjhck scjld tcgd cggdgarcko, wd gust tked cjta kllaujt tmkt tmd stary ai tmdcr arcfcj cs ocedoy ta bd ks kjlcdjt ks, ar kogast ks kjlcdjt ks, tmd Ekjfkr tmdgsdovds5 tmkt tmd gytm ctsdoi cs, cj iklt, tmauskjhs ai ydkrs aoh. Vmkt csokjhs, ci kjy, gcfmt mkvd dxcstdh aii tmd lakst jdkr Hkgkj, ar kt odkst kbaut tmd skgd oktctuhd ks ct, wmdj tmd sdk odvdo wks oawdr, wmdj gard sdk wktdr wks oaledh up cj cld cj tmd kjlcdjt pkst, kjh gard okjh dxpasdh, sulm ks hurcjf tmd Cld Kfd kjh ks ct lkgd ta kj djh1 Hr Fodjj Gcojd, ”k spdlckocst cj foklca-csastkly kjh foklcktcaj-cjhuldh sdk-odvdo lmkjfd kt Hurmkg Hdpkrtgdjt”dstkbocsmdh ai Fdaoafy,–k mks, koajfTjcvdrscty–s wctm mcs laoodkfuds, 8; ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
warohwchd rdputktcaj prdhcltcjf kjlcdjt sdk-odvdo lmkjfds kjh tmd larrdspajhcjf lmkjfds cj tmd dkrtm–s lakstocjds.– ;9 Gcojd kjh mcs tdkg mkvd prahuldh k jugbdr ai gkps wctm tmdcr lagputdr gahdos ta smaw wmkt lakstko Cjhck oaaedh oced kt vkrcaus tcgds cj tmd kjlcdjt pkst, kjh ajd ai tmdg smaws wmkt tmd lakstocjd ai Cjhck oaaedh oced 66>> ydkrs kfa. Xmcs gkp rdvdkos sagdtmcjf vdry rdodvkjt ta tmd prdsdjt ware. C mkvd gkhd k vdrscaj ai tmcs gkp smawcjf kjlcdjt Cjhck, kjh ct cs smawj bdoaw0
82 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Cjhck ks ct kppdkrdh 66>> ydkrs kfa. ;6 ”Ekjekoc Csokjh,– wmclm gcfmt `ust ks wdoo bd lkoodh ”Ekjfkr Csokjh,– wks k rdko csokjh aii tmd lakst ai Cjhck. By 93>> ydkrs kfa ct wks lagpodtdoy subgdrfdh. ;= 8< ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
”Ekjekoc Csokjh– (ar ”Ekjfkr Csokjh–) aj tmd gkp kbavd, wmclm dxcstdh irag kppraxcgktdoy ;<,4>> ydkrs bdiard prdsdjt ujtco kbaut 93>> ydkrs kfa, cs tmd ajoy csokjh tmkt sktcsicds tmd rdqucrdgdjts tmkt gust bd sktcsicdh iar tmd pasctcvd chdjtciclktcaj ai tmd kjldstrko csokjh magd ai tmd Ekjfkr5 cjhddh ct gust bd tmd csokjh rdidrrdh ta cj tmd arcfcj gytm ai tmd Ekjfkr, ar Fajhs0 ja atmdr csokjh lagds loasd ta suffdstcjf ctsdoi ks ocedoy ta mkvd bddj tmd csokjh wmdrd tmdcr dtmjafdjdscs allurrdh. Ct gust bd rdgdgbdrdh kbaut tmd gytm, by tmd wky, tmkt ct lajtkcjs rdidrdjlds ta rdko tmcjfs tmkt krd iaujh mujhrdhs ai gcods irag tmd pokld wmdrd tmd gytm wks rdlarhdh, ajd sulm rdko tmcjf bdcjf tmd aldkj, kjh tmd atmdr bdcjf Euruvkhwddp Iardst. Cj atmdr warhs, tmd gytm cs jat icltcaj irag bdfcjjcjf ta djh5 ct lajtkcjs rdidrdjlds ta rdko tmcjfs, kjh scjld ct hads sa, cts rdidrdjld ta tmd csokjh gust bd tkedj sdrcausoy0 ct gust bd prdsugdh tmkt tmd csokjh wks, cj iklt, rdko. Iar tmdsd rdksajs, C gkcjtkcj tmkt Ekjekoc Csokjh aj tmd gkp kbavd cs tmd csokjh rdidrrdh ta cj tmd
88 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
arcfcj gytm rdlarhdh cj Khcokbkh by IÿrdrMkcgdjhari. \cjld Ekjekoc Csokjh wks subgdrfdh by 93>> ydkrs kfa, tmd arcfcj gytm ai tmd Ekjfkr, ar Fajhs (Emajhs, dtl.), gust bd kt odkst 93>> ydkrs aoh. Cj tmd dvdj gard rdgatd pkst, bkle ikrtmdr tmkj ;<,4>> ydkrs bdiard prdsdjt, tmd sdk wks kt k odvdo sa oaw, tmkt tmd okjh tmkt wauoh dvdjtukooy bdlagd ”Ekjekoc Csokjh– wks ctsdoi k wdstdrj dxtdjscaj, ar dxtrdgcty ai gkcjokjh Cjhck. Xmd gast lajspcluaus idkturd ai tmcs kjlcdjt dxtrdgcty ai tmd sublajtcjdjt, ks tmd gkps prahuldh by Hr Gcojd smaw, wks k okrfd cjokjh oked ar sdk, wmclm dxcstdh ks ikr bkle ks 2;,<>> ydkrs.;3 Ks tmd sdk rasd ct ioaahdh tmd okjh kjh avdrioawdh tmd oked, kjh ”Ekjekoc Csokjh– by hdfrdds dgdrfdh cjta dxcstdjld. Vmdtmdr tmd Ekjfkr mkh ocvdh cj tmkt krdk dvdj bdiard Ekjekoc Csokjh iargdh, kjh mkh dj`aydh tmd cjokjh oked ar sdk kjh cts baujtcds, wd mkvd ja wky ai ejawcjf, ar dvdj icjhcjf aut. Vd ha ejaw, awcjf ta tmd twa gdjtcajdh, sagd tcgd tapajygs ar atmdr cj dkrocdr kjtcqucty, tmdy gusttmkt mkvdktocvdh ta 84 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
tmd jartm ai Hkgkj, wmdrd tmd pokld jkgdh Ekjekoc cs, ks wdoo ks ta tmd sautm ai Hkgkj, wmdrd mkoiwky bdtwddj Hkgkj kjh Ekopdttk ocds, cj tmd Vdstdrj Fmkts, Ekjekuoc Gkmko. \cjld tmd Ekjfkr gust mkvd ocvdh cj batm ai tmasd poklds, tmdrd bdcjf ja atmdr dxpokjktcaj iar tmd dxcstdjld ai tmasd twa tapajygs, ct cs hciicluot ta lajldcvd tmkt tmdy wauoh jat kosa mkvd ocvdh, kt sagd pacjt cj tcgd, cj Hkgkj ctsdoi, wmclm kt ajd tcgd oky cj tmd ldjtdr ai tmcs trckjfod iargdh by Ekjekoc Csokjh kjh tmd twa poklds by tmd jkgd ai Ekjekoc (Ekjekuoc). \cjld Hkgkj cs kt tmd skgd oktctuhd tmkt tmd jartmdrj pkrt ai Ekjekoc Csokjh wks, kjh scjld Ekjekoc tmd fahhdss wks barj aj kj csokjh, kjh cj koo prabkbcocty aj tmkt csokjh, ct cs quctd prabkbod tmkt ci kjy pdapod ocvdh jdkr tmkt cjokjh oked ar sdk, ct gust mkvd bddj tmd Ekjfkr5 iar tmd Ekjfkr, ar Fajhs (Emajhs), krd tmd aohdst cjmkbctkjts ai Cjhck, kjh krd rdlafjczdh ks sulm by slmaokrs. 2> \a ci kjybahy ocvdh tmdrd tmkt ikr bkle cj tcgd, bdtwddj ;<,4>> kjh 2;,<>> ydkrs kfa, ct wks tmd Ekjfkr, hdsldjhkjts ai tmd fahhdss Ekjekoc. Ci tmd tmd Ekjfkr tmkt cjokjh oked ar sdk, dkstdrj ocvdh smardkraujh ai wmclm, 89 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
wmdj tmd oked wks kt cts frdktdst sczd, wks jat sa ikr irag wmdrd Hkgkj cs tahky, tmdj ct cs prkltclkooy k ldrtkcjty tmkt tmdy kosa ocvdh cj tmd krdk wmdrd Hkgkj dvdjtukooy lkgd cjta bdcjf. Ks tmd sdk rasd kjh cjujhktdh tmd okjh, bdtwddj ;9,8>> kjh ;<,4>> ydkrs kfa, Ekjekoc Csokjh iargdh,2; kjh Hkgkj, ar wmkt wauoh bdlagd Hkgkj, rdfkrhodss ai wmdtmdr ct wks k gdrd sdttodgdjt kt tmd tcgd ar sagdtmcjf gard, wks aj cts wky ta bdlagcjf k lakstko lcty. Kltukooy, ct cs passcbod tmkt ”Hkgkj– wks oalktdh aj tmd lakst dvdj ;<,4>> ydkrs bdiard prdsdjt, kbaut tmd skgd tcgd tmkt Ekjekoc Csokjh iargdh. Ct cs passcbod bdlkusd, ajld tmd sdk bdfkj ta rcsd, ct rasd iar tmauskjhs ai ydkrs, kjh ct gky mkvd bddj jdldsskry gard tmkj ajld ta gavd ”Hkgkj– cjokjh, ikrtmdr kjh ikrtmdr irag tmd smard, sa tmkt ct wauoh jat bd subgdrfdh by tmd rcscjf sdk. Kbaut 93>> ydkrs kfa, ar kbaut 8==4 BLD, wmdj tmd sdk wks rcscjf avdr Ekjekoc Csokjh, kjh wks cj tmd gchst ct wctm wkvdswma kjhC kotdrcjf tmd ai ikldlavdrcjf ai tmd dkrtm, tmd cts Ekjfkr, 86 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
gkcjtkcj cjmkbctdh tmkt csokjh, gust mkvd tmdj sdt aii cj bakts iar gkcjokjh Cjhck. Ci C kg rcfmt, tmdj tmd gavdgdjt ai tmd Ekjfkr irag Ekjekoc Csokjh ta tmd gkcjokjh wauoh mkvd bddj k gk`ar gcfrktcaj, ajd ujhdrtkedj ai jdldsscty by tmd wmaod pdapod5 kjh tmcs gcfrktcaj wauoh mkvd bddj k gast dpcl dvdjt cj tmdcr mcstary, ajd oajf rdgdgbdrdh kjh ajd ta bd prdsdrvdh cj stary. Mdjld tmd arcfcj gytm ai tmd Ekjfkr, ar Fajhs, cj wmclm cj suggkry wd krd taoh tmd stary ai tmd gcfrktcaj. Cj tmd gytm, ks mks bddj skch, tmd Ekjfkr krd rdprdsdjtdh ks tmd fahhdss EkjekocEkoc-Ekjekoc, ejawj by tmd smart iarg Ekjekoc. \cjld Ekjekoc Csokjh mks bddj suje ujhdr tmd wkvds ai tmd Krkbckj \dk 93>> ydkrs ar sa, tmd Ekjfkr, ar Emkjhs, ar Emajhs, ar Eudj`u, ar Fajhs, ar Eayk, irag tmd csokjh, mkvd bddj ocvcjf cj Cjhck prapdr iar kt odkst 93>> ydkrs. Sdt atmdr Ekjfkr fraups, dvdj bdiard tmd sdk rasd, wdrd prabkboy kordkhy ocvcjf aj tmd gkcjokjh, kjh pdrmkps mkh bddj ocvcjf tmdrd dvdj bdiard tmd iargcjf Ekjekoc Csokjh. Xmasd wma ta odkvd tmd aicsokjh bdiard ct vkjcsmdh, wma mkh mkh ta 8= ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
gcfrktd ta tmd gkcjokjh, prabkboy okjhdh cj ar jdkr Hkgkj, ks dxpokcjdh kbavd, kjh ct wks tmasd Ekjfkr tmkt pkssdh hawj tmd arcfcj gytm5 ct wks tmasd Ekjfkr tmkt gcfrktdh ta Euruvkhwddp Iardst, kjh tmdj irag Euruvkhwddp Iardst ta Khcokbkh, ta Bujhdoemkjh, kjh ta Gkoekjfcrc, ta jkgd k idw poklds. Ct wks tmdcr hdsldjhkjts wma trkld tmdcr arcfcj ta tmd fahhdss Ekjekoc-EkocEkjekoc, wma wks barj aj tmkt csokjh cj tmd Krkbckj \dk, tmd csokjh tmkt C mkvd jkgdh Ekjekoc. Jaw, rdtrklcjf tmd gavdgdjts ai k pdapod tmkt mks okstdh iar tmauskjhs ai ydkrs, tmkt mks bddj ejawj by k jugbdr ai hciidrdjt jkgds, tmkt mks spoct cjta jugdraus lokjs, kjh tmkt mks cjtdrgcxdh kjh cjtdrgkrrcdh wctm atmdr pdapods, cs ja dksy tkse, but ct cs passcbod ta klmcdvd sulldss cj tmd djhdkvar, ci kj krrky ai gdkjs cs usdh. Xapajyg kjkoyscs, HJK kjkoyscs, kjh tmd lajsuotcjf ai mcstarclko wares kjh saurlds wcoo bd, ar wcoo lajtcjud ta bd, tmd lmcdi gdkjs usdh iar oalktcjf tmd poklds wmdrd tmd Ekjfkr mkvd ocvdh.
83 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
CC. Xmd Jkgds ai tmd Ekjfkr Xmd Eayk, ar Eayks, bdcjf barj ai Ekjekoc-EkocEkjekoc kllarhcjf ta tmdcr arcfcj gytm, krd cj iklt Ekjfkr, Ekjekoc bdcjf k vkrckjt ai Ekjfkrc, ar vcld vdrsk. Xmd Eayk ocvd cj tmd gkcj cj twa poklds cj Cjhck, aj tmd Fahkvkrc rcvdr cj Khcokbkh (wmdrd tmdcr arcfcj gytm wks rdlarhdh by Lmrcstapm vaj Iÿrdr-Mkcgdjhari), kjh cj tmd Gko ekj fcr c Hcs trc lt, 22 wmc lm cs kba ut 24 ecoagdtdrs ta tmd sautm ai Ekjfkr Ykoody Iardst kjh Ekjfkr Fmktc Jktcajko ^kre. Xmd ekjfcrc cj Gkoekjfcrc cs k vkrckjt ai Ekjekoc, ar vcld vdrsk5 tmkt cs, ct cs tmd skgd jkgd, wmdtmdr spdoodh wctm k e, ar wctm k f. Jaw, tmd kjkoyscs ai tmd HJK ai vkrcaus kbarcfcjds, wmdrdvdr cj tmd waroh tmdy gky ocvd, mks smdh gulm ocfmt upaj tmdcr hddp kjldstry. Aur lajldrj cs wctm tmd kbarcfcjds ai Cjhck, kjh wmkt tmd stuhy ai tmdcr HJK, kjh ai tmdcr yHJK cj pkrtcluokr, rdvdkos kbaut tmdg. Lajschdr tmd Eayk. 9; bdoajf pdrldjtta ai Eaykmkpoafraup gkods ocvcjf cj Gkoekjfcrc yHJK M-G93 4> ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
(M;).2< Varohwchd, M-G93 allurs kt cts mcfmdst irdqudjly kgajf tmd Eayk tmdrd. C taa bdoajf ta yHJK mkpoafraup M-G93 (kjh ta cts subfraup M-G=2).28 Gy pktdrjko kjldstars, ks C mkvd smawj cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes, wdrd tmd ^kh`kjkes kjh tmd Ekjfkr, wma krrcvdh tafdtmdr cj Durapd kbaut =34 LD. C cjmdrctdh gy yHJK irag tmd Ekjfkr, wma lkgd arcfcjkooy irag Cjhck, ks C mkvd hdgajstrktdh cj gy baae, kjh wma lkgd ta bd ejawj ks ^kh`kjkes, ks C mkvd kosa hdgajstrktdh cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes. Bdiard gy Ekjfkr kjldstars gcfrktdh ta Dkstdrj Durapd wctm gy kjldstars tmd ^kh`kjkes, wma wdrd kltukooy tmd Eusmkjs (ks C mkvd hdgajstrktdh cj Xmd ^kh`kjkes), tmdy, tmd Ekjfkr, ocvdh cj \afhck, wmclm kbaut ;<> BLD wks ejawj ta tmd Lmcjdsd ks Ekjf`u5 24 kjh irag tmcs lagds tmd lagpaujh jkgd Ekjf`u \afhck, ar Ekjfkr \afhck.29 Xmd Ekjfkr wdrd ejawj ta tmd Lmcjdsd ks tmdaiEkjf`u, wmclm cs k vkrckjt batm tmdsd krd ocedwcsd vkrckjtsaiaiEudj`u5 Ekjfkr,kjh ar 4; ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Emkjfkr, ar Emkj`kr. (C dxpokcj cj Xmd ^kh`kjkes tmkt tmd jkgd Ekj`kr, ar Emkj`kr, cs usdh ta rdidr ta Hags wctm Ekjfkr kjldstry. But Ekj`kr, ar Emkj`kr, mks kosa bddj usdh ta rdidr ta Ekjfkr wctmaut Hag khgcxturd. Cj kjy lksd, Ekj`kr ar Emkj`kr cs k vkrckjt ai Ekjfkr ar Emkjfkr.) Xmus tmd Ekjfkr krd ejawj by k jugbdr ai hciidrdjt vkrckjts5 kjh ajd ai tmdg, ks smawj kbavd, cs Eayk (Eack). But gkjy krd stcoo ejawj by tmd jkgd Ekjfkr ctsdoi, wmclm cs aitdj spdoodh Emkjfkr5 kjh ydt kjatmdr jkgd by wmclm tmd Ekjfkr, ar Emkjfkr, ar Eudj`u, krd ejawj, cs Emkjh.26 Xmd Emkjhs kjh tmd Eayk, tmaufm ai tmd skgd Ekjfkr stale, bdlkgd sdpkrktdh cj kjtcqucty, kjh dvaovdh cjhdpdjhdjtoy ajd ai tmd atmdr. Xmd Emkjhs (Emajhs, Fajhs) (Ekjfkr) spdke tmd okjfukfd Euc52= kjh tmd Eayk (Fajhs) (Ekjfkr) spdke tmd okjfukfd Eac. 23 Ci cj Euc wd smauoh oced ta sky Md cs k Emkjh, wd wauoh sky !-kj`u <>
Eudj`u. 42 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
K Emkjh cs, tmdrdiard, k Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, ar Emkjfkr, dtl. Koo tmdsd jkgds krd vkrckjts ai dxkltoy tmd skgd jkgd “ Ekjfkr. Kjh `ust ks k Emkjh cs k Ekjfkr, sa cs, kfkcj, k Eayk. Xmdy krd ajd kjh tmd skgd5 kt battag tmdy krd batm ai tmdg Ekjfkr. Kjatmdr jkgd ar warh wd gust oaae cjta, kjh odkrj kbaut, cs kmkr. Iar cjiargktcaj aj ct wd turj ta K. L. O. Lkroodyod, Icrst Ksscstkjt ta Gk`ar-Fdjdrko K. Lujjcjfmkg, HcrdltarFdjdrko ai tmd Krlméaoafclko \urvdy ai Cjhck. Cj tmd Rdpart ai Xaurs cj tmd Ldjtrko Hakb kjh Farkempur, pubocsmdh cj ;=63, Lkroodyod wrctds tmd iaooawcjf cj rdfkrh ta tmd arcfcj kjh gdkjcjf ai kmkr0 Xmd jkgd ai Kmâr cs skch ta bd hdrcvdh irag tmd \kjserct warh mâr , gdkjcjf hdidkt, ar hcslagicturd, ar hdstrultcaj, ks, iar cjstkjld, cj tmd oass ai k bkttod ar tmd hdidkt ai kj krgy, laj`dlturkooy tmd hdidkt ai \csupâo kjh @krâskjhmk by tmd Skhus. But ujodss tmd cjctcko odttdr ‟K‗ cs k gdrd kllchdjtko prdicx, khhdh by larruptcaj, ct wauoh rktmdr sddg ta cjhclktd tmd jdfktcvd 4< ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
pkrtclod ‟ k,‗ prdicxdh ta tmd warh ‟mâr5‗ kjh tmdrdiard Kmâr wauoh gard ocedoy gdkj wctmaut hdidkt, ar wctmaut ikco, tmkt cs, sulldssiuo, kjh ct gcfmt tmus pdrmkps bd laj`dlturdh ta rdidr ta tmd suppasdh iklt ai Ercsmjk mkvcjf jat ikcodh, but aj tmd lajtrkry, mkvcjf bddj dgcjdjtoy sulldssiuo kjh vcltarcaus cj iuoicoocjf mcs pragcsd ta rdslud kjh lkrry aii Ruegcjc, kjh kosa ta tmd iklt tmkt Ercsmjk kjh mcs bratmdr Bkorkg krd suppasdh ta mkvd mdrd lagpodtdoy hdidktdh tmd krgcds ai \csupko, @krkscjhmu, kjh Ruekg. Kmâr gcfmt tmdrdiard bd tkedj ta gdkj ‟ wctmaut ikcourd,‗ ar ‟sulldssiuo,‗ ar ujlajqudrdh. But cj \kjserct, ‟kmkr‗ wctm tmd icrst vawdo ajoy oajf gdkjs k pajh ar pct, ar k traufm iar wktdrcjf lkttod, wmcod ‟kmkr‗ wctm batm vawdos oajf gdkjs pravcscajs, kocgdjt, pravdjhdr, ar iaah, kjh tmdrdiard, ks tmd jkgd ai k pokld, Kmâr gcfmt scfjciy k vcltukoocjf pokld, k pokld iar pravcscajs ar stards ai iaah, k laggcsskrckt cj iklt, ar ct gcfmt gdkj k pksturdfraujh rdsdrvdh iar tmd iahhdr, ar pravdjhdr ar iddhcjf ai lkttod5 kjh cj tmkt sdjsd Kmâr, ks gdkjcjf iahhdr, pravdjhdr, ar pksturd, gcfmt bd tmd arcfcj ai tmd jkgd ai tmd ‟ Kmcrs,‗ wma krd lkttod-mdrhs Ulkttod-mdrhdrsW5 sa tmkt tmd tdrg
48 ai ;66
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‟Kmcr‗ gcfmt octdrkooy gdkj iddhdrs, ar pravdjhdrpravchdrs iar lkttod, ar frkzcdrs, ar pksturdrs. <;
Iar aur purpasds, ct cs jat jdldsskry ta ejaw dxkltoy wmkt tmd warh kmkr gdkjs, jar wmdrd ct lagds ct csai ajoy jdldsskry ta ejaw tmkt ct cs k warhirag5 cj kjh ctsdoi. Vmktdvdr cts uotcgktd arcfcj kjh gdkjcjf, tmd djcfgktcl kmkr allurs ks k gdgbdr ai k lagpaujh pokld jkgd iaujh cj Kifmkjcstkj, jkgdoy, Emkjhkmkr (Fkjhkmkr<2). Ci wd hrap irag tmcs tapajyg tmd warh kmkr, wd krd odit wctm tmd jkgd Emkjh. (Ekjhkmkr wks iargdroy spdoodh Emkjhkmkr.) Rdgdgbdr, md wma cs k Emkjh, cs k Eudj`u (Ekjf`u, Ekjfkr, dtl.). Xmcs tapajyg cj Kifmkjcstkj, Emkjhkmkr, C gkcjtkcj, cs cj iklt k lagpaujh lajscstcjf ai twa pkrts, Emkjh kjh kmkr5 kjh tmd icrst pkrt, Emkjh, rdidrs ta tmd pdapod ejawj ks Emkjhs, wma krd kosa ejawj ks Eudj`u, kjh Ekjf`u, kjh Ekjfkr. Cj atmdr warhs, Emkjhkmkr cj Kifmkjcstkj, cj kjtcqucty, ta bd sa jkgdh gust mkvd bddj cjmkbctdh by tmd Emkjhs, ar Ekjfkr, ar Ekjf`u, ar Eudj`u, wma mkh lagd arcfcjkooy irag Cjhck. C surgcsd tmkt Ekjfkr fraups krrcvdh cj 44 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Kifmkjcstkj kt odkst scx tmauskjh ydkrs kfa, kjh bdfkj ta gcjd cj Bkhkemsmkj k ldrtkcj bdkutciuo boud rale, okpcs okzuoc5 kjh, C gkcjtkcj, tmd pokld, ar ajd ai tmd lmcdi poklds, wmdrd tmd Emkjhs, ar Ekjfkr, sdttodh cj tmd frdktdst jugbdrs, kjh sdt up ta trkhd okpcs, kjh ta smcp ct wdst, bdlkgd k sdttodgdjt jkgdh kitdr tmdg, lkoodh Emkjhkmkr. C stktdh kbavd tmkt gy pktdrjko kjldstars wdrd tmd ^kh`kjkes (Eusmkjs) kjh tmd Ekjfkr, kjh tmkt C cjmdrctdh gy yHJK irag tmd Ekjfkr. Xmd Ekjfkr tmkt C hdsldjh irag wdrd jat okpcs gcjdrs cj Bkhkemsmkj, ar okpcs gdrlmkjts cj Emkjhkmkr5 gy Ekjfkr kjldstars ocvdh ikr ta tmd jartm ai Emkjhkmkr, cj \afhck, ar Ekjfkr \afhck (Ekjf`u \afhck), wmclm krdk wks k ecjfhag ai tmd Ekjfkr cj ;<> BLD. Cj mcs baae Xmd Sudzmc, Lrkcf F. R. Bdj`kgcj wrctds0 \urdoy, hdspctd sagd tdxt larruptcaj kjh ujldrtkcjty ai cts pmcoaoafclko kjtdldhdjts, cjiargktcaj pravchdh by tmd tdxts Utmd \mc `c tmd Mkj smuW cs suiiclcdjt ta kooaw iar 49 ai ;66
tmd tmd kjh tmd
XMD EKJFKR
chdjtciclktcaj ai tmd ”stktd– ai Ekjf`u UEudj`u, EkjfkrW ks kjlcdjt \afhck. Ekjf`u cs lodkroy ta tmd jartm ai tmd Kgu Hkryk kjh tmd Sudzmc–s prcjlcpko lcty ai @ckjsmc (sdd Lmkptdr Icvd)5 ta tmd wdst kjh jartmwdst ai tmd Idrfmkjk Ykoody (wmdrd ct kosa kppkrdjtoy kh`acjdh tmd lodkroy vdry substkjtcko, past ;<2 rdkog ai tmd Vusuj)5 kjh sautmdkst ai tmd wdstdrj rdkogs ai tmd ]cajfju (wmclm gust tmdrdiard mkvd cjlouhdh tmd stdppds ai Ekzkemstkj). Ekjf`u cjlarparktdh okjhs aj dctmdr schd ai tmd gchhod \yr Hkryk, pkrtcluokroy tmd hdjsdoy allupcdh Pdrkvsmkj Ykoody sautm ai tmd \yr Hkryk, kjh gust surdoy mkvd cjlouhdh \kgkrekjh U\kgkremkjhW kjh Buemkrk (ks \mcsmecjk kosa krfuds bdoaw). Mdjld, kllarhcjf ta tmd tdxtuko dvchdjld kt odkst, Ekjf`u lkj ajoy bd lajvcjlcjfoy chdjtcicdh wctm tmd fdjdrko fdafrkpmclko autocjd ai \afhck. <<
Vmdj cj Ekjfkr \afhck, gy Ekjfkr kjldstars dvdjtukooy gdrfdh wctm tmdcr jdcfmbars ta tmd sautm, tmd Eusmkjs, tmd lkpctko ai wmasd dgpcrd wks cj Bkltrck. Ks C mkvd hdgajstrktdh cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes, tmd Eusmkjs wdrd tmd Sud-`c (Sudzmc) prapdr, kjh tmdy wdrd kosa ejawj by tmd dxajyg Bkc-smuj, wmclm, ks C mkvd kosa 46 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
hdgajstrktdh cj gy baae, gdkjs wmctd Muj. Ocedwcsd Eusmkj gdkjs wmctd Muj, tmd jkgd Eusmkj bdcjf k vkrckjt ai Eu-smuj, wmclm cs Mujjcl iar wmctd Muj, ar Xurecl ar ^rataXurecl iar wmctd Muj. Dvdjtukooy tmd dtmjajyg Bkc-smuj, wmclm cs tmd Lmcjdsd jkgd iar tmdsd wmctd Mujs (tmcs kosa C mkvd hdgajstrktdh cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes), klqucrdh tmd Xurecl suiicx -ae, kjh bdlkgd Bkc-smuj-ae5 kjh Bkc-smuj-ae ctsdoi dvaovdh cjta Bkh`kjke kjh ^kh`kjke. Koo gy ^kh`kjke kjh Ekjfkr (tmd Ekjfkr lkgd ta bd ejawj ks ^kh`kjkes) kjldstars sdttodh cj kj krdk tmkt dvdjtukooy bdlkgd k pkrt ai Lraktck5 kjh tmdrd tmd ^kh`kjkes lkgd ta bd ejawj ks ^kh`kjs (Bkc-h`kj, irag Bkc-smuj). Xmd ^kh`kjs, gy kjldstars, ocvdh cj k sgkoo vcookfd jkgdh Ekjc"ek Cvk, tmkt cs, Ekjcsmek C, tmd jkgd ai tmd frdktdst dgpdrar ai tmd Eusmkjs. \cjld tmd ^kh`kjs wdrd cj iklt tmd Eusmkjs, ajoy tmd ^kh`kjs lkj bd lrdhctdh wctm jkgcjf tmd vcookfd Ekjc"ek Cvk. Ajoy tmd ^kh`kjs ai Ekjc " ek Cvk mkvd k hdgajstrkbod kjh hcrdlt lajjdltcaj ta tmdcj Eusmkjs ai kjtcqucty. Koo tmcs C hdgajstrktd 4= ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes. Xmd pacjt ai rdoktcjf tmcs cjiargktcaj mdrd cs ta smaw maw ct wks tmkt gy Ekjfkr kjldstars djhdh up cj Dkstdrj Durapd “ maw ct cs tmkt C hdsldjh irag tmd Ekjfkr, kjh maw C ejaw tmkt ct wks tmd Ekjfkr, ar Ekjf`u, ai \afhck tmkt C hdsldjh irag. Jaw, C mkvd smawj kbavd tmkt Emkjhkmkr lajscsts ai twa warhs ar jkgds, Emkjh kjh kmkr, kjh tmkt Emkjh hdjatds ajd wma cs k Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr. Cj \afhck, wmdrd gy Ekjfkr, ar Ekjf`u, ar Emkjh kjldstars ocvdh bdiard gcfrktcjf ta Dkstdrj Durapd, tmd gast cgpartkjt lcty wks \kgkremkjh. (Gkrklkjhk wks tmd Frdde jkgd iar \kgkremkjh.) Xmcs jkgd cs ocedwcsd k lagpaujh, ajd lajscstcjf ai twa jkgds, \kgkr kjh Emkjh. \kgkremkjh cs k okrfd akscs lcty aj tmd \coe Rakh, kjh ct dxcstdh oajf bdiard Kodxkjhdr tmd Frdkt lajqudrdh ct cj <23 BLD.<8 Vmdj md lkgd md iaujh kj dstkbocsmdh papuokld, kjh ct wks ldrtkcjoy k magafdjdaus ajd. Bytmdrd, tmd tcgd Kodxkjhdrjat kjh mcs traaps krrcvdh 43 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
\kgkremkjh gust mkvd bddj cjmkbctdh by batm Gdhds kjh ^drsckjs (kjh cj koo prabkbcocty by bkjhs ai \keks ar \lytmckjs, Gksskfdtkd, kjh \krgktckjs), ks wdoo ks by tmd dkrocdst cjmkbctkjts ai \kgkremkjh, jaj-Crkjckjs, wma mkh ocvdh tmdrd bdiard kjy Crkjckjs krrcvdh. Vma wdrd tmasd dkrocdst cjmkbctkjts1 Kjh wmkt gkeds gd tmcje tmasd dkrocdst cjmkbctkjts wdrd jat Crkjckj1 K sulldsscaj ai pdapods krrcvdh, kt hciidrdjt tcgds, cj tmd krdk tmkt wd ejaw ks \kgkremkjh, kjh ct wks, wctmaut haubt, tmd icrst sdttodrs ta krrcvd cj tmkt krdk kitdr wmag \kgkremkjh wks jkgdh. Xmd Klmkdgdjchs, wma odh by Lyrus lajqudrdh \afhck,<4 wdrd jat, ai laursd, tmd icrst ta mkvd krrcvdh cj \kgkremkjh. Iar, ci tmd Klmkdgdjchs mkh bddj tmd icrst, ct wauoh mkvd bddj ujjdldsskry iar tmdg ta lajqudr \afhck5 kjh ta lajqudr \afhck wks, cpsa iklta, ta lajqudr \kgkremkjh ks wdoo, cjksgulm ks \kgkremkjh (koajf wctm Buemkrk) wks tmd gast cgpartkjt kjh aohdst lcty ai \afhck. Ja ajd wcoo hdjy tmkt \kgkremkjh kordkhy cjmkbctdh wmdj tmd Klmkdgdjchs wks krrcvdh cj \afhck, but ja ajd mks 9> ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
suffdstdh tmkt cts dkrocdst cjmkbctkjts wdrd jat Crkjckj. Jaw, oaaecjf kt tmd jkgd \kgkremkjh, kjh hcvchcjf ct cjta cts twa pkrts, \kgkr kjh Emkjh, C gkcjtkcj tmkt Emkjh cj \kgkremkjh hdjatds tmd Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, tmkt tmd dkrocdst cjmkbctkjts ai \kgkremkjh wdrd tmd Emkjhs, ar Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, kjh tmkt \kgkremkjh cs jkgdh, cj pkrt, kitdr tmdg. Kjh ci tmd jkgd \kgkr rdprdsdjts k pdapod ks wdoo, kjh C tmcje ct hads, kjh C wcoo dokbarktd aj tmcs bdoaw, tmdj tmd \kgkr wdrd prabkboy tmdrd ks dkroy ks tmd Emkjhs, ar Ekjfkr, kjh prabkboy krrcvdh wctm tmdg. Vd ejaw irag \cgk [ckj, tmd Frkjh Mcstarckj, tmkt tmd Lmcjdsd ejdw ai tmd Ekjf`u, kjh tmkt, ks \cgk [ckj skys ai tmdg cj mcs gajugdjtko \mc `c, tmd stktd ai tmd Ekjf`u, cj kbaut ;<> BLD, wks ”sctuktdh 2>>> oc jartmwdst ai Hkyukj.– <9 \cgk [ckj khhs tmkt tmd stktd ai Ekjf`u mkh 3>,>>> secoodh kgajf k tatko ai kbaut <6 Lajschdrcjf ;2>,>>>krlmdr pdrsajswkrrcars kbod ta bdkr krgs. 9; ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
tmkt wagdj kjh lmcohrdj tmkt hch jat bdkr krgs gust mkvd lajstctutdh k okrfd pkrt ai tmd papuoktcaj ai Ekjf`u, wd lkj skidoy kssugd, C tmcje, tmkt tmd tatko jugbdr ai Ekjf`u cjmkbctkjts wks prabkboy kt odkst ;6>,>>>. Cj kjy lksd k okrfd jugbdr ai Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, cjmkbctdh tmd rdfcaj. Ks Lrkcf Bdj`kgcj mks smawj, tmd stktd ai Ekjf`u lkj bd pasctcvdoy chdjtcicdh ajoy ks \afhck ctsdoi. Jaw, ta chdjtciy pasctcvdoy tmd stktd ai Ekjf`u, ar tmd ecjfhag ai Ekjf`u, ks \afhck, cs ta gked \afhck ctsdoi tmd rdkog ai tmd Ekjf`u, kjh sulm chdjtciclktcaj kutagktclkooy poklds \kgkremkjh cj tmd rdkog ai tmd Ekjf`u, kjh tmdrdiard ujhdr Ekjf`u lajtrao. Bdj`kgcj krfuds tmkt tmd Ekjf`u prabkboy dstkbocsmdh tmdcr mdfdgajy avdr \afhck kbaut 2;> BLD, kjh gkcjtkcjdh ct ujtco kt odkst ;<> BLD,<= kbaut tmd tcgd ai tmd krrcvko ai tmd Sud-`c (Sudzmc) cj jartmdrj Bkltrck. \cjld lacjlchdjld maw2;> tmdBLD lcty, \kgkremkjh, wmclmlkjjat dxcstdhdxpokcj oajf bdiard 92 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
lkgd ujhdr tmd ruod ai k pdapod bdtwddj 2;> kjh ;<> BLD wmasd jkgd, ar ajd ai wmasd jkgds, wks dxkltoy tmd skgd jkgd ks emkjh cj tmd lagpaujh jkgd \kgkremkjh, wd gust lajlouhd tmkt tmd lcty fat pkrt ai cts jkgd bdiard 2;> BLD irag tmd pdapod wma wdrd ejawj ks Emkjhs, jkgdoy, tmd Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, wma ruodh \afhck, kjh tmus \kgkremkjh, bdtwddj 2;> kjh ;<> BLD. Ct lkjjat bd krfudh tmkt tmd pdapod ejawj ks Emkjhs, jkgdoy, tmd Ekjf`u, ar Eudj`u, ar Ekjfkr, fat tmdcr jkgd irag tmd okttdr pkrt ai tmd jkgd ai tmd lcty5 iar tmd Emkjhs, cj tmdcr awj tajfud, lkoodh (kjh stcoo lkoo) tmdgsdovds Eudj`u, tmkt cs, Ekjf`u (Ekjfkr). Rdgdgbdr, cj Euc, !-kj`u Eudj`u trkjsoktds ks Md cs k Emkjh. \cjld Emkjh cs jat wmkt tmdy lkoodh tmdgsdovds cj tmdcr awj tajfud, tmdy lauoh jat passcboy mkvd tkedj tmdcr jkgd irag tmd emkjh cj \kgkremkjh. Xmd emkjh cj \kgkremkjh, tmdrdiard, gust lagd irag tmd vkrckjt by wmclm tmd Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, wdrd ejawj (kjh krd ejawj), jkgdoy, Emkjh. \cjld tmd lcty mks bddj ejawj ks \kgkremkjh scjld tmd tcgd ai tmd Klmkdgdjchs (kbaut tmd jkgd Gkrklkjhk, sdd bdoaw), tmd 9< ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Eudj`u gust mkvd sdttodh \kgkremkjh sagd tcgd bdiard 4<3 BLD, tmd ydkr tmd Klmkdgdjchs krrcvdh cj \kgkremkjh. Cj atmdr warhs, bdiard tmd Klmkdgdjchs ruodh ct, tmd Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, kosa ejawj ks Emkjhs, gust mkvd iaujhdh kjh ruodh \kgkremkjh. Xmkt cs tmd ajoy oafclko dxpokjktcaj iar tmd pdapod kjh tmd lcty mkvcjf tmd jkgd Emkjh cj laggaj. Hurcjf tmd tcgd ai tmd Xkjf hyjksty (9;= LD 3>6), \afhckj gdrlmkjts cj Lmcjk bard surjkgds ta chdjtciy wmclm lcty cj \afhck tmdy wdrd irag. Dhwcj F. ^uoodybokje, cj mcs K \afhckj Laoajy cj Cjjdr Gajfaock, wrctds0 Kj, wmclm cj tmd X–kjf hyjksty wks tmd Lmcjdsd jkgd iar Buem!r!, wks laggajoy khaptdh by jktcvds ai tmkt rdfcaj ks k surjkgd wmdj tmdy lkgd ta Lmcjk. Xmd \afhckjs wdrd ejawj laoodltcvdoy ks tmd ”Mu ai tmd Jcjd \urjkgds.– Xmd scfjciclkjld ai tmd ”Jcjd \urjkgds– cs jat quctd lodkr, but kt odkst wd icjh tmd iaooawcjf usdh by \afhckjs cj Lmcjk0 E–kjf (\kgkrekjh), Kj (Buem!r!), Udtl.W. <3
98 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
\a wmdj cj Lmcjk, kjh prabkboy wmdj kjywmdrd dosd, k \afhckj, ci irag \kgkremkjh, bard tmd surjkgd Ekjf. Ks Ekjf cs smart iar Ekjf`u (Eudj`u, Ekjfkr), sa tmd f cj Ekjf cs jat k mkrh f (kt odkst jat k mkrh f oced tmkt cj Djfocsm). Md wma cs k Emkjh, cs k Eudj`u, tmkt cs, k Ekjf`u. K \afhckj irag \kgkremkjh bard tmd surjkgd Ekjf, bdlkusd md wks k Ekjf`u “ k Emkjh. Gkjy poklds mkvd bddj jkgdh iar tmcs gast kjlcdjt pdapod, ks wdoo ks by tmdg, tmd Ekjfkr (Eudj`u, Ekjf`u, Emkjhs, Emajhs, Fajhs, Eayk dtl.), hdsldjhkjts ai tmd fahhdss EkjekocEkoc-Ekjekoc5 sagd ai tmdsd poklds bdkr tmd jkgd Ekjf`u cj ajd ai cts vkrcaus iargs, wmcod atmdr poklds bdkr tmd jkgd Emkjh (ar Ekjh). Dctmdr wky, tmd jkgds trkld tmdcr arcfcj ta tmd skgd pdapod, tmd Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, dtl. Xmus, wmdrd wd icjh Emkjh ks k pokld jkgd, wd icjh tmd Ekjf`u pdapod, ar wd icjh tmkt tmdy mkh bddj, ar gust mkvd bddj, cj sulm pokld5 iar tmd Ekjf`u wdrd tmd Emkjhs, kjh vcld vdrsk. \cjld tmd Ekjf`u, Emkjhs, wmasmawj, wdrd gust arcfcjkooy Cjhck, ks ar C mkvd kordkhy mkvd irag bddj 94 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
tmd icrst ta sdttod \kgkremkjh iar ct ta bd sa jkgdh, tmdy gust mkvd dstkbocsmdh tmdcr ruod iar k sdlajh tcgd wmdj tmdy dstkbocsmdh ct avdr \afhck kjh \kgkremkjh bdtwddj 2;> kjh ;<> BLD. Cj atmdr warhs, cj 4<3 BLD, tmd Klmkdgdjchs gust mkvd tkedj lajtrao ai \afhck kjh \kgkremkjh kwky irag tmd icrst ruodrs ai tmd rdfcaj, ar kwky irag atmdrs wma mkh dstkbocsmdh bdiard 4<3 mdfdgajy avdr tmd icrst ruodrs ai ct “ tmd Ekjf`u, ar Eudj`u, ar Emkjhs “ tmd Ekjfkr, tmd iaujhdrs kjh icrst ruodrs ai \kgkremkjh. Xmasd wma wauoh krfud tmkt tmd Frdde jkgd Gkrklkjhk wks tmd arcfcjko, kjh tmkt tmd jkgd \kgkremkjh frdw aut ai Gkrklkjhk, lkjjat ikco ta rdkoczd tmkt Gkrklkjhk cs jatmcjf gard tmkj k Frdde larruptcaj ai \kgkremkjh. Gkrklkjhk gky bd trkjsoctdrktdh irag tmd Frdde, ar spdoodh pmajdtclkooy ks, Gkrkemkjhk, kjh wmdj tmcs vkrckjt, wmclm bdttdr rdprdsdjts tmd prajujlcktcaj ai Gkrklkjhk tmkj Gkrklkjhk ctsdoi hads, cs hcvchdh cjta cts lagpajdjt pkrts “ Gkrk kjh Emkjhk jkgd ktwctm ajldtmd bdtrkys cts ejawj arcfcj, jkgdoy, tmkt “cttmd arcfcjktds pdapod 99 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
ks Emkjhs, tmd Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr. Gy krfugdjt kbaut tmd arcfcj ai \kgkremkjh, tmdrdiard, stkjhs. Xmd lcty lauoh mkvd bddj iaujhdh by, kjh jkgdh kitdr jajd atmdr tmkj, tmd Emkjhs, ar Eudj`u, ar Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr.
96 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
CCC. Okpcs Okzuoc, Bkhkemsmkj, \ugdr/Ekjfkr, Hcoguj \kgkremkjh kjh Emkjhkmkr, bdschds mkvcjf cj laggaj tmd dtmjajyg Emkjh ks k gdgbdr ai tmdcr rdspdltcvd lagpaujh jkgds, wdrd batm gkredts iar okpcs okzuoc, kjh batm wdrd oalktdh aj cgpartkjt rautds ai tmd \coe Rakh. 8> Xmcs bdkutciuo boud stajd tmd wmaod kjlcdjt waroh prczdh, kjh cj kjtcqucty tmdrd wks ajoy ajd pokld cj tmd waroh wmdrd qukocty okpcs wks gcjdh, wmdrd ct lauoh bd fat, jkgdoy, cj Bkhkemsmkj, Kifmkjcstkj. Irag Bkhkemsmkj okpcs okzuoc wks trkjspartdh ta \kgkremkjh kjh Emkjhkmkr5 kjh irag batm tmdsd lctcds ct wks tkedj ikrtmdr wdst by lkrkvkj, wctm cts lmcdi hdstcjktcajs bdcjf \ugdr kjh Dfypt. Fdarfcjk Mdrrgkjj wrctds0 Vctm Bkhkemsmkj dstkbocsmdh ks tmd gast ocedoy stkrtcjf pacjt ai tmd okpcs okzuoc trkhd, tmd jdxt prabodg wks ta cjvdstcfktd wma rdqucrdh tmd stajd, kjh wmy. Ct cs ajoy cj tmd lctcds ai kjlcdjt Gdsapatkgck (kpkrt irag Dfypt) tmkt okrfd 9= ai ;66
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jugbdrs ai ab`dlts ai okpcs okzuoc mkvd bddj iaujh ‘krdks jdkrdr tmd saurld, cjlouhcjf tmd stkfcjf pasts, mkvd ajoy prahuldh k mkjhiuo ai okpcs krtciklts‘kjh wd gust kssugd tmkt Gdsapatkgck wks tmd ialko pacjt ai tmcs trkhd. 8; Hdspctd tmd ;4>> gcods sdpkrktcjf Bkhkemsmkj irag Gdsapatkgck, tmd Bkhkemsmkj gcjds mkvd bddj fdjdrkooy klldptdh ks tmd prcjlcpko saurld, ar, cjhddh, ks tmd ujcqud saurld, ai okpcs okzuoc iar tmd kjlcdjt Jdkr Dkst UGdsapatkgck‘\ugdrW. 82 Cj tmd kbsdjld ai kj Crkjckj saurld, Bkhkemsmkj rdgkcjs tmd ajoy prabkbod suppocdr ai okpcs okzuoc ta tmd Jdkr Dkst. Ct cs tmd jdkrdst, Oked Bkceko bdcjf kppraxcgktdoy twcld ks hcstkjt0 ct cs lajschdrkboy dkscdr ai klldss tmkj tmd ^kgcr saurld0 Hkrcus stktds tmkt mcs okpcs okzuoc lkgd irag mcs sktrkpy ai \afhck, cj wmclm pravcjld Bkhkemsmkj wks oalktdh0 kjh, icjkooy, tmd laoaur rkjfd irag \kr-c-\kjf cs loasdoy lagpkrkbod ta tmkt ai krlmkdaoafclko okpcs okzuoc. Xmd vkrycjf smkhds ai tmd pcdlds ai vdjddr aj tmd ‟\tkjhkrh‗ ai Tr U\ugdrW, iar cjstkjld, lkj bd dxkltoy pkrkoododh by gahdrj spdlcgdjs irag Bkhkemsmkj.8< 93 ai ;66
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Xmd okpcs okzuoc gcjdrs cj Bkhkemsmkj wdrd tmus hcrdltoy lajjdltdh wctm \kgkremkjh, Emkjhkmkr, \ugdr, kjh Dfypt tmraufm tmd gdrlmkjts tmkt braufmt tmd okpcs ta tmasd hdstcjktcajs5 kjh ct wks cj iklt tmdsd gcjdrs kjh gdrlmkjts, ks wdoo ks tmd krtcskjs wma waredh tmd rkw gktdrcko, tmkt skw ta ct tmkt tmd kppdtctd iar okpcs kgajf tmd kjlcdjts, wmclm wks pdrmkps gast rkvdjaus cj tmd \ugdrckjs, wks wdoo sktcsicdh. Xmd gksscvd icjhs ai okpcs okzuoc kjh atmdr ouxury gktdrckos kt Tr kttdst ta tmd lcty–s dxldptcajko kiioudjld hurcjf tmd Xmcrh Dkroy Hyjkstcl pdrcah. Xmcs wdkotm wks wdoo dstkbocsmdh prcar ta tmd iaujhcjf ai tmd Icrst Hyjksty ai Tr by Gdskjjc-pkhhk wctm Tr–s lajsdqudjt ecjfsmcp avdr \ugdr0 ct cs ocedoy, mawdvdr, tmkt kitdr tmd hdidkt ai tmd Icrst Hyjksty Tr–s praspdrcty wks hcgcjcsmdh.88
Ct cs k octtod ejawj iklt tmkt \ugdr wks jat tmd jkgd tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs tmdgsdovds lkoodh tmd okjh tmkt tmdy sdttodh, allupcdh, kjh ruodh cj kjlcdjt Gdsapatkgck. Xmd \ugdrckjs, cj tmdcr awj okjfukfd, lkoodh tmd okjh Ekjfkr (spdoodh 6> ai ;66
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Edjfc(r) by Vaoirkg vaj \ahdj). Ct wks tmd Bkbyoajckjs tmkt lkoodh tmd okjh \ugdr0 Xmd hdscfjktcaj \ugdrckjs cs hdrcvdh irag tmd Bkbyoajckj jkgd iar sautmdrj Bkbyoajck‘ \ugdr5 tmd kltuko \ugdrckj jkgd iar tmd okjh wks Edjfc(r) UEkjfkrW, ”lcvcoczdh okjh.– Xahky ct cs fdjdrkooy rdlafjczdh tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd jat tmd aohdst cjmkbctkjts ai tmd okjh, kjh tmdrd mkvd bddj hciidrdjt apcjcajs ks ta tmdcr arcfcj. \cjld tmd hcslavdry ai tmd Cjhus lcvcoczktcaj kbaut sdvdjty ydkrs kfa, mawdvdr, ct mks bddj kogast ujcvdrskooy klldptdh tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs cggcfrktdh irag tmd dkst. Xmcs cggcfrktcaj lauoh mkvd sullddhdh djtcrdoy by okjh ci tmd \ugdrckjs cggcfrktdh irag sagdwmdrd cj jartmdrj Cjhck, bdlkusd cj tmd iaurtm gcoodjjcug tmd bkrrcdr ta frdkt iaoe gcfrktcajs, tmd dkstdrj Crkjckj hdsdrts ai Out kjh Ekvcr, wdrd pksskbod kjh dvdj pkrtckooy cjmkbctkbod‘kt odkst pdrcahclkooy‘ks k rdsuot ai tmd gulm gard gacst locgktd (sdd kbavd, lm. CC). Gcfrktary gavdgdjts tmraufm tmd sautmdrj Crkjckj lakstko rdfcaj, wmclm wks cj koo prabkbcocty dxtrdgdoy mat dvdj kt tmkt tcgd, wdrd `ust ks cgprabkbod ks tmd oajf sdk rautd tmraufm tmd ^drsckj Fuoi. Vmdtmdr 6; ai ;66
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gcfrktcajs klrass dkstdrj Krkbck smauoh bd lajschdrdh, iaooawcjf tmd lrasscjf ai tmd Fuoi ai Agkj, gky pdrmkps bd smawj iar tmd icrst tcgd by tmd dxlkvktcajs rdldjtoy bdfuj cj Agkj. Ct mks kordkhy bddj dstkbocsmdh tmkt trkhd rdoktcajs dxcstdh bdtwddj tmd rdfcaj ai tmd Cjhus kjh Bkbyoajck kt kj dkroy hktd, wctm cjtdrgdhcktd stktcajs aj tmd csokjhs ai Bkmrkcj kjh Ikcokek. Vmkt odh ta tmd wdstwkrh gcfrktcaj ai tmd \ugdrckj UEkjfkrW fraups, wmasd okjfukfd gky mkvd bddj rdoktdh ta tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds ai Cjhck, wcoo prabkboy jdvdr bd ujhdrstaah. 84
\cjld ct wks tmd Bkbyoajckjs tmkt lkoodh tmd okjh \ugdr, kjh scjld tmd cjmkbctkjts ai \ugdr lkoodh tmdcr okjh Ekjfkr, wd gust lajlouhd tmkt tmd cjmkbctkjts tmkt lkoodh tmd okjh Ekjfkr hch jat tmcje ai tmdgsdovds ks, ar lkoo tmdgsdovds, \ugdrckjs. Xmd jkgd fcvdj ta k fdafrkpmclko krdk by tmd pdapod wma cjmkbct ct cs kogast kowkys tmd skgd jkgd tmkt tmd pdapod bdkr. \cjld tmd cjmkbctkjts ai \ugdr hch jat lkoo tmd okjh \ugdr, jar, iar tmkt gkttdr, skf-fc-fk (sdd bdoaw), but Ekjfkr, wd krd odit wctm ajoy ajd lajlouscaj tmkt lkj oafclkooy dxpokcj wmy tmd cjmkbctkjts tmdg62 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
sdovds lkoodh tmd okjh Ekjfkr, jkgdoy, tmkt Ekjfkr, ar Ekjf`u, ar Eudj`u, cs wmkt tmdy lkoodh tmdgsdovds. C pacjt aut cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes tmkt tmd jkgd \ugdr wks kj dxajyg usdh ai Ekjfkr by tmd Bkbyoajckjs, kjh C smaw, ocedwcsd, tmkt tmd djhajyg ai cts cjmkbctkjts wks Ekjfkr, kjh tmkt ct wks jat, kjh lauoh jat mkvd bddj, skf-fc-fk0 Xmd jkgd \ugdr wks kj dxajyg, kjh tmdrdiard sa wks \ugdrckj. Edjfcr, ar rktmdr Ekjfkr, wks tmd djhajyg. Xmasd ejawj ks \ugdrckjs lkoodh tmdgsdovds Ekjfkr. Ct cs k gcslajldptcaj tmkt tmdy lkoodh tmdgsdovds by tmd tdrg tmkt tmdy usdh ta hdslrcbd tmdgsdovds0 skf-fc-fk, gdkjcjf boklemdkhdh, wmclm cs k hdrcvdh kh`dltcvd iujltcajcjf cj tmd lkpklcty ai k lajlrdtd kh`dltcvd. Ct cs jat k jauj, ct cs jat k jkgd. Xmd djhajyg Ekjfkr cs k jauj, kjh Ekjfkr, tmd jkgd ai tmd okjh, wks tmd jkgd ai tmd pdapod “ Ekjfkr. Cjlchdjtkooy, boklemdkhdh kllurktdoy hdslrcbds gkjy pdapod tmkt lajstctutd dtmjcl fraups ai Cjhck, sulm ks Xkgco spdkedrs, Xdoufu spdkedrs. spdkedrs,89kjh atmdr Hrkvchckj, ks wdoo ks Gujhk, 6< ai ;66
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Vaoirkg vaj \ahdj suffdsts tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs, wmag wd smkoo lkoo by tmdcr rdko jkgd Ekjfkr (dxldpt cj lksds cj wmclm tmd jkgd \ugdrckj sddgs prdidrkbod), gcfrktdh ta Gdsapatkgck irag tmd dkst, kjh tmkt tmdcr okjfukfd gky mkvd bddj rdoktdh ta tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds ai Cjhck. Mkh vaj \ahdj ejawj tmkt tmd Ekjfkr wdrd kosa ejawj ks, kjh lkoodh, Emkjhs, md wauoh mkvd pdrmkps absdrvdh tmkt tmd jkgd Emkjh lajstctutds k pkrt ai tmd lagpaujh pokld jkgds \kgkremkjh kjh Emkjhkmkr, kjh wauoh mkvd dxkgcjdh tmd dvchdjld tmkt cjhclktds tmkt batm lctcds wdrd icrst sdttodh kjh allupcdh by tmd Ekjfkr, ar Ekjf`u, ar Eudj`u, ar Emkjhs (\ugdrckjs), cj tmdcr wdstwkrh gavdgdjt tawkrhs Gdsapatkgck, dspdlckooy ci md mkh ejawj tmkt tmd ruodrs ai \afhck, kjh tmus ai \kgkremkjh, bdtwddj 2;> kjh ;<> BLD, wdrd tmd Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr. Md wauoh pdrmkps mkvd iaujh ct ai frdkt scfjciclkjld tmkt koo tmrdd poklds “ Ekjfkr (\ugdr), Emkjhkmkr, kjh \kgkremkjh “ mkvd jkgds tmkt krd chdjtclko, cj pkrt ar cj iuoo, ta tmasd (Ekjf`u, tmkt tmdcr Eudj`u) cjmkbctkjts ruodrs bard “ Ekjfkr kjhkjh Emkjh. Kfkcj, 68 ai ;66
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lctcjf tmd hcslavdry ai tmd Cjhus lcvcoczktcaj, vaj \ahdj cjhclktds tmkt md klldptdh tmkt tmd Ekjfkr (\ugdrckjs) krrcvdh irag tmd dkst, kjh gky mkvd spaedj k okjfukfd rdoktdh ta tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds. Mkh md ejawj tmkt tmdrd krd tahky stcoo Ekjfkr fraups ocvcjf cj Cjhck, kjh tmkt cj Cjhck tmdy krd stcoo ejawj ks batm Ekjfkr kjh Emkjhs (ks wdoo ks Emajhs, Fajhs, Eayk, Eudj`u, dtl.), kjh tmkt tmdy spdke Hrkvchckj okjfukfds, md wauoh pdrmkps mkvd rdlafjczdh tmd lajjdltcaj bdtwddj tmd Ekjfkr cj Cjhck kjh tmd Ekjfkr cj Gdsapatkgck tmkt wdrd ejawj ks \ugdrckjs, kjh wauoh mkvd pdrmkps lajlouhdh, tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd, cj iklt, tmd Ekjfkr. Kt kjy rktd, vaj \ahdj wks aj tmd rcfmt trkle. Cj tmd pkfds tmkt iaooaw, C smkoo smaw tmkt tmd Ekjfkr cj \ugdr (Ekjfkr), cj \kgkremkjh, kjh cj Emkjhkmkr, wdrd koo ajd pdapod, k pdapod tmkt lkgd arcfcjkooy irag Cjhck. Yaj \ahdj wajhdrdh wmkt odh ta tmd wdstwkrh gcfrktcaj ai tmd Ekjfkr (\ugdrckjs), but rdleajdh tmkt tmd rdksaj iar ctkrfud wauoh jdvdr bd ujhdrstaah. C wauoh tmktprabkboy ldrtkcj 64 ai ;66
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ikltars, sulm ks ikgcjd, hcsdksd, kjh wkr, iar dxkgpod, wdrd jat prcgkry lkusds ai tmdcr wdstwkrh gavdgdjt. Aj tmd lajtrkry, C wauoh krfud tmkt tmdcr wdstwkrh gavdgdjt tawkrhs Gdsapatkgck wks cjctcktdh by tmdcr cjvaovdgdjt cj tmd okpcs okzuoc trkhd (ks wdoo ks cj tmd cvary kjh tmd kgkzajctd trkhd), kjh C wauoh ocedwcsd krfud tmkt tmdy wdrd tmd edy pokydrs cj tmkt trkhd. Xmd icrst stajds ai okpcs okzuoc krrcvdh cj Gdsapatkgck kt odkst ks dkroy ks tmd Oktd Tbkch pdrcah5 kjh scjld ct mks bddj hdtdrgcjdh tmkt tmd saurld ai tmd okpcs cgpartdh ta Gdsapatkgck hurcjf tmd Oktd Tbkch pdrcah wks Bkhkemsmkj, tmd okpcs trkhd bdtwddj tmdsd twa rdfcajs, wmclm krd sdpkrktdh by kbaut ajd tmauskjh icvd mujhrdh gcods, bdfkj, kjh gust mkvd bdfuj, kbaut <4>> BLD, ar dvdj dkrocdr. Fdarfcjk Mdrrgkjj wrctds0 Xmd gast ocedoy saurld iar tmcs dkroy Fkwrkj UFkwrk ]CCCW okpcs cs, cj iklt, tmd gcjds kt Bkhkemsmkj, sagd icitddj mujhrdh gcods ta tmd dkst, klrass hdsdrt kjh gaujtkcj5 kjh ajd ai tmd prcjlcpko rdksajs iar cjvdstcfktcjf okpcs okzuoc wks 69 ai ;66
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tmd trkhctcaj tmkt ct arcfcjktdh ajoy irag tmd Bkhkemsmkj gcjds. Kotmaufm tmcs dxlouscvd lokcg lkjjat bd rdfkrhdh ks pravdj, Bkhkemsmkj rdgkcjs tmd ajoy prabkbod saurld, kjh ct iaooaws tmkt ks dkroy ks l. <4>> B.L. trkhd wks dstkbocsmdh bdtwddj kjlcdjt Crkq kjh hcstkjt Kifmkjcstkj‘ lajvcjlcjf praai ai tmd wchdsprdkh slapd ai dkroy trkhd kjh laggujclktcajs... Hdspctd tmd ;,4>> gcods sdpkrktcjf Bkhkemsmkj irag Gdsapatkgck, tmd Bkhkemsmkj gcjds mkvd bddj fdjdrkooy klldptdh ks tmd prcjlcpko saurld, ar, cjhddh, ks tmd ujcqud saurld, ai okpcs okzuoc iar tmd kjlcdjt Jdkr Dkst.86
Xmcs dkroy hktd (l. <4>> BLD) ai tmd aohdst ejawj okpcs okzuoc irag Bkhkemsmkj cj Gdsapatkgck, ar kjlcdjt Crkq, cs ai tmd utgast scfjciclkjld. Iar ajd, ct gkres tmd bdfcjjcjf ai tmd okpcs trkhd, kjh tmdrdiard ai laggujclktcaj, bdtwddj tmd twa rdfcajs kt k vdry dkroy hktd, kjh twa, ct docgcjktds kjy passcbcocty tmkt Cjha-Durapdkjs lauoh mkvd mkh k pkrt cj kjy kspdlt ai tmkt okpcs trkhd. @. ^. Gkooary wrctds0 Kotmaufm gkjy hdtkcos gky bd hcsputdh, tmdrd cs gast ldrtkcjoy k sdrcaus lksd iar kj dxpkjscaj ai 66 ai ;66
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pdapods irag tmd ^ajtcl-Lkspckj cjta tmd stdppd kjh iardst-stdppd dkst ai tmd Trkos. Xmdsd gavdgdjts kppdkr ta mkvd bdfuj ks dkroy ks tmd iaurtm gcoodjjcug BL, kjh tmdy gky mkvd lajtcjudh avdr sdvdrko gcoodjjck by wmclm tcgd tmd gk`ar pkttdrjs ai gcfrktcaj cj tmcs rdfcaj wdrd hrkgktclkooy rdvdrsdh by Xurecl-spdkecjf pdapods sulm ks tmd Mujs. 8=
Ci, ks tmd gk`arcty ai slmaokrs sky, tmd ^ajtclLkspckj stdppd wks cj iklt tmd magdokjh ai tmd Cjha-Durapdkjs, kjh ci, ks tmd gk`arcty krfud, tmd Kjhrajava luoturd wks cj iklt kj Cjha-Durapdkj ajd, tmdj tmd krlmkdaoafclko rdlarh poklds tmdg cj tmd ai tmd Kjhrajava sctdstmdg ks dkroy ks ;4>>oalktcaj BLD. 83 Krlmkdaoafy gky pokld cj Ksck (jartmdrj Ksck) dvdj dkrocdr, ks dkroy ks, pdrmkps, <4>> BLD (cj jartmdrj Ksck), 4> ci tmd Kikjkscdva sctds lkj bd hdicjctdoy hdgajstrktdh ta mkvd bddj Cjha-Durapdkj ajds. Cj kjy lksd, tmd dkrocdst hktd iar tmd bdfcjjcjf ai tmd dkstwkrh dxpkjscaj ai tmd Cjha-Durapdkjs irag tmd ^ajtcl-Lkspckj stdppd, kllarhcjf ta tmd fdjdrko lajsdjsus, ikoos gast ocedoy cj tmd iaurtm 6= ai ;66
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gcoodjjcug BLD, wmktdvdr tmd lajjdltcajs gky mkvd bddj bdtwddj tmd Cjha-Durapdkjs kjh tmd luoturds ai tmd twa sctds gdjtcajdh. Kotdrjktcvdoy, ci tmd magdokjh ai tmd CjhaDurapdkjs smauoh bd pravdh ta mkvd bddj Kjktaock, ajd iklt jdvdrtmdodss rdgkcjs tmd skgd0 tmdcr dxpkjscaj dkstwkrh cjta Ldjtrko Ksck, kjh pkrtcluokroy cjta Kifmkjcstkj, wks oktdr tmkj, by k tmauskjh ydkrs ar gard, tmd bdfcjjcjf ai tmd okpcs okzuoc trkhd bdtwddj Bkhkemsmkj kjh Gdsapatkgck. Xmcs gdkjs, kjh lkj ajoy gdkj, tmkt tmd okpcs trkhd bdtwddj tmd twa rdfcajs lauoh mkvd bddj cjctcktdh kjh lkrrcdh aj ajoy by jaj-CjhaDurapdkjs. (Ct cs jddhodss ta sky tmkt \dgctds lauoh jat passcboy mkvd bddj cjvaovdh cj tmd hcslavdry, gcjcjf, kjh wdstwkrh (ar dkstwkrh) hcstrcbutcaj ai tmd okpcs okzuoc iaujh cj tmd gaujtkcjs ai Bkhkemsmkj5 but \dgctds wdrd, ai laursd, kt ajd tcgd ar kjatmdr, tmd rdlcpcdjts ai tmd irag Bkhkemsmkj.) sa mkppdjs tmkt tmd okpcs \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, Ct wdrd jat Cjha63 ai ;66
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Durapdkjs, jar \dgctds. Mdrd cs k faah pokld ta kse kj cgpartkjt qudstcaj0 Vmdj hch tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, krrcvd cj Gdsapatkgck1 \ugdrckj slmaokr \kgudo Jakm Erkgdr mks kj kjswdr0 Bd tmkt ks ct gky, ct cs mcfmoy prabkbod tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs hch jat krrcvd cj \ugdr ujtco sagdtcgd cj tmd sdlajh mkoi ai tmd iaurtm gcoodjjcug B.L. 4;
Xmd sdlajh mkoi ai tmd iaurtm gcoodjjcug BLD wks, ai laursd, kbaut <4>> BLD. Ci tmd \ugdrckjs krrcvdh cj \ugdr kbaut tmcs tcgd, ks Erkgdr krfuds, tmdj tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, krrcvdh cj \ugdr (kosa ejawj ks Ekjfkr), ar Gdsapatkgck, kt tmd skgd tcgd tmkt tmd icrst stajds ai okpcs okzuoc hch. Ct cs prabkbod tmcs wks tmd lksd5 ct cs kosa rdgkrekbod, kjh ct cs jat k lacjlchdjld. Fdarfds Raux, aj tmd lajtrkry, sddgs ta ikvar tmd passcbcocty tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs gky jat mkvd bddj cggcfrkjts kt koo, but rktmdr k fraup jktcvd ta tmd rdfcaj ai Gdsapatkgck ctsdoi. Raux hads jat kttdgpt, mawdvdr, ta gked kj krfugdjt tmkt => ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
wauoh dxpokcj tmd iklt tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, spaed kj kffoutcjktcjf okjfukfd tmkt smaws rdko kiicjcty ajoy ta Hrkvchckj okjfukfds. Md kosa sddgs ta iarfdt tmkt md skys0 Xmd rdkocty kjh by dxtdjt ai tmcsluoturdW trkhd Ulajhultdh kjh gkcjtkcjdh tmd Tbkch cs kttdstdh by tmd prdsdjld ai abschckj aj gkjy sctds ai sautmdrj Crkq kjh ai faoh kjh kgkzajctd (k sdgcprdlcaus stajd abtkcjkbod ajoy irag Cjhck) kt Tr...42 U^krdjtmdsds krd Raux–s.W
\cjld ct lauoh jat mkvd bddj Cjha-Durapdkjs tmkt braufmt tmd kgkzajctd irag Cjhck ta sautmdrj Crkq hurcjf tmd Tbkch pdrcah, wma lauoh ct mkvd bddj tmkt braufmt ct1 Ja haubt tmd skgd pdapod braufmt tmd kgkzajctd irag Cjhck tmkt braufmt tmd okpcs okzuoc irag Bkhkemsmkj ta Gdsapatkgck. Ks C smkoo smaw bdoaw, ct lauoh mkvd bddj jajd atmdr tmkj tmd Ekjfkr. C smauoh kosa gdjtcaj tmkt Raux pacjts aut sagdtmcjf tmkt supparts gy lajtdjtcaj tmkt ct wks jat ikgcjd ar lajqudst, but trkhd, tmkt
=; ai ;66
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cjctcktdh tmd wdstwkrh gcfrktcaj (ar gcfrktcajs) ai tmd Ekjfkr ta Gdsapatkgck0 Xmd icvd mujhrdh ydkrs wmclm skw tmdsd hdvdoapgdjts mkvd bddj hcvchdh, sagdwmkt krtciclckooy, by krlmkdaoafcsts cjta k UsclW ”True pdrcah– (l. <64>-<;4> B.L.) kjh k ”@dghkt Jksr pdrcah– (l. <;4>-23>> B.L.) but tmdrd cs octtod haubt tmkt tmd pdapod U\ugdrckjsW rdspajscbod iar tmd urbkjczktcaj ai sautmdrj Gdsapatkgck wdrd loasdoy rdoktdh ta, ar mkh bddj kbsarbdh by, tmd Tbkchckjs, iar tmdrd cs ja lodkr-lut brdke bdtwddj tmd Tbkch luoturd kjh tmd True luoturd kjh ja scfj ai krgdh cjvkscaj kjh hdstrultcaj. 4<
Cjhddh, C gkcjtkcj tmkt ct wks Ekjfkr gdrlmkjts tmkt icrst odh tmd wky irag Cjhck ta sautmdrj Crkq, kjh tmkt tmdy wdrd subsdqudjtoy iaooawdh tmdrd by gkjy atmdr Ekjfkr. Xmcs wauoh dxpokcj tmd kppkrdjtoy sgaatm trkjsctcaj irag tmd ajd luoturd, tmd Tbkch, ta tmkt ai tmd atmdr, tmd \ugdrckj, ar Ekjfkr. Jatd kosa tmkt ct hads jat tked kj krgdh cjvkscaj iar kj cggcfrkjt fraup ta docgcjktd, ar frdktoy rdhuld tmd jugbdrs ai, tmd dstkbocsmdh papuokld tmkt tmdy djlaujtdr kt tmd =2 ai ;66
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djh ai tmdcr gcfrktcaj. Xmkt cs ta sky, tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, lauoh mkvd braufmt k vcrus irag Cjhck ta sautmdrj Gdsapatkgck ta wmclm tmd dstkbocsmdh papuokld tmdrd mkh ja cggujcty. Cj atmdr warhs, upaj tmdcr krrcvko cj sautmdrj Gdsapatkgck, tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, lauoh mkvd trcffdrdh k hdkhoy pokfud kgajf tmd Tbkchckjs kjh atmdrs. \cr Odajkrh Vaaody, ajd ai tmd dkroy kutmarctcds aj tmd \ugdrckjs kjh Gdsapatkgck, pubocsmdh, cj ;323, mcs baae Xmd \ugdrckjs. Aj pkfd dcfmt ai gy lapy ai ct, md wrctds0 \cr Krtmur Edctm stktds0 ”Ajd lkj stcoo trkld tmd kjlcdjt \ugdrckj ikld dkstwkrhs ta Kifmkjcstkj kjh Bkoulmcstkj, ujtco tmd vkoody ai tmd Cjhus cs rdklmdh‘sagd ;4>> gcods hcstkjt irag Gdsapatkgck.– Rdldjt dxlkvktcaj cj tmd Cjhus vkoody mks braufmt ta ocfmt dxtdjscvd rdgkcjs ai k vdry dkroy lcvcoczktcaj, rdgkrekboy hdvdoapdh, wmclm mks k faah hdko cj laggaj wctm tmkt ai \ugdr5 pkrtcluokroy strcecjf krd rdltkjfuokr stkgp sdkos iaujh cj tmd twa laujtrcds wmclm krd chdjtclko cj iarg, cj tmd sub`dlts kjh styod ai tmdcr =< ai ;66
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djfrkvcjf, kjh cj tmd cjslrcptcajs wmclm tmdy bdkr, wmcod tmdrd krd scgcokrctcds mkrhoy odss gkredh cj tdrrk-lattk icfurds, cj tmd gdtmahs ai bucohcjf lajstrultcaj kjh cj fraujh-pokjs. Xa sky tmkt tmdsd rdsdgbokjlds pravd chdjtcty ai rkld ar dvdj paoctclko ujcty wauoh bd ta dxkffdrktd tmd wdcfmt ai tmd dvchdjld5 ta kllaujt iar tmdg by gdrd trkhd lajjdltcaj wauoh bd, cj gy apcjcaj, ta ujhdrrktd ct ja odss rksmoy0 ct cs skidst, iar tmd tcgd bdcjf, ta rdfkrh tmd twa lcvcoczktcajs ks aiismaats irag k laggaj saurld wmclm prdsugkboy ocds sagdwmdrd bdtwddj tmd Cjhus kjh tmd Dupmrktds vkoodys, tmaufm wmdtmdr tmd ldjtrd irag wmclm tmcs luoturd rkhcktds sa ikr kicdoh cs ta bd saufmt cj tmd mcoos ai Bkoulmcstkj, ar wmdrd, wd mkvd ja gdkjs ai ejawcjf ks ydt. 48
Mkh tmd hcslcpocjd ai ocjfucstcls bddj ks khvkjldh cj ;323, wmdj Vaaody pubocsmdh mcs baae aj tmd \ugdrckjs, kjh ks cjiargktcvd ks ct cs jaw aj tmd arcfcj kjh tmd dxpkjscajs ai tmd Cjha-Durapdkjs, \cr Odajkrh, wma cjhclktdh tmkt md tmaufmt tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd Cjha-Durapdkjs, wauoh jat mkvd gkhd tmd gcstked ai tmcjecjf tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd prabkboy ai Cjha-Durapdkj arcfcj. Ct cs kosa passcbod tmkt mcs gcstkedj bdocdi tmkt tmdy wdrd =8 ai ;66
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wks k rdiodltcaj ai mcs awj luoturko bcks. Kt kjy rktd, tmdy wdrd jat Cjha-Durapdkjs kjh tmdy lauoh jat mkvd bddj Cjha-Durapdkjs, jar lauoh tmdy mkvd bddj \dgctds, ks mks bddj smawj. Vaaody kosa suffdsts tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs wma icrst sdttodh cj Gdsapatkgck gky mkvd krrcvdh by bakt. C kfrdd tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, ajld cj \ugdr, kjh dvdj bdiard tmdcr krrcvko tmdrd, wdrd k sdkikrcjf pdapod, kjh tmkt tmdy lajhultdh sagd ai tmdcr trkhd by sdk5 kjh ct cs passcbod, C suppasd, tmkt tmd icrst Ekjfkr gky mkvd krrcvdh cj Gdsapatkgck by bakt. But k strajfdr krfugdjt iar tmdcr krrcvko by okjh lkj bd gkhd wmdj wd rdgdgbdr tmkt dvchdjld iar tmd wdstwkrh dxpkjscaj ai tmd Ekjfkr (Ekjf`u, Eudj`u, Emkjhs, dtl.) aj okjh cs kttdstdh by tmd dxcstdjld ai \kgkremkjh kjh Emkjhkmkr, twa lctcds wmclm bdkr cj pkrt ajd ai tmd jkgds by wmclm tmd Ekjfkr wdrd ejawj, kjh krd stcoo ejawj5 kjh by tmd dxcstdjld ai k tawj cj Crkj jkgdh Emkj`krc, Emkj`kr bdcjf k laggaj kttdstdh spdoocjf ai tmd jkgd ai tmd Ekjfkr. wdrd cgpartkjt lctcds\kgkremkjh aj rautds aikjh tmd Emkjhkmkr \coe Rakh, =4 ai ;66
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kjh Emkj`krc, tmaufm vcrtukooy ujejawj ta slmaokrs, gust mkvd bddj ks wdoo0 ct cs aj k \coe Rakh rautd kjh ct cs k stajd–s tmraw (cj k rdfcajko sdjsd) irag Xdpd Mcsskr, wmdrd ”rdgkrekboy okrfd qukjtctcds ai lmcps, rd`dlts, kjh icjcsmdh ab`dlts ai 44
okpcs okzuoc mkvd bddj iaujh.– Xmd rdksaj iar sulm okrfd qukjtctcds ai lmcps kjh rd`dlts ai okpcs kt Xdpd Mcsskr, wmclm wks ajd ai tmd okst staps aj tmd \coe Rakh bdiard waredh okpcs kjh icjcsmdh ab`dlts ai okpcs wdrd trkjspartdh ta \ugdr, wks tmkt rkw okpcs wks waredh tmdrd ta rdgavd lkolctds kjh bkryoctds irag ct cj arhdr ta cjlrdksd cts purcty,49 kjh tmus cts gkredt vkoud. Xmd \coe Rakh, ar rautds ai tmd \coe Rakh, ai laursd, lajjdltdh \kgkremkjh, Emkjhkmkr, kjh Emkj`krc, kjh tmdcr dkrocdst cjmkbctkjts, tmd Ekjfkr, ar Eudj`u, ar Emkjhs, wctm Gdsapatkgck, wmdrd cj kjlcdjt Crkq, wmdrd tmdy wauoh dvdjtukooy sdttod, tmd Ekjfkr wdrd ejawj ta tmd Bkbyoajckjs ks \ugdrckjs, tmaufm tmdy stcoo ejdw tmdgsdovds ks, kjh lkoodh tmdcr okjh tmdrd, Ekjfkr.
=9 ai ;66
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\ugdr wks, kfkcj, tmd Bkbyoajckj jkgd iar Ekjfkr.
=6 ai ;66
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Fdarfcjk Mdrrgkjj, cj mdr pkpdr aj okpcs okzuoc, pacjts aut tmkt Bkhkemsmkj wks cjlouhdh cj tmd pravcjld ai kjlcdjt \afhck, wmclm, ks wd mkvd kordkhy sddj, wks ruodh by tmd Ekjf`u, ar Ekjfkr, ar Emkjhs, batm bdiard 4<3 BLD, ks C mkvd smawj, kjh bdtwddj 2;> kjh ;<> BLD. Cj mdr pkpdr Fdarfcjk gdjtcajs sagdtmcjf dxlddhcjfoy scfjciclkjt0 Hkrcus tmd Frdkt UHkrcus CW (422-8=9 B.L.) prauhoy lokcgs tmkt tmd okpcs okzuoc usdh cj tmd lajstrultcaj ai mcs pkokld kt \usk lkgd irag \afhck, kj kjlcdjt pravcjld cj Ldjtrko Ksck wmclm cjlouhdh Bkhkemsmkj. 46
\usk, cj k rdfcajko sdjsd, cs k stajd–s tmraw irag Xdpd Fkwrk, wmdrd tmd aohdst okpcs okzuoc cj Gdsapatkgck mks bddj iaujh. 4= Ct cs ai tmd utgast scfjciclkjld tmkt Hkrcus tmd Frdkt, cj mcs cjslrcptcaj, chdjtcicds \afhck ks tmd pokld irag wmclm tmd okpcs okzuoc iar mcs pkokld lkgd, bdlkusd, cj tmd skgd cjslrcptcaj, Hkrcus chdjtcicds Cjhck kjh Krklmasck (Mkrkuvktc") ks twa ai tmd poklds wmdrd tmd cvary iar mcs pkokld kt \usk wks abtkcjdh.43 Krklmasck, ar Mkrkuvktc ", wks k == ai ;66
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mcstarclko rdfcaj oalktdh ta tmd sautm ai batm Bkltrck kjh \afhck, cj prdsdjt-hky Kifmkjcstkj kjh ^kecstkj. Gast scfjciclkjt cs tmkt Krklmasck, oced Cjhck, wks ta tmd dkst ai Gdsapatkgck. Cj tmd skgd pksskfd ai tmd cjslrcptcaj cj wmclm Hkrcus chdjtcicds Cjhck kjh Krklmasck ks saurlds iar mcs cvary, md chdjtcicds ajoy ajd atmdr pokld wmdrd tmd cvary iar mcs pkokld arcfcjktdh, jkgdoy, Eusm, cj Jubck. 9> Xmd iklt tmkt Hkrcus chdjtcicds Cjhck, Krklmasck, kjh Eusm ks tmd ajoy poklds irag wmclm tmd cvary wks abtkcjdh, kjh \afhck ks tmd pokld wmdrd tmd okpcs wks irag, cs ai tmd frdktdst scfjciclkjld, bdlkusd ct cs kbsaoutd praai, cj wrctcjf, tmkt cvary wks cgpartdh ta Gdsapatkgck irag tmd dkst, irag Cjhck kjh Krklmasck, ks wdoo ks irag tmd sautmwdst, irag Eusm cj Jubck5 but jat cgpartdh irag kjy pokld hcrdltoy sautm ai Gdsapatkgck, tmkt cs, jat irag kjy pokld hcrdltoy sautm ai \ugdr (Ekjfkr). \cjld tmd saurld rdfcajs cvary wauoh mkvd prdsugd bddj tmd skgd \ugdr ai dxcstdh, wd gky tmkt wmdj tmd =3 ai ;66
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\ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, wma cgpartdh cvary, cgpartdh ct irag tmd skgd rdfcajs tmkt Hkrcus hch, kjh tmkt tmd cvary irag Eusm wks trkjspartdh ta \ugdr cj tmd skgd wky ks ct wks ta \usk. Xmd kltuko \usk cjslrcptcaj rdkhs0 Xmd prdlcaus stajd okpcs okzuoc kjh lkrjdockj wmclm wks wraufmt mdrd, tmcs wks braufmt irag \afhck.9; Xmd cvary wmclm wks wraufmt mdrd, wks braufmt irag Eusm kjh irag Cjhck kjh irag Krklmasck. 92
Hkrcus chdjtcicds Dfypt ks tmd pokld irag wmclm tmd scovdr kjh dbajy lkgd0 Xmd scovdr kjh tmd dbajy wdrd braufmt irag Dfypt.9<
Xmd cvary tmkt Hkrcus abtkcjdh irag Eusm, wmclm wks oalktdh `ust autschd Dfypt, wauoh mkvd bddj braufmt ta Gdsapatkgck aj tmd skgd rautds tmkt tmd scovdr kjh tmd dbajy irag Dfypt wdrd, 3> ai ;66
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tmkt cs, tmraufm Dfypt, klrass \cjkc, kjh ajwkrh ta Gdsapatkgck by lkrkvkj5 tmd cvary irag Eusm wauoh jat mkvd bddj smcppdh cj tmd hcrdltcaj appasctd ta Dfypt (k mufd gkredt) kjh kraujh tmd djtcrd Krkbckj pdjcjsuok ta Bkmrkcj, kjh tmdj smcppdh irag tmdrd ta Gdsapatkgck. Kjh ci tmd \ugdrckjs cgpartdh cvary irag Eusm ks wdoo, ct wauoh mkvd bddj braufmt ta \ugdr aj tmd skgd trkhd rautds ks tmasd okjh ajds tmkt gust mkvd bddj usdh ta fdt ct ta Hkrcus. Iar kt kjy tcgd sulm k sdk vaykfd wauoh mkvd bddj ikr taa oajf kjh trdklmdraus, taa rcsey awcjf ta pcrkly, kjh scgpoy ujjdldsskry0 ct wauoh jat mkvd bddj wartm tmd rcse, ar wartm tmd oass ai trkhcjf cj Dfypt taa. Xmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, mkvd odit us jugdraus rdlarhs cj loky cj wmclm, tcgd kjh kfkcj, tmdy spdke ai k pokld jkgdh Hcoguj. 98 Iar ks oajf ks slmaokrs mkvd ejawj kbaut tmd dxcstdjld cj Gdsapatkgck ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, kjh bddj kbod ta rdkh tmdcr rdlarhs kjh tdxts, tmdy mkvd hdbktdh kbaut tmd oalktcaj ai Hcoguj, wctm sagd krfucjf iar cts chdjtciclktcaj wctm Bkmrkcj,
3; ai ;66
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kjh atmdrs krfucjf iar cts chdjtciclktcaj dosdwmdrd. \tdpmdj Okjfhaj wrctds0 Hdoctzslm gkjy ydkrs kfa chdjtcicdh Hcoguj wctm tmd csokjh Bkmrdcj5 kotmaufm tmkt slmaokr hads jat dxprdssoy hdidjh tmcs chdjtciclktcaj, ydt tmcs cjidrdjld mks bddj klldptdh kjh fdjdrkooy khaptdh. Xmd chdjtciclktcaj wctm tmd okrfdst ai tmd Bkmrdcj csokjhs mks bddj suffdstdh ta slmaokrs by pksskfds cj tmd cjslrcptcajs ai \krfaj, wma cj hdslrcbcjf mcs cjvkscaj ai Bct-@kecj (tmd sdklakst okjh kt tmd mdkh ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi) kjh Dokg skys, ‟Tpcrc ecjf ai Hcoguj, wma mkh gkhd kj kbahd cj tmd gchst ai tmd sdk tawkrhs tmd Dkst, oced k icsm k hcstkjld ai <> eksfch mdkrh ai tmd gcfmt ai gy rayko pawdr kjh braufmt trcbutd.‗ Ci tmcs pksskfd bd tkedj octdrkooy wd gust cjidr tmkt kj csokjh cs cjtdjhdh, ar ks Hdoctzslm skys, ‟kt kjy rktd k pdjcjsuok.‗ But wd jaw ejaw tmkt cj Kssyrckj mcstarclko cjslrcptcajs tmd eksfch ar maur–s gkrlm wks 4<89 gdtdrs ar <.<2;=+ Djfocsm gcods. Ci wd suppasd tmkt \krfaj cjtdjhdh ta stktd tmd hcstkjld irag tmd cjjdrgast smard ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi ks ct wks cj mcs hky, tmkt cs ;4 ar gard gcods iurtmdr cjokjh tmkj kt prdsdjt, wd kssugd tmkt Hcoguj oky kbaut ;>> gcods irag tmkt 32 ai ;66
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pacjt, sky k hdfrdd kjh k mkoi sautm ai gahdrj Bksrk. Ai laursd Hcoguj, ci ct hdscfjktdh k pravcjld aj tmd Dokgctcl schd ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi cj tmd rdfcaj ai gahdrj Okrcstkj, gky mkvd cjlouhdh koo tmd sgkoo csokjhs aii tmkt lakst sulm ks \mkcem \mukcb, Ekcs kjh Ecsmg. Koo ai tmdsd krd lajschdrkboy gard tmkj ;>> gcods irag Bksrk, but \krfaj gky bd uscjf sagd pacjt ikrtmdr sautm ks mcs pokld ai rdleajcjf. Hcoguj lkjjat bd kj csokjh cj kjatmdr pksskfd ai tmcs skgd \krfaj wma skys, ‟Xmd okjh Bct-@kecj wmclm ocds aj tmd smard ai tmd skot strdkg U^drsckj FuoiW ks ikr ks tmd baujhkrcds ai Hcoguj ks ajd okjh C ruodh.‗ Mdrd Hcoguj kjh Bct-@kecj iarg k lajtcfuaus tdrrctary. Aj tmd wmaod tmd chdjtciclktcaj wctm k strcp ai okjh irag kbaut tmd twdjty-jcjtm hdfrdd ai oktctuhd sautmwkrh koajf tmd dkstdrj lakst ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi cjlouhcjf tmd csokjhs aii tmd lakst pdrmkps ks ikr ks tmd strkct ai Arguz kjh tmd Krkbckj \dk wcoo sktcsiy koo tmd ejawj rdidrdjlds lajldrjcjf Hcoguj. Xmd dxprdsscaj ai \krfaj, ‟cj tmd gchst ai tmd sdk,‗ wcoo tmdj rdidr ta ajd ai tmd sgkoo csokjhs ai tmd pravcjld ta wmclm tmd ecjf Tpcrc iodh. 94
3< ai ;66
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Okjfhaj pacjts aut tmkt \krfaj, cj mcs hdslrcptcaj ai mcs cjvkscaj ai Bct-@kecj kjh Dokg, skys ”Tpcrc ecjf ai Hcoguj, wma mkh gkhd kj kbahd cj tmd gchst ai tmd sdk tawkrhs tmd Dkst, oced k icsm k hcstkjld ai <> eksfch mdkrh ai tmd gcfmt ai gy rayko pawdr kjh braufmt trcbutd.– Vctm dxkltoy tmd skgd gdkjcjf, tmcs stktdgdjt by \krfaj gky bd dxprdssdh ks ”Tpcrc, wma wks ecjf ai Hcoguj, wma mkh gkhd kj kbahd cj tmd gchst ai tmd sdk tawkrhs tmd Dkst...– Jatd tmkt cj batm vdrscajs (tmd ajd rdjhdrdh by Okjfhaj kjh tmd ajd rdjhdrdh by gd) ai \krfaj–s stktdgdjt tmd kbahd cs jat bdcjf chdjtcicdh ks Hcoguj. Tpcrc wks ecjf ai Hcoguj kjh md mkh gkhd kj kbahd (kjh gky mkvd stkydh tmdrd iar k tcgd) cj tmd gchst ai tmd sdk tawkrhs tmd Dkst. Mcs bdcjf ecjf ai Hcoguj cs k iklt tmkt dxcsts cjhdpdjhdjtoy ai mcs mkvcjf gkhd (kjh pdrmkps stkydh kt) kj kbahd cj tmd sdk (ar kjywmdrd dosd). Xmkt tmcs cs tmd larrdlt cjtdrprdtktcaj ai \krfaj–s stktdgdjt cs barjd aut by tmd skgd gdkjcjf ai kjatmdr \krfaj cj tmd cjslrcptcaj, cj stktdgdjt wmclm md by skys ”Xmd 38 ai ;66
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okjh Bct-@kecj wmclm ocds aj tmd smard ai tmd skot strdkg U^drsckj FuoiW ks ikr ks tmd baujhkrcds ai Hcoguj ks ajd okjh C ruodh.– Rdgdgbdr tmkt md cjvkhdh batm Bct-@kecj kjh Dokg kt tmd skgd tcgd cj k scjfod cjvkscaj. Ci Hcoguj cs ta bd chdjtcicdh ks Bkmrkcj, tmdj Bct-@kecj gust bd chdjtcicdh ks Bkmrkcj ks wdoo. Ci wd klldpt tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai Bct-@kecj kjh Hcoguj ks Bkmrkcj, tmdj wd krd iarldh ta klldpt tmd cgpasscbod0 tmkt \krfaj–s scjfod cjvkscaj taae pokld aj appasctd schds ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi kt tmd skgd tcgd, cj Dokg kjh aj Bkmrkcj (Hcoguj kjh Bct-@kecj). Xmcs lkjjat bd larrdlt. \cjld ct lkjjat bd larrdlt, wd gust lajlouhd tmkt Hcoguj kjh Bct-@kecj wdrd oalktdh aj tmd skgd schd ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi ks Dokg, kjh tmkt tmdy wdrd, cj iklt, ks Okjfhaj pacjts aut, lajtcfuaus. Jatd iurtmdr tmkt \krfaj stktds tmkt Tpcrc mkh gkhd tmd kbahd ”tawkrhs tmd Dkst.– Bkmrkcj cs jat kt koo ta tmd dkst ai kjy ai tmd okjhs tmkt \krfaj ruodh5 ct cs kogast hcrdltoy sautm ai koo ai tmdg. Garrcs @kstraw @r., wma djhdkvardh ta hcslrdhct Okjfhaj–s trkjsoktcaj ai \krfaj–s stktdgdjt, but 34 ai ;66
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wma ikcodh, prdtdjhdh \krfaj hch jat sky ”tawkrhs tmd Dkst.– @kstraw wrctds0 Md UOkjfhajW khhs tmcs qukociclktcaj cj arhdr ta kllaujt iar tmd spdlcicl stktdgdjt‘rdpdktdh sdvdrko tcgds‘cj kj cjslrcptcaj ai \krfaj tmkt ‟Tpcrc, Ecjf ai Hcoguj, wma UmkhW gkhd kj kbahd cj tmd gchst ai tmd sdk Utawkrhs tmd DkstW,‗ dtl., kjh irag wmclm gast slmaokrs mkvd hrkwj tmd jkturko lajlouscaj tmkt Hcoguj wks kj csokjh. Jar cs tmdrd kjy iarld cj Okjfhaj–s lajtdjtcaj tmkt wmdj \krfaj skys tmkt md lajqudrdh tmd okjh Bct-@kecj aj tmd smard ai tmd skot strdkg (c.d., tmd ^drsckj Fuoi) up ta Hcoguj tmkt tmcs pravds tmkt ‟Hcoguj kjh Bct-@kecj iarg k lajtcfuaus tdrrctary,‗ dspdlckooy ci wd lajschdr tmkt \krfaj hads jat sky, ks Okjfhaj trkjsoktds, tmkt md ruodh tmcs tdrrctary ‟ks ajd okjh,‗ but ‟kotafdtmdr‗ (gctmkrc").99 UBrkledts khhdh.W
Dvdj ci wd klldpt tmkt @kstraw wks larrdlt cj cjtdrprdtcjf tmd warh gctmkrc " ks gdkjcjf ”kotafdtmdr– rktmdr tmkj ”ks ajd okjh,– md cs stcoo wrajf kbaut Hcoguj kjh Bct-@kecj jat bdcjf lajtcfuaus. Cj tmd cjslrcptcaj tmd stktdgdjt, wmdtmdr trkjsoktdh by Okjfhaj ar by @kstraw, 39 ai ;66
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rdkhs ”Xmd okjh Bct-@kecj wmclm ocds aj tmd smard ai tmd skot strdkg U^drsckj FuoiW ks ikr ks tmd baujhkrcds ai Hcoguj.– (@kstraw rdpoklds ”ks ikr ks tmd baujhkrcds ai Hcoguj– wctm ”up ta Hcoguj.–) Cj atmdr warhs, tmd okjh Bct-@kecj
dxtdjhdh koo tmd wky ta Hcoguj5 tmus Bct-@kecj kjh Hcoguj wdrd, cj iklt, ks Okjfhaj skys, lajtcfuaus. @kstraw–s krfugdjts krd cjlkpkbod ai wctmstkjhcjf rcfaraus kjkoyscs5 tmdy ikoo kpkrt. @kstraw wks wrajf. \kgudo Jakm Erkgdr, cj mcs baae Xmd \ugdrckjs, wmclm wks pubocsmdh cj ;39<, hcslussds kt sagd odjftm tmd Hcoguj prabodg, kjh gkeds k faah krfugdjt, bksdh aj tmd lajtdjt ai kutmdjtcl wrcttdj rdlarhs rdlavdrdh cj tmd rucjs ai \ugdr, tmkt Hcoguj smauoh bd saufmt dkst ai \ugdr, cj tmd krdk ai tmd Cjhus lcvcoczktcaj. Cj Xmd \ugdrckjs, Erkgdr wrctds0 Xmd okjh Hcoguj, ta wmclm wd jaw turj, sddgs ta mkvd bddj dvdj gard cjtcgktdoy rdoktdh ta \ugdr tmkj Gkfkj kjh Gdoummk. Hcoguj cs chdjtcicdh by gast slmaokrs wctm tmd csokjh ai Bkmrdcj cj tmd ^drsckj Fuoi5 k okrfd kjh mcfmoy 36 ai ;66
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lagpdtdjt Hkjcsm krlmdaoafclko dxpdhctcaj mks bddj dxlkvktcjf tmdrd iar tmd pkst tdj ydkrs okrfdoy bdlkusd ai cts ikctm cj tmcs chdjtciclktcaj. Ks tmd iaooawcjf kjkoyscs ai tmd rdodvkjt octdrkry gktdrcko wcoo smaw, mawdvdr, tmdrd cs lajschdrkbod raag iar sedptclcsg aj tmcs pacjt. Cj iklt, tmdrd cs dvdj sagd passcbcocty tmkt Hcoguj gky turj aut ta cjlouhd tmd rdfcaj cj ^kecstkj kjh Cjhck wmdrd k rdgkrekbod urbkj, octdrktd luoturd ioaurcsmdh tawkrh tmd djh ai tmd tmcrh gcoodjjcug B.L., tmd sa-lkoodh Mkrkppkj, ar Cjhus Ykoody, luoturd. K ikcroy abvcaus loud ta tmd fdjdrko hcrdltcaj cj wmclm Hcoguj cs ta bd saufmt cs iaujh cj tmd okst dxtkjt ocjds ai tmd \ugdrckj hdoufd gytm, kllarhcjf ta wmclm Pcusuhrk, tmd \ugdrckj Ioaah-mdra, cs fcvdj dtdrjko ocid kjh trkjspokjtdh by tmd frdkt fahs Kj kjh Djoco ta Hcoguj, wmclm cs hdslrcbdh ks ‟tmd pokld wmdrd tmd suj rcsds.‗ Jaw tmd dpctmdt ‟tmd pokld wmdrd tmd suj rcsds‗ mkrhoy icts tmd csokjh ai Bkmrdcj, wmclm mufs tmd Krkbckj lakst kjh cs kogast hcrdltoy sautm ai \ugdr5 ct cs gulm gard ocedoy ta rdidr ta tmd rdfcaj ai tmd Cjhus Rcvdr, ar pdrmkps ta Bkoulmcstkj.96
3= ai ;66
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But ja gkttdr wmdrd Hcoguj cs oalktdh, ct cs lodkr irag wmkt mks kordkhy bddj skch tmkt ct wks oaaedh upaj by tmd \ugdrckjs ks k bodssdh pkrkhcsd okjh, cjtcgktdoy rdoktdh ta \ugdr dspdlckooy aj tmd rdocfcaus kjh spcrctuko odvdo. Kllarhcjf ta tmd gytm ‟Djec kjh Jcjmurskf,‗ ct kppdkrs ta mkvd bddj Djec–s magd fraujh Ukjldstrko magdW, ks ct wdrd, wmdrd md bdfat quctd k jugbdr ai hdctcds. Xmd frdkt fahhdss Jcjmurskf, taa, sddgs ta mkvd bddj quctd kt magd cj Hcoguj5 cjhddh, ct sddgs ta mkvd bddj tmd pokld wmdrd koo tmd fahs gddt. 9= Jaw Hcoguj cs jat `ust k octdrkry icltcaj, k jdvdrjdvdr okjh lrdktdh by tmd idrtcod cgkfcjktcaj ai tmd \ugdrckj bkrhs kjh padts. Ct mks k oajf mcstary, ta `uhfd irag tmd vatcvd kjh dlajagcl halugdjts, bdfcjjcjf wctm tmd Tr-Jkjsmd, wma rdlarhs tmkt ‟tmd smcps ai Hcoguj braufmt mcg waah ks k trcbutd irag iardcfj okjhs.‗ Xmd bakts ai Hcoguj kjlmardh kt tmd Kfkhd hales koajfschd tmasd ai Gkfkj kjh Gdoummk cj tmd tcgd ai \krfaj tmd Frdkt. Kllarhcjf ta tmd dlajagcl halugdjts irag tmd tcgd ai tmd Xmcrh Hyjksty ai Tr kjh tmd Cscj-Okrsk pdrcah wmclm iaooawdh, tmd cgparts ai Hcoguj lajscstdh ai faoh, lappdr kjh lappdr utdjscos, okpcs okzuoc, tkbods cjokch wctm 33 ai ;66
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cvary, ‟icsmdyds‗ (pdrmkps pdkros), cvary kjh cvary ab`dlts (lagbs, brdkstpoktds, kjh baxds ks wdoo ks mugkj- kjh kjcgko-smkpdh icfurcjds kjh djh pcdlds iar iurjcturd), bdkhs ai sdgc-prdlcaus stajds, hktds, kjh ajcajs. 93
Xmd okpcs okzuoc tmkt wks cgpartdh ta \ugdr lkgd uotcgktdoy irag Bkhkemsmkj, Kifmkjcstkj. Hkrcus tmd Frdkt, ks smawj kbavd, lajicrgs tmkt tmd okpcs usdh cj tmd lajstrultcaj ai mcs pkokld kt \usk lkgd irag \afhck, cj wmclm cj kjtcqucty Bkhkemsmkj wks oalktdh. Dlajagcl rdlarhs ai tmd Xmcrh Hyjksty ai Tr lajicrg tmkt okpcs okzuoc wks cgpartdh ta \ugdr irag Hcoguj. Jaw, ct cs jat cgpasscbod tmkt Hcoguj cjlouhdh Bkmrkcj. But ci Hcoguj cs ta bd chdjtcicdh dxlouscvdoy wctm Bkmrkcj (wmclm ks C mkvd kordkhy smawj lkjjat passcboy mkvd bddj tmd lksd), wd wauoh bd iarldh ta klldpt sagdtmcjf kbsurh aj cts vdry ikld, sagdtmcjf tmkt lkjjat passcboy bd larrdlt (`ust ks tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai Bct-@kecj wctm Bkmrkcj lkjjat passcboy bd larrdlt), tmkt tmd okpcs okzuoc tmkt wks gcjdh aj tmd atmdr schd ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi irag Bkmrkcj, cj hcstkjt ;>> ai ;66
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Bkhkemsmkj, wmclm wks jat aj tmd appasctd schd ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi ta \ugdr, wks smcppdh klrass tmd ^drsckj Fuoi ta Bkmrkcj kjh tmdj smcppdh ta \ugdr. Jatmcjf lauoh bd gard kbsurh. Hcoguj, ks hdgajstrktdh kbavd, gust mkvd bddj aj tmd skgd schd ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi ks tmd okpcs okzuoc gcjds ai Bkhkemsmkj krd. Cj atmdr warhs, tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai Hcoguj wctm Bkmrkcj, ar kt odkst dxlouscvdoy wctm ct, cs cgpokuscbod cj tmd dxtrdgd. Oaae kt tmd gkp0
;>; ai ;66
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Xmd pcj pokldh bdtwddj Xk`cecstkj kjh Ekbuo gkres tmd krdk ai Bkhkemsmkj5 kjh tmd pcj pokldh aj tmd csokjh by [ktkr gkres Bkmrkcj. Bksrk, Crkq, gkres tmd krdk ai \ugdr, tmkt cs, Ekjfkr.
;>2 ai ;66
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Iar tmd okpcs irag Bkhkemsmkj baujh iar \ugdr ta mkvd bddj smcppdh ta Bkmrkcj, ct wauoh mkvd jdldsskrcoy bddj smcppdh irag k part (aj tmd skgd schd ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi ks Bkhkemsmkj) aj tmd lakst appasctd ta Bkmrkcj kjh ta tmd sautm ai Bkmrkcj. Xmkt cs ta sky, tmd part ai arcfcj wauoh mkvd ta mkvd bddj aj tmd skgd schd ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi ks Bkhkemsmkj, kjh ct wauoh kosa mkvd ta mkvd bddj ta tmd sautm ai Bkmrkcj iar tmd okpcs ta mkvd bddj smcppdh ta Bkmrkcj cj tmd icrst pokld. Iar, ci sulm part mkh bddj ta tmd jartm ai Bkmrkcj, ct wauoh mkvd bddj loasdr ta \ugdr tmkj ta Bkmrkcj, kjh ct wauoh mkvd, tmdrdiard, gkhd uttdr jajsdjsd ta smcp tmd okpcs cj tmd hcrdltcaj appasctd ta cts hdstcjktcaj (\ugdr), klrass tmd djtcrd brdkhtm ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi. But tmd chdk, cj tmd icrst pokld, tmkt okpcs okzuoc irag Bkhkemsmkj baujh iar \ugdr wks icrst smcppdh klrass tmd ^drsckj Fuoi ta Bkmrkcj, ks wauoh jdldsskrcoy mkvd bddj tmd lksd ci tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai Bkmrkcj wctm Hcoguj cs ta bd klldptdh, kjh uttdr tmdj smcppdh \ugdr, lagpodtd kjh jajsdjsd5ta iar ujhdrgkeds sulm ;>< ai ;66
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lcrlugstkjlds k tatkooy ujjdldsskry vaykfd klrass tmd djtcrd ^drsckj Fuoi gust bd gkhd. Xmd chdjtciclktcaj ai Bkmrkcj wctm Hcoguj lkjjat passcboy bd larrdlt “ ar, kt odkst, tmd dxlouscvd chdjtciclktcaj ai Bkmrkcj wctm Hcoguj lkjjat passcboy bd larrdlt. Cj atmdr warhs, ajoy ci Hcoguj cs ujhdrstaah kjh hdtdrgcjdh ta mkvd bddj k paocty tmkt cjlouhdh tdrrctary aj batm schds ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi, lauoh kjy chdjtciclktcaj ai Bkmrkcj wctm Hcoguj gked sdjsd. Ct cs trud tmkt okpcs okzuoc mks bddj iaujh aj Xkrut Csokjh,6> wmclm cs quctd loasd ta Bkmrkcj5 but kogast koo ai ct cs rkw okpcs. Cj iklt, kogast koo tmd pcdlds ai okpcs iaujh aj Xkrut mkvd bddj hdslrcbdh ks ”lmujes– ai okpcs. 6; Ja lmcps, ja rd`dlts, kjh jat gard tmkj k idw icjcsmdh ab`dlts ai okpcs mkvd bddj iaujh cj kj krlmkdaoafclko lajtdxt aj Xkrut, jat ta gdjtcaj tmd lagpodtd kbsdjld tmdrd ai pkrtckooy waredh okpcs. 62 Xmdsd iklts ha suffdst tmkt tmd okpcs iaujh aj Xkrut wks tmd baaty ai kjlcdjt pcrktds.
;>8 ai ;66
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Xmd pdapod ai Hcoguj, ar kt odkst k faah gkjy ai tmdg, wdrd sdkikrdrs, kjh scjld sdkikrcjf pdapod mkvd k mkbct ai laoajczcjf jdw okjhs wctmaut kbkjhajcjf tmdcr aoh ajds, wd gky oafclkooy cgkfcjd Hcoguj ks mkvcjf bddj k paocty, ar ”stktd,– ar ecjfhag tmkt cjlouhdh tdrrctary aj batm schds ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi. Kj dxldoodjt dxkgpod ai k laujtry cj tmcs sctuktcaj tahky, cs tmd Tjctdh Ecjfhag, wmclm cs, ai laursd, k laujtry prdsdjtoy gkhd up ai twa csokjhs, ajd cj iuoo kjh ajd cj pkrt “ Brctkcj kjh Crdokjh. Ci sulm wks tmd lksd “ tmkt Hcoguj wks kltukooy k paocty ar ecjfhag wctm tdrrctary aj batm schds ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi “ ct gust mkvd mkh cts bdfcjjcjfs aj tmd skgd schd ai tmd Fuoi tmkt cts twa gast prdlcaus dxparts ta \ugdr, cvary kjh okpcs okzuoc, arcfcjktd aj, kjh tmdj oktdr dxpkjhdh cts tdrrctary klrass tmd Fuoi ta cjlouhd Bkmrkcj (ci, cjhddh, Bkmrkcj wks k pkrt ai Hcoguj kt koo). Vmdrd, tmdj, wks tmd arcfcjko oalktcaj ai Hcoguj1 gard tmkj\ugdrckj ajld pacjts Hcoguj csErkgdr hdslrcbdh cj tmd tdxtsaut ks tmkt ”tmd ;>4 ai ;66
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pokld wmdrd tmd suj rcsds,– kjh md jatds tmkt tmd dlajagcl rdlarhs ai \ugdr smaw tmkt okpcs okzuoc kjh cvary, kjh faahs gkhd ai cvary, kgajf atmdr tmcjfs, wdrd cgpartdh ta \ugdr irag Hcoguj. Lajschdrcjf tmdsd iklts, Erkgdr stktds, cj rdfkrh ta Hcoguj, ”tmd pokld wmdrd tmd suj rcsds,– tmkt ”ct cs gulm gard ocedoy ta rdidr ta tmd rdfcaj ai tmd Cjhus Rcvdr, ar pdrmkps ta Bkoulmcstkj.– Vd ejaw tmkt tmd okpcs okzuoc cj \ugdr lkgd irag Bkhkemsmkj, kjh wd ejaw tmkt cvary irag Cjhck kjh Krklmasck wdrd usdh cj tmd lajstrultcaj ai tmd pkokld kt \usk, wmclm lcty wks k stajd–s tmraw irag \ugdr. Xmd iklt tmkt Hkrcus stktds cj wrctcjf tmkt md braufmt cvary iar mcs pkokld kt \usk irag Cjhck kjh Krklmasck pravds tmkt cvary irag Cjhck kjh Krklmasck wks cgpartdh ta Gdsapatkgck kt k vdry dkroy hktd, kjh iar tmkt rdksaj ct cs oafclko ta suppasd, kjh dvdj rdksajkbod ta maoh, tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, cgpartdh cvary irag Cjhck kjh Krklmasck ks wdoo (tmd cvary irag Krklmasck kogast ldrtkcjoy lkgd irag Cjhck ks wdoo). Iar, ct cs mcfmoy cgprabkbod tmkt cvarysatmkt lauoh bd abtkcjdh cj kbujhkjld cj poklds loasd ta wmdrd tmd okpcs ;>9 ai ;66
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wks bdcjf abtkcjdh, wauoh jat mkvd bddj dxpartdh ta Gdsapatkgck iar tmauskjhs ai ydkrs bdiard tmd tcgd ai Hkrcus, wmcod tmd okpcs okzuoc wks dxpartdh cj kbujhkjld tmdrd iar tmauskjhs ai ydkrs bdiard mcs tcgd. Cj atmdr warhs, dvdj bdiard tmd tcgd ai Hkrcus tmd Frdkt, kjh, cj koo prabkbcocty, iar tmauskjhs ai ydkrs bdiard mcs tcgd, cvary irag Cjhck kjh Krklmasck gust mkvd bddj cgpartdh ta \ugdr, `ust ks okpcs okzuoc wks cgpartdh tmdrd irag Bkhkemsmkj.
;>6 ai ;66
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CY. Xmd Okjfukfd ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr5 Cjhus Ykoody Lcvcoczktcaj5 Hcoguj Ks kordkhy pacjtdh aut, Vaoirkg vaj \ahdj gdjtcajs tmkt tmd \ugdrckj okjfukfd gky mkvd bddj rdoktdh ta tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds ai Cjhck. Yaj \ahdj wks jat koajd cj odkjcjf tawkrhs tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai \ugdrckj wctm tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds, but oced gkjy atmdr slmaokrs cj tmd Vdst, md mkh cjsuiiclcdjt ejawodhfd ai Hrkvchckj okjfukfds ta bd cj k pasctcaj ai kutmarcty aj tmd gkttdr. Iartujktdoy k idw slmaokrs, wctm kj dxtdjscvd ejawodhfd ai Hrkvchckj okjfukfds, kjh k tmaraufm kjh icrg ujhdrstkjhcjf ai tmd \ugdrckj okjfukfd, mkvd lagpkrdh \ugdrckj wctm tmd Hrkvchckj tajfuds. \agd, sulm ks K. \ktmkscvkg kjh E. Oafkjktmkj Guttkrkykj, mkvd hdgajstrktdh ta tmdcr sktcsikltcaj, kjh ta tmkt ai jat k idw ai tmdcr klkhdgcl pddrs, tmkt \ugdrckj cs, cj iklt, k Hrkvchckj okjfukfd. K. \ktmkscvkg wrctds0 Xmd rdoktcajsmcp bdtwddj Xkgco gdgbdrs ai tmd Hrkvchckj ikgcoykjh mks tmd bddjatmdr tmd sub`dlt ai cjqucry by gd iar tmd pkst hdlkhd kjh ;>= ai ;66
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tmd rdsuots wdrd prdsdjtdh cj ‟Xmd lurrdjt stktus ai Hrkvchckj mcstarclko kjh lagpkrktcvd stuhcds‗ (;398). K rcfaraus kppoclktcaj ai tmd prcjlcpods ai mcstarclko kjh lagpkrktcvd gdtmah ks prkltcsdh by Mdjry G. Madjcfswkoh odh ta tmd rdlajstrultcaj ai k ^rd-Xkgco stkfd, k ^rataXkgco stkfd, kjh dvdjtukooy k ^rata-Hrkvchckj stkfd. Vmcod warecjf cj tmd ocbrkry ai tmd Tjcvdrscty ai ^djjsyovkjck hurcjf tmd Ikoo ai ;398 kjh lagpkrcjf tmdsd rdlajstrultcajs wctm tmd kltuko okjfukfds, C wks quctd kllchdjtkooy cjtrahuldh ta tmd \ugdrckj okjfukfd. Xmd djtcrd \ugdrckj valkbuokry ai tmd cjslrcptcajs ai tmd prd-Fuhdkj pdrcah (<4>> B.L. - 28>> B.L.) mks bddj iaujh chdjtclko, pmajdtclkooy kjh sdgkjtclkooy, wctm tmd raats okjfukfds. Xmcs cjlouhds tmd kjh hdgajstrktcvds ai tmd okjfukfd cj wmclm \dgctcl trkldkbod.6<
ai tmd Hrkvchckj icrst scx jugdrkos dkroy \ugdrckj cjioudjld cs odss
Kjh Kookj Bagmkrh cjiargs us tmkt0 Lokuhd Bacssaj mks bddj dxpoarcjf odxclko pkrkoodos bdtwddj \ugdrckj kjh atmdr okjfukfds, dspdlckooy tmd Jcoa-\kmkrkj kjh Jastrktcl ;>3 ai ;66
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okjfukfds. Bacssaj mks bddj vdry lkrdiuo jat ta hrkw wcoh lajlouscajs irag tmd hktk md mks kgkssdh kbaut UtmdW passcbod rdoktcajsmcp ai \ugdrckj ta atmdr okjfukfds ar okjfukfd ikgcocds. Sdt, tmd odxclko pkrkoodos md mks ujlavdrdh bdtwddj \ugdrckj kjh tmd Jastrktcl okjfukfds, dspdlckooy Hrkvchckj, tmaufm jat jugdraus, oaae vdry pragcscjf kjh pdrgct ajd ta dstkbocsm tdjtktcvd saujh larrdspajhdjlds bdtwddj \ugdrckj kjh tmd rdst ai Jastrktcl. 68
Tjcvdrsko kfrddgdjt kgajf slmaokrs kbaut tmd lokssciclktcaj ai \ugdrckj ks k Hrkvchckj okjfukfd wcoo prabkboy jdvdr allur, but ja slmaokr lkj hdjy tmkt \ugdrckj mks gard cj laggaj wctm tmd Hrkvchckj tmkj ct hads wctm kjy atmdr okjfukfds. Hr. Koirdh Xatm wrctds0 \cjld batm \ugdrckj kjh Ekjjkhk (ks rdprdsdjtktcvd ai tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds) iuoicoo tmd syjtkltcl kjh garpma-syjtkltcl rdqucrdgdjts ai fdjdtcl rdoktcajsmcp dstkbocsmdh iar Trkocl kjh Kotkcl by Iaeas-Iulms (;392), koo kffoutcjktcvd okjfukfds krd kosa syjtkltclkooy rdoktdh ta ajd kjatmdr kjh tmus gust arcfcjktd cj \ugdrckj. 64
;;> ai ;66
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Hr. Xatm gkeds \ugdrckj tmd kjldstar ai tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds5 md kssdrts tmkt \ugdrckj kjh tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds krd fdjdtclkooy rdoktdh, kjh \ktmkscvkg kjh Guttkrkykj krd ai tmd skgd apcjcaj ks Hr. Xatm. Ajd tmcjf tmkt gkjy slmaokrs sddg jat ta ejaw kbaut tmd \ugdrckj okjfukfd, cs tmkt ct passdssds kjh dgpoays tmd rdoktcvdoy rkrd pmdjagdjaj ai pourkltcajkocty, ar vdrbko jugbdr. Cj mcs K Hdslrcptcvd Frkggkr ai \ugdrckj , Kbrkmkg Mdjhrce @kfdrsgk wrctds0 Jagcjko jugbdr cs wdoo-ejawj irag okjfukfds sulm ks Djfocsm, wmdrd ct cs ikr gard pdrvkscvd tmkj cj \ugdrckj. Cj tmd okttdr okjfukfd ct cs okrfdoy rdstrcltdh ta tmd mugkj fdjhdr, sa tmkt gast jagcjkos smaw ja jugbdr hcstcjltcaj kt koo. But \ugdrckj hads jat ajoy mkvd jagcjko jugbdr. Ct smaws vdrbko jugbdr UpourkltcajkoctyW ks wdoo, k frkggktclko lktdfary, wmclm, kotmaufm kbsdjt irag Durapdkj okjfukfds, cs iaujh cj gkjy okjfukfds klrass tmd waroh. Ydrbko jugbdr hciidrs lrulckooy irag jagcjko jugbdr. Vmdrdks tmd okttdr cs kbaut laujtcjf ;;; ai ;66
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djtctcds, vdrbko jugbdr cs lajldrjdh wctm qukjtciycjf kltcajs kjh stktds (Larbdtt 2>>>5 Gctmuj ;3==5 Gctmuj ;3330 =<). Xmus, vdrbko pourkocty cjhclktds tmkt tmd vdrb dxprdssds kj kltcaj ar stktd wmclm cs cj sagd rdspdlt k pourko ajd. Cj tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfd Euc Utmd okjfukfd ai tmd Eudj`u/Ekjfkr/EmkjhW, iar cjstkjld, ”spdlcko iargs ai tmd vdrb krd sagdtcgds usdh ta dxprdss tmd iaooawcjf gahds ai pourko kltcaj0 Ajd pdrsaj hacjf k jugbdr ai tmcjfs. Ajd pdrsaj hacjf ajd tmcjf gkjy tcgds. Gard tmkj ajd pdrsaj hacjf k jugbdr ai tmcjfs. Gard tmkj ajd pdrsaj hacjf ajd tmcjf gkjy tcgds.– 69 UBrkledts khhdh.W
Xmd okjfukfd fraups tmkt mkvd kjh usd pourkltcajkocty (tmd ecjh ai pourkltcajkocty tmkt cs jat gdrdoy k sdgkjtcl lajldpt66) krd idw, tmaufm tmd fraups tmdgsdovds lajtkcj k jugbdr ai okjfukfds. Jktcvd Kgdrclkj okjfukfds (kjh Jktcvd okjfukfds ai \autm Kgdrclk), Lmkhcl okjfukfds (kjh sagd Jcfdr-Lajfa kjh Jcoa\kmkrkj okjfukfds), kjh Hrkvchckj okjfukfds krd tmd fraups tmkt passdsshads pourkltcajkocty, ar vdrbko jugbdr5 kjh Fdarfckj ks wdoo. R. Lkohwdoo, ;;2 ai ;66
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cj mcs K Hdslrcptcvd Frkggkr ai tmd Hrkvchckj ar \autm-Cjhckj Ikgcoy ai Okjfukfds, wrctds0 Xmd jdkrdst kjkoafcds ta tmd Hrkvchckj ”cr– wmclm C mkvd jatcldh cj atmdr ikgcocds ai tajfuds, krd cj tmd Lkulksckj hckodlts 5 d.f., cj tmd Fdarfckj ”arc 5– cj tmd \ukjckj (k hckodlt ai tmd Fdarfckj) ”dru– ar ”cdru 5– cj tmd Okzckj ”zur 5– kjh cj tmd Gcjfrdockj ”smcrc 0– lagpkrd kosa tmd Krgdjckj ”drfav.– 6=
Kjh cj mcs K Brcdi Mcstary ai Cjhck, Kokcj Hkjcãoau stktds0 Xmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds krd rdoktdh ta Fdarfckj kjh ^dumo kjh‘kllarhcjf ldrtkcj kwrctdrs‘ta \ugdrckj. \ugdr wks tmustagdrdoy brkjlm ai tmcs dkroy Cjha-Gdhctdrrkjdkj lcvcoczktcaj. 63
Ct cs vdry cjtdrdstcjf, cjhddh, tmkt @kfdrsgk, cj dxpokcjcjf pourkltcajkocty ks ct allurs cj tmd \ugdrckj okjfukfd, lmasd tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfd Euc ta smaw dxkgpods ai vdrbko jugbdr, ar pourkltcajkocty. Euc cs, cj iklt, tmd okjfukfd ai tmd Ekjfkr, ks C mkvd kordkhy smawj5 kjh tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd tmd Ekjfkr. ;;< ai ;66
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Vd ejaw wmkt tmd hcstrcbutcaj ai Hrkvchckj okjfukfds cs kt prdsdjt, but wmkt kbaut tmdcr hcstrcbutcaj cj kjtcqucty, bdiard Cjha-Krykjs sprdkh cjta Kifmkjcstkj, ^kecstkj, Bkoulmcstkj, kjh Cjhck1 @. ^. Gkooary wrctds0 Ct smauoh bd rdgdgbdrdh tmkt ks wdoo ks CjhaKrykj okjfukfds, Cjhck kosa passdssds twa atmdr gk`ar ocjfucstcl fraups. By ikr tmd okrfdst krd tmd jaj-Cjha-Durapdkj Hrkvchckj okjfukfds wmclm hagcjktd tmd sautmdrj tmcrh ai Cjhck. Xmd pasctcajcjf ai Cjha-Krykj cj tmd jartm, kjh tmd ejawj mcstarclko dxpkjscaj ai Cjhcl irag jartm ta batm tmd dkst kjh tmd sautm, fcvds us dvdry rdksaj ta hdjy tmd Cjha-Krykjs k prcar magd cj tmasd rdfcajs. Iurtmdrgard, tmdrd krd stcoo rdgjkjt jartmdrj Hrkvchckj okjfukfds cjlouhcjf Brkmuc Ucj BkoulmcstkjW ta tmd wdst ai tmd Cjhus kjh atmdrs ta tmd sautmdkst. Xmd gast abvcaus dxpokjktcaj ai tmcs sctuktcaj cs tmkt tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds ajld allupcdh jdkroy koo ai tmd Cjhckj sublajtcjdjt kjh ct cs tmd cjtruscaj ai CjhaKrykjs tmkt djfuoidh tmdg cj jartmdrj Cjhck odkvcjf but k idw csaoktdh djlokvds. Xmcs cs iurtmdr suppartdh by tmd iklt tmkt Hrkvchckj oakj warhs bdfcj ta kppdkr cj \kjserct octdrkturd irag cts vdry ;;8 ai ;66
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bdfcjjcjf. Xmcs prcar hagcjkjld ai Hrkvchckj cj jartmdrj Cjhck gkeds ct tmd gast iargchkbod lkjhchktd iar tmd okjfukfd ai tmd Cjhus lcvcoczktcaj. Gulm odss ocedoy cs Gujhk, k jajCjha-Durapdkj okjfukfd jaw lajicjdh ta ldjtrko Cjhck but wmclm ajld dxtdjhdh jartm ta tmd Fkjfds. Ct kppdkrs ta mkvd bddj ctsdoi swkgpdh by Hrkvchckj okjfukfds kjh tmdj iurtmdr lajicjdh by tmd dxpkjscaj ai tmd Cjha-Krykjs. =>
Xmd gkjy rdidrdjlds ta Hcoguj gkhd by tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, cj tmdcr dlajagcl rdlarhs kjh tmdcr octdrkry tdxts, wdrd gkhd kt k tcgd tmkt kjtdhktds tmd krrcvko ai kjy Cjha-Krykjs cj Cjhck, ^kecstkj, Bkoulmcstkj, ar Kifmkjcstkj. \cjld krlmkdaoafy mks pravdh tmkt tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj cs ai frdktdr kjtcqucty tmkj tmd icrst Cjha-Krykj prdsdjld cj tmd Cjhus Ykoody, wd krd odit wctm k scjfod oafclko lajlouscaj rdfkrhcjf tmd okjfukfd spaedj by tmasd wma lrdktdh tmkt lcvcoczktcaj, jkgdoy, tmkt ct wks k jaj-CjhaDurapdkj ajd. \cjld tmd Cjha-Krykjs krrcvdh ajoy rdoktcvdoy rdldjtoy cj tmd Cjhckj sublajtcjdjt, kjh scjld k fdjdtcl rdoktcajsmcp bdtwddj Hrkvchckj kjh Kotkcl mks bddj hdgaj;;4 ai ;66
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strktdh by E. M. Gdjfds, ct gust mkvd bddj tmd lksd tmkt Hrkvchckj spdkedrs, bdiard tmd krrcvko ai tmd Cjha-Krykjs, wdrd hcstrcbutdh tmraufmaut k gulm okrfdr krdk ai Cjhck cj rdgatd kjtcqucty, kjh kt odkst ks ikr jartm ks Bkoulmcstkj, wmdrd tmd okrfdst jugbdr ai Brkmuc spdkedrs ocvd5 iar tmd kotdrjktcvd dxpokjktcaj, tmkt tmd Kotkcl spdkedrs wdrd oalktdh cj tmd sautm ai Cjhck wmdrd tmd buoe ai Hrkvchckj spdkedrs krd oalktdh jaw, lkjjat passcboy bd larrdlt. Gdjfds wrctds0 Cj tmdcr UKotkcl kjh HrkvchckjW tatkocty, tmd iklts ai bkscl kfrddgdjt, pkrtcluok roy cj tmd hagkcjs ai garpmaoafy kjh syjtkx, kosa cj tmkt ai odxclaj, kjh, ta k odssdr hdfrdd, k ldrtkcj kgaujt ai pmajaoafclko idkturds, gastoy tmasd ai laggaj pmajaoafclko hdvdoapgdjt, but kosa tmd pmajaoafclko strulturd, ks gdjtcajdh kbavd, dxmcbctcjf cj tmd garpmaoafy kjh syjtkx jat ajoy tmd skgd systdg, kjh cj tmd garpmaoafy kosa k lajschdrkbod kgaujt ai suiicxds chdjtclko cj iarg kjh gdkjcjf, lkjjat rdksajkboy bd dxpokcjdh ks bdcjf hud ta barrawcjf cj wmktdvdr wky, cjlouhcjf tmkt by lajqudst-gavdgdjts kjh/ar dtmjclko gcxturd, ar ks kllchdjtko pmdjagdjk, but ajoy ks tmd rdsuot ai fdjdtcl rdoktcajsmcp. \cjld ;;9 ai ;66
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tmcs fdjdtcl rdoktcajsmcp dxtdjhs ta Trkocl, tmdsd tmrdd okjfukfd-ikgcocds iarg k gcfmty lagpodx ai fdjdtclkooy rdoktdh okjfukfds cj Dkstdrj Durapd kjh k lajschdrkbod partcaj ai Ksck kjh tmd cjsuokr waroh ta tmd Dkst, \autm, kjh \autmwdst ai tmd lajtcjdjt. Cj Jastrktcl ocjfucstcls, Trkocl, Kotkcl, kjh Hrkvchckj lajstctutd tmd Dkst-Jastrktcl fraup, E”krt”uoc, Cjha-Durapdkj, \dgctclMkgctcl tmd Vdstdrj. Xmcs cs jaw lajicrgdh by tmcs prdsdjt ware. Xmd fdjdtcl rdoktcajsmcp ujctcjf tmd tmrdd okjfukfd-ikgcocds pasds kjdw tmd qudstcaj ai tmdcr prcgarhcko magd. Ks tmcs wcoo jat bd hcslussdh cj tmcs lajtrcbutcaj, rdidrdjld smauoh bd gkhd ta wmkt C skch cj Arbcs (;398 0 36 ii.), Rabdrt vaj Mdcjd-Fdohrdj (;398 0 \a. 3, pp. ;=6-2>;) kjh E. Pvdodbco (;362), koo kfrddcjf aj k mkbctkt ta tmd Jartmwdst ai Cjhck. =; Cj ks ikr ks prdmcstarclko tcgds krd lajldrjdh, ct gcfmt bd skch mdrd, cj khhctcaj ta tmd stktdgdjts cj Arbcs (;398 0 ;>2 i.), tmkt F. I. Hkods cj mcs lajtrcbutcaj aj Bko"#cst!j, Kifmkjcstkj, kjh tmd Cjhus vkoody irag prd-pattdry jdaoctmcl ta tmd prata-mcstarclko pdrcah (;394), prdsdjts gulm lafdjt dvchdjld cj suppart ai tmd tmdary tmkt tmd ;;6 ai ;66
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mcfm Cjhus-Ykoody-Luoturd UGamdj`a Hkra kjh MkrrkpkW cs kj autfrawtm ai tmd dkrocdr luoturd ai Dkst-Crkj (Bko"#cst!j kjh Kifmkjcstkj) wmclm cj turj hdrcvds irag Crkj kjh Xuregdjcstkj rktmdr tmkj irag Gdsapatkgck hcrdltoy. Xmcs kosa gdkjs tmkt tmd bdkrdrs ai tmd Cjhus-Ykoody-Luoturd, dkroy Hrkvchckjs, cggcfrktdh irag tmd Jartmwdst prcar ta tmd Cjha-Durapdkj lajqudst ai tmdcr iargdr mkbctkt.=2 UBrkledts khhdh.W
Xmd oafclko kjh larrdlt lajlouscaj cs, tmkt Hrkvchckj spdkedrs wdrd wchdoy hcstrcbutdh tmraufmaut tmd Cjhckj sublajtcjdjt kjh bdyajh bdiard tmd krrcvko ai tmd Cjha-Krykjs, kt odkst ks ikr ks tmd Brkmuc cj Bkoulmcstkj5 kjhjartm tmdy tmdrdiard mkvd spdkedrs tmd hcstcjltcaj ai bdcjf kbod ta lokcg, wctm `ustciclktcaj, tmkt tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj wks k lrdktcaj ai tmdcrs, tmkt cs, ai Hrkvchckj spdkedrs. Jaw, tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai Hcoguj wctm tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj “ tmd chdjtciclktcaj ai ct wctm Bkoulmcstkj ta tmd jartmwdstdrj lakst ai Cjhck, hawj, sky, ta Hkgkj, wmclm C mkvd kordkhy smawj ta icfurd cjta tmd mcstary ai tmd Ekjfkr “ iuoicoos ;;= ai ;66
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dvdry rdqucrdgdjt tmkt gust bd gdt iar kj chdjtciclktcaj ai Hcoguj ta bd larrdlt5 Bkmrkcj, aj tmd atmdr mkjh, ks C mkvd hdgajstrktdh, ikcos ta gddt koo ai tmdg. Ajoy tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj lkj bd chdjtcicdh ks Hcoguj5 ja atmdr passcbod chdjtciclktcajs dxcst5 kjh scjld ajoy Hrkvchckj spdkedrs lkj bd lrdhctdh wctm tmd hdvdoapgdjt ai tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj, ajoy Hrkvchckj spdkedrs lkj bd lajschdrdh rdspajscbod iar tmd dxcstdjld ai Hcoguj. Cjhddh, ks ja kotdrjktcvd chdjtciclktcaj mks bddj hdgajstrktdh ta bd klldptkbod, sa ct lkj bd stktdh tmkt Hcoguj kjh tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj wdrd ajd kjh tmd skgd tmcjf, kjh ct cs ta tmd lrdhct ai tmd Hrkvchckj spdkedrs tmkt ct dxcstdh, ioaurcsmdh, kjh lajhultdh trkhd wctm \ugdr, ar Ekjfkr, iar gkjy kfds. Xmd \ugdrckjs bdcjf tmd Ekjfkr, sa tmd okjfukfd ai tmd \ugdrckjs (tmd Ekjfkr) wks tmd okjfukfd Eudj`u5 kjh cstmdk okjfukfd ai ai tmd tmd Ekjfkr, Eudj`u ar cs Euc, wmclm ;;3 ai ;66
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Hrkvchckj okjfukfd gast scgcokr ta Xdoufu. But tmd Eayk, ks C mkvd smawj, krd kosa tmd Ekjfkr5 kjh tmd okjfukfd ai tmd Eayk (Eack) cs Eac, wmclm cs kosa k Hrkvchckj okjfukfd, ajd gast scgcokr ta Xkgco. Xmdsd twa hcvcscajs ai tmd Ekjfkr “ tmd Eudj`u (Emkjhs, Ekjfkr) kjh tmd Eayk (Ekjfkr) “ wma stcoo ocvd cj Cjhck, kjh wma krd ai dxkltoy tmd skgd stale “ Ekjfkr stale “ usd hciidrdjt warhs ta dxprdss tmd skgd chdks, but tmdy usd tmd warhs cj sulm strulturds, kjh tmd warhs tmdgsdovds, wmclm cj sagd lksds dxmcbct scgcokrcty ai iarg, ujhdrfa sulm lajscstdjt kjh rdfuokr gahciclktcajs wmdj cjiodltcaj cs dgpoaydh, tmraufm cjiodltcajko suiicxds, tmkt tmd rdspdltcvd okjfukfds, wmclm krd kffoutcjktcjf, bdtrky tmdcr rdoktdhjdss, kjh jat `ust ta dklm atmdr, but ta Xdoufu kjh Xkgco, ta Gkokykokg kjh Ekjjkhk, ks wdoo ks ta Brkmuc, kjh krd tmus loksscicdh koajf wctm tmdg, ks Hrkvchckj okjfukfds. Cj Gdsapatkgck tmd Ekjfkr, tmdrd ejawj ks \ugdrckjs, spaed ocedwcsd kj kffoutcjktcjf okjfukfd, wmclm awcjf ta iujhkgdjtko odxclkotmdidkturds ct mks arcj kogast laggaj dxlouscvdoy wctm Hrkvchckj, ;2> ai ;66
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dxlouscvdoy, kjh wmclm, oced tmd Hrkvchckj, mks pourkltcajkocty, cs ja csaoktd kt koo, kjh lkjjat bd skch ta bd kj csaoktd. Ct bdoajfs ta k ikgcoy “ ct bdtrkys cts gdgbdrsmcp cj ajd, tmkt ai tmd Hrkvchckj, jat ajoy by mkvcjf iujhkgdjtko odxclko idkturds cj laggaj wctm tmasd ai tmd Hrkvchckj, but by rdprdsdjtcjf k styod ai tmcjecjf (awcjf ta cts mkvcjf pourkltcajkocty) tmkt cs ujcqud ta tmd Hrkvchckj, kjh tmkt cs iardcfj ta koo atmdr okjfukfds (wmclm krd styods ai tmcjecjf) irag tmd Lkulksus ta Lmcjk, dxldpt tmd Hrkvchckj, kjh tmasd rdoktdh ta tmd Hrkvchckj, sulm ks Fdarfckj (ks iar Burusmksec, sdd gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes). Xmus, ks tmd Hrkvchckj stkjh koajd ks tmd ajoy okjfukfds tmkt smaw rdoktcajsmcp wctm \ugdrckj, sa \ugdrckj cs ta bd rdlafjczdh ks k gdgbdr ai tmd skgd ikgcoy wctm tmd Hrkvchckj. Kjh sa by sagd slmaokrs ct cs, mawdvdr hcstkjt cts ikgcocko tcds wctm Euc, Eac, Xdoufu, Xkgco, Ekjjkhk, Gkokykokg, kjh Brkmuc gky tahky bd. Ks tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd, kfkcj, tmd Ekjfkr, kjh ks tmd Eudj`u, wma spdke Euc, kjh ks tmd Eayk, wma tmd Ekjfkr, EucXkgco kjh Eac, wmclmspdke krd Eac, gastkrdoced Xdoufu sa kjh ;2; ai ;66
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rdspdltcvdoy, hdsldjh irag k Hrkvchckj tajfud tmkt tmd Ekjfkr cj kjtcqucty, wmdrdvdr tmdy ocvdh, spaed cj laggaj bdiard tmdy hcspdrsdh cj hciidrdjt hcrdltcajs, kjh dvaovdh tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds tmkt tmdy spdke tahky. ^dapod ai tmd skgd arcfcjko stale kjh ocjfucstcl kiicocktcaj, wma brdke up cjta hciidrdjt trcbko hcvcscajs ar iarg jdw trcbds, kjh wma lagd ta bd sdpkrktdh cj tcgd by tmauskjhs ai ydkrs, kjh cj spkld by k hcstkjld ai k tmauskjh gcods ar gard, krd jat ta bd dxpdltdh ta lajtcjud ta usd, cj tmd laursd ai gcoodjjck, tmd skgd warhs wctm tmdcr kssalcktdh gahciclktcajs, kjh tmd skgd strulturds, ta dxprdss tmd skgd chdks. Vmdj okjfukfds krd ocvcjf tmdy krd kowkys dvaovcjf, kjh dvaoutcaj cjvkrckboy brcjfs kbaut lmkjfd. Cj Cjhck tmd Eudj`u kjh tmd Eayk, batm ai wmag krd, kfkcj, Ekjfkr kt battag, ocvd jat ikr irag dklm atmdr, ydt tmdy lkjjat lajvdrsd wctm dklm atmdr cj tmdcr rdspdltcvd tajfuds, Euc kjh Eac. Xa dxpdlt tmd okjfukfd ai tmd Ekjfkr ai Gdsapatkgck, tmd \ugdrckjs, ta smaw ai k loasdr rdoktcajsmcp ta Euc tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds Cjhck tmkj ct hads, ta ;22 ai ;66
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kjh Eac, ar ta Xdoufu kjh Xkgco, cs jat rdksajkbod. Ct cs lodkr djaufm, kt kjy rktd, tmkt tmd cjmkbctkjts ai Hcoguj kjh tmasd ai \ugdr spaed dklm ai tmdg k Hrkvchckj okjfukfd. Xmd fah Djec=
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k okjh lagds soawoy kjh avdr tcgd, sa tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, wma wdrd cggcfrkjts ta Gdsapatkgck, gust mkvd ocvdh cj Hcoguj. Xmdy taa, cjhddh, oced Djec, gust mkvd bddj arcfcjkooy irag Hcoguj, ar rktmdr, ks C gkcjtkcj, Hkgkj. \cjld Hkgkj (Hcoguj) lauoh mkvd bddj jajd atmdr tmkj tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj, tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, gust mkvd bddj irag tmd krdk ai tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj. Xmd Ekjfkr, dvdj tmasd jaw cj Khcokbkh (Xdokjfkjk \tktd), ks wdoo ks tmasd cj Bujhdoemkjh (wmclm cs cj batm Tttkr ^rkhdsm kjh Gkhmyk ^rkhdsm), Kjhrmk ^rkhdsm, Ahcsmk (Arcssk), kjh wmdrdvdr dosd tmdy gky bd, gust mkvd lagd irag tmd krdk ai Hkgkj “ Hkgkj, Cjhck, wmclm rdfcaj cj kjtcqucty wks dvchdjtoy jat lajicjdh ta tmd krdk ai tmd lakstko lcty ai Hkgkj tahky, but wks gulm okrfdr, dxtdjhcjf irag Hkgkj koo tmd wky ta Bkoulmcstkj, kjh, cj koo prabkbcocty, ta Kifmkjcstkj, tmkt cs, ta Bkhkemsmkj. Cjhddh, cj tmd icrst pkrts ai tmcs baae, C smaw magdokjh ai Cjhck tmd Ekjfkr gust mkvd bddjtmkt aii tmd tmd wdst lakst ai aj tmd ;28 ai ;66
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jaw subgdrfdh csokjh tmkt wks kt tmd skgd oktctuhd tmkt prdsdjt-hky Hkgkj cs, tmaufm bdlkusd ai tmd smkpd kjh arcdjtktcaj ai tmd csokjh, ct wks gastoy tmd jartmdrj tcp ai ct tmkt wks kt tmd skgd oktctuhd wctm tmd prdsdjt-hky lcty ai Hkgkj. Kjlcdjt Hkgkj, ar Hcoguj, mawdvdr, djlagpkssdh gulm gard okjh tmkj tmd prdsdjthky lcty ai Hkgkj hads0 ct dxtdjhdh koo tmd wky ta Bct-@kecj5 kjh ct cs wdoo ta rdgdgbdr, iar tmkt rdksaj, tmkt ci tmd dxcstdjld ai Hcoguj, ar Hkgkj, bdfkj oajf bdiard tmd aohdst rdlarhs ai ct cj tmd loky tkbodts ai tmd \ugdrckjs smaw, tmdj ct wks gast hdicjctdoy tmd lksd, tmkt tmkt csokjh, wmclm C lkoo Ekjekoc Csokjh, bdiard ct wks swkooawdh by tmd sdk, rkj pkrkoodo ta, kjh wks ocedwcsd sctuktdh bdoaw, koo ai Hcoguj, ar kjlcdjt Hkgkj, tmkt cs, tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj. Cjhddh, tmd trud kfd ai tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj wcoo ajoy bdlagd ejawj wmdj tmd rucjs ai tmd kjlcdjt lcty rdldjtoy iaujh ujhdrwktdr cj tmd Fuoi ai Lkgbky, ta tmd sautm ai Oatmko (ct cs, ai laursd, by ja kllchdjt tmkt C gdjtcaj Oatmko), krd hdicjctcvdoy hktdh.
;24 ai ;66
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Gy krfugdjt cs, cj tmd gkcj, tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd tmd Ekjfkr (Eudj`u, Eayk), tmkt tmdy gcfrktdh irag Cjhck ta Gdsapatkgck, kjh tmkt Hcoguj (Hkgkj) wks cj rdkocty tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj. C mkvd pacjtdh aut kbavd tmkt tmd okjfukfd ai tmd Eudj`u, ar Emkjhs, ar Ekjfkr, cs lkoodh Euc. Cj mcs baae Kj Cjtrahultcaj ta tmd Frkggkr ai tmd Euc, Ocjfug Odtlmgk`dd wrctds0 C mkvd kowkys tmaufmt tmkt tmcs okjfukfd UEucW cs k larruptcaj ai, ar tmd prcgctcvd Xdoufu ctsdoi. Cj suppart ai tmcs apcjcaj sagd krfugdjts gcfmt bd khhuldh5 but ks gy ab`dlt cs ta bd ks brcdi ks passcbod, C smkoo lajtdjt gysdoi wctm pacjtcjf aut tmd scgcokrcty tmkt dxcsts bdtwddj gkjy ai tmd Euc kjh Xdoufu warhs. Xa jatcld koo tmd frkggktclko scgcokrctcds ai tmd twa okjfukfds wauoh allupy gard spkld tmkj cs cjtdjhdh iar tmcs cjtrahultcaj.=8
Euc, tmd okjfukfd ai tmd Ekjfkr, cs, kfkcj, gast oced Xdoufu, ar cs cj iklt prcgctcvd Xdoufu ctsdoi. Ajd ai tmd icrst warhs ai Xdoufu tmkt C odkrjdh cs ;29 ai ;66
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tmd warh iar brdktmd. Ct cs hciidrdjt irag tmd Xkgco warh iar brdktmd, wmclm cs g"llu5=4 ct cs kosa hciidrdjt irag tmd Ekjjkhk warh iar brdktmd, wmclm cs uscr#hkou5=9 kjh ct cs hciidrdjt irag tmd Gkokykokg warh iar brdktmd, wmclm cs sksceeuek.=6 Xmd Xdoufu warh iar brdktmd, cs upcrc‘Tpcrc.== C rdgcjh tmd rdkhdr mdrd tmkt tmd jkgd ai ajd ai tmd twa ejawj trud ecjfs ai Hcoguj wks... Tpcrc.=3 (Xmd atmdr trud ecjf ai Hcoguj wks Mujhkru.3> By tmd warh trud , C gdkj jat kssalcktdh wctm kjlcdjt Bkmrkcj.) Xmkt ecjf ai Hcoguj, Tpcrc, lauoh mkvd barjd kjy ajd ai tmauskjhs ai jkgds, ydt ai koo tmd jkgds md lauoh mkvd barjd, tmd ajd tmkt md hch bdkr cs k warh cj jajd atmdr tmkj cj k Hrkvchckj okjfukfd, cj Xdoufu, ai wmclm Euc, tmd okjfukfd ai tmd Ekjfkr (Eudj`u), gky bd tmd gast prcgctcvd iarg. Maw rdgkrekbod ct cs sddj tmkt tmcs ecjf ai Hcoguj bard k jkgd tmkt cs kosa k warh cj ajoy ajd okjfukfd cj tmd waroh, wcoo hdpdjh aj tmd pdrspdltcvd kjh lajhctcajcjf ai tmd pdrsaj wma tkeds tmcs iklt cjta lajschdrktcaj. C, iar ajd,
;26 ai ;66
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lajschdr ct ja lacjlchdjld5 kjh C icjh ct rdgkrekbod. C lauoh spdluoktd aj maw ct wks tmkt tmd ecjf lkgd ta bd jkgdh Tpcrc, wmclm, kfkcj, cj Xdoufu gdkjs brdktmd, kjh kosa brdktm, but wmkt tmaufmts C lagd up wctm wauoh bd jatmcjf gard tmkj spdluoktcvd. C wcoo sky, jdvdrtmdodss, tmkt C lkjjat mdop wajhdrcjf wmdtmdr Tpcrc wks tmd jkgd ai k fah bdiard ct wks tmd jkgd ai tmd ecjf. Ct cs jat sa ikr-idtlmdh ta tmcje tmkt ct lauoh mkvd bddj tmd jkgd ai k fah. Batm brdktmd kjh brdktm cgpoy kcr, kjh kcr cgpocds ocid. Ci, tmdrdiard “ kjh tmcs cs purd spdluoktcaj “ Tpcrc wdrd kosa tmd jkgd ai k fah, C wauoh bd cjlocjdh ta tmcje tmkt md (ar smd) wks tmd fah ai kcr, ar tmd fah ai wcjh, ar tmd fah ai ocid. Kt kjy rktd, Tpcrc cs kj cjtdrdstcjf jkgd, kjh koo tmd gard sa scjld ct cs ocedwcsd k warh cj Xdoufu, kjh cj ja atmdr okjfukfd, dxldpt pdrmkps Euc. Xahky cj Cjhck, ks C gdjtcajdh kt tmd ai tmcs baae, tmd Ekjfkr, ar Eudj`u, ar autsdt Emkjhs ;2= ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
(Emajhs, dtl.), krd kosa ejawjs ks Fajhs. Xmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr, mkvd warsmcppdh gkjy fahs. Cj tmd laursd ai tcgd, iar wmktdvdr rdksajs, tmdy sagdtcgds iarfdt lagpodtdoy fahs ai tmdcrs tmkt kt tcgds wdrd ai frdkt cgpartkjld ta tmdg. Xmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr, mkvd gkjy gytms ks wdoo, kjh cgpartkjt cj tmdg krd jat `ust ldrtkcj fahs, but atmdr bdcjfs ai hciidrdjt lkpklctcds. \kfds, iar dxkgpod, wma krd kosa rdlafjczdh cj sagd lksds ks gkfclckjs, poky k raod ai cgpartkjld cj Ekjfkr gytmaoafy. Cj Cjhck stcoo tahky, gkfcl cs kj cgpartkjt idkturd ai Fajh ar Ekjfkr luoturd, `ust ks ct wks kgajf tmd Ekjfkr, ar \ugdrckjs, cj kjlcdjt Gdsapatkgck. Cj ajd ai tmd gytms ai tmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr cj Cjhck, k vdjdrkbod skfd cs spaedj ai. Cj Fajhs ai tmd Ldjtrko Cjhckj Mcfmokjhs, Bdmrkg Gdmtk wrctds0 \uj, gaaj kjh stkrs krd ujkbod ta tdoo Ocjfa kbaut tmd wmdrdkbauts ai tmd Fajhs. Md fads ta tmd skfd Euwkct, tmd frdktdst gkfclckj, kjh md rdpocdh...3;
Irag tmd \ugdrckjs wd odkrj tmkt k ecjf ai Hcoguj (Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj) bard tmd jkgd ;23 ai ;66
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Tpcrc, wmclm mkppdjs kosa ta bd k warh, but ajoy cj Xdoufu, ai wmclm tmd Ekjfkr (Eudj`u) gky spdke tmd gast prcgctcvd iarg, Euc5 kjh irag tmd Fajhs, ar Ekjfkr cj Cjhck, wd odkrj tmkt tmd jkgd ai tmd frdktdst gkfclckj kjh skfd wks Euwkct, wmclm mkppdjs ta bd tmd jkgd ai ajd ai twa laujtrcds (tmd atmdr bdcjf ai laursd Crkq) wmdrd \ugdr, wmclm wks lkoodh Ekjfkr by cts cjmkbctkjts, wks oalktdh cj Gdsapatkgck cj kjtcqucty. (Ocjfa by tmd wky cs ajd ai tmd suprdgd fahs ai tmd Fajhs. Cj Khcokbkh Ocjfa cs ejawj ks ^komkjhc Eupkr Ocjfko. 32) Kt tmcs pacjt C kg tdgptdh ta gked k ocst ai koo tmd dvchdjld tmkt smaws tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, ai kjlcdjt Gdsapatkgck kjh tmd Ekjfkr ai Cjhck, ar ai tmd Cjhus Ykoody lcvcoczktcaj ar Hcoguj, wdrd ai ajd kjh tmd skgd arcfcjko stale, tmkt cs, Ekjfkr stale5 but bdiard C prdsdjt tmd dvchdjld C mkvd kgkssdh, tafdtmdr wctm tmd gast cgpartkjt pacjts ai tmd krfugdjts tmkt C mkvd gkhd kbaut tmdcr bdcjf ajd kjh tmd skgd pdapod, Cgkhd smkoo kbaut icrst rdlkpctuoktd ai tmd pacjts cj tmkt tmd Ekjfkrsagd ai batm rdfcajs gyC ;<> ai ;66
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icrst baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes, kjh pcle up tmd tmrdkh cj tmcs baae wmdrd C odit aii cj tmkt ajd. C smkoo bdfcj tmd jdxt sdltcaj, tmdj, wctm tmd gdkjcjf ai tmd jkgd Ekjfkr (Emkjfkr, Emkj`kr, Emkjh, Emajh, dtl.).
;<; ai ;66
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Y. Gdkjcjf ai tmd Jkgd Ekjfkr5 Xmd HJK ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr Ekjfkr (kjh koo cts vkrckjts), tmd jkgd ai kj kbarcfcjko pdapod ai Cjhck, gdkjs swarh- ar 3<
hkffdr-bdkrdr. wrctd0
Cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes, C
Xmd trcbko jkgd Ekjfkr gdkjs swarh- ar hkffdrbdkrdr, kjh tmd trcbko jkgd Ekjfkr cs tmd arcfcj ai tmd jkgd iar tmd smart swarh ar hkffdr cj gkjy okjfukfds. Cj Ekjjkhk, k swarh cs k emkhfk5 cj Mcjhc, k hkffdr cs k emkjfkr ar emkj`kr5 k swarh, k emkjhk ar k emkjfkr5 Emkjhkmkt gdkjs swarhsgkj. Cj Dfyptckj (kjh cj Krkbcl spaedj dosdwmdrd), k hkffdrKrkbcl cs lkoodh k emkjfkr . Cj wmktdvdr okjfukfd tmd warh iar hkffdr ar tmd warh iar k smart swarh cs emkjfkr ar emkj`kr ar emkjhk, ar mkj`kr, ar mkjzkr, ar mkjh!kr, ct cs uotcgktdoy hdrcvdh irag tmd jkgd ai tmd Ekjfkr ai Cjhck. 38
Cj gy baae C kosa sky0 Iurtmdr, ct cs ja lacjlchdjld tmkt wmdrdvdr, kjh kgajf wmktdvdr pdapod, tmd warh iar k smart ;<2 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
swarh ar hkffdr cs emkjfkr (ar k vkrckjt ai ct), tmdrd cs iaujh kgajf gdj ajd ai twa mkpoafraups tmkt dvchdjtoy arcfcjktdh cj Cjhck “ dctmdr mkpoafraup M-G93 (kjh cts sublokhd MG=2), ar mkpoafraup L-G;<>. C prapasd tmkt Ekjfkr fraups spdkecjf k Hrkvchckj okjfukfd, kjh bdoajfcjf ta L-G;<>, sprdkh aut irag Cjhck (kjh prdsdjt-hky ^kecstkj kjh Bkoulmcstkj) kjh cjta Ldjtrko Ksck kjh \cbdrck tmauskjhs ai ydkrs kfa, kjh, gcxcjf wctm atmdrs, hdvdoapdh cjta Xurecl kjh Kotkckj pdapods. Xmcs wauoh dxpokcj tmd rdoktcajsmcp bdtwddj Hrkvchckj kjh Xurecl ar Kotkcl okjfukfds, ks wdoo ks tmd mcfm irdqudjly ai L-G;<> kgajf Xurecl kjh Kotkckj gdj, kjh dxpokcj tmd arcfcj ai tmd warh tmkt tmdy usd iar k smart swarh ar hkffdr, jkgdoy, emkjfkr (ar k vkrckjt ai ct). 34 Xmd Eyrfyzds, tmd Ekzkems, kjh tmd Tzbdes, iar cjstkjld, koo lkoo k hkffdr k emkjfkr ar k emkj`kr ar k (e)mkj`kr5 kjh koo tmrdd ai tmdsd Xurecl pdapods mkvd Ekjekoc, ar Ekjfoy (Ekjfkr), lokjs lajstctutcjf pkrt ai tmdcr papuoktcajs. Xmd Ekjekoc (Ekjfoy, [kjfoy, dtl.) krd tmd Ekjfkr.39
;<< ai ;66
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Ks C gdjtcajdh dkrocdr, C bdoajf ta yHJK mkpoafraup M-G93 (M;), cj laggaj wctm tmd Eayk (Ekjfkr), kgajf wmag ct cs gast irdqudjt cj tmd waroh, allurrcjf kgajf tmdg kt k irdqudjly ai 9; pdrldjt (6; pdrldjt wmdj mkpoafraup M2 wks stcoo loksscicdh ks k hdsldjhkjt ai M-G93)5 kjh ks dkrocdr gdjtcajdh, C bdoajf ta M-G=2, k subfraup ai M-G93. Mdrd cs k gkp smawcjf tmd hcstrcbutcaj ai M-G930
;<8 ai ;66
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Varohwchd Hcstrcbutcaj ai M-G93
;<4 ai ;66
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Jatd tmkt tmd hcstrcbutcaj pkttdrj ai M-G93 sddgs ta cjhclktd kj kbsdjld ai M-G93 cj tmd rdfcaj ai kjlcdjt Gdsapatkgck, tmkt cs, cj Crkq ks wdoo ks cj Euwkct. \cjld C mkvd bddj krfucjf cj tmcs baae tmkt tmd \ugdrckjs wdrd tmd Ekjfkr, kjh scjld C mkvd krfudh cj Xmd ^kh`kjkes tmkt MG93 cs tmd gkcj mkpoafraup ai tmd Ekjfkr, ajd gcfmt wajhdr wmkt dxpokjktcaj C mkvd iar tmd kppkrdjt kbsdjld ai tmd mkpoafraup cj tmd rdfcaj wmdrd tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, rdschdh cj Gdsapatkgck. Oaaecjf kt tmd gkp kbavd, wd smauoh pky pkrtcluokr kttdjtcaj ta tmd hcstrcbutcaj pkttdrjs ai M-G93 aj batm schds ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi, kjh jatd tmkt ct cs hcstrcbutdh koajf kogast tmd djtcrd odjftm ai tmd Krkbckj ^djcjsuok aj tmd ajd schd ai tmd Fuoi, rcfmt up ta Euwkct, kjh tmkt aj tmd atmdr schd, ct cs hcstrcbutdh cjokjh kjh koajf tmd lakst koo tmd wky irag Cjhck, tmraufm koo ai Crkj, kjh rcfmt up ta Crkq. Ct cs iaujh kosa cj \yrck. 36 But wctmcj tmcs trckjfuokr krdk iargdh by tmd hcstrcbutcaj wctmcj Gdsapatkgck,pkttdrj M-G93ai cs,M-G93 ar kt ctsdoi, odkst kppdkrs ;<9 ai ;66
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gastoy ta bd, kbsdjt. Vmkt lkj kllaujt iar tmcs kppkrdjt kbsdjld ai M-G93 cj Crkq kjh Euwkct “ cj Gdsapatkgck1 Ci, dxlouhcjf Gdsapatkgck, tmd prdsdjt-hky hcstrcbutcaj pkttdrj ai M-G93 rdiodlts cts hcstrcbutcaj pkttdrj cj kjtcqucty, ar kppraxcgktds ta cts kjlcdjt pkttdrj, tmdj tmd gast pokuscbod dxpokjktcaj iar tmd kppkrdjt kbsdjld ai M-G93 wctmcj Gdsapatkgck , wctmcj tmcs trckjfuokr krdk tmkt cjlouhds Crkq kjh Euwkct, cj wmclm iar kfds gkjy ecjfs lagpdtdh iar suprdgkly, cs tmkt k swddpcjf ”Fdjfmcs Emkj diidlt– (cj wmclm k ldrtkcj S-lmragasagd prdhagcjktds) sdt cj gatcaj by tmd doctd \dgctds ai tmd rdfcaj, kjh oktdr hrcvdj by tmdcr hdsldjhkjts, frdktoy rdhuldh, ar kogast docgcjktdh, tmd allurrdjld ai M-G93 wctmcj Gdsapatkgck, wctmcj tmkt trckjfuokr krdk. Gardavdr tmd \dgctds, bdfcjjcjf wctm tmd fraup tmkt Vaoirkg vaj \ahdj tdrgs tmd ”Jartm \dgctds,–3= mkh bddj dstkbocsmdh cj tmd rdfcaj irag tmd dkrocdst tcgds, kjh tmdrdiard lajstctutdh tmd dstkbocsmdh papuokld ai Gdsapatkgck5 wma, by vcrtud ai tmd ikltgust tmktmkvd tmdyautjugbdrdh wdrd tmd dstkbocsmdh papuokld, ;<6 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
tmdrd tmd cggcfrkjt \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, kjh tmdy wauoh tmus mkvd bddj cj k pasctcaj ta rdprahuld cj frdktdr jugbdrs tmdrd tmkj tmd Ekjfkr. Xmd \dgctds dvdjtukooy, by dstkbocsmcjf tmdcr mdfdgajy cj tmd rdfcaj, braufmt kbaut tmd djh ai \ugdr. Ct cs, cjhddh, cjlajldcvkbod tmkt tmasd cj kjtcqucty wma bdoajfdh ta M-G93 sdttodh ajoy autschd Gdsapatkgck, aj batm schds ai tmd ^drsckj Fuoi , cj okjhs krch, bkrrdj, kjh hdvach ai idrtcocty, ks wdoo ks ta tmd jartm ai Gdsapatkgck, cj \yrck, but jat cj Gdsapatkgck, wmclm wks ousm, idrtcod, kjh wktdrdh by twa gcfmty rcvdrs, tmd Xcfrcs kjh tmd Dupmrktds. Cj atmdr warhs, tmasd wma bdoajfdh ta M-G93 cj kjtcqucty gust mkvd sdttodh kosa cj Crkq kjh Euwkct, cj Gdsapatkgck, kjh jat `ust aj tmd ircjfds ai ct “ tmd ircjfds ai koo schds ai ct , wmdrd M-G93 cs iaujh tahky. Brykj \yeds hdslrcbds tmd ”Fdjfmcs Emkj diidlt– cj mcs baae \kxajs, Ycecjfs, kjh Ldots0 Xmd kppdko tmkt Hdrgat GklGurraufm gkhd ta Rclmkrh hd Lokrd ta lagd ta mcs kch, tmd kppdko hd ;<= ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Lokrd usdh ks kj dxlusd ta cjvkhd, cs k lodkr cjhclktcaj ai tmd stktd ai kiikcrs cj gdhcdvko Crdokjh ‘ tmd struffod iar hagcjkjld ai ajd gcjar ecjf kfkcjst kjatmdr. Ct cs sa vdry typclko ai tmd gchhod stkfd ai dvaoutcaj ai kjy gahdrj salcdty kjh ajd tmkt cs ajoy taa vcscbod cj atmdr pkrts ai tmd waroh. Dxldpt tmkt cj tmasd poklds, oced Kifmkjcstkj ar ujstkbod Kirclkj laujtrcds Uar kjlcdjt GdsapatkgckW, tmdsd gdj krd jat hcfjcicdh wctm tmd tctod ”ecjf– Utmaufm cj kjlcdjt Gdsapatkgck tmdy wdrd ecjfsW but hdjcfrktdh ks ”wkroarhs–. Cj Crdokjh hurcjf tmd icrst gcoodjjcug KH tmdrd wks k lajstkjt struffod iar hagcjkjld bdtwddj hciidrdjt gcjar ecjfs. Kllarhcjf ta ajd saurld, tmdrd gky mkvd bddj ;4> ai tmdg kt kjy ajd tcgd, odjhcjf sagd lrdhcbcocty ta tmd laggaj Crcsm bakst tmkt tmdy krd koo hdsldjhdh irag ocjds ai Crcsm ecjfs. Xmcs gky bd sagdtmcjf wd lkj tdst ks ct lauoh bd vcscbod cj tmd S-lmragasagd fdjd paao by wmkt mks lagd ta bd ejawj ks tmd ”Fdjfmcs Emkj diidlt–. K idw ydkrs kfa, rdsdkrlmdrs irag Axiarh iaujh k S-lmragasagd tmkt wks vdry wchdsprdkh tmraufmaut Ksck, gard ar odss wctmcj tmd fdafrkpmclko ocgcts ai tmd Gajfao Dgpcrd. Icjhcjf k pkrtcluokr S-lmragasagd wctm k spdlcicl icjfdrprcjt klrass sulm k wchd krdk cs ;<3 ai ;66
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mcfmoy ujusuko. S-lmragasagds krd fdjdrkooy gulm gard oalkoczdh. Xmd dxpokjktcaj, wmclm C tmcje cs tmd larrdlt ajd, cs tmkt tmcs cs tmd Slmragasagd ai tmd icrst Gajfao dgpdrar, Fdjfmcs Emkj, wma ocvdh cj tmd icrst mkoi ai tmd tmcrtddjtm ldjtury. Jat ajoy cs tmd S-lmragasagd icjfdrprcjt fdafrkpmclkooy hcspdrsdh, ct cs kosa vdry laggaj. Cj Gajfaock, iar dxkgpod, = pdr ldjt ai gdj mkvd cjmdrctdh tmd Fdjfmcs lmragasagd. Ci yau lagputd tmd jugbdr ai gdj wma lkrry tmcs S-lmragasagd tmraufmaut Ksck, kjh allkscajkooy aj atmdr lajtcjdjts, tmdj ct lagds ta k stkffdrcjf ;9 gcoocaj. Dvdj k lursary fokjld kt Fdjfmcs Emkj–s gdtmahs cj wkrikrd cs djaufm ta ujhdrstkjh tmd fdjdtcl gdlmkjcsg. Aj lajqudrcjf kj djdgy–s tdrrctary md wauoh ecoo koo tmd gdj, tmdj systdgktclkooy cjsdgcjktd koo tmd faah-oaaecjf wagdj ‘ md odit mcs laggkjhdrs strclt cjstrultcajs aj tmkt pacjt. Vmdj md hcdh, tmd lustag ai pktrcocjdko cjmdrctkjld djsurdh tmkt mcs dgpcrd wks hcstrcbutdh kgajf mcs sajs, kjh tmdcr sajs. Xmus mcs S-lmragasagd cjlrdksdh wctm dklm fdjdrktcaj ai gkod hdsldjhkjts, wma cjmdrctdh jat ajoy k partcaj ai mcs wdkotm but kosa, prdsugkboy, mcs kttctuhd ta wagdj. Xmaufm wd mkvd ja mcstarclko rdlarhs ai gdj wctm quctd sulm sdxuko prdhagcjkjld cj tmd Csods, tmd lajiuscaj ai ;8> ai ;66
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gcjar ecjfs cs `ust tmd sart ai lajhctcaj wmdrd ajd gcfmt dxpdlt ta hcslavdr tmd Fdjfmcs diidlt. 33
Xmd yHJK mkpoafraup gast laggaj kgajf gdj cj Crkq tahky, cs mkpoafraup @-G296 (@;G296). Cj Crkqc tmd fdjdrko papuoktcaj, odkst 29.= pdrldjt ai gkods bdoajf ta ct. ;>>ktKgajf tmd Gkrsm Krkb gkods ai sautmdrj Crkq, ct cs dvdj gard laggaj “ ikr gard laggaj0 => pdrldjt ai tmd Gkrsm Krkb gkods bdoajf ta mkpoafraup @G296.;>; Ks iar tmd Gkrsm Krkbs tahky cj sautmdrj Crkq, wma gkjy gcfmt bd hcspasdh ta tmcje rdprdsdjt, bdlkusd ai wmdrd tmdy ocvd, tmd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr, tmdy lkjjat bd kssugdh ta bd tmd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd \ugdrckjs scgpoy bdlkusd tmdy ocvd cj tmd krdk wmdrd tmd \ugdrckjs ajld ocvdh. Xa tmcje tmkt tmd Gkrsm Krkbs krd tmd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd \ugdrckjs aj tmd bkscs tmkt tmdy ocvd wmdrd tmd \ugdrckjs ajld ocvdh, wauoh bd oced tmcjecjf tmkt tmd Lrakts, iar dxkgpod, krd tmd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd Cooyrckjs bdlkusd tmd Lrakts jaw ocvd wmdrd tmd Cooyrckjs ajld ocvdh. Ct cs, ai laursd, passcbod tmkt sagd ai tmd Gkrsm ;8; ai ;66
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Krkbs mkvd iar kjldstars \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr (`ust ks ct cs passcbod, ai laursd, tmkt sagd Lrakts mkvd Cooyrckj kjldstry), but ct wauoh bd iaooy ta kssugd tmkt tmd buoe ai tmd Gkrsm Krkbs krd tmd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd \ugdrckjs aj tmd bkscs ai tmd iklt tmkt tmdy ocvd cj tmd krdk ajld cjmkbctdh by tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr (`ust ks ct wauoh bd ta kssugd tmkt tmd buoe ai tmd Lrakts krd tmd hcrdlt hdsldjhkjts ai Cooyrckjs). Cjhddh, tmasd Gkrsm Krkb gkods wma bdoajf ta yHJK mkpoafraup @G296, krd gast ldrtkcjoy jat tmd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr. Ci wd wdrd ta klldpt tmkt tmdy wdrd, wd wauoh bd iarldh ta klldpt tmkt tmd Crkqc gkods ai tmd fdjdrko papuoktcaj wma bdoajf ta @-G296, krd kosa tmd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd \ugdrckjs. Kjh ci tmkt wdrd trud, wd wauoh bd iarldh ta sdde kj dxpokjktcaj iar tmd hdktm ai tmd \ugdrckj okjfukfd cj k rdfcaj wmdrd, ci tmd buoe ai tmd papuokld hdsldjhs irag tmd \ugdrckjs, ct smauoh bd wchdoy spaedj, ct smauoh bd tmrcvcjf. But tmd rdkocty cs tmkt tmd \ugdrckj okjfukfd, wmclm, kfkcj, cs gard oced tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds ct cs kjy atmdr okjfukfds, mks bddj k hdkh ajdtmkj iar gcoodjjck. ;82 ai ;66
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Cj atmdr warhs, @-G296 (@;-G296) lkjjat bd tmd yHJK mkpoafraup ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr. Xmd yHJK mkpoafraup ai tmd Ekjfkr cs M-G93 (M;), kjh tmd yHJK mkpoafraup ai tmd \ugdrckjs, ar Ekjfkr cj Gdsapatkgck, cs, kjh wks, C gkcjtkcj, M-G93 (M;). M-G93 cs gard irdqudjt kgajf tmd Eayk ai tmd Gkoekjfcrc Hcstrclt ai Cjhck tmkj ct cs kgajf kjy atmdr fraup warohwchd, kjh tmd Eayk, ks C mkvd kordkhy hdgajstrktdh, krd tmd Ekjfkr. Gy kjldstars wdrd tmd ^kh`kjkes kjh tmd Ekjfkr, ks C mkvd hdgajstrktdh, kjh C bdoajf ta yHJK mkpoafraup M-G93, bdlkusd C cjmdrctdh gy yHJK irag tmd Ekjfkr. Ct cs gast cjtdrdstcjf ta jatd tmkt cj tmd vcookfd ai Ekjc "ek Cvk (Ekjcsmek tmd Icrst, Ekjcsmek C), wmdrd koo gy ^kh`kj (Eusmkj) kjldstars krd irag, kjh cj tmd kh`kldjt vcookfds, tmdrd wdrd k jugbdr ai pdrsajs cj tmd ;6>>s surjkgdh $ugdr ($ugkr, \mugdr, \mugkr), ks wdoo ks k jugbdr surjkgdh Ekjfdrfk (Ekjfkr) kjh Edjfydo (Ekjfkr). (Iar gard cjiargktcaj, sdd gy pkpdrs Kjagkoaus kjh Eurhcsm \urjkgds kjh Eusmkjs (\ugdrckj cs cj Lraktckprajaujldh cj Lraktck.)Xmd kltukooy \mugdrckj.) Ragkjc, ;8< ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
ar Fypscds, ks C mkvd hdgajstrktdh cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes , krd tmd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd ^kh`kjkes (Eusmkjs) kjh tmd Ekjfkr, kjh ai Hags wctm Ekjfkr kjldstry5 gast Ragkjc gkods bdoajf ta yHJK mkpoafraup M-G93, kjh tmd rdksaj cs, tmkt tmdy krd hdsldjhkjts ai tmd Ekjfkr. Gdj cj Agkj kjh gdj cj Sdgdj, wma dklm lkoo k hkffdr k emkjfkr, kjh wma bdoajf ta M-G93, krd cj gy vcdw cj ja wky hdsldjhkjts ai kjy atmdr kjlcdjts tmkj tmd Ekjfkr, ar \ugdrckjs. Cj atmdr warhs, tmd pktdrjko kjldstars ai tmasd gdj cj Agkj kjh gdj cj Sdgdj, wdrd tmd Ekjfkr. Cj Fdarfck, ks dosdwmdrd cj tmd Lkulksus, k hkffdr cs lkoodh k emkj`koc5 kjh Fdarfckj cs, kfkcj, rdoktdh ta tmd Hrkvchckj okjfukfds ai Cjhck. Xmd Ekjekoc, ar [kjqoc, ar Ekjfoy lokjs kgajf tmd Eyrfyzds, ;>2 tmd Ekzkems, ;>< tmd Tzbdes, ;>8 tmd Ekrkekopkes, ;>4 kjh tmd Jafkcs, ;>9krd lokjs ai tmd Ekjfkr, hdsldjhkjts ai tmdkoofahhdss EkjekocEkoc-Ekjekoc5 kjh uotcgktdoy tmdcr kjldstars ;88 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
lkgd arcfcjkooy irag Cjhck, tmd magdokjh ai tmd Ekjekoc, ar Ekjfkoc, ar Ekjfkrc, tmkt cs, tmd magdokjh ai tmd Ekjfkr. Xmd Tzbdes, tmd Ekrkekopkes, tmd Ekzkems, tmd Eyrfyzds, kjh tmd Jafkcs koo lkoo k hkffdr k emkjfkr ar k emkj`kr ar k ;>6
(e)mkj`kr. Jatcld aj tmd gkp kbavd tmkt smaws tmd hcstrcbutcaj ai M-G93, tmkt M-G93 cs iaujh cj Ekrkekopkestkj (wmclm rdfcaj cs oalktdh cj Tzbdecstkj). M-G93 cs kosa iaujh kgajf koo tmd atmdr fraups gdjtcajdh kbavd. Xmd Ekjfkr tmkt gcfrktdh ta Dkstdrj Durapd wctm tmd ^kh`kjkes lkgd tmdgsdovds ta bd ejawj ks ^kh`kjkes, ks C hdgajstrktd cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes5 kjh oktdr tmd ^kh`kjkes kjh tmd Ekjfkr tmkt lkgd ta bd ejawj ks ^kh`kjkes, gkhd up tmd buoe ai tmasd wma lkgd ta bd ejawj ks Ekrkekopkes. Xmkt cs wmy tmdrd krd Ekjfkr, ar Ekjekoc, ar [kjfoy lokjs kgajf tmd Ekrkekopkes tahky, kjh tmkt cs wmy M-G93 cs iaujh cj Ekrkekopkestkj. Kjh ks iar tmd Jafkcs, \cr Mdjry Mayod Mawartm pacjts aut tmd iaooawcjf kbaut tmdg0
;84 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Xmd ^dlmdjdfs U^kh`kjkesW allur iar tmd okst tcgd, da jagcjd, cj tmd Russckj kjjkos cj tmd ydkr ;;42, but cj ;;92, kjh cj tmkt sdltcaj ai Jdstar, wrcttdj by tmd iaurtm lajtcjuktcaj, wd icjh k jdw jkgd kppocdh ta tmd rcvkos kjh djdgcds ai tmd Lagkjs ULugkjsW, cj tmd stdppds ai sautmdrj Russck, wma lkj bd ja atmdr tmkj tmd ^dlmdjdfs, jkgdoy, Lmdrjaeoabues ar Bokle Lkps. Xmdy krd kosa gdjtcajdh cj tmd ydkrs ;;68, ;;=6, ;;3>, ;;32, kjh ;2>>. Vd kfkcj gddt wctm tmd jkgd cj tmd kllaujts ai Bktu–s cjvkscaj, wmdj wd krd taoh tmkt cj tmd kutugj ai ;2<3 md wctm atmdr prcjlds gkrlmdh kfkcjst tmd Russckjs kjh tmd Ekrkekopkes ar Bokle Lkps. Xmcs jkgd ai Bokle Lkps, ar Ekrkekopkes, cs kltukooy k wdooejawj trcbko jkgd kgajf tmd Xures, kjh kppocdh ta kj cgpartkjt sdltcaj ai tmd Jafkcs. ;>=
Mkpoafraup M-G93 mks bddj cj Cjhck scjld tcgd cggdgarcko,;>3 kjh bdlkusd ai cts mcfm irdqudjly cj Gkoekjfcrc kgajf tmd Eayk (Eack) (Ekjfkr), wmdrd cts irdqudjly cs mcfmdst ai koo, wd gcfmt bd odh ta tmcje tmkt M-G93 krasd cj Gkoekjfcrc. But wd gust rdgdgbdr tmkt M-G93, wmclm arcfcjktdh cj Cjhck, mks bddj cj Cjhck iar gkjy tmauskjhs ai ydkrs, kjh cj hddpdst kjtcqucty, tmd ;89 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
kjldstars ai tmasd kgajf wmag M-G93 cs gast irdqudjt ai koo, tmd Eayk, ocvdh, kjh gust mkvd ocvdh, cj tmd jartmwdst ai Cjhck kjh bdyajh, ks C mkvd smawj. Ci, tmdrdiard, wd wdrd ta turj bkle tcgd by hdfrdds, wd wauoh absdrvd tmd dpcldjtdr ai M-G93, wmclm cs prdsdjtoy sctuktdh cj Gkoekjfcrc, gavd soawoy klrass Cjhck irag dkst ta sautmwdst, tawkrhs Euruvkhwddp Iardst, kjh irag tmd iardst ta tmd jartmwdst, tawkrhs Hkgkj, klrass irag wmclm lcty, kbaut 93>> ydkrs kfa, cj tmd Krkbckj \dk wks tmd csokjh wmclm C lkoo Ekjekoc Csokjh “ tmd csokjh C gkcjtkcj cs tmd ajd rdidrrdh ta cj tmd gytm ai tmd Eayk, ar Ekjfkr, ar Fajhs, ar Emajhs, ar Emkjhs, dtl. “ tmd csokjh wmdrd tmd fahhdss Ekjekoc-Ekoc-Ekjekoc wks barj. Iar, ks tmd Eayk, ar Ekjfkr, wctmcj Cjhck gavdh, sa hch tmd dpcldjtdr ai M-G93. Atmdrs cj Cjhck jat Ekjfkr, ai laursd, bdoajf ta M-G93, but M-G93 cs jdvdrtmdodss gard irdqudjt kgajf tmd Ekjfkr tmkj ct cs kgajf kjy atmdr fraup kjywmdrd. Ocedwcsd, M-G93 iaujh autschd Cjhck cs kosa gast irdqudjt kgajf tmd Ekjfkr, ar tmdcr hdsldjhkjts, ks C mkvd smawj.
;86 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Gy krfugdjt cj tmd gkcj cs, kfkcj, tmkt tmd Ekjfkr cj Gdsapatkgck, ejawj tmdrd ks \ugdrckjs, kjh tmd Ekjfkr cj Cjhck, kjh koo atmdr Ekjfkr, sulm ks tmasd wma gcfrktdh irag \afhck ta Dkstdrj Durapd wctm tmd ^kh`kjkes (Eusmkjs), wdrd koo kjh krd koo hdsldjhdh irag tmd Ekjfkr ai rdgatdst kjtcqucty, wma wdrd arcfcjkooy irag Cjhck.
;8= ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
YC. Rklcko Lokssciclktcaj kjh Ocjfucstcl kiicocktcaj ai tmd Ekjfkr, \kjtkos, kjh \ugdrckjs Dkroy rdockbod kllaujts ai tmd Ekjfkr cj Cjhck lagd irag tmd Brctcsm wma djlaujtdrdh tmdg tmdrd. Xmdy loksscicdh tmd Ekjfkr ks ai Hrkvchckj stale, ar ai tmd Hrkvchckj ”rkld.– Lkptkcj L. D. Oukrh wrctds0 Xmd Emkjfkr ks iaujh cj Bujhdoemkjh fcvds us kj dxkgpod ai tmd dvaoutcaj ai k lkstd aut ai k trcbd, ajd partcaj bdcjf stcoo ta k frdkt gdksurd cj k prcgctcvd stktd, wmcod tmd atmdr sdltcaj mks bddj khgcttdh wctmcj tmd lcrlod ai Mcjhucsg. Xmd
Emkjfkrs kppdkr ta mkvd bddj tmd arcfcjko mkbctkjts kjh ruodrs ai k okrfd pkrt ai Bujhdoemkjh bdiard tmd R!`puts cjvkhdh tmd laujtry. Xmdy wdrd kppkrdjtoy ai Hrkvchckj stale. Ks wd icjh tmdg jaw tmdy krd hcvchdh cjta tmrdd okrfd djhafkgaus fraups, ‟Rk`-Emkjfkrs,‗ ‟$rkems,‗ kjh ‟ Hmkjues,‗ tmaufm tmdrd cs sagd haubt, mawdvdr, ks ta tmd okst fraup, kjh tmdy krd kt kjy rktd cjscfjciclkjt oalkooy. Dklm ai tmdsd cs kfkcj Ai tmdsd sub-hcvchdh hcvcscajs tmdcjta icrstdxafkgaus cs jaw k hcvcscajs. lkstd prapdr, tmaufm jat k mcfm ajd, wmcod tmd atmdr twa krd ;83 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
oaaedh aj ks `ujfod trcbds ar kt bdst but aj tmd ircjfd ai tmd lkstd systdg. ;;>
Sdt kfkcj, cj k rdfcaj wmdrd tmd Ekjfkr krd tmd ”arcfcjko mkbctkjts,– wd icjh tmd jkgd Emkjh ks pkrt ai tmdcjmkbct, lagpaujh pokldBujhdoemkjh. jkgd ai tmd Crdfcaj tmkt tmdy jkgdoy, jddh jat rdpdkt mdrd koo tmkt C mkvd kordkhy skch kbaut tmd jkgd Emkjh, kjh cts usd cj lagpaujh pokld jkgds, sulm ks Emkjhkmkr kjh \kgkremkjh, but C wcoo rdgcjh tmd rdkhdr jdvdrtmdodss, tmkt cj Euc, tmd okjfukfd ai tmd Ekjfkr, ar Ekjf`u, ar Eudj`u, !-kj`u Eudj`u gdkjs Md cs k Emkjh. Cj Xmd ^kh`kjkes C sky tmkt ct cs gy vcdw tmkt tmd jkgd ai tmd Ekjfkr fraup Krkem cs tmd arcfcjko ai tmd jkgd Crkq. C gkcjtkcj tmkt vcdw. Xmd jkgds ai tmd Ekjfkr sdpts ai Bujhdoemkjh rdlarhdh by Lkptkcj Oukrh krd fcvdj bdoaw0
;4> ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
;4; ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Ct cs cjtdrdstcjf tmkt tmd \kjhko krd jkgdh ks kj Krkem sdpt cj tmd ocst kbavd. Xmd \kjhko krd kosa ejawj ks \kjtko, ar \kjtmko, kjh tmd \kjtko tahky krd Gujhk spdkedrs. Xmd \kjtko tmdgsdovds krd hcvchdh cjta k jugbdr ai trcbds, ai wmclm tmd ;;;
Ekrgkoc krd ajd. Rcsody wrctds0
Rdfkrhcjf tmd \kjtkos, M. M.
\ajtmko U\kjtkoW, \kajtkr, k okrfd Hrkvchckj trcbd, lokssdh aj ocjfucstcl fraujhs ks Eaokrckj... Cj pacjt ai pmysclko lmkrkltdrcstcls tmd \kjtkos gky bd rdfkrhdh ks typclko dxkgpods ai tmd purd Hrkvchckj stale. Xmdcr lagpodxcaj vkrcds irag vdry hkre brawj ta k pdluockr, kogast lmkrlakooced, 5 tmd Jdfra, prapartcajs tmd jasd kppraklm tmasdbokle ai tmd tmd ai brchfd bdcjf gard hdprdssdh cj rdoktcaj ta tmd arbcts tmkj cs tmd lksd wctm Mcjhus 5 tmd gautm cs okrfd, tmd ocps tmcle kjh pra`dltcjf 5 tmd mkcr lakrsd, bokle, kjh allkscajkooy luroy 5 tmd zyfagktcl krlmds pragcjdjt, wmcod tmd prapartcajs ai tmd seuoo, kppraklmcjf tmd haoclmaldpmkocl typd, lajlouscvdoy rdiutd tmd mypatmdscs ai tmdcr Gajfaockj hdsldjt. ;;2
;42 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Vmdtmdr tmd \kjtkos, ar \kjtmkos, krd ai purd Hrkvchckj stale, ks Rcsody kssdrts, ar KustraKscktcl, ks atmdrs sky, wd jddh jat try ta hdlchd. Xmkt tmdy kjh tmd Ekrgkoc krd Gujhk spdkedrs tahky cs ldrtkcj. Ks iar tmd rklcko lokssciclktcaj ai batm tmd \kjtkos kjh tmd Ekrgkoc, tmdy krd kogast ldrtkcjoy k lagbcjktcaj ai batm tmd Hrkvchckj kjh tmd Kustra-Kscktcl. Xmd cgpartkjt tmcjf ta rdgdgbdr cs tmkt rklcko ar dtmjcl kiicocktcaj hads jat jdldsskrcoy hdtdrgcjd okjfukfd kiicocktcaj. Cj atmdr warhs, sagd Hrkvchckjs gky mkvd bdlagd Gujhk spdkedrs, kjh sagd Kustra-Kscktcls gky mkvd bdlagd Hrkvchckj spdkedrs. Xmd \kjhko tmkt Lkptkcj Oukrh rdlarhdh ks kj Krkem (Ekjfkr) sdpt wdrd Hrkvchckj spdkedrs, kjh, kllarhcjf ta mcg, wdrd ai Hrkvchckj stale, kjh ci tmd \kjtko autschd Bujhdoemkjh tmkt spdke Gujhk krd ai tmd skgd stale ks tmd \kjhko tmkt Oukrh rdlarhdh, kjh tmdy gky vdry wdoo bd, tmdj tmd ajoy hciidrdjld bdtwddj tmd twa cs tmd okjfukfd tmkt tmdy spdke. Vmkt kbautwdrd tmd tmd \ugdrckjs1 tmd \ugdrckjs Ekjfkr, Cjksgulm ks C mkvd ks smawj, ;4< ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
tmdj tmdy gust mkvd bddj ai tmd skgd rklcko kiicocktcaj ks tmd Ekjfkr ai Cjhck, tmkt cs, tmdy gust mkvd bddj ai Hrkvchckj stale. Ar pdrmkps oced tmd \kjhko, ar \kjtko, wma gky smaw k lagbcjktcaj ai tmd Hrkvchckj kjh Kustra-Kscktcl typds, tmdy hcspokydh sagd idkturds tmkt wdrd lmkrkltdrcstcl ai tmd Hrkvchckj, kjh sagd idkturds tmkt wdrd lmkrkltdrcstcl ai tmd Kustra-Kscktcl. Cj kjy lksd, wd smauoh jat bd surprcsdh ta icjh \ugdrckj seuoos tmkt kppdkr gard oced tmd ajd typd tmkj tmd atmdr, ar vcld vdrsk, ar ai k lagbcjktcaj ai batm typds5 iar batm tmd Hrkvchckjs kjh tmd Kustra-Kscktcls mkvd ocvdh cj Cjhck iar gkjy tmauskjhs ai ydkrs, kjh ta tmcje tmkt tmdy hch jat dxlmkjfd HJK hurcjf tmasd tmauskjhs ai ydkrs tmkt tmdy mkvd ocvdh cj Cjhck, wauoh bd hawjrcfmt kbsurh. Cjhddh, rdodvkjt ta tmcs sub`dlt krd tmd absdrvktcajs ai \kskjek \demkr \krekr, wma wrctds0 Xmd Gujhks kosa smaw tmd skgd pmysclko trkcts kjh gcfrktary mkbcts. Xmdy mkvd kowkys lajicjdh tmdgsdovds ta tmd dkstdrj lakstokjh ai Cjhck, kjh ha jat kppdkr ta mkvd pdjdtrktdh hddp cjta tmd mcjtdrokjh, wmclm wks kordkhy allupcdh by tmd ;48 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Ydhhchs. Cj kj dkrocdr stuhy ct mks bddj smawj tmkt tmd Gujhks kppdkr ta bd lagpkrktcvdoy rdldjt cggcfrkjts cj tmcs laujtry. Xmdy mkvd fcvdj rcsd ta sagd pdluockr mybrch lagbcjktcajs wmclm krd jat gdt wctm cj tmd lksd ai kjy atmdr kbarcfcjko trcbd cj tmcs okjh. Xmd mybrchs krd ejawj ks (;) Emkjfkr-Gujhk , (2) Emkrck-Gujhk, (<) Eajepkt-Gujhk, (8) Ekrkjfk-Gujhk, (4) Gkmcoc-Gujhk, (9) Jkfbkjsx-Gujhk, (6) ArkajGujhk, (=) \kh-Gujhk, (3) \kvkr-Gujhk, (;>) Gujhk-Bmucyk, kjh (;;) Gujhk-Lmkgkr. M. M. Rcsody jatdh tmkt tmdsd mybrchs krd hdsldjhdh irag cjtdrgkrrckfds bdtwddj Gujhk gdj kjh wagdj ai atmdr trcbds. ;;< UCtkocls khhdh.W
Jatd tmkt ajd ai tmd sdpts rdlarhdh by Lkptkcj Oukrh wks tmd Gkfkr. Cj gy baae Xmd ^kh`kjkes C hcsluss tmd passcbcocty tmkt tmd Gkfykrs, ar Mujfkrckjs, gky trkld tmdcr arcfcj ta tmcs Ekjfkr sdpt, kjh tmkt, ci sa, tmd Gkfykrs, ar kt odkst tmd arcfcjko Gkfykrs, gky cj iklt mkvd bddj Gkfkr, k sdpt ai tmd Ekjfkr.
;44 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
YCC. Xmd Jkgds \ugdr, ar \mugdr, \ujkr, \kgkr C gdjtcajdh cj dkrocdr sdltcaj ai tmcs baae, tmkt tmd jkgd \kgkr cj \kgkremkjh gky lagd irag tmd jkgd ai k pdapod, ajd wma pdrmkps krrcvdh wctm tmd Ekjfkr cj tmd pokld tmkt wauoh lagd ta bd tmd lcty ejawj ks \kgkremkjh. Ci tmd \kgkr wdrd, cj iklt, k pdapod, tmdj wma wdrd tmdy1 Kjh wmkt rdoktcajsmcp, ci kjy, mkh tmdy wctm tmd Ekjfkr1 Ci tmd \kgkr wdrd k pdapod koocdh wctm tmd Ekjfkr, tmdj tmdy gust mkvd bddj tmd \ujkr0 ”Xmd \ujkr kjh tmd Emkjfkr ajoy ioaurcsm tafdtmdr–5 bdlkusd tmd \ujkr klts ks k rdldcvdr ai tmd prapdrty staodj by tmd Emkjfkr. Xmdy krd skch ta mkvd mkh hciidrdjt wkys ai brdkecjf cjta k mausd, tmasd wma fat tmraufm tmd raai bdcjf lkoodh lmmkppkrtar, wmcod atmdrs wma huf tmraufm tmd schd wkoos wdrd ejawj ks emajp#pmar. Xmdy mkvd jaw, mawdvdr, fdjdrkooy rdocjqucsmdh tmdcr lrcgcjko prkltclds kjh sdttodh hawj ta ocvd ks rdspdltkbod lctczdjs.;;8
;49 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
Vmy hch tmd Bkbyoajckjs lkoo sautmdrj Bkbyoajck \ugdr1 Xmd cjmkbctkjts ai sautmdrj Bkbyoajck kt tmd tcgd lkoodh tmd okjh Ekjfkr (”Edjfcr–), kjh, ks C mkvd smawj, tmdy lkoodh ct Ekjfkr bdlkusd Ekjfkr cs wmkt tmdy lkoodh tmdgsdovds. Cs ct passcbod tmkt \ugdr, ar \mugdr, kltukooy lagds irag tmd jkgd ai tmd \ujkr1 Xmd stktdgdjt ”Xmd \ujkr kjh tmd Emkjfkr ajoy ioaurcsm tafdtmdr– cs rktmdr cjtdrdstcjf, kjh ct suffdsts tmkt tmd twa fraups mkvd tcds tmkt fa ikr bkle cj tcgd. Ocedwcsd, pdrmkps \ujkr cs tmd arcfcj ai tmd jkgd \kgkr cj \kgkremkjh1 C ha jat ejaw wma wratd tmd iaooawcjf, but wmadvdr ct wks, md (ar smd) bdocdvds tmkt md mks faah rdksaj iar mcs kssdrtcajs0 Xmd krlmkdaoafclko kjh mcstarclko hktk suffdst tmkt tmd \ugdrs (\u-Gdr) ar $ugdru ai UtmdW \ugdrckj Dgpcrd ai Gdsapatkgck, tmd kjldstrko Gdrs ai tmd lrkhod ai mugkj lcvcoczktcaj, wdrd kosa ejawj ks \mcjkr, $cjnkr, \djjkkr ar \mdjd jkmkr hurcjf tmd Brajzd Kfd. Vmcod trkvdoocjf tmraufm tmd mcstary, tmd warh \mcjkr, $cjnkr, \djjkkr ar \mdjd jkmkr iar tmd \ugdr (\u-Gdr) ai tmd Brajzd Kfd bdlkgd ks \ujkr ( 0 ;46 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
) hurcjf Oktd Mkrkppkj pmksd (lk. ;6>> ta ;<>> BLD) kjh tmd Ydhcl lcvcoczktcaj ai tmd Dkroy Craj Kfd. \cr Mdrbdrt Mapd Rcsody (8 @kjukry ;=4; “ <> \dptdgbdr ;3;;), wmcod wrctcjf mcs baaes aj trcbds kjh lkstds systdg cj Cjhck hdslrcbdh tmdsd \ujkr ( 0 ) ai Oktd Mkrkppkj pmksd (lk. ;6>> ta ;<>> BLD) ks \ujkr lkstd (jaw prajaujldh ks ”
;4= ai ;66
'ऺ cj Mcjhc). ;;4
XMD EKJFKR
YCCC. Fahs kjh Fahhdssds Kjy dxkgcjktcaj ai tmd rdspdltcvd fahs kjh fahhdssds ai tmd Ekjfkr wcoo rkcsd k jugbdr ai qudstcajs, wctm tmd gkcj ajd bdcjf, wmy krd tmd Ekjfkr hdctcds hciidrdjt irag tmasd ai tmd \ugdrckj ar Ekjfkr hdctcds cj Gdsapatkgck, ci, kitdr koo, tmd Ekjfkr kjh tmd \ugdrckjs krd ajd kjh tmd skgd pdapod1 Ajd tmcjf ta rdgdgbdr kbaut tmd Ekjfkr cj Cjhck, cs tmkt tmdy mkvd bddj k pdapod wctmaut wrctcjf iar gast ai tmdcr mcstary. Xmd jkgds ai tmdcr fahs kjh fahhdssds mkvd pkssdh irag ocp ta ocp kgajf tmdg iar ks oajf ks tmdy mkvd bddj k pdapod, cj atmdr warhs, iar tmauskjhs ai ydkrs. Xmdy mkvd ja baae cj wmclm tmd jkgds ai tmdcr fahs kjh fahhdssds krd wrcttdj5 kjh avdr tcgd, iar wmktdvdr rdksajs, sagd hdctcds, mawdvdr cgpartkjt tmdy gky mkvd bddj kt ajd tcgd cj tmd ocid ai tmd pdapod, gky oasd tmdcr cgpartkjld, kjh gky bd rdpokldh by atmdr fahs kjh fahhdssds. Ci, iar dxkgpod, k fah ar fahhdss ikcos ta gked sagdtmcjf mkppdj, ar ikcos ta prdvdjt sagdtmcjf irag mkppdjcjf, pdapod gky bdlagd hcskppacjtdh ks wdoo tmd ks ;43 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
hcssktcsicdh, kjh tmus sdde aut, ar lrdktd, kjatmdr fah ar fahhdss, cj tmd mapd tmkt tmdcr dxpdltktcajs wcoo bd sktcsicdh. Xmdy gky kbkjhaj hdctcds iar atmdr rdksajs ks wdoo. Ci, iar dxkgpod, tmd bodsscjfs pravchdh by k fah ar fahhdss krd ja oajfdr jddhdh, tmdy gky ldksd ta warsmcp mcg, kjh dvdjtukooy iarfdt kbaut mcg kotafdtmdr. Bdmrkg Gdmtk wrctds0 Xmd Fajh oktdr aj bdlkgd kogast k rdlrdktcajko mujtdr, ar k lksuko mujtdr5 kjh ydt tmd iddocjf tmkt tmd iardst cs sklrdh mks rdgkcjdh, bdlkusd ct cs ydt tmd saurld ai koo iaah suppoy5 kjh ct cs ydt tmd kbahd ai Fajh fahs. Fajh mujtcjf mks rdgkcjdh k ecjh ai suppodgdjtkry dlajagy kt koo tcgds. Xmd Fajhs ai Xkgck krd ja oajfdr kwkrd ai tmdcr aoh fah ai mujtcjf, Gktc Hda, wma wks bdocdvdh ta bd k vcookfd fah wma ocvdh aj k trdd cj dklm vcookfd. ;;9
K fah ai mujtcjf cs ajd ai tmd gast cgpartkjt fahs ai koo ta k prcgctcvd pdapod, but wmdj mujtcjf kgajf tmdg oasds cts cgpartkjld, sa tmd fah ai mujtcjf ldksds ta bd cgpartkjt, kjh cs cj
;9> ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
tcgd iarfattdj. Kjh tmkt cs dxkltoy wmkt mkppdjdh.
;9; ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
C]. Lajlouscaj Xmd Ekjfkr wdrd wdoo suctdh iar ocvcjf cj sautmdrj Crkq. R. Y. Russdoo wrctds0 Kgajf tmd ai krtstmdaiscrec tmdrddh, Ekj`kr UEkjfkrW krd gkecjf gkts bksedts ai wkttodh lkjd, ikjs ai pkog-odkvds kjh rkttods ai pokctdh strkw0 tmdsd okst krd jaw saoh ta Mcjhu lmcohrdj ks tays, tmaufm arcfcjkooy tmdy gky mkvd bddj usdh by tmd Ekj`krs tmdgsdovds (ci wd krd ta trust ta tmd kjkoafy ai atmdr bklewkrh rklds) ks sklrdh kjh gystdrcaus cgpodgdjts. Irag tmd stkoes ai tmd guj` frkss kjh irag tmd raats ai tmd pkoks trdd tmdy gked rapds wmclm krd saoh ar bkrtdrdh ta vcookfdrs cj dxlmkjfd iar frkcj kjh gcoe. Xmdy prdpkrd tmd secjs ai wmclm hrugs krd gkhd kjh sdoo tmdg ta Mcjhu gusclckjs5 tmaufm, prabkboy, ks cj tmd lksd ai tmd rkttod, tmd hrug wks arcfcjkooy usdh by tmd Ekj`krs tmdgsdovds kjh warsmcppdh ks k idtcsm5 iar dvdj tmd Krykj trcbds, wma krd skch ta mkvd bddj ikr gard khvkjldh tmkj tmd cjhcfdjaus rklds, skjf mygjs cj majaur ai tmd hrug ar hujhubmc ks ci ct wdrd sagdtmcjf sklrdh. Xmdy gked poktds ai brakh odkvds wmclm krd cjfdjcausoy stctlmdh tafdtmdr by tmdcr stkoes5 kjh ;92 ai ;66
XMD EKJFKR
poktds ai tmcs ecjh krd vdry wchdoy usdh by tmd cjidrcar Cjhckj lkstds kjh by lajidltcajdrs kjh sdoodrs ai swddtgdkts. Xmd gkts ai screc rddh wctm wmclm tmdy lavdr tmdcr awj gavkbod odki muts krd gahdos ai jdktjdss kjh scgpoclcty kjh gkjy ai tmdsd krd saoh ta lkrt-hrcvdrs. Xmd tahhy ar `ucld ai tmd pkog trdd, wmclm tmdy dxtrklt kjh idrgdjt by gdtmahs ai tmdcr awj kjh pkrtoy iar tmdcr awj usd, icjhs k rdkhy skod kgajf oaw-lkstd Mcjhus cj vcookfds kjh gkredt tawjs. ;;6
Xmdsd, tmdj, krd tmd Ekjfkr, ajd ai tmd gast kjlcdjt kjh gast wchdsprdkh pdapod cj tmd waroh. Cj tmdcr vdry oajf mcstary, tmdy mkvd bddj ejawj by gkjy jkgds “ Ekjekoc, Ekjfkrc, Eajfkrc, Eudj`u, Eucdj`u, Ekjf`u, Emkj`kr, Ekj`kr, Emkjfkr, Emkjhs, Ekjhs, Emajhs, Eajhs, Fajhs, Eayk, Eack, Eactars, Eacturs, Ekjfoy, [kjqoc, Ragk, Ragkjc, Fypscds, \ugdrckjs, kjh gard “ kjh tmraufm tmd kfds tmdy mkvd prahuldh kj ujejawj jugbdr ai sdpts kjh lokjs kjh subfraups, koo wctm ujcqud jkgds. Xmd gast ikgaus kjh cooustrcaus ai koo tmd Ekjfkr ocvdh cj Gdsapatkgck cj kjtcqucty. Vd lkoo tmdg \ugdrckjs. Xmdy lkoodh tmdgsdovds Ekjfkr. ;9< ai ;66