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Hå Anftnfqfgon# Eægpk2 Kd(Yfcckcw Kd(Yfcckcw## Ightfh2 „Nfpz‗# Tnk Alezfhglh tl Gpgqn Tpfdgtglhfc E{qga# E{qga# .Alpm# 6777'# 6?1( 1 Tngq zpfatgak `kofh tl dgk l{t gh tnk qkykhtkkhtn akht{pw( 4 F `pgki faal{ht gq ogykh gh Fzzkhdg~ G li tnk dkacghk li tnk gpk qtp{ho nfpz fhd tnk kiilptq li ghdgygd{fcq tl pkygyk fhd zpkqkpyk gt(

60

tnk a{ct{pfc qtft{q li tnk ghqtp{ekht fhd gtq zcfwkp( Tnk ghic{khak li tnk okhkpfc tpfdgtglhfc e{qga pkygyfc ngan `kofh gh tnk 679:q gcc `k k~zclpkd# fhd nl gt ckd tl f dpfeftga anfhok gh tnk pkzkptlgpk fhd gefok li tnk Gpgqn nfpz zcfwkp iple tnk 67?:q lhfpdq( Zpkqkht dfw tpkhdq gcc `k k~feghkd gh dktfgc# fhd ighfccw tnk pgtkp gcc alhqgdkp tnk ghqtp{ekht‗q zlqgtglh gtngh Gpgqn tpfdgtglhfc e{qga fq f nlck(

61

ZPKCGEGHFPW HLTKQ

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%Ygqgt tl tnk lpmqnlz li Alce L‗Ekfanfgp( [hpkalpdkd ghtkpygk .4tn B{cw# 0::1'(

64

%Fttkhdfhak ft [cqtkp Ickfdn# _fppkhzlght .09 tn%0?tn B{cw# 0::1'2 L`qkpyftglh L`qkpyftglh li Gpgqn nfpz alezktgtglhq( alezktgtglhq( L`qkpyftglh li tnk Gpgqn nfpz gh tnk z{` qkqqglh qgt{ftglh( Pkalpdkd ghtkpygk gtn Iglhh{fcf Pllhkw( %Pkalpdkd ghtkpygk gtn Zftpgagf Dfcw .0> tn B{cw# 0::1'( %Pkalpdkd ghtkpygk gtn Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh .16 qt B{cw# 0::1'( %Fttkhdfhak ft Tpfdgtglhfc E{qga Ikqtgyfc# Tnlefqtlh# Al( Mgcmkhhw .6qt F{o{qt# 0::1'( %Pkalpdkd ghtkpygk gtn Qçfe{q Efa Eftn{hf .> tn F{o{qt# 0::1'(

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Nfwfpd# Pganfpd2 Tnk Qtlp li tnk Gpgqn Nfpz# Nfpz# .D{`cgh# 67;4'( Fpeqtplho# Pl`kpt @p{ak2 Tnk Gpgqn fhd Ngoncfhd Nfpzq .Kdgh`{pon# 67:4'# 6:;( ? Znltlopfzn iple Pgeekp# Blfh2 Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz# Nfpz# .D{`cgh# 67??'# 97( > Tfwclp# _gccgfe2 Tpfdgtglhfc Tpfdgtglhfc fhd Ngqtlpgafc Qalttgqn Nfpzq# Nfpzq# (acfpqfan(hkt,@gcc\T  (acfpqfan(hkt,@gcc\Tfwclp,tpfdgtglhfc(nte fwclp,tpfdgtglhfc(nte## alhq{ctkd lh 6;(:7(:1( 9

69

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67

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Cfhgkp# Q( A(2 „ –Gt gq hk%qtp{ho fhd qnfh‗t `k nkfpd―2 hftglhfcgqe fhd ekelpw gh tnk Gpgqn nfpz tpfdgtglh‗# @pgtgqn tpfdgtglh‗# @pgtgqn Bl{phfc li Ktnhle{qgalclo# Ktnhle{qgalclo# ylc( ># .Egctlh Mkwhkq# 0:::'# 06( 6? @kamktt# B( A(2 F A(2 F Qnlpt Ngqtlp li Gpkcfhd # ?tn kd(# .Clhdlh# 67>9'# 7;%66?( 6> @lwdkcc# @fppf2 „Tnk Ikefck Nfpz2 Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz gh 6>tn% fhd Kfpcw% 67tn% Akht{pw Plefhtga Hftglhfcgqe‗# PgdGE,PAEG Hftglhfcgqe‗# PgdGE,PAEG Hkwqckttkp ^^,6 Hkwqckttkp ^^,6 .Hftglhfc [hgykpqgtw li Gpkcfhd# Efwhlltn Alcckok# Qzpgho 677;'# 66(

0:

dgiikpkhak gh pkcgoglh fq f opkftkp gqq{k tnfh qlagfc ghb{qtgak( Gh 6>:6 _kqteghqtkp zfqqkd tnk „Fat li [hglh‗# {hgtgho tnk @pgtgqn fhd Gpgqn zfpcgfekhtq fhd efmgho tnk cghm `ktkkh tnk tl al{htpgkq qtplhokp tnfh kykp( F hk mghd li hftglhfcgqe kekpokd gh tnk hghktkkhtn akht{pw# tngq tgek `fqgafccw Aftnlcga gh hft{pk( Tngq fq ghqtgoftkd `w Dfhgkc L‗Alhhkcc# nl gh 6>07 fq ghqtp{ekhtfc gh `pghogho f`l{t „Aftnlcga kefhagzftglh‗( Aftnlcgaq kpk hl fcclkd tl yltk fhd nfyk qkftq gh zfpcgfekht( Nlkykp# ghb{qtgakq kpk qtgcc zkpakgykd# ilp ghqtfhak gh cfhd lhkpqngz fhd gh tnk ifat tnft tnk Aftnlcga zkfqfhtpw fq qtgcc ilpakd tl zfw tgtnkq tl tnk Fhocgafh An{pan( Fitkp fh {hq{aakqqi{c pkzkfc li tnk {hglh gh tnk 6>4:q tnk egcgtfht Wl{ho Gpkcfhd elykekht kekpokd tl anfcckhok tnkqk gqq{kq( Iple tnkh tl tnk zpkqkht# hftglhfcgqe gh Gpkcfhd nfq `kkh qtplhocw fqqlagftkd gtn Aftnlcgagqe (67 Nl dgd tnkqk kykhtq fiikat e{qga gh Gpkcfhd gh tnk kfpcw hghktkkhtn akht{pw# tnk nfpz gh zfptga{cfp< Tnk ghtkpkqt gh Gpgqn fhtgv{fpgfhgqe qtgcc zkpqgqtkd# `{t tnk a{ct{pfc hftglhfcgqe li tnk cftk kgontkkhtn akht{pw dgd hlt( Tngq efw faal{ht zfptcw ilp tnk dgiiga{ctw gh i{hdgho tnk nfpz qlagktgkq( Gh ltnkp lpdq# Zpltkqtfhtq efw nfyk zkpakgykd tnke tl `k pkzpkqkhtftgyk li fh fcgkh fhd Aftnlcga ilpe li hftglhfcgqe( Tngq qgt{ftglh nfq f zfpfcckc gh tnk zpkqkht dfw# gcc{qtpftkd `w tnk pkakht dgiiga{ctw gh tnk i{hdgho li tnk @kcifqt Nfpz Lpankqtpf( Lpankqtpf(0: Lhk li tnk efgh fgeq li gtq il{hdkp# Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh# fq tl `pgho tloktnkp tnk tl alee{hgtgkq tl akck`pftk nft gq kqqkhtgfccw f qnfpkd nkpgtfok( Nlkykp# tnk okhkpfc zkpakztglh gq qtgcc tnft Gpgqn a{ct{pk .e{qga# cfho{fok# cgtkpft{pk fhd fpt' gq ghk~tpgaf`cw cghmkd gtn Aftnlcgagqe( I{ptnkpelpk# tl dgqtghat e{qgafc tpfdgtglhq k~gqtkd k~gqtkd gh Gpkcfhd gh tnk hghktkkhtn hghktkkhtn akht{pw2 p{pfc fhd {p`fh( Tnk p{pfc# hftgyk Gpgqn tpfdgtglh alezpgqkd efghcw li Ofkcga qlho# igddck fhd zgzk e{qga( Lh tnk ltnkp nfhd tnkpk fq tnk qlzngqtgaftkd tpfdgtglh li tnk efghcw {p`fh 67

G`gd# 667%616( nttz2,,(`kcifqtnfpzq(ale,bfhktnfp`gqlh,`glopfzngafc(nte## alhq{ctkd lh nttz2,,(`kcifqtnfpzq(ale,bfhktnfp`gqlh,`glopfzngafc(nte 6:(:4(:1( 0:

06

Fhocl%Gpgqn# nl ifyl{pkd fpt e{qga gezlptkd iple tnk K{plzkfh efghcfhd( efghcfhd (06 Z{`cga alhakptq ikft{pkd qlek kcc%mhlh ygpt{lqg# ilp k~fezck Zfofhghg# nl zkpilpekd gh D{`cgh fhd @kcifqt gh 6>16 (00 Tnk ghic{khak li ygqgtgho zkdfc nfpzgqtq# q{an fq @lanqf fhd Cf`fppk .6>06 fhd 6>07 pkqzkatgykcw'# 01 hl dl{`t alhtpg`{tkd tl tnk ghapkfqgho zlz{cfpgtw li tnft ghqtp{ekht# fclho gtn tnk zgfhl# ilp dpfgho%plle khtkptfghekht( khtkptfghekht( Tnk egddck fhd {zzkp acfqqkq fcql zplikqqkd fh ghtkpkqt gh ilcm e{qga( Tngq ghtkpkqt fq li fh fhtgv{fpgfh mghd fhd ofyk pgqk tl qkykpfc ylc{ekq li alcckatglhq tnpl{onl{t tnk akht{pw( Lhk li tnkqk fq Kdfpd @{htgho .6??1%6>41' .qkk Fzzkhdg~ G'# fhd tl ltnkp gezlptfht igo{pkq kpk Oklpok Zktpgk .6?>7%6>99' fhd Z( _( Blwak .6>0?%6764'(04 Nlkykp# tnk e{qga tnkw alcckatkd l{cd nfyk `kkh alhqgdkpkd tll pf fhd hfìyk gh gtq hft{pfc ilpe ilp tnk zlcgtk fhd a{ctgyftkd a{ctgyftkd Fhocl%Gpgqn dpfgho plle( Eldfc t{hkq kpk ilpakd ghtl tnk efblp fhd eghlp tlhfcgtw li _kqtkph fpt e{qga# gtn litkh {hqwezftnktga fhd kcf`lpftk zgfhl fppfhokekhtq# fhd nft kekpokd nfq litkh `kkh apgtgagqkd fq fh fptgigagfc# qfhgtgqkd ykpqglh li tnk hftgyk e{qga( 0; Tnk zlkt Tnlefq Ellpk .6??7%6>;0' {qkd tnkqk litkh ghfaa{pftk tpfhqapgztglhq ilp ngq lh ykpqkq . Gpgqn . Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq # 6>:>%6>14'# `lpplgho k~tkhqgykcw iple @{htgho( Tnk tkh ylc{ekq li ngq qlhoq fttfghkd opkft zlz{cfpgtw tnpl{onl{t tnk hghktkkhtn akht{pw# gh Gpkcfhd fhd Khocfhd( Tnk e{qga fq fppfhokd `w tnk ifqnglhf`ck alezlqkp Blnh Qtkykhqlh .6?90%6>11'# `{t q{iikpkd alhqgdkpf`ck alhqgdkpf`ck alhdkehftglh ilp gtq kcf`lpftk fhd anpleftga tpkftekht( Tnk alhtkezlpfpw apgtga Ofe`ck pkefpmkd# lh tnk fppfhokekhtq li `ltn Qtkykhqlh fhd @{htgho2

06

Dlpgq# Acglhf2 Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz Tpfdgtglh# Tpfdgtglh# 6?70%67:12 Pkygyfc fhd Zpkqkpyftglh .D(E{q( dgqqkptftglh# Ghdgfhf [hgykpqgtw Qanllc li E{qga# @clleghotlh# 677?'( 00 Nlofh# Gtf2 Fhocl%Gpgqn Gtf2 Fhocl%Gpgqn E{qga# 6?>:%6>1:# 6?>:%6>1:# .Alpm# 6799'# 001( 01 G`gd# 06># 006( 04 L‗@lwck# Qkfh2 Tnk Gpgqn Qlho Tpfdgtglh Tpfdgtglh## .Qnkppgkq# 67?9'# 60( 0; G`gd# 61(

00

Tnkw nfyk `ltn `{gct lh fh khtgpkcw plho il{hdftglh( Gt gq lhdkpi{c ghdkkd nl fhw ekh nl nfyk nkfptq gh tnkgp `lqleq qnl{cd `k ql ifp egqckd `w tnk kfp fq hlt tl zkpakgyk tnft hftgyk Gpgqn e{qga l{cd clqk gtq anfpe tnk ghqtfht tnft gt fq qnfamckd `w tnk qweznlhw fhd faalezfhgekht li eldkph fpt( Gt gq cgmk tfmgho tnk cfpm iple tnk ilpkqt fhd `gddgho gt zl{p ilptn gtq „lld hltkq gcd‗ gh f afok( 09 Ilp k~fezck# hltk tnk anpleftga zgfhl ghtpld{atglh tl Ellpk‗q „Qgckht# L Elwck& @k tnk plfp li tnw ftkp‗# fhd tnk {qk li tnk qnfpzkhkd qkykhtn gh tnk ekcldw ngan fq zpl`f`cw f`qkht gh tnk lpgoghfc # # ngan fq cgmkcw tl nfyk `kkh eldfc .qkk igo{pk 0 0?'(0> Fh fctkphftgyk ygk li Ellpk gq nkcd `w Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh# nl fqqkptq tnft tnk dkqapgztglh li tngq ghykhtkd mghd li zfpcl{p e{qga fq f „ilcm‗ lp „tpfdgtglhfc‗ okhpk gh gtq lh pgont# gq v{gtk yfcgd( Gh apgtgagqe li @pkfhdæh @pkftnhfan‗q ygk gh Ilcm gh Ilcm E{qga fhd Dfhakq li Gpkcfhd #07 qnk aleekhtq2 @pkftnhfan‗q dkighgtglh li „ilcm‗ gq fzzfpkhtcw cgegtkd tl tnk cf`l{pgho hftgyk acfqqkq# fq nk l`ygl{qcw alhqgdkpq fhw fqzkat li e{qga…fqqlagftkd gtn tnk fpgqtlapfaw tl `k {hfaakztf`ck( {hfaakztf`ck( Gh tngq pkofpd# G zlqk tnk v{kqtglh2 dkqzgtk tnk litkh fpgqtlapftga lpgoghq li f tpfdgtglh# dlkq gt lhcw v{fcgiw fq „ilcm‗ nkh gt nfq igctkpkd tnpl{on tnk qlagfc acfqqkq tl tnk clkqt lpdkpq< Gt qkkeq tnft tnk qzlmkqzklzck qzlmkqzklzck ilp Gpgqn e{qga fpk acfqq pkqtpgatgyk( 1:

09

Ofe`ck2 Qlagkt fhd Efhhkpq gh tnk Hlptn li Gpkcfhd # v{ltkd gh Nlofh# Gtf2 Fhocl%Gpgqn E{qga# E{qga # 6?>:%6>1:# 6?>:%6>1:# .Alpm# 6799'# 7;( Nlofh dlkq hlt zplygdk tnk dftk li tnk v{ltftglh( 0? K~tpfat iple Kd( Oclykp# B( _(2 _(2 Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq# .D{`cgh# 6>;7'# 70%71( 0> Agfpæh Afpqlh v{ltkq Zkpaw Opfhokp# nl alcckatkd ilcm qlhoq gh Khocfhd ft tnk t{ph li tnk tkhtgktn akht{pw# akht{pw# fhd il{hd tnft qghokpq {qkd „lhk qghock cllqkcw%mhgt eldfc ilcm%qlho qafck‗# gh ngan tnk tngpd fhd qkykhtn ghtkpyfcq kpk „e{tf`ck fhd yfo{k‗( Afpqlh hltkq2 „Tngq fzzcgkq kv{fccw kcc tl Gpgqn qghogho‗ .Afpqlh# Agfpæh2 Zlamkt O{gdk tl Gpgqn Tpfdgtglhfc E{qga .@kcifqt# 67>9'# 96'( 07 @pkftnhfan# @pkfhdæh2 Ilcm @pkfhdæh2 Ilcm E{qga fhd Dfhakq li Gpkcfhd # .D{`cgh# 67?6'( 1: Nfp`gqlh# Bfhkt2 „Nfpzgqtq# Nfpzkpq lp Nfpzkkq<‗# Aplq`nkfcfan Fh Anklgc2 Tpfdgtglh fhd Anfhok gh Gpgqn Tpfdgtglhfc E{qga# E{qga# f zfzkp zpkqkhtkd ft tnk Aplqqplfdq Alhikpkhak# 6779# Alckpfghk [hgykpqgtw(

01

Igo{pk 02 K~tpfat iple Ellpk‗q „Qgckht L Elwck& @k tnk Plfp li tnw

_ftkp‗

04

Nfp`gqlh nfq faalezfhgkd tnk tkhlp Bfekq _( Icfhhkpw lh tnk Gpgqn nfpz# gh f pkakht pkalpdgho li f qkckatglh li Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq( Ekcldgkq (16 Ellpk‗q ykpqkq kpk li f qkhtgekhtfc# hlqtfcoga hft{pk# gh mkkzgho gtn tnk Fhocl%Gpgqn dgqzlqgtglh# li ngan f qkci%ghd{cokht cfho{gqngho gh f „Akctga‗ olcdkh fok fq f anfpfatkpgqtga ikft{pk# gh fh gdkfcgqkd ykpqglh li fat{fc ngqtlpw( Fq _fctkp Qaltt dgd ilp Qaltcfhd# Ellpk efdk Gpkcfhd plefhtga# fhd lh lhk ckykc tnk qlhoq fpk fcql zftpgltga( Ngq {qk li tnk nfpz fq f qwe`lc# kgtnkp tl pkzpkqkht Gpkcfhd gtqkci lp Gpkcfhd‗q „oclpgl{q‗ zfqt zpglp tl Khocfhd‗q p{ck# gq ykpw aleelh( Tnk ilcclgho qtfhrf# ilp ghqtfhak# gq kcc%mhlh2 Tnk nfpz tnft lhak tnpl{on Tfpf‗q nfccq Tnk ql{c li e{qga qnkd# Hl nfhoq fq e{tk lh Tfpf‗q fccq# Fq gi tnft ql{c kpk ickd( Ql qckkzq tnk zpgdk li ilpekp cfwq# Ql oclpw‗q tnpgcc gq l‗kp# Fhd nkfptq# tnft lhak `kft ngon ilp zpfgqk# Hl ikkc tnft z{cqk hl elpk( 10 Ellpk zpld{akd fh gcc{qtpftkd ykpqglh li ngq Gpgqn Ekcldgkq gh 6>49# gtn khopfyghoq `w tnk fptgqt Dfhgkc Efacgqk (11 Tnk fptlpm gq iclkpw fhd lphftk# gtn e{an qwe`lcga {qk li tnk nfpz( Ilp ghqtfhak gh „Tnk Nfpz tnft Lhak tnpl{on Tfpf‗q Nfccq‗ f `fpd gq dkzgatkd gh fh gdwccga „Akctga‗ qkttgho .igo{pk 1 14'( „Kpgh# tnk Tkfp fhd tnk Qegck gh Tnghk Kwkq‗# gq gcc{qtpftkd gtn fhltnkp aleelh hghktkkhtn%akht{pw gefok# tnk Efgd li Kpgh# cfho{gqngho qfdcw lykp nkp nfpz( Tnk ghqtp{ekht gq gh anfghq# pkzpkqkhtgho Gpkcfhd {hdkp ilpkgoh dleghftglh dleghftglh .igo{pk 4 1;'( Gh tnk gcc{qtpftglh tnft faalezfhgkq

16

Icfhhkpw# Bfekq _( fhd Nfp`gqlh# Bfhkt2 Dkfp Bfhkt2 Dkfp Nfpz li e Al{htp= tnk Gpgqn Ekcldgkq li Tnlefq Ellpk# Ellpk# .KQQ(F(W Pkalpdghoq# AD6:;?,;>'( 10 Kd( B(_( Oclykp2 Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq# .D{`cgh# 6>;7'# 06%0( 11 @lwdkcc# @fppf2 „Tnk Ikefck Nfpz2 Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz gh 6>tn% fhd Kfpcw 67tn%Akht{pw Plefhtga Hftglhfcgqe‗# PgdGE,PAEG Hftglhfcgqe‗# PgdGE,PAEG Hkwqckttkp ^^,6# Hkwqckttkp ^^,6# .Hftglhfc [hgykpqgtw li Gpkcfhd# Efwhlltn Alcckok# Qzpgho 677;'( 14 Gcc{qtpftglh iple Ellpk# Tnlefq2 Gpgqn Tnlefq2 Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq # gcc{qtpftkd `w D( Efacgqk# „Hk Kdgtglh‗# .Clhdlh# 6>99'# 61( 1; G`gd# ;(

0;

Igo{pk 12 Dfhgkc Efacgqk‗q gcc{qtpftglh ilp „Tnk Nfpz tnft Lhak

tnpl{on Tfpf‗q Nfcc‗# iple Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq # 6>49 kdgtglh

09

Igo{pk 42 Dfhgkc Efacgqk‗q gcc{qtpftglh ilp „Kpgh# tnk Tkfp fhd tnk

Qegck gh Tnghk Kwkq‗# iple Ellpk‗q Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq # 6>49 kdgtglh

0?

„Tnk Eghqtpkc @lw‗# f `fttck gq dkzgatkd# tnk `lw ac{tangho f nfpz gtn `plmkh qtpghoq .igo{pk ; 19'( Tnkpk fpk efhw elpk k~fezckq gtn qgegcfp gefokpw( Ellpk‗q zlz{cfpgtw gtn tnk Fhocl%Gpgqn# ogykh tnk hftglhfcgqt alhtkht li ngq qlhoq fhd tnk ifat tnft nk ngeqkci fq f Aftnlcga# qkkeq qleknft zfpfdl~gafc gh tnk cgont li tnk zlcgtgafc qgt{ftglh dkqapg`kd f`lyk( Gt e{qt `k keznfqgqkd# nlkykp# tnft tnk hftglhfcgqe fq li f alezcktkcw dgiikpkht anfpfatkp tl tnft li kgtnkp tnk [hgtkd Gpgqnekh lp tnk Wl{ho Gpkcfhdkpq( F tngpd# plefhtga# qkhtgekhtfc ilpe li hftglhfcgqe fq kekpogho# faakztf`ck tl tnk zlcgtk tfqtkq li tnk dpfgho%plle( Tnkpk fq hltngho gh Ellpk‗q ykpqkq tl tnpkftkh tnk qtft{q v{l( Lh tnk alhtpfpw# v{gtk tnk lzzlqgtk laa{ppkd( Ifp iple `lcqtkpgho f Aftnlcga hftglhfcgqt hftglhfcgqt af{qk# ngq Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq # d{k tl tnkgp zlz{cfpgtw gtn tnk Khocgqn fhd Fhocl%Gpgqn# kpk .fhd qtgcc fpk' fqqlagftkd `w efhw gtn alclhgfc lzzpkqqglh( 1? _nftkykp tnk e{qgafc# ktngafc lp zlcgtgafc b{dokekhtq li Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq # tnkw fpk ngoncw pkckyfht tl tnk qt{dw li tnk Gpgqn nfpz( Fctnl{on tnk ghqtp{ekht nfd f qefcc plck gh tnk hghktkkhtn akht{pw gh tkpeq li gtq fat{fc {qk# Ellpk q{aakkdkd gh pfgqgho gt tl galhga qtft{q tnpl{on gtq plefhtga zlptpfwfc gh ngq z{`cgaftglhq( Tngq qkhtgekhtfc# hlqtfcoga hlqtfcoga fhd litkh ikeghghk gefok li tnk Gpgqn nfpz zkpqgqtkd kcc ghtl tnk tkhtgktn akht{pw( Tnk ghqtp{ekht fq akptfghcw mkzt gh ngon zpligck gh zklzck‗q eghdq ft ckfqt( _nktnkp lp hlt tnk hft{pk li tngq zpligck gq nkczi{c tl eldkph%dfw zkpilpekpq li tnk ghqtp{ekht gq fhltnkp gqq{k# ngan gcc `k fddpkqqkd cftkp gh tnk dgqqkptftglh(

19

G`gd# 6::( Qkk Icfhhkpw# Bfekq _2 „Dkfp Nfpz li E Al{htp‗2 Tnk Gpgqn Ekcldgkq li Tnlefq Ellpk .Hfqnygcck# 677?'( 1?

0>

Igo{pk ;2 Dfhgkc Efacgqk‗q gcc{qtpftglh ilp „Tnk Eghqtpkc @lw‗# iple

Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq # 6>49 kdgtglh

07

ANFZTKP TNPKK

A{ct{pfc pkhkfc Tnk ifeghk gh Gpkcfhd pkfankd gtq nkgont `ktkkh 6>4; fhd 6>47( Gt nfd f dkyfqtftgho kiikat lh fcc fqzkatq li Gpgqn qlagktw# kqzkagfccw p{pfc( Tl fhd f nfci egccglh zklzck kpk clqt tl qtfpyftglh# dgqkfqk lp kegopftglh d{pgho tngq zkpgld# fhd gh tnk hk~t dkafdk tnk kegopftglh igo{pkq plqk tl fcelqt tngptw zkpakht( 1> Gh tnk 6>7:q# nkh tnk al{htpw ighfccw `kofh tnk clho zplakqq li pkalykpw# f a{ct{pfc pkhfgqqfhak fq `lph( Tnk Ofkcga Ckfo{k fq kqtf`cgqnkd `w Dl{ocfq Nwdk fhd Klgh EaHkgcc gh 6>71# fhd fgekd tl zpleltk tnk Gpgqn cfho{fok fq kcc fq ghqtp{ekhtfc e{qga# qlho fhd dfhak# fhd gh 67:1 tnk Gpgqn Ilcm Qlho Qlagktw fq ilpekd( Gh tnk igpqt tl dkafdkq li tnk tkhtgktn akht{pw qkykpfc qanlcfpcw lpmq pfgqgho tnk ffpkhkqq li tnk Gpgqn nfpz kpk z{`cgqnkd# qzkagigafccw Fpeqtplho‗q Tnk Gpgqn fhd Ngoncfhd Nfpzq .67:4'# Iclld‗q Tnk Qtlp li tnk Nfpz .67:;'# Egccgofh Il~‗q Fhhfcq Il~‗q Fhhfcq li tnk Gpgqn Nfpzkpq .6766' fhd L‗Hkgcc‗q Gpgqn L‗Hkgcc‗q Gpgqn Eghqtpkcq fhd E{qgagfhq .6761'( _nft anfpfatkpgqkd tnkqk lpmq fq f elyk ffw iple tnk qkhtgekhtfc fhd plefhtga zlptpfwfc li Gpgqn e{qga .tnk nfpz gh zfptga{cfp' gh tnk hghktkkhtn akht{pw# tl qanlcfpqngz li f elpk qkpgl{q fhd q{`qtfhtgfc hft{pk( Tnk Ofkcga Ckfo{k kqtf`cgqnkd tnk Lgpkfantfq 17 gh D{`cgh gh 6>7?( Tnk zplopfeek ilp tnk igpqt li tnkqk ikqtgyfcq alhqgqtkd li alezktgtglhq alezktgtglhq .elqtcw li f cgtkpfpw hft{pk' ghtkpqzkpqkd gtn e{qgafc gtkeq lh tnk zgzkq fhd tnk Gpgqn nfpz( Tnk il{p nfpz qlclq fpk cgqtkd fq „qkckatkd‗ ekcldgkq# zkpilpekd `w Epq( Mkhhw# Ifhtfqgf lh Gpgqn Fgpq# „kqzkagfccw pgttkh ilp tnk Lgpkfantfq‗# Lgpkfantfq‗# zkpilpekd `w Ep( Lkh Cclwd# Clyk Cclwd# Clyk gh Qkapkt iple Qkapkt iple tnk @{htgho alcckatglh fhd Tnk Mgqqgho Eftan .f E{hqtkp bgo'# fofgh `w Epq( Mkhhw# fhd ighfccw# @pgfh

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Ñ nFccen{pægh# Okfpñgd2 F Okfpñgd2 F Zlamkt Ngqtlp li Gpgqn Tpfdgtglhfc E{qga# E{qga# .D{`cgh# 677>'# >1%>4( 17 „Gpgqn cgtkpfpw ikqtgyfc‗

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@lplgnek‗q Efpan# Efpan# „gcc{qtpftgho tnk fdyfhak fhd pktgpkekht li f tpllz li fppglpq‗#4: zcfwkd `w Ep( Lkh Cclwd( 46 Gh 67:1 tnk a{ct{pfc pkygyfc fq fcql ikct gh @kcifqt( Eke`kpq li tnk Cghkh Nfcc Cg`pfpw# tnk ykh{k li tnk Nfpz Ikqtgyfc li 6?70# kpk zpleztkd tl lpofhgqk f akhtkhfpw akck`pftglh# ngan fq fat{fccw nkcd lh f dftk tl efpm tnk cg`pfpw‗q elyk tl hk zpkegqkq( Ekelpf`gcgf li tnk 6?70 ikqtgyfc kpk lh dgqzcfw# ghac{dgho tnk nfpzq li L‗Hkgcc fhd Nkezqlh# fhd tnkpk fq fcql fh k~ng`gtglh li nfpzq `w tnk alhtkezlpfpw @kcifqt efmkp# Bfekq EaIfcc .qkk Fzzkhdg~ GG'( Kfan kykhgho ilp f kkm alhakptq kpk ogykh# fhd fctnl{on kcc fttkhdkd# lhcw qg~ nfpzgqtq zkpilpekd( Tnkw kpk Lkh Cclwd .lhk li tnk zkpilpekpq ft tnk igpqt Lgpkfantfq dkqapg`kd f`lyk'# Efcfanw EaIfcc# tnk Egqqkq Dfygq# Mkpgh fhd Efo{gpk# fhd Epq( Tlhkp(40 Tnk pgtkp nfq `kkh {hf`ck tl ighd ghilpeftglh ghilpeftglh alhakphgho tnkgp pkzkptlgpk( Gh 6>7? tnk Ikgq tnk Ikgq Aklgc .„e{qga Aklgc .„e{qga ikqtgyfc‗# eldkcckd lh tnk _kcqn Kgqtkddild ' fq il{hdkd `w Dp F( _( Zfttkpqlh #41 tl zpleltk fhd ilqtkp `ltn fpt fhd tpfdgtglhfc e{qga( Iple tnk `koghhgho alezktgtglhq alezktgtglhq nfyk `kkh nkcd ilp zkdfc nfpz( Tnk kfpcw zplopfeekq cgqt tkqt zgkakq ilp tnk ghqtp{ekht# q{an fq F{t{eh# F{t{eh# `w Blnh Tnlefq( Tnk igpqt Ikgq igpqt Ikgq Aklgc ghac{dkd Aklgc ghac{dkd f „qzkagfc zpgrk‗ ilp tnk „zkpilpefhak li lcd Gpgqn fgpq lh tnk nfpz‗# `{t tnk mghd li nfpz {qkd fq hlt qzkagigkd( Fh ghtkpkqtgho acfqq fq liikpkd# d{pgho tnk igpqt wkfp# gh tnk qkatglh ilp „Alezktgtglhq li Fpanklclogafc Ghtkpkqt‗2 f acfqq ilp „tnk Gpgqn _gpk Qtp{ho Nfpz# fhw qgrk‗( Zpgrkghhkpq‗ hfekq ilp kfan alezktgtglh kpk fcfwq z{`cgqnkd gh tnk ilcclgho wkfp‗q zplopfeek# `{t gh tngq afqk hl zpgrk%ghhkp gq ekhtglhkd# zpkq{ef`cw kgtnkp `kaf{qk tnkpk kpk hl khtpgkq lp `kaf{qk tnk qtfhdfpd fq hlt ngon khl{on tl ekpgt f zpgrk( Gh fhw kykht# tnk acfqq fq hlt liikpkd fofgh( 4:

Zpl`f`cw @pgfh Zpl`f`cw @pgfh @lpò‗q @lpò‗q Efpan# Efpan # iple tnk @{htgho alcckatglh( Zplopfeek ilp tnk Lgpkfantfq# Lgpkfantfq # lp Gpgqn Cgtkpfpw Ikqtgyfc# nkcd gh tnk Pl{hd Plle# Plt{hdf# D{`cgh# lh Elhdfw 6?tn Efw# 6>7?( 40 Efokk# Blnh2 Tnk Nkpgtfok li tnk Nfpz# Nfpz# .@kcifqt# 6770'# 0>( 41 G`gd# >6%>0( 46

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Gh tnk ilcclgho wkfp .6>7>' tnk „Qefcc Gpgqn Nfpz‗ .o{t%qtp{ho' gq ekhtglhkd ilp tnk igpqt tgek( Nlkykp# gt gq hlt {htgc 67:6 tnft zpgrk% ghhkpq fpk cgqtkd( Ft igpqt alezktgtlpq kpk qtgz{cftkd tl anllqk tnkgp lh zgkakq# ngan nfd tl `k „Gpgqn gh anfpfatkp‗# `{t iple 67:4 pkv{gpkekhtq kpk kpk elpk ilpefcgqkd( Qt{dgkq fhd zgkakq zgkakq kpk qzkagigkd iple zfptga{cfp z{`cgaftglhq `w Eltnkp Fttpfatf Aliikw2 44 0? Qt{dgkq fhd Ekcldgkq ilp Gpgqn Nfpz# Nfpz # fhd tngq fq tnk afqk {htgc ft ckfqt 6760( Iclld ogykq fh k~fezck li lhk li Eltnkp Fttpfatf‗q fppfhokekhtq2 f ykpqglh ilp qefcc nfpz li Ellpk‗q qlho „Alek# Pkqt gh tngq @lqle‗ .qkk igo{pk 9 4;'# fhd gt gq fh ghdgaftglh li nft egont nfyk `kkh zcfwkd ft tnk Ikgq tnk Ikgq Aklgc( Gi tngq fppfhokekht gq alezfpkd tl tnk lpgoghfc gh Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq .igo{pk ?49'# f olld k~fezck gq zplygdkd li nl fh Gpgqn nfpz zcfwkp ft tngq tgek efw nfyk fdfztkd f ekcldw iple lhk li tnk efhw hghktkkhtn%akht{pw alcckatglhq tnft l{cd nfyk `kkh fyfgcf`ck( Ellpk‗q fppfhokekht gq v{gtk qzfpqk gh tk~t{pk gtn v{gtk `{qw alhtgh{l{q v{fykpq# `{t tnk nfpz ykpqglh‗q i{cc# c{qn apltankt anlpdq# efhw li ngan l{cd nfyk zpl`f`cw `kkh fpzkoogftkd gh gegtftglh li Plefhtga zkdfc nfpz e{qga# fpk ykpw gdgleftga tl tnk ghqtp{ekht( Fcql# fqq{egho tnft tnk nfpz nfd qkegtlhk%ckykpq .qkk qkatglh `kcl lh nfpz efmkpq'# tnk tl A! faagdkhtfcq al{cd `k efhfokd v{gtk kfqgcw( Igo{pk > qnlq tnk zpgrk%ghhkpq gh tnk Ikgq tnk Ikgq Aklgc gh Aklgc gh tnk qefcc Gpgqn nfpz aftkolpw# iple 67:: tl 6766( 4? Gt gcc `k hltgakd tnft lhk li tnk 44

Fh faalezcgqnkd nfpzgqt fhd Egqtpkqq li E{qga ft Clpktl F``kw# F``kw# Pftnifphnfe( Qkk Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt# Qnkgcf2 Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz @llm # .Alpm fhd D{`cgh# 67?;'# 017( 4; K~tpfat iple Iclld# _( _( N( Opfttfh2 Tnk Qtlp li tnk Nfpz .Clhdlh# 67:;'# 6;4% 6;;( Qnkgcf Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt hltkq gh Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz @llm .Alpm @llm .Alpm fhd D{`cgh 67?;'# 017# tnft Eltnkp Fttpfatf‗q ekcldgkq kpk fcql zpghtkd fq zgfhl fppfhokekhtq( Iclld gq cgmkcw tl nfyk l`tfghkd tnk k~tpfat iple lhk li tnkqk z{`cgaftglhq# fq gt qtftkq „Zgfhl‗ hk~t tl tnk qtfyk( Nlkykp# gt qtgcc fzzkfpq ykpw e{an tl `k f nfpz fppfhokekht fq qlek li tnk anlpdq nfyk tll gdk f qzpkfd tl `k zcfwkd aleilptf`cw lh tnk zgfhl# `{t l{cd `k v{gtk zlqqg`ck lh tnk nfpz( 49 K~tpfat iple Kd( Oclykp# B( _(2 _(2 Ellpk‗q Gpgqn Ekcldgkq# Ekcldgkq# .D{`cgh# 6>;7'# 161%4( 4? Tnk pgtkp fq f`ck tl ofgh faakqq tl tnk zplopfeek ilp tnk igpqt Lgpkfantfq fhd tl tnk zplopfeekq ilp tnk Ikgq tnk Ikgq Aklgc iple Aklgc iple 6>7?%6760( Tnkqk zplopfeekq nfyk zplygdkd tnk ql{pak li fcc ghilpeftglh pgttkh f`lyk# pkcftgho tl tnkqk kykhtq d{pgho tngq zkpgld(

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Igo{pk 92 Tnk ekcldw li Ellpk‗q „Alek# Pkqt gh tngq @lqle‗#

fppfhokd `w Eltnkp Fttpfatf Fttpfatf Aliikw

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Igo{pk ?2 Ellpk‗q „Alek Pkqt gh tngq @lqle‗

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Igo{pk >2 Zpgrk ghhkpq gh tnk Ikgq tnk Ikgq

Aklgc gh Aklgc gh tnk qefcc Gpgqn nfpz

aftkolpw# iple 67:: tl 6766

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zpgrk%ghhkpq gh 67:;# Efcfang EaIfcc# fcql zkpilpekd ft tnk @kcifqt Nfpz Ikqtgyfc tl wkfpq zpkygl{qcw( Gt gq fcql ghtkpkqtgho tl hltk tnk zpkdleghfhak zpkdleghfhak li ikefck hfekq( Gi tnk gpk qtp{ho tpfdgtglh nfd `kkh f cfpokcw efck dlefgh# tngq cgqt akptfghcw fzzkfpq tl `k fh kfpcw ghdgaftglh li tnk o{t qtp{ho ghqtp{ekht‗q fzzplzpgftglh `w tnk ikefck okhdkp( Tngq gq zkpnfzq hlt q{pzpgqgho alhqgdkpgho tnk ghqtp{ekht fq lpgoghfccw dkykclzkd dkykclzkd zpgefpgcw ilp feftk{p dpfgho%plle khtkptfghekht fhd# cgmk tnk zkdfc nfpz# zlz{cfp gtn a{ct{pkd cfdgkq( Alhakphgho tnk Gpgqn nfpz alezktgtglhq nkcd ft tnk Lgpkfantfq fhd Ikgq Aklgc # tnk alhtkezlpfpw f{tnlp Iclld pkefpmkd2 …tnk ikkcgho gq gppkqgqtg`cw `lphk lh tnk gezfptgfc l`qkpykp tnft# qfyk fq f efttkp li qkhtgekht# qkhtgekht# tnk Gpgqn nfpz nfq `kkh l{qtkd gh zlz{cfp agpackq `w tnk zgfhlilptk fhd yglcgh( yglcgh(4> Qgegcfpcw# L‗Hkgcc hltkd2 Faakztgho tnk dkapkk tnft tnk zgfhl nfq zkpefhkhtcw q{zzcfhtkd tnk nfpz gh zlz{cfp ifylp# tnk zpleltkpq ]li tnk pkygyfcU nfyk gqkcw dgpkatkd tnkgp khkpogkq gh ltnkp anfhhkcq( anfhhkcq (47

Anfpclttk Egccgofh Il~ hltkd tnft tnk t{ph li tnk akht{pw ngqtlpgfh# tnk Pky( Elhqgohlp L‗Cfykptw li Nlcwlld# fq f zpghagzfc ilpak `knghd tnk efmgho li Gpgqn nfpzq gh @kcifqt ft tngq tgek# fhd „`lcdcw fdylaftkd tnk ghtpld{atglh li tnk ghqtp{ekht ghtl Hftglhfc Qanllcq# ghqtkfd li tnk qv{kfmw nfpelhg{e fhd tghmcgho zgfhlq ql litkh il{hd‗( ;: Qnk alhtgh{kq2 Tnpl{on ngq khtkpzpgqk fhd fdylafaw# fhd tnk q{zzlpt li tnk Ofkcga Ckfo{k fhd Ikgq Aklgc 4>

Iclld# _( N( Opfttfh2 Tnk Qtlp li tnk Nfpz# Nfpz# .Clhdlh# 67:;'# 6;1( L‗Hkgcc# Afzt( Ipfhagq2 Gpgqn Ipfhagq2 Gpgqn Eghqtpkcq fhd E{qgagfhq# E{qgagfhq# .Alpm fhd D{`cgh# 67>?'# pkzpght li lpgoghfc 6761 kdgtglh# 4?9( ;: Egccgofh Il~# Anfpclttk2 Fhhfcq Anfpclttk2 Fhhfcq li tnk Gpgqn Nfpzkpq# Nfpzkpq # .Clhdlh# 6766'# ;7( 47

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Aleegttkkq# Aleegttkkq# tnk Gpgqn nfhd nfpz gq hlt l`qlcktk# fhd kykh gh Clhdlh gt gq laafqglhfccw nkfpd fq fh faalezfhgekht tl qlho ft tnk alhakptq li tnk Ilcm Qlho fhd Gpgqn Cgtkpfpw Qlagktgkq( ;6 Tnkqk pkefpmq fpk ghdgaftgyk li tnk qgt{ftglh ngan zkptfghkd tnpl{onl{t tnk igpqt nfci li tnk tkhtgktn akht{pw( Tnk Gpgqn nfpz fq `kgho pkygykd# gh gtq hk# o{t%qtp{ho ilpe# fhd fq ofghgho zlz{cfpgtw .qkk Fzzkhdg~ Fzzkhdg~ GG ilp f dkqapgztglh li Gpgqn nfpzq `kgho efdk ft tnft tgek'( Nlkykp# gtq {qk fq qtgcc cgegtkd tl f agpack li khtn{qgfqtq# nlqk efgh plck fq lhk li zpkqkpyftglh# li qfygho tnk nfpz iple k~tghatglh# pftnkp tnfh ghqtgoftgho f tp{k pkygyfc(

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G`gd# 9:(

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ANFZTKP IL[P

Tnk Alhykht Qanllcq Tnk a{ct{pfc pkhkfc ft tnk t{ph li tnk akht{pw okhkpfccw nfd f zlqgtgyk gezfat lh tpfdgtglhfc e{qga# fc`kgt gh {p`fh Gpkcfhd( ;0 Q{zzlptkd `w f qnlpt zkpgld li kalhlega qtf`gcgtw# tnk Ofkcga Ckfo{k kqtf`cgqnkd kqtf`cgqnkd `pfhankq tnpl{onl{t tnk al{htpw fq kcc fq gh Gpgqn alee{hgtgkq alee{hgtgkq gh @pgtfgh( Tnk igpqt ilpefcgqkd khqke`ckq kpk apkftkd# nkpk e{qga fq zplygdkd ilp Ofkcga Ckfo{k oftnkpghoq# dfhak nfccq fhd pkcgogl{q ikqtgyfcq( Tnkpk kpk fcql ekdgf fdyfhakq gh pfdgl# awcghdkp pkalpdghoq fhd ?> pze pkalpdq# ql tnft e{qgagfhq q{an fq Qcgol igddckp Eganfkc Alckefh# nl kegopftkd tl Hk Wlpm gh 6764# litkh tnl{ont tl `k tnk elqt ghic{khtgfc Gpgqn e{qgagfh li tnk tkhtgktn akht{pw# al{cd pkfan gdk f{dgkhakq( ;1 Kykhtq gh 6769 kpk zgyltfc gh tnkgp ghic{khak lh Gpgqn tpfdgtglhfc e{qga( Tnk zlcgtgafc zfptw Qghh Içgh;4 cf{hankd fh fpekd pk`kccglh# mhlh fq tnk „Kfqtkp Pgqgho‗# ckfdgho tl tnk _fp li Ghdkzkhdkhak gh 6767# ghylcygho tnk Gpgqn Pkz{`cgafh Fpew( F tp{ak fq pkfankd gh 6706 nkh tnk Fhocl%Gpgqn tpkftw fq qgohkd( [hdkp gtq tkpeq# tkhtw%qg~ al{htgkq fangkykd ghdkzkhdkhak .mhlh fq tnk „Gpgqn Ipkk Qtftk‗'# ckfygho qg~ al{htgkq gh [cqtkp gtn f zpkdleghfhtcw Zpltkqtfht zlz{cftglh# zfpt li tnk [hgtkd Mghodle( F agygc fp ilcclkd# pkq{ctgho gh opkft qlagfc fhd kalhlega ghqtf`gcgtw gh e{an li Gpkcfhd( Tngq zkpqgqtkd ilp f`l{t tnk hk~t 1: wkfpq# fhd nfd f dkyfqtftgho kiikat lh Gpgqn tpfdgtglhfc e{qga( Igpqtcw# efhw elpk e{qgagfhq kpk clqt tnpl{on kegopftglh( Qkalhdcw# tnlqk zklzck nl pkefghkd gh Gpkcfhd kpk khal{pfokd `w Kfelh dk Yfckpf# ;; fq f ekfhq li q{pygygho tnk zlykptw# hlt tl nfhmkp fitkp eftkpgfc kfctn `{t ;0

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Tnk ektnldq `w ngan tnkw qkt l{t tl fangkyk tnkgp l`bkatgyk li „pkqtlpgho tnk Gpgqn nfpz tl gtq zcfak li nlhl{p‗ kpk dkqapg`kd tl tnk pgtkp `w Qnkgcf Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt2 Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt2 6( Tl tkfan tkfan fhd ilqtk ilqtkpp ckfphg ckfphgho( ho( 0( Tl nlcd nlcd z{`c z{`cga ga zkpi zkpilpe lpefha fhakq( kq( 1( Tl zpkqkpyk zpkqkpyk nft nft fq ckit ckit li tnk tnk tpkfq{pw tpkfq{pw li li Gpgqn nfpz nfpz e{qga e{qga gh efh{qapgztq( 4( Tl z{`cgqn z{`cgqn fppfho fppfhokekh kekhtq tq fhd f t{tlp t{tlp .ft .ft tngq tgek tgek tnkpk tnkpk fq fq hl e{qga gh zpght q{gtf`ck ilp zcfwgho lh tnk Gpgqn nfpz'( ;( Tl khal{pfo khal{pfokk hk alezl alezlqgtg qgtglhq lhq ilp ilp tnk ghqtp ghqtp{ekht {ekht(( _ngck tnk il{hdkpq kpk kcc ffpk tnft gh tnk „olcdkh fok‗ li tnk nfpz gh Gpkcfhd tnk ghqtp{ekht fq qtp{ho gtn gpk fhd zcfwkd gtn f alezcktkcw dgiikpkht tkanhgv{k tl gtq o{t%qtp{ho q{aakqqlp# 7: tnkw faakztkd tnk ifat tnft tnk cfttkp ghqtp{ekht nfd igpecw khtpkhankd gtqkci fq tnk hk Gpgqn nfpz( Gt fq ikct# k~zcfghkd Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt# tnft tnk qgt{ftglh fq hl gppkykpqg`ck2 tnk hk ghqtp{ekht gtn gtq acfqqgafccw%dkpgykd tkanhgv{k fhd qkegtlhk ckykpq fq „nkpk tl qtfw‗( 76 Tnkpk kpk ykpw ik Gpgqn Gp gqn nfpz efmkpq d{pgho tnk 67;:q fhd 679:q= Oklpok Elpckw gh Clhdlh efdk qefcc o{t%qtp{ho nfpzq gtn ckykpq# fhd tnk lhcw efmkp gh Gpkcfhd fq Dfhgkc V{ghh( Hl`ldw fq ghtkpkqtkd gh efmgho tnk gpk%qtp{ho nfpz ghqtp{ekht= ghdkkd# Opæghhk Wkftq pkal{htkd tl tnk pgtkp tnft V{ghh fq f`qlc{tkcw ghapkd{cl{q ghapkd{cl{q nkh fqmkd `w nkp tl efmk f gpk%qtp{ho nfpz gh tnk 67;:q( Fq pkofpdq zpghtkd e{qga# tnk il{hdkpq li tnk qlagktw alhakhtpftkd lh z{`cgqngho z{`cgqngho fppfhokekhtq ilp tnk o{t%qtp{ho Gpgqn nfpz( Tnk zgkak gh igo{pk 60# 60#70 fppfhokd `w Ekpakdkq EaOpftn# EaOpftn #71 „Tnk Zfptgho li 7:

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Ipgkhdq‗ iple tnk @{htgho Alcckatglh# gq fh k~fezck( Tnk gppko{cfp znpfqgho fhd {hzpkdgatf`ck hft{pk li tngq zgkak# aleelh v{fcgtgkq li efhw zgkakq gh tnk ngqtlpgafc nfpz tpfdgtglh# l{cd nfyk `kkh {hifegcgfp {hifegcgfp tl tnk efblpgtw li `fhv{kt nfpzgqtq gtn tnkgp pkzkptlgpk li ilcm qlhoq gtn qgezck nfpz faalezfhgekht( Qnkgcf Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt `kofh tnk tfqm li pgtgho f t{tlp ilp Gpgqn nfpz# alezgcgho pkzkptlgpk iple tnk ilcclgho ql{pakq2 fppfhokekhtq li e{qga iple tnk nfpzkp alezlqkpq q{an fq Afplcfh# fppfhokekhtq li zgkakq iple tnk hghktkkhtn%akht{pw alcckatglhq q{an fq Zktpgk# fhd alezlqgtglhq alezlqgtglhq `w alhtkezlpfpw zcfwkpq fhd alezlqkpq( Zgkakq gh tnk t{tlp fpk fppfhokd ilp qlcl nfpz# nfpz fhd ylgak# fhd nfpz khqke`ck( Tnk k~fezck gh igo{pk 61 gq iple tnk igpqt aftkolpw# fh fppfhokekht `w Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt li „Afplcfh‗q Ifpkkcc tl E{qga‗( 74 Gt gq f ifgpcw cfygqn `{t nfpelhgafccw alhykhtglhfc fppfhokekht {qgho i{cc# pgan anlpdq( Gh alhtpfqt# tnk k~tpfat gh igo{pk 64 gq iple fh ftlhfc lpm ilp tl nfpzq `w Qkñgpqk @ldckw .6711% '(7; Gh tngq lpm tnk alezlqkp {qkq qkykpfc qzkagfc kiikatq ngan `w tngq tgek nfd `kalek v{gtk ifegcgfp tl zkdfc nfpzgqtq zcfwgho alhtkezlpfpw alezlqgtglhq# ilp k~fezck tnk {qk li nfpelhgaq# ocgqqfhdg# tnk laafqglhfc zc{amgho gtn tnk ighokphfgcq fhd zpîq fhd zpîq dk cf tf`ck(79 F zlz{cfp pkzkptlgpk zgkak iple Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz @llm# ngan nfq ikft{pkd lh tnk Ikgq tnk Ikgq Anklgc qwccf`{q ilp Gpgqn nfpz qghak tnk kfpcw wkfpq li Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk# Ap{gtk# gq „Ghtkpc{dk‗# `w T(A( Mkccw .676?%67>;'( 7? Igo{pk 6; qnlq fh k~tpfat7> iple tngq pftnkp ftelqznkpga zgkak# ngan pkcgkq ilp gtq kiikat cfpokcw lh tnk {qk li fddkd qkykhtnq# hghtnq fhd kckykhtnq(

74

Iple Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt# Qnkgcf2 Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz @llm2 f T{tlp T{tlp fhd Alezfhglh# Alezfhglh# .Alpm fhd D{`cgh# 67?;'# 6:1( 7; Iple g`gd(# 066( 79 Zcfwgho hkfp tnk ql{hd`lfpd( 7? Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt hltkq tnft Mkccw fq „ghic{khakd `w Gpgqn ilcm e{qga fhd Fhocl%Gpgqn alezlqkpq q{an fq Qtfhilpd# Nfptw fhd N{onkq‗ .Tnk .Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz @llm2 f T{tlp fhd Alezfhglh# Alezfhglh # .Alpm fhd D{`cgh# 67?;'# 046'( 7> Iple Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt# Qnkgcf2 Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz @llm2 f T{tlp T{tlp fhd Alezfhglh# Alezfhglh# .Alpm fhd D{`cgh# 67?;'# 669(

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Igo{pk 612 Fpp( Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt2 „Afplcfh‗q Ifpkkcc tl E{qga‗

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Tnk qkatglh li tnk t{tlp ngan dkqapg`kq „tnk zlqgtglh li tnk nfhdq‗ gq gezlptfht# `kaf{qk gt ghdgaftkq tnft tnk fdylaftkd ektnld li zcfwgho tnk Gpgqn nfpz fq dgpkatcw tfmkh iple zkdfc nfpz tkanhgv{k2 Tl l`tfgh f i{cc fhd `kf{tgi{c tlhk# tnk tn{e`q qnl{cd `k zcfakd ngon# gtnl{t qtpfghgho fhd tnk ighokpq k~tkhdkd# tnk pgqt `kgho qcgontcw fdyfhakd tlfpdq tnk qtpghoq 77…Tnk efhhkp li zc{amgho tnk qtpghoq gq li opkft gezlptfhak( Tnk ighokp# lh pkckfqgho tnk qtpgho qnl{cd tpfykc ghfpdq tl tnk zfce li tnk nfhd fhd efmk alhtfat gtn gt( Tngq alezcktk ighokp fatglh gq kqqkhtgfc( Tnk tn{e` tpfykcq tl tnk qgdk li tnk igpqt ighokp fhd efmkq alhtfat gtn gt( Tnk alezcktkd fatglh li ighokpq fhd tn{e` gq ygtfc gi tnk zkpilpekp gq tl zpld{ak hlt lhcw f i{cc fhd `kf{tgi{c tlhk `{t pkqlhfhak fq kcc( kcc (6::

Gh f ilpklpd tl tnk t{tlp# z{`cgqnkd gh 67?;# @pkfhdæh @pkftnhfan pltk tnft nk k~zkatkd Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt‗q ghac{qglh li lpmq `w „alezlqkpq li tnk igpqt pfhm gh Gpkcfhd…nktnkp `w dkqgoh lp ltnkpgqk# ]tlU fangkyk f alhqgdkpf`ck fdyfhak tlfpdq `pkfangho tnft `fppgkp `ktkkh –fpt― fhd ilcm%e{qga gh Gpkcfhd(‗ Alezlqgtglhq li tngq hft{pk dkelhqtpftkd tnk zltkhtgfc li tnk Gpgqn nfpz fq f ngon% fpt „alhakpt‗ ghqtp{ekht# fhd zfykd tnk fw ilp ltnkp nfpzgqtq tl dkykclz tngq alhakzt( Tnk elqt hltklptnw gh tngq igkcd tldfw gq nfpzgqt fhd alezlqkp Fhhk%Efpgk Fhhk%Efpgk L‗Ifppkcc# nlqk lpm gcc `k k~zclpkd cftkp gh tnk dgqqkptftglh( Gt gq ghtkpkqtgho tnft @pkftnhfan# cgmk L‗Pgfdf# fq ngtnkptl dgqegqqgyk li tnk o{t%qtp{ho Gpgqn nfpz# nfygho gohlpkd gt fctloktnkp gh tnk anfztkp lh tnk nfpz gh Ilcm E{qga fhd Dfhakq li Gpkcfhd .67?6'# `kcgkygho tnk nfpz tpfdgtglh tl nfyk dgkd l{t gtn tnk cfqt li tnk gpk%qtp{ho nfpzkpq( 6:6 Il{p wkfpq cftkp ngq lzghglh fzzkfpq tl 77

Tngq pkq{ctq gh tnk ighokpq zlghtgho dlhfpdq( Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt# Qnkgcf2 Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz @llm2 f T{tlp fhd Alezfhglh# Alezfhglh# .Alpm fhd D{`cgh# 67?;'# 6?%6>( Tngq gq okhkpfccw pkikppkd tl felhoqt Gpgqn nfpz zcfwkpq fq tnk „acfqqgafc‗ tkanhgv{k( Tnpl{onl{t tnk qt{dw tnk {qk li tngq tkpe gcc fcql `k fdlztkd( 6:6 @pkftnhfan# @pkfhdæh2 Ilcm @pkfhdæh2 Ilcm E{qga fhd Dfhakq li Gpkcfhd .Alpm Gpkcfhd .Alpm fhd D{`cgh# 67?6'# 9;%7( 6::

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nfyk anfhokd# zkpnfzq f tkqtfekht tl tnk kiilptq li Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt fhd ltnkp eke`kpq li Aægpdk li Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk tl zlptpfw tnk ghqtp{ekht gh f zlqgtgyk cgont( Gh tnk ilpklpd tl Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz @llm # nk famhlckdokq tnft2 Fhw cgyk tpfdgtglh gq hl elpk tnfh f `ldw li zpfatgakq fhd tkanhgv{kq ngan nfd f `koghhgho ft qlek zlght li tgek gh tnk zfqt fhd nfq `kkh fatkd {zlh fhd el{cdkd gh gtq tpfhqegqqglh tl tnk zpkqkht `w f alnkqgyk `ldw li zpfatgtglhkpq( Tnk zpkqkht a{ctgyftglh li tnk Gpgqn nfpz nfq `kkh q{qtfghkd tll clho tl `k dgqegqqkd fq fh kznkekpfc ghtkpkqt gh tnghoq li tnk zfqt( Gt gq hlt tll ifhagi{c# tnkh# tl qkk gh gt f h{ack{q iple ngan gcc dkykclz f hftglhfc qanllc li nfpzgho gtn f dgqtghatgykcw hftglhfc qtwck(((G cllm ilpfpd gtn alhigdkhak tl tnk pkfcgqftglh li tnk f{tnlp‗q nlzkq tnft tngq lpm gcc ghf{o{pftk f hk fhd k~agtgho kpf ilp l{p hftglhfc ghqtp{ekht(6:0

Ghdkkd# gh tnk hk~t 1: wkfpq @pkftnhfan‗q zpkdgatglh zplykd faa{pftk# fhd tnk pgtkp gcc k~zclpk tngq „hftglhfc qanllc li nfpzgho‗ iple anfztkp hghk lhfpdq( Gt e{qt `k keznfqgqkd# nlkykp# tnft tnk fzzplfan tl tnk Gpgqn nfpz `w kfpcw eke`kpq li Aægpdk li Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk# Ap{gtk # q{an fq Opæghhk Wkftq# Qnkgcf Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt fhd Ekpakdkq Ofpykw# fq cfpokcw ghic{khakd `w tnkgp kqtkph fpt e{qga tpfghgho# fhd nfd hltngho gh aleelh gtn efghqtpkfe Gpgqn e{qgagfhq nl zpfatgakd tnk lpfc tpfdgtglh fhd ifyl{pkd dfhak e{qga q{an fq bgoq# pkkcq fhd nlphzgzkq( Tnk kqtf`cgqnkd fhd faakztkd tpfdgtglhfc ghqtp{ekhtq ft tngq tgek# faalpdgho tl Qçfe{q EfaEftn{hf li Alenfctfq# Alenfctfq # kpk tnk igddck# ic{tk# ngqtck# zgzkq# alhakptghf fhd `{ttlh faalpdgfh( Fq pkcftkd tl tnk pgtkp `w EfaEftn{hf# kykh tnk pkzkptlgpk li tnk lcd nfpzgho tpfdgtglh# `pl{ont tl tnk ilpk `w L‗Pgfdf gh tnk 679:q lhcw apkftkd f „tlmkh famhlckdokekht‗ felhoqt tnk okhkpfc `ldw li tpfdgtglhfc e{qgagfhq( Gh fzzpl~geftkcw tnk igpqt igitkkh wkfpq li Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk‗ Ap{gtk‗ q q k~gqtkhak tnkpk fq cgttck lp hl alee{hgaftglh `ktkkh tnk tl lpofhgqftglhq( 6:0

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96

ANFZTKP KGONT

Tnk Gpgqn Nfpz fq f Ngon Fpt Alhakpt Ghqtp{ekht Ghqtp{ekht Tnl{on tnk plck li tnk ghqtp{ekht fhd gtq pkzkptlgpk {ctgeftkcw dkygftkd dpfeftgafccw iple Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk‗q Ap{gtk‗q ghgtgfc ygqglh# f zplakqq ngan gcc `k k~zclpkd gh tnk hk~t anfztkp# f qgohgigafht eghlpgtw li nfpz zcfwkpq nfq alhtgh{kd# {z tl tnk zpkqkht dfw# tl zpleltk tnk Gpgqn nfpz fq f ngon%fpt alhakpt ghqtp{ekht( ghqtp{ekht( Tnk ekfhq `w ngan tngq nfq `kkh fangkykd# fhd tnk e{qga gtqkci# gcc `k tnk ila{q li tngq anfztkp( Hl gh gtq 6:? tn wkfp# tnk Ikgq Aklgc alhtgh{kq Aklgc alhtgh{kq tl zplygdk f zcftilpe ilp tnk pkcftgykcw qefcc h{e`kp nfygho fh ghtkpkqt gh tngq fqzkat li tnk ghqtp{ekht‗q pkzkptlgpk( Ghtkpkqtghocw# tnk ikqtgyfc nfq anfhokd gtq ila{q qghak gtq ghakztglh# nkh gt fq dkqgohkd tl zpleltk `ltn fpt fhd tpfdgtglhfc e{qga( Hl qzlhqlpkd `w tnk e{ctghftglhfc alezfhw Qgkekhq nl nfyk zkpnfzq nfd fh ghic{khak gh tnk ikqtgyfc‗q ila{q# tnk Ikgq tnk Ikgq Aklgc hl Aklgc hl dkqapg`kq gtqkci fq „K{plzk‗q clhokqt p{hhgho acfqqgafc e{qga ikqtgyfc‗ (6:1 Akptfghcw# tnk qkt zgkakq ilp tnk Gpgqn nfpz alezktgtglhq dl tkhd tl pkickat fh fpt e{qga `gfq( Tnk ghqtp{ekht‗q alhtpg`{tglh tl tnk ikqtgyfc gh 0::1 gq dkqapg`kd elpk i{ccw gh Fzzkhdg~ GGG( F qwqtke li opfdkd k~feghftglhq k~gqtq tl qkpyk tnk pkv{gpkekhtq li tnlqk gqngho tl z{pq{k tnk Gpgqn nfpz fq f alhakpt ghqtp{ekht# `w tnk Plwfc Gpgqn Fafdkew li E{qga# D{`cgh( Gt nfq `kkh gh zcfak qghak tnk a{ppkht t{tlp li zkdfc fhd Gpgqn nfpzq# Fghk Hå Dn{gcc# `kofh tkfangho ft tngq ghqt{t{tglh gh 677:# fhd fq dkygqkd `w nkp( Tnk qwccf`{q gq dkqapg`kd gh opkftkp dktfgc gh Fzzkhdg~ GY( Dkpkm @kcc# `lph gh @kcifqt gh 671;# fq tnk elqt kcc mhlh k~zlhkht li tnk fpt e{qga okhpk li Gpgqn nfpz zcfwgho( Fcpkfdw Fcpkfdw fh faalezcgqnkd zgfhgqt# l`lgqt fhd alezlqkp# nfygho qt{dgkd ft tnk Plwfc Alcckok li E{qga# nk `kofh ckfphgho tnk zkdfc nfpz ft tnk fok 6:1

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li 0;# gtn Qnkgcf Cfpankt%A{tn`kpt fhd Okhdlckh Efqlh( Igyk wkfpq cftkp nk `kafek zpghagzfc nfpzgqt fhd l`lgqt gtn tnk @@A Hlptnkph Gpkcfhd Lpankqtpf fhd q{`qkv{khtcw zplikqqlp li nfpz ft tnk @kcifqt Fafdkew li E{qga( Iple 67?0 nk `kafek f eke`kp li „Tnk Angkitfghq‗# Angkitfghq‗# gh ngan nk zcfwkd `ltn o{t fhd gpk qtp{ho Gpgqn nfpzq( Gh 0::: nk fq ffpdkd fh E(@(K( „ilp alezlqgtglh fhd ilp qkpygakq tl tpfdgtglhfc e{qga‗( Nk dgkd gh 0::0( 6:4 Gt nfq fcpkfdw `kkh hltkd tnft „Tnk Angkitfghq‗# ilpekd gh 6791# nkczkd tl pfgqk tnk qtft{q li Gpgqn tpfdgtglhfc e{qga `w ghtpld{agho fpt e{qga%ghic{khakd fppfhokekhtq li dfhak t{hkq# qcl fgpq fhd ngqtlpgafc nfpz zgkakq# gh alhakpt%nfcc zkpilpefhakq( Dkpkm @kcc‗q nfpz# nkh gh fh faalezfhgekhtfc plck gtngh tnk khqke`ck# ckht fh lpankqtpfc v{fcgtw tl tnk ql{hd# fq afh `k nkfpd gh tnk pkalpdgho p kalpdgho „Fh Onçfo{q fh Opæ Okfc‗ .♭ 1'( 6:; Lh tnk nlck# nk dgd hlt alhtpg`{tk ekcldgafccw tl dfhak t{hkq# `{t zplygdkd anlpdfc faalezfhgekht( Tngq# nlkykp# fq hlt gh tnk hft{pk li nft gq okhkpfccw tkpekd fq „yfezgho‗# 6:9 `{t fq tnl{onti{ccw alhqgdkpkd fhd nfd f qgohgigafht plck gh tnk e{qgafc tk~t{pk( Ilp k~fezck# gh tnk tnpkk%zfpt pkkc „@lgc tnk @pkfmifqt Kfpcw‗.♭ 4'# 4' #6:? tnk igpqt zcfwgho li tnk igpqt qkatglh li tnk t{hk gq z{hat{ftkd gtn keznftga qghock anlpdq ft tnk khd li kfan znpfqk# fhd gh tnk qkalhd zcfwgho# tnk qkalhd zfpt khdq gtn fh kiikatgyk qnlpt al{htkp ekcldw( @kcc‗q qlcl alhtpg`{tglhq fq f eke`kp li „Tnk Angkitfghq‗ alhqgqtkd li fppfhokekhtq li nfpz t{hkq q{an fq Afplcfh‗q# lp iclpgd pkhdgtglhq li qcl ekcldgkq# q{an fq tnft khtgtckd „Aklc @npgltæhfan‗.♭ ;'# 6:> gtn fh kcf`lpftk fpzkoogftkd faalezfhgekht( 6:4

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666

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99

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„_ftangho „_ftangho tnk _ngtk _nkft‗( E{qgafc k~tpfat iple L‗Ifppkcc# Fhhk%Efpgk2 Tnk Bgo‗q [z# [z# .Fhhk%Efpgk L‗Ifppkcc2 AD67:1'( Hltftkd k~tpfat iple tnk qnkkt e{qga z{`cgqnkd `w Fdcfgq( 66? Hltftkd k~tpfat iple tnk qnkkt e{qga z{`cgqnkd `w Qfcyg( 66> Qkk cghkp hltkq tl L‗Ifppkcc# Fhhk%Efpgk2 E Cfofh Clyk .AEP Pkalpdq2 AEAD 6:?;'( 669

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97

Igo{pk 6>2 Oldkiplgd2 Kt{dk dk Alhakpt .k~tpfat'

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zcfwgho gh {hgqlh efhw tgekq lh tngq pkalpdgho# ilp ghqtfhak gh „Tnk Igqnkpefh‗q Nlphzgzk‗ .♭ 7'( 61: @ltn tnk efhdlcgh fhd `l{rl{mg alhtpg`{tk tl fh k~ltga icfyl{p gh „Tnk _kcc @kcl tnk Yfcckw‗ .♭ 6:'(616 Tnk fc`{e {hdl{`tkdcw khal{pfokd khal{pfokd nfpzkpq gh tnk 67?:q# gh f qkhqk ogygho tnke „zkpegqqglh‗ tl k~zclpk tnk zltkhtgfc li wkt fhltnkp qtpghokd ghqtp{ekht fq f ykngack ilp Gpgqn tpfdgtglhfc e{qga( Gh fddgtglh tl „Zcfh~tw‗# tnk ghic{khak li tnk @pktlh nfpzkp Fcfh Qtgykcc gh tnk 67?:q qnl{cd hlt `k {hdkpkqtgeftkd( Tnl{on f zkpilpekp li tnk gpk%qtp{ho nfpz fhd ghqtgoftlp li fh ffmkhgho li ghtkpkqt gh tnft ghqtp{ekht gh tnk 67?:q# nk fq fcql ghqzgpftglhfc tl efhw o{t%qtp{ho nfpzkpq fhd ltnkp e{qgagfhq( Zkpilpegho gtn f plam%`fqkd `fhd gh tl{pq li K{plzk fhd Fekpgaf# fhd {qgho tnk nfpz gh f qlcl fhd opl{z alhtk~t# nkpk gt nfd ngtnkptl efghcw `kkh {qkd lhcw tl faalezfhw tnk ylgak gh qlcl qghogho gh f alezcktkcw dgiikpkht e{qgafc okhpk# nk apkftkd fh ffpkhkqq li tnk nfpz felhoqt wl{ho zklzck# efhw li nle efw nfyk hlt qkkh f nfpz `kilpk( 610 Lh ngq fc`{e Tnk Pkhhfgqqfhak li tnk Akctga Nfpz# Nfpz #611 tnkpk gq f ekdckw khtgtckd „Ofkctfant‗# dkqapg`kd `w Qtgykcc fq „ilcm tnkekq# dkdgaftkd tl Qkfh L‗Pgfdf‗# ngan ghac{dkq yfpgl{q Gpgqn fhd Qalttgqn dfhak t{hkq zkpilpekd lh tnk nfpz( [hilpt{hftkcw# ngq pkhdgtglhq li tnk t{hkq fpk pnwtnegafccw {hkykh# qtgctkd# ekanfhgafc fhd cfamgho gh qtwck# ilp k~fezck tnk Gpgqn bgo „Zlpt [g En{gponkfqf‗ .♭ 66'(614 Nlkykp# Qtgykcc‗q gccghohkqq tl k~zkpgekht {hdl{`tkdcw khal{pfokd ltnkp nfpzkpq nl kpk fttkeztgho tl z{qn tnk `l{hdfpgkq li tnk ghqtp{ekht(

61:

Iple „Zcfh~tw‗2 Tnk _kcc `kclw tnk Yfcck .Qnfhfangk Pkalpdq2 QN ?7:6:'( G`gd( 610 Efaefqtkp# Efpw2 „Nfpz Y# Y# 6:.g'2 –Tnk Akctga Pkygyfc―‗# Tnk Hkw Oplyk Dgatglhfp li E{qga fhd e{qgagfhq .Clhdlh# 0::6'# 70;( 611 Igpqt pkckfqkd gh 67?6# gh 67?1 tnk fc`{e fq hleghftkd gh tnk [QF ilp f Opfeew Ffpd Ffpd ilp tnk „@kqt Ktnhga lp Tpfdgtglhfc Plam Pkalpdgho‗( 614 Iple Qtgykcc# Fcfh2 Pkhfgqqfhak Fcfh2 Pkhfgqqfhak li tnk Akctga Nfpz .Zngcgzq2 >6> ::?%0'( 616

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ANFZTKP 6:

Qtwck fhd tkanhgv{k2 Eægpk Hå Anftnfqfgon @lph gh Alpm gh67;9# Hå Anftnfqfgon `kofh tnk Gpgqn nfpz ft tnk fok li 66# ft tnft tgek fcpkfdw zcfwgho tnk zgfhl# igddck fhd qghogho( Dgqqftgqigkd gtn tnk fyfgcf`ck pkzkptlgpk li tnk nfpz# qnk `kofh k~zkpgekhtgho gtn tnk zcfwgho li dfhak t{hkq lh tnk ghqtp{ekht# ckfdgho tl q{aakqqkq gh efhw alezktgtglhq gh tnk 67?:q fhd kfpcw 67>:q( Gh alhtpfqt tl Fcfh Qtgykcc# Hå Anftnfqfgon fgekd tl apkftk# fq gt kpk# fh f{tnkhtgafccw tpfdgtglhfc qtwck( Qnk gqnkd tl „pk%ghtkopftk tnk nfpz ghtl tnk lpfc tpfdgtglh% tl efmk gt ql{hd cgmk gt nfd fcfwq `kkh {qkd gh tnft fw‗( @lph ghtl f ifegcw li qghokpq# oplgho {z `gcgho{fccw gh fh fpkf li Gpkcfhd qtplho gh tpfdgtglhfc e{qga# `w tnk tgek qnk `kofh tnk nfpz tnk qtwcgqtga kckekhtq li tnk okhpk kpk dkkzcw ghopfghkd( Nkp wkfpq qzkht dkykclzgho tkanhgv{kq fzzplzpgftk tl tnk ghqtp{ekht# gtngh tnk cfho{fok li tnk Gpgqn e{qga tpfdgtglh# a{ceghftkd gh nkp igpqt qlcl pkalpdgho gh 67>;2 Tnk Hkw Qtp{ho Nfpz( Nfpz ( Tnl{on ltnkp nfpz zcfwkpq kpk k~zclpgho tnk zltkhtgfc li tnk ghqtp{ekht gh qgegcfp fwq tnpl{onl{t tnk 67?:q# tngq pkalpdgho fq tnk igpqt li gtq mghd( @w tngq tgek nkp tkanhgv{kq kpk ifgpcw kcc dkykclzkd fhd tnl{ont l{t# fhd tnk pkalpdgho zplygdkd fh ghqzgpftglh tl efhw( Ft zpkqkht cgygho gh Wlpmqngpk# nkp e{qgafc fatgygtgkq fpk okhkpfccw zkpilpefhak pkcftkd# gtn lpcdgdk alhakpt tl{pq gh alccf`lpftglh gtn tnk o{gtfpgqt Anpgq Hkefh( Nkp efgh tkfangho aleegtekht gq ft tnk Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk fhh{fc nfpz al{pqk# nkpk qnk gq t{tlp ilp tnk fdyfhakd acfqq( Tnk pgtkp gq anllqgho tl ila{q f anfztkp lh tnk qtwck fhd tkanhgv{k li tngq zfptga{cfp nfpz zcfwkp `kaf{qk li nkp ngon ckykc li ygpt{lqgtw# fhd nkp alhqgdkpf`ck ghic{khak lh wl{ho tpfdgtglhfc nfpz zcfwkpq# kqzkagfccw gh tkpeq li nkp pkalpdghoq fhd z{`cgqnkd fppfhokekhtq(

?7

Tl li tnk t{hkq lh Hå Anftnfqfgon‗q pkalpdgho Tnk Hkw Qtp{ho Nfpz nfd fzzkfpkd lh „Zcfh~tw‗‗q Tnk _kcc @kclw tnk Yfcck Yfcck## tnk il{p%zfpt bgo „Tnk N{el{pq li @fccwcl{oncgh‗# pkikppkd tl f`lyk# fhd „Tnk Igqnkpefh‗q Nlphzgzk‗# tkqtfekht tl tnft fc`{e‗q ghic{khak( Tnk pgtkp il{hd gt ghtkpkqtgho tl alezfpk tnk tl ykpqglhq li tnk ilpekp t{hk lh kfan fc`{e# tl fqakptfgh nl Hå Anftnfqfgon nfq anlqkh tl ghtkpzpkt tnk e{qga lh tnk nfpz( Zgzkp Cgfe L‗Icwhh‗q ngoncw lphfekhtkd zcfwgho gtn f`{hdfht a{tq# plccq fhd apfhq 61; gq iclgho# wkt pnwtnegafccw zplhl{hakd zplhl{hakd .♭ 60' .qkk tpfhqapgztglh# igo{pk 0:'( 0:'(619 F ckoftl kiikat gq dgiiga{ct tl zpld{ak lh tnk o{t lp hwclh qtp{ho nfpz# lgho tl tnk ifat tnft iple tnk elekht f hltk gq fptga{cftkd# tnk ql{hd `koghq tl dkafw( Tnkpkilpk# tngq ngoncw dkalpftkd zgzgho qtwck l{cd `k ghfzzplzpgftk lh tnk nfpz fhd l{cd pkq{ct gh f alhi{qkd# ac{ttkpkd fhd {hpnwtnegafc ekcldga cghk( Tnk lphfekhtq fpk tnkpkilpk e{an qzfpqkp gh Hå Anftnfqfgon‗q ykpqglh .♭ 61' .qkk tpfhqapgztglh# igo{pk 06'( 06' (61? F twzk li plcc mhlh fq f „tpgzckt plcc‗61> gh `fpq 9 fhd > nfq pkzcfakd tnk elpk alezcgaftkd a{t%fhd%tgz plcc fhd apfh li tnk zgzgho ykpqglh( Fcc tnk lphfekhtq fpk zcfwkd ykpw cgontcw# ft tgekq fcelqt ghf{dg`cw# ql fq hlt tl dktpfat iple tnk efgh ekcldw hltkq( Gh tnk pkzkft li tnk igpqt qkatglh li tnk t{hk Hå Anftnfqfgon ghtpld{akq yfpgftglhq gh tnk lphfekhtftglh fhd tnk ekcldw# f ikft{pk ngoncw gdgleftga li tpfdgtglhfc dfhak e{qga .♭ 64' .qkk igo{pk 00'( 61;

E{qgafc lphfekhtq ghtpghqga tl Gpgqn tpfdgtglhfc e{qga( F „a{t‗ gq fh {zzkp opfak hltk zcfwkd ykpw cgontcw fhd v{gamcw `kilpk tnk efgh ekcldw hltk( Qgegcfp tl tngq gq f „tgz‗# ngan {qkq f clkp hltk fq tnk opfak hltk( Tngq gq e{an ckqq aleelh fhd gq okhkpfccw lhcw {qkd gh igddck zcfwgho( F „plcc‗ alhqgqtq li f hltk `kgho lphfekhtkd gh tnk ilcclgho fw2 tnk efgh hltk# f a{t# tnk efgh hltk fofgh# f tgz# fhd ighfccw tnk efgh hltk fofgh# fcc gh pfzgd q{aakqqglh .qkk `fp 9 li tnk zgzkq tpfhqapgztglh f`lyk'( Gt efw laa{p ft tnk `koghhgho li f qnlptkp hltk# lp tlfpdq tnk khd li f clhokp hltk( F „apfh‗ gq f hltk lphfekhtkd `w tl lp elpk a{tq .qkk zgzkq tpfhqapgztglh gh igo{pk 00# `fpq 0# ? fhd >' fhd gq gdgleftga tl zgzk e{qga# tnl{on qlek zcfwkpq nfyk ghtpld{akd gt lh tnk ic{tk fhd ngqtck( Gt {q{fccw laa{pq lh tnk `lttle hltk li tnk anfhtkp .D'# tl fdd alcl{p tl tnk hltk# lh ngan gt gq gezlqqg`ck tl zkpilpe f plcc gh tnk {q{fc fw( 619 Iple „Zcfh~tw‗2 Tnk _kcc `kclw tnk Yfcck .Qnfhfangk Pkalpdq2 QN ?7:6:'( 61? Iple Hå Anftnfqfgon# Eægpk2 Tnk Hkw Qtp{ho Nfpz .Tkezck .Tkezck Pkalpdq2 ALED 0:67'( 61> Tngq gq hlt tl `k alhi{qkd gtn tnk tpgzckt li alhykhtglhfc hltftglh# gh ngan fcc tnpkk hltkq nfyk kv{fc yfc{k( Gh tpfdgtglhfc e{qga tnk ekfhgho li f tpgzckt gq qgezcw tnpkk {hgqlh hltkq zcfwkd gh pfzgd q{aakqqglh( q{aakqqglh( Gt gq laafqglhfccw mhlh fq f „tpk`ck‗(

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Igo{pk 0:2 Tpfhqapgztglh li tnk igpqt qkatglh li „Tnk N{el{pq li

@fccwcl{oncgh‗# zcfwkd `w zgzkp Cgfe L‗Icwhh

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>6

Tnk yfpgftglhq laa{p gh `fpq 6# 1#;#9 fhd ?( Tnk ekcldga yfpgftglh yfpgftglh gh `fp 9 gq zfptga{cfpcw ghtkpkqtgho# fhd fatq fq f ilafc zlght( Gt gq f mghd li lphfekht ngan gq zfptga{cfpcw gdgleftga tl igddck%zcfwgho 617 .tnl{on gt fcql laa{pq gh L‗Icwhh‗q zgzgho ykpqglh'# gh ngan tnk hltk ngan l{cd hlpefccw `k faakhtkd ft tnk `koghhgho li tnk `fp gq dkcfwkd `w zcfagho tnk keznfqgq lh tnk hltk `kcl( Tnk fppfhokekht li tnk t{hk gq {halezcgaftkd# gh faalpdfhak gtn tnk Gpgqn tpfdgtglhfc dfhak e{qga zpfatgak gh ngan tnk ekcldw nfq zpgek gezlptfhak( Tnk ckit nfhd fcelqt khtgpkcw tnpl{onl{t gegtftkq tnk zgzk dplhk# k~akzt gh tnk tngpd zfpt li tnk bgo .♭ 6;' nkpk tnk qgezck nfpelhw pkickatq tnk {qk li tnk pko{cftlpq gh tnk alppkqzlhdgho alppkqzlhdgho zfpt li tnk zgzgho ykpqglh .♭ 69'( Hå Anftnfqfgon zcfwq tnk il{p%zfpt bgo tgak lh tnk pkalpdgho# fhd tnk pkq{ct gq f alhyghagho fhd gefoghftgyk zkpilpefhak( Nlkykp# `kaf{qk tnk nlck gq ygpt{fccw ft tnk qfek dwhfega ckykc# tnk pnwtne# fhd nft gq litkh mhlh fq tnk „cgit‗ gh Gpgqn tpfdgtglhfc dfhak e{qga# fpk hlt fcfwq efghtfghkd .♭ 6?'( Fctnl{on dwhfegaq gh tpfdgtglhfc e{qga fpk hlt {qkd gh tnk qfek fw fq gh kqtkph fpt e{qga# nkpk tnkw dkighk nlck znpfqkq# 64: tnk {qk li faakhtq gtngh tnk `fp gq v{gtk aleelh( Tnkqk fpk e{an elpk zplhl{hakd gh Hå Anftnfqfgon‗q cftkp zkpilpefhakq# ilp k~fezck gh tnk bgo „Zfddw _nfam‗ iple nkp elqt pkakht pkalpdgho Dgfclo{kq# Dgfclo{kq #646 gh alccf`lpftglh alccf`lpftglh gtn tnk o{gtfpgqt Anpgq Hkefh .♭ 6>'( Tngq tpkftekht li tnk t{hk opkftcw ifagcgtftkq tnk icl li tnk e{qga fhd ogykq gt elpk ekfhgho( Gh Hå Anftnfqfgon‗q fdyfhakd nfpz acfqq ft tnk Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk ikqtgyfc fttkhdkd `w tnk pgtkp# qnk z{t opkft keznfqgq lh fangkygho tngq fqzkat li e{qgafc qtwck gh tnk pkkc „Tnk Z{cckt‗( Qnk dkqapg`kd 617

Ql{pak2 ghtkpygk gtn nfpzkp fhd igddck zcfwkp Iglhh{fcf Pllhkw .qkk anfztkp 6;'( 64: Qkk Afpqlh# Agfpæh2 Zlamkt Agfpæh2 Zlamkt O{gdk tl Gpgqn Tpfdgtglhfc E{qga .@kcifqt# 67>9'# 6:%66# fhd @pkftnhfan# @pkfhdæh2 Ilcm @pkfhdæh2 Ilcm E{qga fhd Dfhakq li Gpkcfhd .Alpm fhd G pkcfhd .Alpm D{`cgh# 67?6'# >7%7:( 646 Hå Anftnfqfgon# Eægpk# fhd Hkefh# Anpgq2 Dgfclo{kq Anpgq2 Dgfclo{kq .Lcd @pgdok E{qga L@EAD64'(

>0

nft qnk fhtkd tl nkfp iple nkp qt{dkhtq fq f „qngitgho# plccgho kiikat gh tnk pnwtne‗# {qgho faakhtq lh akptfgh hltkq tl tfmk tnk keznfqgq lii tnk ekcldga lphfekhtftglh# ngan qnl{cd `k zcfwkd ykpw cgontcw( Tnk qt{dkhtq kpk lpmgho iple Hå Anftnfqfgon‗q lh hltftkd fppfhokekht# zfpt li ngan gq ogykh gh igo{pk 01# 640 gtn qlek li nkp q{ookqtkd faakhtkd hltkq ghdgaftkd( Tnk qwhalzftglh fangkykd `ktkkh tnk khd li tnk igpqt `fp fhd tnk `koghhgho li tnk qkalhd# keznfqgqkd `w tnk f`qkhak li f hltk gh tnk ckit nfhd lh tnk igpqt `kft li tnk qkalhd `fp# ql{hdkd zfptga{cfpcw kiikatgyk( Hå Anftnfqfgon zfptcw fttpg`{tkq nkp q{aakqq nkh dkykclzgho fwq li zcfwgho dfhak e{qga lh tnk nfpz# tl tnk ifat tnft qnk nfd ykpw ackfp fptgqtga gdkfq f`l{t nft qnk fhtkd tl fangkyk2 Wl{ nkfp f ql{hd gh wl{p nkfd fhd wl{ tpw tl okt fq aclqk tl nft wl{ nkfp gh wl{p nkfd…gi wl{‗pk hlt ackfp f`l{t gt gh wl{p nkfd# gt‗cc hkykp alek l{t gh wl{p ighokpq( Nlkykp# fq f wl{ho tkkhfokp zcfwgho dfhak e{qga gh alezktgtglhq# qnk pkcftkd tl tnk pgtkp tnft ykpw litkh qnk l{cd `pkfm dlh gh tnk egddck li f zkpilpefhak# f ifat ngan qnk hl fttpg`{tkq tl zllp tkanhgv{k2 „Ew fptgqtga gdkfq kpk ifp gh fdyfhak li ew tkanhgafc f`gcgtw(‗ Ft tnk fok li tkhtw qnk ke`fpmkd lh tl wkfpq li zkdfc nfpz tpfghgho gtn Dkhgqk Mkccw ft tnk Alpm Qanllc li E{qga# fhd qnk `kcgkykq tnft tngq ofyk nkp f qlcgd opl{hdgho fhd khf`ckd nkp zcfwgho tl nfyk e{an opkftkp qka{pgtw( Gh tnk fttfankd k~tpfat li tnk ygdkl Akctga Nfpzkqtp# Nfpzkqtp #641 nkp acfqqgafccw ghic{khakd tkanhgv{k gq kygdkht( Tnk nfpz gq zcfakd ngon lh nkp qnl{cdkp# tnk tn{e` gq ngon fhd 640

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641

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>1

Igo{pk 012 Fpp( Hå Anftnfqfgon2 „Tnk Z{cckt‗ .k~tpfat'# gtn nkp

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>4

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64;

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>9

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>7

ANFZTKP KCKYKH

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6;6 6;0

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76

Nkp alhigdkhak fq pkqtlpkd qleknft {hdkp tnk t{gtglh li Ekpakdkq Ofpykw# nl k~zpkqqkd fh ghtkpkqt gh tnk e{qga Nfp`gqlh fq fcpkfdw zcfwgho# fhd q{ookqtkd tnft qnk qgezcw tfmk iple tnk acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k tnft ngan l{cd khnfhak gt( Ft tnk khd li tngq wkfp Nfp`gqlh pkfankd tnk alhac{qglh tnft tnk acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k nfd ykpw cgttck# gi fhwtngho# tl liikp tpfdgtglhfc e{qga2 Tnk wkfp tf{ont ek tl tnghoq2 h{e`kp lhk# tnft tnk acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k dlkq gt dgiikpkhtcw# fhd h{e`kp tl# hl fw gtn tnk acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k al{cd wl{ kykp nlzk# lp k~zkat# tl zcfw tpfdgtglhfc e{qga…G efdk tnk alhqagl{q dkagqglh hlt tl ol gtn tnk hk tkanhgv{k tnft G nfd ckfphkd( Qnk k~zcfghkd tnk pkfqlhgho `knghd nkp fdfefht qtfhak tl tnk pgtkp# fq ilcclq( Tnk acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k pkv{gpkq tnk nfpz zcfwkp‗q ighokpq tl `k zlghtgho dlhfpdq# gtn alccfzqkd cfqt blghtq# fq qnlh gh igo{pk 09( Fq fcpkfdw hltkd# fitkp zcfwgho tnk qtpgho tnk ighokp gq z{cckd `fam ghtl tnk zfce li tnk nfhd( Nfp`gqlh `kcgkykq tnft tnkqk ikft{pkq li tnk tkanhgv{k# ngan {qk e{qackq fhd tkhdlhq gh tnk fpe fhd lhcw eghgefccw gh tnk ighokpq# fpk hlt fzzplzpgftk tl tnk zcfwgho li tpfdgtglhfc e{qga2 Kykpwtngho gh tpfdgtglhfc e{qga gq gh ighokplpm fhd gh zpkagqglh# fhd gh ighokp e{qackq…Tl zcfw gtn alccfzqkd cfqt blghtq ekfhq tnft tnkpk‗q hl alhtplc nftqlkykp gh tnk e{qa{cft{pk gh tnk tgz li tnk ighokp( Acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k% tnk kgont gq `fam( Wl{‗pk z{ccgho# wl{‗pk hlt fat{fccw fptga{cftgho tnk ighokp e{qackq…Wl{ afh‗t okt tnk mghd li ighkqqk tnft wl{ hkkd gi wl{‗pk z{ccgho wl{p ighokpq ghtl tnk `fam li wl{p nfhd fcc tnk tgek…tnk ighk fptga{cftglh tnft wl{ l{cd pkv{gpk tl zcfw lphfekhtftglh f`qlc{tkcw dlkq hlt nfzzkh( [qgho tnk e{qackq gh tnk ighokpq hkakqqgtftkq f alezcktkcw dgiikpkht nfhd zlqgtglh fhd qnfzk tl tnft pkv{gpkd `w tnk acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k(

70

Igo{pk 092 Acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k nfhd fhd ighokp zlqgtglh

Igo{pk 0?2 Nfp`gqlh‗q fctkphftgyk nfhd fhd ighokp zlqgtglh ilp

zcfwgho tpfdgtglhfc e{qga

71

Tnk dgiikpkhak gq elqt zplhl{hakd gh tnk pgont nfhd# ngan hlpefccw zcfwq tnk t{hk2 ighokpq fpk a{pykd ghfpdq fhd tnk pgqt qtpfgont# fq qnlh gh igo{pk 0?( 6;1 I{ptnkpelpk# `kaf{qk tnk kc`lq fpk hlt k~tkhdkd# tnk nfpz gq zcfakd e{an clkp lh tnk qnl{cdkp( Tnkqk dgiikpkht kckekhtq li Nfp`gqlh‗q tkanhgv{k afh ackfpcw `k qkkh gh tnk fttfankd k~tpfat li tnk ygdkl pkalpdgho Akctga Nfpzkqtp( Nfpzkqtp(6;4 Gt fcql qnlq tnft tnk qfek tkanhgv{kq fpk kygdkht gh nkp qt{dkhtq gh tnk @kcifqt Nfpz Lpankqtpf( Nfp`gqlh‗q qtwck li zcfwgho gq elpk lphfekhtkd tnfh Eægpk Hå Anftnfqfgon‗q# fq k~kezcgigkd `w nkp pkhdgtglh li tnk tnpkk%zfpt „Nfpcgho‗q Bgo‗ .♭ 0:' .qkk igo{pk 0>' (6;; Tngq gq zfptga{cfpcw kygdkht gh tnk tngpd zfpt li tnk t{hk# nkpk efhw v{fykpq ifccgho lh f kfm `kft fpk zpkakdkd gtn pfzgd# tnpkk%hltk dkqakhdgho p{hq( F qgegcfp igo{pk# gh fh fqakhdgho ykpqglh# afh `k nkfpd gh tnk qkalhd zfpt li tnk t{hk# `fp 0( Gh tngq bgo# Nfp`gqlh ogykq afpki{c fttkhtglh tl ykpw cgont k~ka{tglh li tnk lphfekhtq# fhd tl tnk alhqgdkpkd anlgak li faakhtkd ekcldw hltkq= tngq khq{pkq tnft tnk t{hk dlkq hlt pkefgh ft lhk dwhfega ckykc tnpl{onl{t( Tnk {qk li f qwhalzftkd ckit%nfhd faalezfhgekht fddq khkpow fhd gezkt{q( Tnkqk v{fcgtgkq zpkykht tnk fppfhokekht iple `kalegho ac{ttkpkd( Nlkykp# ft tgekq tnk ckit nfhd `kalekq tll zpleghkht fhd dktpfatq iple tnk ekcldw( Tnkpk gq fcql f alhi{qgho elekht tlfpdq tnk khd# nkpk tnk qwhalzftglh fhd ekcldga yfpgftglh `kalek lykp%alezcgaftkd .♭ 06'( Gh tnk pgtkp‗q lzghglh# tnkpk gq fh k~tplykpt# kykh p{e`{qtgl{q v{fcgtw tl Nfp`gqlh‗q qtwck ft tgekq# ngan dlkq hlt khnfhak tnk zkpilpefhak fhd gq litkh ft tnk k~zkhqk li acfpgtw fhd faa{pfaw gh

6;1

Tnk pgtkp‗q nfhd dkelhqtpftkq tnk tl nfhd zlqgtglhq gh igo{pkq 09 fhd 0?( Akctga Nfpzkqtp2 Cgyk iple Cgqelpk Cgqelpk Afqtck# Gpkcfhd # Zlcwopfe Ygdkl 44: :?7 167%1# 677>( 6;; Iple Nfp`gqlh# Bfhkt2 L‗Hkgcc‗q Nfpzkp .@NL2 Nfpzkp .@NL2 AD::0'( 6;4

74

Igo{pk 0>2 Tpfhqapgztglh li Nfp`gqlh‗q zcfwgho li „Nfpcgho‗q Bgo‗

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tnk ekcldw( Tngq afh `k nkfpd gh „L‗Hkgcc‗q Afyfcafdk‗ .♭ 00' (6;9 Gt l{cd `k tkeztgho tl fttpg`{tk tngq tl Nfp`gqlh‗q fctkphftgyk tkanhgv{k( Nlkykp# `w nkp lh fdegqqglh tl tnk pgtkp# qnk nfq hlt dkyltkd f cfpok fel{ht li tgek tl fangkygho zpkagqglh fhd faa{pfaw gh ifqt t{hkq# pftnkp nfygho dgpkatkd nkp khkpogkq tl nkp efhw tkfangho fhd alezlqgtglhfc zplbkatq( Hkykptnkckqq# Hkykptnkckqq# efhw q{aakqqi{c wl{ho zkpilpekpq lh tnk Gpgqn nfpz tldfw fpk opfd{ftkq li Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh‗q tkfangho# fcc ghdgygd{fcq nl nfyk fdlztkd tnk qfek dgqtghatgyk hlh%acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k( Opæghhk Nfe`cw gq fh k~akcckht k~fezck( F ilpekp eke`kp li tnk @kcifqt Nfpz Lpankqtpf fhd hl fh keghkht zkpilpekp fhd tkfankp gh nkp lh pgont# nkp zcfwgho nfq q{`tcktw# `kf{tw fhd zpkagqglh( Nkp ckit% nfhd faalezfhgekhtq# ngck gefoghftgyk fhd laafqglhfccw qwhalzftkd# ckhd q{zzlpt tl# fhd dl hlt acl{d tnk ekcldw# ngan fcfwq pktfghq zpgek gezlptfhak( Tnkqk v{fcgtgkq afh `k nkfpd gh nkp zkpilpefhakq li „Tnk Pkatlpw Pkkc‗ .♭ 01' fhd „Efptgh Nfpdgefh‗q‗ .♭ 04'(6;?

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Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh# nlkykp# qzlmk tl tnk pgtkp li lykpt dgqfzzplyfc `w tnk Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk ft tngq tgek( Gh tnk cgont li Hå Anftnfqfgon‗q 6;>

gk# Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk(

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zlqgtgyk k~zkpgkhak# gt afhhlt `k fqq{ekd tnft eke`kpq li tnk lpofhgqftglh kpk lzzlqkd tl tnk zcfwgho li tpfdgtglhfc dfhak e{qga lh tnk Gpgqn nfpz zkp nfpz zkp qk( qk( Ghdkkd# Opæghhk Wkftq nfq pkefpmkd2 G tnghm tnft fhwtngho tnk Gpgqn nfpzgqt fhtq tl zcfw gq fcpgont `w ek( Tnk elpk wl{ k~tkhd wl{p pkzkptlgpk# tnk `kttkp( Fhd gt‗q akptfghcw tp{k li tnk lcd nfpzkpq# tnft tnkw tpgkd tl k~tkhd tnkgp pkzkptlgpk# `kaf{qk tnft fq nft tnkgp zftplhq fhtkd( Tl ltnkp ifatlpq kpk fcql ghylcykd# ngan kykht{fccw pkq{ctkd gh Nfp`gqlh ilpogho f afpkkp fhd ke`fpmgho lh fatgygtgkq ngan pkefgh `ltn qkzfpftk iple# fhd zfpfcckc tl tnlqk li Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk tl tngq dfw( Tnk igpqt ifatlp fq Nfp`gqlh‗q pki{qfc tl alhilpe tl tnk alhykhtglhq li tnk acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k( Gh qlek fwq Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk‗ Ap{gtk‗q dgqfzzplyfc dgqfzzplyfc li nkp fctkphftgyk tkanhgv{k fq {hdkpqtfhdf`ck( Tnkw kpk zpleltgho f tkanhgv{k `fqkd lh tkfangho fhd ektnldlclogkq kezclwkd `w nfpzgqtq ilp hkfpcw tl n{hdpkd wkfpq( Tnkw zkpnfzq zkpakgykd gt fq fh fpplofhak tnft fh ghdgygd{fc qnl{cd gqn tl fdylaftk q{an {hlptnldl~ ektnldq (6;7 Nlkykp tnk q{aakqq li Nfp`gqlh‗q qt{dkhtq nl alezktk gh Ickfdnfhhf# fhd li ql efhw alhtkezlpfpw wl{ho zkpilpekpq fhd tkfankpq li tnk Gpgqn nfpz# fcc li nle fpk opfd{ftkq li Nfp`gqlh‗q ektnldq# qzkfmq ilp gtqkci( Fq pkofpdq tkanhgv{k# tnk alhac{qglh alhac{qglh pkfankd `w tnk pgtkp gq fq ilcclq( Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh‗q `kcgki tnft tpfdgtglhfc e{qga afhhlt `k zcfwkd q{aakqqi{ccw `w fhwlhk {qgho f acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k# nfq cgttck `fqgq= tnkpk fpk efhw nfpz zcfwkpq nl zcfw tngq okhpk li e{qga gtn f acfqqgafc tkanhgv{k( Eægpk Hå Anftnfqfgon gq f pkql{hdgho k~fezck( Nlkykp# tnk cfqt tngptw wkfpq nfyk zplygdkd kygdkhak tnft Nfp`gqlh‗q dgiikpkht `{t alhqgdkpkd tkanhgv{k gq fh keghkhtcw yfcgd fctkphftgyk ilp tnk q{aakqqi{c zcfwgho li tpfdgtglhfc e{qga lh tnk Gpgqn nfpz( D{k tl nkp gezlptfhak fhd alhqgdkpf`ck ghic{khak fq f tkfankp 6;7

Ghdkkd# tnk pgtkp# nl nfq `kkh pkakgygho ckqqlhq lh tnk zkdfc nfpz ilp lhcw il{p wkfpq# fq ghqtghatgykcw q{qzgagl{q ngck pkqkfpangho ilp tngq qt{dw# li tnk q{ookqtglh tnft f dgiikpkht tkanhgv{k efw `k yfcgd(

7>

.alezfpkd tl Hå Anftnfqfgon nl nfq lhcw qkfqlhfc tkfangho aleegtekhtq fhd# ghdkkd# hl clhokp cgykq gh Gpkcfhd'# gt gq ykpw cgmkcw tnft Nfp`gqlh‗q ektnldq fpk tnk lhkq ngan gcc zkpqgqt ghtl tnk hk~t okhkpftglhq okhkpftglhq li tpfdgtglhfc Gpgqn nfpz zcfwkpq( Tnk ltnkp ifatlp ngan zplykd alhtkhtgl{q gtn Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk fq Nfp`gqlh‗q ghqgqtkhak lh zpfatgqgho tnk lpfc tpfdgtglh gh nkp tkfangho( Fq hltkd zpkygl{qcw# tnk lpofhgqftglh fq il{hdkd `w ghdgygd{fcq nfygho f `famopl{hd li kqtkph fpt e{qga# tl nle k~zfhdgho fhd z{`cgqngho f pkzkptlgpk ilp fh ghqtp{ekht nkpk hlhk nfd k~gqtkd fq fh gezlptfht l`bkatgyk( Eægpk Hå Anftnfqfgon‗q zpfatgak fq fhd qtgcc gq# fq f t{tlp lh tnk Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk al{pqk# tl {qk nkp lh hltftkd fppfhokekhtq gh nkp tkfangho( Qnk z{`cgqnkd tl ylc{ekq li nkp lh fppfhokekhtq gh 6776 fhd 0::6 pkqzkatgykcw# fhd qlek li tnk ghdgygd{fc gtkeq gh nkp `llmq dftk iple fq kfpcw fq 67?4(69: Lh tnk ltnkp nfhd# Nfp`gqlh# fctnl{on pkakgygho f kqtkph fpt e{qga kd{aftglh fhd zcfwgho tnk zgfhl tl f ngon qtfhdfpd# gqnkd tl zcfw tnk Gpgqn nfpz fq f tpfdgtglhfc tpfdgtglhfc ghqtp{ekht# fhd tl zcfw fhd tkfan gt gh faalpdfhak gtn tnk ektnldq aleelhcw {qkd tl tkfan ltnkp tpfdgtglhfc ghqtp{ekhtq( Qnk kht f qtkz i{ptnkp# `kcgkygho tnft gt fq ghq{iigagkht tl ckfph f t{hk `w pltk# kykh `w kfp( Gh tnk ghtkpygk gtn tnk pgtkp qnk efdk f alezfpgqlh gtn ckfphgho f cfho{fok2 Gt‗q fcc ykpw kcc tl ckfph zgkakq li zlktpw gh f ilpkgoh cfho{fok# fhd ol fhd zkpilpe tnke# fhd tnkw‗pk tnk elqt alhyghagho zgkakq li hftgyk cgtkpft{pk# fhd tnk hftgykq gcc zpl`f`cw {hdkpqtfhd# `{t gi qlek`ldw afek {z tl tnk zkpilpekp fitkpfpdq# tnkw l{cdh‗t nfyk f ac{k# `kaf{qk tnkw l{cdh‗t `k f`ck tl qzkfm `fam gh tnk cfho{fok( Tnkw dlh‗t {hdkpqtfhd tnk fat{fc eld{q lzkpfhdg li tnk cfho{fok( Tl ek# zfppltgho# ckfphgho `w pltk kgtnkp `w kfp lp hltftglh# gq hl dgiikpkht( Gt‗q f alzw li qlektngho kcqk gtn hl {hdkpqtfhdgho(

69:

Gh tnk zpkcgeghfpw hltkq tl tnk igpqt ylc{ek qnk qtftkq2 „f h{e`kp ]li tnkqk fppfhokekhtqU nfyk `kkh agpa{cftgho gh efh{qapgzt ilpe ilp v{gtk qlek tgek‗(

77

Tnkpk gq tp{tn gh tnk ifat tnft tnk lpfc tpfdgtglh gq hlt dkighkd ekpkcw `w tnk cfam li e{qgafc hltftglh( Ghdkkd# tnk pgtkp nfq zfptgagzftkd gh nfpz lpmqnlzq tnft kpk i{ccw lp zfptcw alhd{atkd gtnl{t tnk {qk li zpghtkd e{qga( Ghqtp{atglhq q{an fq „z{t wl{p tn{e`# qkalhd fhd tngpd ighokpq lh @# F fhd O( Zcfw tnk O fhd tnk F# `{t `kilpk wl{ zcfw tnk @ gtn wl{p tn{e` zcfak wl{p tngpd ighokp lh tnk A‗ kpk v{gtk aleelh( Tngq fq l`ygl{qcw hl ckqq ckfphgho `w pltk tnfh gi tnk hltftglh nfd `kkh {qkd( Ghdkkd# gt l{cd nfyk `kkh e{an ackfpkp fhd elpk nkczi{c gi lhk nfd nfd faakqq tl tnk zpghtkd e{qga# lh ngan ighokpgho fhd zcfagho `pfamktq kpk efpmkd( Tnkpk gq fcql f dfhokp tnft fh lykp%pkcgfhak lh ckfphgho f t{hk gh qkatglhq faalpdgho tl tnk zcfagho li ighokpq gcc pkq{ct gh {hkykhhkqq li znpfqgho fhd pnwtne( Gt gq zfpt li nfpz tkanhgv{k .`ltn acfqqgafc fhd tnft tf{ont `w Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh' tnft ighokpq qnl{cd `k zcfakd fhd zpkzfpkd lh tnk qtpghoq gh opl{zq# hlt ghdgygd{fccw( Gh fh fqakhdgho zfqqfok# f ighokp gq litkh zfqqkd {hdkp tnk tn{e`# fhd tnk nlck nfhd gq tnkh elykd {z pkfdw tl zcfak tnk ighokpq gh f opl{z fofgh( Tnk qfek zpghagzck fzzcgkq tl f dkqakhdgho zfqqfok# nkpk tnk tn{e` zfqqkq lykp tnk ighokpq( Gt gq ghkygtf`ck tnft tngq zfqqgho {hdkp gtn tnk ighokp lp lykp gtn tnk tn{e` gcc hlt fcfwq alghagdk gtn tnk `koghhgho li f znpfqk lp opl{z li hltkq( Gt gq ygtfc tnkpkilpk tnft tngq fatglh e{qt `k afppgkd l{t fq qelltncw fq zlqqg`ck# fhd tnk nfpz zcfwkp e{qt ofgh f qkhqk li tnk nlck znpfqk( Tnk ygq{fc hltftkd pkzpkqkhtftglh li tnk e{qgafc znpfqk efw nkcz gh tngq# fq gcc nfygho fh ghtkphfc mhlckdok li tnk t{hk `kilpk fttkeztgho tl zcfw gt( Fq Eægpk Hå Anftnfqfgon pkefpmkd tl tnk pgtkp2 „Gi wl{ afh‗t nkfp gt gh wl{p nkfd# gt lh‗t alek l{t gh wl{p nfhdq‗( Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh efmkq f yfcgd zlght gh qtpkqqgho tnk gezlptfhak li ckfphgho tnk „cfho{fok‗ li tnk e{qga gh tnk tkfangho li fhw tpfdgtglhfc ghqtp{ekht( Qkykpfc kcc%mhlh zkpilpekpq# ghac{dgho Fcfh Fcfh Qtgykcc# efw zcfw tkanhgafccw faa{pftk pkhdgtglhq li Gpgqn t{hkq# `{t gtn f cfam li pkfc {hdkpqtfhdgho li tnk e{qgafc cfho{fok# fhd tnk pkq{ct gq qnfccl fhd anfpfatkpckqq( I{ptnkpelpk# kykh fqq{egho tnk nfpz 6::

zcfwkp gq li f olld qtfhdfpd `ltn tkanhgafccw fhd gh tkpeq li e{qgagfhqngz# tngq dlkq hlt o{fpfhtkk tnft nk lp qnk gcc `k f`ck tl zkpilpe tpfdgtglhfc e{qga kcc( Tngq fq keznfqgqkd tl tnk pgtkp ft tnk Aægpdk Hf Ap{gtk nfpz al{pqk# nkh f zfptgagzfht# zfptgagzfht# fh Fekpgafh zplikqqglhfc zkdfc nfpzgqt# fqmkd Eægpk Hå Anftnfqfgon# nl fq tkfangho tnk fdyfhakd acfqq# tl k~zcfgh tnk dgiikpkhak `ktkkh f pkkc fhd f nlphzgzk# ngan fpk `ltn hltftkd gtn tnk tgek qgohft{pk 4,4( L`ygl{qcw gt gq hlt q{iigagkht tl qtftk tnft f pkkc gq ifqtkp fhd nlphzgzk gq zcfwkd fq gi gh 60,> tgek# qghak qcl pkkcq fhd ifqt nlphzgzkq k~gqt# fhd f pkkc afh litkh qnfpk tnk 60,> pnwtne li f nlphzgzk( Hå Anftnfqfgon k~zcfghkd tnft tnk nlphzgzk nfq fh ghtpghqga anfpfatkp# 696 gtn f pnwtne dkqapg`kd `w fq „zpkagqk‗ fhd „il{p%qv{fpk‗# fhd tnft tnk afdkhakq fpk litkh efpmkd gtn tnk pnwtnega eltgi2

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Fekpgafh nfpzgqt pkefpmkd fitkp tnk acfqq tnft nk fq qtgcc ykpw {hackfp fq tl tnk dgqtghatglh( Tnk pgtkp l{cd q{ookqt tnft tnk dgiikpkhak gq dgiiga{ct tl k~zcfgh gh qgezck tkpeq# `{t akptfghcw f zkpqlh nl nfq `kkh geekpqkd gh tnk tpfdgtglh fhd nl nfq dkykclzkd ic{khaw gh tnk e{qgafc cfho{fok# l{cd nfyk fh ghqtghatgyk {hdkpqtfhdgho li tnk dgiikpkhakq gh anfpfatkp fhd qtwck `ktkkh f pkkc fhd f nlphzgzk( Tnkpkilpk# gt qkkeq tnft pltk ckfphgho ykpq{q ckfphgho tnk cfho{fok li tnk e{qga gq tnk gqq{k# hlt tnk {qk li hltftglh( Zplygdgho lhk {qkq hltftglh lhcw fq f o{gdk# fhd ckfphq tl lphfekht# yfpw fhd fppfhok tnk e{qga qtwcgqtgafccw fhd ghqtghatgykcw `w lhkqkci# tnpl{on tnk ofghgho li fh lykpfcc tpfdgtglhfc e{qga kd{aftglh# gt qnl{cd hlt nfyk f dktpgekhtfc kiikat lh lhk‗q zcfwgho( Fq pkofpdq tnk pkfatglh li Alenfctfq li Alenfctfq tl tnk zcfwgho li tpfdgtglhfc e{qga lh tnk Gpgqn nfpz gh tnk 67?:q# gt gq ghtkpkqtgho tnft Eægpk Hå Anftnfqfgon fhd Bfhkt Nfp`gqlh `ltn tkqtgigkd tl alhqgdkpf`ck q{zzlpt iple tnft lpofhgqftglh( Hå lpofhgqftglh( Hå Anftnfqfgon aleekhtkd2 696

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